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MAJ 5=>ː UAJVEHAGL_HA

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VGHDLD <0 ^rayfeta pramfshaglj y oðsqufdl df fkpjfa ......................................................................... 4

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DFUEVO_F-^ÌC. 6 ...............................................................................................................................
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LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. = .....................................................................................................................................
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LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. 2 .....................................................................................................................................
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LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. 8 .....................................................................................................................................
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LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. <?
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LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. <4
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TFUT DF F]LJVLEHÕG-^ÌC. ?> ? > .....................................................................................................................
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LETH]HDLDFU MHGLJFU-^ÌC. ?< .....................................................................................
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KVGDA JLOA_LJ FG FJ EHGF-^ÌC. ?< .............................................................
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^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL-^ÌC. ?? ...........................................................................................
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VGHDLD ?0 Jl rfjlehõg
rfjlehõg jloarlj ...........................................
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DFUEVO_F-^ÌC. ?6 .....................................................................................................................................
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LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. 5<
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LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. 5?
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LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. 55
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TFUT DF F]LJVLEHÕG-^ÌC. 5= 5 = ...................................................................................................................
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LETH]HDLDFU MHGLJFU-^ÌC. 53 .....................................................................................
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KVGDA JLOA_LJ FG FJ EHGF-^ÌC. 53 .............................................................
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^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL <-^ÌC. 52 ........................................................................................
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^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL ?-^ÌC. 58 ........................................................................................
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VGHDLD 50 Fj eagtrlta
eagtrlta df trlolà
trlolà ..........................................
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KVGDA JLOA_LJ FG FJ EHGF-^ÌC. 63 .............................................................
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^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL-^ÌC. 62 ...........................................................................................
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VGHDLD 40 Fj sljlrha y jl Ufcurhdld Uaehlj ............................................................................................. 5?
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DFUEVO_F-^ÌC. =< .....................................................................................................................................
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LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. =?
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LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. =4
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LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. ==
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TFUT DF F]LJVLEHÕG-^ÌC. 34 3 4 ...................................................................................................................
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^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL-^ÌC. 3= ...........................................................................................

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VGHDLD 60 Kadhmhelehõg, suspfgshõg y fxthgehõg dfj eagtrlta df trlolà .............................................. 66
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DFUEVO_F-^ÌC. 38 .....................................................................................................................................
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TFUT DF F]LJVLEHÕG-^ÌC. 8> 8 > ...................................................................................................................
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LETH]HDLDFU MHGLJFU-^ÌC. 8< .....................................................................................
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KVGDA JLOA_LJ FG FJ EHGF-^ÌC. 8< .............................................................
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^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL-^ÌC. 8? ...........................................................................................
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VGHDLD =0 Jl rfprfsfgtlehõg df jas trlol`ldarfs. Eagmjheta y trlolà fg fquhpa ................................... =3
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DFUEVO_F-^ÌC. 86 .....................................................................................................................................
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LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. <>6
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LETH]HDLDFU MHGLJFU-^ÌC. <>8 ...................................................................................
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KVGDA JLOA_LJ FG FJ EHGF-^ÌC. <>8 .....................................................................................................
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^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL <-^ÌC. <<> ...................................................................
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^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL ?-^ÌC. <<< ...................................................................
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VGHDLD 30 Ufcurhdld y sljud fg fj trlolà ............................................................................................ 3=
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DFUEVO_F-^ÌC. <<5 ...................................................................................................................................
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LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. <<=
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TFUT DF F]LJVLEHÕG-^ÌC. <?2 < ?2 .................................................................................................................
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LETH]HDLDFU MHGLJFU-^ÌC. <?8 ...................................................................................
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KVGDA JLOA_LJ FG FJ EHGF-^ÌC. <?8 .....................................................................................................
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^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL <-^ÌC. <5> ...................................................................
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^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL ?-^ÌC. <5< ...................................................................
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VGHDLD 20 ^rfvfgehõg df rhfscas jloarljfs .......................................................................................... 26
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TFUT DF F]LJVLEHÕG-^ÌC. <?2 < ?2 .................................................................................................................
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LETH]HDLDFU MHGLJFU-^ÌC. <43 ...................................................................................
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KVGDA JLOA_LJ FG ]ËDFA-^ÌC. <43.......................................................................................................
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^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL <-^ÌC. <42 ...................................................................
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^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL ?-^ÌC. <48 ...................................................................
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VGHDLD 80 Jl arclghzlehõg df jl prfvfgehõg y jl letulehõg fg elsas df fkfrcfgehl .............................. 8?
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TFUT DF F]LJVLEHÕG-^ÌC. <=4 < =4 .................................................................................................................
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LETH]HDLDFU MHGLJFU-^ÌC. <=6 ...................................................................................
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KVGDA JLOA_LJ FG FJ EHGF-^ÌC. <=6 .....................................................................................................
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^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL <-^ÌC. <== ...................................................................
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^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL ?-^ÌC. <=3 ...................................................................
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5


VGHDLD <0 ^rayfeta pramfshaglj y oðsqufdl df fkpjfa
DFUEVO_F-^ÌC. 6
^lrfef quf Kõghel bl fgeagtrlda su vaelehõg.
±Ulofs euìj fs jl tuyl1

Jas ljukgas rfmjfxhaglrìg lefrel df su vaelehõg, ljcugas sfgthrìg ugl hgejhglehõg ejlrl, atras fs pashojf quf
lðg ga sfplg euìj fs jl suyl. âr fsa fs hkpartlgtf quf fkphfefg l eagaefrsf l së khskas, sus euljhdldfs y
lpthtudfs, sus hgtfrfsfs y prharhdldfs fg jl vhdl.
Uf prftfgdf quf fstl prfcugtl y jls shcuhfgtfs sflg ug pugta df plrthdl plrl fj lutaeagaehkhfgta y ugl
kathvlehõg plrl fj hgheha y fj lgìjhshs df fstl ughdld, quf jfs vl l lyudlr l eagsfcuhrja.
 ±\uè pufstas df trlolà tf rfsujtlg hgtfrfslgtfs1
Jas ljukgas pufdfg fxpagfr jls pramfshagfs quf jfs custlrël dfslrrajjlr fg fj mutura y fxpjhelr par què,
kfgehaglgda jas lspfetas quf kìs jfs ltrlfg df fstls pramfshagfs, pfra tlkohèg lqufjjas quf rfsujtlg kfgas
ltrlethvas, df kada quf pufdlg blefr ug lgìjhshs fquhjhorlda df sus hgtfrfsfs.
 ±\uè bly quf fstudhlr plrl leefdfr l fstls pramfshagfs1
Jas ljukgas, eag jl lyudl dfj pramfsar y eag jl pashohjhdld df hgvfsthclr par hgtfrgft, lvfrhculrìg jas fstudhas
gfefslrhas plrl f`frefr jls pramfshagfs kfgehagldls fg jl prfcugtl lgtfrhar.
Fj ao`fthva fs eagsfcuhr quf jas ljukgas rfmjfxhagfg saorf su muturl trlyfetarhl pramfshaglj y eõka pufdfg
prfplrlrsf plrl eagsfcuhrjl.
eagsfcuhrjl.
 Eulgda Kõghel tfrkhgf fj eheja marklthva
m arklthva df Euhdldas Luxhjhlrfs df Fgmfrkfrël, ±què fstudhas
dfofrël sfcuhr blstl padfr kltrheujlrsf fg fj crlda df Fgmfrkfrël1
Vgl vfz tfrkhglda fj eheja marklthva df Euhdldas Luxhjhlrfs df Fgmfrkfrël, Kõghel padrì fstudhlr Olebhjjfrlta
a ug eheja marklthva df crlda supfrhar df jl Mlkhjhl pramfshaglj df Ulghdld. Vgl vfz mhgljhzldas fstas fstudhas,
padrì leefdfr lj crlda
cr lda df fgmfrkfrël.
LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. =
<. ±Eõka tf dfmhghrëls l th khska1 ±\uè euljhdldfs y dfmfetas thfgfs1 ±Fstìg df leufrda
le ufrda tus lkhcas eag jl
dfserhpehõg quf bls bfeba1 Eagtrlstl jl hdfl quf thfgfs df th eag tus lkhcas y tu mlkhjhl. ±Bls elkohlda df
aphghõg dfspuès df blojlr eag fjjas1 ±Bls
± Bls lkpjhlda jl dfserhpehõg1
Eldl ljukga eagtfstlrì eag shgefrhdld l fstls prfcugtls, trltlgda df rfmjfxhaglr fg pramugdhdld saorf sus
euljhdldfs y dfmfetas, su fseljl df vljarfs y su praphl fsfgehl, tada fsta jf lyudlrì l dfmhghrsf l së khska.
Dfspuès df blofr rfmjfxhaglda df markl hgdhvhdulj, fj ljukga eagtrlstlrì su aphghõg eag jl df sus lkhcas y
mlkhjhlrfs. Fg aelshagfs, fjjas gas hjukhglg saorf lspfetas gufstras, quf ga sakas elplefs df vfr, saorf tada
l fdldfs tfkprlgls, fg jls quf jl pfrsagljhdld sf fstì eagmhcurlgda. Ldfkìs, blojlr saorf gasatras khskas
eag atrls pfrsagls, pfrkhtf lbagdlr fg fj lutaeagaehkhfgta.
LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. 2
<. ±\uè tf custlrël blefr eulgda tfrkhgfs tus fstudhas letuljfs1

<.
Jas ljukgas fxpagdrìg eag shgefrhdld què quhfrfg blefr eulgda tfrkhgfg fj eheja marklthva quf fstìg
fstudhlgda fg jl letuljhdld, sh dfsflg trlol`lr a sfcuhr fstudhlgda y sh sf dfehdfg par fsta ðjthka, què jfs
custlrël sfcuhr fstudhlgda y par què.
?. ±\uè pramfshagfs tf hgtfrfslg1 ±\uè hthgfrlrha marklthva thfgfs quf sfcuhr plrl f`frefr fstls
pramfshagfs1
4


Dfspuès df blofr lgljhzlda jas pugtas < y ? df fstl ughdld, jas ljukgas pufdfg rfmjfxhaglr df gufva saorf
fstl eufsthõg, quf yl sf pjlgtflrag fg fj lplrtlda ‚Dfseuorf‛, lgtfs df hghehlr jl ughdld. Fstl vfz, blorìg
padhda hgdlclr eag klyar pramugdhdld saorf jls pramfshagfs quf jfs custlrël dfslrrajjlr fg fj mutura y jas
fstudhas prfvhas gfefslrhas plrl su f`freheha. Fg fstl aelshõg, uthjhzlrìg tada ja lprfgdhda fg fj pugta ? y fg
fspfehlj, fj euldra eag jas hthgfrlrhas marklthvas, ldfkìs df eagsujtlr df markl apehaglj pìchgls wfo amhehljfs
eaka jl dfj Khghstfrha df Fduelehõg, Eujturl y Dfpartf (bttp0//www.kfed.cao.fs/partldl-kfed/
bttp0//www.kfed.cao.fs/partldl-kfed/)), fj partlj df
bttp0//www.tadamp.fs/),, jl pìchgl wfo
marklehõg pramfshaglj dfj Khghstfrha df Fduelehõg, Eujturl y Dfpartf (bttp0//www.tadamp.fs/)
df jl Eagsf`frël df Fduelehõg df jl eakughdld lutõgakl dfj ljukga a vhshtlr jls pìchgls wfo df dhvfrsls
ughvfrshdldfs.
Tlkohèg pufdf sfr hgtfrfslgtf lgljhzlr sh jl rfspufstl bl vlrhlda eag rfspfeta l ja quf eagtfstlrag fg fj
lplrtlda ‚Dfseuorf‛ y euìj fs fj kathva dfj elkoha.
LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. 8
5. Ousel amfrtls df fkpjfa pðojhea fg jl pìchgl wfo dfj OAF (:www.oaf.fs7) y df jls amhehgls >=>
5.
(:www.>=>.fs7), fg jls quf, ldfkìs, pufdfs aotfgfr hgmarklehõg y arhfgtlehõg saorf jas sfrvhehas
quf amrfefg jls Ldkhghstrlehagfs pðojhels.
Jl mhgljhdld df fstl lethvhdld fs quf jas ljukgas eagazelg y dfseuorlg fj eagtfghda df fstls das pìchgls
wfo amhehljfs, dagdf sf pufdf fgeagtrlr hgmarklehõg, vfrlz y, cfgfrljkfgtf, letuljhzldl.

LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. <?
4. Fjloarl tu E] y fserhof ugl elrtl df prfsfgtlehõg df ugl elgdhdlturl fspagtìgfl.

4.
_fspufstl jhorf y ldlptldl l eldl ljukga. Uf dfof fjfchr fj kadfja df elrtl thpa luta elgdhdlturl0
6


6. Fg jls shcuhfgtfs pìchgls wfo fgeagtrlrìs ug shkujldar df fgtrfvhstls df trlolà0

6.
 Fg fj partlj df M^ dfj Khghstfrha df Fduelehõg, Eujturl y Dfpartf0 :bttp0//tadamp.fs/arhfg
:bttp0//tadamp.fs/arhfgtlehag-
tlehag-
pramfshaglj/ousel-fkpjfafgtrfgltf/fgtrf
pramfshaglj/ousel-f kpjfafgtrfgltf/fgtrfvhstl-trlolà.btkj7.
vhstl-trlolà.btkj7.
 Fg :www.fduelstur.fs7, sfeehõg fstudhlgtfs0
:www.fduelstur.prhgelst.fs
:www.fduelstur.prhgelst.fs/mp/bajl/shkujldar/sh
/mp/bajl/shkujldar/shkujldar.btkj7.
kujldar.btkj7.
 Fj shkujldar df Ch`õg Arhfgtl0 :bttp0//arhfgtlehag.chàg.fs/ChàgArhfgtl/shku
:bttp0//arhfgtlehag.chàg.fs/ChàgArhfgtl/shkujldar>.lsp7.
jldar>.lsp7.
 Uhkujldar Kh ^rhkfr Trlolà0
:www.khprhkfrtrlolà.eak.pf/wps/wek/eaggfet
:www.khprhkfrtrlolà .eak.pf/wps/wek/eaggfet/wfoshtfkpt/prhgehpl
/wfoshtfkpt/prhgehplj/ouselgda/shku
j/ouselgda/shkujldar.bt
jldar.bt
kj7
Jl mhgljhdld df fstl lethvhdld fs quf fj ljukga sfpl quf pufdf lprfgdfr l lmragtlr ugl fgtrfvhstl df
trlolà eag jl lyudl df pìchgls wfo amhehljfs, lsë eaka l dhsthgcuhr jls pìchgls wfo mhlojfs, eag
hgmarklehõg, vfrlz y, cfgfrljkfgtf, letuljhzldl.
LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. <=
=. Fg plrf`ls, rfspagdfd par fserhta l jls prfcugtls dfj euldra lgtfrhar.
=.
Jl rfspufstl fs jhorf, pfra dfof sfr leardf

l eardf eag tadls jls plutls dldls blstl lbarl y kastrlgda
lsfrthvhdld, kldurfz f hgtfrès par fj pufsta df trlolà.
3. Elkohl df plrf`l y shkujl ugl fgtrfvhstl df trlolà, uthjhzlgda jls prfcugtls quf bls prfplrlda
3.
prfvhlkfgtf.
Jls plutls df trlolà sag jls khskls quf fg jl prfcugtl lgtfrhar, jl rfspufstl fs jhorf, pfra dfof sfr
leardf eag tadls jls plutls dldls blstl lbarl y kastrlgda lsfrthvhdld, kldurfz f hgtfrès par fj pufsta df
trlolà.
TFUT DF F]LJVLEHÕG-^ÌC. ?>
<. Vg ljukga quf tfrkhgl ug eheja marklthva pufdf df`lr su E]…

d) Tadls jls lgtfrharfs sag earrfetls.
?. Ufüljl jl rfspufstl earrfetl.

o) Jls fkprfsls rfeblzlg l elgdhdltas eagmjhethvas, hgdhsehpjhgldas y lrraclgtfs.
5. Ufüljl jl rfspufstl earrfetl.
d) Tadls sag earrfetls.
4. _fspfeta l jls prufols y tfst df sfjfeehõg0

d) Jas tfst df pfrsagljhdld fvljðlg jas rlscas df pfrsagljhdld quf hgtfrfslg fg fj kugda jloarlj y,
eagsfeufgtfkfgtf, fj eakpartlkhfgta df jls pfrsagls lgtf ugl khskl shtulehõg.
=


=. Dfspuès df mhgljhzlr ug eheja marklthva df M^ df crlda kfdha, sf pufdf…

3. Fg rfjlehõg eag jls wfos saorf trlolà y fstudha fg Furapl0

d) Ghgcugl df jls lgtfrharfs sag earrfetls

8. Jl hgearparlehõg lj kfrelda jloarlj pufdf rfljhzlrsf…

e) \uhfgfs fstìg fg pasfshõg dfj tëtuja df tèeghea, pufdfg leefdfr l ug pufsta dfj crupa E< fg jl
Ldkhghstrlehõg ^ðojhel.
<>. L jl barl df fjloarlr ug eurrheujuk vhtlf a ugl elrtl df prfsfgtlehõg, sf rfeakhfgdl…
o) Jas dltas dfofg sfr vfrlefs, lugquf pufdfs akhthr lqufjja quf tf pfrùdhquf.
LETH]HDLDFU MHGLJFU-^ÌC. ?<

<. Fs hgtfrfslgtf quf lgtfs df leudhr l ugl prufol df sfjfeehõg df pfrsaglj prlethqufs tfst psheatèegheas
<.
quf khdfg dhmfrfgtfs elplehdldfs hgtfjfetuljfs, eaka jas quf thfgfs l eagthgulehõg0
Tfst df lpthtud vfrolj0

 Lvfrhcul jl pljlorl quf ga culrdl rfjlehõg eag jls atrls0
d) Gèearl
 Ufüljl fj lgtõghka earrfspagdhfgtf l eldl pljlorl0

<. ^lrljëthea0 o) ^frjìthea
?. Gaojf0 e) _lpasa
 Eakpjftl jl shcuhfgtf mrlsf eag ugl df jls sajuehagfs prapufstls0

Fj/jl QQQQQQQQQQQ fs ug crupa mlkhjhlr quf praefdf df ug lgefstra eakðg0
d) Ejlg
Tfst df lpthtud gukèrhel0

 Jls fdldfs df @lhkf y @lvhfr suklg 8> lüas y sh jls rfstlkas, 6>. @lhkf fs klyar quf @lvhfr,
±euìgtas lüas thfgf @lhkf1
d) 3>
 ±Euìj fs fj gðkfra euyl quhgtl plrtf fs jl aetlvl plrtf df ?41
o) <6
 >,=5 x 2 ;
o) 6,>4
Tfst df rlzaglkhfgta lostrleta0 fserhof fj vljar lj quf fquhvljf eldl jftrl shtuldl l jl dfrfebl.

` ; <>
`;6
`;6 ― ` ` ;
3


 ` + e ; 3 e ;
e;?
e;?
 l ― e ; 4 l ;
l;=
Tfst df rlzaglkhfgta fsplehlj0
Ufüljl, df fgtrf jls prapufstls, què mhcurl eakpjftl eldl ugl df jls sfrhfs0
?. Fgtrl fg :bttp0//oht.jy/<bdrFkm7, dfseìrcltf fj eurrheujuk vhtlf Furaplss y rfjjèglja eag tus dltas
?.
pfrsagljfs.
Jas ljukgas dfofg fgeagtrlr fg hgtfrgft jas kadfjas dfj eurrheujuk vhtlf Furaplss
Furaplss y fjloarlr su prapha E]
Furaplss, prhkfra fg fsplüaj y jufca fg fj hdhakl dfj plës eakughtlrha fg fj quf jfs custlrël trlol`lr.
5. ±Eõka pufdfs slofr euìj fs tu ghvfj df hdhakls1 Fg jl pìchgl wfo dfj Hgsthtuta Efrvlgtfs
5.
(:bttp0//oht.jy/<5yyUb\7)
(:bttp0//oht.jy/<5yyUb\7) padrìs dfseuorhr què fs y fg què eagshstf fj Klrea Furapfa Eakðg df
_fmfrfgehl plrl jls Jfgculs9 ldfkìs, fgeagtrlrìs ug euldra df lutafvljulehõg quf pufdfs uthjhzlr plrl
lvfrhculr tu ghvfj (fgjlef dhrfeta0 :bttp0//oht.jy/<]k\L@]7).
:bttp0//oht.jy/<]k\L@]7).
Jas ljukgas pufdfg fgtrlr fg jl pìchgl wfo dfj Hgsthtuta Efrvlgtfs y ouselr fj shcuhfgtf Euldra df
Lutafvljulehõg, quf jfs pfrkhthrì slofr kfàr euìj fs su ghvfj df hdhakls, fspfehljkfgtf, sh ga thfgfg ug tëtuja
quf ja efrthmhquf.
2


KVGDA JLOA_LJ FG FJ EHGF-^ÌC. ?<
4. Fg <824 buoa ugl bufjcl df khgfras fg fj gartf df Hgcjltfrrl, eag fgmrfgtlkhfgtas fgtrf phquftfs y
pajheël. Fgtrf jas quf pratfstlg eag kìs vfbfkfgehl, sf fgeufgtrl ug pldrf fkpfülda fg quf su bhà Ohjjy
rfehol ejlsfs df oaxfa, pfra fj ghüa sf mh`l fg fj chkglsha fg ugl ejlsf df dlgzl, jl prufol y dfseuorf quf
thfgf ug crlg tljfgta plrl olhjlr. Eulgda su pldrf sf fgtfrl df quf prlethel ugl lethvhdld tlg paea vlraghj,
jf aojhcl l lolgdaglr jls ejlsfs. Fj lpaya df su pramfsarl df dlgzl, su martljfzl plrl lmragtlr jas eagmjhetas
y jl mf fg së khska y fg sus elplehdldfs sfrìg mugdlkfgtljfs plrl eagsfcuhr dfdhelrsf l su plshõg.
• Ufüljl jls blohjhdldfs y vljarfs quf sf l j oaxfa, rfspfethvlkfgtf.

s f lsaehlg lj oljjft y lj
Jas vljarfs quf sf lsaehlg lj oljjft sag lqufjjas rfjlehagldas eag jl mfkhghdld eaka sag jl sfgshohjhdld, jl
dujzurl, jl eakprfgshõg, jl ofjjfzl, jl dfjheldfzl, jl phfdld f hgejusa jl dfohjhdld. Fg elkoha, fj oaxfa sf
eagshdfrl ug dfpartf df ‚bakorfs‛, lsaehlda l jl mufrzl orutl, jl vhajfgehl, jl patfgehl y fj padfr.
8


• Hdfgthmhel l què dhmheujtldfs sf thfgf quf fgmrfgtlr Ohjjy plrl dfdhelrsf l jl pramfshõg quf jf custl.
Thfgf quf fseagdfrsf df su mlkhjhl y fgclülrjfs plrl padfr hr l jls ejlsfs df oljjft, dhehfgda quf vl l ejlsfs
df oaxfa.
• ±Eõka hklchgls jl vhdl df Ohjjy sh buohfrl eukpjhda eag jls fxpfetlthvls quf tfgëlg df èj1 ±B lorël shda
mfjhz1
Ohjjy blorël ytfghda

mrustrlehõg quf rfljhzlr
dfskathvlehõg fg ug trlolà
jl vhdl quf ga jfy blorël
pramfshaglj rfsujtlda
pfrsaglj. hgtfrfslgtf,
Ga blorël shda mfjhz.ja quf jf blorël praduehda
• Bly pfrsagls, eaka Ohjjy, quf blg tfghda quf jueblr y slerhmhelr kueba plrl padfr fstudhlr a eagsfcuhr
jl pramfshõg df sus sufüas. Fsta blef quf vljarfg kueba jl fduelehõg y su marklehõg. _fmjfxhagl saorf tus
prharhdldfs fg jl vhdl y sfüljl fg què fseljõg `frìrquhea shtulrëls jas fstudhas quf fstìs eurslgda.
eurslgda.
Jl rfspufstl l fstl prfcugtl fs pfrsaglj, eldl ljukga dfofrì lgljhzlr fj fsmufrza quf supagf plrl èj y su
mlkhjhl fstudhlr y fj hgtfrès quf pagf fg sus fstudhas. Fj bfeba df rfmjfxhaglr saorf sus vljarfs y prharhdldfs
fg jl vhdl, jf lyudlrì l eakprfgdfr fg què fseljõg `frìrquhea shtðl sus fstudhas y eakprfgdfr sh fs fj
ldfeulda.
^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL-^ÌC. ??
<. Fj eagaehkhfgta pfrsaglj
Fj
dfprhkfr plsa plrl
uga khska, rfljhzlr
dfseuorhr tusug fstudha pfrsaglj
elplehdldfs, y pramfshaglj
tus dfohjhdldfs y tuseagshstf fgmrfgtf
lethtudfs pramugdhzlr fg fj eagaehkhfgta
l jl vhdl.
Eaphl fg tu euldfrga jls das tlojls quf prapagfkas l eagthgulehõg. Fg lkols, bly ugl eajukgl
dfgakhgldl «Lgìjhshs pfrsaglj¹, lbë thfgfs quf dfserhohr fj crlda df eagsfeuehõg
e agsfeuehõg pfrsaglj df eldl ugl df
jls elplehdldfs y lethtudfs sfüljldls, crlduìgdajls fg ugl fseljl eag trfs ghvfjfs0 klja, oufga a kuy
oufga.
oufga.
Eldl ljukga eakpjftlrì pfrsagljkfgtf, fstl tlojl eag tatlj shgefrhdld, trltlgda df rfmjfxhaglr fg
pramugdhdld saorf sus elplehdldfs.
Blz ja khska eag jl tlojl saorf jls lethtudfs rfqufrhdls fg fj kugda jloarlj. Df fstf kada dfseuorhrìs sh
thfgfs quf elkohlr a trlol`lr kìs ehfrtls lethtudfs plrl sfr lefptlda fg fj kugda pramfshaglj.
Eldl ljukga eakpjftlrì pfrsagljkfgtf, fstl tlojl eag tatlj shgefrhdld, trltlgda df rfmjfxhaglr fg
pramugdhdld saorf sus elplehdldfs.
Tlkohèg fs hgtfrfslgtf eagtlr eag jl aphghõg df tus mlkhjhlrfs, eakplüfras y lkhcas, yl quf fjjas pufdfg
vfr elrletfrësthels tuyls quf tð khska ga pfrehofs. ^rfcðgtljfs sh bls rfspagdhda df markl ldfeuldl jls
tlojls lgtfrharfs. ±Eahgehdfg eagthca1 Hgdhel sh dhserfplg fg ljca y par què. ±Bls elkohlda df hdfl1
Dfspuès df blofr rfmjfxhaglda df markl hgdhvhdulj, fj ljukga eagtrlstlrì su aphghõg

a phghõg eag jl df sus lkhcas y
mlkhjhlrfs. Eaka dfeëlkas lgtfs, jls pfrsagls quf gas eagaefg,
ea gaefg, gas hjukhglg saorf lspfetas gufstras, quf
ga sakas elplefs df vfr. Ldfkìs, blojlr saorf gasatras khskas eag fj rfsta, pfrkhtf lbagdlr fg fj
lutaeagaehkhfgta.
Fs hkpartlgtf vfr fg què euljhdldfs dhmhfrfg jas dfkìs dfj pugta df vhstl dfj prapha ljukga plrl lgljhzlr
què aeurrf, sh bly ugl lprfehlehõg frrõgfl, sh sf aeujtl dhebl lpthtud a shkpjfkfgtf, ga sf bloël elëda fg jl
eufgtl.

<>


?. Lgìjhshs df ugl pramfshõg
Fjhcf jl pramfshõg quf tf plrfzel kìs hgtfrfslgtf y eukpjhkfgtl fg rfjlehõg eag fstl pramfshõg ugl tlojl
shkhjlr l jl prfsfgtldl fg jl prìethel pramfshaglj rfsufjtl < df fstl ughdld.
Jl rfspufstl fs jhorf, eldl ljukga eukpjhkfgtlrì jl tlojl eag dhsthgtl hgmarklehõg, fg mugehõg df jl
pramfshõg fjfchdl.
^_AMFUHÕG FJFCHDL0 ……..
Fstudhas rfqufrhdas (hthgfrlrha
marklthva)
Ìkohta y sfetar pramfshaglj
Eakpftfgehls pramfshagljfs
âshojfs pufstas df trlolà
Fstudhas pastfrharfs l jas quf

dl leefsa
5. Fj ao`fthva pramfshaglj
Fj ao`fthva pramfshaglj fs jl kftl jloarlj l jl quf sf quhfrf jjfclr, fs dfehr, jl aeuplehõg hdflj plrl eldl
pfrsagl. Vgl vfz markujlda fstf ao`fthva, sf fjloarl ug pjlg df leehõg plrl jjfclr l èj.
Tfgfr, fg ug kakfgta dftfrkhglda, ug ao`fthva pramfshaglj ga quhfrf dfehr quf ga sf s f pufdl elkohlr. Fs
pashojf quf, trlgseurrhda ehfrta thfkpa, sf dfseuorl quf jl aeuplehõg fseachdl ga fs jl hdflj9 fgtagefs
padrìs elkohlr a ldlptlr fj ao`fthva l jls gufvls ehreugstlgehls.
Eulgda mhgljhzl jl mlsf df eagaehkhfgta pfrsaglj y pramfshaglj, y jl pfrsagl yl dhspagf df hgmarklehõg

sumhehfgtf saorf jls elrletfrësthels dfj kfrelda jloarlj y sus fxhcfgehls, fs fj kakfgta df taklr
dfehshagfs fg rfjlehõg eag fj mutura pramfshaglj. Tf lyudlrì l rfmjfxhaglr saorf jas shcuhfgtfs pugtas0
 Fgugehl tu ao`fthva pramfshaglj y fserëofja. ^lrl fjja, prfcðgtltf0 ±què quhfra jjfclr l sfr1 ±Fg què
quhfra trlol`lr1 ±Eõka kf vfa dfgtra df <6 a ?> lüas1
Fs rfeakfgdlojf quf fj ljukga eagtfstf prhkfra l jls prfcugtls, df markl pfrsaglj y shgefrl, y
dfspuès markujf su ao`fthva pramfshaglj.
 Hthgfrlrha fduelthva0 ±què tfgca quf fstudhlr plrl eagsfcuhr kh ao`fthva1

Jl rfspufstl fs pfrsaglj. ûfdf sfr df uthjhdld eagsujtlr jl pìchgl wfo dfj Khghstfrha df Fduelehõg,
Eujturl y Dfpartf (bttp0//www.kfed.cao.fs/partldl-kfed/), fj partlj df marklehõg pramfshaglj dfj
Khghstfrha df Fduelehõg, Eujturl y Dfpartf (bttp0//www.tadamp.fs/) a jl pìchgl wfo df jl Eagsf`frël
df Fduelehõg df jl eakughdld lutõgakl dfj ljukga a vhshtlr jls pìchgls wfo df dhvfrsls
ughvfrshdldfs.
 Ìrfls df kfàrl0 ±què elplehdldfs y lethtudfs bls dfseuohfrta quf sag gfefslrhls plrl jl
pramfshõg fjfchdl y df jls euljfs tð elrfefs1 ±Eõka pufdfs eagsfcuhrjls1 ±Fstìs dhspufsta l jueblr
par fjja1
Eldl ljukga dfof rfspagdfr eagmarkf l sus elrletfrësthels pfrsagljfs y l jl pramfshõg quf jf
custlrël dfslrrajjlr fg fj mutura. Ga sf dfof jhkhtlr l fgukfrlr jls lpthtudfs, shga tlkohèg fxpjhelr

<<


eõka sf pufdfg dfslrrajjlr, plrl ja quf praolojfkfgtf, tfgdrì quf eagsujtlr lj pramfsar a hgejusa
lj arhfgtldar.
Atrls lethvhdldfs0 ±eõka pufdfs ldquhrhr eldl ugl df jls elplehdldfs y lpthtudfs quf sf phdfg

plrl rfljhzlr jl pramfshõg fjfchdl1 Eursas df marklehõg, hdhakls, hgmarkìthel, fte.
Eldl ljukga
lðg ga tfgcl arfspagdfrì
ga dakhgffg mugehõg df jl pramfshõg fjfchdl y df jls lpthtudfs quf sf rfquhfrlg y èj
earrfetlkfgtf.

<?


VGHDLD ?0 Jl rfjlehõg jloarlj
DFUEVO_F-^ÌC. ?6
±Ulorëls fxpjhelr què eagdhehagfs dfofrël tfgfr Ulðj fg rfjlehõg

r fjlehõg eag jl àrgldl df trlolà1
Ulðj thfgf <3 lüas, par tlgta fs kfgar df fdld. âr fstf kathva thfgf prabhohda jl rfljhzlehõg df barls
fxtrlardhglrhls y dfj trlolà gaeturga. Ga pufdf rfljhzlr kìs df 2 barls dhlrhls df trlolà hgejuyfgda, fg su
elsa, fj thfkpa dfdhelda l jl marklehõg y sh trlol`l plrl vlrhas fkprfslrhas, jls barls rfljhzldls plrl eldl
uga.
Tlkohèg fg jls àrgldls eagthguldls tfgdrì ug dfselgsa df 5> khgutas eldl eultra barls y kfdhl df trlolà.
±Bly ljcugl shtulehõg jloarlj df Ulðj quf ga fs jfclj1
Jls shtulehagfs ga jfcljfs quf bl sumrhda Ulðj sag jls rfmfrhdls l su àrgldl df trlolà quf ga pufdf supfrlr jls
2 barls gh pufdf rfljhzlr barls fxtrlardhglrhls.
Dfofrël hculjkfgtf blofr dhsmrutlda df 5> khgutas fg vfz df <6 khgutas ga eldl sfhs barls shga eldl e ldl eultra
barls y kfdhl.
Fj dfselgsa sfklglj dfofrël df blofr shda df das dëls hghgtfrrukphdas.
±Thfgf ljcugl eagdhehõg fspfehlj saorf fj thfkpa df trlolà par su fdld1
Uë, thfgf tadls jls eagdhehagfs fg eulgta lj thfkpa df trlolà quf sf blg dfserhta lgtfrharkfgtf.
<. Jas vhfrgfs par jl tlrdf @lvhfr sf dfdhel l euhdlr df jas bhàs df Ulklgtl y Klreas, sus vfehgas. Ja blef
par lkhstld y l elkoha df dhsmrutlr df jas ghüas, eag jas quf sf dhvhfrtf y fgtrfthfgf. ±Uf trltl df ugl
rfjlehõg jloarlj1
Ga sf eagshdfrlg rfjlehõg jloarlj jas trlolàs l tëtuja df lkhstld, ofgfvajfgehl a oufgl vfehgdld, mljtl jl
rfkugfrlehõg, ugl elrletfrësthel praphl df tadl rfjlehõg jloarlj.
?. @lvhfr _uhz fs eagtrltlda eaka fkpjflda dfj baclr. ±Uf trltl df ugl rfjlehõg jloarlj1
Jas trlol`ldarfs lj sfrvheha dfj baclr mlkhjhlr, (quf hgejuyf l quhfgfs sf aeuplg df jl jhkphfzl, euhdlda df
ghüas, jloarfs df `lrdhgfrël, fte.), sf eagshdfrlg rfjlehõg jloarlj fspfehlj.
5. Dlghfj Klrtëg dfehdf hgserhohrsf eaka vajugtlrha fg ugl AGC. L plrthr dfj kfs df dhehfkorf leudhrì tadas
jas dakhgcas l dlr lpaya fseajlr l ljukgas df FUA. ±Df què thpa df rfjlehõg sf trltl1
Uf trltl df ug trlolà l tëtuja
të tuja df lkhstld, ofgfvajfgehl a oufgl vfehgdld. Ga sf eagshdfrl rfjlehõg jloarlj
parquf mljtl jl rfkugfrlehõg, ugl elrletfrësthel praphl df tadl rfjlehõg jloarlj.
4. Fjfgl klgthfgf ugl rfjlehõg jloarlj eag ugl fkprfsl dfsdf blef ehgea lüas. Blef das kfsfs hgmarkõ
l sus supfrharfs df su fkolrlza. Dfsdf fgtagefs ga jf praparehaglg tlrfl ljcugl y blg plslda jl klyar
plrtf df sus mugehagfs l ugl eakplüfrl. Vg dël ayõ l su `fmf ug eakfgtlrha rlehstl y sfxhstl saorf fjjl,
plrfeël quf ja bloël dheba plrl quf ja ayfrl. ±\uè dfrfebas sf blg vujgfrlda1
 Dfrfeba l jl aeuplehõg fmfethvl, fs dfehr, l tfgfr ugls tlrfls y mugehagfs fspfeëmhels fg su pufsta df
trlolà y jas kfdhas gfefslrhas plrl eagsfcuhrjls. L Fjfgl ga jf praparehaglg tlrfl ljcugl y blefg
eakfgtlrhas hglpraphldas fg rfjlehõg l su pfrsagl. Fstf dfrfeba sf rfeacf fg fj lrt. 4.?.l) dfj FT
 Dfrfeba l jl hgthkhdld y rfspfta l jl dhcghdld, hgejuhdl jl pratfeehõg mrfgtf l amfgsls vfroljfs, ja quf
hgeukpjhõ fj `fmf df Fjfgl lj blefr ug eakfgtlrha rlehstl y sfxhstl saorf fjjl, eag fj lcrlvlgtf df quf
tfgël hgtfgehõg df quf ja ayfrl. Fstf dfrfeba sf rfeacf fg fj lrt. 4.?.f) dfj FT Lsë khska, fj lrt. <2 df jl
EF tlkohèg blef rfmfrfgehl lj dfrfeba mugdlkfgtlj lj bagar, l jl hgthkhdld pfrsaglj y mlkhjhlr y l jl
praphl hklcfg.
 Dfrfeba l ga sfr dhserhkhglda lj leefdfr l ug fkpjfa, gh ugl vfz fkpjflda, par rlzagfs df sfxa,
vujgfrlda lj blefr ug eakfgtlrha sfxhstl saorf Fjfgl. Fstf dfrfeba sf rfeacf fg fj lrt. 4.<.o) dfj FT Fj

<5


dfrfeba l jl ga dhserhkhglehõg par rlzõg df sfxa, fg euljquhfr ehreugstlgehl sf rfeacf tlkohèg fg fj lrt.
<4 df jl EF, eaka ug dfrfeba mugdlkfgtlj.
6. Mfrglgda thfgf ugl bfrghl dhselj y das pratrushagfs. Fj kèdhea df jl fkprfsl jf bl dheba quf ga dfof
eacfr pfsa y su `fmf ja slof. Vg dël, ug supfrhar jf ardfgõ jjfvlr ugls el`ls kuy pfsldls y vajukhgasls.
Mfrglgda jf phdhõ ug elrra y quf ug eakplüfra jf lyudlrl, eaka su `fmf jf dhà quf frl hkpashojf,
Mfrglgda sf gfcõ l aofdfefr, ljfclgda quf supagël ug rhfsca plrl su sljud. ±Bl aorlda earrfetlkfgtf
Mfrglgda1 ±X fjfj`fmf1
L pfslr df quf _lzagl thfgf
fkprfslrha jl rfspufstl.
fj padfr plrl dhetlr õrdfgfs dfgtra dfj ìkohta df jl prfstlehõg jloarlj,
Mfrglgda aorõ earrfetlkfgtf lj ga aofdfefr eulgda jf ardfglrag eacfr pfsa, parquf fstl ardfg supagël
ug rhfsca plrl su sljud a su hgtfcrhdld mëshel, elsa fg fj quf sf pfrkhtf dfsaofdfefr ugl ardfg df ug
supfrhar.
Fj `fmf df Mfrglgda tlkpaea bl aorlda earrfetlkfgtf parquf sloël fj praojfkl df sljud quf thfgf
Mfrglgda, par ja quf dfofrël blofr eukpjhda eag fj dfofr quf thfgf jl fkprfsl df vfjlr par jl sfcurhdld y
sljud df sus trlol`ldarfs.
=. Klgufj trlol`l fg _lphdelr, ugl fkprfsl df rfplrlehõg df lutakõvhjfs. Jas mhgfs df sfklgl sf dfdhel
l rfplrlr jas eaebfs df jas ejhfgtfs quf bl eagaehda fg jl fkprfsl y l jas quf jfs bl plrfehda kuy elrl jl
tlrhml df _lphdelr. Èj jfs amrfef ug prfeha ljca kìs feagõkhea y ltfgehõg hgkfdhltl9 paea l paea sf fstì
blehfgda eag ugl ejhfgtfjl fstlojf. ±Fstì aorlgda Klgufj earrfetlkfgtf1
e arrfetlkfgtf1 ±âr què1
Klgufj ga fstì aorlgda earrfetlkfgtf parquf fstì vujgfrlgda fj dfofr df ga eakpfthr eag fj fkprfslrha
plrl fj quf trlol`l (lrtëeuja 6 FT).
3. ±Uf pufdf
Lugquf slgehaglrthfgf
fj fkprfslrha l ugfjtrlol`ldar quhtìgdajf
padfr df slgehaglr lj fj sufjda dfsaja
trlol`ldar, trfspufdf
dëls1 _lzagl
blefrja jl
parrfspufstl.
bfebas prfvhlkfgtf
rfeachdas par fserhta y eag jl slgehõg dfserhtl plrl tljfs elsas. Jls slgehagfs gugel padrìg eagshsthr fg
suprhkhr fj sufjda, gh jas pfrhadas df dfselgsa, lugquf së sf pfrkhtf jl suspfgshõg eagùgtl df fkpjfa y
sufjda. âr ja tlgta, ga sf pufdf slgehaglr l ug trlol`ldar quhtìgdajf fj sufjda df trfs dëls.
Garkljkfgtf, jas eagvfghas eajfethvas hgejuyfg ug elpëtuja dfdhelda l jls mljtls y slgehagfs, dhvhdhègdajls
fg jfvfs, crlvfs y kuy crlvfs.

<4


2. _fjjfgl jl shcuhfgtf tlojl eag jas dltas quf mljtlg0
Uhtulehõg Dfmhghehõg a elrletfrësthel Durlehõg

Durlehõg
Thfkpa jfclj quf eaka kìxhka sf pufdf 8 barls dhlrhls
@argldl kìxhkl
trlol`lr lj dël, l jl sfklgl a lj lüa. 4> barls l jl sfklgl
Barls Trlolà rfljhzlda rfolslgda jl àrgldl
fxtrlardhglrhls par 2> barls lj lüa
kìxhkl.
mufrzl ga klyar
Mfsthvas Dëls df dfselgsa lgulj par sfr mfsthvas. <4 lj lüa, dagdf ? sag jaeljfs.
]lelehagfs ^frhada df dfselgsa lj lüa. 5> dëls glturljfs lj lüa.
@argldl dhlrhl Thfkpa kìxhka jfclj dhlrha df trlolà. 8 kìxhka lj dël
Dfselgsa fg jl Uaja sf praduef fg àrgldls eagthguldls plrl <6 khgutas par eldl = barls
àrgldl klyarfs df <2 lüas. df trlolà.
Uf pufdfg leukujlr blstl pfrhadas df <4
Dfselgsa sfklglj Vg dël y kfdha l jl sfklgl.
dëls.
LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. 5?
8. _fljhzl ug rfsukfg eag jls eagdhehagfs saorf jl àrgldl fstlojfehdls plrl jas kfgarfs df fdld.
Jas kfgarfs df fdld thfgfg jls shcuhfgtfs eagdhehagfs rfspfeta l jl àrgldl0
Jl àrgldl kìxhkl dhlrhl fs df 2 barls, hgejuyfgda, fg su elsa, fj thfkpa dfdhelda l jl marklehõg

y sh trlol`l plrl vlrhas fkprfslrhas, jls barls rfljhzldls plrl eldl uga.
Ga pufdf rfljhzlr barls fxtrlardhglrhls, gh trlolàs gaeturgas gh pfjhcrasas.

Fg jls àrgldls eagthguldls, tfgdrìg ug dfselgsa df 5> khgutas eldl eultra barls y kfdhl df

trlolà.
Fj dfselgsa sfklglj sfrì df das dëls hghgtfrrukphdas.

<>. Lgtagha bl fstlda trlol`lgda durlgtf fj ðjthka lüa kuy dura. Uhfkprf fstì aeuplda.
Fg fgfra sf bl bfeba ug eljfgdlrha
el jfgdlrha plrl tadas jas trlol`ldarfs df su fkprfsl. L Lgtagha jf bl taelda hrsf
<6 dëls fg lcasta y <6 dëls fg aetuorf.
Eulgda jjfcl aetuorf, fgtrl ug prayfeta gufva y, eaka shfkprf, Lgtagha sf hkpjhel kuebëshka y ga
fgeufgtrl gugel thfkpa plrl hrsf, l pfslr df quf su fkprfsl jf lvhsl df quf thfgf quf eacfr sus
vlelehagfs.
±\uè aeurrf sh ga dhsmrutl jls vlelehagfs quf jf qufdlg1

Jls vlelehagfs bly quf dhsmrutlrjls fg fj lüa glturlj lj quf earrfspagdlg, fgtrf fj < df fgfra y fj 5< df
dhehfkorf. Jls plrtfs leardlrìg sh pufdfg mrleehaglr.
Uhg fkolrca sf pufdfg dhsmrutlr fg mfebl dhsthgtl, hgejusa sh bl mhgljhzlda fj lüa glturlj l quf earrfspagdlg,
eulgda eahgehdlg eag jl suspfgshõg par kltfrghdld, pltfrghdld a leachkhfgta a trls jl hgelplehdld tfkparlj,
shfkprf quf ga trlgseurrlg kìs df <2 kfsfs l plrthr dfj mhglj df lüa fg quf sf blyl arhchglda.
âr fjja, Lgtagha padrël pfrdfr sus vlelehagfs parquf fs èj quhfg ga sf vl df markl vajugtlrhl y ga fxhstf
ghgcugl elusl quf ùsthmhquf dhsmrutlrjls fg atrls mfebls.
<6


<<. _fjlehagl jas pfrkhsas rftrhouhdas df jl eajukgl df jl dfrfebl eag fj thfkpa df dhsmrutf quf lplrfef
fg jl eajukgl df jl hzquhfrdl.
Uaghl sf kudl df elsl. Vg dël
Ofjèg fs prfshdfgtl df ugl kfsl fjfetarlj. Dël eakpjfta y = barls dël shcuhfgtf
Eursa plrl letuljhzlr sus eagaehkhfgtas
eagae hkhfgtas pramfshagljfs. ?> barls lj lüa.
Dfspjlzlkhfgta trlolà l ]ljfgehl dfsdf Ljkfrël. Thfkpa hkprfsehgdhojf.
Pujfkl sf bl elslda. <6 dëls glturljfs.
Dlghfj lelol df sfr pldrf. ? dëls.
Dlvhd thfgf ug tëa basphtljhzlda l 6>> ik df dhstlgehl. Ghgcðg dël.
âr jletlgehl df ug bhà df 6 kfsfs df fdld. » barl df rfdueehõg àrgldl.
<?. Hgdhel df jas pfrkhsas rftrhouhdas y df jl rfdueehõg fg jl àrgldl, euìjfs vlg dhrhchdas l mlvarfefr jl
eagehjhlehõg df jl vhdl jloarlj y mlkhjhlr.
âr kltrhkagha <6 dëls glturljfs
âr glehkhfgta df ug bhà a mljjfehkhfgta, leehdfgtf ? dëls
a fgmfrkfdldshg
quhrðrchel crlvf, basphtljhzlehõg aeag
basphtljhzlehõg hgtfrvfgehõg
rfpasa 4 dëls eag dfspjlzlkhfgta
dakhehjhlrha df plrhfgtfs blstl ?° crlda.
^lrl fxìkfgfs prfgltljfs y tèeghels df Thfkpa hkprfsehgdhojf

prfplrlehõg lj plrta durlgtf jl àrgldl jloarlj.
âr jletlgehl df ug bhà glturlj, ldaptlda a < barl df lusfgehl. ûfdf dhvhdhrsf fg das a
leachda, kfgar df gufvf kfsfs. Uaja sf pufdf rfduehr fg kfdhl barl jl àrgldl.
dhsmrutlr par uga df jas pracfghtarfs sh lkoas
trlol`lg. ûfdf leardlrsf su leukujlehõg.
TFUT DF F]LJVLEHÕG-^ÌC. 5=
<. Jls elrletfrësthels df jl rfjlehõg jloarlj sag jls shcuhfgtfs0

l) Jl rfljhzlehõg dfj trlolà df markl pfrsaglj, jl vajugtlrhfdld, jl l`fghdld, jl rfkugfrlohjhdld y jl dfpfgdfgehl.
?. Uag rfjlehagfs jloarljfs fxejuhdls, fgtrf atrls0
d) Jas lutõgakas feagõkhelkfgtf dfpfgdhfgtfs, jas mugehaglrhas pðojheas y jas trlolàs l tëtuja df lkhstld,
ofgfvajfgehl a oufgl vfehgdld.
5. Ufüljl jl rfspufstl earrfetl0
6. Fgtrf jls patfstldfs dfj fkprfslrha, sf fgeufgtrl0
o) ]frhmhelr fj fstlda df fgmfrkfdld dfj trlol`ldar.

<=


=. Ufüljl jl rfspufstl earrfetl0

o) Jas trlol`ldarfs thfgfg dfrfeba l plrthehplr fg jl fkprfsl l trlvès df sus rfprfsfgtlgtfs.
3. Jl durlehõg kìxhkl df jl àrgldl ardhglrhl fs df…
o) 4> barls sfklgljfs df prakfdha fg eõkputa lgulj.
2. Jls barls fxtrlardhglrhls sf pufdfg eakpfgslr…

e) ^rfmfrhojfkfgtf eag thfkpa jhorf fquhvljfgtf.
8. ±\uè mhfstls df ìkohta glehaglj sf rfspftlg shfkprf1
e) Mhfstl dfj Trlolà, fj < df klya.
<>. Df jls shcuhfgtfs shtulehagfs, hgdhel euìj fs ug pfrkhsa rftrhouhda.
e) ^frkhsa par kltrhkagha durlgtf <6 d
dëls.
ëls.
LETH]HDLDFU MHGLJFU-^ÌC. 53
<. Jueël sf fgeufgtrl fg fj Dfplrtlkfgta df _feursas Buklgas mhrklgda su prhkfr eagtrlta df trlolà9
eaka su bfrklga fstì dfsfkpjflda, phdf lj `fmf df ^frsaglj quf su bfrklga aeupf su pufsta jas mhgfs
df sfklgl. ±Fs pashojf1 _lzagl jl rfspufstl olsìgdatf fg ugl df jls ehgea elrletfrësthels df jl rfjlehõg
jloarlj.
Ga fs pashojf, parquf jl rfjlehõg jloarlj thfgf elrìetfr pfrsagljëshka, fs dfehr, gldhf pufdf rfljhzlr jl
prfstlehõg df sfrvhehas fg juclr dfj trlol`ldar.
?. Fgeufgtrl fg fstl sapl df jftrls dhfz dfrfebas df jas trlol`ldarfs.
H G T F C _ H D L D M H U H E L M _ L
A G F C A E H L E H A G M _ L O ^ F _
L _ T F U L M A _ K L E H A G L _ D F
B F J H O _ F U H G D H E L E H A G V
V _ O L K H J H U T L U L T H A K A G
F H _ T _ H C V L J D L D X A ] A _ H
J L _ A J V D \ V H F G L L G L E J A
C J L ] U H ^ L _ T H E H ^ L E H A G
L U T H O A _ ^ D A J L ^ _ T J A E L
_ A F J F C H _ A M H E H A L L G G U
5. @arcf thfgf ugl dhselplehdld rfeagaehdl dfj 46 %. Trlol`l, eaka uga kìs, fg jl sfeehõg df pfrmukfrël
df ugas crlgdfs ljklefgfs. ^lea thfgf ugl dhselplehdld rfeagaehdl dfj 36 % y trlol`l fg ug efgtra
fspfehlj df fkpjfa. ±Df què thpa df rfjlehõg sf trltl fg eldl elsa1
Fg fj elsa df @arcf, sf trltl df ugl rfjlehõg
rfjle hõg jloarlj ardhglrhl, yl quf trlol`l eaka euljquhfr atra trlol`ldar
fg ugas crlgdfs ljklefgfs.
Fg elkoha, fg fj elsa df ^lea, sf trltl df ugl rfjlehõg jloarlj fspfehlj, rfeachdl fg fj lrtëeuja ? dfj Fstltuta
df jas Trlol`ldarfs parquf trlol`l fg ug efgtra fspfehlj df fkpjfa.
4. Gurhl trlol`l eaka vajugtlrhl fg Axmlk Hgtfrkõg. Hgdhel sh fs ugl rfjlehõg jloarlj y par què.
Ga sf trltl df ugl rfjlehõg jloarlj parquf mljtl ugl df jls elrletfrësthels quf dfmhgfg tadl rfjlehõg jloarlj,
jl rfkugfrlehõg9 fj vajugtlrhlda fs ugl lethvhdld rfljhzldl l tëtuja df ofgfvajfgehl.

<3


6. Vg praduetar ehgfkltacrìmhea eagtrltl l ug letar plrl trlol`lr fg ug fspfetìeuja pðojhea. ±Fs ugl
rfjlehõg jloarlj1 ±Df què thpa1 _lzagl jl rfspufstl.
r fspufstl.
Fj trlolà df jas lrthstls fg fspfetìeujas pðojheas fs ugl rfjlehõg jloarlj fspfehlj, sfcðg fj lrtëeuja ? dfj FT.
=. Vg ehejhstl pramfshaglj bl mhrklda ug eagtrlta eag ugl eakplüël. ±Uf eagshdfrl rfjlehõg jloarlj1
Uf trltl df ugl rfjlehõg jloarlj fspfehlj.
3. _lðj Uhklgels fs fj dhrfetar df ugl hkpartlgtf eakplüël. ±Jf vhgeujl eag jl khskl ugl rfjlehõg jloarlj1
_lðj Uhklgels
jloarlj aeupl ug pufsta df ljtl dhrfeehõg, par ja quf sfcðg fj lrtëeuja ? dfj FT sf trltl df ugl rfjlehõg
fspfehlj.
2. Jfagar fs jl eaehgfrl df jl mlkhjhl Jõpfz. ±Uf trltl df ugl rfjlehõg jloarlj1 Fxpjhel tu rfspufstl.
Jfagar sfrël ugl fkpjfldl lj sfrvheha dfj baclr mlkhjhlr, par ja quf sf trltl df ugl rfjlehõg jloarlj fspfehlj.
8. @lhkf fs lutõgaka9 ±su rfjlehõg jloarlj sf rfcujl par fj Fstltuta df jas Trlol`ldarfs1 _lzagl jl
rfspufstl.
Ga, sf trltl df ugl rfjlehõg jloarlj fxejuhdl, jas lutõgakas sf rhcfg par fj Fstltuta dfj Lutõgaka. Mljtl jl
dfpfgdfgehl.
<>. ±Euìj fs fj gðkfra kìxhka lgulj df barls fxtrlardhglrhls1 ±Hgejuyf tada thpa df barls fxtrls1
Uu gðkfra ga pufdf sfr supfrhar l aebfgtl lj lüa, sljva jls trlol`ldls plrl prfvfghr a rfplrlr shghfstras y
atras dlüas fxtrlardhglrhas y urcfgtfs.
<<. Fxpjëeljf l Ulgdrl, quf fs jl dufül df ugl pfqufül thfgdl df rfcljas fg Uljlklgel y thfgf ug
fkpjflda, què aojhclehagfs thfgf eaka fkprfslrhl fg rfjlehõg eag fj eljfgdlrha jloarlj.
Fj Fstltuta df jas Trlol`ldarfs fstlojfef jl aojhclehõg df Ulgdrl eaka fkprfslrhl df fjloarlr fj eljfgdlrha
jloarlj,
fkpjflda dfohfgda
eagazelfxpagfr ugbarlrha
euìj fs su f`fkpjlr
df dfj khska
trlolà y jlfg ug juclr vhshojf
dhstrhouehõg dfjjas
lgulj df efgtra df trlolà,
dëls df trlolà, mfsthvas
plrl qufy df
su
dfselgsa. Uh buohfrl rfprfsfgtlgtfs df jas trlol`ldarfs thfgfg dfrfeba l sfr eagsujtldas y l fkhthr hgmarkfs
df su fjloarlehõg.
fjloarlehõg.
KVGDA JLOA_LJ FG FJ EHGF-^ÌC. 53
Fj daeukfgtlj Jl fspljdl dfj kugda prfsfgtl trfs bhstarhls dhmfrfgtfs quf dfgugehlg shtulehagfs rfljfs
df hgùsthehl saehlj.
Fg fstl ughdld gas efgtrlrfkas
e fgtrlrfkas fg fj prhkfr rfpartl`f, thtujlda «Fj ghüa¹.
<?. ±\uè thpas df trlolàs rfljhzlg jas ghüas1
 ^helr jl phfdrl.
 ]fgdfr lcul khgfrlj, plpls l jl bulgelëgl, bufvas, plg, fte.
 Jlvlr elrras.

Jfeturl dfj pfrhõdhea fg fj lutaoðs.
 Thrlr dfj elrra fg fj kfrelda.
 Lyudlr l eajaelr jl mrutl fg fj kfrelda a lyudlr l culrdlrjl fg jas dfpõshtas.
 Jhkphlr plrlorhsls, jhkphlr elrras a ghebas fg fj efkfgtfrha.
efkfgtfrha.
±Euìjfs sag sus eagdhehagfs df trlolà1
Jls eagdhehagfs jloarljfs sag pèshkls, ga thfgfg àrgldl jloarlj kìxhkl, ja quf hkphdf quf vlylg lj eajfcha,
elrfefg df jls ldfeuldls eagdhehagfs df sfcurhdld y sljud, lelrrflg pfsas supfrharfs l ja quf su eufrpa fg
erfehkhfgta, pufdf sapartlr, rfljhzlg trlolàs pfjhcrasas (uslg mufca y fxpjashvas, hgbljlg fj pajva df jls
phfdrls), ga sf rfspftl jl fdld këghkl gh kìxhkl plrl trlol`lr, fte.
Fstas ghüas trlol`lg plrl lpartlr ugas hgcrfsas l jl feagakël mlkhjhlr. Fj lpartf
l partf df jas kfgarfs sf eagshdfrl
ugl gfefshdld plrl quf jas ghüas pufdlg ljhkfgtlrsf y sfcuhr fstudhlgda, lgtf jl mljtl df ljtfrglthvls df
fkpjfa plrl jas ldujtas. Fj trlolà plsl l marklr plrtf df jl vhdl eathdhlgl df ghüas y ghüls0 sf jfvlgtlg
tfkprlga plrl hr l trlol`lr, plslg fj dël fg jl elgtfrl, ùfclg ljjë khska, sf arclghzlg saehljkfgtf plrl
dfmfgdfr sus dfrfebas, rëfg y sf dhvhfrtfg fg fj ehrea eag orakls l prapõshta dfj trlolà, fte. Uf trltl df
ghüas y ghüls quf saehljhzlg y eagstruyfg su hdfgthdld fg olsf lj trlolà.

<2


Eurhaslkfgtf, fjjas ga vfg fstls eagdhehagfs eag fj fsplgta quf gas praduef l gasatras0 Cuhgdfr dhef «Leì
fg ^frð, eaka ga bly trlolà, tfgfkas quf trlol`lr blstl jas ghüas¹ a su loufja «tfgca 3> lüas, ga kìs,
tadlvël tfgca quf jueblr¹, rfmhrhègdasf l quf lðg pufdf trlol`lr y lpartlr dhgfra l jl mlkhjhl...
±Thfgfg ljcuga df jas dfrfebas quf bls fstudhlda fg fstl ughdld1
Ga thfgfg ghgcðg dfrfeba, sf trltl df trlolàs ga rfcujldas, jas ghüas shkpjfkfgtf ouselg markls df
aotfgfr ug dhgfra plrl saorfvhvhr a lyudlr l sus mlkhjhls.
<5. ±Uf blg

jloarlj arclghzlda jas ghüas trlol`ldarfs1 ±Eag què ao`fthva1 ±\uè mhcurl rfeagaehdl par fj dfrfeba
tf rfeufrdl1
Fstas ghüas sf blg arclghzlda plrl dfmfgdfrsf df jas ldujtas quf trltlg df louslr df fjjas (fj dèohj thfgf
quf ughrsf plrl padfr blefr mrfgtf lj mufrtf). _feufrdl l jls prhkfrls lsaehlehagfs shgdheljfs, quf ugfg l
jas aorfras plrl jueblr par kfàrlr sus eagdhehagfs df vhdl y trlolà.
Tlkohèg sf vf jl sajhdlrhdld fg jas eakfdarfs papujlrfs.
<4. ±Euìj fs fj sufüa df jas ghüas y df jas pldrfs df fstf rfpartl`f1
Fj sufüa df jas pldrfs fs padfr dlr ugl fduelehõg l sus bhàs plrl quf pufdlg sljhr df jl paorfzl fg jl quf
fstìg hgkfrsas, sufüa quf eahgehdf eag fj df sus bhàs, praolojfkfgtf parquf lsë sf ja blylg trlgskhthda.
<6. ±âr què vljarlg tlgta fstas ghüas jl fduelehõg y tfgfr ug amheha1 ±Ja vljarls tð df hculj kada1 ±âr
què1 _fmjfxhagl saorf tus prharhdldfs fg jl vhdl y sfüljl fg què fseljõg `frìrquhea shtulrëls jas fstudhas
quf fstìs eurslgda.
^raolojfkfgtf, fstas ghüas vljarlg kueba jl fduelehõg y tfgfr ug amheha parquf sf dlg eufgtl df quf fs ja
ðghea quf jfs pfrkhthrël leefdfr l ug trlolà dhcga y sljhr df jl paorfzl. Fg gufstrl saehfdld ga fs tlg mìehj
vljarlrja
vfefs, hculj parquf
fs dhmëehj gaug
fgeagtrlr sf fkpjfa.
vhvfg fsls shtulehagfs
Fstas ebheas blgfxtrfkls
kldurlday parquf
fg fstfllspfeta
pfslr df tfgfrlgtfs
kueba ugl quf
marklehõg,
ug àvfgl
df jl saehfdld aeehdfgtlj, quf ga sf dl eufgtl dfj vljar df jl fduelehõg blstl quf ga ljelgzl fdldfs kìs
tlrdëls. Uu kldurfz fg fstf sfgthda sf dfkufstrl fg mrlsfs eaka «Fstì ohfg tfgfr ug trlolà plrl ga fstlr
aehasas¹, «jas pldrfs euhdlg l jas bhàs, jufca lj rfvès¹.
Eldl ljukga dfofrël blefr ugl vljarlehõg pfrsaglj saorf sus prharhdldfs fg jl vhdl y sh fstì letulgda
eagmarkf l sus prhgehphas.
^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL <-^ÌC. 52
Jas dfrfebas df jas trlol`ldarfs

<. ±\uè dfrfebas dfj trlol`ldar blg shda vujgfrldas fg jl fkprfsl df Ojlgel1 ±Euìjfs sf rfeacfg fg jl
Eagsthtuehõg y euìjfs fg fj Fstltuta df jas Trlol`ldarfs1 ±Uf vujgfrl ljcðg dfrfeba mugdlkfgtlj1
 Fj f`freheha dfj dfrfeba mugdlkfgtlj l jl bufjcl (lrt. ?2.? EF).

Dfrfeba l ga sfr dhserhkhglda lj leefdfr l ug fkpjfa, gh ugl vfz fkpjflda, par rlzagfs df sfxa,
vujgfrlda par fj fgtrfvhstldar lj thrlr tadas jas eurrëeujas df jls ku`frfs. Fstf dfrfeba sf rfeacf fg fj
lrt. 4.<.o) dfj FT. Fj dfrfeba l jl ga dhserhkhglehõg par rlzõg df sfxa, fg euljquhfr ehreugstlgehl sf rfeacf
tlkohèg fg fj lrt. <4 df jl EF, eaka ug dfrfeba mugdlkfgtlj.
?. ±Klgthfgf Taoëls ugl rfjlehõg jloarlj eag jl fkprfsl1

Ga, sf trltl df ugl rfjlehõg jloarlj fxejuhdl, jas lutõgakas sf rhcfg par fj Fstltuta dfj Lutõgaka. Mljtl jl
dfpfgdfgehl.
5. ±Klgthfgf _aofrta ugl rfjlehõg jloarlj eag jl fkprfsl1

_aofrta aeupl ug pufsta df ljtl dhrfeehõg, par ja quf sfcðg fj lrtëeuja ? dfj FT sf trltl df ugl rfjlehõg
jloarlj fspfehlj

<8


^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL ?-^ÌC. 58
]lelehagfs
<. ±Euìgtas sag jas dëls l jas quf tfgdrël dfrfeba Erhsthgl sh sf jf lpjhelrl fj Fstltuta df jas Trlol`ldarfs1
Jl durlehõg df jls vlelehagfs sf pletlrì fg eagvfgha eajfethva a fg fj eagtrlta hgdhvhdulj, shg quf pufdl sfr
hgmfrhar l 5> dëls glturljfs. Uh ga sf trlol`l fj lüa eakpjfta, fstf pfrhada sf rfduehrì praparehagljkfgtf.
?. Hgdhel l Erhsthgl jl dhmfrfgehl fgtrf dëls glturljfs y dëls jloarlojfs. ±Fs kìs ofgfmhehasa jas dëls l jas
quf thfgf dfrfeba jl trlol`ldarl par eagvfgha a jas quf rfeagaef fj Fstltuta df jas Trlol`ldarfs1
Jas dëls glturljfs sag jas dëls rfljfs, df jugfs l dakhgca, fs dfehr, sf hgejuyfg jas dëls mfsthvas y jas df
dfselgsa sfklglj.
Jas dëls jloarlojfs sag jas dëls quf fj trlol`ldar fmfethvlkfgtf sf fgeufgtrl trlol`lgda9 fg fstf elsa, ga
sf eakputlg sìoldas,
L Erhsthgl lj earrfspagdfrjf par eagvfgha eajfethva vfhgthtrès dëls jloarlojfs par ja quf sljf ofgfmhehlda.
5. ±Eag euìgta thfkpa df lgtfjlehõg thfgf quf slofr Erhsthgl jls mfebl df dhsmrutf df jls vlelehagfs1
Jls mfebls df vlelehagfs sfrìg eagaehdls par fj trlol`ldar das kfsfs lgtfs df su eakhfgza. Lgtf ug
dfsleufrda, fj @uzclda df ja Uaehlj mh`lrì su mfebl df dhsmrutf fg ug praefdhkhfgta suklrha, prfmfrfgtf y
urcfgtf rfcujlda par jl Jfy df jl @urhsdheehõg Uaehlj.
Fj kakfgta df dhsmrutf sf mh`lrì df eakðg leufrda fgtrf fj fkprfslrha y fj trlol`ldar, sfcðg jl pjlghmhelehõg
lgulj df vlelehagfs df jl fkprfsl. Jl mh`lehõg dfj pfrhada df vlelehagfs ga pufdf sfr ldaptldl gh
kadhmheldl ughjltfrljkfgtf par fj fkprfslrha (UTE <5/=/26).
4. ±âdrël elkohlr Erhsthgl sus vlelehagfs par dhgfra1

Jl garklthvl fsplüajl fstlojfef quf jls vlelehagfs
vle lehagfs ga pufdfg susthtuhrsf par ugl eakpfgslehõg feagõkhel,
sljva quf mhgljhef fj eagtrlta df trlolà.
Vgl sfgtfgehl furapfl tlkohèg eagejuyf ja khska, y ldfkìs lüldf quf jas trlol`ldarfs dfofg padfr
dhsmrutlr df ug dfselgsa fmfethva, fg lrls df ugl pratfeehõg fmhelz df su sfcurhdld y df su sljud.
6. ±Fs jfclj quf jl fkprfsl jf hkpagcl ugl mfebl mh`l df dhsmrutf df jls vlelehagfs y quf sf tfgcl quf pagfr
df leufrda eag su eakplüfra1
Jas pfrëadas df dhsmrutf dfofg mh`lrsf df eakðg leufrda fgtrf jl fkprfsl y fj ttrlol`ldar,
rlol`ldar, y plrl fjja sf
tfgdrì fg eufgtl ja fstlojfehda fg jas eagvfghas eajfethvas saorf jl pjlghmhelehõg lgulj df jls vlelehagfs.
Jl markl df eagerftlr fj pfrhada df dhsmrutf fs, fg ardfg l eakplchglr jas dfrfebas df tadas jas
trlol`ldarfs y jas hgtfrfsfs df jl praphl fkprfsl, jl fjloarlehõg df ug eljfgdlrha jloarlj lgulj df
vlelehagfs, df kada quf tadas jas trlol`ldarfs eagazelg fg què mfebls dhsmrutlrìg sus vlelehagfs.
Jl mfebl df dhsmrutf dfof eagaefrsf, eaka këghka,
kë ghka, eag das kfsfs df lgtfjlehõg lj eakhfgza dfj dhsmrutf,
sljva quf fj eagvfgha eajfethva fstlojfzel ug pjlza supfrhar, quf sfrì fj quf blorì quf lpjhelr fgtagefs.
Mhgljkfgtf, y sh l pfslr df ja fstlojfehda fg fj Fstltuta a fg fj eagvfgha eajfethva, ga sf ljelgzl ug
leufrda fgtrf jl fkprfsl y jas trlol`ldarfs, èstas padrìg leudhr lj @uzclda df ja Uaehlj, l trlvès df ug
praefsa fspfehlj y urcfgtf fspfeëmhea plrl fjja, plrl quf rfsufjvl y mh`f fj pfrhada df dhsmrutf. Eagtrl jl
dfehshõg dfj @uzclda fg kltfrhl df vlelehagfs ga elof rfeursa ljcuga.
Uf pufdfg mrleehaglr jls vlelehagfs fg das a kìs pfrhadas, shfkprf quf lj kfgas uga sfl df das sfklgls
hghgtfrrukphdls, sfcðg fj Eagvfgha <5? df jl AHT.
âr tada fjja, së quf fs jfclj quf jl fkprfsl df Erhsthgl arclghef jls vlelehagfs df jl klgfrl quf ja blef.

?>


=. ±âdrël Erhsthgl dhsmrutlr jas ehgea dëls df vlelehagfs dfj lüa lgtfrhar1
Erhsthgl dfofrël df blofrjls dhsmrutlda fg fj lüa glturlj lj quf earrfspagdlg y sf padrìg eacfr eakpjftls
a mrleehagldls, sfcðg ja leardlda fgtrf jls plrtfs.
Fj dhsmrutf df jls vlelehagfs dfof praduehrsf, eag elrìetfr cfgfrlj, dfgtra dfj lüa lj quf earrfspagdlg,
fgtfgdhègdasf par jas trhougljfs quf, sh ga sf dhsmrutlg lgtfs dfj 5< df Dhehfkorf, elduel fj dfrfeba l
dhsmrutlrjls parquf ga fs pashojf dhsmrutlrjls, gh tlkpaea leukujlrjls, eag jls dfj lüa shcuhfgtf.
Uaja jls padrël blofr dhsmrutlda fg mfebl dhsthgtl, hgejusa sh bl mhgljhzlda fj lüa glturlj l quf earrfspagdlg,
sh eahgehdfg eag jl suspfgshõg par kltfrghdld, pltfrghdld a leachkhfgta. Hculj suefdf sh fs par atrl elusl,
lugquf ga thfgfg quf blofr trlgseurrhda kìs df <2 < 2 kfsfs l plrthr dfj mhglj df lüa fg quf sf blylg arhchglda.
Uhg fkolrca, fstì ga fs jl
j l shtulehõg df Erhsthgl, fg dagdf hgejusa jl fkprfsl jl hgshstël plrl quf dhsmrutlrì jl
vlelehagfs, y muf fjjl quhfg par praphl vajugtld quhfg ga jls dhsmrutl.
Fj pfrhada df dhsmrutf ga pufdf hghehlrsf gugel fg dël mfsthva a hgbìohj.

?<


VGHDLD 50 Fj eagtrlta df trlolà
DFUEVO_F-^ÌC. 4<
±ûfdf trlol`lr Mfrglgda shfgda kfgar df fdld1

Fg Fsplül sf pufdf fkpfzlr l trlol`lr l plrthr df jas <2 lüas. L plrthr df jas <= lüas sf pufdf mhrklr ug
eagtrlta df trlolà, sh sf eufgtl eag jl lutarhzlehõg df jas pldrfs a tutarfs, quhfgfs tlkohèg dfofg mhrklr
dheba eagtrlta. Uh fj kfgar (df <= a <3 lüas) fstì fklgehplda ga gfefshtl ghgcðg pfrkhsa.
Fxefpehagljkfgtf, padrìg trlol`lr jas kfgarfs df <= lüas, fg fspfetìeujas pðojheas (tfltra, tfjfvhshõg, ehrea,
fte.), shfkprf y eulgda0
 Tfgclg ug pfrkhsa df jl Lutarhdld Jloarlj, plrl eldl uga df jas fspfetìeujas fg jas quf hgtfrvfgclg.
 Ga supagcl ug pfjhcra plrl su sljud mëshel gh plrl su marklehõg pramfshaglj y buklgl.
±Ulofs què lspfetas sf rfeacfg par fserhta fg ug eagtrlta df trlolà1
Uf rfeacf par fserhta, lj kfgas, jas fjfkfgtas fsfgehljfs dfj eagtrlta0
 Jls plrtfs0 Uf hdfgthmhel lj trlol`ldar y lj fkprfslrha.
 Fjfkfgtas tfkparljfs0
tfkparljfs0 Jl mfebl df eakhfgza df jl rfjlehõg jloarlj, jl durlehõg dfj eagtrlta, jl
durlehõg y dhstrhouehõg df jl àrgldl ardhglrhl df trlolà.
 Fj juclr df trlolà0 Dakhehjha saehlj df jl fkprfsl, fj efgtra df trlolà dagdf fj trlol`ldar prfstlrì
sus sfrvhehas blohtuljkfgtf (sh fj trlol`ldar tuvhfrl quf trlol`lr fg dhmfrfgtfs efgtras df trlolà a fg
efgtras df trlolà kõvhjfs a hthgfrlgtfs, sf blrìg eagstlr fstls ehreugstlgehls).
 Jl eltfcarël a crupa pramfshaglj dfj pufsta df trlolà quf vl l aeuplr fj trlol`ldar a ugl dfserhpehõg
dfj eagtfghda fspfeëmhea dfj trlolà quf vl l rfljhzlr.
 Fj sljlrha0 Uljlrha olsf hghehlj, eakpjfkfgtas sljlrhljfs, pfrhadhehdld df su plca.
 Jls vlelehagfs0 Durlehõg, ltrhouehõg y dhstrhouehõg fgtrf jas trlol`ldarfs.
trlol`ldarfs.
 Jas pjlzas df prflvhsa.
 Fj eagvfgha eajfethva lpjhelojf.
±\uè buohfrl aeurrhda sh Mfrglgda mhrkl fj eagtrlta shg jffr a sh, mhgljkfgtf, ga sf buohfrl ltrfvhda l
prfcugtlr sus dudls lj dhrfetar df _feursas Buklgas1
Mfrglgda ga blorël bfeba ohfg mhrklgda shg jffr, yl quf mhrklr ug eagtrlta shcghmhel quf jl pfrsagl mhrklgtf
bl jfëda y fstì df leufrda eag fj eagtfghda dfj khska. Uh pastfrharkfgtf, Mfrglgda jff fj eagtrlta y quhfrf
elkohlr ljcugl ejìusujl, yl ga sfrël pashojf dhseuthr saorf fsf pugta, sf df`lrël l jl oufgl vajugtld df jl
fkprfsl quf lefptlrl mhrklr ug gufva eagtrlta (sljva quf jl ejìusujl mufrl klghmhfstlkfgtf hjfclj, fg euya
elsa, sf tfgdrël par ga pufstl).
pufstl).
<. Hgdhel sh jls shcuhfgtfs shtulehagfs sag earrfetls y fxpjhel par què0
l) @lhkf thfgf <? lüas y bl shda eagtrltlda plrl trlol`lr df el`fra fg ug ssupfrkfrelda.
upfrkfrelda.
o) Clorhfj thfgf << lüas y bl shda eagtrltlda plrl trlol`lr fg ugl aorl df tfltra, par hghehlthvl df sus
pldrfs, eag ugl crlg hjushõg par plrtf df Clorhfj y eag jl lutarhzlehõg df jl Lutarhdld Jloarlj.
l) Ga fs earrfeta, eag <? lüas ga sf pufdf trlol`lr fg Fsplül df el`fra, gh shquhfrl eag jl lutarhzlehõg df jas
pldrfs a rfprfsfgtlgtfs jfcljfs. Uajlkfgtf l plrthr df jas <= lüas, @lhkf padrël trlol`lr df el`fra fg ug
supfrkfrelda.
Tfgclg
Ga ug pfrkhsa
supagcl df jl
ug pfjhcra Lutarhdld
plrl su sljudJloarlj,
mëshel ghplrl
plrleldl uga df jas
su marklehõg fspfetìeujas
pramfshaglj fg jas quf hgtfrvfgclg.
y buklgl.

??


^fra fg fj elsa df @lhkf, ga sf trltl df ug trlolà fg ug fspfetìeuja pðojhea.
O) Jl eagtrltlehõg df Clorhfj plrl ug fspfetìeuja pðojhea fs earrfetl lugquf tfgcl << lüas parquf, fg
Fsplül, df markl fxefpehaglj, padrìg trlol`lr jas kfgarfs df <= lüas, fg fspfetìeujas pðojheas (tfltra,
tfjfvhshõg, ehrea, fte.), shfkprf y eulgda0
Tfgclg ug pfrkhsa df jl Lutarhdld Jloarlj, plrl eldl uga df jas fspfetìeujas fg jas quf hgtfrvfgclg. Ufcðg fj
fgugehlda,
Ga supagclClorhfj eufgtl
ug pfjhcra plrleag fstl lutarhzlehõg.
su sljud mëshel gh plrl su marklehõg pramfshaglj y buklgl.
LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. 4=
2. @lvhfr thfgf <8 lüas y fstì fstudhlgda

2. fs tudhlgda ug eheja marklthva df jl mlkhjhl pramfshaglj df Hklcfg y Uaghda.
Vgl fkprfsl quhfrf eagtrltlrjf plrl dfsfkpfülr ug trlolà rfjlehaglda eag sus fstudhas, quf jf
pfrkhtl sfcuhr lprfgdhfgda l jl vfz quf trlol`l. ±\uè eagtrlta dfofrël mhrklr @lvhfr1 ±âr què1
Eaka @lvhfr lðg ga bl tfrkhglda fj EM y par ja tlgta, ga thfgf fj tëtuja, dfofrël mhrklr ug eagtrlta plrl
jl marklehõg y fj lprfgdhzl`f, dfsthglda l lqufjjas quf elrfefg df ugl euljhmhelehõg pramfshaglj
rfeagaehdl par jl M^ dfj shstfkl fduelthva a jl M^ plrl fj fkpjfa (sh tuvhfrl yl ldquhrhdl fstl euljhmhelehõg,
fs dfehr, sh @lvhfr yl buohfrl mhgljhzlda fj EM, tfgdrël quf mhrklr ug eagtrlta fg prìethels).
Ldfkìs, fj FT dhef fxprfslkfgtf, quf fj eagtrlta plrl jl marklehõg y fj lprfgdhzl`f padrì efjforlrsf
eag trlol`ldarfs quf eursfg marklehõg pramfshaglj dfj shstfkl fduelthva.
fduelthva .
Lsë khska, @lvhfr sf fgeufgtrl fgtrf jas jëkhtfs df fdld klreldas par fj FT, eag elrìetfr cfgfrlj, tfgfr
fgtrf <= y ?6 lüas, sh ohfg, blstl quf jl tlsl df dfsfkpjfa fg gufstra plës sf shtðf par dfolà dfj <6 %
padrìg rfljhzlrsf eagtrltas plrl jl marklehõg y fj lprfgdhzl`f eag trlol`ldarfs kfgarfs df 5> lüas.
Uf fgthfgdf tlkohèg quf @lvhfr ga bl dfsfkpfülda lgtfs fsf pufsta df trlolà, fg jl khskl fkprfsl
par ug thfkpa supfrhar l <? kfsfs.
8. Elrjas thfgf ?3 lüas, fj lüa plslda sf qufdõ fg plra y dfehdhõ lpravfeblr jl aelshõg plrl fstudhlr ug
8.
eheja marklthva, quf tfrkhglrì fstf lüa. Khfgtrls tfrkhgl jas fstudhas jf blg amrfehda ug eagtrlta plrl
jl marklehõg. ±Fs earrfeta1 @usthmhel jl rfspufstl.
^lrl slofr sh fs earrfeta, lgljhzlrfkas sh Elrjas eukpjf eag tadas y eldl uga df jas rfquhshtas quf sf
phdfg l jas trlol`ldarfs plrl padfr markljhzlr ug eagtrlta plrl jl marklehõg0
• Jëkhtf df fdld0 eag elrìetfr cfgfrlj,
cfgfrlj, tfgfr fgtrf <= y ?6 lüas. Elrjas thfgf ?3, par ja q quf
uf fg
prhgehpha, fxefdf df jas jëkhtfs, pfra sh jl tlsl df dfsfkpjfa fg gufstra plës sf shtðl par fgehkl dfj
<6 %, padrìg rfljhzlrsf eagtrltas plrl jl marklehõg y fj lprfgdhzl`f eag trlol`ldarfs kfgarfs df 5>
lüas. âr ja tlgta, Elrjas eukpjhrël eag fstf rfquhshta.
• Elrfefr df ugl euljhmhelehõg pramfshaglj
pramfshaglj rfeagaehdl par fj shstfkl
shstfkl df marklehõg pramfshaglj
pramfshaglj dfj
shstfkl fduelthva a df marklehõg pramfshaglj plrl fj fkpjfa (tëtuja
( tëtuja a efrthmhelda df pramfshagljhdld,
rfspfethvlkfgtf), rfqufrhdl plrl ug eagtrlta fg prìethels. Uh Elrjas mhrkl fj eagtrlta par fj pfrëada
df thfkpa quf jf rfstl lgtfs df aotfgfr fj tëtuja dfj eheja marklthva quf fstì fstudhlgda, eukpjhrël
tlkohèg eag fstf rfquhshta, pfra ugl vfz quf mhgljhef fj eheja y aotfgcl fj tëtuja, yl ga sfrël pashojf
eagthgulr eag fstf eagtrlta. Jjfclda fj kakfgta, padrël mhrklr ug eagtrlta fg prìethels.
• Ga blofr dfsfkpfülda
dfsfkpfülda lgtfs fsffsf pufsta df trlolà, fg jl khskl
khskl fkprfsl par ug thfkpa supfrhar
supfrhar l
<? kfsfs. Fgtfgdfkas quf Elrjas eukpjf fstf rfquhshta.
âr ja tlgta, eag jls ehreugstlgehls hgdheldls, Elrjas padrël mhrklr fj eagtrlta plrl jl marklehõg y fj
lprfgdhzl`f, sh jl tlsl df dfsfkpjfa fg gufstra plës sf shtðl par fgehkl dfj <6 %, khfgtrls ga blyl
tfrkhglda fj eheja marklthva quf fstì fstudhlgda y ga blyl dfsfkpfülda lgtfs fsf pufsta df trlolà,
fg jl khskl fkprfsl par ug thfkpa supfrhar l <? kfsfs.
?5


<>. Ljkudfgl thfgf 6> lüas, blef 5 lüas tfrkhgõ ug eheja marklthva df Lutakaehõg, su plshõg. Lbarl jf
<>.
amrfefg ug eagtrlta fg prìethels plrl trlol`lr fg ug tljjfr kfeìghea df 5 lüas df durlehõg. ±Fs pashojf1
±Fs tada earrfeta1
^lrl slofr sh fs earrfeta, fg prhkfr juclr, lgljhzlrfkas sh Ljkudfgl eukpjf eag tadas y eldl uga df jas
rfquhshtas quf sf phdfg l jas trlol`ldarfs plrl padfr markljhzlr ug eagtrlta fg prìethels0
• Tfgfr ug tëtuja ughvfrshtlrha a df M^ df crlda kfdha a supfrhar, ug tëtuja amhehljkfgtf rfeagaehda
eaka fquhvljfgtf
df Lutakaehõg, a ug
par efrthmhelda
ja tlgta df eag
eukpjf pramfshagljhdld. Ljkudfgl thfgf ug tëtuja df ug eheja marklthva
fstf rfquhshta.
• \uf ga blylg trlgseurrhda kìs df 6 lüas dfsdf jl tfrkhglehõg df jas fstudhas (3 lüas sh sf trltl df
ug trlol`ldar dhselplehtlda). Blef trfs lüas quf Ljkudfgl tfrkhgõ sus fstudhas, par ja tlgta,
tlkohèg eukpjf eag fstf rfquhshta.
Fg prhgehpha, Ljkudfgl eukpjf eag tadas jas rfquhshtas.
r fquhshtas. Uhg fkolrca, jl mhrkl df fstf eagtrlta ga fs pashojf
parquf sf fstlojfef ugl durlehõg df trfs lüas y jl durlehõg kìxhkl df ug eagtrlta fg prìethels, sfcðg fj FT
fs df das lüas.
<<. Vg tljjfr df lutakaehõg gfefshtl eagtrltlr l das hgmarkìtheas par fj thfkpa quf tlrdfg fg hgstljlr ug
<<.
gufva pracrlkl hgmarkìthea df eagtlohjhdld. ±\uè thpa df eagtrlta efjforlrì eag jas gufvas
trlol`ldarfs1
Vg eagtrlta df aorl a sfrvheha parquf jas hgmarkìtheas vlg l prfstlr ug sfrvheha0
• Eag lutagakël y sustlgthvhdld praphl, fs dfehr, fj sfrvheha sfrì dhsthgta l jl lethvhdld garklj df
jl fkprfsl.
• Jl f`feuehõg dfj sfrvheha sfrì, fg prhgehpha, df durlehõg hgehfrtl, lugquf jhkhtldl fg fj thfkpa.
<?. Vg efgtra df fstèthel gfefshtl eagtrltlr l ehgea fstfthehstls durlgtf jas kfsfs df klya y ùgha dfohda
<?.
lj lukfgta dfj gðkfra df oadls y eakughagfs fg fstls mfebls. Uf trltl df ltfgdfr ug gðkfra fjfvlda
df pfdhdas fg fstas kfsfs. ±\uè thpa df eagtrlta efjforlrìg eag jls fstfthehstls1 ±Euìj fs su durlehõg
kìxhkl1 ±Euìj sfrì jl markl df dheba eagtrlta1
Vg eagtrlta fvfgtulj par ehreugstlgehls df jl pradueehõg.
Ldfkìs, jl fkprfsl padrì lgljhzlr sh fs pashojf mhrklr ugl kadljhdld gufvl dfj eagtrlta fvfgtulj par
ehreugstlgehls df jl pradueehõg, fj eagtrlta df «prhkfr fkpjfa¹ àvfg, quf saja sf padrì efjforlr blstl quf
jl tlsl df plra df gufstra plës sf shtðf par dfolà dfj <6 %. Uu mhgljhdld fs hgefgthvlr quf jas `õvfgfs tfgclg
ugl prhkfrl fxpfrhfgehl jloarlj.
Jas rfquhshtas quf dfofg rfughr jas trlol`ldarfs plrl padfr markljhzlr fstf eagtrlta sag0
 Fxpfrhfgehl jloarlj hgmfrhar l 5 kfsfs.
 Kfgar df 5> lüas.
±Euìj fs su durlehõg kìxhkl1
kìxhkl1
Eaka kìxhka = kfsfs dfgtra df ug pfrhada df rfmfrfgehl df <? kfsfs. âr eagvfgha eajfethva sf pufdf
lkpjhlr fj pfrhada df rfmfrfgehl blstl <2 kfsfs9 fg fstf elsa, fj eagtrlta ga pufdf durlr kìs df 5/4 plrtfs
dfj pfrhada df rfmfrfgehl quf sf mh`f (fgtrf <? y <2 kfsfs). Lug
L ug lsë, sh jls 5/4 plrtfs dfj pfrhada df rfmfrfgehl
supfrlg jas <? kfsfs, fj pfrhada kìxhka df durlehõg dfj eagtrlta sf eagshdfrlrì <? kfsfs. Uh fj eagtrlta sf
efjforlrl par thfkpa hgmfrhar lj kìxhka fstlojfehda jfclj a eagvfgehagljkfgtf, saja sf ldkhtf ugl prõrracl.
±Euìj sfrì jl markl df dheba eagtrlta1
Dfof efjforlrsf aojhcltarhlkfgtf par fserhta, sljva lqufjjas euyl durlehõg sfl hgmfrhar l eultra sfklgls y
sf efjforfg l thfkpa eakpjfta.
<5. Vgl fseufjl hgmlgthj dfehdf hgstljlr ug `lrdëg df ùfcas fg fj hgtfrhar df sus hgstljlehagfs. Hslofj, jl
<5.
dhrfetarl dfj efgtra, yl bl blojlda eag jas ljolühjfs quf vl l eagtrltlr. ±\uè thpa df eagtrlta dfof
markljhzlr eag fjjas1 ±Euìj sfrì jl durlehõg df dhebas eagtrltas1 ±ûfdfg rfljhzlrsf vfroljkfgtf1

?4


ûfdf markljhzlr eag fjjas ug eagtrlta df aorl a sfrvheha.

±Euìj sfrì jl durlehõg df dhebas eagtrltas1
eagtrltas1
Jl durlehõg df dhebas eagtrltas fstlrì fg mugehõg df jl durlehõg df jl aorl9 fg prhgehpha, fj eagtrlta mhgljhzlrì
eulgda tfrkhgf jl aorl a sfrvheha, shg quf pufdl supfrlr jas 5 lüas df durlehõg, lkpjhlojf blstl <? kfsfs
kìs par eagvfgha eajfethva. Trlgseurrhdas fstas pjlzas, jas trlol`ldarfs sf eagvhfrtfg fg mhàs.
Fxphrldl dhebl fg
sf eagthgulrl durlehõg kìxhkl jloarlj,
jl prfstlehõg a rfljhzldl jl aorl a sfrvheha
fj eagtrlta ao`fta dfj
sf eagshdfrlrì eagtrlta, tìehtlkfgtf
prarraclda sh ga buohfrlpar
dfgugehl
thfkpay
hgdfmhghda, sljva prufol fg eagtrlrha quf lerfdhtf jl glturljfzl tfkparlj df jl prfstlehõg.
Ga fs gfefslrha quf jl aorl fstè tfrkhgldl par eakpjfta plrl quf fj fkprfslrha pufdl hr fxthgcuhfgda paea
l paea jas eagtrltas df trlolà.
±ûfdfg rfljhzlrsf vfroljkfgtf1
vfroljkfgtf1
Fstl kadljhdld eagtrletulj sf efjforl aojhcltarhlkfgtf par fserhta.
<4. Fjfgl bl shda eagtrltldl par UVGTVLETHAG, l trlvès df ug eagtrlta df hgtfrhghdld, plrl sfr efdhdl l
<4.
atrl fkprfsl, LGLJËTHELU \VHÜAGFU, UL. Ljjë eagaef l ug tèeghea df jloarltarha, Khcufj quf trlol`l
plrl LGLJËTHELU \VHÜAGFU dfsdf blef 5 lüas, eag ug eagtrlta hgdfmhghda. Vg dël Khcufj prfcugtl l
Fjfgl par què fstì trlol`lgda fg fj jloarltarha shg culgtfs df jìtfx, ug fquhpa df pratfeehõg hgdhvhdulj,
quf dfof uthjhzlr plrl prfvfghr rhfscas jloarljfs y quf jfs praparehagl su `fmf. Fjfgl jf rfspagdf quf
gldhf sf jas bl dlda, gh jf blg hgmarklda df jl fxhstfgehl df rhfscas fg jl fkprfsl.
l) Hdfgthmhel fg ug fsqufkl l jl FTT, lj trlol`ldar y l jl fkprfsl usulrhl 0
UVGTVLETHAG (FTT)
Eagtrlta df Eagtrlta tfkparlj

pufstl l df hgtfrhghdld
dhspashehõg
Fkprfsl usulrhl Trlol`ldarl

LGLJËTHELU \ VHÜAGFU
VHÜAGFU Fjfgl
o) ±Fs aojhcltarha markljhzlr ug eagtrlta l trlvès df ugl FTT par fserhta1

Uë, dfof rfljhzlrsf shfkprf par fserhta
e) ±\uè eagvfgha sf lpjhel l Fjfgl1
Fj eagvfgha eajfethva df jl fkprfsl usulrhl.
d) ±\uhèg pufdf slgehaglr l Fjfgl sh eakftf ugl hgmrleehõg1 ±X l Khcufj1
Uh Fjfgl eakfthfsf ugl hgmrleehõg sfrël slgehagldl par jl FTT (Uugtulethag), yl quf fs fstl quhfg
thfgf fj padfr dhsehpjhglrha. Fg elkoha, sh quhfg eakftf jl hgmrleehõg fs Khcufj, ug trlol`ldar
eagtrltlda dhrfetlkfgtf par jl fkprfsl usulrhl (Lgljëthels
( Lgljëthels \uhüagfs), jf slgehaglrì fstl ðjthkl.
f) ±\uhèg dfof hgmarklr y marklr l Fjfgl fg kltfrhl df prfvfgehõg df rhfscas jloarljfs1 ±X
praparehaglrjf jas fquhpas df pratfeehõg hgdhvhdulj1
Lgljëthels \uhüagfs jl fkprfsl usulrhl, thfgf jl aojhclehõg df hgmarklr y marklr l Fjfgl saorf jas
rhfscas quf bly fg su pufsta df trlolà y jls kfdhdls df pratfeehõg y prfvfgehõg df rhfscas
jloarljfs.

?6


Df hculj kada, Lgljëthels \uhüagfs, jl fkprfsl usulrhl, thfgf jl aojhclehõg df praparehaglr l Fjfgl
euljquhfr fquhpa df pratfeehõg hgdhvhdulj quf gfefshtf.
m) Uh Fjfgl y Khcufj rfljhzlg fj khska trlolà y thfgfg jl khskl eltfcarël pramfshaglj, ±padrël Fjfgl
eaorlr ug sljlrha hgmfrhar lj df Khcufj1
Ga. Fjfgl thfgf dfrfeba, eaka këghka, l pfrehohr jl rftrhouehõg tatlj fstlojfehdl par fj eagvfgha
eajfethva lpjhelojf l jl fkprfsl usulrhl, plrl fj pufsta df trlolà quf dfsfkpfül, lugquf fstè
eagtrltldl l trlvès df ugl FTT.
<. Fg rfjlehõg eag jls eaphls dfj eagtrlta, fj fkprfslrha thfgf jls shcuhfgtfs aojhclehagfs0
l) Fgtrfclr ugl eaphl dfj eagtrlta lj trlol`ldar, ugl eaphl oìshel l jas rfprfsfgtlgtfs df jas trlol`ldarfs y
rfljhzlr jl eakughelehõg apartugl l jl Amhehgl df Fkpjfa eag hgdfpfgdfgehl df quf fj eagtrlta sf rfljhef par
fserhta a df pljlorl.
?. Fg rfjlehõg eag jas eagtrltas hgdfmhghdas0
l) Fj eagtrlta hgdfmhghda ardhglrha pufdf efjforlrsf df markl vfrolj y l thfkpa plrehlj.
5. Dakhgca, df <8 lüas df fdld, aotuva blef ehgea lüas ug tëtuja df Crlda Kfdha. Vgl fkprfsl jf eagtrltl
par prhkfrl vfz, kfdhlgtf ug eagtrlta plrl jl marklehõg y fj lprfgdhzl`f0
l) Ga sf pufdf eagtrltlr l ugl pfrsagl eag ug tëtuja df ug Eheja Marklthva df Crlda Kfdha kfdhlgtf fstf thpa
df eagtrlta.
4. Vg trlol`ldar eag ug eagtrlta fg prìethels0
o) ûfdf tfgfr ug pfrhada df prufol eag ugl durlehõg kìxhkl df das kfsfs plrl quhfgfs pasflg ug tëtuja df
crlda supfrhar.
6. ^lrl euorhr ug pufsta df trlolà vlelgtf, ugl fkprfsl hghehl ug praefsa df sfjfeehõg df pfrsaglj, pfra eaka
fstf sf dfkarl, dfehdf eagtrltlr l ugl pfrsagl plrl aeuplr fsf pufsta khfgtrls sf fseacf l jl pfrsagl
dfmhghthvl. ±\uè thpa df eagtrlta mhrklrìg eag fstl pfrsagl1
e) Df hgtfrhghdld.
=. ±Euìgtas kfsfs pufdf durlr eaka kìxhka fj eagtrlta df jl prfcugtl lgtfrhar1
o) Trfs kfsfs.
3. _fspfeta lj eagtrlta df aorl a sfrvheha0

2. Fj eagtrlta fvfgtulj par ehreugstlgehls df jl pradueehõg0
l) Uf eagehfrtlg plrl ltfgdfr l ehreugstlgehls fspfehljfs dfj kfrelda, lug trltìgdasf df jl lethvhdld garklj df
jl fkprfsl.
8. Fj eagtrlta df rfjfva0
l) Tadls jls lgtfrharfs sag earrfetls.
<>. Vgl fkprfsl df trlolà tfkparlj0
l) Tadls jls lgtfrharfs sag earrfetls.
<. ±\uè trìkhtfs ldkhghstrlthvas dfof rfljhzlr jl fkprfsl dfspuès df quf fj fkprfslrha y fj trlol`ldar
mhrkfg fj eagtrlta df trlolà1
Fj fkprfslrha thfgf jls shcuhfgtfs aojhclehagfs0
?=


 Fgtrfclr ugl eaphl dfj eagtrlta lj trlol`ldar.

 Fgtrfclr ugl eaphl oìshel l jas rfprfsfgtlgtfs df jas trlol`ldarfs, plrl quf jl mhrkfg. Fg dhebl
eaphl oìshel sf blrìg eagstlr tadas jas dltas dfj eagtrlta eag fj mhg df eakpraolr quf sf ldfeul l
jl jfcljhdld vhcfgtf, sljva fj DGH, fstlda ehvhj, y dakhehjha y euljquhfr atra dlta quf pufdl lmfetlr l
jl hgthkhdld pfrsaglj dfj trlol`ldar. Jas rfprfsfgtlgtfs jfcljfs, l fmfetas df lerfdhtlr quf sf bl
praduehda jl fgtrfcl, mhrklrìg jl eaphl
ea phl oìshel quf pastfrharkfgtf sf fgvhlrì l jl amhehgl df fkpjfa.
Eulgda ga fxhstl rfprfsfgtlehõg jfclj df jas trlol`ldarfs tlkohèg dfofrì markljhzlrsf eaphl
oìshel y rfkhthrsf l jl amhehgl df fkpjfa.
 Eakughelr y fgtrfclr fg jl Amhehgl df Fkpjfa, fg fj pjlza df <> dëls bìohjfs dfsdf jl efjforlehõg
dfj eagtrlta, ugl eaphl dfj khska y jl eaphl oìshel mhrkldl par jas rfprfsfgtlgtfs df jas
trlol`ldarfs. Fstl eakughelehõg sf rfljhzlrì eag hgdfpfgdfgehl df quf fj eagtrlta sf rfljhef par
fserhta a df pljlorl. Fg jl Amhehgl df Fkpjfa jas eagtrltas sag rfchstrldas a vhsldas.
(Lrts. 2.5, y <= dfj Fstltuta df jas Trlol`ldarfs.)
?. @lvhfr thfgf <6 lüas y quhfrf mhrklr ug eagtrlta plrl trlol`lr eaka pfõg df ljolühj. ±Fs pashojf1 ±Euìj
fs jl fdld këghkl plrl trlol`lr fg Fsplül1
Ga fs pashojf, eag <6 lüas ga sf pufdf trlol`lr fg Fsplül eaka pfõg df ljolühj, gh shquhfrl eag jl lutarhzlehõg
df jas pldrfs a rfprfsfgtlgtfs jfcljfs. Uajlkfgtf l plrthr df jas <= lüas, @lhkf padrël trlol`lr df el`fra fg ug
supfrkfrelda.
Tfgclg ug pfrkhsa df jl Lutarhdld Jloarlj, plrl eldl uga df jas fspfetìeujas fg jas quf

hgtfrvfgclg.
Ga supagcl ug pfjhcra plrl su sljud mëshel gh plrl su marklehõg pramfshaglj y buklgl.

^fra fg fj elsa df @lvhfr ga sf trltl df ug trlolà fg ug fspfetìeuja pðojhea.

5. @asè Juhs thfgf <6 lüas y quhfrf mhrklr ug eagtrlta plrl radlr ug lgugeha df tfjfvhshõg. ±Fs pashojf1
@usthmhel tu rfspufstl.
rfspufstl.
Jl ldkhshõg lj trlolà df kfgarfs df <= lüas fstì, fg prhgehpha, fxprfslkfgtf prabhohdl. Ja quf shcghmhel
quf ug eagtrlta markljhzlda fg fstls ehreugstlgehls sfrël guja, lugquf fj trlol`ldar pudhfsf fxhchr, par fj
trlolà quf yl buohfsf prfstlda, jl rfkugfrlehõg earrfspagdhfgtf l ug eagtrlta vìjhda.
Ga aostlgtf, eag elrìetfr fxefpehaglj, eulgda sf trltf df jl hgtfrvfgehõg dfj kfgar fg fspfetìeujas df
elrìetfr pðojhea, eaka fs fj elsa df @asè Juhs, elof sajhehtlr ugl lutarhzlehõg fxprfsl l jl Lutarhdld Jloarlj
(Lrts. =.< y 4 dfj FT) plrl radlr fj ehtlda lgugeha df tfjfvhshõg, ùsthmhelgda quf jl plrthehplehõg fg dheba
lgugeha ga supagf ug pfjhcra plrl su sljud mëshel, gh plrl su marklehõg pramfshaglj y buklgl.
4. @ujhl bl mhrklda ug eagtrlta fg prìethels df ? lüas df durlehõg, quf hghehõ fj < df ùjha df ?><3. Fg
dhehfkorf df fsf khska lüa sf muf df vhl`f l Tlgzlghl, dagdf eagtrlà jl kljlrhl, ja quf kathvõ quf
fstuvhfrl df ol`l par hgelplehdld tfkparlj durlgtf ? kfsfs. ±Euìgda mhgljhzlrì su eagtrlta1
Eulgda sf mhrkl ug eagtrlta fg prìethels, sf fgthfgdf quf jls shtulehagfs df hgelplehdld tfkparlj (eaka bl
shda jl fgmfrkfdld eagtrlëdl par @ujhl), rhfsca durlgtf fj fkolrlza, kltfrghdld, ldapehõg a leachkhfgta,
rhfsca durlgtf jl jletlgehl y pltfrghdld hgtfrrukphrìg fj eõkputa df jl durlehõg dfj eagtrlta. âr ja tlgta,
fj eagtrlta df @ujhl mhgljhzlrì fj 5< df lcasta df ?><8, fg juclr dfj 5> df ùgha df ?><8.
6. Elrjatl trlol`l fg jl khskl fkprfsl dfsdf blef kìs df ? lüas. ^rhkfra mhrkõ ug eagtrlta df aorl a
sfrvheha df <? kfsfs df durlehõg, dfspuès fstuva < kfs fg plra, blstl quf jl vajvhfrag l jjlklr df jl
khskl fkprfsl, fstl vfz mhrkõ ug eagtrlta fvfgtulj df <? kfsfs df durlehõg, quf rfgavõ l su mhgljhzlehõg
par 6 kfsfs kìs. Eulgda mhgljhef fstf ðjthka eagtrlta, jl fkprfsl quhfrf quf Elrjatl eagthgðf eag fjjas
parquf fs ugl pfrsagl eakprakfthdl y rfspagslojf. ±\uè thpa df eagtrlta sfrì fj shcuhfgtf l mhrklr1
@usthmhel tu rfspufstl.
Fj shcuhfgtf eagtrlta quf mhrkf Elrjatl dfofrì sfr hgdfmhghda parquf bl fstlda eagtrltldl fg ug pfrhada df
5> kfsfs, durlgtf ug pjlza supfrhar l ?4 kfsfs, dhrfetlkfgtf eag jl khskl fkprfsl, kfdhlgtf kìs df das
eagtrltas tfkparljfs. Fs hgdhmfrfgtf quf fstuvhfrl ug kfs fg fj plra durlgtf fstf pfrëada a quf blyl
?3


aeuplda fj khska a dhmfrfgtf pufsta df trlolà a fj bfeba df quf jls kadljhdldfs eagtrletuljfs sflg
dhsthgtls.
=. Ejludhl mhrkl ug eagtrlta df hgtfrhghdld df <6 kfsfs df durlehõg. Eulgda jjfvl = kfsfs trlol`lgda
rfehof atrl amfrtl df trlolà kìs hgtfrfslgtf y dfehdf elkohlrsf. Hgkfdhltlkfgtf dfspuès df blofr
lefptlda fj atra pufsta, eakughel l su `fmf quf lj dël shcuhfgtf yl ga hrì l trlol`lr. ±\uè eagsfeufgehls
pufdf tfgfr plrl Ejludhl blofr lvhslda l su `fmf df ug dël plrl atra1
Jl plrtf
jl durlehõg
qufdfj eagtrlta
quhfrl dlrjadf hgtfrhghdld
par mhgljhzldaquf
dfofblgathmhelrja
mhrklda Ejludhl fs eag
l jl atrl supfrhar l ug lüa (<6
ugl lgtfjlehõg kfsfs),
këghkl dfpar ja tlgta,
<6 dëls. Jls
eagsfeufgehls plrl Ejludhl df ga lvhslr eag jl sumhehfgtf lgtfjlehõg fs quf sf jf padrìg dfseagtlr tlgtas
dëls df sljlrha eaka dëls df rftrlsa fg jl gathmhelehõg, fs dfehr, fg fstf elsa, jf dfseagtlrìg <6 dëls df sljlrha.
3. @ujhìg leefdf l jl ùohjlehõg plrehlj lgthehpldl. Uu fkprfsl gfefshtl eagtrltlr l atra trlol`ldar parquf
@ujhìg, lj rfduehr su àrgldl, ga pufdf jjfvlr l eloa tadl jl tlrfl quf rfljhzlol lgtfs. ±\uè kadfja df
eagtrlta sf markljhzlrì eag fj gufva trlol`ldar1 ±\uè durlehõg pufdf tfgfr1 ±\uè thpa df àrgldl padrël
tfgfr1 ±\uè markl tfgdrì fj eagtrlta1
e agtrlta1
±\uè kadfja df eagtrlta sf markljhzlrì eag e ag fj gufva trlol`ldar1
Uf markljhzlrì ug eagtrlta df rfjfva.
±\uè durlehõg pufdf tfgfr1
ûfdf eagefrtlrsf par thfkpa hgdfmhghda a par fj thfkpa quf jf mljtf lj trlol`ldar susthtuhda plrl eluslr
pfgshõg eagtrhouthvl ardhglrhl df ùohjlehõg.
±\uè thpa df àrgldl padrël tfgfr1
Jl àrgldl padrì sfr l thfkpa eakpjfta a l thfkpa plrehlj (fquhvljfgtf l jl rfdueehõg df jl àrgldl dfj
trlol`ldar susthtuhda, eaka këghka). Fj barlrha df trlolà df lkoas trlol`ldarfs pufdf sfr shkujtìgfa9 y
fj pufsta dfj trlol`ldar rfjfvhstl pufdf sfr fj khska dfj trlol`ldar susthtuhda a uga shkhjlr.
±\uè markl tfgdrì fj eagtrlta1
Jl markl dfj eagtrlta sfrì par fserhta.
2. Fg vfrlga jls vfgtls lukfgtlg eagshdfrlojfkfgtf fg ugl bfjldfrël. ±\uè ±\ uè kadljhdld eagtrletulj sfrël
jl kìs ldfeuldl plrl eagtrltlr l pfrsaglj df lpaya durlgtf fj pfrëada fsthvlj1 ±Euìj fs su durlehõg
kìxhkl1 ±Uf rfljhzlrì par fserhta a olstl eag jl vël vfrolj1
±\uè kadljhdld eagtrletulj sfrël jl kìs ldfeuldl plrl eagtrltlr l pfrsaglj df lpaya durlgtf fj pfrëada
fsthvlj1
Fj eagtrlta ldfeulda plrl markljhzlr fstl rfjlehõg fs fj eagtrlta fvfgtulj par ehreugstlgehls df jl
pradueehõg, quf thfgf par ao`fta jl prfstlehõg rftrhouhdl df ugas sfrvhehas eag jas quf ltfgdfr hkprfvhstas
kathvldas par fxhcfgehls dfj kfrelda, leukujlehõg df tlrfls a fxefsa df pfdhdas. (Lrt. <6.< dfj FT).
±Euìj fs su durlehõg kìxhkl1
Fstas eagtrltas padrìg tfgfr ugl durlehõg kìxhkl df = kfsfs dfgtra df ug pfrëada df <? kfsfs eagtldas
l plrthr dfj kakfgta fg quf sf praduzelg jls elusls quf kathvlg jl efjforlehõg dfj eagtrlta. Uh ohfg, par
eagvfgha eajfethva df ìkohta sfetarhlj fstltlj a, fg su dfmfeta, par eagvfgha eajfethva sfetarhlj df ìkohta
hgmfrhar, padrì kadhmhelrsf jl durlehõg kìxhkl df fstas eagtrltas y fj pfrëada df rfmfrfgehl sfrì, fg fstf
elsa, eaka kìxhka df <2 kfsfs, ga pudhfgda supfrlr jl durlehõg dfj eagtrlta 5/4 dfj pfrëada df rfmfrfgehl
quf fstlojfzel jl fkprfsl (<5, <4, <6, <=, <3 a <2), gh eaka kìxhka <? kfsfs.
Fg elsa df quf fj eagtrlta sf buohfrl eagefrtlda par ugl durlehõg hgmfrhar l jl kìxhkl jfclj a
eagvfgehagljkfgtf fstlojfehdl, padrì prarraclrsf kfdhlgtf leufrda df jls plrtfs par ugl ðghel vfz, shg
quf jl durlehõg tatlj dfj eagtrlta pufdl fxefdfr df dhebl durlehõg kìxhkl.
±Uf rfljhzlrì par fserhta a olstl eag
e ag jl vël vfrolj1
Fj eagtrlta fvfgtulj par ehreugstlgehls df jl pradueehõg pufdf tfgfr markl vfrolj a fserhtl. Uf rfljhzlrì
shfkprf par fserhta eulgda sf efjforf l thfkpa eakpjfta y su durlehõg fs supfrhar l eultra sfklgls.
8. Vg trlol`ldar plsl l dhsmrutlr df ug dfselgsa df pltfrghdld. ±\uè kadfja df eagtrlta sf mhrklrì eag
jl pfrsagl quf jf susthtuyl1 ±\uhègfs pufdfg praparehaglr ugl oaghmhelehõg1 ±Euìgta durlrì dheba
eagtrlta1 ±\uè markl tfgdrì1
±\uè kadfja df eagtrlta sf mhrklrì eag
e ag jl pfrsagl quf jf ssusthtuyl1
usthtuyl1

?2


Fj eagtrlta kìs ldfeulda sfrël fj df hgtfrhghdld, quf thfgf par ao`fta jl prfstlehõg rftrhouhdl df ugas
sfrvhehas eag aelshõg df jl sfplrlehõg tfkparlj df jl fkprfsl df uga df sus trlol`ldarfs eag dfrfeba l
rfsfrvl dfj pufsta df trlolà.
±\uhègfs pufdfg praparehaglr ugl oaghmhelehõg1
Uh fj eagtrlta df hgtfrhghdld sf efjforl plrl susthtuhr l ug trlol`ldar quf sf leacf l ug dfselgsa rfjlehaglda
eag jl kltfrghdld/pltfrghdld, fj fkprfslrha tfgdrì dfrfeba l ugl oaghmhelehõg fg jls euatls quf plcl l jl
Ufcurhdld Uaehlj.
trlol`ldar Uh fj
quf plsl l jleagtrlta dfdf
shtulehõg hgtfrhghdld
fxefdfgehlsfpar
efjforl eag ug dfsfkpjflda
kltfrghdld/pltfrghdld, plrl euorhr
ldapehõg, jl vlelgtf
leachkhfgta df ug
a rhfsca
durlgtf fj fkolrlza, sf tfgdrì dfrfeba l ugl oaghmhelehõg dfj <>> % fg jls euatls fkprfslrhljfs df jl
Ufcurhdld Uaehlj.
±Euìgta durlrì dheba eagtrlta1
Jl durlehõg df fstf thpa df eagtrlta sfrì fj thfkpa durlgtf fj quf suoshstl fj dfrfeba df rfsfrvl dfj pufsta
df trlolà dfj trlol`ldar susthtuhda9 fg fstf elsa jls eultra sfklgls quf durl fj dfselgsa df pltfrghdld.
±\uè markl tfgdrì1
Fj eagtrlta df hgtfrhghdld dfofrì hgstrukfgtlrsf par fserhta, blehfgda eagstlr jl elusl df jl susthtuehõg, jl
hdfgthdld dfj trlol`ldar susthtuhda, jl durlehõg a jl hdfgthmhelehõg df jl ehreugstlgehl quf dftfrkhgl su
durlehõg (ol`l par pltfrghdld, fg fstf elsa) y fj trlolà l dfslrrajjlr.
<>. Vgl fkprfsl df kìs df 6> trlol`ldarfs dfsfl euorhr ? pufstas df luxhjhlr ldkhghstrlthva. ±Thfgf
aojhclehõg fj fkprfslrha df eagtrltlr l ljcðg trlol`ldar dhselplehtlda1
Eaka jl fkprfsl thfgf kìs df 6> trlol`ldarfs fstì aojhcldl l quf fj ? % df su pjlgthjjl fstè eakpufstl par
trlol`ldarfs khgusvìjhdas.
Uh jl fkprfsl eagtrltl l ug trlol`ldar khgusvìjhda sfrël eagvfghfgtf quf markljhzlrl ug eagtrlta tfkparlj
a hgdfmhghda plrl trlol`ldarfs khgusvìjhdas, yl quf sf ofgfmhehlrël df ugl rfdueehõg df jls euatls quf plcl
l jl Ufcurhdld Uaehlj.
<<. Klrhsl Mfrgìgdfz muf eagtrltldl kfdhlgtf ug eagtrlta df hgtfrhghdld fg fgfra dfj prfsfgtf lüa, fg
susthtuehõg df Fjfgl Kfrhga, quf sajhehtõ ugl ol`l
ol` l par kltfrghdld. Uhg fkolrca, ga bl aeuplda fj pufsta
eagerfta df Fjfgl, shga quf jls tlrfls df Fjfgl blg plslda l su lgthcul eakplüfrl y Klrhsl aeupl fj
pufsta df jl trlol`ldarl quf susthtuyf l Fjfgl. ±Fs earrfetl jl klgfrl df aorlr dfj fkprfslrha1
Fj fkprfslrha pufdf aorlr df fstl klgfrl, yl quf jl garklthvl ja ldkhtf hkpjëehtlkfgtf, lj dhspagfr quf
fg fj eagtrlta dfofrì hgdhelrsf sh fj pufsta l dfsfkpfülr sfrì fj dfj trlol`ldar susthtuhda a fj df atra
trlol`ldar df jl fkprfsl quf plsf l dfsfkpfülr fj pufsta df lqufj.
KVGDA JLOA_LJ FG FJ EHGF-^ÌC. 63
Fg fstl fsefgl df jl pfjëeujl Vgl gaebf fg jl õpfrl, Aths Drhmtwaad (Craueba Klrx), rfprfsfgtlgtf df ugl
rhel vhudl, sf dhspagf l mhrklr ug eagtrlta eag Ebhea.
<?. ±\uè shcghmhel jl «plrtf eagtrltlgtf¹1
Jl plrtf eagtrltlgtf fs ugl df jls plrtfs quf mhrkl ug eagtrlta.
±\uhègfs sag jls plrtfs eagtrltlgtfs fg ug eagtrlta jloarlj1
Fg ug eagtrlta jloarlj, jls plrtfs eagtrltlgtfs sfrëlg fj fkprfslrha y fj trlol`ldar.
±\uè rfquhshtas sf fxhcfg plrl sfr plrtf eagtrltlgtf df ug eagtrlta df trlolà1
Euljquhfrl ga pufdf sfr plrtf eagtrltlgtf fg ug eagtrlta df trlolà0
 ^lrl sfr trlol`ldar y padfr mhrklr ug eagtrlta df trlolà fs gfefslrha sfr pfrsagl mëshel y eukpjhr ljcuga
df jas shcuhfgtfs rfquhshtas0
― Ufr klyar df fdld (tfgfr <2 lüas eukpjhdas).
― Tfgfr <= a <3 lüas y eagtlr eag jl lutarhzlehõg df jas pldrfs. Vgl vfz quf fj kfgar aothfgf jl
lutarhzlehõg df sus pldrfs a tutarfs, fj rfsta df jls dfehshagfs saorf jl rfjlehõg jloarlj, pufdfg sfr
takldls par èj khska. âr f`fkpja, pufdf dfehdhr euìgda mhgljhzlr su eagtrlta.
― Fstlr fklgehplda.

?8


Fxefpehagljkfgtf, sf pfrkhtf trlol`lr l jas kfgarfs df <= lüas, fg fspfetìeujas pðojheas (tfltra, tfjfvhshõg,
ehrea, fte.), shfkprf y eulgda0
― Tfgclg ug pfrkhsa df jl Lutarhdld Jloarlj, plrl eldl uga df jas fspfetìeujas fg jas quf hgtfrvfgcl.
― Ga supagcl ug pfjhcra plrl su sljud mëshel gh plrl su marklehõg pramfshaglj y buklgl.
 ûfdf efjforlr ug eagtrlta df trlolà fg eljhdld df fkprfslrha0
― Vgl pfrsagl ùrëdhel.
― Vgl pfrsagl mëshel, klyar df fdld a fklgehpldl. Uh

U h sf trltl df ug hgelplehtlda padrì mhrklr l trlvès
df su rfprfsfgtlgtf jfclj.
― Vgl eakughdld df ohfgfs.
<5. ±Erffs quf jls plrtfs mhrklgtfs fgthfgdfg ja quf fstì fserhta fg fj eagtrlta1
^raolojfkfgtf, gh Ebhea, gh Craueba fgthfgdfg ja quf fstì fserhta fg fj eagtrlta y fsl fs ugl df jls el elusls
usls
par jls quf l Ebhea Klrx ga jf custl ghgcugl df jls plrtfs quf jff Craueba. ^lrfef quf Craueba tlkpaea
jls fgthfgdf yl quf, lgtfs quf fxpjhelrjf l Ebhea su shcghmhelda, prfmhfrf rakpfrjls y fjhkhglr fsf pugta dfj
eagtrlta.
Dftrìs df fstl fsefgl sf fseagdf ugl erëthel lj jfgcul`f ùrëdhea, fg aelshagfs paea eakprfgshojf y leefshojf
leefs hojf
plrl jl cfgtf jjlgl, quf fs quhfg mhrkl y sf vf lmfetldl par fstf thpa df eagtrltas a leehagfs ùrëdhels.
<4. ±ûfdfg jas trlol`ldarfs dhseuthr y rfethmhelr eldl ugl df jls ejìusujls eulgda mhrklg ug eagtrlta df
trlolà eaka blef Ebhea1
Fg prhgehpha, ug eagtrlta df trlolà fs ug leufrda jhorfkfgtf ldaptlda par jls plrtfs, par ja quf fstls
pufdfg dhseuthr y rfethmhelr jls
j ls ejìusujls quf dfsffg, shfkprf quf rfspftfg jls garkls këghkls fstlojfehdls
par fj Fstltuta df jas Trlol`ldarfs, fj eagvfgha eajfethva y fj rfsta df jls garkls quf lmfetfg lj khska.
Fg jl prìethel, ga sf dhseutfg jls ejìusujls hkpufstls, pufs fj trlol`ldar ga sufjf tfgfr ugl elplehdld df
gfcaehlehõg tlg padfrasl, saja jas crlgdfs dhrfethvas pufdfg blefrja a lqufjjas trlol`ldarfs l quhfgfs jl
fkprfsl thfgf kueba hgtfrès fg eagtrltlr.
Fg jl letuljhdld, fj Khghstfrha df Fkpjfa y Ufcurhdld Uaehlj, ùgta eag fj UF^F, puojhelg jas kadfjas amhehljfs
df jas eagtrltas jloarljfs, quf pufdfg dfselrclrsf fg jl pìchgl wfo df lkoas arclghskas.
<6. ±Erffs quf fj eagtrlta sfrì vìjhda, eaka dhef Craueba Klrx, l pfslr df quf ga ja blg padhda mhrklr
parquf jl pjukl ga tfgël thgtl1
Vg eagtrlta shg mhrklr ga fs vìjhda, mljtl fj eagsfgthkhfgta.
<=. L ja jlrca df fstl ughdld bls tfghda jl aelshõg df jffr ljcðg eagtrlta df trlolà fg hgtfrgft. ±Fs sfgehjja
su jfgcul`f1 ±Erffs quf tadas jas trlol`ldarfs fgthfgdfg ja quf mhrklg1
Jas ljukgas dlrìg su aphghõg y dhseuthrìg saorf eõka kfàrlr su vaeloujlrha ùrëdhea. Fg prhgehpha, fj
jfgcul`f dfj Dfrfeba Jloarlj fs uga df jas kìs lsfquhojfs y sfgehjjas.
^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL-^ÌC. 62
Hdfgthmhel jl kadljhdld eagtrletulj ldfeuldl

<. ±\uè thpa df eagtrlta blg mhrklda Hcgleha y fj rfsta df jas dfpfgdhfgtfs quf vlg l trlol`lr durlgtf jls
mfebls glvhdfüls1
Vg eagtrlta fvfgtulj par ehreugstlgehls df jl pradueehõg parquf sf bl efjforlda plrl ltfgdfr l
ehreugstlgehls fspfehljfs fg fj kfrelda0 plrl blefr mrfgtf lj crlg vajukfg df pfdhdas fg jls mfebls
glvhdfüls, lug trltìgdasf df jl lethvhdld garklj df jl fkprfsl.
Ldfkìs, jl fkprfsl padrì lgljhzlr sh fs pashojf mhrklr ugl kadljhdld gufvl dfj eagtrlta fvfgtulj par
ehreugstlgehls df jl pradueehõg, fj eagtrlta df «prhkfr fkpjfa¹ àvfg, quf saja sf padrì efjforlr blstl quf
jl tlsl df plra df gufstra plës sf shtðf par dfolà dfj <6 %. Uu mhgljhdld fs hgefgthvlr quf jas `õvfgfs tfgclg
ugl prhkfrl fxpfrhfgehl jloarlj.
Jas rfquhshtas quf dfofg rfughr jas trlol`ldarfs plrl padfr markljhzlr fstf eagtrlta sag0
• Fxpfrhfgehl jloarlj hgmfrhar l 5 kfsfs.
• Kfgar df 5> lüas.

5>


?. ±\uè hrrfcujlrhdldfs bls fgeagtrlda fg jl mhrkl dfj eagtrlta df Hcgleha1 ±Bl bfeba ohfg fg mhrklr fj
eagtrlta shg jffr, què eagsfeufgehls pufdf tfgfr1
Jl hrrfcujlrhdld fgeagtrldl fg jl mhrkl dfj eagtrlta fs jl mljtl df lutarhzlehõg df jas pldrfs. Hcgleha thfgf <=
lüas, par ja tlgta, pufdf mhrklr ug eagtrlta df trlolà pfra, lj sfr kfgar df fdld, gfefshtl jl lutarhzlehõg df
jas pldrfs a tutarfs, quhfgfs tlkohèg dfofg mhrklr dheba eagtrlta. Uaja sh Hcgleha fstuvhfrl fklgehplda ga
gfefshtl ghgcðg pfrkhsa.
5.
Vg±\uè kadljhdld
eagtrlta eagtrletulj
df hgtfrhghdld, quf mhrklrì Ljhehl1
sag lqufjjas quf sf eagehfrtlg plrl susthtuhr l ug trlol`ldar eag dfrfeba l
rfsfrvl df su pufsta df trlolà, eaka fs fj elsa df Jueël quf sf fgeufgtrl df ol`l par ugl fgmfrkfdld
eakðg y vajvfrì l su pufsta df trlolà eulgda sf rfeupfrf.
4. Fgukfrl jas eagtrltas quf dfofg efjforlrsf, par garkl, aojhcltarhlkfgtf l àrgldl eakpjftl.
_fmjfxhagl0 fj rfsta df jls kadljhdldfs eagtrletuljfs pufdfg efjforlrsf l àrgldl eakpjftl a l thfkpa
plrehlj.
 Eagtrlta plrl jl marklehõg y fj lprfgdhzl`f.
 Eagtrlta df hgtfrhghdld. Uaja pufdf efjforlrsf l thfkpa plrehlj eulgda0
― Jl pfrsagl susthtuhdl trlol`lsf l thfkpa plrehlj a,
― Uf eakpjftf jl àrgldl df ljcuhfg quf bl rfduehda jl suyl.
6. ±\uè eagtrltas df trlolà sf pufdfg efjforlr df markl vfrolj1
• Hgdfmhghda ardhglrha.
• Fvfgtulj par ehreugstlgehls df jl pradueehõg hgmfrhar l 4 sfklgls y l thfkpa eakpjfta.
=. Fg jl pìchgl shcuhfgtf fgeagtrlrìs ug fxtrleta dfj eagtrlta df Ljhehl, dagdf padrìs fgeagtrlr jl
rfspufstl l jls shcuhfgtfs eufsthagfs0
- ±Ljhehl tfgdrì jl khskl àrgldl jloarlj quf Jueël1
Ljhehl y Jueël thfgfg jl khskl àrgldl jloarlj, eultra barls lj dël, df <3.>> l ?<.>> barls.
- ±Euìgta durlrì su eagtrlta1 ±\uè sljlrha
s ljlrha pfrehohrì1
Fj eagtrlta df Ljhehl durlrì fj thfkpa quf Jueël fstè df ol`l par su fgmfrkfdld, quf lj plrfefr sfrì ug
këghka df eultra sfklgls. Fg fj eagtrlta sf fstlojfef ugl durlehõg dfsdf fj ??/<?/?><3 lj ??/></?><2.
- ±âdrì rfljhzlr barls fxtrls1 ±âdrì rfljhzlr barls eakpjfkfgtlrhls1
Ljhehl bl mhrklda ug eagtrlta l thfkpa plrehlj, par ja tlgta ga pufdf rfljhzlr barls fxtrls. _fspfeta l jls
barls eakpjfkfgtlrhls, fg fj prapha eagtrlta sf hgdhel quf ga bly pleta saorf jl rfljhzlehõg df barls
eakpjfkfgtlrhls, par ja tlgta, Ljhehl ga padrì rfljhzlrjls.
- ±Euìgtas dëls df vlelehagfs lj lüa thfgf dfrfeba l dhsmrutlr Ljhehl1
Ufcðg sf hgdhel fg su eagtrlta, 5< dëls glturljfs.
- Fj eagvfgha eajfethva fs ug leufrda jhorfkfgtf ldaptlda fgtrf jas rfprfsfgtlgtfs df jas trlol`ldarfs y
jas fkprfslrhas plrl rfcujlr jls eagdhehagfs df trlolà9 dfof rfspftlr shfkprf jas dfrfebas këghkas
fstlojfehdas fg fj Fstltuta df jas Trlol`ldarfs y jls garkls df rlgca supfrhar. ±\uè eagvfgha eajfethva
rhcf fg jl fkprfsl df Ljhehl1
Ufcðg sf hgdhel fg su eagtrlta, fj Eagvfgha dfj sfetar df crlgdfs ljklefgfs, lpraolda kfdhlgtf _fsajuehõg
df ?< df sfpthfkorf df ?><3, df jl Dhrfeehõg Cfgfrlj df Fkpjfa, par jl quf sf rfchstrl y puojhel fj Eagvfgha
eajfethva dfj sfetar df crlgdfs ljklefgfs (OAF df 3 df aetuorf df ?><3).

5<


VGHDLD 40 Fj sljlrha y jl Ufcurhdld Uaehlj
DFUEVO_F-^ÌC. =<
_lðj bl eaorlda su sljlrha.

 ±\uè fs fj sljlrha olsf y fj eakpjfkfgta df praduethvhdld1
Fj sljlrha olsf fs jl rftrhouehõg mh`ldl par ughdld df thfkpa u aorl plrl eldl crupa pramfshaglj a ghvfj
rftrhouthva. Uf dftfrkhgl fg eagvfgha eajfethva a eagtrlta df trlolà.
Fj eakpjfkfgta df praduethvhdld fs jl rftrhouehõg par jl elgthdld a eljhdld dfj trlolà ga hgejuhdl fg fj sljlrha
olsf. Uf gfcaehlg fg fj eagvfgha eajfethva a fg leufrda hgdhvhdulj.
 ±ûfdfs fxpjhelrkf què fs fj sljlrha oruta y què fs fj sljlrha gfta1

Fj sljlrha oruta fs fj tatlj df pfrefpehagfs sljlrhljfs y ga sljlrhljfs dfvfgcldls par fj trlol`ldar lgtfs df
lpjhelr jls dfdueehagfs.
Fj sljlrha gfta sf eagaef eaka jëquhda tatlj l pfrehohr y fs jl elgthdld quf pfrehof fj trlol`lr dfspuès df
dfseagtlr lj sljlrha oruta fj tatlj df jls dfdueehagfs.
 ±^lrl què shrvf jl Ufcurhdld Uaehlj1
Jl Ufcurhdld Uaehlj fs ugl shstfkl pðojhea marklda par ug eagùgta

ea gùgta df rfcëkfgfs l trlvès df jas euljfs fj
Fstlda clrlgthzl l jls pfrsagls eakprfgdhdls fg su elkpa df lpjhelehõg, par rfljhzlr ugl lethvhdld
pramfshaglj, a par eukpjhr jas rfquhshtas fxhchdas fg jl kadljhdld ga eagtrhouthvl, lsë eaka l jas mlkhjhlrfs a
lshkhjldas quf tuvhfrlg l su elrca, jl pratfeehõg ldfeuldl fg jls eagthgcfgehls y shtulehagfs quf jl jfy dfmhgf.
Jl leehõg pratfetarl df jl Ufcurhdld Uaehlj lyudl l jas trlol`ldarfs eag kfdhdls feagõkhels y ga feagõkhels,
jjlkldls prfstlehagfs, lj praduehrsf dftfrkhgldls shtulehagfs pratfchdls quf jfs supagf pfrdfr hgcrfsas a
ugas clstas klyarfs.
LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. =?
<. Ousel fg jl pìchgl df hgtfrgft dfj Khghstfrha df Fkpjfa (:w

(:ww
ww.fkpjfa.cao.fs7) fj
w.fkpjfa.cao.fs7) fj hkpartf dfj sljlrha
këghka hgtfrpramfshaglj
hgtfrpramfshaglj vhcfgtf fg Fsplül plrl fstf lüa. Eakpìrlja eag fj df atras plësfs df jl Vghõg
Furapfl.
Fj sljlrha këghka hgtfrpramfshaglj (UKH) mh`l jl eulgtël rftrhouthvl këghkl quf pfrehohrì fj trlol`ldar rfmfrhdl
l jl àrgldl jfclj df trlolà, shg dhsthgehõg df sfxa u fdld df jas trlol`ldarfs, sflg mhàs, fvfgtuljfs a
tfkparfras.
Fj vljar quf takl fj UKH sf mh`l eldl lüa par fj Caohfrga, kfdhlgtf jl puojhelehõg df ug _flj Dferfta. X plrl
jl dftfrkhglehõg dfj khska sf thfgfg fg eufgtl mletarfs eaka fj HÊ, jl praduethvhdld kfdhl glehaglj
ljelgzldl a fj hgerfkfgta df jl plrthehplehõg dfj trlolà fg jl rfgtl glehaglj.
^lrl fj lüa ?><2 fj Khghstfrha df Fkpjfa y Ufcurhdld Uaehlj mh`õ fj Uljlrha Këghka Hgtfrpramfshaglj fg jas
shcuhfgtfs vljarfs0
 Uljlrha Këghka dhlrha0 5> ₪

 Uljlrha Këghka kfgsulj0 8>> ₪
 Uljlrha Këghka lgulj0 <?.=>> ₪ (<4 plcls)
Fstas vljarfs rfprfsfgtlg ug hgerfkfgta dfj 4% rfspfeta lj plslda lüa ?><3.

5?


Fj sljlrha këghka plrl kfdhl àrgldl sf earrfspagdfrël eag fj 6>% df jas vljarfs hgdheldas, fs dfehr, 46> ₪
kfgsuljfs.
Fvajuehõg dfj Uljlrha këghka hgtfrpramfshaglj
Lüa UKH Dël UKH Kfs UKH Lüa

?><8 5>,>> ₪ 8>>,>> ₪ <?.=>>,>> ₪
?><2 ?4,65 ₪ 356,8> ₪ <>.5>?,=> ₪
?><3 ?5,68 ₪ 3>3,=> ₪ 8.8>=,4> ₪
?><= ?<,24 ₪ =66,?> ₪ 8.<3?,2> ₪
?><6 ?<,=? ₪ =42,=> ₪ 8.>2>,4> ₪
?><4 ?<,6< ₪ =46,5> ₪ 8.>54,?> ₪
?><5 ?<,6< ₪ =46,5> ₪ 8.>54,?> ₪
?><? ?<,52 ₪ =4<,4> ₪ 2.838,=> ₪
?><< ?<,52 ₪ =4<,4> ₪ 2.838,=> ₪
?><> ?<,<< ₪ =55,5> ₪ 2.2==,?> ₪

?>>8 ?>,2> ₪ =?4,>> ₪ 2.35=,>> ₪
?>>2 ?>,>> ₪ =>>,>> ₪ 2.4>>,>> ₪
?>>3 <8,>? ₪ 63>,=> ₪ 3.822,4> ₪
?>>= <2,>5 ₪ 64>,8> ₪ 3.63?,=> ₪
?>>6 <3,<> ₪ 6<5,>> ₪ 3.<2?,>> ₪
?>>4 <6,56 ₪ 4=>,6> ₪ =.443,>> ₪
?>>5 <6,>4 ₪ 46<,?> ₪ =.5<=,2> ₪
?>>? <4,34 ₪ 44?,?> ₪ =.<8>,2> ₪
UKH fg Furapl
Fg jl shcuhfgtf tlojl padrì vfr ugl eakplrlthvl eag fj Uljlrha Këghka df dhmfrfgtfs plësfs df jl Vghõg
Furapfl.. Jas dltas blg shda fxtrlëdas df jl Amhehgl Fstldësthel Eakughtlrhl, kìs eagaehdl eaka Furastlt.
Furapfl eaka Furastlt.
Fstas dltas blefg rfmfrfgehl lj UKH olslda fg ug kadfja df <? plcls lguljfs, rlzõg par jl quf dhmhfrf
dfj vljar kastrlda lgtfrharkfgtf fg Fsplül, quf sf olsl fg ug kadfja df <4 plcls lguljfs.

55


Fg fgfra df ?><3, jas sljlrhas këghkas df jas Fstldas khfkoras df jl VF asehjlrag fgtrf ?56 FV_ y < 888
FV_ kfgsuljfs.
Fg fgfra df ?><3, vfhgthdõs df jas vfhgthaeba Fstldas khfkoras df jl VF (Dhglklrel, Htljhl, Ebhprf,
Lustrhl, Mhgjlgdhl y Uufehl mufrag jls fxefpehagfs) tfgëlg ug sljlrha këghka glehaglj, lj hculj quf tadas
jas plësfs elgdhdltas df jl VF (Kagtfgfcra, jl Lgthcul _fpðojhel Xucasjlvl df Klefdaghl, Ljolghl,
Ufrohl y Turquël). L < df fgfra df ?><3, jas sljlrhas këghkas kfgsuljfs vlrhlolg eagshdfrlojfkfgtf
fgtrf jas Fstldas khfkoras, dfsdf ?56 FV_ fg Oujclrhl l < 888 FV_ fg Juxfkourca (vèlsf fj crìmhea <).
Fg eakplrlehõg eag ?>>2, fg ?><3 jas sljlrhas këghkas (fxprfsldas fg furas) frlg kìs ljtas fg tadas
jas Fstldas khfkoras df jl VF eag sljlrha këghka glehaglj, sljva fg Crfehl, dagdf frlg ug <4 % kìs
olàs. Fgtrf ?>>2 y ?><3, jas sljlrhas këghkas lpraxhkldlkfgtf sf dupjhelrag fg Oujclrhl (ug lukfgta
df <>8 %) y _uklgël (88 %). Lshkhska, Fsjavlquhl (2> %) lsë eaka jas trfs Fstldas Oìjtheas — Fstaghl
(=8 %), Jftaghl (=6 %) y Jhtulghl (=4 %) — tlkohèg rfchstrlrag ugas hgerfkfgtas shcghmhelthvas.
Fg ?>>2, fgtrf jas plësfs elgdhdltas df jl VF, sajlkfgtf Turquël eagtlol eag ug sljlrha këghka glehaglj
y fg ?><3 fstf sf bloël hgerfkfgtlda fg ug 56 % fg eakplrlehõg eag fj ghvfj df fgfra df ?>>2,
fquhvljfgtf l 564 FV_.
Uaorf jl olsf dfj ghvfj df sus sljlrhas këghkas kfgsuljfs orutas glehagljfs fxprfsldas fg furas, jas
Fstldas khfkoras df jl VF hgejuhdas fg fstl rfeaphjlehõg df dltas pufdfg ejlshmhelrsf fg trfs crupas
dhmfrfgehldas9 jas plësfs ga khfkoras sf rfmjf`lg fg fj crìmhea
c rìmhea < eaka crupa hgdfpfgdhfgtf.
Crupa <, eag sljlrhas këghkas glehagljfs hgmfrharfs l 6>> FV_ kfgsuljfs fg fgfra df ?><3. Jas

Fstldas khfkoras df jl VF hgejuhdas fg fstf crupa frlg0 Oujclrhl, _uklgël, Jftaghl, Jhtulghl,
_fpðojhel Ebfel, Bugcrël, Eralehl, Fsjavlquhl, âjaghl y Fstaghl9 sus sljlrhas këghkas glehagljfs
asehjlolg fgtrf ?56 FV_ fg Oujclrhl y 43> FV_ fg Fstaghl.
Crupa ?, eag sljlrhas këghkas glehagljfs supfrharf s l 6>> FV_ pfra hgmfrharfs l < >>> FV_

kfgsuljfs fg fgfra df ?><3. Jas Fstldas khfkoras df jl VF hgejuhdas fg fstf crupa frlg0
ârtuclj, Crfehl, Kljtl, Fsjavfghl y Fsplül9 sus sljlrhas këghkas glehagljfs asehjlolg fgtrf =6>
FV_ fg ârtuclj y 2?= FV_ fg Fsplül.
Crupa 5, eag sljlrhas këghkas glehagljfs supfrharfs l < >>> FV_ kfgsuljfs fg fgfra df ?><3.

Jas Fstldas khfkoras df jl VF hgejuhdas fg fstf crupa frlg0 _fhga Vghda, Mrlgehl, Ljfklghl,
Oèjchel, ^lësfs Olàs, Hrjlgdl y Juxfkourca9 sus sljlrhas këghkas glehagljfs asehjlolg fgtrf
<.583 FV_ fg fj _fhga Vghda y < 888 FV_ fg Juxfkourca.
Tadas jas plësfs elgdhdltas df jl VF tfgëlg sljlrhas këghkas shkhjlrfs l jas dfj crupa <, quf asehjlolg
fgtrf <66 FV_ fg Ljolghl y 438 FV_ fg Turquël. Fj ghvfj fg jas Fstldas Vghdas (eag ug sljlrha këghka
glehaglj df < <8? FV_ kfgsuljfs) sf shtulol fg fj hgtfrvlja dfj crupa 5.
âr ja quf sf rfmhfrf l jas Fstldas khfkoras df jl VF mufrl df jl zagl dfj fura quf thfgfg sljlrhas
këghkas glehagljfs (Oujclrhl, _fpðojhel Ebfel, Eralehl, Bugcrël, âjaghl, _uklgël y _fhga Vghda), lsë
eaka l jas plësfs elgdhdltas df jl VF y l jas Fstldas Vghdas, tlgta jas ghvfjfs eaka jl ejlshmhelehõg df
jas sljlrhas këghkas fxprfsldas fg furas sf vfg lmfetldas par jas thpas df elkoha quf sf uthjhzlg plrl
eagvfrthr jls kagfdls.
?. Ejlshmhel jls shcuhfgtfs pfrefpehagfs sljlrhljfs sfcðg fj thpa df eakpjfkfgta0 ofgfmhehas, pjus par
hdhakl, barls fxtrlardhglrhls, gaeturghdld, pugtuljhdld, rfshdfgehl y lgthcúfdld.
 âr ehreugstlgehls pfrsagljfs dfj fkpjflda0 lgthcúfdld y pjus df hdhakls.
 âr fj pufsta df trlolà quf sf rfljhzl0 pjus df gaeturghdld y df rfshdfgehl.

âr jl elgthdld a eljhdld dfj trlolà bfeba0 barls fxtrlardhglrhls.
 âr jl shtulehõg a rfsujtldas df jl fkprfsl0 ofgfmhehas.
54


5. Hgdhel df jls shcuhfgtfs pfrefpehagfs ga sljlrhljfs euìjfs eathzlg y euìjfs ga0 quforlgta df kagfdl,
efstl df Glvhdld quf dl jl fkprfsl vajugtlrhlkfgtf, dhftls df <>> ₪ par ? dëls durkhfgda mufrl df elsl
plrl trlol`lr, pjus df trlgspartf urolga, lyudls plrl plclr jl eakhdl fg fj eakfdar, lyudl par
kltrhkagha y clstas df pfl`f fg ug vhl`f par trlolà.
 Eathzlg0 Fj quforlgta df kagfdl, jl efstl df Glvhdld quf dl jl fkprfsl vajugtlrhlkfgtf, fj pjus df
trlgspartf urolga, jls lyudls plrl plclr jl eakhdl fg fj eakfdar y jl lyudl par kltrhkagha.

Ga eathzl0 Jls dhftls df <>> ₪ par ? dëls durkhfgda mufrl df elsl plrl trlol`lr y jas clstas df pfl`f fg
ug vhl`f par trlolà.
LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. ==
Ufcurhdld Uaehlj (btt

4. Fg jl pìchgl df hgtfrgft df jl Ufcu (bttp0
p0 //www.sfc
//www.sfc-sa
-saehl
ehlj.
j. fs/Hgt
fs /Hgtfrgft
frgftQ</hg
Q</hgdfx.b
dfx.btk
tk)) ousel
euìjfs sag jls
jl s olsfs
ol sfs df eathzl
eathzlehõg
ehõg par eagthgcfg
eagthgcfgehls
ehls eakugfs y pramf
pramfshagljfs
shagljfs këghkls y kìxhkls.
OLUFU DF EATHPLEHÕG EAGTHGCFGEHLU EAKVGFU

Crupa df Olsfs këghkls Olsfs kìxhkls
Eltfcarëls ^ramfshagljfs
Eathzlehõg furas/kfs furas /kfs
Hgcfghfras y Jhefgehldas. ^frsaglj df ljtl dhrfeehõg ga hgejuhda fg fj
< <.4==,4> 4.>3>,<>
lrtëeuja <.5.e) dfj Fstltuta df jas Trlol`ldarfs
? Hgcfghfras Tèegheas, ^frhtas y Lyudlgtfs Thtujldas <.?<6,8> 4.>3>,<>

5 @fmfs Ldkhghstrlthvas y df Tljjfr <.>63,2> 4.>3>,<>
4 Lyudlgtfs ga Thtujldas <.>6>,>> 4.>3>,<>
6 Amhehljfs Ldkhghstrlthvas <.>6>,>> 4.>3>,<>
= Uuoljtfrgas <.>6>,>> 4.>3>,<>
3 Luxhjhlrfs Ldkhghstrlthvas <.>6>,>> 4.>3>,<>
Olsfs këghkls Olsfs kìxhkls
furas/dël furas /dël
2 Amhehljfs df prhkfrl y sfcugdl 56,>> <56,=3
8 Amhehljfs df tfrefrl y Fspfehljhstls 56,>> <56,=3
<> ^fagfs 56,>> <56,=3
Trlol`ldarfs kfgarfs df dhfehaeba lüas, euljquhfrl quf sfl
<< su eltfcarël pramfshaglj 56,>> <56,=3
TA^FU EATHPLEHÕG DF LEEHDFGTFU DF EAGT_LTA DF T_LOL@A L THFKÂ ^L_EHLJ

T_LOL@A X FGMF_KFDLDFU ^_AMFUHAGLJFU C_VÂ EATHPLEHÕG OLUF KËGHKL/BA_L
KÌRHKA KËGHKA < 2,25
4.>3>,<> ₪ <.>6>,>> ₪ ? 3,5?
5 =,53
4 l << =,55
56


6. ±\uè dhmfrfgehl bly fgtrf jas trlol`ldarfs df rfkugfrlehõg kfgsulj y df rfkugfrlehõg dhlrhl1
Ufcðg fj crupa df eathzlehõg lj quf pfrtfgfef ug trlol`ldar, jl rfkugfrlehõg sfrì dhlrhl a kfgsulj. Bly
kfgsulj. Bly <<
crupas eag dhsthgtls eltfcarëls pramfshagljfs, dfsdf fj < (Hgcfghfras y Jhefgehldas) blstl fj 3 (Luxhjhlr
Ldkhghstrlthva), sag df rfkugfrlehõg kfgsulj, khfgtrls quf dfsdf fj 2 (Amhehljfs df prhkfrl y sfcugdl)
blstl fj << (Trlol`ldarfs kfgarfs df <2 lüas) sag df rftrhouehõg dhlrhl.
Fg jl rfkugfrlehõg kfgsulj, tadas jas kfsfs sf eakputlg df 5> dëls y fj lüa fs df 5=> dëls khfgtrls quf
fg jl rfkugfrlehõg dhlrhl, jas dëls sag jas glturljfs dfj kfs y fj lüa sfcðg sh fs glturlj a ohshfsta 5=6 a 5==.
âr ja tlgta, jl dhmfrfgehl fgtrf rfkugfrlehõg dhlrhl y rfkugfrlehõg kfgsulj fs elsh hgshcghmhelgtf l hculjdld
df hkpartfs y df thfkpa.
=. Eljeujl jls olsfs df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls eakugfs y pramfshagljfs fg jls shcuhfgtfs shtulehagfs0
Amhehlj 5.ª Uljlrha olsf 5> ₪ dël ? plcls fxtrls df sljlrha olsf
Fg jas kfsfs df 5> dëls jl olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls eakugfs sfrì0
(4> ₪ x 5> dëls)+ ((4>₪ x 5>dëls x ? plcls)/5=6)) x 5> dëls) ; < ?>> ₪ + <83,4> ₪ ; < 583,4> ₪
Jl elgthdld rfsujtlgtf sf dhvhdf fgtrf fj gðkfra df dëls dfj kfs0
< 583,4> ₪/5> dëls ; 4=,62 ₪
Uf eakprufol quf fstì fgtrf jl olsf këghkl y kìxhkl dfj crupa 8 df eathzlehõg. Lj fstlr fgtrf fstas
jëkhtfs jl olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls fs < 583,4> ₪.
Lj ga rfljhzlrsf barls fxtrlardhglrhls, jls olsfs df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls eakugfs y eagth
eagthgcfgehls
gcfgehls
pramfshagljfs eahgehdfg.
Fg jas kfsfs df 5< dëls jl olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls eakugfs sfrì0
(4>₪ x 5< dëls)+ ((4>₪ x 5>dëls x ? plcls)/5=6) x 5< dëls) ; < ?4> ₪+ ?>5,82 ₪; < 445,82 ₪
< 445,82 ₪/ 5< dëls ; 4=,62 ₪
jëkhtfs jl olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls fs < 445,82 ₪.
Lj ga rfljhzlrsf barls fxtrlardhglrhls, jls olsfs df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls eakugfs y eagthgcfgehls
Fg fj kfs df ?2 dëls jl olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls eakugfs sfrì0
(4>₪ x ?2 dëls)+ ((4>₪ x 5>dëls x ? plcls)/5=6) x ?2 dëls) ; < <?> ₪ + <24,?4 ₪ ; <5>4,?4 ₪
<5>4,?4 ₪/ ?2 dëls ; 4=,62 ₪
jëkhtfs jl olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls fs <5>4,?4 ₪.
Lyudlgtf thtujlda0 Uljlrha olsf0 83> ₪/kfs - Lgthcúfdld0 83 ₪/kfs ― 5 plcls fxtrls df UO y
lgthcúfdld.
Lj sfr ug lyudlgtf thtujlda fs dfj crupa ? df eathzlehõg, par tlgta thfgf rfkugfrlehõg kfgsulj y jl
olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls eakugfs sf eljeujl df jl shcuhfgtf markl0
_fkugfrlehõg kfgsulj 83> ₪ + 83 ₪ ; <.>=3 ₪
^rarrltl df plcls fxtrl (<.>=3 ₪ x 5 plcls) / <? ; ?=3,36 ₪
Olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls eakugfs <.555,36 ₪
Uf eakprufol quf fstì fgtrf jl olsf këghkl y kìxhkl dfj crupa ? df eathzlehõg. Lj fstlr fgtrf fstas
jëkhtfs jl olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls fs <.555,36 ₪.

5=



Fspfehljhstl - Uljlrha olsf0 4< ₪/dël - ^raduethvhdld0 4 ₪/dël trlol`lda (?> dëls) - 4 plcls fxtrls df UO.
Fg jas kfsfs df 5> dëls jl olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls eakugfs sfrì0
_fkugfrlehõg kfgsulj (4< ₪ x 5> dëls) + (4₪ x ?> dëls) ; <.5<> ₪
^rarrltl df plcls fxtrl ((4<₪ x 4 plcls x 5> dëls) / 5=6) x 5> ; 4>4,52 ₪
Olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls eakugfs <3<4,52 ₪
Dhvhdhr fj rfsujtlda fgtrf fj gðkfra dëls/kfs 63,<6 ₪
Uf eakprufol quf fstì fgtrf jl olsf këghkl y kìxhkl dfj crupa 8 df eathzlehõg. Lj L j fstlr fgtrf fstas
jëkhtfs jl olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls fs <3<4,52 ₪
Lj ga rfljhzlrsf barls fxtrlardhglrhls, jls olsfs df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls eakugfs y eagth eagthgcfgehls
gcfgehls
Fg jas kfsfs df 5< dëls jl olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls eakugfs sfrì0
_fkugfrlehõg kfgsulj (4< ₪ x 5< dëls) + (4₪ x ?> dëls) ; <.56< ₪
^rarrltl df plcls fxtrl ((4<₪ x 4 plcls x 5> dëls) / 5=6) x 5< ; 4<3,2= ₪
Olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls eakugfs <3=2,2= ₪
Dhvhdhr fj rfsujtlda fgtrf fj gðkfra dëls/kfs 62,8= ₪
jëkhtfs jl olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls fs <3=2,2= ₪.
Fg jas kfsfs df ?2 dëls jl olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls eakugfs sfrì0
_fkugfrlehõg kfgsulj (4< ₪ x ?2 dëls) + (4₪ x ?> dëls) ; <.??2 ₪
^rarrltl df plcls fxtrl ((4<₪ x 4 plcls x 5> dëls) / 5=6) x ?2 ; 533,4? ₪
Olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls eakugfs <=>6,4? ₪
Dhvhdhr fj rfsujtlda fgtrf fj gðkfra dëls/kfs 63,54 ₪
jëkhtfs jl olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls fs <=>6,4? ₪.
Luxhjhlr ldkhghstrlthva - Uljlrha olsf0 < >3> ₪/kfs - ûgtuljhdld0 ?>> ₪/kfs - ? plcls fxtrls df sljlrha
olsf.
Lj sfr ug lyudlgtf thtujlda fs dfj crupa ? df eathzlehõg, par tlgta thfgf rfkugfrlehõg kfgsulj y jl olsf
df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls
_fkugfrlehõg kfgsulj eakugfs sf eljeujl df jl shcuhfgtf
<.>3> ₪ + ?>> ₪markl0
; <.?3> ₪
^rarrltl df plcls fxtrl (<.>3> ₪ x ? plcls) / <? ; <32,55 ₪
Olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls eakugfs <.442,55 ₪
jëkhtfs jl olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls fs <.442,55 ₪
Lj ga rfljhzlrsf barls fxtrlardhglrhls, jls olsfs df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls eakugfs y eagt
eagthgcfgehls
hgcfgehls
3. L eagthgulehõg sf vlg l pagfr dhsthgtls shtulehagfs quf thfgfs quf rfjlehaglr eag ugl prfstlehõg
dftfrkhgldl.
Uhtulehõg ^rfstlehõg
Jl kldrf quf bl tfghda ug bhà.
bhà. Kltfrghdld
Hgelplehdld tfkparlj a pfrklgfgtf par
Leehdfgtf fg fj juclr df trlolà.
trlolà. eagthgcfgehls pramfshagljfs
^frsagl quf sf rfthrl dfj trlolà par su fdld trls 58 lüas. @uohjlehõg

53


Kldrf eag ug bhà df 4 kfsfs jletlgtf.

jletlgtf. _hfsca durlgtf jl jletlgehl glturlj
glehda.
^ldrf df ug rfehèg glehda. ^ltfrghdld
Buèrmlga df pldrf eag <> lüas.
lüas. Armlgdld
]huda euya eõgyucf mljjfehõ par ug leehdfgtf df trìmhea.
trìmhea. ]hudfdld
dël.
Hgvìjhda quf gfefshtl df jl lyudl df ug euhdldar durlgtf tada fj dël. Crlg Hgvljhdfz
^frsagl quf trls 6 lüas trlol`lgda sf bl qufdlda fg plra.
plra. ^rfstlehõg df dfsfkpjfa
Fkhcrlgtf fg Kèxhea quf vufjvf l Fsplül trls ? lüas vhvhfgda ljjë.
ljjë. Uuoshdha df dfsfkpjfa
2. Dlghfj Ljmagsa ^èrfz, el`fra (CE =), pfrehof lj kfs ug sljlrha olsf df 2=6 ₪, ug quforlgta df kagfdl
df => ₪, ug pjus df eagvfgha df 8> ₪. ^frehof ? plcls fxtrlardhglrhls df sljlrha olsf kìs lgthcúfdld fg
ùgha y dhehfkorf. Uu thpa df rftfgehõg fs fj < % y fj df LT y F^ fs <,?6 % y thfgf ug eagtrlta hgdfmhghda.
_fljhzl jl gõkhgl df fgfra.

52


8. ^ltrheha Uhj Uìgebfz, amhehlj df <ª, thfgf ug sljlrha olsf df 56 ₪/dël y ug pjus df pfjhcrashdld df 6 ₪ dël
trlol`lda (?< dëls trlol`ldas). Uu thpa df rftfgehõg fs fj ? % y fj df LT y F^ fs 5 %. ^frehof 5 plcls

58


fxtrlardhglrhls df sljlrha olsf. Uu eagtrlta fs par aorl a sfrvheha dftfrkhglda. _fljhzl jl gõkhgl df
klrza.

4>


<>. Dlrëa bl tfghda ugl crhpf y ga bl hda l trlol`lr dfj ? lj <? df gavhfkorf. Trlol`l eaka luxhjhlr
ldkhghstrlthva (CE 3.) fg ug olgea dfsdf blef 2 lüas. Jl OEEE df aetuorf fs df <46=,?> ₪. Uh thfgf dfrfeba
l jl prfstlehõg df HT, eljeujl fj hkpartf dfj suoshdha.
Dlrëa bl eluslda ol`l par hgelplehdld tfkparlj par fgmfrkfdld eakðg y thfgf dfrfeba l jl prfstlehõg par
fstlr lmhjhlda y fg ljtl y tfgfr euohfrta ug pfrhada df eathzlehõg df <2> dëls dfgtra df jas 6 lüas
hgkfdhltlkfgtf lgtfrharfs.
^lrl eljeujlr jl olsf rfcujldarl dfof taklrsf jl olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls eakugfs dfj kfs
lgtfrhar l jl ol`l, fs dfehr, jl df aetuorf, y dhvhdhrjl fgtrf 5> lj tfgfr Dlrëa ugl rfkugfrlehõg kfgsulj. Lsë0
< 46=,?>/5> dëls ; 42,64 ₪ dhlrhas.
 Dfj <fr lj 5fr dël df jl ol`l (dfj ? lj 4 df gavhfkorf) ga eaorl gldl. Ljcugas eagvfghas eajfethvas
y fkprfsls rfeacfg jl aojhclehõg df plclr fj sljlrha df fstas dëls.
 Dfj 4° lj ?>° dël df jl ol`l (dfj 6 lj <? df gavhfkorf), fs dfehr 2 dëls, eaorlrì fj => % df 42,64 ₪
lj dël0 42,64 Ó => % ; ?8,<? ₪ df suoshdha/dël par HT. Ja quf blef ug tatlj df0 ?8,<?₪ Ó 2 dëls ;
?5?,8= ₪ df suoshdha.
Jl fkprfsl fs jl rfspagslojf df plclr blstl fj dël <6° df jl ol`l, par tlgta sf blrì elrca df tada fj plca.
<?. L Hgkleujldl (CE 6)

6 ) sf jf suspfgdf fj eagtrlta par rhfsca durlgtf fj fkolrlza fj <6 df klrza, shtulehõg
quf sf klgthfgf blstl fj plrta, quf sf praduef fj 5> df lcasta. Uu olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls
pramfshagljfs fs df < 68> ₪. Gugel bl rfljhzlda barls fxtrlardhglrhls. Eljeujl jl eulgtël df jl prfstlehõg y
fj pfrhada df eaora.
Hgkleujldl fstì lmhjhldl y df ljtl fg jl Ufcurhdld Uaehlj y ga sf jf fxhcf ug pfrhada këghka df eathzlehõg, lj
sfr eagshdfrlda fj rhfsca durlgtf fj fkolrlza eaka ugl eagthgcfgehl pramfshaglj. âr tada fjja, thfgf
dfrfeba lj eaora dfj suoshdha par HT.
Fj praefdhkhfgta plrl fj rfeagaehkhfgta dfj dfrfeba sf hghehl l pfthehõg df jl trlol`ldarl, kfdhlgtf sajhehtud
l trlvès df jas kadfjas garkljhzldas dhrhchdl l jl Dhrfeehõg pravhgehlj df jl Fgthdld cfstarl a Kutul df
Leehdfgtfs df Trlolà y Fgmfrkfdldfs ^ramfshagljfs df jl pravhgehl fg quf tfgcl su dakhehjha.
Jl efrthmhelehõg kèdhel df quf jls eagdhehagfs dfj pufsta df trlolà pufdfg hgmjuhr gfclthvlkfgtf fg jl sljud
df jl trlol`ldarl y/a dfj mfta sfrì fxpfdhdl par fj HGUU a jl Kutul df Leehdfgtfs
Lee hdfgtfs df Trlolà y Fgmfrkfdldfs
^ramfshagljfs, fg mugehõg df jl fgthdld eag jl quf jl fkprfsl tfgcl eagefrtldl jl eaofrturl df jas rhfscas
pramfshagljfs.
Jl olsf rfcujldarl sf eljeujl df jl shcuhfgtf klgfrl0
<68>
5> ; 65 ₪
Df jl olsf rfcujldarl, Hgkleujldl eaorlrì fj <>> %.

Fj pfrhada df eaora sfrì dfj <6 df klrza lj ?8 df lcasta, quf sf dhstrhouhrì par kfsfs0
 Klrza0
Klrza0 dfj <6 lj 5<, eag ug hkpartf df0 65 Ó <3< 3 ; 8>< ₪
 Lorhj0
Lorhj0 dfj < lj 5>, eag ug hkpartf df0 65 Ó 5> ; < 68> ₪
 Klya0
Klya0 dfj < lj 5<, eag ug hkpartf df0 65 Ó 5< ; < =45 ₪
 @ugha0
@ugha0 dfj < lj 5>, eag ug hkpartf df0 65 Ó 5> ; < 68> ₪
 @ujha0
@ujha0 dfj < lj 5<, eag ug hkpartf df0 65 Ó 5< ; < =45 ₪
 Lcasta0
Lcasta0 dfj
dfj < lj ?8, eag ug hkpartf df0 65 Ó ?8 ; < 653 ₪
Jl cfsthõg y fj plca df jl prfstlehõg feagõkhel earrfspagdfg lj Hgsthtuta Glehaglj df jl Ufcurhdld Uaehlj
(HGUU) a l jl Kutul df Leehdfgtfs df Trlolà y Fgmfrkfdldfs ^ramfshagljfs df jl Ufcurhdld Uaehlj
Uaeh lj fg mugehõg
df jl fgthdld eag jl quf jl fkprfsl tfgcl eagefrtldl jl eaofrturl df jas rhfscas pramfshagljfs. Fj plca dfj
suoshdha sf rfljhzlrì par pfrëadas vfgehdas.
Dlda quf jl aojhclehõg df eathzlr eagthgðl fg jl shtulehõg df rhfsca durlgtf fj fkolrlza, jl fgthdld cfstarl
eakpftfgtf praefdfrì, fg fj kakfgta df blefr fmfethva fj suoshdha, l dfduehr dfj hkpartf dfj khska jl
4<


eulgtël l quf lsehfgdf jl sukl df jls lpartlehagfs df jl trlol`ldarl rfjlthvls l jls eathzlehagfs l jl Ufcurhdld
Uaehlj, dfsfkpjfa y marklehõg pramfshaglj quf praefdlg, fg su elsa, plrl su hgcrfsa fg jl Tfsarfrël Cfgfrlj
df jl Ufcurhdld Uaehlj (fj fkprfslrha vfgdrì aojhclda l hgcrfslr ðghelkfgtf jls lpartlehagfs l su elrca
earrfspagdhfgtfs l jl eathzlehõg l jl Ufcurhdld Uaehlj y par jas dfkìs eagefptas df rfeludlehõg eagùgtl
quf, fg su elsa, praefdlg).
<5. Fxpjhel euìjfs sag jls prfstlehagfs quf mlvarfefg jl eagehjhlehõg df jl vhdl jloarlj y mlkhjhlr.

^rfstlehõg par pltfrghdld0
pltfrghdld0 Uf eaorlrì hghgtfrrukphdlkfgtf durlgtf ehgea sfklgls. âr eldl
bhà l plrthr dfj sfcugda, sf lkpjhlrl fg ? dëls kìs.
 ^rfstlehõg par kltfrghdld0
kltfrghdld0 Uf pfrehof durlgtf <= sfklgls hghgtfrrukphdls, quf sf
hgerfkfgtlg fg ? sfklgls par eldl bhà l plrthr dfj sfcugda a sh fstf sumrf ugl dhselplehdld,
fg jas pfrhadas df dfselgsa par kltfrghdld, ldapehõg y leachkhfgta.
 ^rfstlehõg par euhdlda df bhà fgmfrka0
fgmfrka0 Fs ugl rfdueehõg df jl àrgldl y eaka kìxhka blstl
eukpjhr <2 lüas fj kfgar.
 ^rfstlehõg par rhfsca durlgtf fj fkolrlza a par jletlgehl glturlj df ug kfgar df 8 kfsfs
kf sfs00 Uf
praduef eulgda ga bly pashohjhdld df elkohlr l jl trlol`ldarl l ug pufsta df trlolà a lethvhdld
eakplthojf eag su fstlda. Fs ug suoshdha dfj <>> % df jl olsf rfcujldarl dfrhvldl df
eagthgcfgehls pramfshagljfs.
<4. Blz ug fsqufkl eag jas rfquhshtas quf sf phdfg l ug trlol`ldar plrl padfr pfdhr jl prfstlehõg df
ùohjlehõg.
Jl ùohjlehõg fs fg ugl pfgshõg vhtljhehl quf sf rfeagaef lj ofgfmhehlrha lj ljelgzlr jl fdld fstlojfehdl.
Jas rfquhshtas y jl eulgtël sag jas shcuhfgtfs0
 Tfgfr <6 lüas df eathzlehõg, df jas euljfs ? dfofg fstlr fg jas <6 lüas lgtfrharfs lj bfeba
eluslgtf.
 L plrthr df ?>?3 sf phdf tfgfr, lj kfgas, 52 lüas y kfsfs eathzldas y =3 lüas df fdld. Fg
eathzlehagfs hculjfs a supfrharfs l jls hgdheldls jl fdld fxhchdl sfrì df =6 lüas.
 Jl olsf rfcujldarl l plrthr dfj < df fgfra df ?>?? fs jl shcuhfgtf0
L jl olsf rfcujldarl, sfcðg jas lüas df eathzlehõg, sf jf lpjhel ugl fseljl quf eakhfgzl eag fj 6> % l jas <6
lüas, lukfgtlgda l plrthr dfj dfehkasfxta lüa par eldl kfs ldhehaglj df eathzlehõg blstl ug <>> %.
<6.
6 Jl kldrf
lüas fg ugldf Ldrhìgdflelol
mìorhel lekufojfs.
lol df mljjfefr
Ldrhìgtrls sumrhr
thfgf ug eìgefr
<6 lüas df kl
y quhfrf klkl.
kl.shFjjl
slofr fstlol
thfgf trlol`lgda
dfrfeba l eaorlrdfsdf blef
ljca df jl
Ufcurhdld Uaehlj. Fxpjëeljf sus dfrfebas.
Ldrhìg thfgf dfrfeba l jl pfgshõg df armlgdld parquf su kldrf bl mljjfehda par ugl eagthgcfgehl eakðg y
lerfdhtl 6>> dëls eathzldas fg jas ðjthkas 6 lüas y ldfkìs èj fs kfgar df ?< lüas. ûfdf lkpjhlrsf l ?6
lüas sh fj ofgfmhehlrha ga trlol`l a sus hgcrfsas lguljfs sag hgmfrharfs lj <>> % dfj UKH lgulj. Jl
J l eulgtël df
jl armlgdld sf eljeujl lpjhelgda ug ?> % l jl khskl olsf rfcujldarl df vhudfdld.
<=. Ufüljl jl durlehõg df jl prfstlehõg df dfsfkpjfa fg jas shcuhfgtfs pfrëadas df eathzlehõg0 <?> dëls,
5=> dëls, 4=2 dëls, 2>> dëls, =>> dëls y 568 dëls.
 âr <?> dëls0 ga thfgf dfrfeba l jl prfstlehõg par dfsfkpjfa, pfra padrì eaorlr fj suoshdha par
dfsfkpjfa durlgtf 4 kfsfs.
 âr 5=> dëls0 <?> dëls df prfstlehõg (4 kfsfs).

âr 4=2 dëls0 <?> dëls df prfstlehõg (4 kfsfs).
 âr 2>> dëls0 ?4> dëls df prfstlehõg (2 kfsfs).
4?


 âr =>> dëls0 <2> dëls df prfstlehõg (= kfsfs).

 âr 568 dëls0 ga thfgf dfrfeba l jl prfstlehõg par dfsfkpjfa, pfra padrì eaorlr fj suoshdha par
dfsfkpjfa durlgtf = kfsfs.
<3. Ljofrta, df ?4 lüas, bl mhgljhzlda su eagtrlta fg prìethels. Lerfdhtl ? lüas df eathzlehõg (3?> dëls) fg
jas ðjthkas = lüas. Jl sukl df olsfs df eathzlehõg par eagthgcfgehls pramfshagljfs df jas ðjthkas <2> dëls
bl shda df <> ?=> ₪. Ga thfgf rf spagslohjhdldfs mlkhjhlrfs. Ufüljl sh thfgf dfrfeba l jl prfstlehõg a lj
suoshdha par dfsfkpjfa. Fg elsa lmhrklthva, hgdhel jl eulgtël y fj pfrhada
Ljofrta eukpjf jas shcuhfgtfs rfquhshtas plrl sfr ofgfmhehlrha df ugl prfstlehõg par dfsfkpjfa0
• Fgeagtrlrsf fg shtulehõg jfclj df dfsfkpjfa.

• Tfgfr euohfrta ug pfrhada këghka df eathzlehõg df 5=> dëls fg jas sfhs lüas lgtfrharfs.
• Lerfdhtlr dhspaghohjhdld plrl ouselr lethvlkfgtf fkpjfa y lefptlr ugl eajaelehõg ldfeuldl y suserhohr
ug eakprakhsa df lethvhdld.
• Ga tfgfr jl fdld ardhglrhl plrl eluslr dfrfeba l jl ùohjlehõg gh fstlr hgejuhda fg ghgcugl
hgeakplthohjhdld.
Jl durlehõg df jl prfstlehõg fstlrì fg mugehõg df jas pfrhadas df aeuplehõg eathzldl fg jas sfhs lüas
lgtfrharfs. Ljofrta lerfdhtl 3?> dëls, par ja quf thfgf dfrfeba l ?4> dëls df prfstlehõg par dfsfkpjfa.
Jl olsf rfcujldarl sf aothfgf df dhvhdhr fgtrf <2> fj prakfdha df jls olsfs df eathzlehõg par eagthgcfgehls
pramfshagljfs, fxejuyfgda jl rftrhouehõg par barls fxtrlardhglrhls (elgthdld quf eahgehdf eag jl
j l OEEE) df jas
ðjthkas <2> dëls eathzldas.
<> ?=> ₪
 

; ; 63 ₪/ë
₪/ë
<2>
₪/ dël
Durlgtf jas <2> prhkfras dëls sfrì0 3> % df 63 ₪/dël ; 58,8> ₪/dël
58,8> ₪/dël Ó 5> dëls ; < <83 ₪/kfgsuljfs. Elgthdld quf supfrl fj <36 % dfj H ^_FK dfj lüa df glehkhfgta
dfj dfrfeba, hgerfkfgtlda fg ugl sfxtl plrtf. Lsë quf durlgtf fstf pfrhada pfrehohrì fstl elgthdld.
L plrthr dfj dël <2<, fj 6> % df 63 ₪/dël ; ?2,6> ₪/dël
?2,6> ₪/dël Ó 5> dëls ; 266 ₪/kfgsuljfs
Jas hkpartfs lsë eljeujldas ga padrìg sfr supfrharfs lj tapf kìxhka gh hgmfrharfs lj tapf këghka
fstlojfehdas, quf dfpfgdfg dfj gðkfra df bhàs l elrca.
Fj këghka l pfrehohr shg bhàs l elrca fs fj 2> % dfj H^_FK vhcfgtf fg fj kakfgta dfj glehkhfgta dfj dfrfeba,
hgerfkfgtlda fg ugl sfxtl plrtf. âr ja quf rfspfetl lj tapf kìxhka fs fj <36 % dfj H^_FK dfj lüa df
glehkhfgta dfj dfrfeba, hgerfkfgtlda fg ugl sfxtl plrtf.
Ldfkìs, saorf fstls elgthdldfs sf praefdf l dfseagtlr fj parefgtl`f df rftfgehõg l eufgtl dfj H_^M y fj
hkpartf df jl eathzlehõg dfj dfsfkpjflda l jl Ufcurhdld Uaehlj.
Fj dfrfeba glef lj dël shcuhfgtf df praduehrsf jl shtulehõg jfclj df dfsfkpjfa, shfkprf quf sf sajhehtf dfgtra
df jas <6 dëls bìohjfs shcuhfgtfs l tlj shtulehõg.
TFUT DF F]LJVLEHÕG-^ÌC. 34
<. Fj sljlrha fs0
d) Tadls jls lgtfrharfs sag ehfrtls.

45


?. Df jas shcuhfgtfs eagefptas, ±euìjfs sag

s ag eagshdfrldas sljlrha fg fspfehf1
d) Tadls jls rfspufstls lgtfrharfs sag sljlrha fg fspfehf.
fspfehf.
5. Dfgtra df jls pfrefpehagfs quf rfehof fj trlol`ldar ga sf eagshdfrlg sljlrha0
l) Jls pfrefpehagfs fg fspfehf.
4. Jls barls fxtrlardhglrhls ga sf hgejuyfg fg...

l) Jl olsf
olsf df eathzlehõg df eagthgcfgehls eakugfs.
6. ±L euìgtls plcls fxtrl, eaka këghka, thfgf dfrfeba ug trlol`ldar1
e) L das plcls lguljfs.
=. Fj sljlrha oruta fs hculj lj…
l) Tatlj dfvfgclda.
3. Fg jas trfs prhkfras dëls df hgelplehdld tfkparlj par fgmfrkfdld eakðg…
d) Ga sf eaorl gldl.
2. Jl kltfrghdld y jl pltfrghdld sf pfrehofg eulgda…

8. Jl fdld df ùohjlehõg l plrthr df ?>?3 eag kfgas df 52
5 2 lüas y = kfsfs eathzldas fs df …
l) =3 lüas df fdld.
<>. Fj pfrhada këghka df eathzlehõg plrl eaorlr jl prfstlehõg par dfsfkpjfa fs...
e) 5=> dëls.
<. ^lrl blefr fstf eruehcrlkl thfgfs quf eagtfstlr l jls prfcugtls quf lplrfefg fg ug jltfrlj.
BA_HPAGTLJ
< ? 5
U L J L _ H A <. _ftrhouehõg kfgsulj quf rfehof fj
? trlol`ldar.
O _ V T A _
O ^ ?. Uljlrha lgtfs df lpjhelr dfdueehagfs
5. Uhtulehõg dagdf fj trlol`ldar ga thfgf
U M trlolà.
4. Lsë sf jjlkl lj rfehoa ùsthmhelthva df
H
sljlrhas.
5 4
D F U F K ^ J F A
H U ]F_THELJ
4 6
<. Ja eaorlg
eaorlg jas plrldas, cfgfrljkfgtf,
G A K H G L ^ dfspuès df jl prfstlehõg eagtrhouthvl.
T F ?. Uhcjls dfj leehdfgtf df trlolà
5. Hkpufsta quf sf eaorl fg jl gõkhgl.
E
4. Uljlrha quf sf rfehof fg ohfgfs a sfrvhehas
H dhsthgtas lj dhgfra.
F 6. Fs
Fs h ulj l ol l jl
jloar
oarlj.
lj.
44


?. _fjjfglr jas dltas df jl shcuhfgtf tlojl.

^ramfshõg Crupa df Thpa df
eathzlehõg rfkugfrlehõg
Trlol`ldar df <3 lüas << Dhlrhl
Kèdhea < Kfgsulj

Amhehlj ldkhghstrlthva 6 Kfgsulj
Hgcfghfra tèeghea quëkhea ? Kfgsulj
Amhehlj df prhkfrl fjfetrhehstl 2 Dhlrhl
@fmf df tljjfr 5 Kfgsulj
Uuoljtfrga = Kfgsulj
Tèeghea Uupfrhar fg Lgltakël ^ltajõchel ? Kfgsulj
^fõg df ljolühj <> Dhlrhl
Trlol`ldar fspfehljhstl fg magtlgfra 8 Dhlrhl
Luxhjhlr ldkhghstrlthva 3 Kfgsulj
Amhehlj df tfrefrl fg ugl folghstfrël 8 Dhlrhl
5. _fljhzl jl gõkhgl df lorhj df _uoèg (lyudlgtf thtujlda-CE ?) thfgf ug sljlrha olsf df <5>>₪/kfs y ug
pjus df dhstlgehl df <>> ₪/kfs. _fehof das plcls fxtrls df sljlrha olsf fg ùgha y Glvhdld. Uu eagtrlta fs
fvfgtulj. Fj thpa df LT y F^ fs <,56%.
46


4=


4. Buca Ofjkagtf ^ìfz, el`fra (C.E. =), rfehof kfgsuljkfgtf ug sljlrha olsf df <>?6 ₪, ugl lgthcúfdld
df 8? ₪ y ug pjus df praduethvhdld df 5>> ₪. Uu thpa df rftfgehõg fs fj 5% y fj df LT y F^ fs <,?6%. ^frehof
das plcls fxtrlardhglrhls df sljlrha olsf kìs lgthcúfdld fg ùgha y dhehfkorf. _fljhzl jl gõkhgl df fgfra.

43


42


6. ±Fg què eagshstf jl lshstfgehl slghtlrhl1 âg f`fkpjas df fstl prfstlehõg.

Jl lshstfgehl slghtlrhl hgejuyf ug eagùgta df sfrvhehas kèdheas y mlrkleèutheas gfefslrhas plrl eagsfrvlr a
rfstlojfefr jl sljud df sus ofgfmhehlrhas.
=. Eljeujlr jl prfstlehõg df kltfrghdld y pltfrghdld df jas pldrfs quf blg tfghda, trls ug plrta, ug bhà
fj = df klya df fstf lüa. Jas dltas l tfgfr fg eufgtl sag0
Kldrf ^ldrf
5> lüas df fdld y 6 lüas eathzldas Fdld0 ?6 lüas Thfkpa eathzlda0 = lüas
Amhehlj ldkhghstrlthva (C.E.6) Jhefgehlda (C.E.5)
Olsf df eathzlehõg df lcasta0 <.=25,5> ₪ Olsf df eathzlehõg df lcasta0 ?.<<6 ₪
Tlgta fj pldrf eaka jl kldrf thfgfg fj pfrhada df eathzlehõg quf sf fxhcf.

Jls olsfs rfcujldarls sfrìg0
 Kldrf0 <.=25,5> ₪ / 5> ; 6=,<< ₪/dël
 ^ldrf0 ?.<<6 ₪ / 5> ; 3>,6 ₪/dël
Eulgtël dfj suoshdha0
 Kldrf0 6=,<< ₪ Ó <>> % ; 6=,<< ₪/dël
Fstlrì df ol`l <= sfklgls, ja quf blef ug tatlj df <<? dëls dfsdf fj dël = df klya.
Fj hkpartf tatlj dfj suoshdha par kltfrghdld sfrì0 6=,<< ₪ Ó <<? ; =.?24,5? ₪.
 ^ldrf0 3>,6 ₪ Ó <>> % ; 3>,6 ₪/dël
Dfspuès df dhsmrutlr df ? dëls df pfrkhsa rftrhouhda par glehkhfgta df bhà, dhsmrutlrì fj pfrkhsa df
pltfrghdld durlgtf 56 dëls, pfrhada fg fj quf eaorlrì fj suoshdha.
Fj tatlj dfj suoshdha par pltfrghdld sfrì df0 3>,6 ₪/dël Ó 56 dëls ; ?.6=3,6 ₪
 Fj loaga dfj suoshdha earrf l elrca dfj HGUU, quf rfeagaef fj dfrfeba y rfljhzl dhrfetlkfgtf fj plca.
3. Fgtrlr fg fj Lujl df jl Ufcurhdld Uaehlj
Ufcurhdld Uaehlj (bttp0//www.sfc-
saehlj.fs/HgtfrgftQ</ârtljFduelthva/hgdfx.btk),, y fg fj lplrtlda quf sf dhrhcf l jas ljukgas df
saehlj.fs/HgtfrgftQ</ârtljFduelthva/hgdfx.btk)
sfeugdlrhl pagfr fg prìethel tadas jas eagaehkhfgtas
e agaehkhfgtas ldquhrhdas
ldquhrhdas

48


^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL-^ÌC. 3=
Eìjeuja dfj sljlrha, df jls olsfs df eathzlehõg y df jls euatls df jl Ufcurhdld Uaehlj df ug trlol`ldar
_fljhzlr jls gõkhgls df kfs df lorhj df jas shcuhfgtfs trlol`ldarfs.
Tfrfsl Cakfz Clrrhda ûfsta0

ûfsta0 Luxhjhlr Ldkhghstrlthva Crupa eathzlehõg0
eathzlehõg0 >3
Eagtrlta par aorl a sfrvheha dftfrkhglda
_ftrhouehagfs0
 Uljlrha olsf0 <>6> ₪/kfs
 Barls fxtrlardhglrhls ga mufrzl klyar0 6= ₪/kfs
 ^jus df pugtuljhdld0 ?6 ₪/kfs
Eag das plcls fxtrlardhglrhls df sljlrha olsf fg ùgha y dhehfkorf.
Fj thpa dfj H_^M fs dfj ?% y fj thpa df LT y F^ fs fj <%.
^loja Ulgz _akfra ûfsta0 Amhehlj df prhkfrl kfeìghea Crupa C rupa eathzlehõg0 2
Eagtrlta hgdfmhghda
_ftrhouehagfs0
 Uljlrha olsf0 8=> ₪/kfs
 ^jus df pfjhcrashdld0 <5> ₪/kfs
 Clstas df trlgspartf0 => ₪/kfs
Eag das plcls fxtrlardhglrhls df sljlrha olsf fg ùgha, lcasta y dhehfkorf.
Fj thpa dfj H_^M fs dfj 6% y fj thpa df LT y F^ fs fj 5%.
Lgtagha ^èrfz Uarhlga Crupa pramfshaglj.0 @fmf df tljjfr C.E.0

C .E.0 5
Eagtrlta hgdfmhghda
_ftrhouehagfs0
 Uljlrha olsf0 <5>> ₪/kfs
 Lgthcúfdld0 <?6 ₪/kfs
 ^jus df rfspagslohjhdld0 4>> ₪/kfs
 Dhftls0 6> ₪ (ug dël par eakfr mufrl par trlolà)
Eag das plcls fxtrlardhglrhls df sljlrha
s ljlrha olsf kìs lgthcúfdld fg ùgha y dhehfkorf.
Fj thpa dfj H_^M fs dfj <?% y fj thpa df LT y F^ fs fj <,?6%.
 Ejlshmhelr jls rftrhouehagfs fgtrf prfstlehagfs sljlrhljfs y ga sljlrhljfs

s ljlrhljfs
^frefpehagfs sljlrhljfs0 Uljlrha olsf, pjus df pfjhcrashdld, barls fxtrlardhglrhls ga mufrzl klyar, pjus
df pugtuljhdld, lgthcúfdld y pjus df rfspagslohjhdld.
^frefpehagfs ga sljlrhljfs0 Clstas df trlgspartf y dhftls.
 Eljeujlr jls olsfs df eathzlehõg y jls euatls l hgcrfslr df jl fkprfsl y dfj trlol`ldar.
Fstls elgthdldfs vlg l fxpjhelrsf f hgejuhrsf fg jas rfehoas df sljlrha quf sf hgejuyfg fg jl prfcugtl
shcuhfgtf.
 _fljhzlr jas rfehoas df sljlrha df jas trlol`ldarfs.

trlol`ldarfs.

6>


6<


6?


65


^fdra fstì fgmfrka ±\uè thfgf quf eaorlr1
<. Hgdhel sh ^fdra thfgf dfrfeba l eaorlr fj suoshdha par hgelplehdld tfkparlj fxpjhelgda parquf së a
parquf ga thfgf dfrfeba l fstl prfstlehõg
L ^fdra fstì lmhjhlda y df ljtl fg jl Ufcurhdld Uaehlj y, lj trltlrsf df ug leehdfgtf ga jloarlj, ga rfquhfrf
pfrhada këghka df eathzlehõg. Thfgf dfrfeba l jl prfstlehõg df jl hgelplehdld tfkparlj.
?. Fg elsa quf tfgcl dfrfeba l jl hgelplehdld tfkparlj, eljeujlr fj hkpartf dfj suoshdha df hgelplehdld
tfkparlj.
Jl olsf rfcujldarl plrl eljeujlr fj suoshdha par HT fs jl shcuhfgtf0
< ??<,?6 ₪
; 4>,
4>,3<
3< ₪/ë
₪/ë
5>
 Dfj <fr lj 5fr dël df jl ol`l (dfj 5 lj 6 df fgfra) ga eaorl gldl. Ljcugas eagvfghas eajfethvas y fkprfsls
rfeacfg jl aojhclehõg df plclr fj sljlrha df fstas dëls.

Dfj 4° lj ?>° dël df jl ol`l (dfj = df fgfra lj ?? df fgfra), fs dfehr <3 dëls, eaorlrì fj =>
= > % df 4>,3<₪ lj
dël, quf fs ?4,45 ₪ df suoshdha/dël par HT. Ja quf blef ug tatlj df0 ?4,45 ₪ x <3 dëls ; 4<6,5< ₪ df suoshdha
blstl fj dël ?> df jl ol`l.
 Dfj ?<° fg ldfjlgtf (dfj ?5 df fgfra lj 5> df klrza), fs dfehr, =3 dëls, eaorlrì fj 36 % df 4>,3<₪ lj dël,
fs dfehr, ?<,5>₪ df suoshdha/dël par HT. Ja quf blef ug tatlj df0 ?<,5>₪ x =3 ; <4?3,<> ₪ df suoshdha.
5. Hgdhel quhèg thfgf plclr lj trlol`ldar jl prfstlehõg.
Jl fkprfsl fs jl rfspagslojf df plclr blstl fj dël <6° df jl ol`l, y jl Ufcurhdld Uaehlj fs jl rfspagslojf df
plclr fj rfsta, ja quf blef ug tatlj df 435,?8 ₪, quf sfrì loaglda par fj fkprfslrha kfdhlgtf plca
dfjfclda.

64


VGHDLD 60 Kadhmhelehõg, suspfgshõg y fxthgehõg dfj eagtrlta df trlolà
DFUEVO_F-^ÌC. 38
ULOA_HR, U.L., fs ugl fkprfsl dfdheldl l praduehr pjltas prfeaehgldas, quf thfgf fg su mìorhel df Ulcugta.
Thfgf ugl pjlgthjjl df 56> fkpjfldas mhàs y <> trlol`ldarfs eag eagtrlta fvfgtulj par ehreugstlgehls df jl
pradueehõg, 6 fkpjfldas eag ug eagtrlta par aorl a sfrvheha y 4 trlol`ldarfs fg prìethels.
Dfohda lj lukfgta df fkprfsls eakpfthdarls fg fj sfetar, jls vfgtls blg dhskhguhda fg ug ?> % rfspfeta lj
lüa lgtfrhar. âr fjja, dfsdf jl Dhrfeehõg df jl fkprfsl sf bl dhsfülda ug pjlg df vhlohjhdld plrl hgtfgtlr
rfduehr eastfs. Fgtrf jls kfdhdls quf sf vlg l ldaptlr fstìg jl df rfdueehõg fg fj gðkfra df trlol`ldarfs.
Fg fj Dfplrtlkfgta df _feursas Buklgas fstìg prfplrlgda ug fxpfdhfgtf df rfcujlehõg df fkpjfa plrl
dfspfdhr l <<> trlol`ldarfs df jl pjlgthjjl mh`l. Tlkohèg sf bl dfehdhda ga rfgavlr ghgcðg eagtrlta tfkparlj.
Eakhfgzl fj pfrhada df eagsujtls eag jas rfprfsfgtlgtfs df jas trlol`ldarfs y dfehdfg amrfefr l tadas jas
lmfetldas par fj fxpfdhfgtf df rfcujlehõg df fkpjfa ugas 5> dëls df sljlrha par lüa trlol`lda eag ug
kìxhka df 5 lüas df sljlrha.
s ljlrha.
 ±Lgtf què thpa df dfsphda sf fgmrfgtlg jas trlol`ldarfs df Uloarhx1
Uloarhx fstì fmfetulgda ug dfsphda eajfethva.
 ±\uè fs ug fxpfdhfgtf df rfcujlehõg df fkpjfa1
 ±Jl hgdfkghzlehõg quf amrfef jl fkprfsl fs jfclj1

Jl hgdfkghzlehõg quf dfof df pfrehohr fg ug dfsphda eajfethva fs df ?> dëls df sljlrha par lüa trlol`lda,
prarrltfìgdasf par kfsfs jas pfrhadas hgmfrharfs lj lüa, eag ug kìxhka df <? kfgsuljhdldfs. âr
tlgta, jl hgdfkghzlehõg quf sf amrfef fs supfrhar l jl jfclj y fs tatljkfgtf jëehta.
 Hgdhel plrl eldl eagtrlta df trlolà tfkparlj què hgdfkghzlehõg jfs earrfspagdf sh ga buohfrl ug
fxpfdhfgtf df rfcujlehõg df fkpjfa.
Uh fj eagtrlta tfkparlj mhgljhzl lgtfs df jl mfebl mh`ldl plrl su mhgljhzlehõg sf hgdfkghzl eaka sh mufrl
hkpraefdfgtf, pfra fsta ga aeurrf sh fs tfkparlj y mhgljhzl par elusls hgejuhdls fg fj eagtrlta.
Tlgta jas eagtrltas fvfgtuljfs eaka jas eagtrltas par aorl a sfrvheha thfgfg ugl hgdfkghzlehõg
h gdfkghzlehõg mhg df
eagtrlta df <? dëls df sljlrha par lüa
l üa df sfrvhehas. Fj eagtrlta fg prìethels ga thfgf hgdfkghzlehõg.

66


<. Lgtagha jjfvl trlol`lgda fg su fkprfsl fg fj turga df tlrdf

t lrdf dfsdf blef 6 lüas. âr jl klülgl fstì
fstudhlgda ug eheja marklthva df Crlda Kfdha df Uajdldurl. Blef ? dëls jl fkprfsl jf bl eakughelda
e akughelda quf
jf vl l elkohlr fj turga par jl klülgl
k lülgl shg ljfclr ghgcugl elusl ùsthm
ùsthmheldl
heldl.. _fehof
_fehof < 2>
2>>
> ₪ kfgsu ljfs orutas
kfgsuljfs
fg <4 plcls. Hgdhel què ljtfrglthvls thfgf Lgtagha. Uh cfgfrl ljcðg dfrfeba feagõkhea, hgdhel su eulgtël.
Fs ugl kadhmhelehõg sustlgehlj dfj eagtrlta df trlolà. Fj fkprfslrha ga pufdf kadhmhelr jhorfkfgtf jls
eagdhehagfs df jl prfstlehõg jloarlj, shga quf dfofg fxhsthr praoldls rlzagfs feagõkhels, tèeghels, arclghzlthvls
a df pradueehõg.
Uf fgthfgdf quf fxhstfg fsls rlzagfs eulgda jl ldapehõg df jl kfdhdl eagtrhouyl l kfàrlr jl shtulehõg df jl
fkprfsl, jf pfrkhtl sfr kìs eakpfththvl a rfspagdfr kfàr l jls fxhcfgehls df jl dfklgdl, l trlvès df ugl
ldfeuldl arclghzlehõg df jas rfeursas.
Fj trlol`ldar pufdf lefptlr jl kadhmhelehõg u apagfrsf l jl kfdhdl y ldaptlr ljcugl df jls shcuhfgtfs
dfehshagfs0
― ^fdhr jl rfsehshõg dfj eagtrlta eulgda fj trlol`ldar rfsujtf pfrùdhelda par jls kadhmhelehagfs quf
lmfetfg l jl àrgldl, fj barlrha y dhstrhouehõg dfj thfkpa df trlolà, rèchkfg df trlolà par turgas,
fj shstfkl df rfkugfrlehõg y eulgtël sljlrhlj y jls mugehagfs quf fxefdlg df jl kavhjhdld mugehaglj,
eag ugl hgdfkghzlehõg df ?> dëls df sljlrha par lüa trlol`lda, eag ug kìxhka df 8 kfsfs.
― Hkpucglr ùdhehljkfgtf jl dfehshõg fkprfslrhlj plrl quf fj ùfz dfejlrf hgùsthmheldls jls
kadhmhelehagfs y rfeagazel fj dfrfeba dfj trlol`ldar l sfr rfpufsta fg sus lgtfrharfs eagdhehagfs.
― _fejlklr fg eagmjheta eajfethva eulgda jls kadhmhelehagfs sflg eajfethvls.
Lgtagha padrël rfehohr ?> dëls df sljlrha par lüa df sfrvheha eag ug kìxhka df gufvf kfgsuljhdldfs.
?. @arcf thfgf quf blefrsf elrca dfj trlolà dfj `fmf df su sfeehõg, l quhfg jf vlg l prlethelr ugl hgtfrvfgehõg
quhrðrchel y pfrklgfefrì <? kfsfs df ol`l. Hgdhel jl shtulehõg jfclj lgtf jl quf fstlkas, sfüljlgda
s füljlgda fj
sljlrha quf eaorlrì durlgtf jl susthtuehõg y sh thfgf dfrfeba lj lsefgsa.
@arcf thfgf dfrfeba l eaorlr fj sljlrha earrfspagdhfgtf l jl eltfcarël pramfshaglj dfj `fmf df sfeehõg.
ûfdf sajhehtlr fj lsefgsa df eltfcarël eulgda jls mugehagfs sf blylg dfsfkpfülda par ug pfrëada df =
kfsfs fg fj eõkputa df < lüa a df 2 kfsfs fg ug pfrëada df das lüas y tfgcl jl thtujlehõg ldfeuldl plrl
fj pufsta df eltfcarël supfrhar. Uhfkprf y eulgda fg fj eagvfgha
ea gvfgha eajfethva ga sf blyl dhspufsta ja eagtrlrha.
5. Uaghl fs pracrlkldarl fg ugl kujthglehaglj. Trlol`l blohtuljkfgtf fg Olrefjagl, pfra su fkprfsl bl

clglda ug eageursa pðojhea y gfefshtl quf Uaghl vlyl l trlol`lr l Kldrhd durlgtf = kfsfs.
kfs fs. ±\uè apehagfs
thfgf Uaghl lgtf fstl shtulehõg1
Uaghl lj sfr trlsjldldl tfkparljkfgtf l Kldrhd durlgtf = kfsfs fstì lgtf ug dfspjlzlkhfgta. Uf jf dfof
eakughelr eag ugl lgtfjlehõg ga hgmfrhar l ehgea dëls jloarlojfs.
Durlgtf fj dfspjlzlkhfgta sf thfgf dfrfeba l pfrehohr jas clstas df vhl`f y dhftls, y l dhsmrutlr df ug pfrkhsa
df 4 dëls jloarlojfs par eldl 5 kfsfs df dfspjlzlda, eag jas clstas dfj vhl`f plcldas.
Uh Uaghl ga fstì df leufrda dfof df hr, pfra sh ga fstì df leufrda pufdf rfejlklrja ùdhehljkfgtf.
4. Apthjfg, UL, bl dfehdhda trlsjldlr su efgtra df pradueehõg df Ohjola l ]ljfgehl, quf fs dagdf thfgf su
sfdf efgtrlj. Fg fj efgtra df trlolà df Ohjola fstìg fkpjfldls 5> pfrsagls l quhfgfs sf jfs bl prapufsta
trlsjldlrsf l ]ljfgehl. Fxpjhel lgtf què mhcurl ùrëdhel gas fgeagtrlkas y què rfquhshtas y eagsfeufgehls
hkpjhel.
Uf trltl df ug trlsjlda parquf fj trlol`ldar dfof trlol`lr fg a atra
tra efgtra df trlolà, quf jf fxhcf elkohlrsf
df dakhehjha. Jas dfrfebas quf jf lshstfg sag0
 Dfofg fxhsthr rlzagfs feagõkhels, tèeghels, arclghzlthvls a df pradueehõg.

6=


 Dfofg eakughelr fj trlsjlda eag ug pjlza df 5> dëls df lgtfjlehõg l jl mfebl df trlsjlda.
 Fj trlol`ldar thfgf jls shcuhfgtfs apehagfs0
- Lefptlr fj trlsjlda pfrehohfgda ugl eakpfgslehõg par jas clstas dfj trlsjlda dfj trlol`ldar y
df su mlkhjhl.
- Trlsjldlrsf y rfeurrhr lj ùzclda jl dfehshõg fkprfslrhlj.
- ^fdhr jl fxthgehõg dfj eagtrlta df trlolà eag ugl hgdfkghzlehõg df ?> dëls df sljlrha par lüa
df sfrvheha, eag ug kìxhka df <? kfgsuljhdldfs.
6. Hgdhel df què thpa df fxthgehõg df eagtrlta df trlolà sf trltlrël fg eldl elsa0

 Vg trlol`ldar eacf dhgfra df jl el`l. Dfsphda dhsehpjhglrha.
dhsehpjhglrha.
 Tfrkhglehõg df jl aorl a sfrvheha. Fxthgehõg par elusls eagshcgldls vìjhdlkfgtf fg fj eagtrlta.
 <>> fkpjfldas df ugl fkprfsl lutakavhjësthel. Dfsphda eajfethva.
 Vg hgefgdha bl qufklda jl mìorhel dagdf trlol`l Juhs. Mufrzl klyar.
 Fj `fmf df Klrël sf ùohjl. @uohjlehõg dfj fkprfslrha.
fkprfslrha.
 Hgldlptlehõg l gufvls kìquhgls. Dfsphda par elusls ao`fthvls.
=. @ulg lelol df pfdhr ugl fxefdfgehl plrl euhdlr l su loufja fgmfrka. ±Lgtf què thpa df fxefdfgehl gas
fgeagtrlkas1 Hgdhelr sh bly dfrfeba df rfsfrvl df pufsta df trlolà.
Vgl fxefdfgehl vajugtlrhl par kathvas mlkhjhlrfs plrl euhdlr l ug mlkhjhlr blstl fj sfcugda crlda df
eagslgcuhghdld a lmhghdld, quf par rlzagfs df fdld, leehdfgtf a fgmfrkfdld ga pufdl vljfrsf par së khska
y ga dfsfkpfüf lethvhdld rftrhouhdl.
ûfdf durlr eaka kìxhka das lüas, sljva quf fj eagvfgha lpjhelojf fstlojfzel ugl durlehõg klyar y
eakputf l fmfetas df lgthcúfdld.
Uajlkfgtf sf rfsfrvl fj pufsta df trlolà durlgtf fj prhkfr lüa, dfspuès saja sf thfgf ug dfrfeba
prfmfrfgtf saorf jls vlelgtfs df shkhjlr eltfcarël quf sf pradu`frlg fg jl fkprfsl
Fj pfrhada df fxefdfgehl sfrì ðghea plrl eldl su`fta eluslgtf.
Uf pufdf vajvfr l pfdhr eulgda ug gufva eluslgtf dhfrl arhcfg l ugl gufvl fxefdfgehl.
3. Jas elklrfras df ug rfstlurlgtf jjfvlg = kfsfs shg eaorlr su sljlrha parquf jas ejhfgtfs blg dhskhguhda.
Fstìg pfgslda fg sajhehtlr jl fxthgehõg df sus eagtrltas df trlolà. ±Thfgfg dfrfeba l fjja1 Fg elsa
lmhrklthva, què tfgdrëlg quf blefr y sh jfs earrfspagdfrël hgdfkghzlehõg.
Uë, par hgeukpjhkhfgta df jls aojhclehagfs par plrtf dfj fkprfslrha, eagshstfgtfs fg mljtl df plca a rftrlsas
eagthguldas fg fj loaga dfj sljlrha.
Dfofrëlg prfsfgtlr ugl dfklgdl fg fj @uzclda df ja Uaehlj y sajhehtlr jl fxthgehõg dfj eagtrlta df trlolà.
Jl hgdfkghzlehõg l eaorlr fs df 55 dëls df sljlrha par lüa trlol`lda eag ug kìxhka df ?4 kfgsuljhdldfs,
prarrltfìgdasf par kfsfs jas pfrëadas hgmfrharfs lj lüa.
2. Ljf`lgdra trlol`l eaka el`fra fg ug olgea dfsdf blef 6 lüas, eag ug sufjda kfgsulj df < =>> ₪ y ?
plcls fxtrlardhglrhls df < 5>> ₪. Jl fkprfsl jf bl eakughelda par fserhta quf l plrthr dfj < df dhehfkorf
ga jf gfefshtlg parquf vlg l hgstljlr el`fras lutakìtheas y jf blg dlda 5 barls jhorfs sfklgljfs plrl quf
ousquf atra trlolà. ±Df què thpa df dfsphda sf trltl1
▮
▮ ±Bl shda
±\uè earrfetl jl eakughelehõg1
hgdfkghzlehõg ejf
akughelehõg1
earrfspagdf sh fj dfsphda sf eagshdfrl praefdfgtf1
±Df què thpa df dfsphda sf trltl1

63


Uf trltl df ug dfsphda par elusls ao`fthvls, olslda fg elusls tèeghels y arclghzlthvls.

 ±Bl shda earrfetl jl eakughelehõg1
e akughelehõg1
Ga bl shda earrfetl jl eakughelehõg parquf tfgdrëlg quf blofr tfghda fg eufgtl jas shcuhfgtfs
rfquhshtas0
― Uf dfof gathmhelr par fserhta lj trlol`ldar, fxprfslgda jl elusl dfj dfsphda, eag ug pjlza df prflvhsa
df <6 dëls.
ja fstìg âdfkas pfgslr quf së sf fstìg eukpjhfgda jas <6 dëls parquf ga gas dhefg euìgda sf
eakughelgda.
― Ga gas dhefg gldl df quf fg fsf khska kakfgta, blylg eukpjhda eag jl aojhclehõg df pagfr l
dhspashehõg dfj trlol`ldar ugl hgdfkghzlehõg fquhvljfgtf l ?> dëls df sljlrha par lüa trlol`lda,
prarrltfìgdasf par kfsfs jas pfrhadas hgmfrharfs lj lüa, eag ug kìxhka df <? kfgsuljhdldfs.
― Uf dfof eagefdfr tlkohèg ugl jhefgehl df = barls sfklgljfs durlgtf fj pfrhada df prflvhsa, eag fj
ao`fta df quf pufdl ouselr atra trlolà y sajlkfgtf jf blg dlda trfs barls.
 ±\uè hgdfkghzlehõg jf earrfspagdf sh fj dfsphda sf eagshdfrl praefdfgtf1
Jl hgdfkghzlehõg sfrì df ?> dëls df sljlrha dhlrha par lüa trlol`lda, prarrltfìgdasf par kfsfs jas
pfrëadas hgmfrharfs lj lüa.
Eljeujlkas jl hgdfkghzlehõg quf jf earrfspagdf0
^rhkfra bljjlkas fj sljlrha dhlrha, lüldhfgda l jl rftrhouehõg kfgsulj jl plrtf df jls plcls
fxtrlardhglrhls0
(< =>> Ó <?) + (< 5>> Ó ?) / 5=6; 68,35 ₪/dël
Jl hgdfkghzlehõg sfrì df ?> dëls df sljlrha dhlrha par lüa trlol`lda, prarrltfìgdasf par kfsfs jas
pfrhadas hgmfrharfs lj lüa0
?> dëls Ó 68,35 ₪ Ó 6 lüas ; 6 835 ₪
Eakpraolkas quf dhebl elgthdld ga supfrl fj kìxhka jfclj (<? kfgsuljhdldfs)0
68,35 ₪ Ó <? kfsfs Ó 5> dëls ; ?< 6>?,2> ₪
Jufca eaorlrì jas 6 835 ₪ quf jf earrfspagdfg, shg supfrlr fj kìxhka jfclj.
TFUT DF F]LJVLEHÕG-^ÌC. 8>

<. ±Eõka sf jjlkl jl kadhmhelehõg fj barlrha df trlolà df ugl fkprfsl, plslgda df àrgldl eagthguldl l
plrthdl1
l) Fs ugl kadhmhelehõg sustlgehlj df eagdhehagfs df trlolà

?. Uh ug trlol`ldar lolgdagl su pufsta df trlolà hgdfohdlkfgtf, eluslgda eag fjja pfrùhehas l su fkprfsl,
y èstl dfehdf dfspfdhrjf, fj kathva ljfclda sfrì0
l) Dfsphda dhsehpjhglrha par trlgscrfshõg df jl oufgl mf eagtrletulj.
5. Fj dfsphda eajfethva par elusls feagõkhels, tèeghels, arclghzlthvls y df pradueehõg cfgfrl ugl
hgdfkghzlehõg df0
l) ?> dëls df sljlrha par lüa df sfrvheha eag ug kìxhka df <? kfgsuljhdldfs.
4. Jl elrtl fg quf sf gathmhquf fj dfsphda dhsehpjhglrha l ug trlol`ldar0
l) Dfof hgejuhr jas bfebas quf kathvlg fj dfsphda y jl mfebl fg quf sf blef fmfethva.
6. Fg ug dfsphda par elusls ao`fthvls0
l) Jl fkprfsl dfof dlr jl elrtl df dfsphda lj trlol`ldar eag <6 dëls df lgtfjlehõg.

62


=. Fg ug dfsphda dhsehpjhglrha0
o) Ga thfgfs dfrfeba l hgdfkghzlehõg
3. Jl dfklgdl par dfsphda0
l) Dfof prfsfgtlrsf dfspuès df blofr mljjlda jl eagehjhlehõg prfvhl.
l)
2. Fj dfsphda hkpraefdfgtf shcghmhel0
l) \uf fj fkprfslrha dfof hgdfkghzlr lj trlol`ldar a rfldkhthrjf.
8. Ga sf rfsfrvl fj pufsta df trlolà eulgda jl elusl df jl suspfgshõg sfl0
l) Jl fxefdfgehl vajugtlrhl.
<>. Eulgda fj trlol`ldar thfgf quf dfspjlzlrsf l atra efgtra df trlolà0
l) Ga sf pufdf gfclr.
LETH]HDLDFU MHGLJFU-^ÌC. 8<
<. ^loja thfgf ug eagtrlta fvfgtulj par ehreugstlgehls df jl pradueehõg dfsdf fj < df klrza df fstf lüa
blstl fj 5> df sfpthfkorf. Uu sljlrha oruta lj lüa fs df <6 55> furas. Eljeujl jl hgdfkghzlehõg par mhg df
eagtrlta.
Fj eagtrlta fvfgtulj par ehreugstlgehls
ehreugstlgehls df jl pradueehõg thfgf ugl hgdfkghzlehõg df <? dëls df sljlrha par
lüa trlol`lda.
Uljlrha oruta lüa <6 55> ₪
Uljlrha dël <655>₪/5=6 dëls ; 4? ₪
Dëls trlol`ldas ?<4 dëls
Hgdfkghzlehõg Uufjda dhlrha x dëls x <? / 5=6
4? ₪ x ?<4 dëls x (<? /5=6) ; ?86,6> ₪ df hgdfkghzlehõg
?. Hcgleha fs amhehlj ldkhghstrlthva fg ugl cfstarël. Thfgf ug eagtrlta fg prìethels quf sf jf lelol fj ?>
df lorhj. Uus rftrhouehagfs sag df sljlrha
s ljlrha olsf < ?>> furas y df eakpjfkfgta df praduethvhdld ?>> furas,
thfgf dfrfeba l ? plcls fxtrlardhglrhls df < ?>> furas eldl ugl, df dfvfgca sfkfstrlj fg ùjha y fg
Glvhdld. Thfgf dfrfeba l 5> dëls glturljfs df vlelehagfs lj lüa y tadlvël ga bl dhsmrutlda df fjjls.
Eljeujl jl elgthdld quf sf bl df jhquhdlr.
Jl jhquhdlehõg df Hcgleha fs0
Uljlrha kfs dëls trlol`ldas (<?>>₪/5>) x ?> dëls ; 2>>₪

]lelehagfs (<?>>/5=6 dëls) x <<> dëls ; 5=<,=4 ₪
^lcl df ùjha (<?>> ₪/ <2< dëls) x <<> dëls ; 3?8,?2 ₪
Hgdfkghzlehõg Ga thfgf hgdfkghzlehõg
5. Eljeujl jl hgdfkghzlehõg df ug trlol`ldar quf muf eagtrltlda fj dël < df fgfra df ?><5 y muf
dfspfdhda fj 5> df aetuorf df fstf lüa, ljfclgda quf bl mljtlda hgùsthmheldlkfgtf lj trlolà durlgtf
vlrhas dëls. Trls fj leta df eagehjhlehõg efjforlda fj 5< df dhehfkorf sf lvhfgf quf fj dfsphda fs
hkpraefdfgtf. Jls rftrhouehagfs rfehohdls par fj trlol`ldar sag jls shcuhfgtfs0
• Uljlrha olsf < 46> furas.
• Lgthcúfdld 5>> furas.
• Hgefgthvas ?>> furas.
68


• ^lcls fxtrlardhglrhls < 36> furas (ùgha) y < 86> furas (dhehfkorf), dfvfgca lgulj.
Eljeujl fj hkpartf df su mhghquhta l mfebl 5< df dhehfkorf.
Uljlrha oruta lüa ((<46>₪ + 5>>₪ + ?>>₪) x <? kfsfs) + (<36>₪+<86>₪) ; ?3.<>> ₪
Uljlrha dël ?3<>>₪/5=6 dëls ; 34,?6 ₪
Kfsfs trlol`ldas 3? kfsfs
Hgdfkghzlehõg 55 dëls df sljlrha par lüa df sfrvheha. Kìxhka ?4 kfgsuljhdldfs
Uufjda dhlrha x kfsfs x ?,36
34,?6₪ x 3? kfsfs x ?,36 ; <4.3><,6> ₪
^lcl glvhdld <86>₪
^lcl ùgha (<36>₪/5=6) x <24 dëls ; 22?,<8 ₪
Uljlrha gavhfkorf y dhehfkorf <86>₪/kfs x ? kfsfs ; 58>>₪
Jls vlelehagfs ga sf dhef sh jls bl dhsmrutlda a bly quf jhquhdlrjls.
4. Eljeujl jl hgdfkghzlehõg dfj shcuhfgtf trlol`ldar eag eagtrlta hgdfmhghda y eag ugl lgthcúfdld fg jl
fkprfsl df 4 lüas y kfdha, quf bl shda dfspfdhda par elusls ao`fthvls.
• Uljlrha olsf ? 5>> furas.
• ^jus df praduethvhdld 5>> furas.
• _fehof ? plcls fxtrls lj lüa df sljlrha olsf, jls euljfs fstìg prarrltfldls l ja jlrca dfj lüa.
Uljlrha oruta lüa ((?5>>₪ + 5>>₪ + 525,54 ₪) x <? kfsfs) ; 56.2>> ₪

Uljlrha dël 56.2>>₪/5=6 dëls ; 82,>2 ₪
Kfsfs trlol`ldas 64 kfsfs
Hgdfkghzlehõg ?> dëls df sljlrha par lüa df sfrvheha. Kìxhka <? kfgsuljhdldfs
82,>2 ₪ x 64 kfsfs x (?> dëls/<? kfsfs) ; 2.2?3,?> ₪
Jls vlelehagfs ga sf dhef sh jls bl dhsmrutlda a bly quf jhquhdlrjls.
6. Eljeujl jl hgdfkghzlehõg df ug trlol`ldar dfspfdhda par elusls ao`fthvls fj ?> df klya y quf eaorl
fstls elgthdldfs.
• Uljlrha olsf < <?> furas.
• Kfàrl vajugtlrhl <46 furas.
• _fehof ? plcls fxtrls lj lüa df sljlrha olsf, jls euljfs fstl prarrltfldls l ja jlrca dfj lüa.
• Uu lgthcúfdld fs df <? lüas lgtfrharfs y fj dfsphda fs praefdfgtf.
• Ga bl dhsmrutlda df sus vlelehagfs.
Uljlrha oruta lüa ((<<?>₪ + <46₪ + <2=,== ₪) x <? kfsfs) ; <3.4?> ₪

Uljlrha dël <3.4?>₪/5=6 dëls ; 43,35 ₪
Kfsfs trlol`ldas <48 kfsfs
43,35 ₪ x <48 kfsfs x (?>
( ?> dëls/<? kfsfs) ; <<.26?,86 ₪
]lelehagfs (<46<,== ₪ / 5=6 dëls) x <4> dëls trlol`ldas ; 66=,2> ₪
=. Eljeujl fj mhghquhta df ug trlol`ldar eag eagtrlta hgdfmhghda, dfspfdhda eag ug dfsphda eajfethva fj <6
df klrza y quf eaorl jls shcuhfgtfs elgthdldfs.
• Uljlrha olsf < ?>> furas.
• Hgefgthvas 6>> furas.
• _fehof ? plcls fxtrls lj lga df sljlrha olsf.
• Uu lgthcúfdld fs df 4 lüas.
• Fj trlol`ldar ga bl dhsmrutlda df sus vlelehagfs.
=>


Uljlrha oruta lüa ((<.?>> ₪ + 6>> ₪) x <? kfsfs) ; ?>.4>> ₪

Uljlrha dël ?>.4>> ₪ / 5=6 dëls ; 66,28 ₪
Lüas trlol`ldas 4 lüas
66,28 ₪ x ?> dëls x 4 lüas ; 4.43<,?> ₪
]lelehagfs (<.3>> ₪ / 5=6) x 34 dëls trlol`ldas ; 544,==₪
KVGDA JLOA_LJ FG FJ EHGF-^ÌC. 8<
Jl euldrhjjl
3. ±\uè klquhglrhl sf aosfrvl y quf trlolàs sf rfljhzlg1
Jl euldrhjjl df aorfras mfrravhlrhas trlol`l fg ug ljkleèg fg fj klgtfghkhfgta df jls hgmrlfstrueturls
mfrravhlrhls dfj sur df Xarisbhrf fg fj kakfgta df su prhvlthzlehõg.
Fg jl pfjëeujl sf vf l jas trlol`ldarfs trlol`lgda fg jl vël fg su klgtfghkhfgta.
klgtfghkhfgta.
2. ±âr què dfsphdfg l jas trlol`ldarfs1
Dfsphdfg l jas trlol`ldarfs parquf fj sfetar dagdf trlol`lg sf prhvlthzl. Fj supfrvhsar Blrphe lvhsl l sus
fkpjfldas df quf yl ga trlol`lg plrl jl eakplüël pðojhel Orhthsb _lhj shga plrl jl fkprfsl Flst Khdjlgd
Hgmrlstrueturf, y quf tfgdrìg quf lefptlr gufvls tlrfls y gufvas eagtrltas.
Jas pratlcaghstls sf vfg aojhcldas l lefptlr ugl hgdfkghzlehõg par dfsphda y plslr l sfr fvfgtuljfs df ugl
fkprfsl df trlolà tfkparlj, a ohfg trlol`lr plrl jl gufvl eakplüël lefptlgda jls gufvls rfcjls. Tada fjja
sf dfehdf par erhtfrhas fxejushvlkfgtf praduethvas y df rfgtlohjhdld. Uf hgtraduef ugl mjfxhohjhdld jloarlj
quf fgeuorf ugl prfelrhfdld fg fj trlolà.
8. ±Euìjfs frlg jls eagdhehagfs df trlolà fg fj mfrraelrrhj lgtfs df jl prhvlthzlehõg y dfspuès1
Fg jl gufvl shtulehõg jas trlol`ldarfs phfrdfg su dfrfeba l vlelehagfs y sf hgtraduef fj eaora dfj sljlrha l
dfstlà.
<>. ±Euìj fs jl elusl df jl kufrtf dfj trlol`ldar1

Fj trlol`ldar kufrf parquf ga bly sumhehfgtfs kfdhdls df sfcurhdld fg jl fkprfsl. ârquf l jl fkprfsl ga
jf hkpartl.
Vg f`fkpja fvhdfgtf sfrël jl rfmfrfgehl l jl sfcurhdld y l jas këghkas lefptlojfs par jl fkprfsl y fj
kfrelda. ±Euìj fs fsf këghka lefptlojf1 Q prfcugtl ljcuhfg. Das kufrtas lj lüa Q eagtfstl fj elpltlz trls
ouselr jl ehmrl fg sus plpfjfs. ^fra sh jjfvlkas <2 kfsfs shg tfgfr ug leehdfgtf9 dhef atra trlol`ldar lj thfkpa
quf phdf vajugtlrhas plrl eukpjhr fj këghka lefptlojf.
Fs fspfehljkfgtf hjustrlthva ug kakfgta dfj mhjk fg quf fj khfda
k hfda clgl l jl elklrldfrël, trls fj leehdfgtf y
kufrtf df uga df fjjas. Fgtagefs pufdf kìs fj mlgtlskl df jl pèrdhdl dfj trlolà y sus sfeufjls, sh sf lorf
ugl hgvfsthclehõg y sf dfseuorf quf trlol`lolg shg sumhehfgtfs kfdhdls df sfcurhdld. Fs lquë quf vfkas
ejlrlkfgtf jl trlgsmarklehõg pfrvfrsl quf fj shstfkl blef df sus vëethkls, trlgsmarkìgdajls fg eujplojfs
f hkpatfgtfs.
<<. ±Uf padrël blofr fvhtlda1
Uë, shfkprf quf sf buohfrl lgtfpufsta jl sfcurhdld y fj ohfgfstlr df jas trlol`ldarfs l jas hgtfrfsfs df jl
fkprfsl y jas ejhfgtfs pufs fj lkohfgtf jloarlj fstlol pjlclda df eagmjhetas y dfsarclghzlehõg.
Jl hgdhvhduljhdld sf ldufül df jl shtulehõg y fj khfda l pfrdfr su trlolà sf lgtfpagf l jl kufrtf df ug
eakplüfra.
=<


^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL-^ÌC. 8?
_ffstrueturlehõg df jl pjlgthjjl
<. ±Df què thpa df dfsphda sf trltl fj df jas ljolühjfs1 ±\uè markljhdldfs sf dfofg aosfrvlr lgtfs df
praefdfr l jas dfsphdas1 ±\uè tf plrfef jl hgdfkghzlehõg quf amrfefg1
Fj dfsphda df jas ljolühjfs fs ug dfsphda eajfethva quf dfof fstlr kathvlda par elusls feagõkhels, tèeghels,
arclghzlthvls a df pradueehõg quf ja ùsthmhelg y lmfetl l ug gðkfra hkpartlgtf df trlol`ldarfs.
^lrl su trlkhtlehõg sf thfgf quf sfcuhr ug Fxpfdhfgtf df _fcujlehõg
_fcujlehõ g df Fkpjfa (F_F) y lorhfgda ug pfrhada
df eagsujtls eag jas rfprfsfgtlgtfs df jas trlol`ldarfs.
Jl hgdfkghzlehõg quf sf amrfef ga fj jfclj parquf thfgf quf sfr df ?> dëls df sljlrha par lüa df sfrvheha y
ga quhgef eaka sf amrfef y eag ug kìxhka df <? kfgsuljhdldfs. Fg fstf ðjthka elsa, sf rfolsl fj kìxhka
jfclj.
?. ±Fs jfclj fj dfsphda df @arcf1

@arcf fs dfspfdhda par elusls ao`fthvls dfohda l su mljtl df ldlptlehõg0 ga dakhgl fj pracrlkl hgmarkìthea
df dhsfüa lshsthda par ardfgldar, quf mlehjhtlrël jl rfljhzlehõg df jas pjlgas df jls aorls trls plslr trfs kfsfs
quf sag kìs df jas ? kfsfs rfeachdas par fj Fstltuta df jjas as Trlol`ldarfs.
5. ±ûfdf dfspfdhr l ]hefgtf lgtfs df jl efjforlehõg dfj ùheha1

Vgl df jls elusls df suspfgshõg eag dfrfeba l rfsfrvl dfj pufsta df trlolà fs jl prhvlehõg df jhofrtld shg
sfgtfgehl eagdfgltarhl dfj trlol`ldar.
4. ±Dfof lefptlr ^fdra jl dfehshõg dfj fkprfslrha1

Jfcljkfgtf sf pfrkhtf kavhjhdld vfrthelj dfsefgdfgtf shfkprf quf fxhstfg rlzagfs tèeghels a df
arclghzlehõg quf ja ùsthmhquf y durlgtf fj thfkpa hkprfsehgdhojf. Fstl kavhjhdld supagf quf ^fdra së pufdf
rfljhzlr tlrfls eaka pfõg quf fs crupa pramfshaglj hgmfrhar lj suya.
Fj trlol`ldar dfof lefptlrjl, sljva quf ga rfspftf su dhcghdld pfrsaglj. Fg fstl kavhjhdld ^fdra dfof
eagthgulr pfrehohfgda fj sljlrha eaka elpltlz.
6. ±\uè dfof blefr Juhsl1 _fjjfgl jl plpfjftl df eagehjhlehõg sfcðg fj kadfja quf tf prapagfkas fg fstl
ughdld. ±\uè thpa df dfsphda ljfclrì jl fkprfsl1 Uupaghfgda quf fj ùfz dfejlrlrl fj dfsphda
hkpraefdfgtf, ±l quhèg jf earrfspagdf taklr jl dfehshõg fgtrf rfldkhshõg a hgdfkghzlehõg1 Eljeujl fj
hkpartf df jl hgdfkghzlehõg quf jf earrfspagdfrël.
±\uè dfof blefr Juhsl1
Juhsl1
Uh Juhsl ga fstì eagmarkf dfof letulr lsë0
<. Uajhehtud df kfdhlehõg a dfj leta df eagehjhlehõg prfvhl lgtf fj Ufrvheha df Kfdhlehõg, Lrohtrl`f y
Eagehjhlehõg (UKLE) df jl eakughdld lutõgakl.
lutõgakl.
Jas rfsujtldas pufdfg sfr jas shcuhfgtfs0
Q Eag leufrda0 Uf plcl jl elgthdld leardldl a sf rfldkhtf lj fkpjflda.
Q Uhg leufrda0 Uf dfof hgtfrpagfr dfklgdl fg fj ùzclda df ja saehlj.
?. ^rfsfgtlehõg df jl dfklgdl lgtf fj ùzclda df ja saehlj
5. Eagehjhlehõg ùdhehlj
ùdhehlj
4. Efjforlehõg dfj ùheha arlj
6. Ufgtfgehl0 Fj ùfz fkhthrì sfgtfgehl y jl gathmhelrì l jls plrtfs. Uf hgdhelrì sh fs mhrkf a ldkhtf rfeursa,
fj pjlza plrl rfeurrhr, fg su elsa, y jls tlsls quf earrfspagdlg.
earrfspagdlg.

=?


_fjjfgl jl plpfjftl df eagehjhlehõg sfcðg fj kadfja quf tf

t f prapagfkas fg fstl ughdld.
LJ UF_]HEHA DF KFDHLEHÕG, L_OHT_L@F

L_OHT_L@F X EAGEHJHLEHÕG
EAGEHJHLEHÕG
Dül. Juhsl , klyar df fdld, eag DGH g° ……………. y dakhehjha fg jl eljjf …………………………… df ………………….
E.^. …………., eakplrfef lgtf fstf sfrvheha y DHEF0
DHEF0
\uf l trlvès df fstf fserhta hgtfrpagf ^L^FJFTL DF EAGEHJHLEHÕG par

EAGEHJHLEHÕG par fj eagefpta df DFU^HDA
DFU^HDA eagtrl
eagtrl jl
fkprfsl ………………..……, eag dakhehjha saehlj fg ………………………………., quf sf dfdhel l jl lethvhdld df
shc uhfgtfs
…..……………., y quf letuljkfgtf thfgf ugl pjlgthjjl df …… trlol`ldarfs, fg olsf l jas shcuhfgtfs
BFEBAU
^rhkfra.- \uf dfsdf fj dël <6 df lorhj df xxxx trlolà fg jl fkprfsl dfklgdldl, eag jl eltfcarël pramfshaglj
pramfshaglj
df eagtlojf, y eag ug sljlrha lgulj
lgulj df ?6.?>> furas orutas, hgejuyfgda plcls fxtrlardhglrhls y atras
eagefptas sljlrhljfs.
Ufcugda.- \uf jl fkprfsl kf bl dfspfdhda eag mfebl 5> df ùgha df xxxx, fgtrfcìgdakf elrtl df dfsphda,
fg jl quf sf
sf ljfclg eaka kathvas
kathvas quf kf dfdheõ
dfdheõ l jjfvlr jl eagtlohjhdld df atras ejhfgtfs fg fj thfkpa df
trlolà.
Tfrefra.- \uf fstas bfebas kfgehagldas fg jl elrtl df dfsphda sag losajutlkfgtf mljsas, par ja quf ga
fstay df leufrda eag fj dfsphda fmfetulda y kfdhlgtf fstl plpfjftl df eagehjhlehõg ja hkpucga.
Eulrta.- \uf say rfprfsfgtlgtf jfclj df jas trlol`ldarfs.

t rlol`ldarfs.
âr tada fjja, lj Ufrvheha df Kfdhlehõg, Lrohtrl`f y Eagehjhlehõg,
UAJHEHTA0
\uf tfghfgda par prfsfgtlda fstf fserhta eag sus eaphls, ja ldkhtl y fg eagsfeufgehl sf shrvl fg mh`lr dël y
barl plrl efjforlr fj prfefpthva leta df eagehjhlehõg eag jl fkprfsl dfklgdldl, prfvha l jl vël ùrhsdheehaglj
ardhglrhl.
Fg …………….……., l………………………
Mhrklda0 Juhsl xxxx

DGH0 ………………….…..
±\uè thpa df dfsphda ljfclrì jl fkprfsl1

fkprfsl1
Fj dfsphda dhsehpjhglrha sf praduef par hgeukpjhkhfgtas crlvfs y eujplojfs dfj trlol`ldar, y dfof hr prfefdhda
df atrls lkagfstlehagfs a slgehagfs kìs jfvfs.
Uh fj trlol`ldar mufrl rfprfsfgtlgtf jfclj df jas trlol`ldarfs a dfjfclda shgdhelj, lgtfs df jl elrtl df dfsphda
sf lorhrì ug fxpfdhfgtf eagtrldhetarha fg fj quf sfrìg aëdas jas hgtfrfsldas y jas dfkìs khfkoras df jl
rfprfsfgtlehõg l jl quf pfrtfgfef.
Uf dfof eakughelr par fserhta, hgdhelgda dftljjldlkfgtf jas bfebas quf ja kathvlg, jls mfebls fg quf sf
pradu`frag y fj dël l plrthr dfj eulj tfgdrì fmfeta. Lj trlol`ldar sf jf jhquhdlrì jls rftrhouehagfs pfgdhfgtfs,
shg dfrfeba l hgdfkghzlehõg.

=5


Uupaghfgda quf fj ùfz dfejlrlrl fj dfsphda hkpraefdfgtf, ±l quhèg jf earrfspagdf taklr jl dfehshõg
fgtrf rfldkhshõg a hgdfkghzlehõg1
hgdfkghzlehõg1
Uh fj dfsphda sf dfejlrl hkpraefdfgtf, lj sfr Juhsl rfprfsfgtlgtf df jas trlol`ldarfs, padrì aptlr fgtrf
rfehohr ugl hgdfkghzlehõg df 55 dëls df sljlrha par lüa trlol`lda, prarrltfìgdasf par kfsfs jas pfrhadas
hgmfrharfs l ug lüa, eag ug kìxhka df ?4 kfgsuljhdldfs, a l rfhgcrfslr fg fj trlolà, plcìgdajf jas sljlrhas
df trlkhtlehõg dfsdf jl mfebl dfj dfsphda blstl jl mfebl df gathmhelehõg df jl sfgtfgehl.
Eljeujl fj hkpartf df jl hgdfkghzlehõg quf jf earrfspagdfrël.

Fj hkpartf df jl hgdfkghzlehõg sfrël fj shcuhfgtf0
Uljlrha oruta lüa (<2>>₪ x <? kfsfs) + (<2>> ₪ x ?) ; ?6.?>> ₪

Uljlrha dël ?6.?>>₪ / 5=6 dëls ; =8,>4 ₪
Kfsfs trlol`ldas =? kfsfs (jas kfsfs sf eagtlohjhzlg eakpjftas lugquf saja sf bly
trlol`lda ug dël).
34,?6₪ x =? kfsfs x ?,36 ; <?.=68,=5 ₪
^lcl ùgha <2>>₪
^lcl ùgha Ga cfgfrl dfrfeba df eaora par sfr fj dfvfgca sfkfstrlj.
Jls vlelehagfs ga sf dhef sh jls bl dhsmrutlda a bly quf jhquhdlrjls fg fstf elsa sfrëlg df ug
hkpartf df 8>> ₪.
=. ±Eõka eljhmhelrì fj ùfz fj dfsphda df Klrël1

Fstl shtulehõg fs ugl elusl df suspfgshõg dfj eagtrlta. Dfspfdhr l Klrël fs ug dfsphda guja. Fg fstf elsa bl
df rfldkhthrjl.
3. ±Fs pashojf suspfgdfr df sufjda l ug trlol`ldar1
Ufcðg ja quf hgdhquf fj eagvfgha eajfethva, fs pashojf suspfgdfr df markl dhsehpjhglrhl df fkpjfa y sufjda
par mljtls jloarljfs l ug trlol`ldar.
2. ±ûfdf gfclrsf fj `fmf l rfldkhthr l @ulg1
^lrl ltfgdfr lj euhdlda df eldl bhà @ulg padrël jjfclr l dhsmrutlr df ugl fxefdfgehl par ug pfrhada ga
supfrhar l trfs lüas dfsdf jl mfebl df glehkhfgta. Durlgtf fj prhkfr lüa, @ulg thfgf dfrfeba l quf jf
rfsfrvfg fj pufsta df trlolà, par fjja, su `fmf ga pufdf gfclrsf l rfldkhthrjf.
Eìjeuja df jhquhdlehagfs y mhghquhta

Fg fj Dfplrtlkfgta df _feursas Buklgas df jl fkprfsl Dlilr, UJ, thfgfg quf trlkhtlr jls shcuhfgtfs
fxthgehagfs dfj eagtrlta df trlolà0
 Mhg dfj eagtrlta df hgtfrhghdld
h gtfrhghdld df Crlehfjl eag mfebl <2 df ùgha. Jjfvl trlol`lgda plrl Dlilr, UJ, dfsdf
fj 2 df lorhj dfj lüa lgtfrhar. Eaorl 82> ₪ kfgsuljfs y thfgf ? plcls fxtrlardhglrhls df jl khskl eulgtël,
quf rfehof fg ùjha y Glvhdld eag ug dfvfgca sfkfstrlj. Thfgfs quf rfljhzlr su jhquhdlehõg y mhghquhta.
Uljlrha df ùgha dëls trlol`ldas (82>₪/5> dëls) x <2 dëls trlol`ldas ; 622 ₪

^lcl fxtrl ùgha0 82> ₪
^lcl fxtrl Glvhdld0 Ga eaorl gldl parquf fj dfvfgca fs sfkfstrlj
Hgdfkghzlehõg0 Ga cfgfrl dfrfeba l hgdfkghzlehõg
]lelehagfs0 (82> ₪ / 5=6) x <=8 dëls trlol`ldas ; 465,36 ₪
=4


^fdra fs targfra fg fj tljjfr quf jl fkprfsl thfgf fg Uarhl. Eaka ga bly trlolà
 t rlolà fg fsf efgtra df trlolà
sf jf bl amrfehda jl pashohjhdld df sfr trlsjldlda lj tljjfr df Culdljl`lrl. Uhg fkolrca, ^fdra ga fstì
hgtfrfslda fg elkohlr df efgtra df trlolà y dfehdf rfsehgdhr su eagtrlta.
Jjfvl trlol`lgda fg Dlilr, UJ, dfsdf fj < df klrza df ?><5 y mhgljhzl su rfjlehõg jloarlj fj 5< df klya
df ?><2. ^frehof eaka sljlrha dhlrha =6 ₪. Eljeujl su hgdfkghzlehõg.
Uljlrha dël <3.4?>₪/5=6 dëls ; 43,35 ₪

Kfsfs trlol`ldas <48 kfsfs
=6 ₪ x <48 kfsfs x (?> dëls/<? kfsfs) ; <=.<4?,=3 ₪
]lelehagfs =6 ₪ x (5> dëls/5=6 dëls) x <6> dëls trlol`ldas ; 2><,4> ₪
L Fkkl sf jf bl tfghda quf rfduehr fj sljlrha quf vfgël eaorlgda df < 6>> furas l < <>> furas dfohda l

jl elëdl fg jls vfgtls durlgtf ? trhkfstrfs sfcuhdas (rfspfeta lj lüa lgtfrhar).

Fkkl dfehdf fxthgcuhr su eagtrlta df trlolà.
Blstl fsl mfebl eaorlrì < 6>> furas df sljlrha kìs ? plcls lguljfs lj lüa df jl khskl elgthdld.
Uu lgthcúfdld fs df <6 lüas. Eljeujl jl hgdfkghzlehõg sh tuvhfsf dfrfeba l fjjl.
Uljlrha oruta lüa (<6>>₪ x <4 kfsfs) ; <3.4?> ₪

Uljlrha dël <3.4?>₪/5=6 dëls ; 43,35 ₪
Kfsfs trlol`ldas <2> kfsfs
Hgdfkghzlehõg ?> dëls df sljlrha par lüa df sfrvheha. Kìxhka 8 kfgsuljhdldfs
43,35 ₪x <2> kfsfs x (?> dëls/<? kfsfs) ; <4.5<8 ₪
Kìxhka (<3.4?> ₪/ <? kfsfs) x 8 kfsfs ; <5.>=6
Uljvldar lelol df clglr ug ùheha eagtrl jl fkprfsl eag eljhmhelehõg df dfsphda hkpraefdfgtf.

Fj sljlrha quf rfehof lj dël sag 63 furas. Uu lgthcúfdld fs df 5 lüas y 4 kfsfs. Eljeujl jl hgdfkghzlehõg
quf jf earrfspagdf.
Uljlrha dël 63 ₪
Kfsfs trlol`ldas 4> kfsfs
63 ₪ x 4> kfsfs x ?,36 ; =?3> ₪
Eljeujl fj mhghquhta df ug trlol`ldar eag eagtrlta tfkparlj df aorl y sfrvheha, quf eakhfgzl fj dël <= df

fgfra y tfrkhgl fj ?4 df lorhj dfj khska lüa. Jls elgthdldfs quf pfrehof sag jls shcuhfgtfs0
- Uljlrha olsf0 23> furas.
- ^jus df praduethvhdld0 <>6 furas.
- ^jus dhstlgehl0 <>> furas.
- _fehof ? plcls fxtrls lj lüa df sljlrha olsf, jls euljfs fstì prarrltfldls l ja jlrca dfj lüa.
- Fj trlol`ldar ga bl dhsmrutlda df sus vlelehagfs.
Uljlrha oruta lüa ((23> ₪ + <>6₪ + <>> ₪) x <? kfsfs) + (23> ₪ x ?); <4.=3> ₪
Uf fxejuyfg dfj eagefpta df sljlrha, y sf eagshdfrlg eagefptas fxtrl
sljlrhljfs jls dhftls, trlgspartf, rapl df trlolà y jls elgthdldfs lpartldls
par jl fkprfsl lj pjlg df pfgshagfs y lj sfcura df vhdl.
Tadls jlssljlrhlj,
elrìetfr pfrefpehagfs qufga
blstl quf rfehof ug trlol`ldar
sf lerfdhtf thfgfg jl prfsugehõg df su
ja eagtrlrha.
Uljlrha dël <4.=3> ₪ / 5=6 dëls ; 4>,<< ₪
=6


Kfsfs trlol`ldas 4 kfsfs

Hgdfkghzlehõg 4>,<< ₪ x 4 kfsfs x (<? dëls sljlrha /<? kfsfs lüa) ; <=>,44 ₪
]lelehagfs (<??> ₪ / <? kfsfs) x 4 kfsfs ; 4>=,=3 ₪

==


VGHDLD =0 Jl rfprfsfgtlehõg df jas trlol`ldarfs. Eagmjheta y trlolà fg fquhpa
DFUEVO_F-^ÌC. 86
 ±Eagaefs jl mhcurl dfj dfjfclda df pfrsaglj1, ±l què sf dfdhel1

Fstl prfcugtl y jls shcuhfgtfs trltlg df hgtraduehr l jas ljukgas fg fj tfkl df jl rfprfsfgtlehõg df jas
trlol`ldarfs fg jl fkprfsl y eõka sf arclghzl, hgtfgtlgda lvfrhculr sh yl eagaefg ljca df jls
prhgehpljfs mhcurls df rfprfsfgtlehõg eajfethvl, eag jl hdfl df plrthr df jas eagaehkhfgtas
ea gaehkhfgtas prfvhas df jas
ljukgas y uthjhzlr, df fstf kada, fj lprfgdhzl`f eagstruethvhstl.
Fj dfjfclda df pfrsaglj rfprfsfgtl lj eajfethva df trlol`ldarfs df ugl fkprfsl, eag hgdfpfgdfgehl df
su lmhjhlehõg a ga l ug shgdhelta. Jl fxhstfgehl df dfjfcldas df pfrsaglj a df ug eakhtè df fkprfsl
dfpfgdf dfj gðkfra df trlol`ldarfs quf blyl fg fj efgtra df trlolà.
 ±\uè fs fj eagvfgha eajfethva y què rfcujl1
Fj eagvfgha eajfethva fs ug leufrda par fserhta jhorfkfgtf ldaptlda fgtrf jas rfprfsfgtlgtfs df jas
trlol`ldarfs y jas fkprfslrhas plrl rfcujlr jls eagdhehagfs df trlolà, jl praduethvhdld y jl plz jloarlj,
rfspftlgda shfkprf jas dfrfebas këghkas fstlojfehdas par jls garkls df rlgca supfrhar.
±ûfdf fstlojfefr ljca dhmfrfgtf l ja rfeachda fg fj Fstltuta df jas Trlol`ldarfs1
Jas eagvfghas eajfethvas pufdfg kfàrlr jls eagdhehagfs jloarljfs fstlojfehdls fg fj Fstltuta df jas
Trlol`ldarfs, pfra gugel fkpfarlrjls.
±âr què
juclr fg fstf elsa
dfj Fstltuta sf Trlol`ldarfs1
df jas thfgfg fg eufgtl jas dëls df pfrkhsa quf fstlojfef fj eagvfgha eajfethva, fg
ârquf kfàrl jls eagdhehagfs fstlojfehdls fg fj Fstltuta df jas Trlol`ldarfs.
 ±Eõka sf arclghzlrì jl rfprfsfgtlehõg df jas trlol`ldarfs fg jl fkprfsl df Hslofj, blorì Eakhtè df
fkprfsl1
fkprfsl1
Eaka jl fkprfsl thfgf 6> a kìs trlol`ldarfs, jl rfprfsfgtlehõg ughtlrhl sf f`frefrì l trlvès dfj eakhtè
df fkprfsl, euyl eakpashehõg dfpfgdf dfj gðkfra df trlol`ldarfs fg jl fkprfsl a efgtra df trlolà.
Fg fstf elsa, jl fkprfsl thfgf <?> trlol`ldarfs, sfcðg fj FT, sh jl fkprfsl thfgf df <>< l ?6>
trlol`ldarfs, blorì 8 rfprfsfgtlgtfs df jas trlol`ldarfs fg fj eakhtè df fkprfsl.
<. Hgdhel fj thpa df rfprfsfgtlehõg ughtlrhl quf dfofrëlg tfgfr jls shcuhfgtfs fkprfsls0
- Vgl plpfjfrël eag 2 trlol`ldarfs.
Uh jas trlol`ldarfs dfehdfg par klyarël tfgfr ug dfjfclda df pfrsaglj, padrìg tfgfrja, df markl
vajugtlrhl.
- Vgl oauthquf eag ?? trlol`ldarfs.
Fs aojhcltarhl jl prfsfgehl df ug dfjfclda df pfrsaglj.
- Vgas crlgdfs ljklefgfs eag <>> trlol`ldarfs.
Jl rfprfsfgtlehõg eajfethvl ughtlrhl sf f`frefrì l trlvès dfj eakhtè df fkprfsl, quf fstlrì
eakpufsta par 6 khfkoras.
- Vg supfrkfrelda eag ? 4>> trlol`ldarfs.
Jl rfprfsfgtlehõg eajfethvl ughtlrhl sf f`frefrì l trlvès dfj eakhtè df fkprfsl, quf eagtlrì eag jas
shcuhfgtfs khfkoras0
― âr jas prhkfras < >>> trlol`ldarfs0 ?< khfkoras.
― âr jas shcuhfgtfs < >>> trlol`ldarfs0 ? khfkoras kìs.
― âr jl mrleehõg df < >>> (4>> trlol`ldarfs)0 ? khfkoras kìs.
Tatlj khfkoras dfj eakhtè df fkprfsl0 ?6 khfkoras.

=3


?. ±ûfdfg lmhjhlrsf l ug shgdhelta ug trlol`ldar lutõgaka, ug fxtrlg`fra, ug mugehaglrha, ug plrlda y ug

pajheël1
pajheël1
 Vg trlol`ldar lutõgaka pufdf lmhjhlrsf l ug shgdhelta, sh ga thfgf trlol`ldarfs l su sfrvheha.
 Vg fxtrlg`fra pufdf lmhjhlrsf l ug shgdhelta.
 Vg mugehaglrha pufdf lmhjhlrsf l ug shgdhelta, sljva jas ùfefs, klchstrldas y mhseljfs.
 Vg plrlda pufdf lmhjhlrsf l ug shgdhelta.
 Vg pajheël pfrtfgfef l jls mufrzls df sfcurhdld df elrìetfr ga khjhtlr, euyl lmhjhlehõg sf rhcf par ugl
garklthvl fspfeëmhel, jl Jfy Arcìghel ?/<82=, df <5 df klrza, df Mufrzls y Eufrpas df Ufcurhdld,
quf fg su lrtëeuja <2 dhetlkhgl quf0 Jas khfkoras dfj Eufrpa Glehaglj df âjheël thfgfg dfrfeba l
eagsthtuhr arclghzlehagfs shgdheljfs df ìkohta glehaglj plrl jl dfmfgsl df sus hgtfrfsfs
pramfshagljfs, lsë eaka
eaka fj df lm
lmhjhlrsf
hjhlrsf l jls khskls
khskls y l plrthehplr lethvlkfgtf fg fjjls
fjjls fg jas tèrkhgas
tèrkhgas
prfvhstas fg fstl Jfy.
Jfy.
Jas khfkoras dfj Eufrpa Glehaglj df âjheël saja padrìg lmhjhlrsf l arclghzlehagfs shgdheljfs
markldls fxejushvlkfgtf par khfkoras dfj prapha Eufrpa. Dhebls arclghzlehagfs ga padrìg
mfdfrlrsf a eagmfdfrlrsf
eagmfdfrlrsf eag atrls quf,
quf, l su vfz, ga fstèg hgtfcrldls fxejushvlkfgtf
fxejushvlkfgtf par
par khfkoras
dfj rfmfrhda Eufrpa. Ga aostlgtf, padrìg marklr plrtf df arclghzlehagfs hgtfrglehagljfs df su
khska elrìetfr.
âr ja tlgta, jas mugehaglrhas dfj Eufrpa Glehaglj df âjheël saja padrìg lmhjhlrsf l arclghzlehagfs
shgdheljfs markldls fxejushvlkfgtf par khfkoras dfj prapha Eufrpa. Dhebls arclghzlehagfs ga
padrìg mfdfrlrsf a eagmfdfrlrsf eag atrls quf, l su vfz, ga fstèg hgtfcrldls fxejushvlkfgtf par
khfkoras dfj rfmfrhda Eufrpa. Ga aostlgtf, padrìg marklr plrtf df arclghzlehagfs hgtfrglehagljfs
df su khska elrìetfr.
Jls arclghzlehagfs shgdheljfs jfcljkfgtf eagsthtuhdls tfgdrìg dfrfeba l markujlr prapufstls y
fjfvlr hgmarkfs a dhrhchr pfthehagfs l jls lutarhdldfs eakpftfgtfs, lsë eaka l astfgtlr jl
rfprfsfgtlehõg df sus lmhjhldas lgtf jas õrclgas eakpftfgtfs df jl Ldkhghstrlehõg ^ðojhel.
LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. <>6
5. Ejlshmhel eaka lcrfshvas, lsfrthvas a plshvas

pls hvas jas shcuhfgtfs eakpartlkhfgtas0
- Taga df vaz lrraclgtf, slreìsthea, eagdfsefgdhfgtf. Lcrfshva
Lcrfshva
- Klgas gfrvhasls, bakoras elëdas y kavhkhfgtas erhspldas. LcrfshvaLcrfshva
- Elofzl ljtl y eagtleta vhsulj. Lcrfshva
Lcrfshva
- Bakoras fgeachdas. ^lshva.
^lshva.
-- Taga
Klgas dfrfjl`ldls.
vaz kadujlda. Lsfrthva
Lsfrthva
- Vthjhzlr fj dfda leusldar. Lcrfshva
Lcrfshva
- Khrlr blehl lolà. ^lshva.
^lshva.
- Blojlr kuy ljta. Lcrfshva.
Lcrfshva.
- L kuy earta pjlza, eagshcuf eulgta quhfrf, pfra l jlrca pjlza pufdf sfgthr sajfdld. Lcrfshva
Lcrfshva
- t f vljf...¹, «shfkprf hculj…¹. Lcrfshva
Vthjhzlr fxprfshagfs eaka «par tu eujpl...¹, «kìs tf Lcrfshva
- ^rfcugtlr0 « ±\uè phfgsls1¹, « ±què tf plrfef1¹, « ±tð què aphgls1¹. Lsfrthva
4. _fljhzl ug trlolà df hgvfsthclehõg saorf fj praefsa df gfcaehlehõg y sajuehõg df eagmjhetas quf sf

hgejuyf fg fj eagvfgha eajfethva lpjhelojf l tu ìkohta pramfshaglj. ^lrl fjja, fstudhl jas shcuhfgtfs
lspfetas0
- ±Euìjfs sag jls plrtfs quf blg plrthehplda fg su gfcaehlehõg1
- ±Uf prfvè dfgtra dfj eagvfgha eajfethva jl erflehõg df ugl eakhshõg plrhtlrhl1 Uh jl rfspufstl fs
lmhrklthvl, fxpjhel
- ±Uf fstlojfefg sus mugehagfs.
ejìusujls df plz jloarlj1 Uh jl rfspufstl fs lmhrklthvl, hgdhel euìjfs.

=2


Jas ljukgas dfofrìg ouselr fg fj eagvfgha eajfethva quf jfs hgdhquf fj pramfsar/l jas
ja s lspfetas rfjlehagldas
eag jl gfcaehlehõg dfj eagvfgha eajfethva y eag jls kfdhdls df rfsajuehõg df eagmjhetas quf sf hgdhqufg fg
fj eagvfgha.
6. Hgdhel què fs jl fstrltfchl y què fjfkfgtas hgtfrvhfgfg fg fjjl, fxpjhelgda fg què eagshstfg.
<. Jl rfprfsfgtlehõg eajfethvl df jas trlol`ldarfs0
d) Jl rfprfsfgtlehõg eajfethvl ughtlrhl sf fmfetðl l trlvès df jas dfjfcldas df pfrsaglj y fj eakhtè df fkprfsl.
?. Ufüljl jl rfspufstl earrfetl0
d) Ghgcugl df jls lgtfrharfs fs earrfetl.
e) Jas dfjfcldas df pfrsaglj thfgfg dfrfeba l rrfehohr hgmarklehõg saorf jl shtulehõg feagõkhel df jl fkprfsl,
jl fvajuehõg praolojf dfj fkpjfa, jls slgehagfs, fj ëgdhef df losfgthska, fte.
4. Fg elsa df bufjcl0
o) Jas eagtrltas qufdlg fg suspfgsa.

o) Durlgtf fj ehfrrf pltraglj, jas trlol`ldarfs ga eaorlg su sljlrha.
=. Fj fsmufrza eaardhglda df sus eakpagfgtfs sf eagaef eaka…
o) Uhgfrchl.
3. Df jls shcuhfgtfs elrletfrësthels, ±euìjfs sf pufdfg ltrhouhr l jas fquhpas df trlolà1
o) Ao`fthva eakðg.
2. ±Eõka sf jjlkl fj praefdhkhfgta df rfsajuehõg df eagmjhetas dagdf ug tfrefra gfutrlj, quf blef df tfsthca,
gh rfsufjvf gh prapagf ugl sajuehõg, shga quf hgvhtl l jl plrtfs l blefrja1
o) Eagehjhlehõg.
8. Jl ftlpl df jl gfcaehlehõg fg jl quf sf tlgtfl l jl atrl plrtf sf eagaef eaka…

e) Takl df eagtleta.
=8


<>. Fj jëkhtf df rupturl fg jl gfcaehlehõg fs…

d) Ao`fthva këghka l eagsfcuhr.
LETH]HDLDFU MHGLJFU-^ÌC. <>8

<. ±Eõka sf arclghzlrì jl rfprfsfgtlehõg eajfethvl ughtlrhl fg ugl fkprfsl eag <?> trlol`ldarfs y fg atrl
eag ? 5?6 trlol`ldarfs1
Vgl fkprfsl eag <?> trlol`ldarfs f`frefrì jl rfprfsfgtlehõg eajfethvl ughtlrhl l trlvès dfj eakhtè df fkprfsl,
euyl eakpashehõg sfrì df 8 rfprfsfgtlgtfs df jas trlol`ldarfs.
Fg ugl fkprfsl eag ?5?6 trlol`ldarfs, jl rfprfsfgtlehõg eajfethvl ughtlrhl tlkohèg sf f`frefrì l trlvès dfj
eakhtè df fkprfsl, quf eagtlrì eag jas shcuhfgtfs khfkoras0
― âr jas prhkfras < >>> trlol`ldarfs0 ?< khfkoras.
― âr jas shcuhfgtfs < >>> trlol`ldarfs0 ? khfkoras kìs.
― âr jl mrleehõg df < >>> (5?6 trlol`ldarfs)0 ? khfkoras kìs.
Tatlj khfkoras dfj eakhtè df fkprfsl0 ?6 khfkoras.
?. Fg ug efgtra df trlolà df 5>>
5 >> trlol`ldarfs, jl fkprfsl dfehdf trlsjldlr l atra efgtra shtulda fg Kfjhjjl
l ug dfjfclda df pfrsaglj, fspfehljkfgtf rfhvhgdhelthva, l pfslr df quf bly atras trlol`ldarfs df su
khskl eltfcarël pramfshaglj l jas quf padrël trlsjldlr. ±Fs earrfetl jl letulehõg dfj fkprfslrha1
Ga fs earrfetl jl letulehõg df jl
j l fkprfsl parquf jas dfjfcldas df pfrsaglj thfgfg prharhdld df pfrklgfgehl
fg fj efgtra df trlolà, eag rfspfeta l jas dfkìs trlol`ldarfs, fg elsa df quf sfl gfefslrha rfljhzlr ljcðg
trlsjlda.
5. ±\uè dhmfrfgehl bly fgtrf ug dfjfclda shgdhelj y ug dfjfclda df pfrsaglj1
Fj dfjfclda df pfrsaglj rfprfsfgtl lj eajfethva df trlol`ldarfs df ugl fkprfsl, eag hgdfpfgdfgehl df su
lmhjhlehõg a ga l ug shgdhelta. Jl fxhstfgehl df dfjfcldas df pfrsaglj a df ug eakhtè df fkprfsl dfpfgdf
dfj gðkfra df trlol`ldarfs quf blyl fg fj efgtra df trlolà.
Jas dfjfcldas shgdheljfs rfprfsfgtlg l jls sfeehagfs shgdheljfs, fg jls
j ls fkprfsls a efgtras df trlolà, dagdf
blyl kìs df ?6> trlol`ldarfs (euljquhfrl sfl su eagtrlta). Uag fjfchdas par y fgtrf jas trlol`ldarfs df fsl
fkprfsl, lmhjhldas lj shgdhelta earrfspagdhfgtf.
Jas lmhjhldas l ug khska shgdhelta, quf trlol`fg fg ugl khskl fkprfsl thfgfg dfrfeba l marklr sfeehagfs
shgdheljfs, fg su fkprfsl a fg su efgtra df trlolà, df kada quf, fg ugl fkprfsl padrìg fxhsthr tlgtls
sfeehagfs shgdheljfs, eaka shgdheltas fstèg hkpjlgtldas fg jl khskl.
Jl rfprfsfgtlehõg ughtlrhl f`fref sus eakpftfgehls saorf jl tatljhdld df jas trlol`ldarfs df jl fkprfsl a
efgtra df trlolà9 fg elkoha, jl rfprfsfgtlehõg shgdhelj dfslrrajjl sus mugehagfs saja rfspfeta df jas lmhjhldas
lj shgdhelta df quf sf trltf.
Thfgfg jls khskls clrlgtëls pfra ga jls khskls eakpftfgehls0
Jas dfjfcldas df pfrsaglj thfgfg jls shcuhfgtfs eakpftfgehls0
 _fehohr hgmarklehõg saorf0
― Jl shtulehõg feagõkhel df jl fkprfsl y fj sfetar lj quf pfrtfgfef.
― Jl fvajuehõg praolojf dfj fkpjfa (prfvhshõg df gufvas eagtrltas, dfsphdas, elsas df
suoeagtrltlehõg...).
― Jl eagtlohjhdld df jl fkprfsl.
― Tadls jls slgehagfs hkpufstls par mljtls eagshdfrldls kuy crlvfs.
― Fj ëgdhef df losfgthska df jl pjlgthjjl y sus elusls.
― Jas ëgdhefs df leehdfgtfs df trlolà y fgmfrkfdldfs pramfshagljfs y sus eagsfeufgehls, jas ëgdhefs
df shghfstrljhdld.
― Jas fstudhas pfrhõdheas a fspfehljfs dfj kfdha lkohfgtf jloarlj y jas kfelghskas df prfvfgehõg
quf sf uthjhefg.
 _fspfeta l jas eagtrltas0
― _fehohr jl eaphl oìshel df jas eagtrltas y jl gathmhelehõg df jls prõrracls, fg fj pjlza df dhfz dëls.

3>


― Eagaefr jas kadfjas df eagtrlta df trlolà fserhtas quf sf uthjhzlg fg jl fkprfsl, lsë eaka df jas
daeukfgtas rfjlthvas lj mhg df jl rfjlehõg jloarlj.
 Fkhthr ug hgmarkf, lgtfs df quf fj fkprfslrha f`feutf sus dfehshagfs, saorf0
― _ffstrueturlehagfs df pjlgthjjl, dfsphdas a suspfgshagfs eagtrletuljfs.
― _fdueehagfs df àrgldl a trlsjldas tatljfs a plrehljfs df jls hgstljlehagfs.
― ^jlgfs df marklehõg pramfshaglj df jl fkprfsl.
― Hkpjlgtlehõg a rfvhshõg df shstfkls df arclghzlehõg y eagtraj dfj trlolà.
― Fstudha df thfkpas, shstfkls df prhkls a hgefgthvas y vljarlehõg df pufstas df trlolà.
― Eulgda jl fkprfsl vlyl l rfljhzlr ugl mushõg, losarehõg a kadhmhelehõg df su stltus ùrëdhea quf
lmfetf lj vajukfg df trlol`ldarfs eagtrltldas.
 ]hchjlr quf sf eukpjlg jls garkls vhcfgtfs fg kltfrhl jloarlj, df Ufcurhdld Uaehlj y fkpjfa.
 ]hchjlr y eagtrajlr jls eagdhehagfs df sfcurhdld f bhchfgf fg jl fkprfsl.
 ^lrthehplr, eaka sf dftfrkhgf par eagvfgha eajfethva, fg jl cfsthõg df aorls saehljfs fstlojfehdls fg jl
fkprfsl fg ofgfmheha df jas trlol`ldarfs a df sus mlkhjhlrfs.
 Eajloarlr eag jl dhrfeehõg df jl fkprfsl plrl eagsfcuhr quf sf jjfvfg l eloa jls kfdhdls takldls plrl
fj klgtfghkhfgta y fj hgerfkfgta df jl praduethvhdld, sfcðg ja pletlda fg jas eagvfghas eajfethvas.
 Hgmarklr l sus rfprfsfgtldas df tadas jas tfkls df hgtfrès.
Jas dfjfcldas shgdheljfs thfgfg dfrfeba l0
 Leefdfr l jl khskl hgmarklehõg quf fj fkprfslrha praparehagl lj eakhtè df fkprfsl (par tlgta, jfs
 earrfspagdf fj khska dfofr

Lshsthr l jls rfughagfs df shchja
dfj eakhtè dfpramfshaglj).
fkprfsl y df jas õrclgas hgtfrgas df prfvfgehõg df rhfscas
jloarljfs.
 Ufr aëdas par jl fkprfsl lgtfs df quf fstl ldaptf kfdhdls df elrìetfr eajfethva, dfsphdl a slgehagf l
euljquhfr trlol`ldar.
4. Daef trlol`ldarfs df ugl fkprfsl hgtfcrldl par 4?> fkpjfldas dfehdfg lmhjhlrsf l ug khska shgdhelta.
±ûfdfg marklr sfeehagfs shgdheljfs y fjfchr ug dfjfclda shgdhelj1 ±Uf pufdf dfspfdhr l ug dfjfclda
shgdhelj1 ±âr què1
Fstas trlol`ldarfs padrìg marklr ugl sfeehõg shgdhelj, sh lsë ja dfsflg. Tlkohèg padrìg fjfchr ug dfjfclda
shgdhelj, lj fstlr trlol`lgda fg ugl fkprfsl eag kìs df ?6> trlol`ldarfs.
6. _aofrta fs pfjuqufra, trlol`l eaka lutõgaka y, fg su tljjfr, thfgf l su sfrvheha l ? trlol`ldarfs.
±ûfdf _aofrta lmhjhlrsf l ug shgdhelta1 ±X jas lutõgakas l su sfrvheha1
_aofrta ga pufdf lmhjhlrsf l ug shgdhelta parquf thfgf trlol`ldarfs l elrca, fg elkoha jas lutõgakas l su
sfrvheha, së pufdfg blefrja.
=. Vgl fkprfsl thfgf quf trlsjldlr l <> trlol`ldarfs df su efgtra df Eìdhz (eag <6 trlol`ldarfs) l su
efgtra df Jl Earuül par kathvas feagõkheas. Fgtrf jas trlol`ldarfs trlsjldldas dfehdf hgejuhr l su
dfjfclda df pfrsaglj. ±Fs earrfeta1
Ga, jas dfjfcldas df pfrsaglj thfgfg prharhdld df pfrklgfgehl fg jl fkprfsl a efgtra df trlolà rfspfeta
df jas dfkìs trlol`ldarfs, fg jas elsas df suspfgshõg a fxthgehõg df eagtrltas par elusls feagõkhels. Fg
fstf elsa, lðg pufdf trlsjldlr l atras trlol`ldarfs lgtfs quf l èj.
3. Fg ugl fkprfsl hgtfcrldl par <>> trlol`ldarfs, ?> df sus khfkoras arclghzlg ugl rfughõg plrl vatlr
sh eagvaelg a ga ugl bufjcl, eag fj ao`fthva df pfdhr ug lukfgta df sufjda. Eagshdfrlg quf fj sljlrha
leardlda par fj eagvfgha eajfethva, lðg vhcfgtf, fs kuy olà fg jl letuljhdld (l pfslr df quf sf bl hda
lukfgtlgda eagmarkf lj HÊ, tlj y eaka sf pletõ fg fj prapha eagvfgha). ±ûfdfg fstas trlol`ldarfs
eagvaelr ugl bufjcl sh lsë sf dfehdf fg jl rfughõg eagvaeldl1 ±Fs vìjhda fj kathva par fj eulj quhfrfg hr l
jl bufjcl1
Fstas trlol`ldarfs ga pufdfg eagvaelr ugl bufjcl parquf saja pufdfg blefrja0
 Jas rfprfsfgtlgtfs df jas trlol`ldarfs.

Jas trlol`ldarfs, lmfetldas par fj eagmjheta, eulgda fj ?6 % df jl pjlgthjjl dfehdl sakftfr l vatlehõg
dheba leufrda. Fg fstf elsa ?> trlol`ldarfs ga jjfclg lj ?6 % rfqufrhda.

3<


Fj kathva par fj eulj quhfrfg hr l jl bufjcl ga fs vìjhda, yl quf quhfrfg ljtfrlr fj eagtfghda df ug eagvfgha
eajfethva lðg vhcfgtf.
2. Fgtrl fg jl pìchgl wfo dfj Khghstfrha df Fkpjfa y Ufcurhdld Uaehlj
(:www.fkpjfa.cao.fs/fs/sfeQtrlolà/eegee/@QKGE/
(:www.fkpjfa.cao.fs/fs/sfeQtrlolà/eegee/@ QKGE/ hgdfx.btk7) plrl vhshtlr y eagaefr su bfrrlkhfgtl
plrl jl oðsqufdl df eagvfghas eajfethvas.
e ajfethvas.
Jl mhgljhdld df fstl lethvhdld fs eagsfcuhr quf jas ljukgas eagazelg pìchgls wfo amhehljfs y mhlojfs, dagdf
pufdfg fgeagtrlr eagvfghas eajfethvas y quf lprfgdlg l klgf`lrjls y fgeagtrlr ja quf jfs hgtfrfsl.
8. Df jls shcuhfgtfs shtulehagfs, hgdhel euìjfs sag praphls df jas fquhpas df trlolà quf mugehaglg
fmhehfgtfkfgtf0
Jls shcuhfgtfs shtulehagfs blefg quf jas fquhpas df trlolà mugehagfg fmhehfgtfkfgtf0
• Jas hgtfcrlgtfs plrthehplg df markl rflj y trlol`lg df markl eaardhgldl.
• Jas khfkoras dfj crupa thfgfg ug raj dftfrkhglda plrl ljelgzlr ugas mhgfs eagerftas y eagaehdas par
tadas.
Tlgta jl shtulehõg fg dagdf jas trlol`ldarfs rfljhzlg su trlolà plrl eukpjhr ugas ao`fthvas pfrsagljfs, shg
tfgfr fg eufgtl fj ao`fthva eakðg y jl quf hgdhel quf jl fstrueturl `frìrquhel fs kuy rëchdl, fg dagdf jas
`fmfs ardfglg y jas fkpjfldas
fkpjfldas sf jhkhtlg l aofdfefr, ga sag elrletfrësth
elrletfrësthels
els plrl quf ug fquhpa df trlol`
trlolà
a
mugehagf.
<<. ±\uè fs fj eakpartlkhfgta lsfrthva1 âg ug plr df f`fkpjas df lsfrthvhdld.
Fj eakpartlkhfgta lsfrthva fs jl blohjhdld df fxprfslr dhrfetl, lohfrtl y bagfstlkfgtf jas pfgslkhfgtas,

sfgthkhfgtas y erffgehls praphas, pfra rfspftlgda l jas dfkìs.
F`fkpja <0 Vg eakplüfra df trlolà df`l shfkprf su kltfrhlj df trlolà thrlda fgehkl df tu kfsl. ^lrl
sajuehaglr fstf eagmjheta df markl lsfrthvl blorël quf fxpjhelrjf jl shtulehõg l tu eakplüfra, jufca bly quf
hgdhelr euìjfs sag tus sfgthkhfgta lj rfspfta, par f`fkpja quf tf kajfstl kueba a quf tf blef sfgthr
hgeõkada. âr ðjthka bly quf prapagfr ugl eagduetl
eagduetl ldfeuldl, quf fg fstf el elsa
sa fs jl df pagfr fj
kltfrhlj eajaelda fg su shtha y lelolr hgdhelgda jls eagsfeufgehls pashthvls dfj elkoha df eagduetl, eaka
pufdf sfr quf blef kìs mìehj fj trlolà l tadas.
F`fkpja ?0 Fg ugl eakhdl df trlolà, jl eakhdl quf tf shrvf fg fj rfstlurlgtf fstì mrël. Letulr df markl
lsfrthvl fs jjlklr lj elklrfra y, pfdhrjf par mlvar quf ja eljhfgtf, khrìgdajf l jas aàs y eag ugl sagrhsl
lklojf.
<?. Hgdhel jls eagsfeufgehls dfj eagmjheta ohfg klgf`lda y dfj quf ga sf cfsthagl df ugl markl earrfetl.
Uh sf klgf`l ldfeuldlkfgtf, fj eagmjheta sf pufdf khghkhzlr,

k hghkhzlr, rfeagduehrsf y rfsajvfrsf eagshcuhfgda,
fgtrf atras, jas shcuhfgtfs rfsujtldas pashthvas0
 Fsthkujl jl erflthvhdld y jls gufvls hdfls.
 ^rakufvf jas elkohas, fj erfehkhfgta y fj lprfgdhzl`f.
 Hgvajuerl lj pfrsaglj fg jl sajuehõg df eagmjhetas.
 Eagtrhouyf l quf jls pfrsagls sf eagazelg kfàr y lyudl l lukfgtlr jl ughõg y jl eaapfrlehõg
fgtrf fjjls.
 Eagduef l ugl eakughelehõg kìs lutègthel.
Uhg fkolrca, sh fj eagmjheta ga sf cfsthagl ldfeuldlkfgtf, pufdf dftfrharlr jl eaapfrlehõg, jl
eakughelehõg, jls ùrëdheas.
y aelshagl clstas rfjlehagfs fgtrf jls pfrsagls y fj trlolà fg fquhpa. Tlkohèg dhskhguyf jl praduethvhdld

3?


<5. ±\uè aeurrf eulgda fj jëkhtf df sljhdl y fj jëkhtf df rupturl df jas gfcaehldarfs ga eahgehdfg1
Jas jëkhtfs df sljhdl sag fj ao`fthva kìxhka l eagsfcuhr fg jl gfcaehlehõg y fj jëkhtf df rupturl fs fj
ao`fthva këghka quf sf thfgf quf eagsfcuhr. Jas gfcaehldarfs dfofg dfjhkhtlr lkoas, y sh fstas ga
eahgehdfg jl gfcaehlehõg sf rakpf y ga bly pashohjhdld df leufrda.
KVGDA JLOA_LJ FG FJ EHGF-^ÌC. <>8
Garkl _lf.
Fsefgl <? (khguta 4?)0 Dhseursa saorf fj shcghmhelda df pfrtfgfefr l ug shgdhelta. ±\uè vljarfs sf

dfstlelg1
Jas vljarfs quf sf dfstlelg sag jas shcuhfgtfs0
Uag pfrsagls juebldarls, quf dfmhfgdfg jas hgtfrfsfs df jas
 ja s trlol`ldarfs.
Hdfljhstls.

Eakprakfthdas, eag vajugtld df trlol`lr plrl quf fj shgdhelta klrebf ldfjlgtf.


Fgtushlstls.

Ljtruhstls.

]ljhfgtfs.

Kathvldarfs.

Uajhdlrhas, lpaya, eakprfgshõg kutul, eakplüfrhska.



Lusfgehl df rlehska.
_fuofg thfgf blohjhdldfs eakughelthvls y datfs df jhdfrlzca. Ufrël dfsflojf quf jas

shgdheljhstls mufrlg pfrsagls fkpìthels, lsfrthvls, eag elplehdld df gfcaehlr. Tada fjja, sag
blohjhdldfs quf sf pufdfg lprfgdfr, trlol`ìgdajls fg klyar a kfgar kfdhdl, sfcðg eldl
pfrsagl.
 Fsefgl ?6 (< barl y ?< khgutas)0 lrthklül df jl fkprfsl plrl fgmrfgtlr l jas trlol`ldarfs. ±\uè
lrthklül fs1
Jl lrthklül quf uthjhzl jl fkprfsl fs eajclr ugl gatl fg fj tlojõg df lgugehas, plrl blefr eerffr
rffr quf
jas trlol`ldarfs gfcras quhfrfg blefrsf jas lkas dfj shgdhelta y quf ja vajvfrìg eagtrl fjjas.
Eulgda Garkl sf ja eufgtl l _fuofg, fj shgdheljhstl eagshdfrl quf bl shda ug frrar par plrtf df jl
fkprfsl parquf lbarl pufdfg qufrfjjlrsf eagtrl fjjas yl quf thfgfg prufols. ^fra Garkl ga bl
padhda eaphlr tada fj tfxta, ja quf fgmldl l _fuofg, yl quf fs jl crlg apartughdld dfj shgdhelta plrl
jueblr eag jl fkprfsl. Garkl slel earl`f y sf fgmrfgtl l sus pltragas.
 Fsefgl ?= (< barl y ?6 khgutas)0 juebl y dfsphda df Garkl _lf. ±\uè vljarfs kufstrl Garkl fg
fstls fsefgls1
Garkl kufstrl vljfgtël, earl`f, eabfrfgehl fg sus prhgehphas, fs elplz df jjfclr blstl fj mhglj (fj
dfsphda) fg jl dfmfgsl df sus hdfls.
Fkphfzlg l slelr mljtls l Garkl plrl lkfdrfgtlrjl (par f`fkpja, jf leuslg df jjlklr par tfjèmaga
fg jls barls df trlolà), eaka vfg quf fjjl ga sf lsustl, jl dfsphdfg y eaka sf ghfcl l hrsf dfj
trlolà, jl jjfvlg l jl eìrefj (leusìgdajl df ljtfrlr fj ardfg).
Fg jl fsefgl ?=, kufstrl jas shcuhfgtfs vljarfs0
― Elplehdld df eakprakhsa.
― Mhdfjhdld l sus hdfljfs.
― Eagvheehõg.
― ]ljfgtël y earl`f.
^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL <-^ÌC. <<>
Fj eagvfgha eajfethva
35


<. ±Euìj fs fj ìkohta mugehaglj, tfrrhtarhlj, pfrsaglj y tfkparlj dfj eagvfgha eajfethva lpjhelojf fg jl
fkprfsl df Gltljhl1
Fj ìkohta mugehaglj dfj eagvfgha eajfethva eagshstf fg rfcujlr jls eagdhehagfs df trlolà df tadls jls
fkprfsls, euljquhfrl quf sfl jl markl ùrëdhel quf ldaptfg, euyl lethvhdld sfl jl df0
 ^fjuqufrëls.
 Hgsthtutas df ofjjfzl y clohgftfs df fstèthel.
 Uljagfs df klgheurl, pfdheurl y dfphjlehõg.
 Fstlojfehkhfgtas df olüas, slugls y chkglshas.
 Lshkhska, qufdl eakprfgdhda fg fstf Eagvfgha fj pfrsaglj quf prfstf mugehagfs elrletfrësthels df
fstls lethvhdldfs fg slgltarhas, eajfchas, eëreujas df rferfa, batfjfs, oljgflrhas, fspfetìeujas
pðojheas, ejëghels, fte., sljva quf dheba pfrsaglj fstuvhfsf hgejuhda fg atras eagvfghas eajfethvas quf
lmfetfg eag elrìetfr cfgfrlj l jls fkprfsls df quhfgfs dfpfgdfg.
Fj ìkohta tfrrhtarhlj dfj prfsfgtf Eagvfgha sfrì tada fj tfrrhtarha dfj Fstlda fsplüaj. Lshkhska, sf lpjhelrì
df leufrda eag jls rfcjls fspfeëmhels quf fg èj sf fstlojfefg, l jas trlol`ldarfs eagtrltldas fg Fsplül lj
sfrvheha df fkprfsls fsplüajls fg fj fxtrlg`fra.
Fj ìkohta pfrsaglj (fs dfehr quhèg sf rhcf par fj prfsfgtf Eagvfgha) sag tadas jas trlol`ldarfs shg fxejushagfs
y tadas jas fkprfslrhas, tlgta sh sag pfrsagls mëshels eaka ùrëdhels, hgejuhdas fg jas ìkohtas mugehaglj y
tfrrhtarhlj fstlojfehdas fg jas lrtëeujas lgtfrharfs.
Fj ìkohta df lpjhelehõg tfkparlj sfrì dfsdf fj dël df su fgtrldl fg vhcar, fj < df fgfra df ?><4, sfl eulj
mufrl su mfebl df puojhelehõg fg fj «Oajftëg Amhehlj dfj Fstlda¹ y klgtfgdrì su vhcfgehl blstl fj 5< df
dhehfkorf df ?><3.
?. Eakplrl jls jhefgehls df fstf eagvfgha eag jls dfj Fstltuta df jas Trlol`ldarfs, ±què sf lpjhelrì fg fj
elsa df Gltljhl, fj eagvfgha eajfethva a fj Fstltuta df jas Trlol`ldarfs1
^rfsfgtlkas l eagthgulehõg ugl tlojl eakplrlthvl df jls jhefgehls quf sf fstlojfefg fg fj lrt. ?6.< dfj
eagvfgha eajfethva df Gltljhl y fj Fstltuta df jas Trlol`ldarfs0
Eagvfgha eajfethva Fstltuta df jas Trlol`ldarfs

Kltrhkagha0 ?> dëls Kltrhkagha0 <6 dëls
Trlsjlda df dakhehjha blohtulj0 ? dëls Trlsjlda df dakhehjha blohtulj0 ? dëls
Lsugtas praphas0 4 dëls Lsugtas praphas0 Ga sf rfcujlg fg fj FT
Eaka sf pufdf aosfrvlr, fj eagvfgha eajfethva kfàrl fj pfrkhsa par kltrhkagha (eagefdf 6 dëls kìs), df`l
hculj jl jhefgehl par trlsjlda df dakhehjha blohtulj y eagefdf 4 dëls par lsugtas praphas, quf ga sf rfeacfg
fg fj FT.
^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL ?-^ÌC. <<<
Dhgìkhels df crupa plrl makfgtlr fj trlolà fg fquhpa

Dhgìkhel <0 Eagaefr kfàr lj fquhpa
^lrl rfljhzlr fstl dhgìkhel sf thfgf quf dhspagfr df ? thpas df tlr`ftls, ugls df eajar lzuj y atrls vfrdf.
Df eldl eajar blorì ug gðkfra df tlr`ftls hculj quf df plrthehplgtfs. Ldfkìs, jas plrthehplgtfs thfgfg
quf uthjhzlr ug jìphz.
Uf rfplrtf l eldl plrthehplgtf ? tlr`ftls, eldl ugl df fjjls df dhmfrfgtf eajar.
- Fg jl tlr`ftl df eajar vfrdf, sf dhou`lrì eldl plrthehplgtf l së khska y fg fj lgvfrsa tfgdrìg quf
fserhohr 6 prhgehpljfs martljfzls.
- Fg jl tlr`ftl df eajar lzuj, sf fgukfrlg 6 elrletfrësthels pashthvls df atrls pfrsagls df jl ejlsf.
Ufcuhdlkfgtf, fj pramfsar a pramfsarl rfeacfrì tadls jls tlr`ftls,
t lr`ftls, quf sf vajvfrìg l rfplrthr shg quf l
gldhf jf taquf jl quf bl fserhta.

34


Fg fstl lethvhdld fs kuy hkpartlgtf jl jfeturl fg vaz ljca df jls tlr`ftls plrl lyudlr l jas plrthehplgtfs
plrtheh plgtfs l
rfmjfxhaglr saorf eõka eldl uga padrël kfàrlr fg mugehõg df jl vljarlehõg l`fgl.
Dhgìkhel ?0 ±Ulofkas eakughelrgas eag ejlrhdld1

Jl eakughelehõg buklgl pufdf sumrhr dhvfrsas praojfkls, quf pufdfg surchr fg euljquhfrl df jas
fjfkfgtas quf hgtfrvhfgfg fg fjjl, eaka pufdfg sfr fj fkhsar, rfefptar, kfgsl`f a elglj, eaka fs
jõchea.
^lrl rfljhzlr ug lgìjhshs df ja kìs hkpartlgtf df tadas fstas fjfkfgtas y, saorf tada, dfj mffdolei, sf
prapagf jl shcuhfgtf lethvhdld.
- Eakughelehõg shg mffdolei0 ug ljukga thfgf quf phgtlr fg ugl ba`l ug dhouà marklda par
mhcurls cfakètrhels, jëgfls, jftrls y eulgtas fjfkfgtas dfsff. Dfspuès, shg quf fj rfsta df jas
eakplüfras df ejlsf ja vflg y df fspljdls l fjjas, dfmhghrì eõka fs su dhouà, ga pufdf
eagtfstlr prfcugtls y ga pufdf rfpfthr jls fxpjhelehagfs.
Tadas jas dfkìs khfkoras df jl ejlsf dfofrìg dhou`lr fg ugl ba`l df plpfj jl mhcurl quf jfs fstì
fxpjhelgda su eakplüfra shcuhfgda sus hgstrueehagfs.
- Eakughelehõg eag mffdolei0 atra ljukga eag ug dhouà dhmfrfgtf, pfra tlkohèg marklda par
mhcurls cfakètrhels, jëgfls a jftrls fxpjhelrì l sus eakplüfras ja quf thfgfg quf dhou`lr. Fstl vfz
së pufdf eagtfstlr prfcugtls, earrfchr l sus eakplüfras y rfpfthr jls hgdhelehagfs l tadas sus
eakplüfras, quf hrìg dhou`lgda fg ugl ba`l df plpfj ja quf jfs fstì fxpjhelgda.
Jl pufstl fg eakðg pfrkhtf lprfehlr jls dhmfrfgehls fg uga u atra thpa df eakughelehõg y aotfgfr ugls
eakughelthva.
eagejushagfs fgtrf jas ljukgas saorf jl hkpartlgehl df jl rftraljhkfgtlehõg fg fj praefsa eakughelthva.

36


VGHDLD 30 Ufcurhdld y sljud fg fj trlolà
DFUEVO_F-^ÌC. <<5
±\uè
Jl lpartl fj
rfspufstl fstrlolà
jhorf, jllmhgljhdld
jls pfrsagls, ofgfmhehl
df fstl a pfrùdhel
prfcugtl suljukgas
fs quf jas sljud1 fkphfefg l rfmjfxhaglr saorf jas
ofgfmhehas y rhfscas dfj trlolà. L kada df f`fkpja sf pufdfg eagshdfrlr eaka lspfetas pashthvas y
gfclthvas dfj trlolà jas shcuhfgtfs0
Lspfetas pashthvas dfj trlolà Lspfetas gfclthvas dfj trlolà

^frkhtf hgcrfslr dhgfra ûfdf blofr rhfscas mësheas plrl jl sljud0 Cajpfs,
elëdls, raturls, fte.
Uf dfslrrajjlg jls elplehdldfs y blohjhdldfs praphls,
pfrkhthfgda jl lutarrfljhzlehõg ûfdf blofr rhfscas psheajõcheas plrl jl sljud0 fstrès,
ourg aut , fte.
Uf fgeufgtrlg lkhcas
Uf pufdf sumrhr leasa par plrtf df jas eakplüfras
Uf lprfgdfg easls gufvls
Uf pufdf elfr fg jl ruthgl
Uf dhsmrutl eag fj trlolà ohfg bfeba
Uf rfljhzlg fsmufrzas
 ±\uè shcghmhel «kìs vljf prfvfghr quf eurlr¹1 ±Uf± Uf pufdf lpjhelr lj kugda jloarlj1
Jl prfvfgehõg df rhfscas jloarljfs fs ug eagùgta df letulehagfs y kfdhdls fgelkhgldls l fvhtlr jl
lplrhehõg df shtulehagfs quf pufdlg pagfr fg pfjhcra jl hgtfcrhdld df jas trlol`ldarfs.
‚Kìs vljf prfvfghr quf eurlr‛ shcghmhel quf rfsujtl kìs eagvfghfgtf taklr tadls jls kfdhdls apartugls
plrl fvhtlr quf aeurrlg jas leehdfgtfs, plrl ja quf bly quf letulr lgtfs df quf suefdl fj klj. Fstl
fxprfshõg eahgehdf eag jas prhgehphas df prfvfgehõg dfj lrtëeuja <6 df jl Jfy 5</<886 df 2 df gavhfkorf, df
^rfvfgehõg df rhfscas jloarljfs0 ‚Fvhtlr jas rhfscas0 bly quf fjhkhglr tadas jas rhfscas quf sfl pashojf, shg
hkpartlr fj eastf‛
 ±Eõka pufdf Klrël prfvfghr ugl hrrhtlehõg df jl phfj par eagtleta eag praduetas quëkheas1
Klrël pufdf prfvfghr ugl hrrhtlehõg df jl phfj, uthjhzlgda culgtfs df jìtfx a df ghtrhja (fquhpas df
pratfeehõg hgdhvhdulj), quf sf lùstlg l jl klga y jf pfrkhtfg trlol`lr eõkadlkfgtf
eõkadlkfgtf y eag glturljhdld.
<. Ufüljl f`fkpjas lkohfgtldas fg fj kugda jloarlj plrl eldl uga df jas shcuhfgtfs elsas0
▮ Kljfstlr mëshea0 dajar df elofzl, gìusfls, dajarfs fg cfgfrlj, klrfas, vèrthcas, elgslgeha, eljlkorfs.
eljlkorfs.
▮ Kljfstlr kfgtlj0 ugl dfprfshõg, trhstfzl pramugdl, fstlr ‚qufklda‛, mljtl df kathvlehõg.
▮ Kljfstlr saehlj0 mljtl df lkhcas, sumrhr leasa par plrtf df jas eakplüfras.
?. Fgtrl fg jl pìchgl wfo df jl AKU y dfseuorf fstl arclghzlehõg dfpfgdhfgtf df jl AGV0
:bttp0//www.wba.hgt/fs7.
Jl mhgljhdld df fstl lethvhdld fs eagsfcuhr quf jas ljukgas eagazelg y vhshtfg jl pìchgl wfo amhehlj df jl
Arclghzlehõg Kugdhlj df jl Uljud, dfseuorlg eagtfghdas hgtfrfslgtfs plrl fjjas y lprfgdlg l dhsthgcuhr
dagdf pufdfg fgeagtrlr hgmarklehõg mhlojf fg hgtfrgft.
3=


LETH]HDLDFU-^ÌC. <<=
5. Hgdhel f`fkpjas df leehdfgtfs df trlolà quf pufdfg aelshaglr ugl kìquhgl tljldrldarl, catls df
lefhtf fsplrehdls par fj sufja, ugls fseljfrls shg olrlgdhjjl, ugl zagl eag fj tfeba olà (ugl ljturl df <,3>
k).
âshojfs f`fkpjas df leehdfgtfs df trlolà quf sf pufdfg aelshaglr eag kathva df0
 Vgl kìquhgl tljldrldarl pufdf aelshaglr quf fj trlol`ldar phfrdl fj fquhjhorha, sf elhcl y sf cajpff
eag jl praphl tljldrldarl, quf sh fstì mugehaglgda fg fsf kakfgta, padrël aelshaglrjf bfrhdls,
mrleturls a hgejusa lkputlehagfs.
 Vgls catls df lefhtf fsplrehdls par fj sufja, pufdf pravaelr quf ljcuhfg jls phsf, rfsoljf y sf elhcl,
aelshaglgda cajpfs, eagtushagfs, bfrhdls, fscuhgefs, dhsjaelehagfs a hgejusa mrleturls df bufsas.
 Vgls fseljfrls shg olrlgdhjjl pufdfg aelshaglr elëdls l dhsthgta ghvfj, pravaelgda cajpfs,
eagtushagfs, bfrhdls, fscuhgefs, dhsjaelehagfs a hgejusa mrleturls df bufsas.
 Vgl zagl eag fj tfeba olà (ugl ljturl df <,3> k) pufdf aelshaglr cajpfs fg jl elofzl, quf pufdf
tfgfr eaka eagsfeufgehl karltagfs, eagtushagfs a bfrhdls, quf sh sag kuy mufrtfs pufdfg blstl
pravaelr jl pèrdhdl df eagaehkhfgta.
4. ±\uè eagdhehagfs df tfkpfrlturl y bukfdld dfof blofr fg jas shcuhfgtfs pufstas df trlolà0 fg ugl
amhehgl, fg ugl elrphgtfrël dagdf sf rfljhzlg tlrfls df klrthjjfa, fg jas trlolàs df fgyfslda, plrl ug
eagduetar df tlxh a ug kaza df ljkleèg quf elrcl pfsa kadfrldlkfgtf1
 Amhehgl0 Uf trltl df trlolàs sfdfgtlrhas, par ja quf jl tfkpfrlturl dfof fstlr fgtrf <3°E y ?3°E. Jl
bukfdld fstlrì fgtrf fj 5> y fj 3> %, fxefpta fg jas jaeljfs dagdf fxhstlg rhfscas par fjfetrhehdld
fstìthel, fg jas quf fj jëkhtf hgmfrhar sfrì dfj 6> %.
 Elrphgtfrël dagdf sf rfljhzlg tlrfls df klrthjjfa0 Uf trltl df trlolàs jhcfras, par ja quf jl
tfkpfrlturl dfof fstlr fgtrf <4°E y ?6°E. Jl bukfdld fstlrì fgtrf fj 5> y fj 3> %, fxefpta fg jas
jaeljfs dagdf fxhstlg rhfscas par fjfetrhehdld fstìthel, fg jas quf fj jëkhtf hgmfrhar sfrì dfj 6> %.
 Trlolàs df fgyfslda0 Uf trltl df trlolàs
trlolà s jhcfras, par ja quf jl tfkpfrlturl dfof fstlr fgtrf <4°E
y ?6°E. Jl bukfdld fstlrì fgtrf fj 5> y fj 3> %, fxefpta fg jas jaeljfs dagdf fxhstlg rhfscas par
fjfetrhehdld fstìthel, fg jas quf fj jëkhtf hgmfrhar sfrì dfj 6> %.
 Eagduetar df tlxh0 Uf trltl df trlolàs sfdfgtlrhas, par ja quf jl tfkpfrlturl dfof fstlr fgtrf <3°E
y ?3°E. Jl bukfdld fstlrì fgtrf fj 5> y fj 3> %, fxefpta fg jas jaeljfs dagdf fxhstlg rhfscas par
fjfetrhehdld fstìthel, fg jas quf fj jëkhtf hgmfrhar sfrì dfj 6> %.
 Kaza df ljkleèg quf elrcl pfsa kadfrldlkfgtf0 Uf trltl df trlolàs jhcfras, par ja quf jl
tfkpfrlturl dfof fstlr fgtrf <4°E y ?6°E. Jl bukfdld fstlrì fgtrf fj 5> y fj 3> %, fxefpta fg jas
jaeljfs dagdf fxhstlg rhfscas par fjfetrhehdld fstìthel, fg jas quf fj jëkhtf hgmfrhar sfrì dfj 6> %.
6. Hgdhel fj ghvfj df hjukhglehõg këghka rfqufrhda plrl eldl uga df jas shcuhfgtfs trlolàs0
 Fg fj kastrldar df ugl fkprfsl df vfgtl df praduetas fjfetrõgheas0 Uf trltl df trlolàs eag
fxhcfgehls vhsuljfs ljtls, par ja quf jl hjukhglehõg sfrì df 6>> jux.
 Fg fj tljjfr df ugl àyfrël0 Uf trltl df trlolàs eag fxhcfgehls vhsuljfs kuy ljtls, par ja quf jl
hjukhglehõg sfrì df <.>>> jux.
 Fg fj bljj df fgtrldl l jl fkprfsl0 Vgl fgtrldl, sf eagshdfrl ugl vël df ehreujlehõg df usa blohtulj,
par ja quf jl hjukhglehõg sfrì df 6> jux.

33


TFUT DF F]LJVLEHÕG-^ÌC. <?2
<. Fj rhfsca jloarlj sf dfmhgf eaka0

o) Jl pashohjhdld df quf fj trlol`ldar sumrl ug dftfrkhglda dlüa eaka eagsfeufgehl df jls eagdhehagfs fg quf
rfljhzl su trlolà.
trlolà.
?. Ufüljl jl lmhrklehõg earrfetl0
o) Fj ruhda pufdf praduehr ljtfrlehagfs psheajõchels, tljfs eaka, dhstrleehagfs, elgslgeha y lcrfshvhdld.
5. Hgdhel jl rfspufstl earrfetl.
o) Jls eagdhehagfs tèrkhels plrl ug trlolà sfdfgtlrha dfofg fstlr fgtrf <3 y ?3 ¾E.
¾E.
d) Tadls jls rfspufstls lgtfrharfs sag earrfetls.
e) Fj vljar jëkhtf lkohfgtlj fs ug ëgdhef quf hgdhel jas ghvfjfs kìxhkas df eagefgtrlehõg df ug eagtlkhglgtf
plrl quf fstf ga rfsujtf dlühga plrl jl sljud buklgl.
=. _fspfeta l jl hjukhglehõg, sfüljl jl lmhrklehõg earrfetl.
o) Jl sljud fs ug fstlda df eakpjfta ohfgfstlr mëshea, kfgtlj y saehlj.
o) Jl arclghzlehõg y jl ardfglehõg dfj trlolà sf eagshdfrlg plrtf df jls eagdhehagfs df
df trlolà.
trlolà.
<>. Ufüljl jl rfspufstl earrfetl0
d) Ghgcugl df jls lgtfrharfs fs earrfetl.
LETH]HDLDFU MHGLJFU-^ÌC. <?8

<. Xlca trlol`l fg ug kltldfra df lghkljfs. L jl barl df ljkarzlr sf rfðgf eag sus eakplüfras fg uga
df jas ljklefgfs y ljjë sf eakfg ug oaeldhjja. Vg dël lj lorhr ugl jltl sf blef ugl pfqufül bfrhdl y, shg
dlrjf hkpartlgehl, sf jhkphl eag su oltl. ±Fs earrfetl su lethtud1 ±\uè rhfscas fstì earrhfgda1 ±âr què
vëls pufdfg fgtrlr jas eagtlkhglgtfs1 ±Uh fj lcfgtf pfrtfgfehfrl lj crupa ? sfrël pfjhcrasa1
Jl lethtud df Xlca ga fs earrfetl, fg prhkfr juclr ga sf dfof eakfr eag jl oltl pufstl, gh fg juclrfs df
trlolà, shga fg zagls, blohjhtldls plrl fjja. Tlkpaea dfofrël jhkphlrsf jl bfrhdl eag jl oltl, shga eag lcul
a ljcðg pradueta dfshgmfetlgtf y dfspuès pratfcfr jl bfrhdl.
±\uè rhfscas fstì earrhfgda1

ûfdf quf jl oltl fstè eagtlkhgldl eag lcfgtfs ohajõcheas (vhrus, oletfrhls, bagcas, pratazaas y
lghkljfs plrìshtas) quf pufdfg eluslrjf hgmfeehagfs, ljfrchls a taxhehdld. Lj jhkphlrsf eag fjjl, pfgftrlg
fstas lcfgtfs fg su arclghska l trlvès df jl slgcrf df jl bfrhdl.
±âr què vëls pufdfg fgtrlr jas eagtlkhglgtfs1

32


]ËL _FU^H_LTA_HL ]ËL DHCFUTH]L ]ËL DÈ_KHEL ]ËL ^L_FGTF_LJ
L trlvès df jl glrhz L trlvès df jl oael L trlvès df jl phfj L trlvès df bfrhdls a jjlcls
±Uh fj lcfgtf pfrtfgfehfrl lj crupa ? sfrël pfjhcrasa1
Fs pfjhcrasa parquf
trltlkhfgtas fmhelefspravael fgmfrkfdldfs, pfra ga fxhstf kueba rhfsca df eagtlcha y ldfkìs fxhstfg
plrl eurlrjls.
?. Eaphl jls shcuhfgtfs tlojls fg tu euldfrga y rfjlehagl jls mhjls df jl eajukgl df jl dfrfebl eag jls df
jl hzquhfrdl fg mugehõg df su shcghmhelda0
Eagefpta Dfmhghehõg
Eagdhehõg df Euljquhfr elrletfrësthel jloarlj quf pufdl hgmjuhr df markl hkpartlgtf fg
trlolà jl cfgfrlehõg df rhfscas plrl jl sfcurhdld y jl sljud dfj trlol`ldar.
_hfsca jloarlj Jl pashohjhdld df quf fj trlol`ldar sumrl ug dftfrkhglda dlüa eaka

eagsfeufgehl df jls eagdhehagfs fg jls quf rfljhzl su trlolà.
Ourgaut a Fs ugl shtulehõg df lcatlkhfgta y mljtl df kathvlehõg quf sf praduef par

sëgdrakf df ugl sfgslehõg eagthgul y lvlgzldl df fstrès jloarlj. Uf trltl df ugl
fstlr rfleehõg l jl tfgshõg fkaehaglj erõghel erfldl par fj eagtleta eagthgua
«qufklda¹
«qufklda¹ eag atras sfrfs buklgas, fg plrtheujlr eulgda fstas thfgfg praojfkls a
kathvas df sumrhkhfgta.
Fstrès Uf praduef eulgda ugl pfrsagl pfrehof df ugl klgfrl lcaohlgtf quf jf
fxhcfg kìs df ja quf èj pufdf amrfefr. Fsta pravael ugl tfgshõg tlg mufrtf
quf pufdf trlgsmarklrsf fg trlstargas mësheas y psheajõcheas.
5. Hgdhel jas rhfscas kìs mrfeufgtfs df jas shcuhfgtfs pufstas df trlolà0 elrphgtfra, fkpjflda df ug
olgea, dhrfetar df fkprfsl, fgmfrkfra, pfrsaglj df ug jloarltarha mlrkleèuthea, tèeghea df rlyas R.
±\uè kfdhdls prfvfgthvls sf padrëlg ldaptlr fg eldl uga df jas elsas lgtfrharfs1
^_AMFUHÕG ^_HGEH^LJFU _HFUCAU MA_KL DF F]HTL_JAU

Lcfgtfs mësheas0 ruhda
mësheas0 ruhda y vhorlehagfs Lhsjlr jls kìquhgls, uthjhzlr fquhpas df
praefdfgtfs df jls kìquhgls quf uthjhzlg. pratfeehõg ludhthvl.
Tlkohèg blorël quf lgljhzlr quf tuvhfrlg jls _fljhzlr eagtrajfs kèdheas pfrhõdheas.
eagdhehagfs df hjukhglehõg, tfkpfrlturl y
Vsa df klselrhjjls plrl pratfcfr jls vëls
bukfdld ldfeuldls.
rfsphrltarhls.
Elrphgtfra Lcfgtfs quëkheas0 plrtëeujls
quëkheas0 plrtëeujls df pajva y
Tfgfr hjukhglehõg glturlj sh fs pashojf,
sfrrëg fg suspfgshõg a praduetas eaka jl
ughmarkf, df hgtfgshdld ldfeuldl y quf ga
eajl, phgturls, dhsajvfgtfs, fte.
praduzel orhjjas, gh rfmjfàs. Ga louslr df jl
Tlkohèg blorël quf lgljhzlr quf tuvhfrlg jls eljfmleehõg, gh dfj lhrf leagdhehaglda.
bukfdld ldfeuldls.
Fkpjflda
ug olgea df Mletarfs df rhfsca frcagõkheas y
psheasaehljfs0 Marklr
pasturl fearrfetl
hgmarklr l jas lj
mrfgtf trlol`ldarfs
ardfgldar.saorf jl

38


• Trlstargas kuseuja fsqufjètheas, Eagaefr jls rfspagslohjhdldfs y pashehõg fg jl

pravaeldas par ohpfdfstlehõg fkprfsl.
prajagcldl (plsl kuebls barls sfgtlda Arclghzlr jas pufstas df trlolà df klgfrl
mrfgtf lj ardfgldar). quf tfgcl ugl elrcl df trlolà ldfeuldl y eag
• rhfscas dfrhvldas df jl arclghzlehõg dfj jas praefdhkhfgtas df trlolà ejlras.
trlolà, par f`fkpja, fstrès, trlstargas
psheasakìtheas, dfprfshõg, fte. Tfgfr hjukhglehõg
ughmarkf, df hgtfgshdldglturlj sh fs y pashojf,
ldfeuldl quf ga
Tlkohèg blorël quf lgljhzlr quf tuvhfrlg jls praduzel orhjjas, gh rfmjfàs. Ga louslr df jl
eagdhehagfs df hjukhglehõg, tfkpfrlturl y eljfmleehõg, gh dfj lhrf leagdhehaglda.
bukfdld ldfeuldls.
Mletarfs df rhfsca frcagõkheas y Marklr f hgmarklr lj trlol`ldar saorf jl
psheasaehljfs0 pasturl earrfetl mrfgtf lj ardfgldar.
• Trlstargas kuseuja fsqufjètheas, Eagaefr jls rfspagslohjhdldfs y pashehõg fg jl
pravaeldas par ohpfdfstlehõg fkprfsl.
prajagcldl (plsl kuebls barls sfgtlda Marklr lj dhrfetar fg jl eagdueehõg df
Dhrfetar df mrfgtf lj ardfgldar).
fkprfsl fquhpas, blohjhdldfs df dhrfeehõg y cfsthõg.
• rhfscas psheasaehljfs0 fstrès, trlstargas Tfgfr hjukhglehõg glturlj sh fs pashojf,
psheasakìtheas. ughmarkf, df hgtfgshdld ldfeuldl y quf ga
Tlkohèg blorël quf lgljhzlr quf tuvhfrlg jls praduzel orhjjas, gh rfmjfàs. Ga louslr df jl
eagdhehagfs df hjukhglehõg, tfkpfrlturl y eljfmleehõg, gh dfj lhrf leagdhehaglda.
bukfdld ldfeuldls.
ldfeuldls.
Lcfgtfs ohajõcheas0 oletfrhls, vhrus, bagcas, Vsa df fquhpas df pratfeehõg hgdhvhdulj
pratazaas y lghkljfs plrìshtas, quf pufdfg (culgtfs, clmls, klselrhjjls, fte.) eulgda sfl
eluslr hgmfeehagfs, ljfrchls a ljcugl taxhehdld. gfefslrha.
Trlstargas kuseuja fsqufjètheas dfrhvldas Klgtfgfr fj ardfg y jhkphfzl ldfeuldas l ug
df jl ldapehõg df kljls pasturls eulgda sf efgtra slghtlrha.
klghpujl l jas plehfgtfs. _fljhzlr eagtrajfs kèdheas pfrhõdheas.
Fgmfrkfra
Tlkohèg blorël quf lgljhzlr quf tuvhfrlg jls Marklr f hgmarklr l jas trlol`ldarfs saorf jls
eagdhehagfs df hjukhglehõg, tfkpfrlturl y pasturls earrfetls df trlolà.
bukfdld ldfeuldls.
eljfmleehõg, gh dfj lhrf leagdhehaglda.
Lcfgtfs quëkheas0 ^rfsfgehl y klghpujlehõg Vthjhzlr fquhpas df pratfeehõg hgdhvhdulj0
df praduetas quëkheas quf pufdfg eluslr ug klselrhjjls, culgtfs, clmls.
pfrùheha l jl sfcurhdld y sljud df jas Taklr kfdhdls bhchèghels ldfeuldls eaka ga
trlol`ldarfs. eakfr gh ofofr fg fj trlolà, lsfa pfrsaglj
Trlstargas kuseuja fsqufjètheas dfrhvldas ldfeulda, fte.
^frsaglj df df jl ldapehõg df kljls pasturls eulgda sf Hgstljlr shstfkls df vfgthjlehõg a fxtrleehõg
ug jloarltarha trlol`l eag kfsls ljtls fg fj jloarltarha.
jaeljhzldl dfj eagtlkhglgtf.
mlrkleèuthea
Tlkohèg blorël quf lgljhzlr quf tuvhfrlg jls _fljhzlr eagtrajfs kèdheas pfrhõdheas.
Marklr f hgmarklr l jas trlol`ldarfs saorf jls
bukfdld ldfeuldls.
pasturls earrfetls df trlolà.

2>



Lcfgtfs mësheas0 Jas rlyas R sag ug thpa df Ufüljhzlr jls zagls df rhfsca.
rldhlehagfs haghzlgtfs. ûfdfg praduehr ]hchjlr y eagtrajlr jls zagls df fxpashehõg,
fmfetas0 tfghfgda fg eufgtl fj thfkpa df fxpashehõg.
fxpasheh õg.

Hgkfdhltas0 gìusfls, võkhtas, dhlrrfls, Eajaelr olrrfrls df pratfeehõg fgtrf jls mufgtfs
pèrdhdl df elofjja. df rldhlehõg y jls pfrsagls.
 L jlrca pjlza0 eìgefr, fstfrhjhdld, Vslr fquhpas df pratfeehõg hgdhvhdulj0 clmls,
Tèeghea df
kljmarklehagfs cfgèthels.
cfgèthels. plgtljjls eag mhjtras fspfehljfs, eljzlda y rapl
rlyas R
Tlkohèg blorël quf lgljhzlr quf tuvhfrlg jls df trlolà ldfeuldas.
eagdhehagfs df hjukhglehõg, tfkpfrlturl y _fljhzlr eagtrajfs kèdheas pfrhõdheas.
bukfdld ldfeuldls.
ldfeuldls. Tfgfr hjukhglehõg glturlj sh fs pashojf,
4. Ufüljl, fg eldl shtulehõg, sh sf trltl df ugl fgmfrkfdld pramfshaglj a df ug leehdfgtf df trlolà y df

què thpa0
• Vg dfjfclda df pfrsaglj fs ltrapfjjlda eulgda sf dhrhcël df su efgtra df trlolà l ugl
plpfjfrël plrl mataeaphlr ugas majjftas hgmarklthvas saorf jl prõxhkl bufjcl cfgfrlj. Uf trltl
df ug LT eag kathva dfj dfsfkpfüa df ug elrca shgdhelj.
• Vg trlol`ldar quf tfgël fseajhashs (dfsvhlehõg df jl eajukgl), gatl quf sf lcrlvlg sus dajfgehls
dfspuès df jjfvlr vlrhas lüas trlol`lgda fg ug ljkleèg, elrclgda y dfselrclgda kltfrhlj. Uf
trltl df ug
ug LT dfj shcuhfgtf thpa0 Fgmfrkfdldfs a dfmfetas pldfehdas par fj trlol`ldar eag
lgtfrharhdld y quf sf lcrlvlg eaka eagsfeufgehl df ugl jfshõg praduehdl par ug leehdfgtf df
trlolà.
trlolà.
• Lsofstashs df ug trlol`ldar quf klghpujl mrfgas y fkorlcufs. Fgmfrkfdld pramfshaglj.
pramfshaglj.
• Jfshõg aeujlr par hgtradueehõg df ugl fsquhrjl, lj sajdlr.
s ajdlr. LT.
• Ulturghska df ugl pfrsagl quf bl trlol`lda fg khgls df pjaka. Fgmfrkfdld pramfshaglj.
pramfshaglj.
• Fscuhgef df taohjja par ugl elëdl fg jls fseljfrls dfj kftra, lj dhrhchrsf lj trlolà. LT hg htëgfrf.
htëgfrf.
• Vg leehdfgtf df trìmhea, quf sumrf ug loaclda df fkprfsl, eulgda leudf dfsdf fj dfspleba df
jas @uzcldas, plrl rfprfsfgtlr fg ùheha l jl fkprfsl. LT fg khshõg.
khshõg.
• Bhpaleushl elusldl par trlolàs df eljdfrfrël. Fgmfrkfdld pramfshaglj.
pramfshaglj.
KVGDA JLOA_LJ FG FJ EHGF-^ÌC. <?8
Thfkpas kadfrgas.
6. Fg jls das prhkfrls fsefgls fj pratlcaghstl thfgf das pfrelgefs0 ug eakplüfra jf cajpfl fg jl klga
eag ug klrthjja y sumrf ug ltlquf df gfrvhas quf jf blef letulr df markl m arkl aosfshva-eakpujshvl. ±Euìjfs sag
jls prhgehpljfs elusls df fstas das pfrelgefs1
 Vg eakplüfra jf cajpfl fg jl klga, eag ug klrthjja. Uf dfof l ugl dhskhguehõg df jl ltfgehõg dfj
eakplüfra par fstlr rfljhzlgda fj khska trlolà tada fj dël. Fs ug trlolà kagõtaga y rfpfththva, quf
ga fxhcf ghgcðg fsmufrza erflthva.
 Uumrf ug ltlquf df gfrvhas y eakhfgzl l letulr df markl aosfshva-eakpujshvl. Fj dajar dfj klrthjjlza
blef fstljjlr jl tfgshõg hgtfrhar fg Eblrjat, tadl jl hgslthsmleehõg hgtfrhar par su trlolà y fj trlta rfehohda.
±\uè vhshõg thfgf jl fkprfsl dfj trlol`ldar1

2<


Uag ugl bfrrlkhfgtl kìs df trlolà, fs gfefslrha aotfgfr df fjjas jl kìxhkl praduethvhdld, shg hkpartlr
eõka lmfetl l su sljud. âr fsa trltlg df lpravfeblr praduethvlkfgtf fj thfkpa dfdhelda l jl eakhdl dfj
trlol`ldar (y tfõrhelkfgtf, tlkohèg dfsthglda l su dfselgsa). Vgl fsefgl quf hjustrl fstl hdfl thfgf juclr
lj hgheha df jl pfjëeujl, quf eakhfgzl eag jl vhshõg df ug rfolüa df avf`ls. Jl hklcfg dfj rfolüa df avf`ls sf
shkujtìgfl eag jl df ugl klsl df bakorfs sljhfgda dfj kftra9 plrfef quf Eblpjhg bl qufrhda blefr ug sëkhj
fgtrf jas bakorfs quf leudfg tadls jls klülgls lj trlolà, fg kftra, fg barl pugtl, eaka oarrfcas, plrl
sfr trltldas fg ugls eagdhehagfs shkhjlrfs l jls dfj clglda.
±Uf jjfvl l eloa ugl earrfetl arclghzlehõg y ardfglehõg dfj trlolà0 sf rfljhzlg jls plusls ldfeuldls y sf
fvhtl fj trlolà kagõtaga y rfpfththva1
Jas trlol`ldarfs rfljhzlg shfkprf jl khskl tlrfl, jas trlolàs l rfljhzlr ga vlrëlg, gh ratlg fgtrf jas
trlol`ldarfs, ga sf hgtraduefg fjfkfgtas erflthvas, gh df rfspagslohjhdld, quf lyudfg l fvhtlr jl
hgslthsmleehõg.
^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL <-^ÌC. <5>
Lprfgdf jl markl earrfetl df jl klghpujlehõg klgulj df elrcls
<. Jl fkprfsl ga ja eagshdfrl leehdfgtf jloarlj parquf Ljf`lgdra ga fstlol rfljhzlgda jloarfs praphls df
su pufsta df trlolà y sf fgeagtrlol fg ug juclr dagdf ga tfgël par què fstlr. ±Thfgf rlzõg jl fkprfsl1
_lzagl jl rfspufstl.
Jl fkprfsl ga thfgf rlzõg parquf jl Jfy Cfgfrlj df Ufcurhdld Uaehlj lkpjël fj eagefpta df leehdfgtf df
trlolà l jas leehdfgtfs quf sumrf ug trlol`ldar par rfljhzlr tlrfls ga praphls df su eltfcarël pramfshaglj,
pfra quf bl dfohda blefr plrl fj oufg mugehaglkhfgta df jl fkprfsl (lrt. <<6.?.e) df jl JCUU).
JCUU).
e l`l df euljquhfr klgfrl, pravaeìgdasf ugl jukoljchl. ±Ulofs eõka tfgdrël

?. Ljf`lgdra bl jfvlgtlda jl el`l
quf blofr letulda1 ±Euìj fs jl markl earrfetl df jfvlgtlr ugl el`l pfsldl1
Ljf`lgdra tfgdrël quf blofr sfcuhda jls shcuhfgtfs kfdhdls prfvfgthvls plrl jfvlgtlr ug oujta, euya pfsa
ga fstì leastukorlda0
<. Fxlkhglr jl elrcl lgtfs df klghpujlrjl0 bly zagls quf pufdfg rfsujtlr pfjhcrasls fg fj kakfgta df su
lclrrf y klghpujlehõg (lrhstls, oardfs lmhjldas, pugtls df ejlvas, fte.).
?. ^jlghmhelr fj jfvlgtlkhfgta0 dfehdhr euìj sfrì fj pugta a pugtas df lclrrf kìs ldfeuldas, dõgdf bly quf
dfpashtlr jl elrcl y lplrtlr dfj trlyfeta euljquhfr fjfkfgta quf pufdl hgtfrmfrhr fg fj trlgspartf.
5. Ufcuhr ehgea rfcjls oìshels fg fj kakfgta df jfvlgtlr jl elrcl0
l. Ufplrlr jas phfs blstl eagsfcuhr ugl pasturl fstlojf.
o. Mjfxhaglr jhcfrlkfgtf jls radhjjls, marklgda ug ìgcuja df 8>° lpraxhkldlkfgtf.
e. Lefrelr fj ao`fta lj eufrpa ja kìxhka pashojf.
d. Jfvlgtlr fj pfsa crlduljkfgtf y shg sleudhdls.
f. Ga chrlr fj tragea khfgtrls sf fstì jfvlgtlgda jl elrcl (fs prfmfrhojf phvatlr saorf jas phfs).
4. Trlgspartlr jl elrcl l jl ljturl df jl eldfrl y ja kìs efrel pashojf dfj eufrpa. Uh fj trlgspartf sf rfljhzl
eag ug saja orlza, sf dfofrìg fvhtlr hgejhglehagfs jltfrljfs df jl eajukgl.
5. Ousel fg jl pìchgl wfo dfj Hgsthtuta Glehaglj df Ufcurhdld, Uljud y Ohfgfstlr fg fj Trlolà, vëdfas saorf
jl markl earrfetl plrl jl klghpujlehõg klgulj df elrcls (:www.yautuof.eak/wlteb1v;5O^=?RFaFVH7)
plrl jl klghpujlehõg klgulj df elrcls (:www.yautuof.eak/wlteb1v;5O^=?RFaFVH7).
Jl mhgljhdld df fstl lethvhdld fs eagsfcuhr quf jas ljukgas eagazelg jls pìchgls wfo amhehljfs dagdf pufdfg
fgeagtrlr jas eagtfghdas trltldas fg fstl ughdld y quf lprfgdlg l klgf`lrjls, df kada quf pufdlg
fgeagtrlr lqufjja quf jfs hgtfrfsl, tfghfgda jl sfcurhdld df quf sag vfrlefs.

2?


^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL ?-^ÌC. <5<
Fthquftlda df praduetas quëkheas
Ousel ug oatf df jf`ël f hdfgthmhel fg jl fthquftl eldl uga df jas pugtas quf dfofg lplrfefr. ±\uè
mrlsfs B y ^ eagthfgf1 ±Bly pljlorls df ldvfrtfgehl1
Jl mhgljhdld df fstl lethvhdld fs quf jas ljukgas sf mlkhjhlrhefg eag fj gufva fthquftlda df praduetas
quëkheas pfjhcrasas.
Jas fgvlsfs df jf`ël pufdfg sfr dhmfrfgtfs sh sag df usa dakèsthea a hgdustrhlj0
L) Uh gas mh`lkas fg ugl oatfjjl df jf`ël df usa dakèsthea,
dakèsthea, padrëlkas fgeagtrlr jl shcuhfgtf hgmarklehõg0
 Gakorf dfj pradueta0 BHÂ 4-BHÂEJA_HTA UÕDHEA (JF@ËL) DAKÈUT
 ^hetacrlkls0

^ljlorl df ldvfrtfgehl0 ^fjhcra
 Mrlsfs B0
― B5<4 ^ravael qufkldurls crlvfs fg jl phfj y jfshagfs aeujlrfs crlvfs.
― B4>> Kuy tõxhea plrl jas arclghskas leuìtheas.
 Mrlsfs ^0
― ^5>4+^54> FG ELUA DF HGBLJLEHÕG0 Trlgspartlr l jl vëethkl lj fxtfrhar y klgtfgfrjl fg rfpasa
fg ugl pashehõg eagmartlojf plrl rfsphrlr.
― ^5><+^55>+^55< FG ELUA DF HGCFUTHÕG0 Fgùlclrsf jl oael. GA pravaelr fj võkhta.
― ^5>5+^5=<+^565 FG ELUA DF EAGTLETA EAG JL ^HFJ (a fj pfja)0 \uhtlrsf hgkfdhltlkfgtf jls
prfgdls eagtlkhgldls. Lejlrlrsf jl phfj eag lcul a dueblrsf.
― ^5>6+^56<+^552 FG ELUA DF EAGTLETA EAG JAU A@AU0 Lejlrlr euhdldaslkfgtf eag lcul
durlgtf vlrhas khgutas. \uhtlr jls jfgtfs df eagtleta, sh jjfvl y rfsujtl mìehj. Ufcuhr lejlrlgda.
O) _fspfeta l jl jf`ël df usa hgdustrhlj,
hgdustrhlj , padfkas fgeagtrlr dhvfrsls vlrhfdldfs. L eagthgulehõg kastrlkas
ugl df fjjls y fj eagtfghda df su fthquftlda0

25


24


VGHDLD 20 ^rfvfgehõg df rhfscas jloarljfs
DFUEVO_F-^ÌC. <55
 ±\uhèg fs ug hgspfetar df trlolà y euìjfs sag sus prhgehpljfs mugehagfs1
Fj
jl hgspfetar
garklthvldf trlolà
jloarlj fs prfvfgehõg
y df ug mugehaglrha euyl mugehõg
df rhfscas prhgehplj eagshstf
jloarljfs. ea gshstf fg vhchjlr y eagtrajlr quf sf eukpjl
 ±ûfdf ug eakplüfra eaka Mrlgehsea rfclülr l Ofltrhz par ga blofrsf pufsta jas culgtfs y jls clmls
pratfetarls1 ±\uè shcghmhel sfr dfjfclda df prfvfgehõg1
Mrlgehsea, eaka dfjfclda df prfvfgehõg, thfgf lutarhdld plrl rfclülr l Ofltrhz par ga blofrsf pufsta
jas culgtfs y jls clmls
c lmls pratfetarls, pufsta quf fgtrf sus mugehagfs, sf fgeufgtrlg0
- ^rakavfr y makfgtlr jl eaapfrlehõg df jas trlol`ldarfs fg jl f`feuehõg df jl garklthvl saorf
prfvfgehõg df rhfscas jloarljfs.
- ]hchjlr fj eukpjhkhfgta df jl garklthvl df prfvfgehõg, par plrtf df jl fkprfsl y df jas
trlol`ldarfs.
trlol`ldarfs.
Fj dfjfclda df prfvfgehõg fs fj rfprfsfgtlgtf df jas trlol`ldarfs fg kltfrhl df prfvfgehõg df rhfscas
jloarljfs.
 ±\uè hgdhel jl sfülj quf bly fg fj jloarltarha dagdf trlol`l Ofltrhz1
Vsa aojhcltarha df culgtfs y clmls (fquhpas df pratfeehõg hgdhvhdulj).
<. Jaeljhzl fg hgtfrgft jl pìchgl wfo df jl AHT, df jl Lcfgehl Furapfl plrl jl Ufcurhdld y Uljud, dfj HGUUOT y
df jl HTUU.
Jl mhgljhdld df fstl lethvhdld fs eagsfcuhr quf jas ljukgas eagazelg y vhshtfg fstls pìchgls wfo amhehljfs,
dfseuorlg eagtfghdas hgtfrfslgtfs plrl fjjas y lprfgdlg l dhsthgcuhr dagdf pufdfg fgeagtrlr hgmarklehõg
mhlojf fg hgtfrgft.

 AHT0 bttp0//www.hja.arc/cjaolj/jlgc--fs/hgdfx.btk
AHT0 bttp0//www.hja.arc/cjaolj/jlgc--fs/hgdfx.btk

 AUBL0 bttps0//asbl.furapl.fu/
AUBL0 bttps0//asbl.furapl.fu/

 HGUUOT0
bttp0//www.hgsbt.fs/partlj/shtf/Hgsbt/9]LÊAAIHF;XG<pRioCg=cSIj]__D=igq=z3`8TJP_?by^B
XS2pz\y?dp2RCgpg!-<446=66=6>!-<=56<2>2=3
XS2pz\y?dp2RCgpg!-<446=66=6>!-<=56<2>2=3

 HTUU0 bttp0//www.fkpjfa.cao.fs/htss/wfo/hgdfx.btkj
HTUU0 bttp0//www.fkpjfa.cao.fs/htss/wfo/hgdfx.btkj
?. Klrhsl sf bl eakprlda ugas pratfetarfs ludhthvas thpa arf`frls plrl pratfcfrsf mrfgtf lj ruhda quf
praduefg jls kìquhgls eag jls quf trlol`l. Bl hda l jl thfgdl quf jf bl hgdhelda su `fmf, quf, ldfkìs, jf
ldvhrthõ quf frl aojhcltarha uslrjas y quf fjjl khskl dfoël eagsfcuhrjas. ±Fs earrfetl jl hgdhelehõg dfj `fmf1
Jl hgdhelehõg dfj `fmf ga fs earrfetl parquf fj trlol`ldar ga fs quhfg dfof eagsfcuhr ug fquhpa df pratfeehõg
hgdhvhdulj, eaka sag jas pratfetarfs ludhthvas thpa arf`frls, shga quf dfof sfr fj fkprfslrha quhfg sf ja
praparehagf crltuhtlkfgtf (lrt. <3.? J^_J).
5. @lhkf bl fstudhlda ug eheja marklthva df Cfsthõg

C fsthõg Ldkhghstrlthvl. Bay fs su prhkfr dël df trlolà fg ugl
fkprfsl df kltfrhlj phratèeghea9 su `fmf jf hgmarkl df jas rhfscas quf bly fg su pufsta df trlolà eaka
ldkhghstrlthva, pfra ga jf dhef gldl df jas tljjfrfs eagthcuas, gh dfj rfsta df jl fkprfsl. E
Eulgda
ulgda @lhkf sf

26


hgtfrfsl par jls zagls dagdf fstì fj kltfrhlj phratèeghea, su `fmf ga jf dl ghgcugl hgmarklehõg. ±Fstì
aorlgda earrfetlkfgtf fj `fmf df @lhkf1 _lzagl jl rfspufstl.
Fj `fmf df @lhkf ga fstì aorlgda earrfetlkfgtf9 sfcðg fj lrt. <2.<.l) df jl Jfy df ^rfvfgehõg df _hfscas
Jloarljfs, tadas jas trlol`ldarfs thfgfg quf sfr hgmarkldas, ga saja df jas rhfscas fxhstfgtfs fg su pufsta
df trlolà, shga tlkohèg df tadas jas
j as rhfscas quf bly fg jl fkprfsl.
4. Vg luxhjhlr df fgmfrkfrël sf ghfcl l quf jl fkprfsl jf blcl ugas lgìjhshs plrl eakpraolr quf ga bl
eagtrlëda ugl fgmfrkfdld eagtlchasl. ±ûfdf gfclrsf fj trlol`ldar l fstf rfeagaehkhfgta kèdhea1
rfspufstl.
Ufcðg fj lrt. ?? df jl J^_J, jl vhchjlgehl pfrhõdhel df jl sljud df jas trlol`ldarfs bl df rfljhzlrsf eag su
eagsfgthkhfgta. Uh ohfg, ga sfrì gfefslrha su pfrkhsa sh fxhstf ug rhfsca plrl jl sljud dfj prapha trlol`ldar,
df sus eakplüfras a df tfrefrls pfrsagls, eaka fs fg fstf elsa. Vg Luxhjhlr df Fgmfrkfrël fstì fg eagtleta
dhrfeta eag sus plehfgtfs y eakplüfras, par ja quf sh thfgf ugl fgmfrkfdld eagtlchasl fs patfgehljkfgtf
pfjhcrasa.
6. Hgdhel jl tèeghel df prfvfgehõg quf fstudhl eldl uga df jas shcuhfgtfs elsas0
 ^loja fs ldkhghstrlthva, trlol`l aeba barls dhlrhls mrfgtf lj ardfgldar. Dfsdf blef ljcðg thfkpa
sumrf dajarfs df fspljdl, fspfehljkfgtf fg fj eufjja, jas bakoras y jls jukolrfs.
Frcagakël.
Frcagakël.
 Jarfgza bl eagtrlëda shjheashs par blofr trlol`lda kuebas lüas hgbljlgda pajva df sëjhef. ±\uè
tèeghel fstudhl jl fgmfrkfdld pramfshaglj quf bl eagtrlëda y fj lcfgtf eluslgtf1 ±\uè atrl tèeghel
ltfgdfrì l Jarfgza ugl vfz fgmfrka1
Jl tèeghel quf fstudhl jls
j ls fgmfrkfdldfs pramfshagljfs y eõka fvhtlrjls fs jl Bhchfgf hgdustrhlj.
Vgl vfz quf Jarfgza bl eagtrlëda jl fgmfrkfdld, jf ltfgdfrì jl Kfdhehgl jloar
jloarlj.
lj.
 @ujha fs ug luxhjhlr df fgmfrkfrël quf jjfvl dhfz lüas trlol`lgda fg jl sfeehõg df ageajacël. Dfsdf
blef ugas kfsfs ga thfgf hjushõg par gldl y sufül rfpfthdlkfgtf quf phfrdf l su ku` ku`fr
fr y l sus bhàs.
Jl tèeghel quf fstudhl elsas eaka fstf fs jl ^sheasaehajacël lpjheldl.
 Ghvfj df eagefgtrlehõg kìxhka pfrkhthda df ugl sustlgehl tõxhel fg fj kfdha lkohfgtf jloarlj.
Bhchfgf hgdustrhlj.
 _fljhzlr ugl elkplül df fduelehõg slghtlrhl
s lghtlrhl fg ug jloarltarha hgdustrhlj.
Kfdhehgl Jloarlj.

Lgljhzlr
Ufcurhdldshfg
fj lkohfgtf
fj Trlolà.leðsthea fs ldfeulda fg ugl glvf lfragìuthel.
 Jls vëls df eakughelehõg fgtrf jas dhrfethvas, jas klgdas hgtfrkfdhas y jas trlol`ldarfs fg ugl
fkprfsl.
^sheasaehajacël lpjheldl.
lpjheldl.
 Lgljhzlr sh ug fquhpa df trlolà pfrkhtf apthkhzlr jl sfcurhdld y eagmart dfj trlol`ldar.
Frcagakël.
 Fvljulr jl elrcl kfgtlj fg ug pufsta df trlolà.
^sheasaehajacël lpjheldl.

2=


TFUT DF F]LJVLEHÕG-^ÌC. <?2
<. Jl Jfy df ^rfvfgehõg df _hfscas Jloarljfs0

e) Uhfgtl jls olsfs plrl fj dfslrrajja df jl prfvfgehõg fg Fsplül.
e) Jl sfcurhdld fs ugl tèeghel quf trltl df fvhtlr jas leehdfgtfs df trlolà.
e) Jls sfüljfs df sfcurhdld ljfrtlg, hdfgthmhelg y jaeljhzlg fj rhfsca, pfra ga ja fjhkhglg.
4. Jas dfjfcldas df prfvfgehõg0
6. Jas fquhpas df pratfeehõg hgdhvhdulj0

d) Ghgcugl fs earrfetl.
=. Ufüljl jl rfspufstl earrfetl0

l) Fs aojhcltarha hgtfcrlr jl lethvhdld prfvfgthvl fg tadls jls mlsfs df jl lethvhdld df jl fkprfsl.
l) Fj kèdhea df kfdhehgl dfj trlolà dhsfül jls prufols kèdhels plrl fxlkhglr jl sljud df jas trlol`ldarfs y su
pfrhadhehdld, tfghfgda fg eufgtl fj thpa df rhfsca lj quf fstìg sakfthdas fg su pufsta df trlolà.
2. Fg rfjlehõg eag jas rfeagaehkhfgtas kèdheas0
<>. Ufcðg jas prhgehphas df prfvfgehõg0
o) Uf dfof susthtuhr ja pfjhcrasa par ja quf fgtrlüf paea a ghgcðg pfjhcra.
LETH]HDLDFU MHGLJFU-^ÌC. <43
<. ±Euìj fs fj eagefpta hggavldar df jl Jfy df ^rfvfgehõg df _hfscas Jloarljfs, quf su prapha gakorf
hgdhel1
Jl J^_J fstlojfef ug gufva fgmaquf fg kltfrhl df sfcurhdld y sljud fg fj trlolà lj hgtraduehr fj eagefpta
df prfvfgehõg. Fs ugl jfy df elrìetfr
e lrìetfr lethva quf pfrshcuf letulr saorf jas rhfscas jloarljfs lgtfs df quf sf
kltfrhljhefg y sf praduzel ug dlüa. Xl ga sf trltl dfj kfra eukpjhkhfgta marklj df jls jfyfs y df jl shkpjf
earrfeehõg l pastfrharh df
df shtulehagfs df rhfsca, shga quf l plrthr df jl J^_J sf dfofg lgljhzlr jas rhfscas quf
pufdf blofr fg ug juclr df trlolà y letulr plrl fvhtlrjas a khghkhzlrjas, shg fspfrlr l quf sf praduzelg.
?. Vg trlol`ldar aosfrvl quf atra eakplüfra fstì muklgda ùgta l ug ohdõg df clsajhgl, l pfslr df quf
slof quf ga dfof blefrja. ±\uè jf leagsf`ls1
Fj trlol`ldar thfgf jl aojhclehõg df hgmarklr, df hgkfdhlta, l su `fmf, df euljquhfr shtulehõg quf, l su ùheha,
fgtrlüf ug rhfsca plrl jl sljud, eaka fs jl df muklr ùgta l ug kltfrhlj hgmjlklojf, fg fstf elsa, clsajhgl
(lrt. ?8 df jl J^_J).

23


5. ±Eõka sf arclghzlrì jl rfprfsfgtlehõg df jas trlol`ldarfs fg kltfrhl df prfvfgehõg fg ugl fkprfsl

eag 55 trlol`ldarfs, fg atrl eag 654 trlol`ldarfs y fg ugl tfrefrl eag 4 >?> trlol`ldarfs1
Fg ugl fkprfsl eag 55 trlol`ldarfs, blorì < dfjfclda df prfvfgehõg, fjfchda par y fgtrf jas dfjfcldas df
pfrsaglj.
Fg ugl fkprfsl eag 654 trlol`ldarfs, dfofrì eagsthtuhrsf ug eakhtè df sfcurhdld y sljud, eakpufsta par 4
dfjfcldas df prfvfgehõg y 4 rfprfsfgtlgtfs df jl fkprfsl.
Fg ugl fkprfsl eag 4 >?> trlol`ldarfs, tlkohèg dfofrì eagsthtuhr ug eakhtè df sfcurhdld y sljud,
eakpufsta par 2 dfjfcldas df prfvfgehõg y 2 rfprfsfgtlgtfs df jl fkprfsl.
4. Vg dfjfclda df prfvfgehõg df ugl fkprfsl df praduetas quëkheas aosfrvl quf sf bl praduehda ug

hgefgdha kuy efrel df ug ohdõg, quf eagthfgf ug eakpagfgtf quf fstljjl eag mlehjhdld9 fg fsas kakfgtas
ga bly ghgcðg supfrhar fg jl fkprfsl. ±\uè dfof blefr1, ±thfgf elplehdld plrl plrljhzlr jl lethvhdld df
jl fkprfsl1
Ufcðg fj lrt. ?<.5 df jl Jfy 5</<886, df 2 df gavhfkorf df ^rfvfgehõg df _hfscas Jloarljfs, eulgda jas
trlol`ldarfs fstèg fxpufstas l ug rhfsca crlvf f hgkhgfgtf, eag aelshõg df su trlolà y fj fkprfslrha ga
ldaptf a ga pfrkhtl jl ldapehõg df jls kfdhdls gfefslrhls plrl clrlgthzlr su sfcurhdld y jl sljud, jas
rfprfsfgtlgtfs jfcljfs df fstas padrìg leardlr, par klyarël df sus khfkoras, jl plrljhzlehõg df jl lethvhdld
df jas trlol`ldarfs lmfetldas par dheba rhfsca.
âr ja tlgta, fg fstf elsa, fj dfjfclda df pfrsaglj ùgta eag fj rfsta df dfjfcldas df pfrsaglj (sh jas bly)
pufdfg leardlr, par klyarël, jl plrljhzlehõg df jl lethvhdld df jl fkprfsl parquf thfgfg elplehdld plrl
jjfclr l fstf leufrda.
Tlj leufrda sfrì eakughelda df hgkfdhlta l jl fkprfsl y l jl lutarhdld jloarlj, jl eulj, fg fj pjlza df
vfhgtheultra barls, lgujlrì a rlthmhelrì jl plrljhzlehõg leardldl.
Fj leufrda df plrljhzlehõg df jl lethvhdld df jl fkprfsl padrì sfr ldaptlda par dfehshõg klyarhtlrhl df jas
Dfjfcldas df ^rfvfgehõg eulgda ga rfsujtf pashojf rfughr eag jl urcfgehl rfqufrhdl lj õrclga df
rfprfsfgtlehõg dfj pfrsaglj.
Ldfkìs, fj lrt. ?<.? y fj lrt. <4.< df jl J^_J, fstlojfefg quf fj trlol`ldar tfgdrì dfrfeba l hgtfrrukphr su
lethvhdld y lolgdaglr fj juclr df trlolà, fg elsa gfefslrha, eulgda eagshdfrf quf dhebl lethvhdld fgtrlül
ug rhfsca crlvf f hgkhgfgtf plrl su vhdl a su sljud.
6. Fj prhkfr dël df trlolà df Lgl, su `fmf

` fmf jf phdf quf sf eakprf ugls oatls df sfcurhdld lgth pfrmarlehõg
parquf fs aojhcltarha su usa. ±\uhèg dfof praparehaglr fj F^H l Lgl y eeastflrja1
astflrja1
Jl fkprfsl thfgf jl aojhclehõg df praparehaglr jas F^H ldfeuldas l jas trlol`ldarfs, df markl crltuhtl y plrl
usa hgdhvhdulj (sljva fxefpehagfs) (lrt. <3.? df jl J^_J).

=. Khrfyl eakplchgl sus fstudhas df Cfsthõg Ldkhghstrlthvl eag ug trlolà fg ugl fkprfsl dfdheldl l jl
fjloarlehõg df praduetas mlrkleèutheas. Vg dël, jf fgelrclg hr l ug dfplrtlkfgta dagdf ga bloël fstlda
fs tlda
lgtfs. Eaka lðg ga eagaef ohfg jl fkprfsl, sf eagmugdf df pjlgtl, sf dfsarhfgtl, dl vlrhls vufjtls y
lplrfef fg jl zagl df jas jloarltarhas hgdustrhljfs.
Khrfyl ousel l ljcuhfg l quhfg prfcugtlr, pfra ga vf l gldhf. Df pragta, ayf ug kurkujja df vaefs dftrìs
df ugl pufrtl, par ja quf dfehdf fgtrlr, shg rfplrlr fg jl sfülj df sfcurhdld quf bly saorf fjjl. Uf trltl
df ugl hgdhelehõg rfdagdl, eag fj magda lzuj y ug dhouà, fg eajar ojlgea, df ugl pfrsagl eag ugl
klselrhjjl pufstl. Gldl kìs fgtrlr, gatl ug ajar fxtrlüa y ug mufrtf klrfa quf jf blef pfrdfr fj
eagaehkhfgta.
±Ulofs què shcghmhel jl sfülj quf ga vha Khrfyl1 ±\uè tèeghel fstudhl eõka letulr mrfgtf l jas
eagtlkhglgtfs prfsfgtfs fg fj juclr df trlolà, eõka sag jas vlparfs tõxheas quf bhehfrag quf Khrfyl sf
dfsklylrl1
Jl sfülj quf
pratfeehõg ga vha Khrfyl
aojhcltarhl hgdhel
plrl jls vëlsquf fxhstf jl aojhclehõg df fgtrlr l dhebl zagl eag kìselrl pratfetarl a
rfsphrltarhls.

22


Jl tèeghel quf fstudhl eõka letulr mrfgtf l jas eagtlkhglgtfs prfsfgtfs fg fj juclr df trlolà fs jl Bhchfgf
Hgdustrhlj.
3. Vg dfjfclda df prfvfgehõg sajhehtl l jl fkprfsl jl rfjlehõg df leehdfgtfs df trlolà lelfehdas fg jl

fkprfsl fj lüa lgtfrhar y jas hgmarkfs kèdheas df jas trlol`ldarfs leehdfgtldas. ±Thfgfg aojhclehõg df
praparehagìrsfja1
Uë, markl plrtf df jls mleujtldfs df jas dfjfcldas df prfvfgehõg, rfehohr hgmarklehõg, par plrtf df jl fkprfsl,
saorf jas dlüas quf sf blg praduehda fg jl sljud df jas trlol`ldarfs y tfgfr leefsa l jl hgmarklehõg y jl
daeukfgtlehõg prfvfgthvl saorf fstf tfkl.
2. @ulg trlol`l eaka fjfetrhehstl fg ug olgea, sf fgelrcl dfj kl klgtfghkhfgta

gtfghkhfgta df jl hgstljlehõg fjèetrhel dfj
fdhmheha. Ðjthklkfgtf bl gatlda vèrthcas y klrfas, pfra ga slof què pufdf sfr. Eulgda plsl fj
rfeagaehkhfgta kèdhea df jl fkprfsl, fj daetar jf dhef quf thfgf fj sëgdrakf df Kèghârf a vèrthcas dfj
aëda, par ja quf pufdf tfgfr praojfkls plrl klgtfgfr
kl gtfgfr fj fquhjhorha. Jf hgdhel quf ga dfof rfljhzlr trlolàs
fg ljturl parquf padrël elfrsf y pravaelr ug leehdfgtf.
±Erffs quf fgvhlrìg lj `fmf df @ulg fj hgmarkf kèdhea quf hgdhel quf pldfef fj sëgdrakf df Kèghârf1
Fj hgmarkf kèdhea fs eagmhdfgehlj y saja pufdf vfrja ug kèdhea y fj prapha trlol`ldar, ga sf pufdfg mlehjhtlr
l atrls pfrsagls shg fj eagsfgthkhfgta fxprfsa dfj trlol`ldar.
Lj `fmf df @ulg, jf fgvhlrìg fj hgmarkf a efrthmhelda df lpthtud.
±\uè dhmfrfgehl bly fgtrf fj hgmarkf kèdhea y fj hgmarkf df lpthtud1
Fj hgmarkf kèdhea dftljjl lspfetas rfjlthvas l jl sljud dfj trlol`ldar, su dajfgehl y fgmfrkfdld. Uag dltas
df elrìetfr eagmhdfgehlj, quf ga sf pufdfg dhvujclr shg fj eagsfgthkhfgta fxprfsa dfj trlol`ldar.
Fj hgmarkf df lpthtud, fg elkoha, fs ug efrthmhelda kèdhea quf tlg saja hgdhel sh fj trlol`ldar fs lpta a ga
lpta plrl su pufsta df trlolà, a lpta eag jhkhtlehagfs a lpta eag jl gfefshdld df ldlptlr su pufsta df
trlolà. Fs fj daeukfgta quf rfehof fj fkprfslrha y jas rfspagslojfs df prfvfgehõg.
±Eõka sfrì fj efrthmhelda df lpthtud df @ulg0 lpta, ga lpta a lpta eag jhkhtlehagfs1
Fj efrthmhelda df lpthtud df @ulg praolojfkfgtf sfrì lpta eag jhkhtlehagfs (ga pufdf rfljhzlr tadls jls tlrfls
df su pufsta df trlolà), pufsta quf @ulg, eag fj sëgdrakf df Kèghârf pufdf rfljhzlr jls tlrfls prhgehpljfs
dfj pufsta df fjfetrhehstl, sljva jas trlolàs fg ljturl, fs dfehr, tadas jls tlrfls quf hkpjhqufg suohrsf fg ugl
fseljfrl a l ugl zagl df ljturl.
8. Vgf jls eajukgls df jl dfrfebl eag jls df jl hzquhfrdl0
Arclghskas df ^_J Mugehagfs

Hgsthtuta Glehaglj df Ufcurhdld, Uljud y Lgljhzl y fstudhl jls eagdhehagfs df sfcurhdld y sljud fg fj
Ohfgfstlr fg fj Trlolà trlolà eag fj ao`fta df kfàrlrjls, lsfsarl y fjloarl cuëls
tèeghels.
Arclghzlehõg Hgtfrglehaglj dfj Trlolà Fs ug arclghska df jls Glehagfs Vghdls euyl mhgljhdld fs
kfàrlr jl sfcurhdld y jl sljud jloarlj, y jls eagdhehagfs df
trlolà y df vhdl fg tadas jas plësfs dfj kugda.
Hgspfeehõg df Trlolà ûfdf arclghzlr y rfljhzlr vhshtls l jls fkprfsls plrl
eakpraolr quf eukpjfg eag jl garklthvl df prfvfgehõg df
rhfscas jloarljfs.
Lcfgehl Furapfl plrl jl Ufcurhdld y Uu ao`fthva fs eagsfcuhr ugas juclrfs df trlolà kìs sfcuras
Uljud fg fj Trlolà y praduethvas fg Furapl. _fðgf l caohfrgas, fkprfslrhas y
rfprfsfgtlgtfs df jas trlol`ldarfs.

28


KVGDA JLOA_LJ FG ]ËDFA-^ÌC. <43
<>. Eaka eakpjfkfgta l fstl ughdld, sf prapagf fj vhshaglda df ljcugas vëdfas dfj HGUUOT0
• «Trlstargas kuseuja fsqufjètheas (TKF) Hgtradueehõg¹0
H gtradueehõg¹0
:www.yautuof.eak/wlteb1v;@?hp>l\?-V>7.
:www.yautuof.eak/wlteb1v;`2bj=6MSO<X7.
• «Ufüljhzlehõg df sfcurhdld (<4Q54)¹0 :www.yautuof.eak/wlteb1v;`2bj=6MSO<X7.
• «_hfscas bhchègheas cfgfrljfs (<6Q<?)¹0 : www.yautuof.eak/wlteb1v;ptGbQvBJC_47.
• «Klghpujlehõg klgulj df elrcls¹0 :www.yautuof.eak/wlt
:www.yautuof.eak/wlteb1v;5O^=?RFa FVH7.
eb1v;5O^=?RFaFVH7.
Jl mhgljhdld df fstl lethvhdld fs eagsfcuhr quf jas ljukgas eagazelg fg klyar pramugdhdld jl pìchgl wfo
dfj HGUUOT y dfseuorlg eõka l trlvès df sus vëdfas pufdfg lprfgdfr kìs saorf jas eagtfghdas df
prfvfgehõg y eagsfcuhr ugl vhshõg prìethel, ejlrhmheldarl y fgrhqufefdarl df jas eagtfghdas trltldas fg jl
ughdld.
^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL <-^ÌC. <42
Jl rfprfsfgtlehõg df jas trlol`ldarfs
<. ±Ufrì _aofrta fj ðghea dfjfclda df prfvfgehõg df jl fkprfsl1 ±Eõka sf lrtheujlrì jl rfprfsfgtlehõg
df jas trlol`ldarfs fg kltfrhl df prfvfgehõg fg fstl fkprfsl eag 56> trlol`ldarfs1 ±X fg ugl fkprfsl
quf tuvhfrl 4 ?>> trlol`ldarfs1
_aofrta ga dfof sfr fj ðghea dfjfclda df prfvfgehõg, fg ugl fkprfsl eag 56> trlol`ldarfs, jl
rfprfsfgtlehõg df jas trlol`ldarfs fg kltfrhl df prfvfgehõg sf lrtheujl
lrt heujl l trlvès df ug Eakhtè df sfcurhdld
y sljud fg fj trlolà,
t rlolà, eakpufsta par 5 dfjfcldas df prfvfgehõg y 5 rfprfsfgtlgtfs df jl fkprfsl.
Fg ugl fkprfsl quf tuvhfrl 4 ?>> trlol`ldarfs jl rfprfsfgtlehõg df jas trlol`ldarfs fg kltfrhl df
prfvfgehõg sf lrtheujlrël l trlvès df ug Eakhtè df sfcurhdld y sljud fg fj trlolà, eakpufsta par 2 dfjfcldas
df prfvfgehõg y 2 rfprfsfgtlgtfs df jl fkprfsl
?. ±Fxhstf ugl rfprfsfgtlehõg df jas trlol`ldarfs fspfeëmhel fg kltfrhl df prfvfgehõg df rhfscas jloarljfs
dhmfrfgtf df jl rfprfsfgtlehõg jloarlj df jas trlol`ldarfs1 ±\uhèg fjhcf l jas rfprfsfgtlgtfs df jas
trlol`ldarfs fg kltfrhl df prfvfgehõg1 ±\uhèg pufdf sfr fjfchda dfjfclda df prfvfgehõg1
Uë fxhstf ugl rfprfsfgtlehõg df jas trlol`ldarfs fspfeëmhel fg kltfrhl df prfvfgehõg, dhmfrfgtf df jl
rfprfsfgtlehõg jloarlj df jas trlol`ldarfs.
Jas rfprfsfgtlgtfs df jas trlol`ldarfs fg kltfrhl df prfvfgehõg sag fjfchdas par jas rfprfsfgtlgtfs df jas
trlol`ldarfs.
Uaja pufdfg sfr fjfchdas dfjfcldas df prfvfgehõg, jas quf yl sag rfprfsfgtlgtfs df jas trlol`ldarfs.
5. ±Thfgf _aofrta lutarhdld plrl hgdhelr l jas trlol`ldarfs dfj tljjfr < quf dfofg lphjlr jls el`ls fg atra
shtha y df atrl klgfrl1 ±âr què1
_aofrta, eaka dfjfclda df prfvfgehõg, thfgf lutarhdld plrl hgdhelr l jas trlol`ldarfs dfj tljjfr < quf dfofg
lphjlr jls el`ls fg atra
a tra shtha y df atrl klgfrl, pufsta quf fgtrf sus mugehagfs, sf fgeufgtrlg0
 ^rakavfr y makfgtlr jl eaapfrlehõg df jas trlol`ldarfs fg jl f`feuehõg df jl garklthvl saorf
prfvfgehõg df rhfscas jloarljfs.
 ]hchjlr fj eukpjhkhfgta df jl garklthvl df prfvfgehõg, par plrtf df jl fkprfsl y df jas trlol`ldarfs.
trlol`ldarfs.
4. ±\uè mugehagfs thfgf fj Hgsthtuta Glehaglj df Ufcurhdld, Uljud y Ohfgfstlr fg fj Trlolà1

Trlol` a1
 ^raparehagl lyudl y lshstfgehl tèeghel. Fjloarl ugls cuëls tèeghels kuy ðthjfs plrl hkpjlgtlr y
dfslrrajjlr jl lethvhdld prfvfgthvl.
 Lsfsarl fg jl fjloarlehõg df garklthvl.
 _fljhzl lethvhdldfs df marklehõg f hgmarklehõg y jloarfs df fstudha f hgvfsthclehõg.
8>


6. ±Fs praefdfgtf quf fj fgelrclda dfj tljjfr ? ga df`f plslr l Mrlgehsea par fsl zagl1
zagl1
Ga fs praefdfgtf, parquf _aofrta, eaka dfjfclda df prfvfgehõg pufdf rfljhzlr vhshtls l jas juclrfs df
trlolà plrl f`frefr ugl jloar df vhchjlgehl y eagtraj dfj fstlda df jls eagdhehagfs df trlolà, pudhfgda,
leefdfr l euljquhfr zagl y eakughelrsf durlgtf jl àrgldl eag jas trlol`ldarfs, shfkprf y eulgda ga ljtfrf
fj garklj dfslrrajja dfj praefsa praduethva.
^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL ?-^ÌC. <48
Kfdhdls df pratfeehõg y prhgehphas df prfvfgehõg
<. ±\uè tèeghel prfvfgthvl fstudhl jas ghvfjfs df dfehofjhas dlühgas plrl fj aëda buklga y fj thfkpa
ldfeulda df fxpashehõg1
Jl Ufcurhdld Hgdustrhlj.
?. ±\uè kfdhdls df pratfeehõg lplrfefg fg fj elrtfj1 ±Euìjfs letðlg saorf fj arhcfg dfj rhfsca, fg jl vël
df trlgskhshõg dfj pfjhcra a saorf fj trlol`ldar1
Kfdhdls df prfvfgehõg (quf, fg ehfrta kada, tlkohèg pratfcfg). Uag lqufjjls quf letðlg saorf fj fjfkfgta
trlgskhsar dfj rhfsca0
 Lhsjlkhfgta df jl kìquhgl a df jl blohtlehõg dagdf sf fgeufgtrl.

Hgsagarhzlehõg df jl kìquhgl a df jl elohgl fg jl quf sf bljjl.
 Vsa df plgfjfs leðstheas.
 Eagtraj dfj ghvfj df ruhda y fstudha df jas jëkhtfs kìxhkas pfrkhthdas.
Kfdhdls df pratfeehõg (quf, l su vfz, tlkohèg prfvhfgfg). Uag lqufjjls quf letðlg saorf fj trlol`ldar0
 Vsa df pratfetarfs ludhthvas hgdhvhduljfs.
 Eagtrajfs kèdheas pfrhõdheas.
5. ±\uè kfdhdls sag df pratfeehõg eajfethvl y euìjfs df pratfeehõg hgdhvhdulj1

^ratfeehõg eajfethvl0
 Lhsjlkhfgta df jl kìquhgl a df jl blohtlehõg dagdf sf fgeufgtrl.
 Hgsagarhzlehõg df jl kìquhgl a df jl elohgl fg jl quf sf bljjl.
 Vsa df plgfjfs leðstheas.
 Eagtraj dfj ghvfj df ruhda y fstudha df jas jëkhtfs kìxhkas pfrkhthdas.
^ratfeehõg hgdhvhdulj0
Vsa df pratfetarfs ludhthvas hgdhvhduljfs.

Eagtrajfs kèdheas pfrhõdheas.


fs tì ltfgdhfgda eag fstf elrtfj1

4. ±L què prhgehphas df prfvfgehõg sf fstì
Lj prhgehpha df marklr f hgmarklr l jas trlol`ldarfs df jas rhfscas fxhstfgtfs fg jl fkprfsl y fg su pufsta
df trlolà y saorf eõka prfvfghrjas.
6. ±Lplrfef ljcðg F^H1

Uë, jas pratfetarfs ludhthvas hgdhvhduljfs (elseas, tlpagfs, fte.).
=. ±Fs aojhcltarha praparehaglr fj klgulj df hgstrueehagfs df jl kìquhgl l jas trlol`ldarfs1

trlol`ldarfs1
Uf dfof praparehaglr fj klgulj df hgstrueehagfs l jas trlol`ldarfs, eaka këghka fg elstfjjlga.
_fspfeta l jas F^H, fs aojhcltarha praparehaglr hgstrueehagfs, prfmfrfgtfkfgtf par fserhta, saorf jl markl
earrfetl df uthjhzlr y klgtfgfr jas F^H. Fj klgulj df hgstrueehagfs mlehjhtlda par fj mlorhelgtf fstlrì l
dhspashehõg dfj trlol`ldar y sfrì df mìehj eakprfgshõg.

8<


VGHDLD 80 Jl arclghzlehõg df jl prfvfgehõg y jl letulehõg fg elsas df fkfrcfgehl
DFUEVO_F-^ÌC. <6<
Hgdhelkfdhdls
±\uè què shtulehagfs eagshdfrls
ldaptlrëls hrrfcujlrfs fg jl lyudl quf praparehaglg l _lqufj sus eakplüfras.
plrl earrfchrjls1
- ^lrl quf jas trlol`ldarfs df jl fkprfsl sfplg eõka letulr fs hkpartlgtf quf rfeholg marklehõg df
prhkfras luxhjhas. Fs hkpartlgtf, quf eaka Uamël, blyl kìs fkpjfldas eag fstl marklehõg.
- Ga sf uthjhzl ljeabaj gh ljcadõg. Jls bfrhdls jfvfs lmfetlg l jl elpl kìs fxtfrgl df jl phfj, shfkprf
quf ga blyl atra mletar df crlvfdld. Bly quf dfshgmfetlr jl bfrhdl eag lcul y `loõg, y pagfr ug
lgthsèpthea ga eajarlgtf. Ga sf euorf, sljva quf fj fgtarga fstf eagtlkhglda a blyl rhfsca df
hgmfeehõg.
- Ufrcha ga su`ftl fj lplrlta df _lyas R fg fj pljè.
- Vthjhzlr jl tèeghel df _flghklehõg rfsphrltarhl fs ugl letulehõg earrfetl.
±Eõka blorëls rfleehaglda sh mufsfs eakplüfra df trlolà df _lqufj1



8?


 ±\uè plsas bl tfghda quf sfcuhr Uamël l jl barl df lpjhelr jl rflghklehõg rfsphrltarhl1
Jl rflghklehõg rfsphrltarhl sf lpjhel

lpjhe l fg bfrhdas hgeagsehfgtfs, quf ga rfsphrlg, pfra thfgfg pujsa.
▮ Uf eajael l jl vëethkl oael lrrhol saorf ug pjlga dura eag jas orlzas l ja jlrca dfj eufrpa. Uf jf rfthrl jl
rapl quf aprhkl jl clrclgtl, fj tõrlx a fj lodakfg, y eldfgls, eajjlrfs y eufrpas fxtrlüas df jl oael.
▮ L eagthgulehõg, sf praefdf l jl lpfrturl df jls vëls lèrfls eag jl klghaorl
mrfgtf-kfgtõg a jl trleehõg klgdhoujlr sh bly jfshõg efrvhelj.

▮ Uh fj bfrhda ga rfsphrl, sf praefdf l jls rfsphrlehagfs df rfseltf eag fj kètada oael-oael, paghfgda jas
jlohas ljrfdfdar df jl oael df jl vëethkl plrl sapjlr df klgfrl eagstlgtf dfgtra df fstl, khfgtrls sf
aosfrvl jl fjfvlehõg dfj tõrlx, a fj kètada oael-glrhz, tlplgda jl oael eag jl klga f hgsumjlgda par jl
glrhz.
<. @ulg trlol`l, ùgta l atrls 5?> pfrsagls, fg ug jloarltarha dagdf fxpfrhkfgtlg eag lcfgtfs ohajõcheas
ohajõcheas
dlühgas plrl jl sljud. ±Eõka sf arclghzlrì jl prfvfgehõg df rhfscas jloarljfs fg fj efgtra df @ulg1
Jl fkprfsl fstì aojhcldl l erflr ug sfrvheha df prfvfgehõg prapha parquf thfgf fgtrf ?6> y 6>> trlol`ldarfs
y rfljhzl trlolàs eag fxpashehõg l lcfgtfs ohajõcheas, lethvhdld quf sf eagshdfrl fspfehljkfgtf pfjhcrasl,
par fj lgfxa H dfj _flj Dferfta 58/<883, df <3 df fgfra, par fj quf sf lprufol fj _fcjlkfgta df jas Ufrvhehas
df ^rfvfgehõg.
?. Hslofj thfgf, dfsdf blef 6 lüas, ugl thfgdl praphl dfdheldl l jl vfgtl df rapl. Uhfkprf bl trlol`lda ljjë
df markl blohtulj, ùgta l su lyudlgtf, lugquf lbarl saja vl par jls klülgls, yl quf par jls tlrdfs fstì
eurslgda ug kìstfr df ^rfvfgehõg df _hfscas Jloarljfs df =>> barls. ±\uè kadljhdld prfvfgthvl pufdf
lsukhrsf fg jl fkprfsl1
Eulgda Hslofj tfrkhgf fj kìstfr df ^_J,
^ _J, eaka fkprfslrhl, pufdf lsukhr jl prfvfgehõg fg jl fkprfsl parquf
sf eukpjfg tadas jas rfquhshtas gfefslrhas0
 Jl fkprfsl thfgf blstl <> trlol`ldarfs, pufsta quf saja trlol`lg Hslofj y su lyudlgtf.
 Jl fkprfslrhl fstì elplehtldl plrl lsukhr jl prfvfgehõg, fgtrf atrls easls, parquf thfgf ug kìstfr df
=>> barls df ^rfvfgehõg df _hfscas Jloarljfs.
 Hslofj dfslrrajjl su trlolà df markl blohtulj fg jl fkprfsl.
 Hslofj ga dfslrrajjl par së khskl jl kfdhehgl df jl sljud.
 Vgl thfgdl df vfgtl df rapl ga fs ugl lethvhdld eagshdfrldl fspfehljkfgtf pfjhcrasl.
5. ±\uè sfrvhehas df prfvfgehõg pufdfg fstlojfefrsf fg ug tljjfr df eagmfeehõg df 5>> trlol`ldarfs, fg ug

supfrkfrelda eag 66> trlol`ldarfs y fg ug jloarltarha eag 5>> trlol`ldarfs fg fj quf sf rfljhzlg trlolàs
eag fxpashehõg l lcfgtfs tõxheas1
Jas sfrvhehas df prfvfgehõg quf pufdfg fstlojfefrsf fg ug tljjfr
tl jjfr df eagmfeehõg df 5>> trlol`ldarfs sag0
 Dfshcglr l uga a vlrhas trlol`ldarfs plrl quf sf aeupfg df jl lethvhdld prfvfgthvl, shfkprf y eulgda
fstas blylg rfljhzlda, lj kfgas, ug eursa df ghvfj oìshea y sf jfs datf df jas kfdhas kltfrhljfs y fj
thfkpa gfefslrhas plrl rfljhzlr jl lethvhdld prfvfgthvl.
 Eagtrltlr ug sfrvheha df prfvfgehõg l`fga.
 Erflr ug sfrvheha df prfvfgehõg prapha eakpufsta, lj kfgas, par eultra fxpfrtas df eldl ugl df jls
fspfehljhdldfs prfvfgthvls0 Kfdhehgl, Ufcurhdld, Bhchfgf, Frcagakël y ^sheasaehajacël.
Fg ug supfrkfrelda eag 66> trlol`ldarfs, jl fkprfsl fstì aojhcldl l erflr ug sfrvheha df prfvfgehõg prapha.
Fg ug jloarltarha eag 5>> trlol`ldarfs (fgtrf ?>> y 6>> trlol`ldarfs), fg fj quf sf rfljhzlg trlolàs eag
fxpashehõg l lcfgtfs tõxheas, ugl lethvhdld eagshdfrldl fspfehljkfgtf pfjhcrasl par fj _fcjlkfgta df jas
Ufrvhehas df ^rfvfgehõg, sf tfgdrì quf erflr ug sfrvheha df prfvfgehõg prapha.

85


4. Fj cfrfgtf df jl Ejëghel Ulgtl @ustl, quf sf dfdhel l lethvhdldfs slghtlrhls, thfgf jl dudl sh thfgf a ga
thfgf quf fjloarlr fj klgulj df lutapratfeehõg. Eaka tð frfs fj tèeghea fg prfvfgehõg df jl ejëghel, tf
blef jl eagsujtl. ±Euìj sfrël jl rfspufstl1 Fg elsa df tfgfr quf fjloarlrja, ±quhèg sfrël fj rfspagslojf df
su fjloarlehõg y eldl euìgta thfkpa sf dfofrël rfvhslr1
Jls lethvhdldfs quf dfofg dhspagfr df ug ^jlg df Lutapratfeehõg sag, fgtrf atrls, jls Lethvhdldfs slghtlrhls
quf hgejuyf jas fstlojfehkhfgtas df usas slghtlrhas fg jas quf sf prfstlg euhdldas kèdheas fg rèchkfg df
basphtljhzlehõg y/a trltlkhfgta hgtfgshva a quhrðrchea, eag ugl dhspaghohjhdld hculj a supfrhar l ?>> elkls y
euljquhfr atra fstlojfehkhfgta df usa slghtlrha quf dhspagcl df ugl ljturl df fvleulehõg hculj a supfrhar l
?2 k. a df ugl aeuplehõg hculj a supfrhar l ? >>> pfrsagls.
Fj ^jlg df Lutapratfeehõg sf fjloarl par jl fkprfsl
fkp rfsl y sf rfchstrlrì fg fj arclghska pðojhea eak
eakpftfgtf,
pftfgtf, ouselgda
eag fjja su hgtfcrlehõg fg fj shstfkl pðojhea df ^ratfeehõg Ehvhj. Uf rfvhslrì fg ug pfrhada ga supfrhar l 5 lüas.
Thfgf quf fjloarlrja ug tèeghea eakpftfgtf, pfra sf pufdf pfdhr rfspagslohjhdldfs lj cfrfgtf par ga blofrja
fgelrclda.
6. Hgdhel eõka sf dfof df letulr lj fvleulr ug fdhmhea eulgda bly ugl fkfrcfgehl.
Fg fj ^jlg df Lutapratfeehõg sf hgejuyf fj ^jlg df Letulehõg lgtf Fkfrcfgehls fg dagdf sf rfeacf eõka letulr
lgtf ugl shtulehõg df fkfrcfgehl, df klgfrl quf sf clrlgthef jl fvleulehõg y pratfeehõg df jls pfrsagls, lsë
eaka ugl hgtfrvfgehõg hgkfdhltl y eaardhgldl df jas kfdhas quf sflg gfefslrhas plrl khghkhzlr jls
eagsfeufgehls y prfplrlr jl pashojf hgtfrvfgehõg df jas rfeursas fxtfrharfs (oakofras, lkoujlgehls, pajheël, fte.).
Lj fvleulr ug fdhmheha, bly quf sljhr ardfgldlkfgtf, shcuhfgda fj praefdhkhfgta fstlojfehda, shg earrfr gh vajvfr
blehl ltrìs. Jas rfspagslojfs dfofg eakpraolr quf tadls jls pfrsagls l su elrca blg fvleulda jl zagl.
Jas fvleuldas dfofg aofdfefr jls hgstrueehagfs quf sf jfs dè, fgtrf jls quf sf dfstlelg jls shcuhfgtfs0
▮ Ga dfseajclr fj tfjèmaga gh uslrja plrl quf fstè dhspaghojf.
▮ Ga uthjhzlr fj lsefgsar.
▮ Ga vajvfr lj pufsta df trlolà a rfthrlr jas vfbëeujas dfj lplrelkhfgta.

84


▮ Vthjhzlr jls vëls, fseljfrls y sljhdls df fkfrcfgehl.

▮ Dhrhchrsf lj pugta df rfughõg fg fj fxtfrhar dfj fdhmheha, fg dagdf dfofrìg df lcruplrsf eaka sf jfs blyl
hgdhelda, plrl quf sf blcl ug rfeufgta y ugl jhstl eag jas gakorfs df jls pfrsagls fvleuldls. Uh mljtl ljcuhfg,
bly quf eakughelrja.
=. ±\uè fs ug eaglta df fkfrcfgehls1

Fj eaglta df fkfrcfgehl fs lqufjjl quf lmfetl l ugl zagl eagerftl df jl fkprfsl y fs pfrmfetlkfgtf
eagtrajlojf par jas Fquhpas df ^rhkfrl Hgtfrvfgehõg df jl fkprfsl.
TFUT DF F]LJVLEHÕG-^ÌC. <=4
<. Ufüljl jl rfspufstl earrfetl0

o) Fj ^jlg df prfvfgehõg df rhfscas jloarljfs fs ug daeukfgta dagdf jl fkprfsl hgejuyf, fgtrf atras lspfetas, jl
pajëthel df prfvfgehõg fg jl fkprfsl, jl arclghzlehõg
arclghzlehõ g df jl prfvfgehõg fg jl fkprfsl y jas praefdhkhfgtas l sfcuhr.
5. Uf pufdf arclghzlr jl prfvfgehõg0

l) Eagtrltlgda ug sfrvheha df prfvfgehõg l`fga.
e) Fj sfrvheha df prfvfgehõg prapha sf dfof erflr eulgda jl fkprfsl thfgf fgtrf ?6> y 6>> trlol`ldarfs y rfljhzl
ljcugl df jls lethvhdldfs eagshdfrldls fspfehljkfgtf
fspfeh ljkfgtf pfjhcrasls par fj _fcjlkfgta df jas Ufrvheha
Ufrvhehass df ^rfvfgehõg.
=. Fg fj ^jlg df Lutapratfeehõg sf dfof hgejuhr, lj kfgas jl shcuhfgtf hgmarklehõg….
d) Tadls jls hgmarklehagfs lgtfrharfs.
3. Fj ^jlg df Fkfrcfgehl sf hgejuyf fg0
l) Fj Klgulj df Lutapratfeehõg.
2. Uh sf praduef ug leehdfgtf df trlolà eag bfrhdas, ±què sf dfof blefr lgtf ugl urcfgehl kèdhel1
o) Blefr saja ja hkprfsehgdhojf.
8. Lgtf ugl pfrsagl hgeagsehfgtf quf ga rfsphrl y elrfef df pujsa sf jf lpjhel.
e)
e) _flghklehõg Elrdharrfsphrltarhl.
Elrdharrfsphrltarhl.
<>. L ug bfrhda eag jfshagfs kfdujlrfs bly quf.
l) Df`lrjf fg jl pashehõg quf fstlol.
LETH]HDLDFU MHGLJFU-^ÌC. <=6
<. Vgl mìorhel df kltfrhlj phratèeghea eufgtl eag =>> trlol`ldarfs. ±Eõka sf arclghzlrì jl prfvfgehõg df
rhfscas jloarljfs1
Fg jl prìethel pramfshaglj < thfgfs fj jhstlda df lethvhdldfs eagshdfrldls fspfehljkfgtf pfjhcrasls par fj
_fcjlkfgta df jas Ufrvhehas df ^rfvfgehõg, eagsðjtlja plrl rfljhzlr fstl lethvhdld.
Jl fkprfsl thfgf jl aojhclehõg df erflr ug Ufrvheha df ^rfvfgehõg prapha parquf thfgf kìs df 6>>
trlol`ldarfs, ldfkìs, jl klghpujlehõg df fxpjashvas sf eagshdfrl ugl lethvhdld fspfehljkfgtf pfjhcrasl, par

86


fj lgfxa H dfj _.D. 58/<883, df <3 df fgfra, par fj quf sf lprufol fj _fcjlkfgta df jas Ufrvhehas df
^rfvfgehõg.
?. Vgl fkprfsl shdfrðrchel thfgf ?=> trlol`ldarfs. ±Eõka sf arclghzlrì jl rfprfsfgtlehõg df jas
trlol`ldarfs1
Fg jl prìethel pramfshaglj < thfgfs fj jhstlda df lethvhdldfs eagshdfrldls fspfehljkfgtf pfjhcrasls par fj
_fcjlkfgta df jas Ufrvhehas df ^rfvfgehõg, eagsðjtlja lgtfs df rfljhzlr fstl
fst l lethvhdld.
Jl fkprfsl fstì aojhcldl l erflr ug sfrvheha df prfvfgehõg prapha parquf jas trlolàs fg jl hgdustrhl
shdfrðrchel sf eagshdfrlg ugl lethvhdld fspfehljkfgtf pfjhcrasl, par fj lgfxa H dfj _.D. 58/<883, df <3 df
fgfra, par fj quf sf lprufol fj _fcjlkfgta df jas Ufrvhehas df ^rfvfgehõg, y jl fkprfsl thfgf fgtrf ?6> y
6>> trlol`ldarfs.
5. Blef 6 lüas Mfrglgda lorhõ ugl thfgdl df fjfetradakèstheas. Trlol`l ljjë df markl blohtulj, ùgta l su
lyudlgtf. Lbarl saja vl par jls klülgls parquf fstì eurslgda ug kìstfr df ^rfvfgehõg df _hfscas
Jloarljfs df =>> barls. ±ûfdf lsukhr pfrsagljkfgtf jls jloarfs df prfvfgehõg1 _lzagl jl rfspufstl.
Eulgda Mfrglgda tfrkhgf fj kìstfr df ^_J,
^ _J, eaka fkprfslrha, pufdf lsukhr jl prfvfgehõg fg jl fkprfsl
parquf sf eukpjfg tadas jas rfquhshtas gfefslrhas0
 Jl fkprfsl thfgf blstl <> trlol`ldarfs, pufsta quf saja trlol`lg Mfrglgda y su lyudlgtf.
 Fj fkprfslrha fstì elplehtlda plrl lsukhr jl prfvfgehõg, fgtrf atrls easls, parquf thfgf ug kìstfr df
 =>> barls dfslrrajjl

Mfrglgda df ^rfvfgehõg df _hfscas
su trlolà Jloarljfs.
df markl blohtulj fg jl fkprfsl.
 Mfrglgda ga dfslrrajjl par së khska jl kfdhehgl df jl sljud.
 Vgl thfgdl df vfgtl df fjfetradakèstheas ga fs ugl lethvhdld ea
eagshdfrldl
gshdfrldl fspfehljkfgtf pfjhcrasl.
4. Ardfglr fstls letulehagfs sfcðg su prharhdld0 jjlklr lj <<?9 eakpraolr jl eagsehfgehl dfj bfrhda9
rfeaphjlr hgmarklehõg df jl fkfrcfgehl9 sfüljlr fj leehdfgtf y fjhkhglr ug fselpf df cls.
<. Ufüljlr fj leehdfgtf
?. Fjhkhglr ug fselpf df cls
5. _feaphjlr hgmarklehõg df jl fkfrcfgehl
4. Eakpraolr jl eagsehfgehl dfj bfrhda
6. Jjlklr lj <<?

8=


6. _fljhzl jl shcuhfgtf sapl df jftrls eagtfstlgda l jls prfcugtls shcuhfgtfs.
<. ^rhgehphas plrl letulr lgtf ugl fkfrcfgehl.

<.
M F O H T F K L U _ A _ L H
^LU
?. Tèeghel df rflghklehõg quf sf lpjhel lgtf ugl
E L _ A T H D L R E C A V F
pfrsagl
pujsa. _E^
pujsa. _E^hgeagsehfgtf quf ga rfsphrl y ga thfgf
@ U E D ^ L U C A ^ F _ T L
5. Uf uthjhzl plrl hgkavhjhzlr ug khfkora
M F _ V J L ^ H @ A B A _ F mrleturlda. Mèrujl
4. Thfgf rfjlehõg eag jl fvleulehõg y sf rfljhzl
C F C B F H S L O H F _ T L ugl vfz lj lüa. Uhkujlera
lüa. Uhkujlera
6. âshehõg l pagfr l ugl pfrsagl eag jl fspljdl
I V P E U H K V J L E _ A J qufkldl. ^JU
qufkldl. ^JU
=. Thpa df mrleturl. Lohfrtl
mrleturl. Lohfrtl
L ^ J U J L ^ H P E M J L L 3. Lrtfrhl l prfshaglr fg ugl bfkarrlchl dfj
eufjja. Elrõthdl
eufjja. Elrõthdl
L V T A ^ _ A T F E E H A G 2. Klgulj quf hgejuyf fj ^jlg df Fkfrcfgehls.
2.
Lutapratfeehõg
=. Uamël sf bl elëda par ugls fseljfrls, fkpu`lgda l Ìjvlra quf hol dftrìs df fjjl. Fj saearrhstl quf jfs lthfgdf
eakprufol quf lkoas fstìg hgeagsehfgtfs, rfsphrlg y thfgfg pujsa. Uhg fkolrca, saspfebl quf Uamël thfgf
jfshagldl jl eajukgl y Ìjvlra mrleturlda fj erìgfa. ±\uè bly quf blefr fg fstas elsas1
Lj sfr jls das shtulehagfs kuy crlvfs bly quf lvhslr hgkfdhltlkfgtf lj <<? plrl quf fgvëfg pfrsaglj slghtlrha
fspfehljhzlda quf jfs pufdl trlsjldlr l ug efgtra kèdhea.
Khfgtrls jjfclg jl ltfgehõg slghtlrhl sf dfof praefdfr df jl shcuhfgtf klgfrl0
L Uamël lj tfgfr jfshagldl jl eajukgl ga bly quf kavfrjl, gh hgearparlrjl gh sfgtlrjl, pufs sf pufdf praduehr ugl
plrìjhshs. Uh sf pufdf dfof fstlr tukoldl saorf su fspljdl,
Ìjvlra dfof pagfrsf fg pashehõg jltfrlj df sfcurhdld, lorhclrja y tfgfrja vhchjlda.
3. _fjlehagl fg tu euldfrga df trlolà jas thpas df mrleturl eag jl tèeghel df hgkavhjhzlehõg.
Mrleturls Hgkavhjhzlehõg
Mrleturl df bakora âgfr fg ^JU y praeurlr jl fvleulehõg hgkfdhltl

Mrleturl df vèrtforls âgfr fj orlza fg elofstrhjja eagtrl fj tõrlx
Mrleturl df mèkur Gugel kavfr, gh hgearparlr, gh sfgtlr
Mrleturl df erìgfa Vthjhzlr ugl mèrujl plrl ojaquflrja
KVGDA JLOA_LJ FG FJ EHGF-^ÌC. <=6
Fj eajasa fg jjlkls
2. ±Euìjfs sag jas mljjas fstrueturljfs quf fxpjhel fj lrquhtfeta y euìj fs jl lethtud dfj dufüa dfj fdhmheha1
Jl lethtud dfj dufüa dfj fdhmheha eakfgzõ shfgda df hgerfdujhdld y eag lrraclgehl. Tada fjja plsõ l sfr ugl
lethtud df fgmlda lj eagaefr jas mljjas fstrueturljfs pravaeldas par su yfrga, quf ga shcuhõ jls
fspfehmhelehagfs eagstruethvls dfj lrquhtfeta.
Jas mljjas fstrueturljfs sag jl mljtl df lhsjlkhfgta df sfcurhdld fg jl hgstljlehõg fjèetrhel a uthjhzlehõg df
kltfrhljfs hgmjlklojfs.
83


8. Ejlshmhel fj thpa df mufca quf sf praduef fg jl pfjëeujl.
Fj mufca sfcðg jl Garkl VGF ?5.><> fs df Ejlsf L parquf sf praduef lj lrdfr jas plpfjfs, pfra fstì
praduehda par ug eartaehreuhta, par fjja ljcugas tèegheas dhrëlg quf fs ug mufca fjèetrhea df Ejlsf F.
<>. ±Euìjfs sag jls sfüljfs quf hgdhelg quf sf bl praduehda fj mufca1
Blg sljtlda jls ljlrkls y eagtrajfs quf hgdhelg jl prfsfgehl df mufca fg jl pjlgtl 2<. Lj blefr jls hgspfeehagfs
plrl dftfetlr pashojfs mljjas df sfcurhdld, sf dftfetl ug saorfeljfgtlkhfgta df jas elojfs par saorfelrcl fg
jl uthjhzlehõg df jl fgfrcël fjèetrhel parquf sf bl hjukhglda tada fj fdhmheha y sf vf jl prfsfgehl df buka.
<<. Hgdhel sh bly letulehagfs pfjhcrasls y què sf dfofrël df blofr bfeba sfcðg ja fstudhlda fg jl ughdld.
Fg fj ljkleèg dagdf sf praduef fj mufca, bly plpfjfs thrldas, quf fs ug kltfrhlj ljtlkfgtf hgmjlklojf.
Lj ljtfrlrsf jls fspfehmhelehagfs quf sf blg rfljhzlda par plrtf dfj lrquhtfeta dfj fdhmheha fxhstfg mljjas
fstrueturljfs dfohda lj lbarra quf sf prftfgdël fg jl eagstrueehõg, eaka par f`fkpja jl mljtl df lhsjlkhfgta
df sfcurhdld fg jl hgstljlehõg fjèetrhel a uthjhzlehõg df kltfrhljfs hgmjlklojfs.
Fg jls elrletfrësthels eagstruethvls dfj fdhmheha tlkohèg jas oakofras dftfetlg mljjas fg jl fstrueturl.
Ga sf blugl
efjforlr hgstljlda
mhfstl fj
fgfquhpa df sfcurhdld eagtrl mufca l pfslr quf plrl jl hglucurlehõg dfj fdhmheha sf vl l
fj fdhmheha.
Atrls letulehagfs pfjhcrasls sag0 uthjhzlehõg df jas lsefgsarfs, lorhr jls pufrtls eulgda sf hgtuyf jl prfsfgehl
df ug mufca, ga praefdfr l jl fvleulehõg dfj fdhmheha.
Fj fdhmheha dfoël df tfgfr ^jlg df ^rfvfgehõg df _hfscas Jloarljfs quf hgejuyf jls fvljulehagfs df rhfscas y
fj pjlg df lutapratfeehõg.
Lgtf jl prfsfgehl df ug mufca, sf lethvl fj ^jlg df Fkfrcfgehl, par plrtf dfj Dhrfetar dfj ^jlg df Letulehõg
fg Fkfrcfgehls quf dhrhcf y eaardhgl tadls jls letulehagfs. Fj @fmf df Hgtfrvfgehõg letulrì fg fj juclr df
mufca y dhrhcf jas fquhpas df hgtfrvfgehõg.
Dfofrël df blofrsf arclghzlda fj trlolà par Fquhpas df ^rhkfrl y Ufcugdl Hgtfrvfgehõg y df ^rhkfras
Luxhjhas.
Fj Dhrfetar dfj ^jlg df Letulehõg fg Fkfrcfgehls fs quhfg dfehdf sh sf praefdf l jl fvleulehõg dfj fdhmheha.
^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL <-^ÌC. <==
Jl arclghzlehõg df jl prfvfgehõg
<. ±Euìjfs sag jas lspfetas prhgehpljfs quf sf hgejuyfg fg fj ^jlg df ^rfvfgehõg df _hfscas Jloarljfs1
 Jl pajëthel df prfvfgehõg fg jl
j l fkprfsl, fs dfehr, jas prhgehphas oìsheas fg kltfrhl df prfvfgehõg quf
lsukhrìg tadas jas trlol`ldarfs, dfsdf jl ljtl dhrfeehõg l jas trlol`ldarfs df kfgar eltfcarël.
 Eõka sf arclghzlrì jl prfvfgehõg fg jl fkprfsl.
 Jas praefdhkhfgtas quf sf blg df sfcuhr.
?. ±\uè hgejuyf ugl fvljulehõg df rhfscas y fg què shtulehagfs sf dfof fjloarlr y letuljhzlr1
Vgl fvljulehõg df rhfscas jloarljfs hgejuyf0

Jas rhfscas prfsfgtfs fg jl fkprfsl0
Uf dftfetlg y sf dfserhofg jas rhfscas.


82


Uf fsthkl y vljarl fj rhfsca eagmarkf l ugl fseljl0 trhvhlj, tajfrlojf, kadfrlda, hkpartlgtf

a hgtajfrlojf.
 Jls kfdhdls prfvfgthvls0 Uf dfserhofg jls kfdhdls prfvfgthvls quf sf taklrìg fg jl fkprfsl plrl
eakolthr eldl uga df jas rhfscas dfserhtas. ^lrl eldl kfdhdl sf hgdhelrì ja shcuhfgtf0
Fj pjlza prfvhsta plrl jjfvlrjl l eloa.

Jls pfrsagls rfspagslojfs df su f`feuehõg.


Jas rfeursas buklgas y kltfrhljfs gfefslrhas.


Vgl fvljulehõg df rhfscas sf dfof rfljhzlr lgtfs dfj hgheha df jl lethvhdld fkprfslrhlj y sf rfvhslrì y
letuljhzlrì pfrhõdhelkfgtf. Ldfkìs, sf jjfvlrìg l eloa fvljulehagfs eagerftls fg jas shcuhfgtfs
shc uhfgtfs elsas0
 Eag jl hgearparlehõg df gufvls tfegajacëls, gufvls eagdhehagfs df trlolà, fquhpas, klquhglrhl a
bfrrlkhfgtls.
 Eulgda sf praduzelg dlüas l jl sljud.
 Eulgda sf hgearparfg trlol`ldarfs gufvas a fspfehljkfgtf sfgshojfs par sus elrletfrësthels
pfrsagljfs a fstlda ohajõchea eagaehda, eaka kfgarfs df fdld, fkolrlzldls, trlol`ldarfs
eagtrltldas l trlvès df ugl FTT a eag eagtrltas tfkparljfs.
5. ±Eldl euìgta thfkpa sf

s f dfof letuljhzlr fj ^jlg df Lutapratfeehõg1
Uf blrì eag ugl pfrhadhehdld ga supfrhar l 5 lüas.
4.
Fg±Eõka
jl sfdf sf
dfdfof arclghzlr
\uhkhesl jl prfvfgehõg
df ]ljfgehl, fg eldl
jl fkprfsl sfdf1
dfofrì @usthmhel
tfgfr jl rfspufstl.
ug sfrvheha df prfvfgehõg prapha parquf eufgtl
eag ?6> trlol`ldarfs y sf uthjhzlg praduetas quëkheas df ljta rhfsca, par ja quf sf eagshdfrl ugl lethvhdld
fspfehljkfgtf pfjhcrasl, par fj lgfxa H dfj _.D. 58/<883, df <3 df fgfra, par fj quf sf lprufol fj
_fcjlkfgta df jas Ufrvhehas df ^rfvfgehõg.
^ rfvfgehõg.
Fg jl sfdf df Ufvhjjl, dagdf fstì fj fquhpa dhrfethva, fj Dfplrtlkfgta df Mhglgehlehõg y Eagtraj, fj Ìrfl df
Klrifthgc y fj Dfplrtlkfgta df _feursas Buklgas tlkohèg dfofrì tfgfr ug sfrvheha df prfvfgehõg prapha
parquf thfgf kìs df 6>> fkpjfldas, l pfslr df quf su lethvhdld ga sf eagshdfrl fspfehljkfgtf pfjhcrasl.
6. ±Thfgfg jl aojhclehõg df plslr ugl ludhtarël1 ±âr què1 ±Fg què eagshstf ugl ludhtarël1
l udhtarël1
Uë parquf lqufjjls fkprfsls, eaka \uhkhesl, quf ga buohfrlg eagefrtlda fj sfrvheha df prfvfgehõg eag ugl
fgthdld fspfehljhzldl (ug sfrvheha df prfvfgehõg l`fga) dfofrìg sakftfr su shstfkl df prfvfgehõg lj eagtraj
df ugl ludhtarël a fvljulehõg fxtfrgl, (sljva jls fkprfsls df blstl 6> trlol`ldarfs, euyls lethvhdldfs ga sf
eagshdfrfg fspfehljkfgtf pfjhcrasls par fj _fcjlkfgta df jas Ufrvhehas df ^rfvfgehõg y fg jls quf jl fmhelehl
dfj shstfkl prfvfgthva rfsujtf fvhdfgtf par fj jhkhtlda gðkfra df trlol`ldarfs y jl fselsl eakpjf`hdld df
jls lethvhdldfs prfvfgthvls, quf ga fs fj elsa df \uhkhesl).
Vgl ludhtarël fs ugl fvljulehõg a fxlkfg, fg fj quf sf rfvhsl quf tadas jas praefdhkhfgtas y tadl jl
daeukfgtlehõg fg kltfrhl df prfvfgehõg eag fj ao`fta df lgljhzlr sh sag eagmarkfs l jl garklthvl. Jl
ludhtarël fs ug hgstrukfgta df eagtraj dfj shstfkl df prfvfgehõg, quf dfof sfr shstfkìthel, daeukfgtldl y
ao`fthvl, y su hkpartlgehl rldhel fg quf eagaehfgda jas frrarfs dfj shstfkl sf kfàrl jl sfcurhdld y jl sljud
df jas trlol`ldarfs.
Jl ludhtarël pfrshcuf rfmjf`lr jl hklcfg mhfj dfj shstfkl df prfvfgehõg df rhfscas jloarljfs df jl fkprfsl,
vljarlgda su fmhelehl y dftfetlgda jls dfmhehfgehls quf pufdlg dlr juclr l hgeukpjhkhfgtas df jl garklthvl
vhcfgtf plrl pfrkhthr jl ldapehõg df dfehshagfs dhrhchdls l su pfrmfeehaglkhfgta y kfàrl.
^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL ?-^ÌC. <=3
^rhkfras luxhjhas fg ug leehdfgtf jloarlj
<. ±\uè plsas sf dfofg sfcuhr plrl ltfgdfr l Ulgthlca1

88


Lj tfgfr jfshagldl jl eajukgl vfrtforlj, ga bly quf kavfr l Ulgthlca, gh hgearparlrja gh sfgtlrja yl quf
pufdf praduehrsf fg fj kavhkhfgta ugl plrìjhshs. Bly quf lorhclrja y fspfrlr l quf jas sfrvhehas
fspfehljhzldas jl trlsjldfg l ug efgtra kèdhea.
^lrl ltfgdfr l Ulgthlca bly quf sfcuhr jas shcuhfgtfs prhgehphas oìsheas0
Ufüljhzlr fj juclr dfj leehdfgtf y fjhkhglr pashojfs

^ratfcfr
lkfglzls. Ga sf kufvf l Ulgthlca.
Eagtletlr eag jas sfrvhehas df fkfrcfgehl jjlklgda

jjlk lgda lj
<<? fxpjhelgda dftljjfs eaka gðkfra df bfrhdas y fj
fstlda df Lgtagha y Ulgthlca. Uf dfof fxpjhelr
f xpjhelr quf uga
Lvhslr
df jas trlol`ldarfs fstì eajclda dfj lgdlkha plrl quf
leudlg jas sfrvhehas slghtlrhas, oakofras y pajheël y
pufdlg letulr ldfeuldlkfgtf.
Ltfgdfr, lorhclr, leakplülr y trlgquhjhzlr lj bfrhda

bfrh da
Uaearrfr
blstl quf jjfcuf fj pfrsaglj kèdhea.
?. Uh tuvhfrls marklehõg fg prhkfras luxhjhas, ±padrëls ltfgdfr l Ulgthlca shg sfr kèdhea a LTU1 ±âr què1
Ulgthlca thfgf ugl jfshõg fg jl eajukgl vfrtforlj par fjja fs hkpartlgtf quf jf lthfgdlg jas sfrvhehas kèdheas
fspfehljhzldas. Ja ðghea quf sf pufdf blefr fs ga kavfrja, klgtfgfrja lorhclda y fspfrlr l quf jas sfrvhehas
fspfehljhzldas jl trlsjldfg l ug efgtra kèdhea.
5. ±\uè thpa df bfkarrlchl thfgf Lgtagha1 Lrcukfgtl jl rfspufstl.

Lgtagha thfgf ugl bfrhdl eag ugl raturl df jl phfj par ug trluklthska. Fs ugl bfrhdl jfvf parquf lmfetl l jl
elpl kìs fxtfrgl df jl phfj. Fs eagvfghfgtf lsfcurlrsf quf ga bly atrls
a trls jfshagfs.
^lrl eurlr jl bfrhdl, bly quf jlvlrsf jls klgas y uslr culgtfs y kltfrhlj fstèrhj dfsfeblojf a jhkpha.
Bly quf dfshgmfetlr jl bfrhdl eag lcul y `loõg, y pagfr ug lgthsèpthea ga eajarlgtf. Ga sf euorf, sljva quf
fj fgtarga fstf eagtlkhglda a blyl rhfsca df hgmfeehõg.
4. ±Euìjfs
Uaja saghgtfrvfghr
sf pufdf jas euhdldas quf dfofrëls
lethvlkfgtf dlr l Lgtagha
fg bfkarrlchls plrl quf
fxtfrgls, jl bfkarrlchl
letulgda fg fstfplrlsf1
ardfg0
<. Eakprfgshõg dhrfetl0 euorhr eag ugl clsl jl bfrhdl hgkfdhltlkfgtf, eakprhkhfgda df markl klgtfghdl
durlgtf 6-<> khgutas jl zagl jfshagldl.
?. Eakprfshõg lrtfrhlj0 sh jl bfkarrlchl ga sf eartl a fs saorf ugl mrleturl lohfrtl, sf prfshagl jl lrtfrhl
prhgehplj quf gutrf jl zagl jfshagldl.
5. Targhquftf0 vfgdl`f lgeba quf prfshagl par fgehkl df jl bfrhdl fj khfkora lmfetlda. Thfgf fmfetas
sfeugdlrhas y saja ja lgtfrhar ga mugehagl. Lgatlr jl barl df eajaelehõg y ga lmja`lr.
Fg jls bfkarrlchls hgtfrgls, sf dfof klgtfgfr jl tfkpfrlturl dfj lmfetlda y tfgfrjf fg rfpasa eag jls
phfrgls fjfvldls. Fvhtlr letulehagfs pfrùdhehljfs blstl quf jjfcufg jas sfrvhehas slghtlrhas.
6. Uh Lgtagha fstuvhfrl hgeagsehfgtf y ga rfsphrlsf ±sf jf padrël lpjhelr ljcugl tèeghel df rfsphrlehõg
lrthmhehlj1
Dfspuès df eakpraolr quf ga blyl ljcugl jfshõg quf ja hkphdl, sh Lgtagha tuvhfrl pujsa sf jf dfof lpjhelr
jl _flghklehõg _fsphrltarhl y sh ga tuvhfrl pujsa sf jf lpjhelrël jl _flghklehõg

_ flghklehõg Elrdhapujkaglr _fsphrltarhl.
<>>

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MAJ 5=>ː UAJVEHAGL_HA

VGHDLD <0 ^rayfeta pramfshaglj y oðsqufdl df fkpjfa ......................................................................... 4

MAJ 5=>ː UAJVEHAGL_HA

^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL-^ÌC. 3= ...........................................................................................

MAJ 5=>ː UAJVEHAGL_HA

MAJ 5=>ː UAJVEHAGL_HA

VGHDLD <0 ^rayfeta pramfshaglj y oðsqufdl df fkpjfa

^lrfef quf Kõghel bl fgeagtrlda su vaelehõg.

±Ulofs euìj fs jl tuyl1

<. ±\uè tf custlrël blefr eulgda tfrkhgfs tus fstudhas letuljfs1

MAJ 5=>ː UAJVEHAGL_HA

wfo amhehljfs, dagdf sf pufdf fgeagtrlr hgmarklehõg, vfrlz y, cfgfrljkfgtf, letuljhzldl.

4. Fjloarl tu E] y fserhof ugl elrtl df prfsfgtlehõg df ugl elgdhdlturl fspagtìgfl.

MAJ 5=>ː UAJVEHAGL_HA

6. Fg jls shcuhfgtfs pìchgls wfo fgeagtrlrìs ug shkujldar df fgtrfvhstls df trlol`a0

Jl rfspufstl fs jhorf, pfra dfof sfr leardf

TFUT DF F]LJVLEHÕG-^ÌC. ?>

<. Vg ljukga quf tfrkhgl ug eheja marklthva pufdf df`lr su E]…

?. Ufüljl jl rfspufstl earrfetl.

5. Ufüljl jl rfspufstl earrfetl.

d) Tadls sag earrfetls.

4. _fspfeta l jls prufols y tfst df sfjfeehõg0

6. Ufüljl jl rfspufstl earrfetl.

MAJ 5=>ː UAJVEHAGL_HA

d) Tadls jls lgtfrharfs sag earrfetls.

=. Dfspuès df mhgljhzlr ug eheja marklthva df M^ df crlda kfdha, sf pufdf…

3. Fg rfjlehõg eag jls wfos saorf trlol`a y fstudha fg Furapl0

2. Ufüljl jl rfspufstl earrfetl.

8. Jl hgearparlehõg lj kfrelda jloarlj pufdf rfljhzlrsf…

<>. L jl barl df fjloarlr ug eurrheujuk vhtlf a ugl elrtl df prfsfgtlehõg, sf rfeakhfgdl…

LETH]HDLDFU MHGLJFU-^ÌC. ?<

Tfst df lpthtud vfrolj0

 Ufüljl fj lgtõghka earrfspagdhfgtf l eldl pljlorl0

 Eakpjftl jl shcuhfgtf mrlsf eag ugl df jls sajuehagfs prapufstls0

Tfst df lpthtud gukèrhel0

MAJ 5=>ː UAJVEHAGL_HA

Tfst df rlzaglkhfgta fsplehlj0

MAJ 5=>ː UAJVEHAGL_HA

KVGDA JLOA_LJ FG FJ EHGF-^ÌC. ?<

• Ufüljl jls blohjhdldfs y vljarfs quf sf l j oaxfa, rfspfethvlkfgtf.

MAJ 5=>ː UAJVEHAGL_HA

Ohjjy blorël ytfghda

^_ÌETHEL ^_AMFUHAGLJ ^_A^VFUTL-^ÌC. ??

<. Fj eagaehkhfgta pfrsaglj

Dfspuès df blofr rfmjfxhaglda df markl hgdhvhdulj, fj ljukga eagtrlstlrì su aphghõg

MAJ 5=>ː UAJVEHAGL_HA

?. Lgìjhshs df ugl pramfshõg

^ashojfs pufstas df trlol`a

Fstudhas pastfrharfs l jas quf

Eulgda mhgljhzl jl mlsf df eagaehkhfgta pfrsaglj y pramfshaglj, y jl pfrsagl yl dhspagf df hgmarklehõg

 Hthgfrlrha fduelthva0 ±què tfgca quf fstudhlr plrl eagsfcuhr kh ao`fthva1

MAJ 5=>ː UAJVEHAGL_HA

plrl rfljhzlr jl pramfshõg fjfchdl1 Eursas df marklehõg, hdhakls, hgmarkìthel, fte.

MAJ 5=>ː UAJVEHAGL_HA

VGHDLD ?0 Jl rfjlehõg jloarlj

±Ulorëls fxpjhelr què eagdhehagfs dfofrël tfgfr Ulðj fg rfjlehõg

MAJ 5=>ː UAJVEHAGL_HA

MAJ 5=>ː UAJVEHAGL_HA

Uhtulehõg Dfmhghehõg a elrletfrësthel Durlehõg

±\uè aeurrf sh ga dhsmrutl jls vlelehagfs quf jf qufdlg1

MAJ 5=>ː UAJVEHAGL_HA

^ar kltrhkagha <6 dëls glturljfs