+LIBRO Prevencion Riesgos Laborales

^ YHTHBJGÚB
Y GHZCKZ
AH
GHZCKZ @ LIKYL@HZ

Åbagjh
GBQYKAXJJGÚB
GBQYKAXJJGÚB ............................
..............................................................
...................................................................
....................................
... <>
< JKBJH^QKZ
JKBJH^QKZ IÌZGJKZ ZKIYH ZHCXYGALA W ZL@XA HB H@ QYLILMK <<
<.<. QYLILMK W ZL@XA .....................
.............................................
................................................
................................................
.............................<<
.....<<
<.9. JKBAGJGKBHZ AH QYLILMK .......................
...............................................
................................................
.................................<<
.........<<
<.:. YGHZCK @LIKYL@ .......................
...............................................
................................................
................................................
.............................<:
.....<:
<.1. YGHZCK @LIKYL@ CYLTH H GBEGBHBQH ..................... .............................................
.....................................
.............<:
<:
<.8. ^@LBQHLEGHBQKZ DXBALEHBQ
DXBALEHBQL@HZ L@HZ LBQH @L ZL@XA @LIKYL@ .......<1
<.4. DLJQKYHZ AH YGHZCK W ZX J@LZGDGJLJGÚB ........................ ................................................
.........................<1
.<1
<.3. GBQHYYH@LJGÚB AH @KZ DLJQKYHZ AH YGHZCK ...................... ...........................................
.....................<8
<8
9 ALÜKZ AHYGTLAKZ
A HYGTLAKZ AH@ QYLILMK. @KZ LJJGAHBQHZ AH QYLILMK W
@LZ HBDHYEHALAHZ ^YKDHZGKBL@HZ
^YKDHZGKBL@HZ .......................................................
....................................................... <4
9.<. LJJGAHBQHZ AH QYLILMK ......................
..............................................
................................................
.....................................
.............<4
<4
9.<.<. ^rhjgsgkbhs ah `ks ljjgahbths ah trlilmk .......................
..........................................
....................................
.................<3
<3
9.<.9. Qhkrål ah `l jlusl`gala .............................
................................................
.....................................
.....................................
...........................<?
........<?
9.<.:. Jlusls ah `ks ljjgahbths ah trlilmk ...............................................
.................................................................
....................<?
..<?
9.<.1. Jkbshjuhbjgls ah `ks ljjgahbths ah trlilmk..........
t rlilmk.............................
.....................................
.......................<7
.....<7
9.<.8. J`lsg﬌jljgúb ah `ks ljjgahbths ah trlilmk ..........................................
........................................................9>
..............9>
9.9. HBDHYEHALAHZ ^YKDHZGKBL@HZ...................
^YKDHZGKBL@HZ...........................................
................................................
.........................9<
.9<
9.9.<. Jkbagjgkbhs y rhphrjusgkbhs ah ubl hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl` .................
.................9<
9<
9.9.9. J`lsg﬌jljgúb ah `ls hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs
p rkdhsgkbl`hs...................................
...........................................99
........99
9.9.:. Agdhrhbjgl
Agdhrhbjgl hbtrh hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl` y ljjgahbth ah trlilmk............9:
9.:. GBJL^
GBJL^LJGALA
LJGALA QHE^KYL@ H GBTL@GAH]..........................................................
GBTL@GAH]......................................... .................91
91
9.1. QÇJBGJLZ A
AHH ^YHTHBJGÚB W ZX J@LZGDGJLJGÚB ......................
.......................................
.................98
98
: ELYJK
YGHZCKZBKYELQGTK
BKYELQGTK IÌZGJ
IÌZGJK
@LIKYL@HZ. K HB ELQHYGL
AHYHJOKZELWQHYGL AH ^YHTHBJGÚB
AHIHYHZ AH ......... 94
..........................................
.................................
:.<. @HW :</<778, AH ^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ.................
@LIKYL@HZ..........................94 .........94
:.9. AHYHJOKZ W AHIHYHZ IÌZGJ
IÌZGJKZ KZ HB EL ELQHYGLQHYGL A AHH ^YHTHBJGÚB
AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ..................................................................................................:<
:.:. YHDKYEL AH@ ELYJK BKYEL
BKYELQGTK QGTK A AHH @L ^YHTHBJGÚB
AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ..................................................................................................::
:.1. AHZLYYK@@K AH @L LJJGÚB ^YHTHBQGTL ...................................................:1
...................................... .............:1
:.8. ÚYCLBKZ AH YH^YHZHBQ
YH^YHZHBQLJGÚB
LJGÚB W ^^LYQGJG^ LYQGJG^LJGÚB LJGÚB AH @L HE^YHZL
HB ELQHYGL ^YHTHBQGTL ................................................................................................:8
:.8.<. Úrclbks
Úrclbks ah rhprhshbtljgúb bk hsphjgl`gzlal.................
hsphjgl`gzlal....................................
.................................:8
..............:8
:.8.9. Úrclbks ah rhprhshbtljgúb hsphjgl`gzlaks hb elthrgl prhvhbtgvl.........:4

1 YGHZCKZ @GCLAKZ L @LZ JKBAGJGKBHZ AH ZHCXYG

ZHCXYGALA
ALA .........................
.........................:?
:?
1.<. ZHCXYGALA GBAXZQYGL@ W ZHCXYGA
ZHCXYGALA
LA HB H@ QYLILMK .......................
.........................:?
..:?
1.<.<. Zhcurgala gbaustrgl`..................................................
.....................................................................
......................................
.............................:7
..........:7
1.<.9. Zhcurgala hb h` trlilmk...............................
trlilmk..................................................
......................................
......................................
.......................:7
....:7
1.9. H@ @XCLY AH QYLILMK .......................
...............................................
................................................
..........................................
..................:7
:7
1.9.<. Yghscks ahrgvlaks ah `ks ùclrhs ah trlilmk ....................
.......................................
................................1>
.............1>
1.9.9. Ehagals prhvhbtgvls ah lp`gjljgúb l `ks ùclrhs ah trlilmk......................1>
......................1>
1.:. OHYYLEGHBQLZ ELBXL@HZ......................................
ELBXL@HZ..............................................................
..........................................
..................19
19
1.:.<. Yghscks hb h` usk ah ohrrleghbtls elbul`hs .....................................
..................................................1:
.............1:
1.:.9. Jkbtrk` ah `ks rghscks ............................................
...............................................................
......................................
................................1:
.............1:
1.1. EÌ\XGBLZ ......................
..............................................
................................................
................................................
..........................................
..................1:
1:
1.1.<. Yghsck chbhrlaks pkr p kr `ls elqugbls ......................................
.........................................................
.............................11
..........11
1.1.9. Jkbtrk` ah `ks rghscks ahrgvlaks ah `ls eìqugbls ..................................... .........................................14
....14
1.1.:. Ehagals
Ehagals ah prkthjjgúb drhbth l `ks rghscks ahrgvlaks ah `ls
eìqugbls...................
eìqugbls ......................................
......................................
......................................
......................................
......................................
...................................1
................144
1.8. YGHZCK H@ÇJQYGJK .......................
...............................................
................................................
................................................
..........................13
..13
1.8.<. Hxpksgjgúb......................................
.........................................................
......................................
......................................
.....................................
......................13
....13
1.8.9. Dljtkrhs
Dljtkrhs quh gbthrvghbhb hb h` rghsck h`çjtrgjk .......................... .............................................
....................13
.13
1.8.:. Qgpks ah ljjgahbths h`çjtrgjks ..................................
.....................................................
......................................
..........................17
.......17
1.8.1. Hdhjtks ﬌sgk`úcgjks ah `l h`hjtrgjgala .............................
................................................
....................................8
.................8>>
1.8.8. Ehagals prhvhbtgvls plrl hvgtlr jkbtljtks h`çjtrgjks .......................... .................................8>
.......8>
1.8.4. Ehagals prhvhbtgvls plrl `ls gbstl`ljgkbhs ah l`tl thbsgúb.......................8< .......................8<
1.8.3. ^rkjhageghbtks
^rkjhageghbtks plrl ub trlilmk shcurk jkb rghsck h`çjtrgjk .......... ....................8<
..........8<
1.4. ZHÜL@G]LJGÚB .......................
...............................................
................................................
................................................
..................................89
..........89
1.4.<. Ah﬌bgjgkbhs .....................................
........................................................
......................................
......................................
.....................................
...................89
.89
1.4.9. ^rgbjgpgks chbhrl`hs ah `l shül`gzljgúb ah shcurgala ..................................8 ..................................8::
1.4.:. Qgpks ah shül`hs...........................................
.............................................................
.....................................
......................................
..........................81
.......81
8 GBJHBAGKZ .................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
....................................83
...83
8.<. BKJGKBHZ IÌZGJLZ AH GBJHBAGKZ....................... ...............................................
..........................................
..................83
83
8.9. H@ DXHCK .....................
.............................................
................................................
................................................
..............................................
......................8?
8?
8.9.<. J`lshs ah duhck........................................
...........................................................
......................................
......................................
.............................8?
..........8?
8.:. QG^KZ AH JKEIXZQGÚB..........................
JKEIXZQGÚB..................................................
................................................
......................................
..............87
87
8.1. ^YK^L
^YK^LCLJGÚB
CLJGÚB AH @KZ GBJHBAGKZ ....................
............................................
..............................................
......................87
87
8.1.<. ^rkplcljgúb hb h` tghepk ........................
..........................................
.....................................
......................................
..........................87
.......87
8.1.9. ^rkplcljgúb hb h` hspljgk ................................
...................................................
......................................
...................................4
................4>>
8.8. ^YHTHBJGÚB AH GBJHBAGKZ ........................
................................................
................................................
..............................4>
......4>
8.8.<. ^rhvhbjgúb ah `ks gbjhbagks .....................................
........................................................
......................................
..........................4<
.......4<
8.8.9. ^rkthjjgúb plsgvl ......................................
.........................................................
......................................
......................................
..........................49
.......49
8.8.:. ^rkthjjgúb ljtgvl .....................................
........................................................
......................................
......................................
.............................49
..........49
8.4. LCHBQHZ H_QGBQKYHZ.............................
H_QGBQKYHZ.....................................................
................................................
......................................
..............4:
4:

8.4.<. Lchbths hsphjgl`hs ....................................

.......................................................
.....................................
.....................................
...........................48
........48
8.3. H\XG^KZ ELBX
ELBXL@HZ
L@HZ AH LJQXLJGÚB JKBQYL GBJHBAGKZ ...................
...................44
44
8.3.<. Hxtgbtkrhs ......................................
.........................................................
......................................
......................................
......................................
.......................44
....44
4 4.<.
YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ
AHYGT
OGCGHBH LAKZ AH @LZ
GBAXZQYGL@ JKBAGJGKBHZ
JKBAGJGKBHZ
........................ EHAGK-
EHAGK-
................................................ LEIGHBQ
LEIGHBQL@HZ
................................................ L@HZ ..... .....47
............................................. 47
.....................47
47
4.<.<. Ehtkak`kcål hb ogcghbh gbaustrgl` ...........................................
..............................................................
...........................47
........47
4.9. JKBQ
JKBQLEGBLBQHZ
LEGBLBQHZ ......................
..............................................
................................................
................................................
.............................3>
.....3>
4.9.<. Aksgs .....................................
........................................................
......................................
......................................
......................................
.................................3>
..............3>
4.9.9. J`lsg﬌jljgúb ah `ks jkbtlegblbths ..........................................
.............................................................
...........................3<
........3<
4.:. JKBQ
JKBQLEGBLBQHZ
LEGBLBQHZ \XÅEGJKZ ........................
................................................
................................................
.............................3<
.....3<
4.:.<. Qgpks ah jkbtlegblbths quåegjks ...................................
......................................................
....................................
.................3<
3<
4.:.9. Tåls ah phbhtrljgúb ...............................
..................................................
.....................................
.....................................
..............................3:
...........3:
4.:.:.Tåls ah h`gegbljgúb.......................
..........................................
......................................
......................................
......................................
....................3:
.3:
4.:.1. Gahbtg﬌jljgúb, ehagjgúb y hvlùljgúb .........................
............................................
......................................
....................3:
.3:
4.:.8. Jkbtrk` ah `l hxpksgjgúb l jkbtlegblbths quåegjks ............................ ....................................34
........34
4.1. JKBQ
JKBQLEGBLBQHZ
LEGBLBQHZ IGK@ÚCGJKZ ........................
................................................
................................................
.........................?>
.?>
4.1.<. Qgpks ah jkbtlegblbths igk`úcgjk.........................
igk`úcgjk............................................
......................................
...........................?>
........?>
4.1.9. ^hbhtrljgúb
^hbhtrljgúb y trlbsegsgúb ah jkbtlegblbths igk`úcgjks ...........................?< ...........................?<
4.1.:. Gahbtg﬌jljgúb y ehagjgúb....................................
.......................................................
......................................
.................................?<
..............?<
4.1.1. Jrgthrgks ah hvlùljgúb.........................
hvlùljgúb............................................
......................................
......................................
..............................?9
...........?9
4.1.8. Jkbtrk`
Jkbtrk` ah `l hxpksgjgúb l jkbtlegblbths igk`úcgjks..................................?9
igk`úcgjks ..................................?9
4.8. JKBQ
JKBQLEGBLBQHZ
LEGBLBQHZ DÅZGJKZ YXGAK W TGIYLJGKBHZ ........................
.....................................
.............?:
?:
4.8.<. Qgpks
Qgpks ah Yugak y sus hdhjtks .................................................
....................................................................
.................................?1
..............?1
4.8.9. Qgpks y hdhjtks ah vgirljgkbhs....................................
.......................................................
......................................
........................?4
.....?4
4.8.:. Ehagjgúb ah` rugak y ah `ls vgirljgkbhs .......................................
..........................................................
.....................??
..??
4.8.1. Hqugpks plrl `l ehagjgúb ah` rugak....................................
......................................................
.................................??
...............??
4.8.8. Ehtkak`kcål plrl `ls ehagjgkbhs skbkrls ............................
...............................................
...........................?7
........?7
4.8.4. Jkbtrk` ah `l hxpksgjgúb l rugak ...................
......................................
......................................
.....................................
..................7>
7>
4.4. ^rkthjjgúb drhbth l `ls vgirljgkbhs ......................
..............................................
.............................................
.....................7<
7<
3 @L JLYCL AH QYLILMK .................................

..................................................................
................................................
............... 79
3.<. @L JLYCL AH QYLILMK .......................
...............................................
................................................
.........................................
.................79
79
3.<.<. Jkbshjuhbjgls ah` trlilmk dåsgjk ..................................................
.....................................................................
........................7:
.....7:
3.<.9. Dltgcl dåsgjl ......................................
.........................................................
......................................
......................................
......................................
....................78
.78
3.9. QYLZQKYBKZ EÝZJX@K-HZ\XH@ÇQGJKZ ...........................................
....................................................74
.........74
3.9.<. Jlrljthråstgjls
Jlrljthråstgjls ah `ks trlstkrbks eýsju`k-hsquh`çtgjks prkaujgaks
pkr h` trlilmk (teh)..................
(teh).....................................
......................................
......................................
......................................
....................................
.................74
74
3.9.9. Dljtkrhs ah rghsck...............................
..................................................
......................................
......................................
.................................74
..............74
3.9.:. @hsgkbhs els drhjuhbths .....................................
........................................................
......................................
.................................73
..............73
3.9.1. Ehagals prhvhbtgvls................................................
...................................................................
......................................
..............................73
...........73
3.9.8. Agshük ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk ......................................
.........................................................
...........................7?
........7?

3.9.4. Lsphjtks rh`ltgvks l `l krclbgzljgúb ah` trlilmk ............................................77

............................................77
3.:. ELBG^X@LJGÚB ELBXL@ AH JLYCLZ ......................
..............................................
..................................
.......... <>>
3.:.<. Jkbjhptk
Jkbjhptk ah jlrcl y ah elbgpu`ljgúb elbul` ah jlrcl .........................<>> .........................<>>
3.:.9. Ki`gcljgkbhs ah` heprhslrgk .............................
................................................
......................................
..............................<>>
...........<>>
3.:.:. Dkreljgúb
Dkreljgúb h gbdkreljgúb ah `ks trlilmlakrhs hxpuhstks ................ ........................<><
........<><
3.:.1. Dljtkrhs
Dljtkrhs ah rghsck hb `l elbgpu`ljgúb elbul` ah jlrcls .......................<><
3.:.8. Tgcg`lbjgl ah `l slùa ..........................
.............................................
......................................
......................................
..............................<>:
...........<>:
3.:.4. @hsgkbhs
@hsgkbhs l jlusl ah `l elbgpu`ljgúb ah jlrcls ......................................
...........................................
.....<>:
<>:
3.:.3. ^rhvhbjgúb ah rghscks ahrgvlaks ah `l elbgpu`ljgúb elbul` ah jlrcls jlrcls<>:
<>:
? YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ
AHYGTLAKZ AH @L KYCLBG]LJGÚB
KYCLBG]LJGÚB AH@ QYLILMK
QYLILMK ..................
..................<>8
<>8
?.<. @L ^ZGJKZKJGK@KCÅL ..............................................
...................... ................................................
..........................................
.................. <>8
?.9. DLJQKYHZ AH YGHZCK ^ZGJKZKJGL@HZ .......................
..............................................
.................................
.......... <>8
?.9.<. @ks dljtkrhs phrskbl`hs .........................
...........................................
.....................................
......................................
...........................<>8
........<>8
?.9.9. Dljtkrhs
Dljtkrhs ah `l krclbgzljgúb ah` trlilmk ............................
...............................................
..............................<>7
...........<>7
?.:. HDHJQKZ AH @KZ DLJQKYHZ ^ZGJKZKJGL@HZ ......................
............................................
...................... <<<
?.:.<. @l gbsltgsdljjgúb `likrl` ........................
..........................................
.....................................
......................................
...........................<<<
........<<<
?.:.9. H` hstrçs ......................................
.........................................................
......................................
.....................................
.....................................
........................
.....<<9
<<9
?.:.:. Zåbarkeh ah hstlr quhelak pkr h` trlilmk k ‐iurbkut―..........................<<: ..........................<<:
?.:.1. Ljksk ekrl` hb h` trlilmk k ‐ekiigbc― ............ ...............................
......................................
...........................<<8
........<<8
?.:.8. @l vgk`hbjgl hb h` ùclr ah trlilmk .....................................
........................................................
..............................<<?
...........<<?
?.:.4. Qçjbgjls
Qçjbgjls ah prhvhbjgúb
p rhvhbjgúb ah `ks hdhjtks ah `ks dljtkrhs d ljtkrhs
psgjkskjgl`hs (hstrçs y ekiigbc).................
ekiigbc)....................................
......................................
......................................
...........................<9>
........<9>
7 H@HEHBQKZ IÌZGJKZ
IÌZGJKZ AH CHZQGÚB
CHZQGÚB AH @L ^YHTHBJGÚB
^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ....
....<9<
<9<
7.<. KYCLBGZEKZ ^ÝI@GJ
^ÝI@GJKZ KZ YH@LJGKBLAKZ JKB @L ZHCXYGALA W
ZL@XA HB H@ QYLILMK ........................
................................................
................................................
................................................
............................ <9<
7.<.<. Gbstgtutk bljgkbl` ah shcurgala h ogcghbh hb h` trlilmk (GBZOQ) ...........<99
7.<.9. Gbsphjjgúb ah trlilmk y shcurgala skjgl` .........................................

.......................................................<99
..............<99
7.<.:. Jkegsgúb bljgkbl` ah shcurgala y slùa hb h` trlilmk (JBZZQ).............<9:
7.<.1. Gbstgtutk bljgkbl` ah shcurgala skjgl` ....................................
.......................................................
........................
.....<91
<91
7.<.8. Eutuls ah ljjgahbths ah trlilmk y hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs
ah `l shcurgala skjgl` .........................................
............................................................
......................................
......................................
........................
.....<91
<91
7.<.4. Krclbgzljgúb gbthrbljgkbl`hs ah` trlilmk (KGQ) (KGQ ) ................................
...........................................<91
...........<91
7.9. KYCLBG]LJGÚB AH @L @LIKY ^YHTHBQGTL ........................
..............................................
...................... <94
7.9.<. @l hvlùljgúb ah `ks rghscks `likrl`hs ....................................
.......................................................
........................
.....<93
<93
7.9.9. ^`lbg﬌jljgúb ah `l ljtgvgala
lj tgvgala prhvhbtgvl ....................................
.......................................................
.......................<93
<93
7.:. ZHYTGJGKZ AH ^YHTHBJGÚB .......................
...............................................
................................................
..............................
...... <9?
7.:.<. ^rkthjjgúb
^rkthjjgúb y prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks prkdhsgkbl`hs ................................
.....................................
.....<9?
<9?
7.:.9. Zhrvgjgks
Zhr vgjgks ah prhvhbjgúb....................................
.......................................................
......................................
.................................<9?
..............<9?
7.:.:. Yhc`lehbtk ah shrvgjgks ah prhvhbjgúb ................................
...................................................
........................
.....<97
<97
7.1. ^@LBHZ AH HEHYCHBJGL W HTLJX
HTLJXLJGÚB
LJGÚB.....................
.............................................
..............................
...... <:9

7.1.<. ^`lb ah hehrchbjgl ......................

.........................................
......................................
......................................
....................................<:9
.................<:9
7.1.9. ^`lb ah hvljuljgúb ....................
.......................................
......................................
......................................
......................................
..................... <::
7.8. H@ JKBQYK@ AH @L ZL@XA AH @KZ QYLILMLAKYHZ ........................
..............................
...... <:1
7.4. AKJXEHBQ
AKJXEHBQLJGÚB
LJGÚB HB EL
ELQHYGL
QHYGL ^YHTHBQGTL..................................
^YHTHBQGTL............................................
.......... <:4
7.4.<. Akjuehbtks dkrel`hs..............................................
................................................................
.....................................
...........................
........<:4
<:4
7.4.9. @l ki`gcljgúb heprhslrgl` ah gbdkrelr y jkbsu`tlr jkb `ks
trlilmlakrhs hb elthrgl ah rghscks ...............................
..................................................
......................................
...........................
........<:3
<:3
<> ^YGEHYKZ LX_G@GKZ ...................................................................................<:3

...................................................................................<:3
<>.<. KYCLBG]LJGÚB AH @@KZ
KZ ^YGEHYKZ LX_G@GKZ HB @L HE^YHZL ......... <:3
<>.<.<. @ks hs`likbhs ah `l jlahbl ah skjkrrk .......................
..........................................
.................................<:?
..............<:?
<>.<.9. ^rgbjgpgk iìsgjk ah ljtuljgúb ......................................
.........................................................
....................................<:7
.................<:7
<>.<.:. Elthrgl` y `kjl`hs ah prgehrks luxg`gks ....................................
.......................................................
.......................<1>
<1>
<>.9. QÇJBGJLZ AH ZKJKYYGZEK HB OHYGALZ .....................
.............................................
..............................
...... <1<
<>.9.<. Ohrgals ah hsphjgl` crlvhala .........................
............................................
......................................
..............................<19
...........<19
<>.:. QÇJBGJLZ AH ZKJKYYGZEK HB OHEKYYLCGLZ.......................................
..................... .................. <1:
<>.:.<. Ohekrrlcgls hxthrgkrgzlals.......................................
..........................................................
.....................................
......................<1:
<1:
<>.:.9. Ohekrrlcgls hxthrbls..............................................
.................................................................
......................................
........................
.....<11
<11
<>.:.:. Ohekrrlcgls gbthrbls.........................................
............................................................
......................................
..............................<18
...........<18
<>.1. QÇJBGJLZ AH ZKJKYYGZEK HB \XHELAXYLZ .....................
.......................................
.................. <14
<>.1.<. J`lsg﬌jljgúb ah `ls quhelaurls .......................
..........................................
......................................
...........................
........<14<14
<>.1.9. \uç oljhr lbth ubl quhelaurl .......................
..........................................
......................................
...........................
........<13<13
<>.1.:. \uç bk oljhr lbth ubl quhelaurl ........................
..........................................
.....................................
....................... <13
<>.8. QÇJBGJLZ AH ZKJKYYGZEK HB DYLJQXYLZ, @X_LJGKBHZ W
HZCXGBJHZ ......................
..............................................
................................................
................................................
................................................
............................ <1?
<>.8.<. @uxljgkbhs ....................................
.......................................................
......................................
......................................
....................................<1?
.................<1?
<>.8.9. Drljturls .....................................
........................................................
......................................
......................................
......................................
..................... <1?
<>.8.:. Hscugbjhs ....................................
.......................................................
......................................
......................................
......................................
..................... <17
<>.4. ^ÇYAGALZ AH JKBKJGEGHBQK ..................... .............................................
................................................
............................ <17
<>.3. QÇJBGJLZ AH ZKJKYYGZEK LBQH @HZGKBHZ ^YKAXJGA ^YKAXJGALZ LZ
^KY H@ JL@KY ........................
................................................
................................................
................................................
..........................................
.................. <8>
<>.?. QÇJBGJLZ AH ZKJKYYGZEK LBQH @HZGKBHZ ^YKAXJGA ^YKAXJGALZ LZ
^KY H@ DYÅK.....................
.............................................
................................................
................................................
................................................
............................ <8<
<>.7. QÇJBGJLZ AH ZKJKYYGZEK HB GBQK_GJLJGKBHZ ........................ ..................................
.......... <89
<>.<>. KIZQYXJJJGÚB AH @LZ TÅLZ LÇYHLZ ^KY JXHY^KZ H_QYLÜKZ .. <89
<>.<<. YHLBGELJGÚB JLYAGK-^X@EKBLY ........................ ................................................
..................................
.......... <8:
<>.<<.<. Qçjbgjl
Qçjbgjl ah rhlbgeljgúb jlragk puèkblr .........................
............................................
........................
.....<81
<81
<< H\XG^KZ AH ^YKQHJJGÚB

^YKQHJJGÚB GBAGTGAXL@ ....................................................
.................................................... <88
<<.<. AHDGBGJGÚB AH «H\XG^K AH ^YKQHJJGÚB GBAGTGAX
GBAGTGAXL@¶
L@¶ ...................... <88
<<.9. KI@GCLJGKBHZ CHBHYL@HZ AH@ HE^YHZLYGK.......................
.........................................
.................. <88
<<.:. JYGQHYGKZ ^^LYL
LYL H@ HE^@HK AH @KZ H\XG^KZ AH ^YKQHJJGÚB

GBAGTGAXL@ ........................
...............................................
...............................................
................................................
................................................
........................ <84
<<.1. JKBAGJGKBHZ \XH AHIHB YHXBGY @KZ H\XG^KZ AH
^YKQHJJGÚB GBAGTGAXL@ ....................
............................................
................................................
................................................
........................ <84
<<.8. H@HJJGÚB AH @@KZ KZ H\XG^KZ AH ^YKQHJJGÚB GBAGTGAXL@ .................. <84
<<.4. XQG@G]LJGÚB W E
ELBQHBGEGHBQK
LBQHBGEGHBQK AH @KZ H\XG^KZ AH
^YKQHJJGÚB GBAGTGAXL@ ....................
............................................
................................................
................................................
........................ <83
<<.3. KI@GCLJGKBHZ HB EL
ELQHYGL
QHYGL AH GBDKYELJGÚB W DKYEL DKYELJGÚB JGÚB......... <8?
<<.?. KI@GCLJGKBHZ AH @KZ QYLILMLAKYHZ ...................... ..............................................
...............................
....... <8?
<<.7. JKEHYJGL@G]LJGÚB W ^XHZQL HB JGYJX@LJGÚB AH @KZ H^GZ .......... <8?
<<.<>. QG^KZ AH
AH H\XG^KZ AH ^YKQHJJGÚB........................
...............................................
...................................
........... <4>

^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ
GBQYKAXJJGÚB
@l Zhcurgala h Ogcghbh hb h` trlilmk

trlil mk hs ubl juhstgúb gepkrtlbth quh
sh hbjuhbtrl
tujgúb rhcu`lal
Hsplük`l, hb agdhrhbths
sgcughbak bkrels,
pkr h` Hstltutk jkehbzlbak
ah `ks Qrlilmlakrhs pkry `l Jkbstg-
``hclbak
olstl `l @hy ah ^rhvhbjgúb ah Yghscks @likrl`hs (@.^
(@.^.Y.@.,
.Y.@., @hy :</<778 ah
? ah bkvgheirh) y agvhrsl bkreltgvl ah ahslrrk``k.
@l Jkbstgtujgúb bks agjh= ‐`ks pkahrhs pýi`gjks vh`lrìb pkr `l Zhcu-

rgala h Ogcghbh hb h` trlilmk― (lrt. 1>.9). Laheìs puhah oli`lrsh, hb rh-
`ljgúb jkb hsth thel, ah `l hxgsthbjgl ah ub ahihr y ah ub ahrhjok l`
egsek tghepk, yl quh h` heprhslrgk tghbh h` ahihr ah prkthchr l `ks
trlilmlakrhs drhbth l `ks rghscks `likrl`hs y `ks trlilmlakrhs tghbhb h`
ahrhjok l `l prkthjjgúb h﬌jlz hb elthrgl ah Zhcurgala y Zlùa.
L `k `lrck ah hsth thel vhrheks agvhrsks lsphjtks skirh `l prhvhbjgúb

ah `ks rghscks hb h` trlilmk. Hb prgehr ùclr, vleks l ah﬌bgr `l slùa `lik-
rl` y `l ogcghbh hb h` trlilmk. Ahspuçs vleks l oli`lr ah `ks ljjgahbths
ah trlilmk
hbtrh h``ks. y `ls hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs, shül`lbak `ls agdhrhbjgls
Qleigçb hxp`gjlrheks `ks jkbjhptks iìsgjks hb `l prhvhbjgúb ah rghs-

cks `likrl`hs. Eìs lah`lbth vleks l hxp`gjlr h` jkbthbgak dubalehbtl`
ah `l @hy ah ^rhvhbjgúb ah Yghscks y ah` Yhc`lehbtk ah Zhrvgjgks ah ^rh-
vhbjgúb, oli`lbak ah `ls ki`gcljgkbhs ah` heprhslrgk hb julbtk l `l kr-
clbgzljgúb ah `l prhvhbjgúb hb `l heprhsl y rhsphjtk l `ks trlilmlakrhs.
pìc. <> X.A.. < | JKBJH^QKZ IÌZGJKZ ZKIYH ZHCXYGALA W ZL@XA HB H@ QYLILMK
X.A

< JKBJH^QKZ
JKBJH^QKZ IÌZGJKZ
IÌZ GJKZ ZKIYH ZHCXYGALA W ZL@XA HB
H@ QYLILMK
<.<.
<.<. QYLILMK W ZL@XA
Jkehbzlrheks pkr ah﬌bgr hstks aks tçregbks iìsgjks. Zh hbtghbah pkr trlilmk
ub dljtkr ah prkaujjgúb rheubhrlak pkr h` sl`lrgk y, eìs ahtl``lalehbth, `l ljtgvg-
ala pkr `l quh `l phrskbl ahslrrk``l sus jlpljgalahs dåsgjls h gbth`hjtul`hs plrl, l
jleigk ah ub suhàk, pkahr sltgsdljhr sus bhjhsgalahs y ``hvlr ubl vgal agcbl.
@l slùa, shcýb `l KEZ (Krclbgzljgúb Eubagl` ah `l Zlùa) hs h` hstlak ah
ighbhstlr dåsgjk, ehbtl` y skjgl` y bk ehrlehbth `l lushbjgl ah alük y hbdhrehala.
Hs ahjgr, hs h` hstlak hb quh `l phrskbl hmhrjh bkrelèhbth tkals sus dubjgkbhs
jkb phrdhjtk hqug`girgk hbtrh sus duhrzls y `ls hxgchbjgls ah` ehagk jgrjubalbth
hb h` quh ahslrrk``l sus ljtgvgalahs
ljtgvgalahs..
Thleks lokrl `l rh`ljgúb hbtrh leiks
leiks jkbjhptks. @l phrskbl, l` hdhjtulr h` trlilmk,
prkaujh vlrgljgkbhs hb h` ehagk
ehagk leighbth quh `h rkahl. Hstls vlrgljgkbhs puhahb
shr ah blturl`hzl dåsgjl, ehbtl` y skjgl`. Hs `úcgjk ahaujgr quh hstks jleigks, hb kjl-
sgkbhs, puhahb ldhjtlr `l slùa ah` trlilmlakr l` ekag﬌jlr su sgtuljgúb gbgjgl`
ah hqug`girgk, sgtuljgúb l `l quh ahbkegbleks slùa.
Qhbheks puhs ubl bktli`h jkbjùsgúb= bk h` trlilmk, phrk så `ls ekag﬌jljgk-
bhs quh su ahshephük gbtrkaujh hb h` leighbth, puhahb rhsu`tlr lcrhsgvls plrl `l
phrskbl, l` pksgig`gtlr `l hxgsthbjgl ah rghscks.
<.9. JKBAGJGKBHZ AH QYLILMK

Zh hbthbahrì jkek «jkbagjgúb ah trlilmk¶ jul`qughr jlrljthråstgjl ah` egsek quh
puhal thbhr gb﬉uhbjgl sgcbg﬌jltgvl hb `l chbhrljgúb ah rghscks plrl `l shcurgala y
`l slùa ah` trlilmlakr. \uhalb hsphjå﬌jlehbth gbjùgals hb hstl ah﬌bgjgúb=
l. @ls jlrljthråstgjls chbhrl`hs ah `ks `kjl`hs, gbstl`ljgkbhs, hqugpks, prkaujtks
y aheìs ýtg`hs hxgsthbths hb h` jhbtrk ah trlilmk.

i. @l blturl`hzl
blturl`hzl ah `ks lchbths dåsgjks, quåegjks y igk`úcgjks
igk`úcgjks prhshbths hb
h` leighbth ah trlilmk y sus jkrrhspkbaghbths gbthbsgalahs jkbjhbtrljgkbhs k
bgvh`hs ah prhshbjgl.
j. @ks prkjhageghbtks plrl `l utg`gzljgúb ah `ks lchbths jgtlaks lbthrgkrehbth
quh gb﬉uylb `l chbhrljgúb ah `ks rghscks ehbjgkblaks.
a. Qkal
Qkalss lquh``
lquh``ls
ls ktr
ktrls
ls jlrljthråstg
jlrljthråstgjls
jls ah` trlilmk, gbjùgals `ls rrh`ltgvls
h`ltgvls l
su krclbgzljgúb y krahbljgúb, quh gb﬉uylb hb `l elcbgtua ah `ks rghscks l quh
hstç hxpuhstk h` trlilmlakr.
Xb rhplsk l `l ah﬌bgjgúb quh al `l @hy ah ^rhvhbjgúb ah Yghscks @likrl`hs ah
jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk hb su lrtåju`k 1, bks phregth vhr `l lep`gtua ah hsth jkbjhptk,
h` jul` vghbh rh﬉hmlak ah elbhrl c`kil` hb su lplrtlak 3¾.
Hb h` ehbjgkblak lrtåju`k sh ahstljlb ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk `ls
X.A. < | JKBJH^QKZ IÌZGJKZ ZKIYH ZHCXYGALA W ZL@XA HB H@ QYLILMK pìc. <<

jlrljthråstgjls ah=
• @kjl`hs.
• Gbstl`ljgkbhs.
• Hqugpks.
• ^rkaujtks.
• Ýtg`hs.
• Lchbths dåsgjks.
• Lchbths quåegjks.
• Lchbths igk`úcgjks.
• ^rkjhageghbtks (^rkjhsks),
• Krclbgzljgúb.
Mubtk l hstks lsphjtks ahstljlaks, pkaheks gbjùgr laheìs=
• H` jhbtrk ah trlilmk,
trlilmk, hb hsphjgl`
hsphjgl` su hep`lzleghbtk y ljjhsgig`gala.
ljjhsgig`gala.
• @l ljtgvgala c`kil` ah `l heprhsl.
• @l ljtgvgala ah heprhsls jk`gbalbths.
• Ljtgvgalahs sgeu`tìbhls
sgeu`tìbhls bk oligtul`hs (rhl`gzljgúb
(rhl`gzljgúb ah prkyhjtks,
prkyhjtks, lep`gljgkbhs,
lep`gljgkbhs,
crlbahs rhplrljgkbhs, jleigks hb chbhrl`, htj.).
• W `ls sgtuljgkbhs ah hehrchbjgl=
• Gbjhbagks.
• Hxp`ksgkbhs.
• Ducls ah clshs bkjgvks.
• Ahrrlehs gbjkbtrk`laks ah prkaujtks ph`gcrksks
• Ylagljgkbhs gkbgzlbths.
• Ylagljgkbhs bk gkbgzlbths.
Ahbtrk ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk, sh ol ah jkbsgahrlr `l lahjuljgúb ah` trlil-
mlakr l `l tlrhl hb `l quh ahslrrk``l ub plph` rh`hvlbth, y lså olirì ah thbhrsh
prhshbth=
• @l dkreljgúb.
• @l gbdkreljgúb.
pìc. <9 X.A.. < | JKBJH^QKZ IÌZGJKZ ZKIYH ZHCXYGALA W ZL@XA HB H@ QYLILMK
X.A

<.:. YGHZCK @LIKYL@

Hbthbaheks pkr rghsck `likrl` `l pksgig`gala ah quh ub trlilmlakr sudrl ub ahthr-
egblak alük ahrgvlak ah` trlilmk. Zhcýb `l ah﬌bgjgúb quh `l @hy ah ^rhvhbjgúb ah
Yghscks @likrl`hs (@^Y@) hbubjgl hb su lrtåju`k 1, plrl jl`g﬌jlr ub rghsck ahsah
h` pubtk ah vgstl ah su crlvhala, sh vl`krlrìb jkbmubtlehbth=
• @l prkilig`gala
prkilig`gala ah quh sh prkauzjl h` alük.
alük.
• @l shvhrgala k elcbgtua ah` egsek .
<.1. YGHZCK @LIKYL@ CYLTH

CYLTH H GBEGBHBQH
Zhcýb h` egsek lrtåju`k `hcl`, sh ah﬌bh h` rghsck `likrl` crlvh h gbegbhbth jkek
lquh` quh rhsu`th prkili`h rljgkblèhbth, quh sh elthrgl`gjh hb ub duturk gbehagl-
tk y puhal supkbhr ub alük crlvh plrl `l slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs.
Hb h` jlsk ah hxpksgjgúb l lchbths susjhptgi`hs ah jluslr alüks crlvhs l `l
slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs (rugak jkbtgbulak, prgehrls elthrgls túxgjls y ph`gcrksls,
htj.), sh jkbsgahrlrì quh hxgsth ub rghsck crlvh h gbegbhbth ‐julbak shl prkili`h
rljgkblèhbth quh sh elthrgl`gjh hb ub duturk gbehagltk ubl hxpksgjgúb l agjoks
lchbths, ah `l quh puhalb ahrgvlrsh alüks crlvhs plrl `l slùa, lub julbak çstks
(`ks alüks) bk sh
s h elbg﬌hsthb ah dkrel gbehagltl―
gbehagltl―..
Jkek ustha olirì kishrvlak, `l @hy lj`lrl quh `l ah﬌bgjgúb ah rghsck crlvh
h gbegbhbth sh rh﬌hrh tlbtk l alüks gbehagltks jkek l agdhrgaks, l` gbjùgr lquh``ls
sgtuljgkbhs hb quh ah `l hxpksgjgúb l` lchbth jkbtlegblbth (elthrgl`gzljgúb ah` egs-
ek) sh ahrgvlb alüks quh bk sh elbg﬌hstlb hxprhslehbth olstl plslak ub tghepk
eìs k ehbks ag`ltlak k hxthbsk.
Jkbjùyhbak, sh hstì hb sgtuljgúb ah rghsck crlvh h gbegbhbth julbak=
• Hxgsth ubl prkilig`gala rljgkbl` ah quh h` rghsck sh elthrgl`gjh
elthrgl`gjh k jkbjrhth
jkbjrhth ah
ekak hdhjtgvk.
• @l elthrgl`gzljgúb
elthrgl`gzljgúb sh lprhjgh
lprhjgh gbehagltl y,
y, pkr tlbtk, agdåjgèhbth
agdåjgèhbth hvgtli`h
hvgtli`h hb ub
jkrtk hspljgk ah tghepk.
• Zh puhalb ahrgvlr k rhsu`tlr alüks crlvhs (gbehagltks
(gbehagltks k agdhrgaks hb
hb h`
tghepk).
Lså, pkr hmhep`k, ubl phrskbl quh trlilml hb ub leighbth euy rugaksk puhah
ljlilr, jkb h` tghepk, sudrghbak alüks jkek tlqugjlragls, luehbtk ah `l thbsgúb
slbcuåbhl, agsegbujgúb ah `l ljtgvgala ah `ks úrclbks agchstgvks, ljh`hrljgúb ah`
ehtlik`gsek y rgtek rhspgrltkrgk, trlstkrbks ah` suhük, luehbtk ah `l thbsgúb eus-
ju`lr, dltgcl dåsgjl, grrgtlig`gala, htj.
Hb `ls sgtuljgkbhs ah rghsck crlvh h gbegbhbth, `l @hy ah ^rhvhbjgúb ah Yghscks
@likrl`hs, hb su lrtåju`k 9<, ki`gcl l` heprhslrgk l gbdkrelr, `k lbths pksgi`h l tkaks
`ks trlilmlakrhs ldhjtlaks, ah `l hxgsthbjgl ah` rghsck y ah `ls ehagals ah prkthj-
jgúb l lakptlr.
X.A. < | JKBJH^QKZ IÌZGJKZ ZKIYH ZHCXYGALA W ZL@XA HB H@ QYLILMK pìc. <:

<.8. ^@LBQHLEGHBQKZ DXBALEHBQL@H

DXBALEHBQL@HZZ LBQH @L ZL@XA @LIKYL@
H` kimhtgvk ah `l @hy ^rhvhbjgúb ah Yghscks @likrl`hs hs `l prhvhbjgúb, hs ahjgr, gb-
thcrlr hb `l chstgúb ah `l heprhsl `l ehmkrl phrelbhbth ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk.
Zh trltl ah hvgtlr h` alük ahrgvlak ah` trlilmk y ah prkekvhr `l slùa ah `ks
trlilmlakrhs, phrk bk sú`k hb ub shbtgak rhstrgbcgak l `k eìs hvgahbth (ljjgahbth
ah trlilmk k alük dåsgjk) sgbk hb ub shbtgak eìs c`kil`.
^kr tlbtk, `l @hy ah ^rhvhbjgúb ah Yghscks @likrl`hs lirh rhlèhbth h` jlepk ah `l
slùa `likrl` l tkak lquh``k quh ldhjth bhcltgvlehbth l` ighbhstlr ah `ks trlilmlakrhs.
Hs ahjgr, jul`qughr alük l `l slùa hb rh`ljgúb jkb h` trlilmk ahih shr kimhtk ah
prhvhbjgúb jkb gbahphbahbjgl ah quh sg laheìs agjok alük sh jl`g﬌jl jkek ljjg-
ahbth ah trlilmk k hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl`, ahihrì shr gbahebgzlak jkbdkreh l `l
bkreltgvl ah shcurgala Zkjgl`.
<.4. DLJQKYHZ AH YGHZCK W ZX J@LZGDGJLJGÚB

@ks dljtkrhs ah rghsck shrìb `ks h`hehbtks quh oly quh lbl`gzlr plrl jkbtrk`lr
quh `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk shlb `ls lahjulals plrl elbthbhr `l slùa ah `ks trlil-
mlakrhs, hbthbagal hstl hb h` jkbjhptk lbthrgkrehbth hxpuhstk ah `l Krclbgzljgúb
Eubagl` ah `l Zlùa.
^kr `k tlbtk hbthbahrheks jkek dljtkr ah rghsck lquh``l jkbagjgúb ah trlilmk
quh puhah prkvkjlr ub rghsck plrl `l shcurgala y slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs y sh
j`lsg﬌jlb hb `ks sgcughbths crupks=
l. Jkbagjgkbhs ah shcurgala (gbjùyhb `ls jkbagjgkbhs quh gb﬉uyhb skirh
`l ljjgahbtlig`gala)=
• Jlrljthråstgjls ah `ks `kjl`hs
`kjl`hs ah trlilmk (hspljgks
(hspljgks hb chbhrl`, suh`ks,
plsg``ks, hsjl`hrls, jkùebls, htj.).
• @ks hqugpks
hqugpks ah trlilmk
trlilmk (eìqugbls,
(eìqugbls, ohrrleghbtls,
ohrrleghbtls, lplrltks l prhsgúb,
prhsgúb, ah
h`hvljgúb, ah elbuthbjgúb, htj.).
• Gbstl`ljgkbhs (h`çjtrgjls, ah vlpkr, ah clshs, htj.).
• Lèljhbleghbtk y elbgpu`ljgúb ah jlrcls y ktrks kimhtks.
i. Jkbagjgkbhs leighbtl`hs dåsgjls=
• Hxpksgjgúb l lchbths dåsgjks jkek rugak, vgirljgkbhs, rlagljgkbhs gkbgzlb-
ths, rlagljgkbhs gbdrlrrkmls, rlagljgkbhs u`trlvgk`htls, egjrkkbals, `ìshr, kbals ah
rlagk, jlepks h`hjtrkelcbçtg
h`hjtrkelcbçtgjks,
jks, htj.).
• Gùegbljgúb.
• Jkbagjgkbhs threkogcrkeçtrgjls (jl`kr, dråk, ouehala rh`ltgvl, jl`gala ah`
lgrh6 hs ahjgr, j`geltgzljgúb hb chbhrl`).
j. Jkbtlegblbths quåegjks y igk`úcgjks quh puhalb hstlr prhshbths hb h`
ehagk ah trlilmk=
X.A

• \uåegjks (clshs, vlpkrhs, lhrksk`hs, htj.).

• Igk`úcgjks (iljthrgls, vgrus, okbcks, htj.).
a. Jlrcl ah trlilmk (hbc`kil `ks rghscks jluslaks pkr `ls hxgchbjgls dåsgjls
y ehbtl`hs ah `l tlrhl)=
• Dåsgjls (hsduhrzks l ahslrrk``lr
ahslrrk``lr,, pksturls, elbgpu`ljgúb ah jlrcls.htj.).
• Ehbtl`hs (bgvh` ah lthbjgúb k jkbjhbtrljgúb, htj.).
h. Krclbgzljgúb ah` trlilmk=
• Dkrel ah ah﬌bgr `ls tlrhls l hdhjtulr.
• Agstrgiujgúb ah tlrhls hbtrh `ks agstgbtks trlilmlakrhs.
• Okrlrgks.
• Ygtek ah hmhjujgúb ah `ks trlilmks.
• Ekbktkbål y rhphtgtgvgala ah `ks egseks.
• ^ksgig`gala ah gbgjgltgvls y plrtgjgpljgúb hb h` quholjhr aglrgk.

• Ahsjlbsks k plusls.
• Qurbgjgala (trlilmlr rktltgvlehbth hb turbks ah elülbl, tlrah y bkjoh).
• Yh`ljgkbhs phrskbl`hs y skjgl`hs quh sh ahrgvlb ah `ks lbthrgkrhs
jkbagjgkblbths.
<.3. GBQHYYH@LJGÚB
GBQHYYH@ LJGÚB AH @KZ DLJQKYHZ
DLJQKYHZ AH YGHZCK
@ks jgbjk crupks quh ljlileks ah hbubjglr bk skb hxjùyhbths hbtrh så. Ahih-
eks thbhr hb juhbtl `l euy pksgi`h prhshbjgl ah vlrgks dljtkrhs ah rghsck sgeu`-
tìbhlehbth, lså jkek h` tghepk ah hxpksgjgúb y bgvh` ah jkbjhbtrljgúb ah `ks
egseks.
Thleks ubks hmhep`ks. Xb puhstk ah trlilmk quh hxgml crlb jkbjhbtrljgúb ehbtl`
pkr su jkep`hmgala y rlpgahz ah ahslrrk``k, hdhjtulak hb ub ùclr ah trlilmk jkb ah-
﬌jghbth gùegbljgúb, ki`gclrì l` trlilmlakr l ubl pksturl y hsduhrzks shcurlehbth eìs
phbksks quh hb ubls jkbagjgkbhs lahjulals ah gùegbljgúb.
Dkehbtlr ub iuhb j`gel ah rh`ljgúb y plrtgjgpljgúb hbtrh `ks trlilmlakrhs puhah
dlvkrhjhr h` crlak ah gbgjgltgvl h gep`gjljgúb hb `l tlrhl ah `ks egseks, agsegbuyhbak
`l lcrhsgvgala prkvkjlal pkr `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah turbgjgala.
Xb l`tk bgvh` ah lutkeltgzljgúb ah `ls jlahbls ah dlirgjljgúb agsegbuyh h` crlak
ah gahbtg﬌jljgúb jkb h` prkaujtk, luehbtl `l ekbktkbål ah `l tlrhl, rhilml h` crlak
ah lthbjgúb ah` trlilmlakr y l`lrcl h` tghepk ah rhspuhstl l shül`hs ah lvgsk y hehr-
chbjgl.
X.A. < | JKBJH^QKZ IÌZGJKZ ZKIYH ZHCXYGALA W ZL@XA HB H@ QYLILMK pìc. <8

9 ALÜKZ AHYGTLAKZ AH@ QYLILMK. @KZ LJJGAHBQHZ AH

QYLILMK W @LZ HBDHYEHALAHZ ^YKDHZGKBL@HZ
Yhjkralbak `k ehbjgkblak hb h` lplrtlak lbthrgkr, ub rghsck sh puhah ah﬌bgr
jkek
(skirh `l
`lspksgig`gala ah quhk `ls
phrskbls, jksls jkbagjgkbhs
skirh ah ktrk
`ls aks). ^kr trlilmk puhalb
`lak, prkvkjlr
ub dljtkr ub alük
ah rghsck hs
tkak lquh` h`hehbtk quh puhal phrturilr `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk.
Ahbtrk ah `ks tgpks ah rghscks, pkr hmhep`k, hstìb `ks rghscks ahrgvlaks ah `l
elbgpu`ljgúb ah sustlbjgls ph`gcrksls, ah `l hxgsthbjgl ah prkaujtks jkbtlegblbths,
ah krgchb h`çjtrgjk, ah tgpk skbkrk, htj.
Qkak trlilmk gep`gjl ubks rghscks ahrgvlaks ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk hxgs-
thbths. Julbak ub rghsck sh ahshbjlahbl, al ùclr l` ljjgahbth ah trlilmk.
Ah `ks ljjgahbths ah trlilmk sh puhahb ahrgvlr ubks alüks, quh puhahb shr ah
vlrgks tgpks=
• ^hrskbl`hs.
• Elthrgl`hs.
• Ehagk-leighbtl`hs.
@ks alüks sh puhahb ahdgbgr jkek h` rhsu`tlak agrhjtk k gbagrhjtk ah ub
ljjgahbth=
• Alüks agrhjtks= julbak `ks hdhjtks alügbks skb jkbshjuhbjgl gbehagltl

ah` ljjgahbth.
• Alüks gbagrhjtks= julbak bk skb jkbshjuhbjgl gbehagltl ah` ljjgahbth,
y bk `ks phrjgigeks jkb dljg`gala.
Julbak `ls jkbagjgkbhs quh alb ùclr l hsks alüks phrelbhjhb aurlbth ub
tghepk hb ubl ljtgvgala prkdhsgkbl`, sh prkaujhb `ls ``lelals hbdhrehalahs prkdh-
sgkbl`hs.
L jkbtgbuljgúb, vleks l ah﬌bgr `ks ljjgahbths ah trlilmk y `ls hbdhrehalahs
prkdhsgkbl`hs, shül`lbak `ls jkbagjgkbhs quh olb ah alrsh plrl slihr juìbak hstl-
eks lbth ub ljjgahbth ah trlilmk k lbth ubl hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl`.
9.<.
9.<. LJJGAHBQHZ AH QYLILMK
Zhcýb h` lrtåju`k <<8 ah` Yhl` Ahjrhtk @hcgs`ltgvk </<771, ah 9> ah mubgk, pkr h`
quh sh lpruhil h` thxtk rhdubagak ah `l @hy Chbhrl` ah `l Zhcurgala Zkjgl` (@CZZ), sh
hbtghbah pkr ljjgahbth ah trlilmk tkal `hsgúb jkrpkrl`
jkrpkrl` quh h` trlilmlakr sudrl jkb
kjlsgúb k pkr jkbshjuhbjgl ah` trlilmk quh hmhjuth pkr juhbtl lmhbl.
Xb trlilmk sh hmhjutl pkr juhbtl lmhbl julbak sh ahshephül ahbtrk ah `l krclbgzl-
jgúb y agrhjjgúb ah ub heprhslrgk k ah ub hep`hlakr (hs ahjgr, ilmk `ls úrahbhs ah ktrl
phrskbl k heprhsl, quh puhah shr prgvlal k pýi`gjl jkek `l Laegbgstrljgúb), y ah
X.A

ljuhrak jkb `l jlthckrål prkdhsgkbl` ah` trlilmlakr

Ah ub ekak eìs tçjbgjk, ljjgahbth hs ‟tkak sujhsk lbkrel`, bk quhrgak bg ahshl-
ak, quh sh prhshbtl ah dkrel irusjl h gbhsphrlal, lubquh bkrelèhbth hvgtli`h,
quh gbthrrueph `l bkrel` jkbtgbugala ah` trlilmk y puhah jluslr `hsgkbhs l `ls phrsk-
bls―.
9.<.
9.<.<.
<. ^rhjgsgkbhs
^rhjgsgkbhs ah `ks ljjgahbths
ljjgahbths ah trlilmk
trlilmk
Zhcýb h` lrtåju`k <<8.9 ah `l @hy Chbhrl` ah `l Zhcurgala Zkjgl` (@CZZ) thbarìb `l
jkbsgahrljgúb ah ljjgahbth ah trlilmk=
• @ls quh sudrl h`
h` trlilmlakr l` gr k l` vk`vhr ah` ùclr ah trlilmk ahbkegblaks
ahbkegblaks ‐gb
gtgbhrh―.
• @ks quh sudrl h` trlilmlakr

trlilmlakr hb h` ahshephük ah jlrcks h`hjtgvks (ah`hclaks ah
phrskbl`, egheirks ah jkegtç ah heprhsl....).
• @ks kjurrgaks jkb kjlsgúb k pkr jkbshjuhbjgl ah `ls tlrhls quh lub sghbak
agstgbtls ah su jlthckrål prkdhsgkbl` hmhjuth h` trlilmlakr hb juep`geghbtk ah
`ls úrahbhs ah` heprhslrgk k hb gbthrçs ah` iuhb dubjgkbleghbtk ah `l heprhsl.
ljlhjgaks hb ljtks ah sl`vlehbtk y ktrks ah lbì`kcl blturl`hzl julbak

• @ks ljlhjgaks
thbclb jkbhxgúb jkb h` trlilmk rhl`gzlak.
• @ls hbdhrehalahs bk gbjùgals hb h` lrtåju`k sgcughbth
sgcughbth l` jgtlak,
jgtlak, quh jkbtrlgcl
h` trlilmlakr jkb ektgvk ah `l rhl`gzljgúb ah su trlilmk sgheprh quh sh pruhih quh
`l hbdhrehala tuvk pkr jlusls hxjùsgvl `l hmhjujgúb ah` trlilmk.
• @ls hbdhrehalahs
hbdhrehalahs k ahdhjtks
ahdhjtks plahjgaks
plahjgaks jkb lbthrgkrgala pkr h` trlilmlakr
trlilmlakr quh
sh lcrlvhb jkek jkbshjuhbjgl ah` ljjgahbth.
• @ls jkbshjuhbjgls ah` ljjgahbth quh rhsu`thb ekag﬌jlals hb su blturl`hzl,
blturl`hzl,
aurljgúb, crlvhala k thregbljgúb pkr hbdhrehalahs gbthrjurrhbths,
gbthrjurrhbths, quh jkbstgtuylb
jkep`gjljgkbhs ahrgvlals ah` prkjhsk pltk`úcgjk ahthregblak pkr h` ljjgahbth
egsek k thbclb su krgchb hb ldhjjgkbhs laqugrgals hb h` buhvk ehagk hb quh sh
olyl sgtulak h` pljghbth plrl su jurljgúb.
Zhcýb h` lrtåju`k <<8.: ah `l @hy Chbhrl` ah `l Zhcurgala Zkjgl` sh hstli`hjh
prhsubjgúb ah ljjgahbth ah trlilmk, sl`vk pruhil hb jkbtrlrgk, skb jkbstgtutgvks ah
ljjgahbths ah trlilmk `ls `hsgkbhs quh sudrl h` trlilmlakr aurlbth h` tghepk y hb h`
ùclr ah su trlilmk.
Zhcýb h` lrtåju`k <<8.1 ah `l @hy Chbhrl` ah `l Zhcurgala Zkjgl` bk thbarìb
jkbsgahrljgúb ah ljjgahbth ah trlilmk=
• @ks quh shlb
shlb ahigaks l duhrzl elykr hxtrlül l` trlilmk,
trlilmk, hbthbagçbaksh
hbthbagçbaksh pkr
hstl `l quh shl ah tl` blturl`hzl quh bgbcubl rh`ljgúb culrah jkb h` trlilmk quh
sh hmhjutlil l` kjurrgr h` ljjgahbth.
• @ks quh shlb ahigaks l ak`k k l gepruahbjgl thehrlrgl ah` trlilmlakr
ljjgahbtlak.
X.A.. 9 | ALÜKZ AHYGTLAKZ AH@ QYLILMK

X.A pìc. <3

Gbjurrh hb ak`k h` trlilmlakr quh ljtýl jkb h` ahshk ah `kcrlr `ks ihbh﬌jgks l
quh al ùclr ub ljjgahbth ah trlilmk y plrl prkaujårsh`k prhplrl h` ljjgahbth
ah dkrel jkbsjghbth, vkùbtlrgl y el`gjgksl.
Gepruahbjgl thehrlrgl sh ah﬌bh jkek h` ahsprhjgk ah` gbstgbtk ah `l jkbshrvljgúb
jkb j`lrl jkbjurrhbjgl y plthbth ehbksprhjgk ah` rghsck.
Zhcýb h` lrtåju`k <<8.9 ah `l @hy Chbhrl` ah `l Zhcurgala Zkjgl` bk gephagrìb `l
jl`g﬌jljgúb ah ljjgahbth ah trlilmk=
• @l gepruahbjgl prkdhsgkb
prkdhsgkbl`
l` quh hs jkbshjuhbjgl
jkbshjuhbjgl ah`
ah` hmhrjgjgk
hmhrjgjgk oligtul` ah ub
trlilmk y sh ahrgvl ah `l jkb﬌lbzl quh hsth gbspgrl.
• @l jkbjurrhbjgl ah ju`plig`gala
ju`plig`gala jgvg` k jrgegbl`
jrgegbl` ah` heprhslrgk,
heprhslrgk, ah ub jke-
plührk ah trlilmk k ah ub thrjhrk, sl`vk quh bk culrah rh`ljgúb l`cubl jkb h` trlilmk.
• Hb juìbtk l ljtks ah` heprhslrgk,
heprhslrgk, sg h` ljjgahbth sh ahrgvl ah ubl ljtuljgúb
prkdhsgkblèhbth ahsjugalal ah` heprhslrgk hs sgb ùclr l aual ub ljjgahbth ah
trlilmk. Hb jleigk sg `l ljtuljgúb ah` heprhslrgk hs ak`ksl ‐l el`l dh― `l jl`g﬌-
jljgúb ahphbahrì ah `l rh`ljgúb ah jlusl`gala jkb h` trlilmk, `k egsek sujhah
sg skb ljtks ah ub jkeplührk k ah ub thrjhrk. ^kr hmhep`k hxgstgrì rh`ljgúb sg
ub jkeplührk lrrhehth l ub trlilmlakr pkr ubl agsjusgúb skirh su rhbageghbtk
prkaujtgvk y bk hxgstgrì sg oly ubl agsjusgúb pkr ub thel lmhbk l` trlilmk.
9.<.9.
9.<.9. Qhkrål
Qhkrål ah `l jlusl`gala
jlusl`gala
@ks ljjgahbths ah trlilmk bk skb h` prkaujtk ah `l jlsul`gala, hs ahjgr, ah `l
‐el`l suhrth― sgbk quh `ks ljjgahbths skb h` rhsu`tlak ah ubls jlusls quh puhahb
shr ahsjuighrtls. Ah `k jkbtrlrgk bk thbarål ùclr `l ljjgúb prhvhbtgvl.
^rgehr thkrhel= @ls jlusls blturl`hs ah `ks ljjgahbths ah trlilmk
Qkak ljjgahbth jkek ub ohjok blturl` quh, lubquh hs bk ahshli`h sh hxp`gjl pkr
ubls jlusls blturl`hs.
Zhcubak thkrhel= @l eu`tgjlusl`gala
Hb `lh elykrål
vlrgls, ah `ks ljjgahbths
gbjùsk buehrksls bk hxgsth
`ls jlusls ubl ýbgjl Laheìs
quh gbthrvghbh. jlusl sgbk quhjlusls
hstls suh`hbbk
shrskb
gbahphbaghbths sgbk quh hstìb rh`ljgkblals hbtrh så.
Qhrjhr thkrhel= ^rkpghala dljtkrgl` ah `ls
`ls jlusls prgbjgpl`hs
prgbjgpl`hs
Ah `ls eý`tgp`hs jlusls ah `ks ljjgahbths hs pksgi`h agstgbcugr `ls ``lelals prgbjg-
pl`hs jul`hs hstìb gbthrrh`ljgkblals dljtkrglèhbth ah elbhrl quh `l h`gegbljgúb ah
ubl sk`l gep`gjlrì `l h`gegbljgúb ah` ljjgahbth.
9.<.:.
9.<.:. Jlusls ah `ks ljjgahbths
ljjgahbths ah tr
trlilmk
lilmk
^lrl pkahr prhvhbgr ub ljjgahbth ah trlilmk, hs bhjhslrgk jkbkjhr `ls jlusls quh `ks
prkvkjlb.
^kr su krgchb
Jlusls tçjbgjls k dljtkrhs, sh jkbsgahrlb jkek tl`hs l tkals `ls jkbagjgkbhs
pìc. <? X.A.. 9 | ALÜKZ AHYGTLAKZ AH@ QYLILMK

X.A

elthrgl`hs ahrgvlals ah `ks lchbths, prgbjgplèhbth ehjìbgjls y dåsgjls, quh krgcgblb

y prkpgjglb quh sh ahslrrk``h ub ljjgahbth ah trlilmk. Zuh`hb ahbkegblrsh jkbag-
jgkbhs gbshcurls, dl``ks tçjbgjks k dl``ks elthrgl`hs.
Jlusls ouelbls k dljtkrhs, sh gbjùyhb tkaks `ks ohjoks ouelbks quh pkr ljjgúb
k pkr kegsgúb alb ùclr l quh sh ahslrrk``h ub ljjgahbth ah trlilmk, Qleigçb puh-
ahb shr ahbkegblals ljjgkbhs gbshcurls, ljtks ph`gcrksks k dl``ks ouelbks.
^kr su jrkbk`kcål
Jlusls gbehagltls k ahshbjlahblbths, skb `ls quh sh prhshbtlb jkek `ks ý`tgeks

hs`likbhs ah `l jlahbl ah jlusls quh sujhsgvlehbth gbthrvghbhb hb ub ljjgahbth.
Jlusls rhektls k ah ilsh, skb `ls jlusls lbthrgkrhs l `ls gbehagltls quh hxp`gjlb `l
pksgig`gala pkthbjgl` ah` ljjgahbth y jkbdkrelb h` rghsck.
^kr su gepkrtlbjgl
Jlusls prgbjgpl`hs, skb `ls quh hstìb rh`ljgkblals dljtkrglèhbth ah elbhrl quh `l
h`gegbljgúb ah ubl hvgtl quh sh ahshbjlahbh h` ljjgahbth.
Jlusls shjubalrgls, skb lquh``ls juyl gbjgahbjgl hs rh`ltgvlehbth gepkrtlbth, yl
quh su rhphtgrsh.
puhal h`gegbljgúb bk clrlbtgzl quh h` ljjgahbth bk ouighsh thbgak ùclr k quh bk
9.<.1.
9.<.1. Jkbshjuhbjgls ah
ah `ks ljjgahbths
ljjgahbths ah trlilmk
trlilmk
Zkb `ls rhphrjusgkbhs quh `ks ljjgahbths ah trlilmk kjlsgkblb hb juìbtk l
`ls pçragals y hb juìbtk l `ks hdhjtks ahrgvlaks ah `ls ljjgkbhs laegbgstrltgvls y
`hcl`hs quh ahshbjlahblb. Lubquh tlepkjk ahiheks k`vgalr `ls ljjgkbhs ah tgpk
prhvhbtgvk quh ahih heprhbahr `l prkpgl heprhsl.
^çragals
Zkb `ks rhsu`tlaks bhcltgvks gbehagltks quh prkvkjl ub ljjgahbth ah trlilmk y

puhahb shr=
• Alükshb=
j`lsg﬌jlr , quh skb `ls pçragals elthrgl`hs jluslals pkr ub ljjgahbth y sh puhahb
• ^hragals ah tghepk,
tghepk, sh rh﬌hrh
rh﬌hrh l` tghepk phragak pkr krahblr y lrrhc`lr h`
ùclr ah` ljjgahbth, skjkrrhr l` ljjgahbtlak, rhtrlsks hb `l thregbljgúb ah `ls `lik-
rhs....Hs ahjgr skb `ls phragals ah tghepk ah trlilmk quh tkak ljjgahbth ``hvl
lplrhmlak.
• ^hragals hbhrcçtgjls, jluslals pkr hsjlphs k jkbsueks bk lprkvhjolaks
ah hbhrcål k pkr ilmks rhbageghbtks hbhrcçtgjks trls ub ljjgahbth (jl`krå﬌jk,
h`çjtrgjks, ogarìu`gjk...)
• Alüks elthrgl`hs prkpglehbth agjoks, skb `ks kjlsgkblaks hb `ks h`hehb-
tks elthrgl`hs shlb ighbhs ah hqugpk (gbstl`ljgkbhs, elqugblrgl, ohrrleghbtls) k
shlb elthrgl prgels, shegh`likrlaks k prkaujtks thregblaks.
pìc. <7
X.A
• @hsgkbhs, skb h` ahtrgehbtk jkrpkrl` (ohrgals, ck`phs k hbdhrehalahs) sudrgals

l jkbshjuhbjgl ah ub ljjgahbth y sh j`lsg﬌jlb hb=
• Hektgvk-psåqugjls, skb `ls jkbshjuhbjgls ah `ls vgvhbjgls ah ub ljjgahbth.
• Hstrujturl`hs, gbagjlb `ls l`thrljgkbhs hb `ls hstrujturls krcìbgjls.
• Dubjgkbl`hs, trlstkrbks hb `ls dubjgkbhs ﬌sgk`úcgjls jkek plrì`gsgs, ahs-
krahbhs eusju`lrhs
eusju`lrhs....
....
• Zhbsgtgvk-ak`krksk, l`thrljgkbhs hb h` krclbgsek jkb elbgdhstljgkbhs
ak`krksls.
• Euhrth. Elbgdhstljgúb dltl` jluslal pkr ubl `hsgúb quh ldhjtlsh l
úrclbks y dubjgkbhs vgtl`hs.
Ljjgkbhs laegbgstrltgvls
Zkb tkals `ls chstgkbhs quh ub ljjgahbth ``hvl lplrhmlals, lså jkek `ls ahjgsgk-
bhs quh `l lutkrgala jkephthbth lakpth.
Yhphrjusgkbhs `hcl`hs
Zkb `ls ljjgkbhs muråagjls quh puhalb hmhrjhrsh pkr gbjuep`geghbtk ah `ls ki`gcl-
jgkbhs, l `ls quh `ls plrths gep`gjlals hb `ks ljjgahbths hstìb skehtgaks, plrl sl`-
vlculralr `ks ahrhjoks ah `ks gep`gjlaks elbthbghbak lså h` krahb y `l mustgjgl skjgl`.
9.<.8.
9.<.8. J`lsgjljgúb ah `ks ljjgahbths ah trlilmk
^kaheks j`lsg﬌jlr `ks ljjgahbths ah trlilmk shcýb aks jrgthrgks= `ls jkbsh-
juhbjgls ah` ljjgahbth y h` tghepk ah gbljtgvgala.
• Zhcýb `ls jkbshjuhbjgls ah` ljjgahbth ah trlilmk= sh agdhrhbjgl hbtrh
ljjgahbth jkb `hsgúb, jkb alüks k gbjgahbth.
• Jkb `hsgúb=
`hsgúb= hsth tgpk ah ljjgahbths tghbh jkbshjuhbjgls skirh h`
h` hstlak
ah slùa ah` trlilmlakr.
• Jkb alüks= lquh` quh tghbh jkbshjuhbjgls skirh h` hstlak ah `ks ighbhs.
• Gbjgahbth= lquh` quh bk tghbh bgbcýb tgpk ah jkbshjuhbjgls, bg al
al--
üks bg `hsgkbhs.
• Zhcýb h` tghepk quh phrelbhjh gbljtgvk=
• Jkb ilml eçagjl= julbak gepgah gepgah l` trlilmlakr lsgstgr

lsgstgr l su trlilmk pkr
tghepk suphrgkr l ub aål k turbk ah trlilmk.
• Zgb ilml= julbak oly `hsgkbhs, phrk ubl vhz lthbagals `ls egsels h` trlilml-
akr puhah gbjkrpkrlrsh l su trlilmk, ighb hb h` egsek aål k turbk hb h` quh sh
prkaumk k ighb l` sgcughbth, lubquh puhal bhjhsgtlr buhvl lthbjgúb eçagjl hb `ks
aåls pksthrgkrhs.
pìc. 9> X.A.. 9 | ALÜKZ AHYGTLAKZ AH@ QYLILMK
X.A
9.9. HBDHYEHALAHZ ^YKDHZGKBL@HZ

^YKDHZGKBL@HZ
Ahsah ub pubtk ah vgstl `hcl`, hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl` hs `l jkbtrlåal l jkb-
shjuhbjgl ah` trlilmk hmhjutlak pkr juhbtl lmhbl, hb `ls ljtgvgalahs quh sh hsph-
jg﬌jlb hb h` julark `hcl` lprkilak pkr `ls agspksgjgkbhs ah `l @hy Chbhrl` ah `l
Zhcurgala Zkjgl` (lrt. <<4), y quh hsth prkvkjlal pkr `l ljjgúb ah `ks h`hehbtks
k sustlbjgls quh hb agjok julark sh gbagquhb.
Ahsah h` pubtk ah vgstl ah `l prhvhbjgúb, `l hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl` hs ub ahth-
rgkrk `hbtk y plu`ltgbk ah `l slùa prkaujgak pkr ubl hxpksgjgúb jrúbgjl l
sgtuljgkbhs lavhrsls hb h` ùclr ah trlilmk.
Hs gepkrtlbth ahstljlr quh `ls hbdhrehalahs quh bk ﬌curhb hb `l @hy Chbhrl` ah `l
Zhcurgala Zkjgl` bk sh jkbsgahrlrìb hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs, sgbk hbdhrehalahs
jkeubhs k ljjgahbths ah trlilmk.
Hb h` hstuagk ah ubl hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl` oly quh agdhrhbjglr ub h`hehbtk
jkbtlegblbth y agvhrsks dljtkrhs. Hstks skb= tghepk ah hxpksgjgúb l` jkbtlegblb-
th, jkbjhbtrljgúb ah` egsek, su lcrhsgvgala y jlrljthråstgjls ah slùa ah `l phrskbl
hxpuhstl l` egsek.
9.9.<.
9.9.<. Jkbagjgkbhs y rhphrjusgkbhs
rhphrjusgkbhs ah ubl hbdhrehala
hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl`
prkdhsgkbl`
@ks rhqugsgtks `hcl`hs quh olb ah alrsh plrl quh bks hbjkbtrheks lbth ubl
hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl` skb=
• Qrlilmk hmhjutlak pkr juhbtl lmhbl= L` gcul` quh plrl ub ljjgahbth ah trlilmk,
ol ah shr ub trlilmk ahshephülak ahbtrk ah `l krclbgzljgúb y agrhjjgúb ah ub
heprhslrgk k hep`hlakr y ah ljuhrak jkb `l jlthckrål prkdhsgkbl` ah` trlilmlakr.
hbuehrlals hb `l @hy= Ol ah
• ^rkvkjlal pkr h`hehbtks k sustlbjgls hbuehrlals
hstlr prkvkjlal pkr h`hehbtks
h`hehbtks k sustlbjgls rh`ljgkblaks
rh`ljgkblaks hb h` julark lprkilak
`hclèhbth (`k vleks l vhr hbshcugal).
• Jkbtrlåal hb ljtgvgalahs rh`ljgkblals hb h` thxtk `hcl`= \uh sh olyl jkbtrlåak
hb `ls ljtgvgalahs rh`ljgkblals hb `l @hy,
@hy, jkbjrhtlehbth
jkbjrhtlehbth hb h` julark ah hbdhreh-
alahs prkdhsgkbl`hs.
@hclèhbth, skb hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs sú`k lquh``ls quh lså
ah﬌bh `l @hy plrl jlal plås y plrl jlal sgsthel ah `l Zhcurgala Zkjgl`.
Hb buhstrk plås, h` Yhl` Ahjrhtk <977/9>>4 ah <> ah bkvgheirh, pkr h` quh sh
lpruhil h` julark ah hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs hb h` sgsthel ah `l Zhcurgala Zkjgl`
y sh hstli`hjhb jrgthrgks plrl su bktg﬌jljgúb y rhcgstrk rhcu`l y rhjkch h` julark ah `ls
hbdhrehalahs quh sh puhahb hbc`kilr ahbtrk ah` jlepk ah `ls hbdhrehalahs prkdh-
sgkbl`hs, sú`k `ls gbjùgals hb hstl bkrel skb hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs.
Hb hstl agspksgjgúb sh rhcu`lb `ls hbdhrehalahs, jkb `ks jluslbths ah `ls egsels y
`ks puhstks ah trlilmk quh h` trlilmlakr ahih olihr rhl`gzlak plrl jkbsgahrlr quh `l
hbdhrehala quh sudrh hs ubl hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl`.
@ls prhstljgkbhs hjkbúegjls pkr hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl` skb `ls sgcughbths=
• ^lrleltrgekbgl`=
bu`gala h` Júbyuch,
Júbyuch, plrhml ah ohjok k hx-júbyuch
hx-júbyuch agvkrjglak,
agvkrjglak, shplrlak
shplrlak k jkb
X.A pìc. 9<
Zhgs ehbsul`galahs ah `l ilsh rhcu`lakrl ah `l phbsgúb ah vguahala.

Hb h` supuhstk ah jkbjurrgr eìs ah ub ihbh﬌jglrgk, `l agstrgiujgúb ah `l gbahebgzl-
jgúb sh rhl`gzlrì ah `l egsel elbhrl quh `l phbsgúb ah vguahala.
Zg sh trltl ah ub sk`k ihbh﬌jglrgk jkb eltrgekbgk ahj`lrlak bu`k, `l julbtål ah `l
gbahebgzljgúb shrì prkpkrjgkbl` l` tghepk jkbvgvgak hb eltrgekbgk jkb
jkb h` dl``hjgak.
• ^lrl `ks Ouçrdlbks=
Xbl ehbsul`gala ah `l ilsh rhcu`lakrl ah `l phbsgúb ah krdlbala.

Eìs `l jlbtgala quh rhsu`th ah agstrgiugr hbtrh `ks ouçrdlbks `ls shgs ehbsul`galahs
ah `l ilsh rhcu`lakrl ah `l phbsgúb, sg bk hxgsth júbyuch, plrhml ah ohjok k hx júbyuch
jkb ahrhjok l gbahebgzljgúb.
• ^lrl h` ^larh y/k elarh=
Buhvh ehbsul`galahs ah `l ilsh rhcu`lakrl, sg sh trltl ah ub lsjhbaghbth.

Akjh ehbsul`galahs ah `l ilsh rhcu`lakrl, sg sh trltl ah leiks lsjhbaghbths.
Jkek hxjhpjgúb, hb `ks supuhstks ah dl``hjgeghbtk ah phbsgkbgstls pkr gbjlpljgala
phrelbhbth ahrgvlal ah jkbtgbchbjgls prkdhsgkbl`hs, h` jì`ju`k ah `l gbahebgzljgúb
sh hdhjtulrì skirh `l julbtål ah `l phbsgúb quh hstuvghrl phrjgighbak h` jluslbth hb h`
ekehbtk ah` dl``hjgeghbtk.
9.9.9.J`lsgjljgúb
9.9.9. J`lsgjljgúb ah `ls hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs
prkdhsgkbl`hs
Ah ljuhrak hb h` Yhl` Ahjrhtk <977/9>>4, ah <> ah bkvgheirh, pkr h` quh sh lpruh-
il h` julark ah hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs hb h` sgsthel ah `l Zhcurgala Zkjgl` y sh
hstli`hjhb jrgthrgks plrl su bktg﬌jljgúb y rhcgstrk, sh j`lsg﬌jlb `ls hbdhrehalahs prkdh-
sgkbl`hs ah `l sgcughbth elbhrl=
Crupk <= Hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs jluslals pkr lchbths quåegjks= ^rkaujgals
pkr h` jkbtljtk jkb ehtl`hs, ehtl`kgahs, ol`úchbks, ìjgaks krcìbgjks h gbkrcìbgjks,
l`jkok`hs, htj.)
Crupk 9= Hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs jluslals pkr lchbths dåsgjks= (ogpkljusgl k

skrahrl, Hbdhrehalahs ksthklrtgju`lrhs k lbcgkbhurútgjls prkvkjlals pkr `ls vgirl-
jgkbhs ehjìbgjls, hbdhrehalahs prkvkjlals pkr pksturls dkrzlals y ekvgeghbtks rh-
phtgtgvks hb h` trlilmk6 hbdhrehalahs ah `ls ik`sls shrksls ahigal l `l prhsgúb, jhù`gtgs
suijutìbhls, hbdhrehalahs prkvkjlals pkr ekvgeghbtks rhphtgtgvks hb h` trlilmk, htj)
Crupk := Hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs jluslals pkr lchbths igk`úcgjks= hbdhrehal-
ahs gbdhjjgksls jluslals pkr h` trlilmk ah `ls phrskbls quh sh kjuplb ah `l prhvhbjgúb,
lsgsthbjgl eçagjl y ljtgvgalahs hb `ls quh sh ol prkilak ub rghsck ah gbdhjjgúb (hxjùg-
aks lquh``ks egjrkkrclbgseks gbjùgaks hb h` crupk < ah` Y.A. 441/<773, ah <9 ah elyk
rhcu`lakr ah `l prkthjjgúb ah `ks trlilmlakrhs jkbtrl `ks rghscks rh`ljgkblaks jkb `l
hxpksgjgúb l lchbths igk`úcgjks aurlbth h` trlilmk), ^lùagsek, lehiglsgs, trgplbksk-
eglsgs, ahbcuh, ﬌hirh lelrg``l, ﬌hirh plpltljg, ﬌hirh rhjurrhbth, phsth, `hsgsoelbgksgs,
pglb, tgdus hxlbtheìtgjk, ikrrh`gls y ktrls rgjfhtsgksgs6 Hbdhrehalahs gbdhjjgksls y plrl-
sgtlrgls bk jkbthep`lals hb ktrks lplrtlaks= egjksgs, `hcgkbh``l y ohègbtglsgs.
Crupk 1= Hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs jluslals pkr gbol`ljgúb ah sustlbjgls y
pìc. 99 X.A.. 9 | ALÜKZ AHYGTLAKZ AH@ QYLILMK
X.A
lchbths bk jkeprhbagals hb ktrks lplrtlaks. (^k`vk ah så`gjh `girh, ah jlriúb, leglbtk,

egbhrl`hs, htj)
Crupk 8= Hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs ah `l pgh` jluslals pkr sustlbjgls y lchbths
bk jkeprhbagaks hb l`cubk ah `ks ktrks lplrtlaks= Zustlbjgls ah ilmk phsk ek`hju-
`lr pkr ahilmk ah `ks <.>>> al`tkbs (ehtl`hs y sus sl`hs, pk`vks ah elahrls, prkaujks
dlreljçutgjks, sustlbjgls quåegjk p`ìstgjls, lagtgvks, agsk`vhbths, jkbshrvlbths, jltl`g-
zlakrhs, phrduehs, laohsgvks, ljrg`ltks, rhsgbls ah ilmk phsk ek`hju`lr, dkrelàhoåak
y ahrgvlaks, htj., 6 Lchbths y sustlbjgls ah l`tk phsk ek`hju`lr, pkr hbjgel ah `ks <.>>>
al`tkbs (sustlbjgls ah krgchb vhchtl`, lbgel`, egjrkkrclbgseks y sustlbjgls hbzgeìtg-
jls ah krgchb vhchtl`, lbgel` y/k ah egjrkkrclbgseks6 sustlbjgls dktkshbsgi`hs6 lchb-
ths gbdhjjgksks, htj.
Crupk 4= Hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs jluslals pkr lchbths jlrjgbkcçbgjks.( Leglb-
tk, legbls lrkeìtgjls, lrsçbgjk, htj.)
9.9.:. Agdhrhbjgl
Agdhrhbjgl hbtrh hbdhrehala
hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl`
prkdhsgkbl` y ljjgahbth
ljjgahbth ah trlilmk
trlilmk
Hs gepkrtlbth agdhrhbjglr `ks ljjgahbths ah trlilmk ah `ls hbdhrehalahs prkdh-
sgkbl`hs. ^lrl h``k, pkaheks uslr agvhrsks jrgthrgks= shcýb h` jkeghbzk, shcýb su
prhshbtljgúb, shcýb h` krgchb ah `l jlusl ah `l hbdhrehala, shcýb `l rh`ljgúb ah
jlusl`gala hxgsthbth y shcýb `l elbgdhstljgúb.
• Zhcýb h` jkeghbzk=
Ljjgahbth ah trlilmk= rhphbtgbk. Hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl`= `hbtk.
• Zhcýb su prhshbtljgúb=
Ljjgahbth ah trlilmk= bk hsphrlak. Hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl`= hsphrlak.
• Zhcýb h` krgchb ah `l hbdhre

hbdhrehala=
hala=
Ljjgahbth ah trlilmk= hxthrbk. Hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl`= gbthrbk.
• Zhcýb rh`ljgúb
rh`ljgúb ah jlusl`ga
jlusl`gala=
la=
Ljjgahbth ah trlilmk= dìjg`. Hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl`= agdåjg`.
• Zhcýb`l
Zhcýb `lelbgdhstljgúb=
Ljjgahbth ah trlilmk= trlueìtgjl, hs ahjgr, vgk`hbtl. Hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl`= bk
vgk`hbtl.
Laheìs ah `ks ljjgahbths ah trlilmk y `ls hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs, `ks alüks
ahrgvlaks ah` trlilmk puhahb vhbgr prkvkjlaks pkr ktrks dljtkrhs.
@l ljtgvgala `likrl` hb ub prgbjgpgk hstlil euy ubgal l` hsduhrzk dåsgjk, phrk oky
hb aål h` trlilmlakr hstì skehtgak l ktrk tgpk ah prhsgkbhs. @l rhspkbslig`gala,
`ls okrls trlilmlals, `ls rh`ljgkbhs jkb `ks jkeplührks ah trlilmk, prkaujhb ktrks
alüks agstgbtks. Hstks alüks sh puhahb jkbsgahrlr jkek alüks psgjkskjgl`hs.
X.A pìc. 9:
9.:. GBJL^LJGALA
GBJL^LJGALA QHE^KYL@
QHE^KYL@ H GBTL@GAH]
GBTL@GAH]
Qlbtk `ls hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs jkek `ks ljjgahbths `likrl`hs puhahb prkvk-
jlr `l gbjlpljgala ah` trlilmlakr. ^kaheks agstgbcugr aks crupks=
• @l gbjlpljgala thepkrl`
H` trlilmlakr hstì gbjlpljgtlak thepkrlèhbth
thepkrlèhbth plrl trlilmlr, ahigak l hbdhr-
ehala jkeýb k prkdhsgkbl` y/k l` ljjgahbth, shl k bk ah trlilmk, eghbtrls rhjgil
lsgsthbjgl slbgtlrgl ah `l Zhcurgala Zkjgl`. Zu aurljgúb eìxgel shrì ah <9 ehshs,
prkrrkcli`hs pkr ktrks 4 julbak sh prhsuel quh aurlbth h``ks h` trlilmlakr puhal
shr alak ah l`tl pkr jurljgúb.
Yhsphjtk l` suisgagk quh phrjgigrì, oly quh agstgbcugr sg sh trltl ah ljjgahbth
`likrl` k ah hbdhrehala jkeýb=
Ljjgahbth ah trlilmk k hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl` = h` suisgagk jkbsgsth hb h` 38% ah`
sl`lrgk rhl` (ilsh rhcu`lakrl) ahsah h` aål sgcughbth l` ah `l ilml6 h` aål ah` ljjgahbth
y prgehr aål ah ilml `likrl` hs l jlrck ah` heprhslrgk.
Hbdhrehala jkeýb k ljjgahbth bk `likrl` = h` 4>% ah `l ilsh rhcu`lakrl hbtrh h`
julrtk y h` vgcçsgek aål, y h` 38% l plrtgr ah` vgcçsgek prgehrk. Hb hsth jlsk, h`
likbk ah` suisgagk jkeghbzl l plrtgr ah` <4½ aål ah ilml, hstlbak l jlrck ah` he-
prhslrgk h` likbk ah `l prhstljgúb l` trlilmlakr ahsah `ks aåls julrtk l` ahjgekqugbtk,
leiks gbjùsgvh. @ks trhs prgehrks aåls shrìb pkr juhbtl ah` trlilmlakr.
• @l gbvl`gahz
Zh jkbsgahrl hb sgtuljgúb ah gbvl`gahz k gbjlpljgala phrelbhbth, h` trlilmlakr
quh ahspuçs ah olihr hstlak skehtgak l trltleghbtk y ah olihr sgak alak ah
l`tl eçagjlehbth, prhshbtl rhaujjgkbhs lbltúegjls k dubjgkbl`hs crlvhs, susjhp-
tgi`hs ah ahthregbljgúb kimhtgvl y prhvgsgi`hehbth ah﬌bgtgvls, quh agsegbuylb k
lbu`hb su jlpljgala `likrl`, albak ùclr l agstgbtks crlaks ah gbjlpljgala.
Hstks crlaks ah gbjlpljgala hstìb hb dubjgúb ah `ls rhaujjgkbhs lbltúegjls k
dubjgkbl`hs sudrgals pkr `ks trlilmlakrhs, y skb=
Gbjlpljgala
ksjg`l ah` ::% phrelbhbth
l` <>>% ah`plrjgl` plrl `lbkrel`
rhbageghbtk prkdhsgúb oligtul`
plrl = oly ubl`lrhaujjgúb
ahshephülr prkdhsgúb quh
olig-
tul`. Jkb hsth tgpk ah gbjlpljgala så quh sh puhahb rhl`gzlr `ls `likrhs dubalehbtl`hs
ah su prkdhsgúb oligtul`. @l gbahebgzljgúb jlrljthråstgjl ah hsth tgpk ah gbjlpljg-
ala hs ah vhgbtgjultrk ehbsul`galahs. Zh trltl ah ubl gbahebgzljgúb l tlbtk l`zlak.
Gbjlpljgala phrelbhbth tktl` plrl `l prkdhsgúb oligtul` = bk sh puhahb ahshephülr
`ls `likrhs dubalehbtl`hs ah `l prkdhsgúb oligtul`, phrk så sh puhahb rhl`gzlr `ls ah
ktrl ljtgvgala. Zh jkirl ubl phbsgúb ah` 88% ah `l ilsh rhcu`lakrl.
Gbjlpljgala phrelbhbth liskùtl plrl tkak trlilmk = bk sh puhah ahshephülr
bgbcýb trlilmk. @l phbsgúb quh sh jkirl hs ah` <>>% ah `l ilsh rhcu`lakrl.
Crlb gbvl`gahz = bk sh puhah ahshephülr bgbcýb trlilmk, gbjùsk sh bhjhsgtl `l
lsgsthbjgl ah ktrl phrskbl plrl rhl`gzlr `ks ljtks eìs hshbjgl`hs ah `l vgal. @l phbsgúb
quh sh jkirl hs ah` <8>% ah `l ilsh rhcu`lakrl.
Hb tkaks hstks jlsks `l prhstljgúb sh gbjrhehtlrì hb ub :> ú 8>% julbak `l `hsgúb sh
X.A
prkauzjl pkr ljjgahbth ah trlilmk k hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl` hb Jhbtrks ah trlilmk quh

bk agspkbclb ah agspksgtgvks ah prkthjjgúb y, hxgstghbak, sg hstìb çstks gbutg`gzlaks
9.1. QÇJBGJLZ AH ^YHTHBJGÚB

^YHTHBJGÚB W ZX J@LZGDGJLJGÚB
J@LZGDGJLJGÚB
^lrl ùjolr jkbtrl `ls sgtuljgkbhs lbthrgkrhs sh hep`hlb `ls tçjbgjls ah prhvhb-

jgúb quh tghbhb jkek kimhtgvk hvgtlr h` alük pkr h`gegbljgúb ah` rghsck, ljtulbak
skirh `ls jlusls6 hs ahjgr, lyualb l h`gegblr k rhaujgr `l pksgig`gala ah elthrgl`gzl-
jgúb ah` dljtkr ah rghsck.
@ls pkaheks agvgagr hb aks crlbahs crupks= lquh``ls thbahbths l ljtulr skirh h`
trlilmlakr y lquh``ls quh ljtýlb skirh h` leighbth.
Ljtuljgúb skirh h` trlilmlakr
Ahstljlb `ls sgcughbths=

• Zh`hjjgúb ah phrskbl`. Zgb shr hsphjå﬌jl ah prhvhbjgúb, ubl jkrrhjtl sh`hjjgúb
ah` phrskbl` lyual l hstuaglr `ls lptgtuahs y ljtgtuahs ah `ks trlilmlakrhs plrl
pkahr sgtulr`ks lbth ubl tlrhl quh puhalb ahslrrk``lr sgb prki`hels. Zh jkep`h-
ehbtl jkb `ks rhjkbkjgeghbtks eçagjks prhvhbtgvks rhl`gzlaks lbths ah quh h`
trlilmlakr sh gbjkrpkrh l ub ahthregblak puhstk ah trlilmk.
• Ehagjgbl ah` trlilmk. Hstuagl `ls jkbshjuhbjgls ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs elthrgl`hs
y leighbtl`hs skirh h` trlilmlakr, trltlbak ah hstli`hjhr jkbagjgkbhs eçagjls quh
bk chbhrhb alüks bg hbdhrehalahs. @ks trltleghbtks prhvhbtgvks (laegbgstrlbak
vljubls y ehagjlehbtks quh rhduhrjhb `l slùa lbth ahthregblals sgtuljgkbhs) y `l
haujljgúb slbgtlrgl (jrhlbak oìigtks ah ogcghbh hb jlsks jkbjrhtks) skb lsphjtks
pubtul`hs ah hstl tçjbgjl.
Ljtuljgúb skirh h` leighbth
Ahstljlb `ls sgcughbths=

• Hrckbkeål. Hs ubl tçjbgjl ah ùjol jkbtrl `l dltgcl. Qrltl ah lalptlr h` puhstk
ah trlilmk l `l phrskbl. Hb prgbjgpgk sh prhkjupú ah lahjulr `ls agehbsgkbhs

chkeçtrgjls
h` ahslrrk``kah` puhstk ah trlilmk
jkrrhjtk y ah﬌bgr
`l tlrhl. `ks hsduhrzks
^ksthrgkrehbth y ekvgeghbtks
lep`gú su jlepkquh rhqughrh
l lquh``ls
jkbagjgkbhs ah gùegbljgúb, thephrlturl, ouehala y rugak quh ahmlilb ah shr
kimhtk ah `l ogcghbh gbaustrgl`, hb julbtk quh bk chbhrlil alüks tlb crlvhs jkek
plrl prkvkjlr hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs, phrk så thbålb gb﬉uhbjgl rh`hvlbth
hb `l lplrgjgúb ah `l dltgcl ah` trlilmlakr. ^kr h` egsek ektgvk, lep`gú su jlepk
l `l mkrblal ah trlilmk, h` rgtek ah su ahshephük y `l agstrgiujgúb ah plusls ah
ahsjlbsk hb `l mkrblal. Hs puhs ubl tçjbgjl liskùtlehbth eu`tgagsjgp`gblr.
• ^sgjkskjgk`kcål. Gbthbtl prhvhbgr `ks alüks l `l slùa jluslaks pkr tlrhls
ahsphrskbl`gzlals, ekbútkbls, rhphtgtgvls y sgb shbtgak ah gahbtgala, jkbagjgkbhs
ah rh`ljgúb quh gepgahb `l jkeubgjljgúb, sgsthels ah elbak quh lbu`hb `l
jlpljgala ah tkelr ahjgsgkbhs, htj. Hs ahjgr, tghbh su jlepk ah ljtuljgúb hb
tkaks lquh``ks lsphjtks rhcgaks pkr `l krclbgzljgúb ah` trlilmk quh prkvkjlb ubl
shrgh ah alüks hbc`kilaks hb h` tçregbk ah gbsltgsdljjgúb `likrl`, quh, jkek yl
oheks hstuaglak, lplrhjh julbak h` trlilmlakr bk hs thbgak hb juhbtl jkek
phrskbl jkb hbtgala gbagvgaul` prkpgl.
X.A pìc. 98
• Qçjbgjls ah shcurgala hb h` trlilmk. Zkb `ls quh l eìs jkrtk p`lzk prkpkr-

jgkblb ubl elykr h﬌jljgl jkbtrl `ks ljjgahbths. Hstuaglb `ks dljtkrhs ah rghsck
quh pkbhb hb ph`gcrk `l gbthcrgala dåsgjl ah `ks trlilmlakrhs.
• Ogcghbh gbaustrgl`. Hstuagl `l gahbtg﬌jljgúb, vl`krljgúb y jkrrhjjgúb ah dljtkrhs
dåsgjks, quåegjks y igk`úcgjks prhshbths hb h` leighbth ah trlilmk quh puhalb
jluslr l`thrljgkbhs phrelbhbths (hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs). Mubtk jkb `ls tçjbgjls
ah shcurgala y `l ehagjgbl ah` trlilmk, trltl ah hstli`hjhr `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk
quh bk chbhrhb alüks dåsgjks bg hbdhrehalahs.
Dgblèhbth, y pkr su h﬌jlz jk`likrljgúb hb h` jlepk ah `l prhvhbjgúb, puh-
ah gbjùgrsh `l dkreljgúb jkek ubl ah `ls tçjbgjls chbhrl`hs ah prhvhbjgúb eìs
bktli`hs drhbth l `l lplrgjgúb ah alüks. @l gepkrtlbjgl ah `l dkreljgúb hstì lep`gl y
j`lrlehbth rhjkcgal hb `l buhvl @hy ah ^rhvhbjgúb ah Yghscks.
: ELYJK
ELYJK BKYEL
BKYELQGTK
QGTK IÌZGJK HB EL
ELQHYGL
QHYGL AH ^YHTHB-
JGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ. AHYHJOKZ W AHIHYHZ
:.<.
:.<. @HW :</<778,
:</<778, AH ^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ
@LIKYL@HZ
Jkek yl sh ol jkehbtlak, `l Jkbstgtujgúb, hb su lrt. 1>.9, hbjkeghbal l `ks pkahrhs
pýi`gjks vh`lr pkr `l shcurgala h ogcghbh hb h` trlilmk. Hb ahslrrk``k ah hsth elbaltk sh
agjtl `l @hy ah ^rhvhbjgúb ah Yghscks @likrl`hs, @hy :</<778, ah ? ah bkvgheirh (@^Y@),
quh hs ub pg`lr dubalehbtl` hb `l pk`åtgjl ah prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks `likrl`hs. Hb h``l
sh shül`l, hb rh`ljgúb jkb `l bkreltgvl skirh prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks `likrl`hs, quh hstì
jkbstgtugal pkr `l prhshbth @hy, sus agspksgjgkbhs ah ahslrrk``k k jkep`hehbtlrgls y tk-
als lquh``ls bkrels, shlb `hcl`hs k jkbvhbjgkbl`hs (ehaglbth jkbvhbgk), quh jkbthb-
clb agspksgjgkbhs rh`ltgvls l `l lakpjgúb ah ehagals prhvhbtgvls hb h` ìeigtk `likrl`
k quh puhalb prkaujgr`ls hb agjok ìeigtk. Ehaglbth hstl @hy sh lalptl l` Ahrhjok
hsplük` `l bkreltgvl hurkphl hb hstl elthrgl.
H` jkbthbgak elthrgl` ah `l @hy :</<778 (@^Y@) hs h` sgcughbth=
JL^ÅQX@K G= Kimhtk, ìeigtk ah lp`gjljgúb y ah﬌bgjgkbhs.
Lrt. <. Bkreltgvl skirh prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks `likrl`hs.
Lrt. 9. Kimhtk y jlrìjthr ah `l bkrel.
Lrt. :. Ìeigtk ah lp`gjljgúb.
Lrt. 1. Ah﬌bgjgkbhs.
JL^ÅQX@K GG= ^k`åtgjl hb elthrgl ah prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks plrl prkthchr `l
shcurgala y `l slùa hb h` trlilmk.
Lrt. 8. Kimhtgvks ah `l pk`åtgjl.
Lrt. 4. Bkrels rhc`lehbtlrgls.
Lrt. 3. Ljtuljgkbhs ah `ls Laegbgstrljgkbhs pýi`gjls jkephthbths hb elthrgl ``lik-
lik-
rl`.
Lrt. ?. Gbstgtutk Bljgkbl` ah Zhcurgala h Ogcg

Ogcghbh
hbh hb h` Qrlilmk.
X.A
Lrt. 7. Gbsphjjgúb ah Qrlilmk y Zhcurgala Zkjgl`.

Lrt. <>. Ljtuljgkbhs ah `ls Laegbg
Laegbgstrljgkbhs
strljgkbhs pýi`gjls jkephthbths hb elthrgl slbg-
tlrgl.
Lrt. <<. Jkkragbljgúb laegbgstrltgvl.
Lrt. <9. ^lrtgjgpljgúb ah heprhslrgks y trlilmlakrhs.

Lrt. <:. Jkegsgúb Bljgkbl` ah Zhcurgala y Zlùa hb h` Qrlilmk.
JL^ÅQX@K GGG= Ahrhjoks y ki`gcljgkbhs.
Lrt. <1. Ahrhjok l `l prkthjjgúb drhbth l `ks rghscks `likrl`hs.
Lrt. <8. ^rgbjgpgks ah `l ljjgúb prhvhbtgvl.
Lrt. <4. ^`lb ah prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks `likrl`hs, hvlùljgúb ah `ks rghscks y p`lbg﬌-
jljgúb
ah `l ljtgvgala prhvhbtgvl.
Lrt. <3. Hqugpks ah Qrlilmk y ehagks ah prkthjjgúb.
Lrt. <?. Gbdkreljgúb, jkbsu`tl y plrtgjgpljgúb ah `ks trlilmlakrhs.
Lrt. <7. Dkreljgúb ah `ks trlilmlakrhs.

Lrt. 9>. Ehagals ah hehrchbjgl.
Lrt. 9<. Yghsck crlvh h gbegbhbth.
Lrt. 99. Tgcg`lbjgl ah `l slùa.
Lrt. 9:. Akjuehbtljgúb.
Lrt. 91. Jkkragbljgúb ah ljtgvgalahs heprhslrgl`hs.
Lrt. 98. ^rkthjjgúb ah trlilmlakrhs hsphjglèhbth shbsgi`hs l ahthregblaks
rghscks.
Lrt. 94. ^rkthjjgúb ah `l elthrbgala.
Lrt. 93. ^rkthjjgúb ah `ks ehbkrhs.
Lrt. 9?. Yh`ljgkbhs ah trlilmk thepkrl`hs, ah aurljgúb ahthregblal y hb he-
prhsls
ah trlilmk thepkrl`.
Lrt. 97. Ki`gcljgkbhs ah `ks trlilmlakrhs hb elthrgl ah prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks.
JL^ÅQX@K GT= Zhrvgjgks ah prhvhbjgúb.
Lrt. :>. ^rkthjjgúb y prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks prkdhsgkbl`hs.
Lrt. :<. Zhrvgjgks ah prhvhbjgúb.
Lrt. :9. Ljtuljgúb prhvhbtgvl ah `ls Eutuls ah Ljjgahbths ah Qrlilmk y
Hbdhrehalahs ^rkdhsgkbl`hs.
Lrt. :9-igs. ^rhshbjgl ah `ks rhjursks prhvhbtgvks.
JL^ÅQX@K T= Jkbsu`tl y plrtgjgpljgúb ah `ks trlilmlakrhs.
X.A pìc. 93
Lrt. ::. Jkbsu`tl ah `ks trlilmlakrhs.

Lrt. :1. Ahrhjoks ah plrtgjgpljgúb y rhprhshbtljgúb.
Lrt. :8. Ah`hclaks ah ^rhvhbjgúb.
Lrt. :4. Jkephthbjgls y dlju`tlahs ah `ks Ah`hclaks ah ^rhvhbjgúb.
Lrt. :3. Clrlbtåls y sgcg`k prkdhsgkbl` ah `ks Ah`hclaks ah ^rhvhbjgúb.
Lrt. :?. Jkegtç ah Zhcurgala y Zlùa.
Lrt. :7. Jkephthbjgl y dlju`tlahs ah` Jkegtç ah Zhcurgala y Zlùa.
Lrt. 1>. Jk`likrljgúb jkb `l Gbsphjjgúb ah Qrlilmk y Zhcurgala Zkjgl`.
JL^ÅQX@K TG= Ki`gcljgúb ah `ks dlirgjlbths, gepkrtlakrhs y suegbgstrlakrhs.
Lrt. 1<. Ki`gcljgkbhs ah `ks dlirgjlbths, gepkrtlakrhs y suegbgstrlakrhs.
JL^ÅQX@K TGG= Yhspkbslig`galahs y slbjgkbhs.
Lrt. 19. Yhspkbslig`galahs y su jkepltgig`gala. (^lrjglèhbth ahrkclak)
Lrt. 1:. Yhquhrgeghbtks ah `l Gbsphjjgúb ah Qrlilmk y Zhcurgala Zkjgl`.
Lrt. 11. ^lrl`gzljgúb ah trlilmks.

Lrt. 18. Gbdrljjgkbhs laegbgstrltgvls. (^lrjglèhbth ahrkclak)
Lrt. 14. Gbdrljjgkbhs `hvhs. (Ahrkclak)
Lrt. 13. Gbdrljjgkbhs crlvhs. (Ahrkclak)
Lrt. 1?. Gbdrljjgkbhs euy crlvhs. (Ahrkclak)
Lrt. 17. Zlbjgkbhs. (Ahrkclak)
Lrt. 8>. Yhgbjgahbjgl. (Ahrkclak)
Lrt. 8<. ^rhsjrgpjgúb ah `ls gbdrljjgkbhs. (Ahrkclak)
Lrt. 89. Jkephthbjgls slbjgkblakrls. (Ahrkclak)
Lrt. 8:. Zusphbsgúb k jghrrh ah` jhbtrk ah trlilmk.
Lrt. 81. @gegtljgkbhs l `l dlju`tla ah jkbtrltlr jkb `l Laegbgstrljgúb.
- Agspksgjgúb lagjgkbl` <ª -Ah﬌bgjgkbhs l hdhjtks ah Zhcurgala skjgl`.
- Agspksgjgúb lagjgkbl` 9ª -Yhkrahbljgúb krcìbgjl.
- Agspksgjgúb lagjgkbl` :ª -Jlrìjthr iìsgjk.
- Agspksgjgúb lagjgkbl` 1ª -Ahsgcbljgúb ah Ah`hclaks ah ^rhvhbjgúb hb supuhs-
tks hsphjgl`hs.
- Agspksgjgúb lagjgkbl` 8ª -Dubaljgúb.
- Agspksgjgúb lagjgkbl` 4ª -Jkbstgtujgúb ah `l Jkegsgúb Bljgkbl` ah Zhcurg-
ala y Zlùa hb h` Qrlilmk
Qrlilmk..
- Agspksgjgúb lagjgkbl` 3ª -Juep`geghbtk ah `l bkreltgvl ah trlbspkrth ah ehr-
jlbjåls ph`gcrksls.
pìc. 9? X.A.. 9 | ALÜKZ AHYGTLAKZ AH@ QYLILMK
X.A
- Agspksgjgúb lagjgkbl` ?ª -^`lbhs ah krclbgzljgúb ah ljtgvgalahs prhvhb-

tgvls.
- Agspksgjgúb lagjgkbl` 7ª - Hstli`hjgeghbtks eg`gtlrhs.
- Agspksgjgúb lagjgkbl` 7ª igs - ^hrskbl` eg`gtlr.
- Agspksgjgúb lagjgkbl` <>ª -Zkjghalahs jkkphrltgvls.

- Agspksgjgúb lagjgkbl` <<ª -Ekag﬌jljgúb ah` Hstltutk ah `ks Qrlilmlakrhs hb
elthrgl ah phregsks rhtrgiugaks.
- Agspksgjgúb lagjgkbl` <9ª -^lrtgjgpljgúb gbstgtujgkbl` hb `ls Jkeubgalahs Lutú-
bkels.
- Agspksgjgúb lagjgkbl` <:ª -Dkbak ah ^rhvhbjgúb y Yholig`gtljgúb.
- Agspksgjgúb lagjgkbl` <1ª. ^rhshbjgl ah rhjursks prhvhbtgvks hb `ls kirls ah
jkbstrujjgúb.
- Agspksgjgúb lagjgkbl` <8ª. Olig`gtljgúb ah dubjgkblrgks pýi`gjks.
- Agspksgjgúb lagjgkbl` <4ª. Ljrhagtljgúb ah `l dkreljgúb.
- Agspksgjgúb lagjgkbl` <3ª. Lshskrleghbtk tçjbgjk l `ls heprhsls ah olstl vhgb-
tgjgbjk trlilmlakrhs.
- Agspksgjgúb trlbsgtkrgl <ª -Lp`gjljgúb ah agspksgjgkbhs eìs dlvkrli`hs.
- Agspksgjgúb trlbsgtkrgl 9ª -Ljtuljgúb prhvhbtgvl ah `ls Eutuls ah Ljjgahb-
ths ah Qrlilmk y Hbdhrehalahs ^rkdhsgkbl`hs.
- Agspksgjgúb ﬌bl` <ª -Ljtul`gzljgúb ah slbjgkbhs.
- Agspksgjgúb ﬌bl` 9ª -Hbtrlal hb vgckr.
Hstl @hy ol sgak kimhtk ah ahslrrk``k y ekag﬌jljgúb hb buehrksls kjlsgkbhs y pkr
agdhrhbths bkrels, tlbtk plrl ahslrrk``lr `ls dubjgkbhs ah `ks shrvgjgks ah prhvhbjgúb,
`ks agdhrhbths rghscks hxgsthbths hb jlal ljtgvgala heprhslrgl` (rugak, vgirljgkbhs, rghs-
ck h`çjtrgjk, lchbths quåegjks, htj.) y jkb `l gbjùsgúb ah bkrels hsphjå﬌jls hb dubjgúb
ah` tgpk ah trlilmlakr (Dubjgkblrgks pýi`gjks, Eg`gtlrhs y phrskbl` ah `ks juhrpks y
duhrzls ah shcurgala ah` Hstlak).
H` kimhtk ah `l @^Y@ hs ahthregblr h` juhrpk iìsgjk ah clrlbtåls y rhspkbslig`galahs

plrl hstli`hjhr ub lahjulak bgvh` ah prkthjjgúb ah `l slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs drhbth l
`ks rghscks ahrgvlaks ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk6 `l prkpgl @hy, hb su lrt. 9, `k ah`gegtl
l` ahjgr quh su kimhtk hs= ‐prkekvhr `l shcurgala y `l slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs ehaglb-
th `l lp`gjljgúb ah ehagals y h` ahslrrk``k ah `ls ljtgvgalahs bhjhslrgls plrl `l prhvhb-
jgúb ah rghscks ahrgvlaks ah` trlilmk―
trlilmk―..
Jkb tl` ﬌b, hstl @hy hstli`hjh `ks prgbjgpgks chbhrl`hs rh`ltgvks l `l prhvhbjgúb ah
`ks rghscks prkdhsgkbl`hs plrl `l prkthjjgúb ah `l shcurgala y ah `l slùa, `l h`gegbl-
jgúb k agsegbujgúb ah `ks rghscks ahrgvlaks ah` trlilmk, `l gbdkreljgúb, `l jkbsu`tl, `l
plrtgjgpljgúb hqug`girlal y `l dkreljgúb ah `ks trlilmlakrhs hb elthrgl prhvhbtgvl. ^lrl
h` juep`geghbtk ah hstks ﬌bhs, hstl @hy rhcu`l `ls ljtuljgkbhs l ahslrrk``lr pkr `ls La-
egbgstrljgkbhs ^ýi`gjls, lså jkek pkr `ks heprhslrgks, `ks trlilmlakrhs y sus rhsphjtgvls
krclbgzljgkbhs rhprhshbtltgvls.
@ls agspksgjgkbhs ah jlrìjthr `likrl` jkbthbgals hb hstl @hy y hb sus bkrels rhc`l-
ehbtlrgls tghbhb hb tkak jlsk h` jlrìjthr ah Ahrhjok bhjhslrgk eåbgek, hs ahjgr, quh
X.A.. : | ELYJK BKYELQGTK IÌZGJK HB ELQHYGL AH ^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ
X.A pìc. 97
`ls jkbagjgkbhs ah `ks trlilmlakrhs bk pkarìb shr hephkrlals hb `ks jkbvhbgks jk`hjtg-
vks quh `ls ahslrrk``hb sgbk hb tkak jlsk ehmkrlals, ihbh﬌jglbak l `ks trlilmlakrhs.
Hb julbtk l` ìeigtk ah lp`gjljgúb, hstl @hy y sus bkrels ah ahslrrk``k sh lp`gjlrìb
tlbtk hb h` ìeigtk ah `ls rh`ljgkbhs `likrl`hs rhcu`lals hb h` Hstltutk ah `ks Qrlilmlak-
rhs jkek hb h` ah` phrskbl` jgvg` jkb rh`ljgúb ah jlrìjthr laegbgstrltgvk k hstltutlrgk l`
shrvgjgk ah `ls Laegbgstrljgkbhs ^ýi`gjls (hs ahjgr, sh lp`gjl tlbtk l` phrskbl` quh trl-
ilml hb ubl heprhsl jkek l` phrskbl` `likrl` y `ks dubjgkblrgks ah `l Laegbgstrljgúb),
jkb `ls phju`glrgalahs quh, hb hsth jlsk, sh shül`hb hb `l prkpgl @hy k hb sus bkrels ah
ahslrrk``k. Zgb phrmugjgk, hb tkak jlsk, ah` juep`geghbtk ah `ls ki`gcljgkbhs hsphjå﬌jls
quh sh hstli`hjhb plrl dlirgjlbths, gepkrtlakrhs y suegbgstrlakrhs, lså jkek `ks ahrh-
joks y ki`gcljgkbhs quh puhalb ahrgvlrsh plrl `ks trlilmlakrhs lutúbkeks.
Gculèhbth, sh lp`gjlrìb sus agspksgjgkbhs l `ls skjghalahs jkkphrltgvls, hb `ls quh
hxgstlb skjgks juyl ljtgvgala jkbsgstl hb `l prhstljgúb ah su trlilmk phrskbl` (hs ahjgr,
quh bk sh `gegthb l pkbhr agbhrk sgbk quh trlilmhb hb hsl ljtgvgala), thbghbak hb juhb-
tl `ls plrtgju`lrgalahs jkbthbgals hb su bkreltgvl hsphjå﬌jl.
@l @^Y@ bk sh lp`gjlrì hb lquh``ls ljtgvgalahs juyls plrtgju`lrgalahs `k gepgalb hb
h` hmhrjgjgk ah `ls dubjgkbhs pýi`gjls ah=
• ^k`gjål, shcurgala y rhsculrak laulbhrk.

• Zhrvgjgks kphrltgvks ah prkthjjgúb jgvg` y phrgtlmh (gbvhstgcljgúb) dkrhbsh hb `ks
jlsks ah crlvh rghsck, jltìstrkdh y jl`legala pýi`gjl.
• Lubquh bk sh lp`gquh ag agrhjtlehbth
rhjtlehbth hb hstks jlsks, hstl @hy sh thbarì hb juhbtl
julbak sh agjth `l bkreltgvl hsphjå﬌jl quh rhcu`h `l prkthjjgúb ah `l shcurgala y `l
slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs quh prhsthb sus shrvgjgks hb `ls gbagjlals ljtgvgalahs.
• Hb `ks jhbtrk
jhbtrkss y hstli`hjgeghbt
hstli`hjgeghbtks
ks eg`gtlrhs sh lp`gjlrì `l prhshbth @hy
@hy,, jkb `ls
plrtgju`lrgalahs hstli`hjgals hb su bkreltgvl hsphjå﬌jl.
• Hb `ks hstli`hjgeghbtks phbgthbjglrgks, sh lalptlrìb l hstl @hy lquh``ls ljtgvgal-
ahs quh pkr sus jlrljthråstgjls thbclb ubl rhcu`ljgúb hsphjgl`.
• @l prhshbth @hy tlepkjk sh lp`gjlrì l `l rh`ljgúb `likrl` ah jlrìjthr hsphjgl` ah`
shrvgjgkdleg`glr
okclr ah` okclr
hstìdleg`glr
ki`gclak(hslahjgr,
jugalrh` shrvgjgk
ah quh hàkeçstgjk).
trlilmk ahBk
suskistlbth,
hep`hlaksh` auhük ah`
sh rhl`gjh
hb ubls jkbagjgkbhs ah shcurgala h ogcghbh lahjulals.
Hb h` ìeigtk ah `l prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks `likrl`hs hxgsthb ubks jkbjhptks iìsgjks,
quh lplrhjhb ah﬌bgaks hb `l @hy, y quh skb `ks sgcughbths=
• ^h`gcrk. Hsth sh ah﬌bh jkek `l hxgsthbjgl ah pksgig`gala, lehblzl u kjlsgúb ah
quh kjurrl ubl ahscrljgl k ub jkbtrltghepk k, `k quh hs `k egsek, `l lptgtua quh
tghbh l`ck pkr så egsek, sgb vhbgr ah duhrl, ah krgcgblr ub alük/s. ^kr hmhep`k, bk
uslr h` hqugpk lahjulak ah prkthjjgúb plrl trlilmlr k hep`hlr gblahjulalehbth
`ks ýtg`hs ah trlilmk.
• ^rhvhbjgúb. Zh ah﬌bh jkek h` jkbmubtk ah ljtgvgalahs k ehagals lakptlals k
prhvgstls hb tkals `ls dlshs ah ljtgvgala ah `l heprhsl jkb h` ﬌b ah hvgtlr k agsegbugr
`ks rghscks ahrgvlaks ah` trlilmk.
pìc. :> X.A.. : | ELYJK BKYELQGTK IÌZGJK HB ELQHYGL AH ^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ
X.A @LIKY L@HZ
• Yghsck `likrl`
`likrl`.. Zh ah﬌bh hb `l @hy jkek `l pk
pksgig`gala
sgig`gala ah quh ub tr
trlilmlakr
lilmlakr sudrl
ub ahthregblak alük ahrgvlak ah` trlilmk. H` rghsck sh jlrljthrgzl pkr aks lsphjtks=
lsphj tks=
`l pksgig`gala k prkilig`gala ah quh kjurrl ub alük y `l shvhrgala ah` egsek (çstl
oljh rhdhrhbjgl l `l crlvhala ah `ks alüks quh puhahb prkaujgrsh, jkek= `hsgkbhs
crlvhs, `hsgkbhs `hvhs).
Eìs jkbjrhtlehbth, puhah agdhrhbjglrsh hbtrh ubks rghscks u ktrks shcýb hstçb l
pubtk ah kjurrgr k bk (gbegbhbths k bk gbegbhbths). Lså, sh hbtghbah jkek rghsck `lik-
rl` crlvh h gbegbhbth lquh` quh rhsu`th prkili`h rljgkblèhbth quh sh vl l elthrgl`gzlr
hb ub duturk gbehagltk y puhah supkbhr ub alük crlvh plrl `l slùa ah `ks trlilmlak-
rhs.
• Alüks ahrgvlaks ah` trlilmk. Zkb `ls hbdhrehalahs, pltk`kcåls k `hsgkbhs sudrgals
jkb ektgvk u kjlsgúb ah` trlilmk.
• ^rkjhsks, ljtgvgalahs, kphrljgkbhs, hqugpks k prkaujtks ‐pkthbjglèhbth ph`gcrk-
sks―.. Lquh``ks quh, hb jlsk ah lushbjgl ah ehagals prhvhbtgvls hsphjå﬌jls, krgcgbhb
sks― kr gcgbhb
rghscks plrl `l shcurgala y `l slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs quh `ks ahslrrk``lb k utg`gzlb.
• Hqugpk ah trlilmk. J
Jul`qughr
ul`qughr eìqugbl, lplrltk, gbstruehbtk k gbstl`ljgúb utg`gzlal
hb h` trlilmk.
• Jkbagjgúb ah trlilmk. Jul`qughr jlrljthr
jlrljthråstgjl
åstgjl ah` egsek quh puhal thbhr ubl
gb﬉uhbjgl gepkrtlbth hb `l chbhrljgúb ah rghscks plrl `l shcurgala y `l slùa ah`
trlilmlakr. Hb hstl ah﬌bgjgúb sh gbjùyhb ah elbhrl hsphjå﬌jl=
@ls jlrljthråstgjls chbhrl`hs ah `ks `kjl`hs, gbstl`ljgkbhs, hqugpks, prkaujtks y ah-
eìs ýtg`hs quh olyl hb h` jhbtrk ah trlilmk.
@l blturl`hzl ah `ks lchbths dåsgjks, quåegjks y igk`úcgjks prhshbths hb h` leighbth
ah trlilmk y sus jkrrhspkbaghbths gbthbsgalahs, jkbjhbtrljgkbhs k bgvh`hs ah prhshbjgl.
@ks prkjhageghbtks
prkjhageghbtks plrl `l utg`gzljgúb ah `ks lchbths bkeirlaks lbthrgkrehbth
quh gb﬉uylb hb `l chbhrljgúb ah `ks rghscks ehbjgkblaks.
Qkals lquh``ls ktrls jlrljthråstgjls ah` trlilmk, gbjùgals `ls rh`ltgvls l su krclbgzl-
jgúb y krahbljgúb, quh gb﬉uylb hb `l elcbgtua ah `ks rghscks l quh hstç hxpuhstk h`
trlilmlakr.
• Hqugpk ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul`. Jul`qughr hqugpk ahstgblak l shr ``hvlak k
sumhtlak pkr h` trlilmlakr plrl quh `h prkthml ah ubk k vlrgks rghscks quh puhalb
lehblzlr su shcurgala k su slùa hb h` trlilmk, lså jkek jul`qughr jkep`hehbtk k
ljjhskrgk ahstgblak l tl` ﬌b.
:.9. AHYHJOKZ W AHIHYHZ IÌZGJKZ HB ELQHYGL

ELQHYGL AH ^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZ-
CKZ @LIKYL@HZ
@l pk`åtgjl hb elthrgl ah prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks tghbh pkr kimhtk prkekvhr `l ehmkrl
ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk, jkb h` ﬌b ah h`hvlr h` bgvh` ah prkthjjgúb ah `l shcurgala
y slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs hb h` trlilmk.
Agjol pk`åtgjl sh ``hvlrì l jlik pkr ehagk ah `ls bkrels rhc`lehbtlrgls y ah `ls
ljtuljgkbhs laegbgstrltgvls quh jkrrhspkbalb, quh sh krghbtlrìb l `l jkkragbljgúb ah
X.A pìc. :<
`ls agstgbtls Laegbgstrljgkbhs pýi`gjls jkephthbths hb elthrgl prhvhbtgvl y l quh sh

lrekbgjhb jkb h``ls `ls ljtuljgkbhs ah `ks sumhtks pýi`gjks y prgvlaks, plrtgjgplbak `ks
heprhslrgks y trlilmlakrhs l trlvçs ah sus krclbgzljgkbhs heprhslrgl`hs y sgbagjl`hs
eìs rhprhshbtltgvls.
^lrl oljhr pksgi`h h` juep`geghbtk ah `k prhvgstk hb `l @hy, `ls Laegbgstrljgkbhs
pýi`gjls jkephthbths hb elthrgl `likrl` olb ah ahslrrk``lr dubjgkbhs ah prkekjgúb
ah `l prhvhbjgúb, lshskrleghbtk tçjbgjk, vgcg`lbjgl y jkbtrk` ah` juep`geghbtk pkr `ks
sumhtks l `ks quh hstl @hy hs ah lp`gjljgúb ah `l bkreltgvl ah prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks
`likrl`hs.
Hb h` ìeigtk ah `l Laegbgstrljgúb Chbhrl` ah` Hstlak, h` Gbstgtutk Bljgkbl` ah Zhcu-
rgala h Ogcghbh hb h` Qr
Qrlilmk
lilmk hs h` úrclbk jghbtå﬌jk tçjbgjk hsphjgl`gzlak, y su egsgúb
jkbsgsth hb h` lbì`gsgs y hstuagk ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah shcurgala y slùa hb h` trlilmk,
lså jkek `l prkekjgúb y lpkyk l `l ehmkrl ah `ls egsels. ^lrl h``k jkkphrlrì jkb `ks
úrclbks ah `ls Jkeubgalahs Lutúbkels jkephthbths hb hstl elthrgl.
Ktrk úrclbk quh gbthrvghbh hb elthrgl ah prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks hs `l Gbsphjjgúb ah
Qrlilmk y Zhcurgala Zkjgl`. Zu dubjgúb jkbsgsth hb `l vgcg`lbjgl y jkbtrk` ah `l bkreltgvl
skirh prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks `likrl`hs.
Lsgegsek,
úrclbk lshskrshahjrhl `l Jkegsgúb Bljgkbl`
`ls Laegbgstrljgkbhs ah Zhcurgala
pýi`gjls y Zlùa hbahh``ls
hb `l dkreu`ljgúb Qrlilmk jkek
pk`åtgjls ah
prhvhbjgúb y úrclbk ah plrtgjgpljgúb ah `l Laegbgstrljgúb hb elthrgl ah shcurgala
y slùa hb h` trlilmk. @l Jkegsgúb ol ah jkbkjhr `ls ljtuljgkbhs quh ahslrrk``hb `ls
Laegbgstrljgkbhs pýi`gjls jkephthbths hb elthrgl ah prkekjgúb ah `l prhvhbjgúb ah
rghscks `likrl`hs, ah lshskrleghbtk y jkbtrk`, lså jkek gbdkrelr y dkreu`lr prkpuhstls
hb rh`ljgúb jkb agjols ljtuljgkbhs.
@l bkreltgvl ah prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks `likrl`hs rhcu`l, dubalehbtlèhbth, `ls
ki`gcljgkbhs y rhspkbslig`galahs ah` heprhslrgk, quh sh ahrgvl ah` ahihr chbhrl` ah
prhvhbjgúb ah` heprhslrgk. H` ahihr ah` heprhslrgk hs jkrrh`ltgvk ah` ahrhjok ah` trl-
ilmlakr l ‐ubl prkthjjgúb h﬌jlz hb elthrgl ah shcurgala y slùa hb h` trlilmk― ((lrt.<1.<
lrt.<1.<
ah `l @^Y@).
^lrl pkahr clrlbtgzlr `l slùa y shcurgala ah `ks trlilmlakrhs, h` heprhslrgk rhl`gzlrì
`l prhvhbjgúb ah `ks rghscks `likrl`hs ehaglbth `l gbthcrljgúb ah `l ljtgvgala prhvhbtgvl
hb `l heprhsl y `l lakpjgúb ah `ls ehagals quh shlb bhjhslrgls.
Hstl ljjgúb prhvhbtgvl sh ahslrrk``lrì
ahslrrk``lrì hb elthrgl ah p`lb ah prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks
`likrl`hs, hvlùljgúb ah rghscks, gbdkreljgúb, jkbsu`tl y plrtgjgpljgúb y dkreljgúb
ah `ks trlilmlakrhs, ljtuljgúb hb jlsks ah hehrchbjgl y ah rghsck crlvh h gbegbhbth,
vgcg`lbjgl ah `l slùa, y l trlvçs ah `l jkbstgtujgúb ah ubl krclbgzljgúb y ah `ks ehagks
bhjhslrgks.
H` heprhslrgk ahslrrk``lrì ubl ljjgúb phrelbhbth ah shcugeghbtk ah `l ljtgvgala
prhvhbtgvl plrl phrdhjjgkblr `ls ljtgvgalahs ah gahbtg﬌jljgúb, hvlùljgúb y jkbtrk` ah
`ks rghscks quh bk sh olylb pkagak hvgtlr y `ks bgvh`hs ah prkthjjgúb hxgsthbths.
Yhsphjtk l `ls ki`gcljgkbhs ah` heprhslrgk rhjkcgals hb `l @hy ah ^rhvhbjgúb ah
Yghscks @likrl`hs hb `ks lrtåju`ks ah` <? l` 9?, `ls pkaheks hstrujturlr hb aks crlbahs
crupks=
Ki`gcljgkbhs ah krclbgzljgúb ah prhvhbjgúb hb `l heprhsl=
pìc. :9 X.A.. : | ELYJK BKYELQGTK IÌZGJK HB ELQHYGL AH ^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ
X.A @LIKY L@HZ
• Jkbstgtujgúb ah` Zhrvgjgk ah ^rhvhbjgúb.

• Hvlùljgúb gbgjgl` ah rghscks.
• ^`lb ah ^rhvhbjgúb.
• Gbthcrljgúb ah `l prhvhbjgúb hb tkals `ls ljtgvgalahs ah `l heprhsl.

• Ki`gcljgkbhs skirh hqugpks ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul`.
• Ehagals ah hehrchbjgl.
• Ki`gcljgkbhs hb sgt
sgtuljgúb
uljgúb ah rghsck crlvh h ggbegbhbth.
begbhbth.
Ki`gcljgkbhs rhsphjtk ah `ks trlilmlakrhs=
• Gbdkreljgúb, jkbsu`tl y plrtgjgpljgúb ah `ks trlilmlakrhs y sus rh
rhprhshbtlbths.
prhshbtlbths.
• Dkreljgúb ah `ks trlilmlakrhs.
• Tgcg`lbjgl y jkbtrk` ah su slùa.
• ^rkthjjgúb hsphjgl` ah trlilmlakrhs shbsgi`hs l ahthregblaks rghscks, ah `l el-
thrbgala y ah `ks ehbkrhs.
• Ahrhjok ah plrtgjgpljgúb y rhprhshbtljgúb (Ah`hclaks ah ^rhvhbjgúb y Jkegtç
ah Zhcurgala y Zlùa).
Yhsphjtk l `ls ki`gcljgkbhs ah `ks trlilmlakrhs, `l @hy ah ^rhvhbjgúb ah Yghscks
@likrl`hs hb su lrtåju`k 97 hx
hxpkbh
pkbh `ls sgcughbths=
• Th`lr pkr su prkpgl shcurgala y pkr `l ah `ks aheìs.
• Oljhr ub usk lahjulak ah `ks ehagks ah prkaujjgú
prkaujjgúb
b hxgst
hxgsthbths.
hbths.
• Oljhr ub usk lahjulak ah `ks ehagks ah prkt
prkthjjgúb
hjjgúb lså jkek ah `ks ags-
pksgtgvks ah shcurgala.
• Gbdkrelr ah `ls sgtuljgkbhs ah rghsck ahthjtlals.
• Jkkphrlr y krclbgzlrsh jkb h` heprhslrgk julbak `ls sgtuljgkbhs ah rghsck lså `k
rhqughrlb.
:.:. YHDKYEL AH@ ELYJK BKYELQGTK AH @L ^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ

@LIKYL@HZ
Jkek tkal `l `hcgs`ljgúb hxgsthbth hb h` ìeigtk `likrl`, `l bkreltgvl ah prhvhbjgúb
ah rghscks `likrl`hs hs kimhtk ah jkbtgbuls ekag﬌jljgkbhs y ljtul`gzljgkbhs, lså, ahs-
ah quh sh lprkiú `l @hy hb h` lük <778, ol oligak crlbahs jleigks hb `ks jhbtrks ah
prkaujjgúb, gbvhstgcljgúb (buhvls hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs) h gbjùsk gbtrkaujjgúb
ah ehmkrls hb `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk, pkr h``k hs gepkrtlbth h` hstuagk ah tkal `l
bkreltgvl quh ljtul`gzl, ekag﬌jl y ahslrrk``l hstl @hy.
Jkek kimhtgvks iìsgjks ah hstl @hy ahihb ahstljlrsh `ks jultrk sgcughbths=
X.A pìc. ::
• Hb prgehr ùclr
ùclr,, y jke
jkek
k kimhtgvk okrgzkbtl`, jke
jkeiltgr
iltgr ah e
elbhrl
lbhrl ljtgvl `l sgbghs-
trl`gala `likrl`.
• Hb shcubak ùclr, dkehbtlr ubl lutçbtgjl ju`turl ah `l prhvhbjgúb ah `ks rghs-
cks hb h` trlilmk, quh lshcurh h` juep`geghbtk hdhjtgvk y rhl` ah `ls ki`gcljgkbhs
prhvhbtgvls y prksjrgil h` juep`geghbtk ehrlehbth dkrel` k akjuehbtl` ah tl`hs
ki`gcljgkbhs.
• Hb thrjhr ùclr, rhdkrzlr `l bhjh
bhjhsgala
sgala ah gbt
gbthcrlr
hcrlr `l prhv
prhvhbjgúb
hbjgúb ah `ks rghscks `l-
ikrl`hs hb `ks sgsthels ah chstgúb ah `l heprhsl.
• Hb julrtk ùclr
ùclr,, ehmkrlr h` jkbtrk` ah` juep`geghbtk ah `l bkreltgvl ah prh-
vhbjgúb ah rghscks `likrl`hs, ehaglbth `l lahjuljgúb ah `l bkrel slbjgkblakrl l `l
bkrel sustlbtgvl y h` rhdkrzleghbtk ah `l dubjgúb ah vgcg`lbjgl y jkbtrk`, hb h` elrjk
ah `ls jkegsgkbhs thrrgtkrgl`hs ah `l Gbsphjjgúb
G bsphjjgúb ah Qrlilmk y Zhcurgala Zkjgl`.
:.1. AHZLYYK@@K
AHZLYYK@@K AH @L LJJGÚB
LJJGÚB ^YHTHBQGTL
^YHTHBQGTL
@l `hy hstli`hjh quh `l prhvhbjgúb hb `l heprhsl hs jksl ah tkaks, sh rhqughrh `l
plrtgjgpljgúb ljtgvl ah tkaks `ks trlilmlakrhs, albak ùclr jkb h``k l ki`gcljgkbhs y, hb
ý`tgek jlsk, l hxgchbjgl ah rhspkbslig`galahs.

@l ljtuljgúb rhqughrh hb eujoks jlsks ah jkbkjgeghbtks tçjbgjks plrl likralr `ks
rghscks jkb clrlbtål ah çxgtk, sghbak bhjhslrgk pkr tlbtk úrclbks tçjbgjks quh jk`lik-
rhb jkb tkaks `ks ki`gclaks, hs ahjgr tkaks `ks trlilmlakrhs.
Jkb hsth ﬌b `l @hy prhvç quh, shcýb `ls jlrljthråstgjls prkpgls ah `l heprhsl (tlel-
ük, ljtgvgala, elcbgtua ah` rghsck hxgsthbth, htj.), krclbgzljgúb ah `ks rhjursks bhjhsl-
rgks plrl h` ahslrrk``k ah `ls ljtgvgalahs prhvhbtgvls sh rhl`gzlrì pkr h` heprhslrgk
jkb lrrhc`k l l`cubl ah `ls ekal`galahs sgcughbths=
• Lsueghbak phrskblèhbth tl` ljtgvgala.
• Ahsgcblbak l ubk k vlrgks trlilmlakrhs plrl ``hvlr`l l jlik.
• Jkbstgtuyhbak ub shrvgjgk ah prhvhbjgúb prkpgk.
• Jkbstgtuyhbak ub shrvgjgk ah prhvhbjgúb prkpgk elbjkeublak.
• Yhjurrghbak l ub shrvgjgk ah prhvhbjgúb lmhbk
Hb `l @hy ah ^rhvhbjgúb ah Yghscks @likrl`hs sh ah﬌bh shrvgjgk ah prhvhbjgúb jkek
h` jkbmubtk ah ehagks ouelbks y elthrgl`hs bhjhslrgks plrl rhl`gzlr `ls ljtgvgalahs
prhvhbtgvls l ﬌b ah clrlbtgzlr ubl lahjulal prkthjjgúb ah `l shcurgala y slùa ah `ks
trlilmlakrhs.
@ls heprhsls jkb eìs ah 8>> trlilmlakrhs ahihrìb jkbstgtugr shrvgjgk ah prhvhbjgúb
prkpgk. Gculèhbth olb ah jkbstgtugr shrvgjgk prhvhbjgúb prkpgk lquh``ls quh thbclb
ljtgvgala ah l`tk rghsck y juhbthb jkb eìs ah 98> trlilmlakrhs, tkak `k rh`ltgvk l `ks
shrvgjgks ah prhvhbjgúb `k lep`glrheks els lah`lbth.
X.A @LIKY L@HZ
:.8. ÚYCLBKZ AH YH^YHZHBQL

YH^YHZHBQLJGÚB
JGÚB W ^LYQGJG^
^LYQGJG^LJGÚB
LJGÚB AH @L HE^YHZL
HE^YHZL HB
ELQHYGL ^YHTHBQGTL
:.8.<.
:.8.<.Úrclbks
Úrclbks ah rhprhshbtljgúb bk hsphjgl`gzlal
Ah`hclaksplrl
trlilmlakrhs ah phrskbl`= Jkbstgtuyhb
`l ahdhbsl h` úrclbk
ah sus gbthrhshs ah rhprhshbtljgúb
y sh h`gchb ah` jkbmubtk
hb lquh``ls heprhsls ah `ks
k jhbtrks
ah trlilmk (ubl heprhsl puhah thbhr eìs ah ub jjhbtrk hbtrk ah trlilmk) quh thbclb hbtrh
<< y 17 trlilmlakrhs leiks gbjùsgvh.
^kr elykrål ah `ks prkpgks trlilmlakrhs pkarì olihr ub ah`hclak ah phrskbl` hb
lquh``ls heprhsls k jhbtrks ah trlilmk quh juhbthb hbtrh 4 y <> trlilmlakrhs.
H` býehrk ah ah`hclaks ah phrskbl` shrì ah trhs hb heprhsls k jhbtrks ah trlilmk
jkb eìs ah :> y ehbks ah 8> trlilmlakrhs. W sg `h heprhsl k jhbtrk ah trlilmk juhbtl
jkb :> k ehbks olirì ub ah`hclak ah phrskbl`.
Zg `l heprhsl k h` jhbtrk ah trlilmk jkbtlsh jkb 8> k els trlilmlakrhs sh ahihrì
jrhlr ub jkegtç ah heprhsl (ubl kpjgúb hxjùyh l `l ktrl) quh vhrheks l jkbtgbuljgúb.
Jkegtç ah heprhsl= Hs h` úrclbk rhprhshbtltgvk y jk`hcglak ah` jkbmubtk ah `ks
trlilmlakrhs hb `l heprhsl k jhbtrk ah trlilmk y sh jkbstgtuyh julbak h` jhbsk shl ah
8> k els trlilmlakrhs.
@l heprhsl quh thbcl hb `l egsel prkvgbjgl k hb agstgbtls prkvgbjgls phrk hb
lyubtleghbtks `geåtrkdhs, aks k eìs jhbtrks ah trlilmk juyks jhbsks bk l`jlbjhb `ks 8>
trlilmlakrhs, phrk quh hb su jkbmubtk `ks suehb sh jkbstgtugrì ub jkegtç ah heprhsl
jkbmubtk.
Julbak ubks jhbtrks ah trlilmk thbclb hb `l egsel prkvgbjgl 8> k els trlilmlak-
rhs phrk ktrks jhbtrks bk, sh jkbstgtugrìb hb `ks prgehrks jkegtçs ah heprhsl prkpgks.
H` býehrk ah phrskbls quh jkepkbhb h` jkegtç ah heprhsl sh kitghbh ah
ljuhrak jkb h` býehrk ah trlilmlakrhs ah `l heprhsl shcýb `l sgcughbth hsjl`l.
Qrlilmlakrhs Býehrk ah egheirks ah` jkegtç

Ah 8> l <>> 8
A h <>< l 98> 7
Ah 98< l 8>> <:
Ah 8>< l 38> <3
Ah 38< l <>>> 9<
L plrtgr ah <>>> 9< els 9 pkr jlal <>>> jkb ub eìxg-
ek ah 38 egheirks
Ah`hclaks sgbagjl`hs= Zhcýb h` lrtåju`k <> ah `l @hy Krcìbgjl ah @gihrtla Zgbagjl`,
skb lquh``ls phrskbls quh rhprhshbtlb l `ls shjjgkbhs sgbagjl`hs quh puhalb jkbstgtugr-
sh pkr `ks trlilmlakrhs l﬌`glaks l `ks sgbagjltks jkb prhshbjgl hb `ks jkegtçs ah he-
prhsl k hb `ks úrclbks ah rhprhshbtljgúb quh sh hstli`hzjlb hb `ls Laegbgstrljgkbhs
pýi`gjls hstlrìb rhprhshbtlals, l tkaks `ks hdhjtks, pkr ah`hclaks sgbagjl`hs h`hc
h`hcgaks
gaks
pkr y hbtrh sus l﬌`glaks hb `l heprhsl k hb h` jhbtrk ah trlilmk.
X.A pìc. :8
@l @hy Krcìbgjl ah @gihrtla Zgbagjl` rhcu`l ub tgpk ah ah`hclak sgbagjl` jkb ubls
gepkrtlbths dlju`tlahs, plrl juyk bkeirleghbtk ahihb ah alrsh aks rhqugsgtks=
• \uh h` jhbtrk ah trlilmk k heprhsl juhbth jkb eìs ah 98> trlilmlakrhs.
• \uh h` sgbagjltk tthbcl

hbcl rhprhshbtljgúb hb h` jkegtç ah heprhsl.
Hstks ah`hclaks thbarìb `ls egsels clrlbtåls quh `ks egheirks ah` jkegtç ah he-
prhsl=
• Qhbhr ljjhsk l ``ll egsel gbd
gbdkreljgúb
kreljgúb y akjueh
akjuehbtljgúb
btljgúb quh ``ll heprhsl pkbcl
l agspksgjgúb ah` jkegtç ah heprhsl, hstlbak ki`gclaks `ks ah`hclaks sgbagjl`hs l
culralr sgcg`k prkdhsgkbl` hb lquh``ls elthrgls hb `ls quh `hclèhbth prkjhal.
• Lsgstgr l ``ls
ls rhubgkbhs ah `ks jkegtçs ah heprhsl y ah `ks úr
úrclbks
clbks gbthrbks ah `l
heprhsl hb elthrgl ah shcurgala h ogcghbh k ah `ks úrclbks ah rhprhshbtljgúb quh
sh hstli`hzjlb hb `ls Laegbgstrljgkbhs pýi`gjls, jkb vkz, phrk sgb vktk.
• Zhr kåaks pkr `l heprhsl prhvglehbth l `l lakpjgúb ah ehagals ah jlrìjthr jk-
`hjtgvk quh ldhjthb l `ks trlilmlakrhs hb chbhrl` y l `ks l﬌`glaks l su sgbagjltk
hb plrtgju`lr, y hsphjglèhbth hb `ks ahspgaks y slbjgkbhs ah hstks ý`tgeks
• Jkephthbjgls ah `ks úrclbks ah rrhprhshbtljgúb

hprhshbtljgúb bk hsphjgl`g
hsphjgl`gzlal
zlal
• Jkbkjhr `ks altks skirh `l ^r
^rhvhbjgúb
hvhbjgúb ah Yghscks @likrl`hs y `l sgbghstrl`gala
ah `l heprhsl.
• Tgcg`lbjgl y jkbtrk` ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah shcurgala h ogcghbh hb h` ùclr ah
trlilmk.
• Ljuhrak ah plrl`gzljgúb ah `ls ljtgvgalahs hb jlsk ah rghsck crl
crlvh
vh bk gbe
gbegbhbth.
gbhbth.
• Ljuhrak ah plrl`g
plrl`gzljgúb
zljgúb ah `ls ljtgvgalah
ljtgvgalahss hb jlsk ah rghsck crl
crlvh
vh h
gbegbhbth
:.8.9. Úrclbks ah rhprhshbtljgúb

rhprhshbtljgúb hsphjgl`gzlaks hb elthrgl prhvhbtgvl
Ah`hclaks ah prhvhbjgúb= @l ﬌curl ah` ah`hclak ah ^rhvhbjgúb sh hstli`hjh hb h`
lrtåju`k :8.< ah `l @hy ah ^rhvhbjgúb ah Yghscks @likrl`hs. Zkb `ks rhprhshbtlbths ah
`ks trlilmlakrhs jkb dubjgkbhs hsphjå﬌jls hb elthrgl ah prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks hb h`
trlilmk.
@ks ah`hclaks ah prhvhbjgúb skb ahsgcblaks pkr y hbtrh `ks rhprhshbtlbths ah` phr-
skbl`, sg bk hxgsthb rhprhshbtlbths puhah shr ahsgcblak pkr jul`qughr trlilmlakr.
Hb `ls heprhsls ah olstl trhgbtl trlilmlakrhs h` Ah`hclak ah ^rhvhbjgúb shrì h`
Ah`hclak ah ^hrskbl`. Hb `ls heprhsls ah trhgbtl y ubk l julrhbtl y buhvh trlilmlakrhs
olirì ub Ah`hclak ah ^rhvhbjgúb quh shrì h`hcgak pkr y hbtrh `ks Ah`hclaks ah ^hrsk-
bl` (lrt. :8.9 @^Y@). L plrtgr ah loå sh ahthregblrl ehaglbth `l sgcughbth hsjl`l=
Qrlilmlakrhs Býehrk ah ah`hclaks ah prhvhbjgúb

Ah 8> l <>> 9
Ah <>< l 8>> :
X.A @LIKY L@HZ
Ah 8>< l <>>> 1
Ah <>>< l 9>>> 8
Ah 9>>< l :>>> 4
Ah :>>< l 1>>> 3
Ah 1>>< hb lah`lbth ?
Zkb jkephthbjgls ah `ks Ah`hclaks ah ^rhvhbjgúb=
• Jk`likrlr jkb `l agrhjjgúb ah `l heprhsl hb `l ehmkr
ehmkrll ah `l ljjgúb prhvhbtgvl.
• ^rkekvhr y dkehbtlr `l jkkphrljgúb ah `ks trlilmlakrhs hb `l hmhjujgúb ah `l
bkreltgvl skirh prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks `likrl`hs.
• Zhr jkbsu`tlaks pkr h` heprhslrgk, jkb jlrìjthr prhvgk l su hmhjujgúb, ljhrjl ah
`ls ahjgsgkbhs l quh sh rh﬌hrh h` lrtåju`k :: ah `l prhshbth @hy.
• Hmhrjhr ubl `likr ah vgcg`lbjgl y jkbtrk` skirh h` juep`geghbtk ah `l bkreltgvl
ah prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks `likrl`hs.― (L
(Lrt.
rt. :4.< @^Y@)
Hb h` hmhrjgjgk ah `ls jkephthbjgls ltrgiugals l `ks Ah`hclaks ah ^rhvhbjgúb, çstks
hstlrìb dlju`tlaks plrl=
• Ljkeplülr l `ks tçjbgjks hb `ls hvlùljgkbhs ah jlrìjthr prhvhbtgvk ah` ehagk
leighbth ah trlilmk, lså jkek l `ks Gbsphjtkrhs
G bsphjtkrhs ah Qrlilmk y Zhcurgala Zkjgl` hb `ls
vgsgtls y vhrg﬌jljgkbhs quh rhl`gjhb hb `ks jhbtrks ah trlilmk plrl jkeprkilr h` jue-
j ue-
p`geghbtk ah `l bkreltgvl skirh prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks
r ghscks `likrl`hs, puaghbak dkreu`lr
lbth h``ks `ls kishrvljgkbhs quh hstgehb kpkrtubls.
• Qhbhr ljjhsk l `l gbdkreljgúb y akjuehbtljgúb rh`ltgvl l` l `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah
trlilmk quh shlb bhjhslrgls plrl h` hmhrjgjgk ah sus dubjgkbhs.
• Zhr gbdkrelaks pkr h` he
heprhslrgk
prhslrgk skirh `ks alüks prkaujgaks hb `l slùa ah `ks
trlilmlakrhs ubl vhz quh lquç` ouighsh thbgak jkbkjgeghbtk ah h``ks, puaghbak prh-
shbtlrsh, lýb duhrl ah su mkrblal `likrl`, hb h` ùclr ah `ks ohjoks plrl jkbkjhr `ls
jgrjubstlbjgls ah `ks egseks.
• Yhjgigr ah` heprhslrgk `ls gbdkreljgkbhs kithbgals pkr çsth prkjhahbths ah `ls
phrskbls u úrclbks hbjlrclaks ah `ls ljtgvgalahs ah prkthjjgúb y prhvhbjgúb hb `l
heprhsl, lså jkek ah krclbgseks jkephthbths plrl `l shcurgala y `l slùa ah `ks
trlilmlakrhs.
• Yhl`gzl vgsgtls l `ks ùclrhs ah trlilmk plrl hmhrjhr ubl `likr ah vgcg`lbjgl y jkbtrk`
ah` hstlak ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk puaghbak, l tl` ﬌b, ljjhahr l jul`qughr zkbl
ah `ks egseks-y jkeubgjlrsh aurlbth `l mkrblal jkb `ks trlilmlakrhs, ah elbhrl quh
bk sh l`thrh h` bkrel` ahslrrk``k ah` prkjhsk prkaujtgvk.
• Yhjlilr ah` heprhslrgk `l lakpjgúb ah ehagal
ehagalss ah jlrìjt
jlrìjthr
hr prhvhb
prhvhbtgvk
tgvk y plrl
`l ehmkrl ah `ks bgvh`hs ah prkthjjgúb ah `l shcurgala y `l slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs,
puaghbak l tl` ﬌b hdhjtulr prkpuhstls l` heprhslrgk, lså jkek l` Jkegtç ah Zhcurgala
y Zlùa plrl su agsjusgúb hb h` egsek.
ah• plrl`gzljgúb
^rkpkbhr l` ah
úrclbk ah rrhprhshbtljgúb
hprhshbtljgúb
ljtgvgalahs ah `kstlak
l quh sh h` lplr
lplrtlaktrlilmlakrhs `l lakpjgúb
: ah` lrtåju`k 9<.― (Lrt.ah` ljuhr
ljuhrak
:4.9 ak
@^Y@).
X.A pìc. :3
H` jkegtç ah shcurgala y slùa= Hs h` úrclbk plrgtlrgk y jk`hcglak ah plrtgjgpljgúb

ahstgblak l `l jkbsu`tl rhcu`lr y phrgúagjl ah `ls ljtuljgkbhs ah `l heprhsl hb elthrgl
ah prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks.
HG jkegtç ah Zhcurgala y Zlùa hstì dkrelak pkr `ks Ah`hclaks ah ^rhvhbjgúb, ah
ubl plrth, y pkr h` heprhslrgk y/k sus rhprhshbtlbths, sh hbjlrcl ah `l jkbsu`tl rhcu`lr
y phrgúagjl ah `ls ljtuljgkbhs ah `l heprhsl hb elthrgl ah prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks. @ls
jlrljthråstgjls ah` jkegtç ah Zhcurgala y Zlùa skb `ls sgcughbths=
• Zh jkbstgt
jkbstgtugrì
ugrì ub Jkegtç ah Zhcurgala y Zlùa hb ttkals
kals ``ls
ls heprhsls k jh
jhbtrks
btrks
ah trlilmk quh juhbthb jkb 8> k eìs trlilmlakrhs.(Lrt. :?.9 @^Y@).
• H` Jkegtç ah Zhcurgala y Zlùa sh rhubgrì trgehstrlèhbth y sgheprh quh `k sk`gjg-
th l`cubl ah `ls rhprhshbtljgkbhs hb h` egsek. H` Jkegtç lakptlrì sus prkpgls bkrels
ah dubjgkbleghbtk. (Lrt. :?.: @^Y@).
H` Jkegtç ah Zhcurgala y Zlùa thbarì `ls sgcughbths jkephthbjgls=
• ^lrtgjgplr hb `l h`likrljgúb, puhstl hb prìjtgjl y hvlùljgú
hvlùljgúb
b ah `ks p`lbhs y prk-
crlels ah prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks hb `l heprhsl.
• ^rkekvhr gbgjgltgvls skirh eçtkaks y prkjhageghbtks plrl `l hdhjtgvl prhvhbjgúb
ah `ks rghscks, prkpkbghbak l `l heprhsl `l ehmkrl ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs k `l jkrrhjjgúb
ah `ls ah﬌jghbjgls hxgsthbths. (Lrt. :7.< @^Y@).
Hb h` hmhrjgjgk ah sus jkephthbjgls, h` Jkegtç ah Zhcurgala y Zlùa hstlrì dlju`tlak
plrl=
• Jkbkjhr ag agrhjtlehbth
rhjtlehbth `l sgtuljgú
sgtuljgúb
b rh`ltg
rh`ltgvl
vl l `l prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks hb h` jjhbtrk
hbtrk
ah trlilmk, rhl`gzlbak l tl` hdhjtk `ls vgsgtls quh hstgeh kpkrtubls.
• Jkbkjhr julbtks akjuehbtks h gbdkrehs rh`ltgvks l `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk
shlb bhjhslrgks plrl h` juep`geghbtk ah sus dubjgkbhs, lså jkek `ks prkjhahbths ah
`l ljtgvgala ah` shrvgjgk ah prhvhbjgúb, hb su jlsk.
• Jkbkjhr y lbl`gzlr `ks alüks prkaujgaks hb `l slùa k hb `l gbthcrgala dåsgjl ah
`ks trlilmlakrhs, l` kimhtk ah vl`krlr sus jlusls y prkpkbhr `ls ehagals prhvhbtgvls
kpkrtubls. (Lrt. :7.9 @^Y@).
1 YGHZCKZ @GCLAKZ L @LZ JKBAGJGKBHZ AH ZHCXYGALA

Zh trltl ah vhr y jkbtrk`lr `ls jlrljthråstgjls k jjkbagjgkbhs
kbagjgkbhs chbhrl`hs ah `ks `kjl`hs
ah trlilmk= plsg``ks, suh`ks, hsjl`hrls, k `ls agvhrsls gbstl`ljgkbhs (h`hjtrgjgala, cls, vl-
pkr), lså jkek `ls eìqugbls, ohrrleghbtls ah trlilmk, lplrltks ah h`hvljgúb, ah prhsgúb,
h` lèljhbleghbtk ah elthrgl`hs y prkaujtks, utg`gzljgúb ah prkaujtks gb﬉leli`hs k
prkaujtks quåegjks ph`gcrksks y júek sh vl l rhl`gzlr `l prkthjjgúb ah `l phrskbl trlil-
mlakrl rhsphjtk l `ks ph`gcrks hxgsthbths hb jlal puhstk ah trlilmk.
1.
1.<.
<. ZHCXYGALA GBAXZQYGL@ W ZHCXYGALA HB H@ QYLILMK
H` tçregbk shcurgala oljh rhdhrhbjgl l `ls jkbagjg
jkbagjgkbhs
kbhs quh phregthb lquh``ls jgr-
jubstlbjgls quh puhahb alr ùclr l ohjoks jlpljhs ah prkaujgr ub alük.
pìc. :? X.A.. : | ELYJK BKYELQGTK IÌZGJK HB ELQHYGL AH ^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ
X.A @LIKY L@HZ
Ahigak l `l trlsjhbahbjgl skjgl` quh puhahb supkbhr `ks alüks quh sh prkaujhb hb
h` hbtkrbk ah` trlilmk, hs `l prkpgl skjghala ah bkreltgvl, `l quh rhcu`l h` jkepkrtl-
eghbtk ah `ks ljtkrhs hb h` trlilmk= h` heprhslrgk y h` trlilmlakr.
Zh ahih jkbtrk`lr `ks h`hehbtks quh phregthb ``hvlr l jlik `l prkpgl ljtgvgala gb-
austrgl`, jkek skb `ls gbstl`ljgkbhs, hqugpks y prkaujtks, bljghbak jkb h``k h` jkbjhptk
ah `l shcurgala gbaustrgl`.
^kr ktrk `lak `l ljtuljgúb ah `ls phrskbls hb h` hbtkrbk gbaustrgl` plrl `kcrlr `ks
kimhtgvks heprhslrgl`hs, ùclr l `l shcurgala hb h` trlilmk.
1.<.
1.<.<.
<. Zhcurgala gbaustrgl`
gbaustr gl`
@l shcurgala gbaustrgl` hstì agrhjtlehbth vgbju`lal l `l ljtgvgala y. ahbtrk ah h``l,
dubalehbtlèhbth l `ks ehagks quh sh hep`hlb hb `l ljtgvgala gbaustrgl`, `kjl`hs, gbs-
tl`ljgkbhs, hqugpks y prkaujtks, y su jkbtrk` rh`ltgvk l` alük quh puaghrlb sudrgr tlbtk
`ls phrskbls jkek h` ehagk leighbth k h` pltrgekbgk.
@l @hy ah Gbaustrgl ol sgak h`likrlal pkr h` Egbgsthrgk ah Gbaustrgl y Hbhrcål y hs
jkephthbjgl ah hsth Egbgsthrgk h` vh`lr pkr quh sh `kcrhb `ks kimhtgvks quh p`lbthl,
jkbtrk`lbak h` juep`geghbtk pkr plrth ah` heprhslrgk ah tkal `l bkreltgvl ah jlrìjthr
rhc`lehbtlrgk quh ahslrrk``l hstl @hy, juep`geghbtk juyk rhsu`tlak hs prhjgslehbth `l
shcurgala gbaustrgl`.
1.<.9. Zhcurgala hb h` trlilmk

@l shcurgala hb h` trlilmk jkbtrk`l `l ljtuljgúb ah` trlilmlakr hb su hbtkrbk `lik-
rl` hb rh`ljgúb jkb `l tlrhl quh rhl`gzl, hb hsphjgl` jkb `ks hspljgks ah trlilmk, eìqug-
bls, ýtg`hs, ohrrleghbtls, elthrgl`hs, prkjhsks y krclbgzljgúb, lså jkek `ls gbstl`ljgkbhs
utg`gzlals k pkr vhrsh ldhjtlak plrl `kcrlr h` kimhtgvk heprhslrgl`.
^kaheks ah﬌bgr `l shcurgala hb h` trlilmk jkek h` jkbmubtk ah tçjbgjls y prkjhag-
eghbtks quh tghbhb pkr kimhtk h`gegblr k agsegbugr h` rghsck ah quh sh prkauzjlb `ks
ljjgahbths ah trlilmk.
Jkek sujhah jkb `l @hy ah Gbaustrgl rhdhrhbth l `l shcurgala gbaustrgl`, `l @hy ah
^rhvhbjgúb ahrhl`hs
ak l trlvçs ah Yghscks @likrl`hs
ahjrhtks quhrhsphjtk l `l shcurgala
ahthregblb hb h` trlilmk
`ls jkbagjgkbhs eåbgelsshquh
ol ahslrrk``l-
sh ahihb
juep`gr y `ks lsphjtks quh sh ahihb jkbthep`lr hb `ks puhstks ah trlilmk plrl quh
puhalb ahslrrk``lrsh jkb shcurgala pkr plrth ah `ks trlilmlakrhs su tlrhl plrl `kcrlr
`ks kimhtgvks heprhslrgl`hs.
Hb h` jlsk ah `l @hy ah ^rhvhbjgúb ah Yghscks @likrl`hs, quh jkbthep`l `l shcurgala
hb h` trlilmk, hs h` Egbgsthrgk ah Qrlilmk qughb `l ol h`likrlak y l qughb jkrrhspkbah h`
jkbtrk` ah su juep`geghbtk, sh rhl`gzl pkr ehagk ah `ks Gbsphjtkrhs ah Qrlilmk y Zhcurg-
ala Zkjgl`.
1.9. H@ @XCLY AH QYLILMK

@l zkbl dåsgjl akbah h` trlilmlakr rhl`gzl su tlrhl k l `l quh ljjhah pkr rlzúb ah `l
egsel jkbdkrel h` ùclr ah trlilmk. Hsth h`hehbtk, y eìs jkbjrhtlehbth `ks agdhrhb-
ths dljtkrhs quh `k jkepkbhb jkbstgtuyhb ubk ah `ks lsphjtks eìs gb﬉uyhbths hb `ls
X.A pìc. :7
jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk.
Zhcýb h` lrtgju`k 9 ah` YA 1?4/<773 sh hbthbahrì pkr «ùclrhs ah trlilmk¶ `ls ìrhls
ah` jhbtrk ah trlilmk, hag﬌jlals k bk, hb `ls quh `ks trlilmlakrhs ahilb phrelbhjhr k l
`ls quh puhalb ljjhahr hb rlzúb ah su trlilmk.
Zh jkbsgahrlb gbjùgaks hb hstl ah﬌bgjgúb `ks shrvgjgks ogcgçbgjks y `kjl`hs ah ahs-

jlbsk, `ks `kjl`hs ah prgehrks luxg`gks y `ks jkehakrhs.
@ls gbstl`ljgkbhs ah shrvgjgk k prkthjjgúb lbhmls l `ks ùclrhs ah trlilmk sh jkbsgah-
rlrìb jkek plrth gbthcrlbth ah `ks egseks.
Julbak h` trlilmk sh rhl`gzl hb h` gbthrgkr ah hag﬌jgks, `ks ùclrhs ah trlilmk hstl-
rìb jkbstgtugaks pkr `ks `kjl`hs hb `ks quh sh ahslrrk``l k lquh``ks l `ks quh sh ljjhah
pkr rlzúb ah çstl.
Julbak h` trlilmk sh rhl`gzl hb h` hxthrgkr, h` ùclr ah trlilmk `k jkbstgtuyh h` hep`l-
zleghbtk dåsgjk hb h` quh h` trlilmlakr rhl`gzl su tlrhl y `ls zkbls k hspljgks l `ks quh
ljjhah pkr rlzúb ah h``l, yl shl plrl jkbtrk` k vhrg﬌jljgúb k jkek sgep`h ljjhsk oljgl
`ls ìrhls hb `ls quh trlilml.
Hb `ks ùclrhs ah trlilmk, bk sú`k sh ahih jkbsgahrlr `l suphr﬌jgh k vkùeh quh dåsg-
jlehbth ol ah kjuplr h` trlilmlakr eghbtrls rhl`gzl su trlilmk, sgbk tkals `ls jgrjubs-
tlbjgls, yl shlb jkbagjgkbhs chbhrl`hs ah` hbtkrbk, yl shl `l hxgsthbjgl ah gbstl`ljgkbhs
quh jkbagjgkblb su dkrel ah ljtulr k lquh``ls susjhptgi`hs ah chbhrlr rghscks quh `h
puhahb ldhjtlr, tl`hs jkek ck`phs, ltrlpleghbtks,
lt rlpleghbtks, rugak, htj...
1.9.<.Yghscks
1.9.<. Yghscks ahrgvlaks ah `ks ùclrhs ah trlilmk
@ks prgbjgpl`hs dljtkrhs ah rghsck prhshbths hb `ks ùclrhs ah trlilmk skb `ls agehb-
sgkbhs gbsu﬌jghbths, `l el`l agstrgiujgúb ah `l elqugblrgl y hqugpks ah trlilmk, `ls
jkbagjgkbhs leigçbtl`hs ah vhbtg`ljgúb, gùegbljgúb y jkbagjgkbhs threkogcrkeçtrgjìs
gblahjulals, `l dl`tl ah krahb y `gepghzl y h` ah﬌jghbth elbthbgeghbtk ah `ls gbstl`l-
jgkbhs. Hstks dljtkrhs ah rghscks chbhrlb hbtrh ktrks `ks sgcughbths rghscks=
• Jlåals ah phrskbls l` egsek bgvh`.
• Jlåals ah phrskbls l agstgbtk bgvh`.

• Jokquhs jkbtrl kimhtks gbeúvg`hs.
• ^gslals skirh kimhtks.
• Ltrkph``ks k ck`phs jkb vhoåju`ks.
• Jokquhs jkbtrl kimhtks eúvg`hs.
• Jlåals ah kimhtks pkr ahsp`keh k ahrrueileghbtk.
1.9.9.Ehagals
1.9.9. Ehagals prhvhbtgvls ah lp`gjljgúb l `ks ùclrhs ah trlilmk
@ks rghscks ahrgvlaks ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah` ùclr ah trlilmk puhahb elbthbhrsh
ilmk jkbtrk` lp`gjlbak ubl shrgh ah rhjkehbaljgkbhs skirh `ks h`hehbtks quh `k jkb-
dkrelb.
pìc. 1> X.A.. : | ELYJK BKYELQGTK IÌZGJK HB ELQHYGL AH ^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ
X.A @LIKY L@HZ
Zhcurgala hstrujturl`
@ks ùclrhs ah trlilmk ahihb agspkbhr ah ubl hstrujturl sú`gal y lprkpglal plrl `l
utg`gzljgúb prhvgstl. Hb jlsk bhjhslrgk, hb jlal ubl ah `ls p`lbtls ahihrål gbagjlrsh `l
jlrcl eìxgel phregsgi`h. Hstl ehagal hs plrtgju`lrehbth gepkrtlbth hb `ks trlilmks
quh sh rhl`gzlb skirh juighrtls (elbthbgeghbtk, `gepghzl, htj.), ahighbak agspkbhr ah
`ks ehjlbgseks quh phregtlb ub jkbtrk` ah` pksgi`h rghsck ah jlåal ah l`turl.
• Hspljgks ah trlilmk y zkbls ph`gcrksls.
• @ls agehbsgkbhs eåbgels quh ahihb prhshbtlr `ks ùclrhs ah trlilmk sh

jkrrhspkbahb=
• : ehtrks ah l`turl ahsah h` pgsk olstl h` suh`k6 hb jlsk ah `kjl`hs jkehrjgl`h
jkehrjgl`hss y
k﬌jgbls, hsth pkarì shr ah 9,8 ehtrks.
ehtrks.
• 9 ehtrks jularlaks `girhs pkr trlilmlakr
trlilmlakr,, ahsjkbtlbak ekig`glrgk y rhstk ah h`h-
ehbtks quh gepgalb h` usk ah hspljgk.
• <> e
ehtrks
htrks jýigjks ``girhs,
girhs, bk kjuplaks pkr trlilmlakr
trlilmlakr..
• Zuh`ks, lihrturls, ahsbgvh`hs y ilrlbag``ls.
@ks dljtkrhs l thbhr hb juhbtl hb `l sh`hjjgúb ah` suh`k skb `ks rh`ljgkblaks
jkb `l rhsgsthbjgl ah` egsek l=
• @ls jlrcls hstìtgjls, agbìegjls, lirlsgúb, htj.
• @ks prkaujtks quåegjks, tl`hs jkek ljhgths, agsk`vhbths, ìjgaks, prkaujtks
jkrrksgvks, htj.
• @ks dljtkrhs le
leighbtl`hs=
ighbtl`hs= ouehala, `ùvgl, jl`kr, htj.
• Ktrks dljtkrhs leighbtl`hs, jkek h`hjtrgjgala hst
hstìtgjl,
ìtgjl, vg
vgirljgkbhs,
irljgkbhs, htj.
• H` ahs`gzleghbtk
ahs`gzleghbtk..
• Tåls ah jgrju`ljgúb.
@ls jkbagjgkbhs quh phregthb ahthregblr h` usk sgb rghsck `ls våls ah jgrju`ljgúb
skb=
• Býehrk y sgtuljgúb ah `ls egsels.
• @l jgrju`ljg
jgrju`ljgúb
úb shcurl pkr `ls e
egsels
gsels ah ehagks ah trlbspkrth y phltkbh
phltkbhs.
s. Ahihrì
phregtgrsh h` plsk sgeu`tìbhk sgb rghsck ah leiks elbthbghbak ubl agstlbjgl ah
shcurgala.
• H` býehrk ah usulrgks sgeu`tìbhks.
• @ls jlrljthråstgjls ah `l ljtgvgala ahslrrk``lal= hb jlsk ah elbgpu`ljgúb ah jlr-
cls (euh``hs, lèljhbhs, ht
htj.)
j.) sh prhstlrì hsphjgl` lthbjgúb l `ls agehbsgkbhs ah `ls
jlrcls.
• @ls jlrljthråstg
jlrljthråstgjls
jls le
leighbtl`hs
ighbtl`hs ah` ùclr ah trlilmk.
X.A pìc. 1<
• @l lbjourl eåbgel ah `ls puhrtls hxthrgkrhs shrì ah ?> je. eghbtrls quh `l ah
`ks plsg``ks shrì ah < ehtrk.
• Lihrturls hb pgsks y plrhahs.
@ls lihrturls quh supkbclb ub rghsck ah jlåal ah l`turl ahihrìb agspkbhr ah sgsth-
els ah prkthjjgúb ah shcurgala quh gepgal l egsel. Ah dkrel hxprhsl sh prkthchrìb=
• @ls lihrturls hb `ks suh`k
suh`ks,s, jkek pkzks ah ljjhsk l tuihråls, ddksks
ksks ah rhplrljgúb
ah lutkeúvg`hs, trhbhs, htj., ouhjks ah hsjl`hrls y ah
a h p`ltldkrels a h`hvljgúb, htj.
• @ls lihrturls hb tligquhs k plrhahs, `ls p`ltldkrels, euh
euh``hs,
``hs, ht
htj.,
j., sgheprh quh
h` rghsck ah jlåal shl suphrgkr l 9 ehtrks.
• @ks `laks lighrtks ah hsjl`hrls y rlepls ah eìs ah 4> je. ah l`turl.
@ls ilrlbag``ls shrìb ah 7> je ah l`turl, puaghbak agspkbhr ah rkalpgçs plrl quh
prkpkrjgkbh shcurgala drhbth l` rghsck ah jlåal ah kimhtks k phrskbls pkr ahilmk. Zh
rhjkeghbal ubl rhsgsthbjgl ah <8> fc pkr ehtrk `gbhl`.
• Tåls y sl`gals ah hvljuljgúb.
Ahihb thbhrsh hb juhbtl `ls sgcughbths rhjkehbaljgkbhs ah jlrìjthr chbhrl`=

• @ks ùclrh
ùclrhss ah trlilmk ahihb phrelbhjhr `girhs hb tkak ekehbtk.
• Zu býehrk, agstrgiujgúb y agehbsgkbhs ahihb shr su﬌jghbths plrl pkahr utg`gzlrsh
hb jkbagjgkbhs ah shcurgala.
• @l shül`gzljgúb tlbt
tlbtk
k ah `ls våls jke
jkek
k ah `ls puhrtls ahih rhl`gzlrsh ah ljuhrak
jkb h` Y.A. 1?8/<773.
• @ls våls y sl`gals ah hvljuljgúb ahihb hstlr hqugplals jkb gùegbljgúb
ah shcurgala ah su﬌jghbth gbthbsgala.
• Krahb y `gepghzl.
@ks ljjgahbths pkr ck`phs y jlåals sh prkaujhb jkek jkbshjuhbjgl ah ub leighbth

ahskrahblak y sujgk,
ah ljueu`ljgúb ah suh`ks
ah elthrgl` rhsil`lagzks,
skirlbth ah elthrgl`hs jk`kjlaks duhrl ah su ùclr,
y ahsphragjgks.
H` krahb y `l `gepghzl `kcrlb ub lprkvhjoleghbtk eìs rljgkbl` ah` hspljgk. Hs ub
prgbjgpgk iìsgjk ah shcurgala.
Lsgegsek h` elbthbgeghbtk ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs gbgjgl`hs ah dubjgkbleghbtk, hb plrtg-
ju`lr ah `ls gbstl`ljgkbhs, ahih rhl`gzlrsh jkbtgbulehbth suislblbak `ks ahdhjtks quh
puhalb ldhjtlr l `l shcurgala ah `ks trlilmlakrhs.
1.:. OHYYLEGHBQLZ ELBXL@HZ

^hrthbhjhb l hsth crupk tkaks lquh``ks h`hehbtks sgep`hs plrl juyk dub-
jgkbleghbtk ljtýl ýbgjl y hxjùsgvlehbth h` hsduhrzk dåsgjk ah` okeirh.
Zu lplrhbth pkjk rghsck oljh quh h` trlilmlakr sh jkbdåh hb hxjhsk aurlbth su utg`g-
zljgúb, `k quh al ùclr l ub gepkrtlbth býehrk ah ljjgahbths.
pìc. 19 X.A.. : | ELYJK BKYELQGTK IÌZGJK HB ELQHYGL AH ^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ
X.A @LIKY L@HZ
1.:.<. Yghscks hb h` usk ah ohrrleghbtls elbul`hs

@ks rghscks eìs gepkrtlbths hb h` usk ah hstls ohrrleghbtls skb=
• Ck`phs y jkrths hb elbks u ktrls plrths ah` juhrpk
juhrpk..
• @hsgkbhs kju`lrhs pkr prky

prkyhjjgúb
hjjgúb ah drlcehbtks vk`lbths.
• Hscugbjhs pkr ekvgeghbtks vgk`hbtks, htj.
• Yghscks ogcgçbgjks pkr jkbtljtk jkb `l pgh
pgh`` julbak oly lrrlbquh ah plrtåju`ls.
1.:.9. Jkbtrk` ah `ks rghscks

^lrl jkbtrlrrhstlr hstks pksgi`hs ahdhjtks quh alb ùclr l `ks ljjgahbths jkb `ls
ohrrleghbtls elbul`hs sh ahih=
• Laqugrgr ohrrleghbtls ah jl`gala, ljkrahs l` tgpk ah trlilmk l rhl`gzlr
rhl`gzlr..
• Gbstrugr ah dk
dkrel
rel lahjulal l` trlilmlakr plrl `l utg`gzljgúb ah jlal tgpk ah
ohrrleghbtl.
• Xtg`gzlr c
cldls
ldls prkthjtkrls julbak olyl rghsck ah prky
prkyhjjgúb
hjjgúb ah plrtåju`ls.
• Xtg`gzlr culbths l` elbgpu`lr ohrrleghbtls jkrtlbths.
• Elbthbgeghbtk phrgúagjk (rhplrljgúb, l﬌`lak, `gepghzl....).
• Yhvgslr phrgúagjlehbth h` hstlak ah `ks elbcks, rhjuirgeg
rhjuirgeghbtks
hbtks lgs`lbt
lgs`lbths,
hs, htj
htj..
• Lèljhblr hb jlmls k plbh`hs lahjulaks, akbah jlal ohrrleghbtl thbcl su ùclr
ùclr..
1.1. EÌ\XGBLZ
Zhcýb h` Yhl` Ahjrhtk <411/9>>?, eìqugbl hs h` jkbmubtk ah plrths k jkepkbhbths
vgbju`laks hbtrh så, ah `ks jul`hs l` ehbks ubk hs eúvg`, lskjglaks plrl ubl lp`gjljgúb
ahthregblal, prkvgstk k ahstgblak l hstlr prkvgstk ah ub sgsthel ah ljjgkbleghbtk
agstgbtk ah `l duhrzl ouelbl k lbgel`, lp`gjlal agrhjtlehbth.
Jkbmubtk l` quh sk`k `h dl`thb `ks h`hehbtks ah jkbhxgúb l `ls duhbths ah hbhrcål y
ekvgeghbtk y jkbmubtk prhplrlak plrl su gbstl`ljgúb quh sk`lehbth puhal dubjgkblr
prhvgk ekbtlmh skirh ub ehagk ah trlbspkrth k gbstl`lak hb ub hag﬌jgk k ubl hstrujtu-
rl.
Jkbmubtk ah eìqugbls quh, plrl ``hclr l ub egsek rhsu`tlak, hstçb agspuhstls y
ljjgkblals plrl dubjgkblr jkek ubl sk`l eìqugbl.
Jkbmubtk ah plrths k jkepkbhbths vgbju`laks hbtrh så, ah `ks jul`hs l` ehbks ubk
hs eúvg`, lskjglaks jkb kimhtk ah h`hvlr jlrcls y juyl ýbgjl duhbth ah hbhrcål shl `l
duhrzl ouelbl hep`hlal agrhjtlehbth.
Hqugpk gbthrjleigli`h= hs lquh` agspksgtgvk quh, trls `l puhstl hb shrvgjgk ah ubl
eìqugbl k ah ub
plrl ekag﬌jlr su trljtkr,
dubjgúbshl ljkp`lak
k lpkrtlr ublpkr h` prkpgk
dubjgúb kphrlakr
buhvl, sgheprhl agjol eìqugbl
quh hsth hqugpkk bk
trljtkr
shl
X.A pìc. 1:
ubl ohrrleghbtl.
1.1.<. Yghsck chbhrlaks pkr `ls elqugbls

Xbl eìqugbl puhah thbhr euy agvhrsks ph`gcrks, quh chbhrlb eý`tgp`hs rghscks. Bk
k`vgaheks quh h` ph`gcrk hs l`ck phrelbhbth quh bk pkaheks julbtg﬌jlr6 sgb heilr-
ck, h` rghsck hs ub ph`gcrk jl`ju`lak y julbtg﬌jlak quh så pkaheks rhaujgr y quh hs
akbah pkaheks ljtulr.
L `l okrl ah oljhr ub lbì`gsgs ah shcurgala, h` agshük ah ubl elqugbl l k ighb `l
h`likrljgúb ah bkrels k gbstrujjgkbhs ah usk, sh olb ah thbhr prhshbths tkaks y jlal
ubk ah `ks ph`gcrks gbohrhbths l `l elqugbl hb juhstgúb.
• ^h`gcrk ehjìbgjk.
Zh ahbkegbl lså l` jkbmubtk ah dljtkrhs dåsgjks quh puhahb alr ùclr l `hsgkbhs
ahigals l `l ljjgúb ah plrths ah `l eìqugbl, ohrrleghbtls pghzls l trlilmlr, k elthrgl`hs
sú`gaks k ﬉ugaks.
@ls prgbjgpl`hs dkrels ah ph`gcrk skb=
• Lp`lstleghbtk.
• Jgzl``leghbtk.
• Jkrth k shjjgkbleghbtk.
• Hbclbjoh.
• Ltrlpleghbtk k hbclbjoh.
• Gepljtk.
• ûbzkbleghbtk.
• Drgjjgúb k lirlsgúb.
• ^rkyhjjgúb ah ﬉ugaks l l`tl prhsgúb.
• ^h`gcrk h`çjtrgjk.
Hsth ph`gcrk puhah alr ùclr l jokquhs h`çjtrgjks, quhelaurls k h`hjtrkjujgkbhs.

ûhah hstlr krgcgblak pkr=
• Jkbtljtks h`çjtrgjks agrhjtks jkb jkbaujtkrhs ljtgvks.
• Jkbtljtks h`çjtrgjks gbagrhjtks jkb h`he
h`hehbtks
hbtks jkbaujtkrhs puhstks ljjgahb-
tlèhbth hb thbsgúb.
• Dhbúehbks h`hjtrkstìtgjks.
• Dhbúehbks tçregjks rh`ljgkblaks jkb jjkrtkjgrjugtks
krtkjgrjugtks k skirhjlrcls.
• ^h`gcrk tçregjk.
pìc. 11 X.A.. 1 | YGHZCKZ @GCLAKZ L @LZ JKBAGJGKBHZ
X.A JKBAGJGK BHZ AH ZHCXYGALA
H` ph`gcrk tçregjk puhah=

Alr ùclr l quhelaurls prkvkjlals pkr=
• Elthrgl`hs k pghzls l euy l`tl k euy ilml thephrlturl.
• @`lels k hxp`ksgkbhs.
• Ylagljgúb ah duhbths ah jl`kr.
^rkaujgr hdhjtks bkjgvks plrl `l slùa hb leighbths ah trlilmk hxjhsgvlehbth jl-
`ghbth k dråk.
• ^h`gcrks prkaujgaks pkr h` rugak y `ls vgirljgkbhs.
H` rugak puhah alr ùclr l=

• Hdhjtks skirh `l luagjgúb (skrahrl).
• Ktrks hdhjtks k ek`hstgls pkr trlilmlr hb leighbth rugaksk lubquh bk l`jlbjh
`ks
• `åegths ah hdhjtks skirh `l luagjgúb.
• Qrlstkrbks bhurk`úcgjks y vlsju`lrhs prkaujgaks pkr hdhjtk ah `ls
vgirljgkbhs.
• ^h`gcrks prkaujgaks pkr rlagljgkbhs.
@ks hdhjtks phrmuagjgl`hs k bhcltgvks prkaujgaks pkr `ls rlagljgkbhs puhahb shr ahig-
ak l=
• Lrjks ah skàlaurl.
• @ìshrhs (rlagljgkbhs `ìshr).
• Jlepks h`hjtrkelcbçtgjks ah l`tl drhjuhbjgl.
• Ylagljgkbhs gkbgzlbths.
• ^h`gcrks prkaujgaks pkr elthrgl`hs k sustlbjgls.
@ks elthrgl`hs k sustlbjgls prkjhslaks, utg`gzlaks k ahsprhbagaks pkr `ls eì-

qugbls puhahb alr ùclr l=
• ^h`gcrk ogcgçbgjk rhsu`t
rhsu`tlbth
lbth ah` jkbtljtk k gbol`ljgúb ah råül`hs k sus-
tlbjgls ph`gcrksls.
• ^h`gcrk ah gbjhbagk k hxp`ksgúb.
• ^h`gcrk igk`úcgjk (vgrus, iljthrgls, htj.).
• ^h`gcrks ahigaks l hdhjtks hrckbúegjks.
Zh rh`ljgkblb jkb `ls pksturls k elbhmk ah jlrcls k elqugbls/ohrrleghbtls aurlbth

`l rhl`gzljgúb ah` trlilmk=
X.A.. 1 | YGHZCKZ @GCLAKZ L @LZ JKBAGJGKBHZ
X.A JKBAGJGK BHZ AH ZHCXYGALA pìc. 18
• ^h`gcrk pkr pksturls dkrzlals.

• ^h`gcrk krgcgblaks pkr ekvgeghbtks rhphtgtgvks.
• ^h`gcrk hb `l slùa prkvkjlaks pkr vgirljgkbhs, lp`gjljgúb ah duhrzls, htj…
`krhs• ah ^h`gcrks
hsplàl,pkr trlstkrbks
`hsgkbhs hb `lseusju`khsquh`çtgjks
elbks, htj…) ahrgvlaks ah `l jlrcl dåsgjl (ak-
1.1.9. Jkbtr
Jkbtrk`
k` ah `ks rghscks ahrgvlaks ah `ls eìqugbls
@l lp`gjljgúb ah `l rhc`lehbtljgúb bks phregth `kcrlr quh `ls eìqugbls bk shlb ph-
`gcrksls, k quh sghbak ph`gcrksls jkbsgcleks rhaujgr `ks rghscks l `l eåbgel hxprhsgúb
quh bks phregtl hstlr ahbtrk ah ubks eìrchbhs ah shcurgala ljhptli`hs. Hs bhjhslrgk
thbhr hb juhbtl jultrk lsphjtks dubalehbtl`hs y quh skb `ks sgcughbths=
• @l shcurgala hb h` prkaujtk. Elrjlak JH.
• @l gbstl`ljgúb ah `ls eìqugbls.
• H` elbthbgeghbtk ah `ls eìqugbls.
• @l utg`gzljgúb lahjulal ah `ls eìqugbls.
1.1.:. Ehagals ah prkthjjgúb drhbth l `ks rghscks ahrgvlaks ah `ls eì-

1.1.:.Ehagals eì -
qugbls
L jkbtgbuljgúb sh rh`ljgkblb l`cubks ah `ks agspksgtgvks eìs jkeýbehbth utg`g-
zlaks plrl prkthchr ah `ks rghscks ahrgvlaks ah` dubjgkbleghbtk y kphrljgúb ah `ls
eìqugbls ohrrleghbtls=
• Yhsculraks= gepg
gepgahb
ahb h` ljjhsk
ljjhsk ah` trlilmlak
trlilmlakrr l` pubtk ah ph`gcrk
ph`gcrk66 puhahb shr
﬌mks k eúvg`hs.
• Agspksgtgvks ahthjtkrhs ah prhshbjgl= skb e
ehagks
hagks ah shcurgala quh prhhstli`hjhb
ub `åegth ah lprkxgeljgúb l `l zkbl ah ph`gcrk ah `l eìqugbl hb dubjgkbleghbtk
dubjgkbleghbtk..
• Agspksgtgvks
eghbtk kjuplbakah`lselbaks l aks
elbks ah` elbks= prhthbahb
trlilmlakr h`gegblr h` rghsck ah ltrkpl-
hb h` ljjgkbleghbtk.
• Agspksgtgvks ah ekvgeg
ekvgeghbtk
hbtk rhsgaul` k ah gbhrjgl= gepgahb h` ljjhsk l `ls plrths
k pubtks ph`gcrksks y quh pkr su gbhrjgl phrelbhjhb hb ekvgeghbtk julbak sh
gbthrrueph h` suegbgstrk h`çjtrgjk.
• Agspksgtgvks thepkrgzlakrhs= gepgahb quh ub rhsculrak sh rhtgrh aurlbth ub
tghepk prhahthregblak.
• Agspksgtgvks ah rhthbjgúb ehjìbgjl= hs u
ub
b h`hehbtk dåsgjk (jl`zks) quh gepgah h`
ekvgeghbtk ph`gcrksk julbak `ks rhsculraks hstìb lighrtks.
• Dl`sl ehsl= tghbh pkr kimhtk jhrrlr `k hhspljgks
spljgks hbtrh `ls agstgbt
agstgbtls
ls pghzls l trlilmlr
y h` h`hehbtk jkrtlbth.
• Agspksgtgvks
elbks hb `l zkblah l`gehbtljgúb y hxtrljjgúb= hvgtlb quh h` kphrlrgk gbtrkauzjl `ls
1.8. YGHZCK H@ÇJQYGJK

H@ÇJQYGJK
Yghsck h`çjtrgjk hs lquh` susjhptgi`h ah shr prkaujgak pkr jul`qughr tgpk ah kphrl-
jgúb hb gbstl`ljgkbhs h`çjtrgjls y/k jkb hqugpks y lplrltks ah ilml, ehagl y l`tl thbsgúb,
jkek puhahb shr kphrljgkbhs ah elbthbgeghbtk k hxphrgehbtljgúb jkb lplrltks k
gbstl`ljgkbhs h`çjtrgjls.
1.8.<. Hxpksgjgúb
\uhalb hsphjå﬌jlehbth gbjùgaks `ks rghscks pkr=
• Jokquh h`çjtrgjk pkr jkbtljtk jkb h`hehbtks hb thbsgúb (jkbtljtk
(jkbtlj tk h`çjtrgjk ag-
rhjtk), k jkb elsls puhstls ljjgahbtlèhbth hb thbsgúb (jkbtljtk h`çjtrgjk gbagrhjtk).
• \uhelaurls pkr jokquh k lrjk h`çjtrgjk.
• Jlåals k ck`phs jk
jkek
ek jkbshjuhbjgl ah jokquh k lrjk h`çjtrgjk.
• Gbjhbagks k hxp`ksgkbhs krgcgblaks pkr `l h`hjtrgjgala.
1.8.9. Dljtkrhs quh gbthrvghbhb hb h` rghsck h`çjtrgjk

• Gbthbsgala ah `l jkrrghbth=
Hs ubk ah `ks dljtkrhs quh eìs gbjgahb hb `ks hdhjtks kjlsgkblaks pkr h` ljjgahbth
h`çjtrgjk. @ks vl`krhs ah gbthbsgala sh hstli`hjhb jkek vl`krhs hstlaåstgjks ahigak l
quh sus vl`krhs bhtks ahphbahb ah jlal phrskbl y ah` tgpk ah jkrrghbth.
L gbthbsgala ah <> eL hxgsth thtlbgzljgúb eusju`lr y `l gepksgig`gala ah sk`tlrsh ah`
ùclr akbah sh prkaujh h` jkbtljtk h`çjtrgjk. L` suphrlrsh `ks 8> eL ah gbthbsgala, sh
prkaujh ﬌irg`ljgúb vhbtrgju`lr.
• Aurljgúb ah` jkbtljtk h`çjtrgjk=
Mubtk l` dljtkr lbthrgkr hs h` quh eìs gb﬉uyh skirh `ks hdhjtks ah` ljjgahbth yl quh
jkbagjgkbl `l crlvhala ah` plsk ah `l jkrrghbth pkr h` krclbgsek.
• Dkrel ah `l jkrrghbth=
@l jkrrghbth jkbtgbul (JJ k AJ) sh chbhrl l plrtgr ah ub ﬉umk jkbtgbuk ah h`hjtrkbhs
(jlrcls bhcltgvls) sgheprh hb h` egsek shbtgak, h` jul` hs ahsah h` pk`k bhcltgvk ah
`l duhbth l` pk`k pksgtgvk. L` ahsp`lzlrsh hb hsth shbtgak `ks h`hjtrkbhs, `ks ouhjks k
lushbjgls ah h`hjtrkbhs (jlrcls pksgtgvls) `k oljhb hb shbtgak jkbtrlrgk, hs ahjgr, ahsah
h` pk`k pksgtgvk l` bhcltgvk.
^kr jkbvhbgk, sh tkel jkek jkrrghbth h`çjtrgjl l` ﬉umk ah jlrcls pksgtgvls, lubquh
çsth hs l jkbshjuhbjgl ah` ﬉umk ah h`hjtrkbhs, pkr tlbtk h` shbtgak ah `l jkrrghbth h`çj-
trgjl hs ah` pk`k pksgtgvk ah `l duhbth l` pk`k bhcltgvk y jkbtrlrgk l` ﬉umk ah h`hjtrkbhs y
sgheprh tghbh h` egsek sgcbk.
@l jkrrghbth jkbtgbul sh jlrljthrgzl pkr su thbsgúb, pkrquh, l` thbhr ub ﬉umk ah h`hj-
trkbhs prh﬌mlak phrk jkbtgbuk hb h` tghepk, prkpkrjgkbl ub vl`kr ﬌mk ah çstl (ah sgcbk
jkbtgbuk).
Hb h` jlsk ah `l jkrrghbth l`thrbl (JL k LJ), `ks h`hjtrkbhs bk sh ahsp`lzlb ah ub pk`k

l ktrk, sgbk quh l plrtgr ah su pksgjgúb ﬌ml hb h` jli`h (jhbtrk), ksjg`lb ah ub `lak l` ktrk
ah su jhbtrk, ahbtrk ah ub egsek hbtkrbk k lep`gtua, l ubl drhjuhbjgl ahthregblal
(býehrk ah ksjg`ljgkbhs pkr shcubak).
^kr tlbtk `l jkrrghbth lså chbhrlal (jkbtrlrgl l` ﬉umk ah h`hjtrkbhs) bk hs ub ﬉umk hb
ub shbtgak jkbstlbth, sgbk quh vl jleiglbak ah shbtgak y pkr tlbtk ah sgcbk jkbtgbul-
ehbth, jkb tlbtl rlpgahz jkek `l drhjuhbjgl ah ksjg`ljgúb ah `ks h`hjtrkbhs.
Qlbtk `l jkrrghbth jkbtgbul jkek l`thrbl sgcuhb `ks prgbjgpgks ah `l `hy ah Koe, sghb-
ak `l jkrrghbth l`thrbl lprkxgelalehbth :-1 vhjhs ehbks ph`gcrksl quh `l jkbtgbul. Hb
tçregbks chbhrl`hs, ubl jkrrghbth jkbtgbul k l`thrbl ah <>> eL hs jkbsgahrlal jkek
euy ph`gcrksl k ekrtl`.
• Qhbsgúb lp`gjlal=
@l ph`gcrksgala hb h` plsk ah `l thbsgúb ahphbah agrhjtlehbth ah `l rhsgsthbjgl

h`çjtrgjl ah` krclbgsek.
H` rhc`lehbtk H`hjtrktçjbgjk ah Ilml Qhbsgúb ﬌ml ubks vl`krhs ah thbsgúb
thbs gúb ah shcu-
rgala (tl` quh lp`gjlal l` juhrpk ouelbk, prkpkrjgkbh ub vl`kr ah gbthbsgala quh bk
supkbcl rghscks plrl

hep`lzleghbtks h` gbagvgauk)
oýehaks ah 8> Tplrl
y ah <9 vk`tgks plrlhep`lzleghbtks
hep`lzleghbtkssuehrcgaks,
shjks, ah 91sghbak
T plrl
lp`gjli`hs tlbtk plrl jkrrghbth jkbtgbul jkek l`thrbl, jkb ubl drhjuhbjgl ah 8> Oz.
@l thbsgúb `l pkaheks agvgagr=
• ^hquhül thbsgúb= olstl 8> vk`tgks hb jkrrghbth l`thrbl y olstl 38 vk`tgks hb
jkrrghbth jkbtgbul.
• Ilml tthbsgúb=
hbsgúb= olstl <>>> vk`tgks hb jkrrghbth l`thrbl y <8>> vk`tgks hb jkrrghbth
jkbtgbul.
• L`tl thbsgúb= ahsah <>>> vk`tgks hb jkrrghbth l`thrbl y ahsah <8>> vk`tgks hb
jkrrghbth jkbtgbul.
• Drhjuhbjgl
L elykr drhjuhbjgl ehbks ph`gcrksgala, sghbak `ks vl`krhs suphrgkrhs l <>>.>>>

Oz prìjtgjlehbth gbkdhbsgvks. ^lrl vl`krhs ah <>.>>> Oz `l ph`gcrksgala hs sgeg`lr l `l
jkrrghbth jkbtgbul.
^kr `k tlbtk `l eìs ph`gcrksl hs `l l`thrbl ah ilml drhjuhbjgl. Qhbcleks hb juhbtl
quh hb Hsplül `l jkrrghbth l`thrbl hs ah 8> Oz.
@ks hdhjtks ah `l jkrrghbth l`thrbl ah l`tl drhjuhbjgl skb ah ehbks gepkrtlbjgl quh
`ks prkaujgaks pkr ilml drhjuhbjgl ahigak l` hdhjtk phju`glr quh prkvkjl quh `l jkrrghb-
th h`çjtrgjl jgrju`h pkr `l pgh` sgb phbhtrlr hb h` juhrpk, Hsth hs h` hdhjtk quh sh prkaujh
plrl jkrrghbths ah eìs ah <>>.>>> Oz.
@l jkrrghbth jkbtgbul ljtýl pkr hdhjtk ah jl`hbtleghbtk puaghbak ``hclr l prkaujgr
`l h`hjtrk`gsgs ah `l slbcrh jkb rghsck ah heik`gl. @ks hdhjtks prkaujgaks pkr `l jkrrghb-
thb jkbtgbul rhqughrhb bkrelèhbth elykrhs tghepks ah hxpksgjgúb quh `ks quh
sh prkaujhb jkb jkrrghbth l`thrbl.
pìc. 1? X.A.. 1 | YGHZCKZ @GCLAKZ L @LZ JKBAGJGKBHZ
@l rhsgsthbjgl h`çjtrgjl ah` juhrpk ouelbk=
@l rhsgsthbjgl quh prhshbtl h` juhrpk ouelbk l` plsk ah `l jkrrghbth ahphbah ah `l

rhsgsthbjgl h`çjtrgjl ah` juhrpk (quh l su vhz ahphbah ah dljtkrhs jkek `l suphr﬌jgh ah
jkbtljtk, `l prhsgúb ah jkbtljtk, h` crlak ah ouehala ah `l pgh`, htj.), `l rhsgsthbjgl ah
jkbtljtk y `l rhsgsthbjgl ah sl`gal.
@l rhsgsthbjgl h`çjtrgjl ah` juhrpk ouelbk vlrål shcýb `ls phrskbls y h` hstlak ah
slùa quh prhshbthb, hb hsphjgl`, sg tghbhb `hsgkbhs hb `l pgh`. @ks vl`krhs chbhrl`hs ah
rhsgsthbjgl ksjg`lb hbtrh <>> y 8>> S y, thbaghbak hb juhbtl `l ilrrhrl ah `ks thmgaks,
puhah ``hclr l l`jlbzlr vl`krhs ah olstl <.>>> S.
• Yhjkrrgak ah `l jkrrghbth l trlvçs
trlvçs ah` juhrpk
juhrpk
@l crlvhala ah` ljjgahbth ahphbah ah` rhjkrrgak ah `l egsel l trlvçs ah` juhrpk.
Xbl trlyhjtkrgl ah elykr `kbcgtua thbarì, hb prgbjgpgk, elykr rhsgsthbjgl y pkr tlbtk
ehbkr gbthbsgala6 sgb heilrck, puhah ltrlvhslr úrclbks vgtl`hs (jkrlzúb, puèkbhs,
oåclak, htj.)
htj.) prkvkjlbak `hsgkbhs eujok eìs crlvhs. Lquh``ks rhjkrrgaks quh ltrlvgh-
slb h` túrlx k `l jlihzl kjlsgkblb `ks elykrhs alüks.
1.8.:. Qgpks ah ljjgahbths h`çjtrgjks

@ks ljjgahbths h`çjtrgjks sh j`lsg﬌jlb hb=
Jkbtljtk h`çjtrgjk agrhjtk= Hs h` jkbtljtk ah phrskbls jkb plrths h`çjtrgjlehbth
ljtgvls ah elthrgl`hs y hqugpks. @l jkrrghbth ahrgvl ah su trlyhjtkrgl plrl jgrju`lr pkr h`
juhrpk ouelbk.
Hbtrh `ls ldhjjgkbhs eìs drhjuhbths, sh hbjuhbtrlb=
• ^lrk jlraåljk (D
(Dgirg`ljgúb
girg`ljgúb vhbtrgju`lr). Zh prkaujh julbak `l jkrrghbth plsl pkr
h` jkrlzúb y su hdhjtk hb h` krclbgsek sh trlaujh hb ub plrk jgrju`ltkrgk pkr plrlal
jlragljl.
• Ls﬌xgl y plrk rhspgrltkrgk. Zh prkaujh julbak `l jkrrghbth h`çjtrgjl ltrlvghsl h`
túrlx h gepgah `l ljjgúb ah `ks eýsju`ks, `ks puèkbhs y `l rhspgrljgúb.
• Qht
Qhtlbgzljgúb
lbgzljgúb
rhljjgúb eusju`lr/quh
jkbtrljjgúb
gepgah `leusju`lr
eusju`lr.
. Jkbsgsth
shplrljgúb hb `l
vkùbtlrgl ah`lbu`ljgúb
pubtk ahah `l jlpljgala
jkbtljtk
jkbtlj ah
tk h`çjtrgjk.
• \uhelaurls. ûhah prkvkjlr ahsah hbrkmhjgeghbtk ah `l pgh` h ogbjolzúb ah `l
zkbl akbah sh prkaumk h` jkbtljtk olstl jlrikbgzljgúb.
• Heik`gls. Hs h` plsk a
ahh `l jk
jkrrghbth
rrghbth puhah alr ùclr l `l lplrgjgú
lplrgjgúb
b ah jkìc
jkìcu`ks
u`ks hb
`l slbcrh quh puhahb kistrugr l`cubl lrthrgl.
Jkbtljtk h`çjtrgjk gbagrhjtk= Hs h` jkbtljtk ah phrskbls jkb h`hehbtks jkbaujtkrhs
puhstks ljjgahbtlèhbth ilmk thbsgúb pkr ub dl``k ah lgs`leghbtk.
Hb jlsk ah jkbtljtk h`çjtrgjk gbagrhjtk, `ls ldhjjgkbhs skirh `l slùa ouelbl hstìb
chbhrlèhbth lskjglals l=
• Ck`phs ah` juhrpk ouelbk jkbtrl kimhtk
kimhtks,
s, jlåals, htj., kjlsgkblaks trls h` jkb-
tljtk jkb `l jkrrghbth.
• \uhelaurls ah ahigals
igals l` lrjk h`
h`çjtrgjk.
çjtrgjk. ^ûhahb
uhahb shr gbthrbls k hxthrbls pkr h` plsk
ah `l gbthbsgala ah jkrrghbth l trlvçs ah` juhrpk, ighb pkr ‟Hdhjtk Mku`h‗ k pkr prkxg-
egala l` lrjk h`çjtrgjk.
1.8.1.Hdhjtks
1.8.1. Hdhjtks sgk`úcgjks ah `l h`hjtrgjgala
Zhcýb h` tghepk ah hxpksgjgúb y h` rhjkrrgak ah `l jkrrghbth h`çjtrgjl pkr h` juhrpk
ouelbk, puhahb prkaujgrsh `hsgkbhs ah agvhrsl jkbsgahrljgúb6 ahsah ls﬌xgl k quhel-
aurls, olstl `hsgkbhs shjubalrgls l jkbshjuhbjgl ah` jokquh h`çjtrgjk.
@l hxpksgjgúb phrelbhbth l ub rghsck h`çjtrgjk, puhah jkbagjgkblr l `lrck p`lzk `l
lplrgjgúb ah `ks sgcughbths trlstkrbks=
• Elbgdhstljgkbhs rhbl`hs.
• Qrlstkrbks jlragkvlsju`lrhs.
• Qrlstkrbks bhrvgksks.
• Qrlstkrbks shbskrgl`hs, kju`lrhs y luagtgvks.
1.8.8. Ehagals prhvhbtgvls plrl hvgtlr jkbtljtks h`çjtrgjks

Jkbtljtk agrhjtk=
L`hmleghbtk ah `ls plrths ljtgvls ah `l gbstl`ljgúb, gepgaghbak ub jkbtljtk dkrtugtk

jkb `ls elbks.
Gbthrpksgjgúb ah kistìju`ks (pkr hmhep`k lrelrgks h`çjtrgjks lgs`lbths k ilrrhrls
ah prkthjjgúb), gepgaghbak jul`qughr jkbtljtk ljjgahbtl` jkb `ls plrths ljtgvls ah `l
gbstl`ljgúb. Zg `ks kistìju`ks skb ehtì`gjks, sh ahihb tkelr tleigçb `ls ehagals ah
prkthjjgúb prhvgstls jkbtrl jkbtljtks gbagrhjtks.
Yhjuirgeghbtk jkb elthrgl` lgs`lbth (pkr hmhep`k lgs`leghbtk ah jli`hs, pkrtl`ìe-
plrls, htj.). Bk sh jkbsgahrlb elthrgl`hs lgs`lbths lprkpglaks `l pgbturl, `ks ilrbgjhs, `ls
`ljls k prkaujtks sgeg`lrhs.
Lubquh usheks hstls prkthjjgkbhs jkbtrl `ks jkbtljtks agrhjtks, oly kjlsgkbhs hb
`ls quh jkbjurrhb dl``ks ahigak l prki`hels ah elbthbgeghbtk, gepruahbjgls, htj. ^lrl
oljhr drhbth l hstks hrrkrhs, sh gbtrkaujhb=
@ks gbthrruptkrhs agdhrhbjgl`hs quh skb agspksgtgvks ah jkrth ah jkrrghbth pkr ub
ahdhjtk ah lgs`leghbtk, quh krgcgblb
krgcgblb `l ahsjkbhxgúb tktl` k plrjgl` ah `l gbstl`ljgúb
ahdhjtuksl. ^lrl lp`gjlr ubl prkthjjgúb agdhrhbjgl`, tlbtk `ks lplrltks jkek `ls ilshs
ah `ks hbjoudhs olb ah hstlr jkbhjtlaks l tghrrl.
Jkbtljtk gbagrhjtk=
@ks sgsthels ah prkthjjgúb jkbtrl hstks jkbtljtks hstìb dubalehbtlaks hb hstks

trhs prgbjgpgks=
• Gephagr `l lplrgjgúb ah ahdhjtks ehaglbth lgs`leghbtks jkep`hehbtlrgks.
• Oljhr quh h` jkbtljtk h`çjtrgjk bk shl ph`gcrksk ehaglbth h` usk ah thbsgkbhs

bk ph`gcrksls.
pìc. 8> X.A.. 1 | YGHZCKZ @GCLAKZ L @LZ JKBAGJGKBHZ
• @gegtlr `l aurljgúb ah` jkbtljtk l `l jkrrghbth ehaglbth agspksgtgvks ah jkrth.

Iìsgjlehbth, h` rghsck pkr jkbtljtk gbagrhjtk sh hvgtl ehaglbth `l tkel ah tghrrl y/k
agspksgtgvks ah jkrth lutkeìtgjk ah `l thbsgúb k ah `l gbthbsgala ah `l jkrrghbth (elc-
bhtktçregjks y agdhrhbjgl`hs).
@ks elcbhtktçregjks ljtýlb gbthrruepghbak h` plsk ah `l jkrrghbth julbak oly sk-

irhjlrcls hb `l rha k ighb julbak oly jkrtkjgrjugtks. QQlbtk
lbtk hb ub jlsk jkek hb ktrk, h`
elcbhtktçregjk ljtýl prkaujghbak ub jkrth hb h` suegbgstrk h`çjtrgjk l `l gbstl`ljgúb.
^lslaks ubks shcubaks y ubl vhz jkeprkilak quh `l jlusl quh ol ektgvlak h` jkrth
sh ol suislblak, sh puhah vk`vhr l jkbhjtlr.
@ls tkels ah tghrrl tghbhb jkek kimhtgvk hvgtlr quh jul`qughr hqugpk ahsjlrcuh su
pkthbjgl` h`çjtrgjk l tghrrl l trlvçs ah buhstrk juhrpk. Hb jkbagjgkbhs bkrel`hs, jul`-
qughr hqugpk puhah thbhr hb sus plrths ehtì`gjls ubl jlrcl h`çjtrgjl ighb pkr h`hjtrg-
jgala hstìtgjl k ighb pkr ubl ahrgvljgúb. Jkb h` ﬌b ah hvgtlr ubl ahsjlrcl h`çjtrgjl l`
tkjlr agjok hqugpk, sh hxgch quh çsth thbcl sus plrths ehtì`gjls jkb tkel ah tghrrl.
1.8.4.Ehagals
1.8.4. Ehagals prhvhbtgvls plrl `ls gbstl`ljgkbhs ah l`tl thbsgúb
• Lirgr jkb jkrth vgsgi`h tkals `ls duhbths ah thbsgúb ehaglbth gbthrruptkrhs y
sh`hjjgkblakrhs.
• Hbj`lvlr k i`kquhlr
i`kquhlr,, sg hs pksgi`h, tkaks `ks agspksgtgvks ah jkrth y shül`gzljgúb
hb h` elbak ah çstks.
• Jkeprkilr `l lushbjgl ah thbsgúb.
• ^kbhr l tghrrl y hb jkrtkjgrjugtk tkals `ls pksgi`hs duhbths ah thbsgúb.
• Ah`gegtlr `l zzkbl
kbl ah trlilmk ehag
ehaglbth
lbth `l shül`gzljgúb lahjulal
1.8.3. ^rkjhageghbtks plrl ub trlilmk shcurk jkb rghsck h`çjtrgjk

@k eìs dubalehbtl` l `l okrl ah rhl`gzlr trlilmks skirh gbstl`ljgkbhs h`çjtrgjls, hs
rhl`gzlr, sgheprh quh shl pksgi`h, `ks trlilmks sgb thbsgúb. Jkb kimhtk ah ahmlr ‐‐sgb
sgb thb-
sgúb― ubl gbstl`ljgúb hs bhjhslrgk shcugr jgbjk rhc`ls.
• Ahsjkbhjtlr.
• ^rhvhbgr jul`qughr pksgi`h rhl`gehbtljgúb.
• Thrg﬌jlr `l lushbjgl ah thbsgúb.
• ^kbhr l tghrrl y hb jkrtkjgrjugtk.
• ^rkthchr drhbth l h`hehbtks prúxgeks hb thbsgúb, hb su jlsk, y hstli`hjhr ubl
shül`gzljgúb ah shcurgala quh ah`gegth `l zkbl ah trlilmk.
Zhcýb h` lrtåju`k 8 ah` YA 4<1/9>>< h` heprhslrgk ahihrì clrlbtgzlr quh `ks rhprh-
shbtlbths ah `ks trlilmlakrhs rhjgilb ubl dkreljgúb h gbdkreljgúb lahjulals
skirh h` rghsck h`çjtrgjk, lså jkek skirh `ls ehagals ah prhvhbjgúb y prkthjjgúb quh
olylb ah lakptlrsh.
@ls bhjhsgalahs ah dkreljgúb h gbdkreljgúb vlrålb hb dubjgúb ah `ls ljtgvgalahs quh
X.A JKBAGJGK BHZ AH ZHCXYGALA pìc. 8<
h` trlilmlakr rhl`gjh lså jkek ah `ls gbstl`ljgkbhs quh elbhmh.

^lrl h` jlsk ah trlilmlakrhs usulrgks ah hqugpks y/k gbstl`ljgkbhs h`çjtrgjls, hs su﬌-
jghbth jkb trlbsegtgr jkbshmks jkek `ks quh l jkbtgbuljgúb sh hxpkbhb=
• Bk trlilmh jkb hqugpks k gbstl`ljgkbhs quh prhshbthb ahdhjtks jkb jli`hs k
hbjoudhs.
• Bk ahshbjoudh `ks hhqugpks
qugpks tgrlbak ah ``ks
ks jli`hs
jli`hs..
• Bk elbgpu`h hb h` gbthrgkr ah `ks hqugpks bg `ks ahsekbth.
• Bk skirhjlrcuh `ks hbjoudhs ah dkrel liusgvl utg`gzlbak `larkbhs k rhc`htls.
• Hb hep`lzle
hep`lzleghbtks
ghbtks ah jlrljthråstgjls hsphjgl`hs (oýehaks, ekmlaks, pk`vkrghb-
tks, jkb rghsck ah gbjhbagk, hxp`ksgúb...) bk sh k`vgah ah lp`gjlr `ls ehagals ah shcu-
rgala gbohrhbths l hsh hep`lzleghbtk.
1.4. ZHÜL@G]LJGÚB
@l shül`gzljgúb hs `l gbagjljgúb ehaglbth ub jkbmubtk ah hståeu`ks quh jkbagjgkblb
`l ljtuljgúb ah `ls phrskbls quh `ls rhjgihb drhbth l ubls jgrjubstlbjgls quh sh prhthb-
ahb rhsl`tlr.
1.4.<.Ahbgjgkbhs
1.4.<. Ahbgjgkbhs
Zhcýb h` Yhl` Ahjrhtk 1?8/<773 skirh agspksgjgkbhs eåbgels hb elthrgl ah
shül`gzljgúb ah shcurgala y slùa hb h` trlilmk, sh hbthbahrì pkr=
• Zhül`gzljgúb a ahh shcurgala y slùa hhbb h` ttrlilmk=
rlilmk= ubl sh
shül`gzljgúb
ül`gzljgúb q
quh,
uh, rhd
rhdhrgal
hrgal
l ub kimhtk, ljtgvgala k sgtuljgúb ahthregblals, prkpkrjgkbh ubl gbagjljgúb k ubl
ki`gcljgúb rh`ltgvl l `l shcurgala k `l slùa hb h` trlilmk ehaglbth ubl shül` hb dkrel
ah plbh`, ub jk`kr, ubl shül` ùegbksl k ljýstgjl, ubl jkeubgjljgúb vhril` k ubl
shül` chstul`, shcýb prkjhal.
• Zhül` ah prkogigjgúb= ubl shül` quh prkoåih ub jkepkrtleghbtk susjhptg
susjhptgi`h
i`h ah
prkvkjlr ub ph`gcrk.
• Zhül` ah lavhrthbjgl= ubl shül` quh lavghrth ah ub rghsck k ph`gcrk
ph`gcrk..
• Zhül` ah ki`gcljgúb= ubl shül` quh ki`gcl l ub jkepkrtleghbtk ahthregblak.
• Zhül` ah sl`v
sl`vlehbtk
lehbtk k ah skjkrrk= ubl shül` quh prkpkrjgkbl gbagjljgkbhs rrh`ltg-
h`ltg-
vls l `ls sl`gals ah skjkrrk, l `ks prgehrks luxg`gks k l `ks agspksgtgvks ah sl`vlehbtk.
• Zhül` gbagjltgvl= ubl shül` quh prkpkrjgkbl ktrls gbdkreljgkbhs agstgbtls l `l ah
prkogigjgúb, ki`gcljgúb k lavhrthbjgl.
• Zhül` hb dkrel ah plbh`= ubl shül` quh, pkr `l jkeigbljgúb ah ubl dkrel chkeç-
trgjl, ah jk`krhs y ah ub såeik`k k pgjtkcrlel, prkpkrjgkbl ubl ahthregbl-
al gbdkreljgúb, juyl vgsgig`gala hstì lshcurlal pkr ubl gùegbljgúb ah su﬌jghbth
gbthbsgala.
• Zhül` lagjgkbl`= ubl shül` utg

utg`gzlal
`gzlal mubtk l ktrl sshül`
hül` dljg`gtl gbdkreljgkbhs
jkep`hehbtlrgls.
• Jk`kr ah shcurgala= ub jk`kr l` quh sh ltrgiuyh ubl sgcbg﬌jljgúb aht
ahthregblal
hregblal hb
rh`ljgúb jkb `l shcurgala y slùa hb h` trlilmk.
• Zåeik`k k pgjtkcrlel= ubl gelchb quh ahsjrgih ubl sgtuljgúb u ki`gcl l ub

jkepkrtleghbtk ahthregblak, utg`gzlal skirh ubl shül` hb dkrel ah plbh` k skirh
ubl suphr﬌jgh ùegbksl.
• Zhül` ùegbksl= ubl shül` hhegtgal
egtgal pkr ehagk ah ub agspksgtgvk dkrelak pkr el-
thrgl`hs trlbsplrhbths k trlbs`ýjgaks, gùegblaks ahsah ltrìs k ahsah h` gbthrgkr, ah tl`
elbhrl quh lplrhzjl pkr så egsel jkek ubl suphr﬌jgh ùegbksl.
• Zhül` ljýstgjl= ubl shül` sskbkrl
kbkrl jkag﬌jlal, hegtgal y agdubagal pkr ehagk ah ub
agspksgtgvk lprkpglak, sgb gbthrvhbjgúb ah vkz ouelbl k sgbtçtgjl.
• Jkeubgjljgúb vhril`= ub ehbslmh vh
vhril`
ril` prhahth
prhahthregblak,
regblak, hb h` quh sh utg`g
utg`gzl
zl vkz
ouelbl k sgbtçtgjl.
• Zhül` chstul`= ub ekvgeghbtk k agspksgjgúb ah `ks irlzks k ah `ls elbks hb dkrel
jkag﬌jlal plrl cuglr l `ls phrskbls quh hstçb rhl`gzlbak elbgkirls quh jkbstgtuylb
ub rghsck k ph`gcrk plrl `ks trlilmlakrhs.
1.4.9.^rgbjgpgks
1.4.9. ^rgbjgpgks chbhrl`hs
chbhrl`hs ah `l shül`gzljgúb ah shcurgala
@l shül`gzljgúb ah shcurgala y slùa hb h` trlilmk ahihrì utg`gzlrsh sgheprh quh h`
lbì`gsgs ah `ks rghscks hxgsthbths, ah `ls sgtuljgkbhs ah hehrchbjgl prhvgsgi`hs y ah `ls
ehagals prhvhbtgvls lakptlals, pkbcl ah elbg﬌hstk `l bhjhsgala ah=
• @`lelr `l lthbjgúb ah `ks trlilmlakrhs skirh `l hxgsthbjgl ah ahthregblaks rghscks,
prkogigjgkbhs u ki`gcljgkbhs.
• L`hrtlr l `ks trlilmlakrhs julbak sh prkauzjl ubl ahthregblal sgtuljgúb ah hehr-
chbjgl quh rhqughrl ehagals urchbths ah prkthjjgúb k hvljuljgúb.
hvljulj gúb.
• Dljg`gtlr l `ks trlilmlakrhs `l `kjl`gzljgúb h gahbtg﬌jljgúb ah ahthregblaks ehagks
k gbstl`ljgkbhs ah prkthjjgúb, hvljuljgúb, hehrchbjgl k prgehrks luxg`gks.
• Krghbtlr k cugcuglr
lr l `ks trlilmlakrhs quh rhl`gjhb aht
ahthregblals
hregblals elbgkirls
ph`gcrksls.
@l shül`gzljgúb bk ahihrì jkbsgahrlrsh ubl ehagal sustgtutkrgl ah `ls ehagals tçj-
bgjls y krclbgzltgvls ah prkthjjgúb jk`hjtgvl y ahihrì utg`gzlrsh julbak ehaglbth hstls
ý`tgels bk olyl sgak pksgi`h h`gegblr `ks rghscks k rhaujgr`ks su﬌jghbthehbth.
su﬌jghbthehbth. QQlepk-
lepk-
jk ahihrì jkbsgahrlrsh ubl ehagal sustgtutkrgl ah `l dkreljgúb h gbdkreljgúb ah `ks
trlilmlakrhs hb elthrgl ah shcurgala y slùa hb h` trlilmk.
X.A JKBAGJGK BHZ AH ZHCXYGALA pìc. 8:
1.4.:. Qgpks
Qgpks ah shül`hs
Zhül`hs ah lavhrthbjgl.
Dkrel trglbcu`lr. ^gjtkcrlel bhcrk skirh dkbak lelrg``k (h` lelrg``k ahihrì juirgr
jkek eåbgek h` 8>% ah `l suphr﬌jgh ah `l shül`), ikrahs bhcrks.
Elthrgl`hs gb
gb﬉leli`hs Elthrgl`hs h
hx
xp`ksgvks Elthrgl`hs tú
túxgjks Elthrgl`hs jk
jkrrksgvks Elthrgl`hs rl
rlagkljtgvks Jlrcls su
susphbagals
Thoåju`ks ah
ah el
elbuthbjgúb Yghsck h`çj trgjk ^h`gcrk hb
hb ch
chbhrl` Ylagljgkbhs `ì
`ìshr Elthrgls jjk
keiurhbths Ylagljgkbhs b
bk
k gkbgzlbths
Jlepk elcbçtgjk gbthbsk Y gh

gh sc
sc k a h t rrk
k ph
ph zl
zl r J lg
lg a
al
ll a
agg sstt ggb
b tk
tk b gv
gvh ` Yghsck igk`úcgjk Ilml thephrlturl Elthrgls bkjgvls k grrgtlbths
Jkek hxjhpjgúb, h` dkbak ah `l shül`

s hül` skirh ‐elthrgls bkjgvls k grrgtlbths― shrì ah
blrlbml, hb ùclr ah lelrg``k, plrl hvgtlr jkbdusgkbhs jkb ktrls shül`hs sgeg`lrhs.
Zhül`hs ah prkogigjgúb.
Dkrel rhakbal. ^gjtkcrlel bhcrk skirh dkbak i`lbjk, ikrahs y ilbal rkmks (h` rkmk
ahihrì juirgr jkek eåbgek h` :8% ah `l suphr﬌jgh ah `l shül`).

Zhül`hs ah ki`gcljgúb.
Dkrel rhakbal. ^gjtkcrlel i`lbjk skirh dkbak lzu` (h` lzu` ahihrì juirgr jkek
eåbgek h` 8>% ah `l suphr﬌jgh ah `l shül`).
Zhül`hs rh`ltgvls l `ks hqugpks ah ùjol jkbtrl gbjhbagks.
Dkrel rhjtlbcu`lr k jularlal. ^gjtkcrlel i`lbjk skirh dkbak rkmk (h` rkmk ahihrì
juirgr jkek eåbgek h` 8>% ah `l suphr﬌jgh ah `l shül`).
Zhül`hs ah sl`vlehbtk k skjkrrk.
Dkrel rhjtlbcu`lr k jularlal. ^gjtkcrlel i`lbjk skirh dkbak vhrah (h` vhrah ahih-
rì juirgr jkek eåbgek h` 8>% ah `l suphr﬌jgh ah `l shül`).
8 GBJHBAGKZ
8.<.
8.<. BKJGKBHZ IÌZGJLZ AH GBJHBAGKZ
GBJHBAGK Z
@l gepkrtlbjgl ah` rghsck ah gbjhbagk ahbtrk ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk rlagjl hb
aks lsphjtks gepkrtlbths=
H` rghsck ah gbjhbagk hs jkeýb l tkaks `ks ùclrhs y ljtgvgalahs, puhstk quh hb tk-
aks h``ks pkaheks thbhr, hb elykr k ehbkr ehagal, hb ub ekehbtk alak, `ks dljtkrhs
ahshbjlahblbths ah` duhck, quh hs h` krgchb ah `ks gbjhbagks.
Julbak sh ahj`lrl ub gbjhbagk, hxgsthb ubls rhphrjusgkbhs hjkbúegjls y l vhjhs
ouelbls quh rhjlhb agrhjtlehbth skirh qughb `ls sudrh h gbagrhjtlehbth skirh `l
skjghala.
Hstls aks jgrjubstlbjgls oljhb quh ah elbhrl jrhjghbth sh tkeh jkbjghbjgl ah` pksg-
i`h prki`hel y sh trlth ah alr rhspuhstl plrl hvgtlr quh h` gbjhbagk sh prkauzjl k, hb h`
phkr ah `ks jlsks, sg çsth sh ahshbjlahbl, plrl agsegbugr sus jkbshjuhbjgls.
Xbl elbgdhstljgúb ah hstl prhkjupljgúb skjgl` ljhrjl ah `ks gbjhbagks hs h` trltl-
eghbtk quh ah dkrel hsphjå﬌jl olb thbgak hb `l bkreltgvl `hcl`.
Lså, y hb rh`ljgúb agrhjtl jkb `ks rghscks `likrl`hs, `l @hy :</<778 jkbthep`l jkek
ubl ah `ls sgtuljgkbhs ah hehrchbjgl, l jkbsgahrlr ah elbhrl ki`gcltkrgl hb `ls heprh-
sls, h` jlsk ah gbjhbagk, ahelbalbak quh hxgstl ubl prhvgsgúb skirh h` egsek jkb `l
bhjhslrgl dkreljgúb ah phrskbls hbjlrclals ah jkbtrk`lr`k.
Zhcýb h` lrtåju`k 9> ah `l @hy ah ^rhvhbjgúb ah Yghscks @likrl`hs=
H` heprhslrgk, thbghbak hb juhbtl h` tlelük y `l ljtgvgala ah `l heprhsl, lså jkek
`l pksgi`h prhshbjgl ah phrskbls lmhbls l `l egsel, ahihrì lbl`gzlr `ls sgtuljgkbhs ah
hehrchbjgl y lakptlr `ls ehagals bhjhslrgls hb elthrgl ah prgehrks luxg`gks, ùjol
gbjhbagks y hvljuljgúb ah `ks trlilmlakrhs, ahsgcblbak plrl h``k l` phrskbl` hbjlrcl-
ak ah pkbhr hb prìjtgjl hstls ehagals y jkeprkilbak phrgúagjlehbth, hb su jlsk,
su jkrrhjtk dubjgkbleghbtk. H` jgtlak phrskbl` ahihrì pkshhr `l dkreljgúb bhjhslrgl,
shr su﬌jghbth hb býehrk y elthrgl` lahjulak, hb dubjgúb ah `ls jgrjubstlbjgls lbths
shül`lals.
^lrl `l l lp`gjljgúb ah `ls ehagals lakptlals, h` heprhslrgk ahihrì krclbgzlr `ls
rh`ljgkbhs quh shlb bhjhslrgls jkb `ks shrvgjgks hxthrbks l `l heprhsl, hb plrtgju`lr hb
elthrgl ah prgehrks luxg`gks, lsgsthbjgl eçagjl ah urchbjgl, sl`vlehbtk y ùjol jkbtrl
gbjhbagks, ah dkrel quh quhah clrlbtgzlal `l rlpgahz y h﬌jljgl ah `ls egsels.
Ah elbhrl eìs chbhrl` y lep`gl, sh pui`gjl h` Y.A. :<1/9>>4, ah <3 ah Elrzk pkr
h` quh sh lpruhil h` júagck thúrgjk ah `l hag﬌jljgúb, quh jkbthep`l `ls hxgchbjgls
jkbstrujtgvls ah prkthjjgúb ah gbjhbagks, tlbtk plrl prkthchr h` pltrgekbgk jkek ah
prkthjjgúb l `ls phrskbls, hstli`hjghbak `ls jkbagjgkbhs quh olb ah juep`gr `ks hag﬌-
jgks plrl dljg`gtlr `l hvljuljgúb y hvgtlr `l prkplcljgúb ah` jl`kr, `ls ``lels y h` ouek.
Hstl bkreltgvl ah ìeigtk bljgkbl` puhah hstlr jkep`hehbtlal pkr ktrl ah
jlrìjthr lutkbúegjk k `kjl`.
L` shr h` duhck h` krgchb ah `ks gbjhbagks, rhsu`tl bhjhslrgk jkbkjhr `k eìs pksgi`h
skirh h` egsek jkb h` ﬌b ah lakptlr `ls ehagals lahjulals plrl jkbtrk`lr`k.
8.9. H@ DXHCK
H` duhck sh ah﬌bh jkek `l jkeiustgúb quh sh elbg﬌hstl jkb ahsprhbageghbtk ah
ùz, jl`kr gbthbsk y, chbhrlèhbth, ``lels. ^kr jkeiustgúb sh hbtghbah `l rhljjgúb quå-
egjl hbhrcçtgjl quh sh prkaujh julbak `ks vlpkrhs ahsprhbagaks pkr ub jkepuhstk
jkeiustgi`h sh jkeigblb jk jkb
b h` kxåchbk ah` lgr
lgrh,
h, elbgdhstìbaksh chbhrlèhbth hb
dkrel ah duhck.
^lrl quh `l jkeiustgúb sh gbgjgh sh bhjhsgtl `l prhshbjgl ah=
• Jkeiustgi`h. Hs tkal sustlbjgl jlplz ah heg
hegtgr
tgr vlpkrhs gb﬉leli`hs yy,, pkr tlbt
tlbtk,
k,
ah hbtrlr hb jkeiustgúb k lrahr. H` jkeiustgi`h puhah shr sú`gak (elahrl), `åqugak
(clsk`gbl) k clshksk (iutlbk, prkplbk).
• Jkeiurhbth. Hs tkak h`hehbtk quh l` jk
jkeigblrsh
eigblrsh jkb k ktrk
trk prkvk
prkvkjl
jl `l jkeiust
jkeiustgúb
gúb
ah` ý`tgek. H` jkeiurhbth hs, bkrelèhbth,
b krelèhbth, h` kxåchbk ah` lgrh.
• Jl`kr. Hs `l hbhrcål ah ljtgvljgúb bhjhslrgl plrl gbgjglr `l jkeiustgúb. Hs gepksgi`h
h`
shgbgjgk ah` duhck
rhprhshbtlb hb sg
h`bk sh hbjuhbtrlb
``lelak trgìbcu`kubgaks `ks trhs dljtkrhs quh, trlagjgkblèhbth,
ah` duhck.
• Yhljjgúb hb jlahbl. Hb su gbgjgk
gbgjgk,, `l jkeiustgúb sh jkepkrtl jkek ubl rhljjgúb
ahbkegblal ‐hbaktçregjl―
‐hbaktçregjl―,, puhs bhjhsgtl ah` jjl`kr
l`kr plrl su gbgjgk. Zg ubl vhz gbgjglal,
`l hbhrcål ahsprhbagal bk hs su﬌jghbth, h` duhck sh lplclrì. Lså puhs, plrl h` elbth-
bgeghbtk ah` gbjhbagk, `l hbhrcål ah `l jkeiustgúb ahih shr su﬌jghbth plrl elbthbhr
`ls rhljjgkbhs hb jlahbl quh sh olb ah prkaujgr hbth h` kxåchbk y `ks vlpkrhs ah`
jkeiustgi`h. Hsth ý`tgek dljtkr sh gbjùyh jkek ubk eìs ah `ks jkbstgtuyhbths ah`
duhck, albak ùclr l` ahbkegblak thtrlhark ah` duhck.
Zg l`cubk ah hstks jultrk dljtkrhs dl`tl k su gbthbsgala= bk hs su﬌jghbth, `l jkeius-
tgúb bk thbarì ùclr k sh hxtgbcugrì.
Zh oli`l ah jkbltk ah gbjhbagk sg h` duhck yl hs vgsgi`h
v gsgi`h phrk ldhjtl sú`k l` ùclr hb
h` quh sh ol prkaujgak, sgb quh olyl hephzlak l prkplclrsh.
8.9.<.
8.9.<. J`lshs ah duhck
d uhck
^lrl pkahr ahjgagr h` sgsthel ah hxtgbjgúb eìs lprkpglak, `ks duhcks sh j`lsg﬌jlb
(lthbaghbak l` jkeiustgi`h) hb=
• J`lsh L. Jkeiustgúb ah elthrgl`hs sú`gaks quh l` quhelr prkaujhb irlsls y jh-
bgzls. Hmhep`ks l jgtlr skb `l jkeiustgúb ah elahrl, plph`, plml, thmgaks blturl`hs...
Zh jlrljthrgzlb pkr `l crlb h`hvljgúb ah `l thephrlturl.
• J`lsh I. Duhcks ah `åqugaks gb﬉leli`hs k sú`gaks quh pkr ljjgúb ah` jl`kr plslb
l` hstlak `åqugak (sú`gaks ah ilmk pubtk ah dusgúb). Zkb duhcks suphr﬌jgl`hs y lrahb
euy vgvlehbth. Zkb hmhep`ks h` duhck ah clsk`gbls, l`qugtrìb, ljhgths,
l jhgths, crlsls, agsk`-
vhbths, htj.
H`•gbgjgk
J`lshahJ.`lDDuhcks
uhcks ah clshs
jkeiustgúb gb﬉leli`hs
hs euy vgk`hbtkjkek ljhtg`h
ljhtg`hbk,
bk, eht
y sh ahsprhbah ehtlbk,
crlblbk, iutlbk
iutlbk,
jlbtg- , prkplbk.
ala ah jl`kr.
pìc. 8? X.A.. 1 | YGHZCKZ @GCLAKZ L @LZ JKBAGJGKBHZ
• J`lsh A. Zkb `ks ``lelaks ‐duhcks hsphjgl`hs―

hsphjgl`hs―.. Zh jkbsuehb ehtl`hs jkeiustg-
i`hs y jkepuhstks quåegjks k rlagljtgvks. Zkb agdåjg`hs ah hxtgbcugr y jlal ubk tghbh
su sgsthel ah hxtgbjgúb hsphjå﬌jk lprkpglak. Hmhep`ks= duhcks hb skagk, elcbhsgk,
pktlsgk, lùegbgk pu`vhrgzlak, urlbgk, `gtgk, htj.
• Duhcks h`çjtrgjks. Lbtgculehbth ahbkegblaks j`lsh H, skb lquh``ks ah jul`hs-
qughrl ah `ks tgpks lbthrgkrhs
lbthrgkrhs quh sh prkau
prkaujhb
jhb pkr jlusl ah `l h`hjtrgjgala k hb
prhshbjgl ah thbsgúb h`çjtrgjl l plrtgr ah 98 vk`t
vk`tgks.
gks. H` lchbth hxtgbtkr bk puhah shr
jkbaujtkr ah `l h`hjtrgjgala plrl hvgtlr ljjgahbths pkr h`hjtrkjujgúb. Hmhep`ks skb
duhcks hb eìqugbls k hqugpks h`çjtrgjks.
8.:. QG^KZ AH JKEIXZQGÚB

JKEIXZQGÚB
Hb h` ahslrrk``k ah` duhck sh ahbkegbl vh`kjgala ah prkplcljgúb l `l vh`kjgala ah`
drhbth quh shplrl `l zkbl quhelal (prkaujtks yl ahstrugaks) ah lquh``l hb quh `ks
jkepkbhbths lýb bk olb rhljjgkblak. Jkbsgahrlbak `l vh`kjgala ah prkplcljgúb ah`
drhbth, Gls jkeiustgkbhs sh j`lsg﬌jlb hb=
• Kxgaljgúb `hbtl. Julbak h` jl`kr prkaujgak ahsplrhjh sgb prkvkjlr ub luehbtk
sgcbg﬌jltgvk
sgcbg﬌jltgvk ah `l thephrltu
thephrlturl,
rl, pkr `k quh bk oly rhljjgúb hb jlahbl. Hmhep`k j`ìsgjk
hs h` ‐lelrg``hlak ah `ks plph`hs―.
• Jkeiustgúb sgep`h. Julbak `l vh`kjgala ah prkplcljgúb ah` drhbth hs gbdhrgkr
l < ehtrk pkr shcubak (e/shc.). Xbl plrth ah `l hbhrcål ahsprhbagal, elbtghbh `l
rhljjgúb hb jlahbl y h` rhstk ahslplrhjh. Hmhep`ks ah hstl jkeiustgúb skb `ls ah `l
elahrl, thmgaks, plph`, htj.
• Ah﬉lcrljgúb. Lquç``l juyl vh`kjgala ah prkplcljgúb ah` drhbth hs suphrgkr l <
e/shc. phrk gbdhrgkr :1> e/shc. (vh`kjgala ah` skbgak). @l sustlbjgl lrah rìpgalehbth
jkb ``lel y sgb hxp`ksgúb. Hmhep`k oligtul` skb `ls jkeiustgkbhs gbstlbtìbhls ah `ks
vlpkrhs ah `ks `åqugaks gb﬉leli`hs.
• Ahtkbljgúb. Lquç``l juyl vh`kjgala ah prkplcljgúb hs suphrgkr l `l ah` skbgak
hb h` ehagk akbah tghbh ùclr. Zh prkaujh hstlepgak k truhbk. Hmhep`k tåpgjk hs `l
hxp`ksgúb ah `l pú`vkrl.
Qlbtk `ls ah﬉lcrljgkbhs jjkek

kek `ls ahtkbljgk
ahtkbljgkbhs
bhs prkaujhb dhbúehbks ah luehbtks
ah prhsgúb (hxp`ksgkbhs), pkr rhljjgúb quåegjl. Ahphbaghbak ah `l rhsgsthbjgl ah` rhjgb-
tk akbah thbclb ùclr, sh prkaujgrìb alüks lülagaks pkr hdhjtk ah `l hxp`ksgúb.
8.1. ^YK^LCLJGÚB AH @KZ GBJHBAGKZ

@l prkplcljgúb hs `l hvkùjgúb hb h` tghepk y hb h` hspljgk.
8.1.<.^rkplcljgúb
8.1.<. ^rkplcljgúb hb h` tghepk
@l hvkùjgúb quh hxphrgehbtlb `ks gbjhbagks
gbjhbagks ahphbah ah` tgpk ah duhck ah quh sh trlth.
Lså=
@ks duhcks ah j`lsh L suh`hb thbhr ub ahslrrk``k rh`ltgvlehbth `hbtk, jkb chbhrljgúb
ah vlpkrhs y oueks lbths ah quh sh puhal lprhjglr `l ``lel. H` quh hstl j`lsh ah duhck
puhal chbhrlr irlsl lirh `l pksgig`gala ah rhgcbgjgúb, pkr `k quh shrì bhjhslrgk thbhr
hb juhbtl hstl jgrjubstlbjgl l `l okrl ah alr pkr jkbtrk`lak ub gbjhbagk hb h` quh hstç
prhshbth hsth tgpk ah jkeiustgi`h.
@ks duhcks ah `l j`lsh I y J tghbhb ub ahslrrk``k jlrljthråstgjk, jkb ubl hvkùjgúb
euy rìpgal quh phregth l`jlbzlr l`tls thephrlturls hb phrgkaks ah tghepk euy jkrtks,
jkb crlb jlbtgala ah ekvgeghbtk ah clshs jl`ghbths quh puhahb shrvgr jkek hbhrcål
ah ljtgvljgúb hb ktrks pubtks agstgbtks ah` ùclr akbah sh hstì elthrgl`gzlbak h` gbjhb-
agk.
Xbl agdhrhbjgl hb `l hvkùjgúb ah `ks gbjhbagks jkb hstl j`lsh ah duhcks hs `l pksg-
ig`gala ah jkbtrk` ah` jkeiustgi`h ubl vhz hxtgbcugak h` duhck, `k quh rhsu`tl eìs dìjg`
hb h` jlsk ah jkeiustgi`hs `åqugaks y sghbak jlsg gepksgi`h h` jkbtrk` ah `ks clshs olstl
h` pubtk quh puhah rhsu`tlr ljkbshmli`h bk lplclr h` duhck y elbthbhr`k jkbtrk`lak sg
bk sh puhah jkrtlr `l duhbth ah` cls.
8.1.9. ^rkplcljgúb hb h` hspljgk

Gbgjglak h` duhck, çsth sh prkplcl, jlsk ah bk hxtgbcugrsh h` jkbltk, pkr `ks ehjlbgs-
eks bkrel`hs ah `l trlbsegsgúb ah jl`kr=
Jkbaujjgúb= hs `l trlbsegsgúb ah` jl`kr quh sh prkaujh hb `ks juhrpks sú`gaks pkr
prkxgegala ah ek`çju`ls. @l elykr k ehbkr vh`kjgala ahphbahrì tlbtk ah `l bltu-
rl`hzl jkek ah `l hstrujturl elsl. Hsth dhbúehbk ah trlbsegsgúb shrì ehbkr hb `ks
`åqugaks y eåbgek hb `ks clshs l` hstlr sus ek`çju`ls euy shplrlals.
Jkbvhjjgúb. Hsth dhbúehbk jkbsgsth hb quh h` lgrh prúxgek l` dkjk ah jl`kr sh jl-
`ghbtl y jkeghbzl l lsjhbahr hb vgrtua ah quh su phsk hs ehbkr6 l su vhz, h` lgrh drhsjk,
ahsp`lzlak pkr h` jl`ghbth y jkb ub phsk elykr, tghbah l ilmlr, jkb `k quh sh dkrelb jk-
rrghbths ah lgrh ah agdhrhbths thephrlturls. @ls jkrrghbths sh prkaujhb ah dkrel blturl`
lubquh puhahb vhrsh dlvkrhjgals pkr `ks ehjlbgseks ah vhbtg`ljgúb.
H` lgrh jl`ghbth puhah l`jlbzlr thephrlturls ah <.>>> ½J y hb su rhjkrrgak puhahb
krgcgblr gbjhbagks hb pubtks l`hmlaks.
Ylagljgúb. Julbak ub juhrpk sh jl`ghbtl trlsegth jl`kr l `ks juhrpks quh sh hbjuhb-
trlb prúxgeks l h`.
@k eìs jkeýb hs quh `l prkplcljgúb sh prkauzjl pkr ub hdhjtk jkbmubtk ah `ks trhs
ehjlbgseks. @l prkplcljgúb puhah shr.
• Ah dkrel okrgzkbtl`.
• Ah dkrel vhrtgjl`.
• Lsjhbahbth.
• Ahsjhbahbth.
8.8. ^YHTHBJGÚB AH GBJHBAGKZ

GBJHBAGKZ
Xbl vhz jkbkjgals `ls jlrljthråstgjls dubalehbtl`hs ah `ks gbjhbagks, sh puhah plslr
l jkbtrk`lr`ks. ^lrl h``ks pkaheks ljtulr=
Hb prhvhbjgúb= gepgaghbak quh sh puhalb prkaujgr, ljtulbak skirh `ks dljtkrhs
pìc. 4> X.A.. 1 | YGHZCKZ @GCLAKZ L @LZ JKBAGJGKBHZ
ah` duhck ah dkrel quh bk sh hbjuhbtrhb prhshbth, tkaks h``ks hb ub egsek ùclr l`
egsek tghepk.
Hb prkthjjgúb= juyk kimhtgvk bk hs egbgegzlr h` quh sh prkauzjl h` gbjhbagk sgbk eg-
bgegzlr sus jkbshjuhbjgls ljtulbak dubalehbtlèhbth skirh `ls vlrgli`hs quh gbjgahb
hb `l prkplcljgúb, Zh puhah ``hvlr l jlik ehaglbth=
• ^rkthjjgúb ljtgvl.
• ^rkthjjgúb plsgvl.
8.8.<.^rhvhbjgúb
8.8.<. ^rhvhbjgúb ah `ks gbjhbagks
Jkek oheks vgstk lbthrgkrehbth, plrl h` gbgjgk ah` duhck sh bhjhsgtl `l jkhxgsthbjgl
ah `ks jultrk h`hehbtks quh jkepkbhb h` thtrlhark ah` duhck. @l h`gegbljgúb ah jul`-
qughrl ah h``ks prkaujh `l hxtgbjgúb ah` gbjhbagk.
H`gegbljgúb ah` jkeiustgi`h
Jkbsgsth hb rhtgrlr `ks jkeiustgi`hs ah `ls prkxgegalahs ah `l zkbl ah duhck lbths

ah quh shlb ldhjtlaks pkr h` egsek. H` ehagk eìs h﬌jlz hs prhvhbgr h` gbjhbagk bk
lèljhblbak elthrgls
sh ol prkaujgak, jkeiustgi`hs
`l skùjgúb sh al jkbjhrjl ah `ls zkbls
`l rhdrgchrljgúb ahph`gcrksls. Julbakprúxgeks
`ks jkeiustgi`hs h` gbjhbagk
l`
duhck plrl hvgtlr su gb﬉leljgúb (hmhep`k= agùjgúb hb lcul). Hb jlsk ah clshs k `åqug-
aks pkr jkbaujtks, `l skùjgúb gbehagltl hs h` jkrth ah suegbgstrk.
H`gegbljgúb ah` kxåchbk (skdkjljgúb)
Zh `kcrl, k ighb gepgaghbak `l lpkrtljgúb ah` kxåchbk skirh h` jkeiustgi`h (hmhe-

p`k, rhjuirghbak l çsth jkb ub elthrgl` bk jkeiustgi`h jkek pk`vk, lrhbl, hspuel, k
prkyhjtlbak l crlb prhsgúb ubl sustlbjgl hxtgbtkrl quh ahsp`ljh l` lgrh gepgaghbak su
jkbtljtk jkb h` jkeiustgi`h) k rhaujghbak `l jkbjhbtrljgúb ah` kxåchbk olstl vl`krhs
tlb ilmks quh bk phregtlb `l jkeiustgúb, `k quh sh jkbsgcuh prkyhjtlbak ub cls ah
`ks ahbkegblaks ‐gbhrths―,
‐gbhrths―, jkek h` bgtrúchbk k h` agúxgak ah jlrikbk (JK9).
H`gegbljgúb ah` jl`kr (hbdrgleghbtk)
Hb `l jkeiustgúb, plrth ah `l hbhrcål jl`krå﬌jl sh agsgpl hb h` leighbth y h` rhstk

jl`ghbtl h gb﬉lel buhvk jkeiustgi`h. Zg jkbshcugeks h`gegblr k rhilmlr hstls thephrl-
turls, h` duhck ahslplrhjhrì. Hstk sh jkbsgcuh lrrkmlbak skirh h` duhck sustlbjgls quh
liskrilb agjol hbhrcål6 `l eìs usul` hs h` lcul.
^lrl lp`gjlr h﬌jlzehbth h` eçtkak hs bhjhslrgk thbhr hb juhbtl `l dkrel ah trlbseg-
sgúb k prkplcljgúb ah` jl`kr y lså ljtulr lahjulalehbth.
H`gegbljgúb ah `l rhljjgúb hb jlahbl (gbogigjgúb)
Zg sh gepgah `l rhljjgúb hbtrh h` jkeiustgi`h y jkeiurhbth sh ahtghbh `l rhljjgúb hb

jlahbl y, jkbshjuhbthehbth, h` duhck. Zh jkbsgcuh lrrkmlbak
lr rkmlbak skirh h` duhck prkaujtks
quåegjks lahjulaks quh sh jkeigblb jkb `ks vlpkrhs ah` jkeiustgi`h lbths ah quh `k
olcl h` kxåchbk.
X.A JKBAGJGK BHZ AH ZHCXYGALA pìc. 4<
8.8.9. ^rkthjjgúb plsgvl

@l prkthjjgúb plsgvl sh kitghbh ljtulbak hb h` agshük ah dkrel quh h` jkbtrk` ah `ks
gbjhbagks sh `kcrl sgb quh sh rhl`gjh ubl ljjgúb pksthrgkr l quh sh gbgjgh h` gbjhbagk.
@ls dkrels eìs jkeubhs ah prkthjjgúb plsgvl skb=

• Agstlbjgls= h` jl`kr trlbsegtgak rhsu`tl ehbkr shcýb `ls agstlbjgls sh vlb oljghbak
elykrhs, sghbak pkr tlbtk `l agstlbjgl ubl dkrel ah jkeiltgr h` jl`kr quh sh prkaujh
hb ub gbjhbagk hvgtlbak quh ljtýh jkek hbhrcål ah ljtgvljgúb skirh ktrks jkeius-
tgi`hs y, hb jkbshjuhbjgl, ubl dkrel ah jkbtrk`lr`k.
• Zhjtkrgzljgúb= h` shjtkr ah gbjhbagk hs ub rhjgbtk quh, hb jlsk ah prkaujgrsh ub
gbjhbagk hb su gbthrgkr, gepgah quh hsth, sh prkplcuh duhrl ah ç` pkr ub tghepk ah-
thregblak k,
k, sg sh prkaujh duhrl ah ç`, gepgah quh phbhtrh hb ç` pkr ub tghepk
ahthregblak.
• ^rkthjjgúb hstrujturl`= ubl h`hjjgúb ah `ks elt
elthrgl`hs
hrgl`hs ah jkbstrujjgúb lahjulal
l ub pksgi`h gbjhbagk julbak `l jlrcl ah duhck ah` hag﬌jgk hs crlbah jkbstgtuyh ubl
iuhbl dkrel ah jkbtrk`lr ub gbjhbagk sg hsth ``hclrl l prkaujgrsh.
• Lgs`leghbtk
Lgs`leghbtks=
skirh hstrujturlss= kplrl jkbt
jkbtrlrrhstlr
rlrrhstlr
gbstl`ljgkbhs th
thepkrlèhbth
epkrlèhbth
sh puhah `ks hdhjtkselthrgl`hs
rhjurrgr l gbthrpkbhr ah `l tthephrlturl
hephrlturl
juyk jk-
h﬌jghbth ah trlbsegsgúb ah jl`kr rhsu`th ilmk, `k quh phregth clblr tghepk lbth ub
gbjhbagk jkb vgstls l su jkbtrk` lbths ah quh dl``h `l hstrujturl k quh phregtl l`jlbzlr
jkbagjgkbhs ah rghsck gepkrtlbth.
• Zh`hjjgúb ah elthrgl`hs= ktrl dkrel ah jkbtrk`
jkbtrk`lr
lr `l prkplcljgúb ah `ks gbjhbagks
hs `l sh`hjjgúb ah `ks elthrgl`hs jkb `ks quh bks pkaheks hbjkbtrlr hb ub rhjgbtk,
plrhahs, hstlbthråls...
8.8.:. ^rkthjjgúb ljtgvl

Julbak `ls ehagals prhvhbtgvls bk ilstlb y sh prkaujhb gbjhbagks, hs bhjhslrgk
hstlr prhplrlaks plrl `l gbthrvhbjgúb h﬌jlz ah phrskbls y ehagks. @l prkthjjgúb ljtgvl
jkbthep`l `l ljtuljgúb l ahslrrk``lr hb `ks bgvh`hs ah ahthjjgúb, l`lrel, hxtgbjgúb y
hvljuljgúb.
^lrl h``k ahih rhl`gzlrsh ubl `likr ah hqugpk prkcrlelal ahtl``lalehbth y jkb
lbth`ljgúb. H` hqugpk, bkrelèhbth ahbkegblak Irgclal Jkbtrl Gbjhbagks (IJG), ahih
hstlr jkbstgtugak pkr trhs crupks, dkrelaks pkr ubl k vlrgls phrskbls jlal ubk, ahphb-
aghbak ah` tlelük ah `l heprhsl.
Hqugpk ah ^rgehrl Gbthrvhbjgúb (H^G)
Hs h` hbjlrclak ah `l ljjgúb gbehagltl k ah jokquh jkb `ks ehagks agspkbgi`hs hb

h` ùclr ah` gbjhbagk. @k lahjulak hs quh shl phrskbl` juyk puhstk ah trlilmk hstç hb
`l zkbl y quh hstç gbstrugak hb ehagals ah shcurgala jkbtrl h` duhck lalptlals l `ks
rghscks prkpgks ah `l zkbl hb juhstgúb.
@ls egsgkbhs ah` H^G shrìb prgbjgplèhbth=
• Lavhrtgr=
thrbks quh shAlbak `l l`lrel y lvgslbak l `ks shrvgjgks ah hxtgbjgúb gbthrbks k hx-
prhjgshb.
• Gbthrvhbgr hb prgehrl gbstlbjgl hb h` gbjhbagk ltljlbak h` duhc

duhck
k jkb `ks ehagks
agspkbgi`hs hb `l zkbl jhrjlbl l` sgbghstrk.
Hqugpk ah Zhcubal Gbthrvhbjgúb (HZG)
Hs lquh` quh, hb jlsk ah sgtuljgúb crlvh, ljtýl jkb tkaks `ks ehagks gepkrtlbths
(eúvg`hs k ﬌mks)
﬌mks) jkb `ks quh juhbtl `l heprhsl. Hs phrskbl` hsphjglèhbth sh`hjjgkbl-
ak, gbstrugak l dkbak y hbtrhblak drhjuhbthehbth.
Lbth ubl hehrchbjgl, l` rhjgigr `l l`lrel alal pkr h` H^G, ahslrrk``lrì `l dubjgúb
hsphjå﬌jl quh thbcl hbjkehbalal, sgcughbak hsjrupu`kslehbth h` prkjhageghbtk
jkrrhspkbaghbth.
Tgcg`lbths ah shrvgjgk
Hs h` phrskbl` quh ljtýl jkek ahthjtkr ah rghscks hb `ks ekehbtks quh bk oly
ljtgvgala hb `l heprhsl (﬌bhs ah shelbl, vljljgkbhs, okrls akbah bk oly turbk ah
trlilmk). Zu egsgúb, hb jlsk ah ahsjuirgr ub gbjhbagk, shrì `l ah alr `l l`lrel, lvgslbak
l `ks shrvgjgks phrtgbhbths y ltljlbak h` duhck jkb `ks ehagks prhvgstks quh thbcl l su
l`jlbjh.
Ahih hxgstgr ub rhspkbsli`h ýbgjk ah `l IJG, quh sh rhspkbslig`gzlrì ah krclbgzlr,
dkrelr y hbtrhblr l `l irgclal hb `l utg`gzljgúb úptgel ah `ks hqugpks h gbstl`ljgkbhs.
^`lb ah hehrchbjgl
@l elbhrl eìs h﬌jlz ah lshcurlrsh h` çxgtk hb `l ùjol jkbtrl h` duhck hs thbhr

prhvgstls tkals `ls ljtuljgkbhs l ahslrrk``lr pkr tkak h` phrskbl` hb jlsk ah gbjhbagk,
jkb lbth`ljgúb l su lplrgjgúb. @ls ljtuljgkbhs, tlbtk chbhrl`hs jkek hsphjå﬌jls, ahihb
rhjkchrsh hb h` p`lb ah hehrchbjgl, akbah sh ah﬌bh h` jkepkrtleghbtk lbth `l ahthj-
jgúb ah ub gbjhbagk y `k rhdhrhbth l `l hvlùljgúb ah` phrskbl`.
H`likrlak h` ^`lb, ahih shr alak l jkbkjhr l tkaks `ks jkepkbhbths ah `l heprhsl
y puhstk hb prìjtgjl tktl` k plrjglèhbth ah dkrel phrgúagjl, ehaglbth sgeu`ljrks quh
phregtgrìb jkeprkilr `l h﬌jljgl rhl` ah `ls gbstrujjgkbhs rh﬉hmlals hb ç`.
8.4. LCHBQHZ H_QGBQKYHZ

H_QGBQKYHZ
Jkbkjgaks `ks tgpks ah duhck y `ks eçtkaks ah h`gegbljgúb, ahiheks jkbkjhr `ks
lchbths jkb `ks quh oljhr`hs drhbth y sh`hjjgkblr juì`hs pkarìb shr utg`gzlaks hb jlal
j`lsh ah duhck.
• Lcul
Hs h` eìs h﬌jlz, liubalbth, lbtgcuk y hjkbúegjk. Ljtýl pkr hbdrgleghbtk y skdkjl-

jgúb.
Jkek vhbtlmls jgtlrheks quh hs hjkbúegjl, liubalbth h gbhrth6 jkek ahsvhbtlmls
quh hs jkbaujtkrl ah jkrrghbth hh`çjtrgjl
`çjtrgjl y quh hxtghbah `l elykrål ah duhck
duhckss prkvk-
jlaks pkr `åqugaks gb﬉leli`hs.
ûhah utg`gzlrsh=
• Hb dkrel ah jokrrk, hb duhcks ah j`lsh L.
X.A JKBAGJGK BHZ AH ZHCXYGALA pìc. 4:
• Dgblehbth pu`vhrgzlal, hb duhcks ah j`lsh L y I sg skb prkvkjlaks pkr

jkeiustgi`hs phslaks jkek clsú`hk k duh`.
Bk ahih hep`hlrsh bubjl hb duhcks h`çjtrgjks, puhs sh jkrrh h` ph`gcrk ah euhrth
pkr h`hjtrkjujgúb.
• Agúxgak ah jlrikbk
@`lelak bghvh jlriúbgjl k JK9. Hs ub cls gbjkeiustgi`h h gbhrth quh sh `gjul

dìjgèhbth pkr jkeprhsgúb y hbdrgleghbtk
hbdrgleghbtk,, lèljhbìbaksh hb rhjgpghbths.
rhjgpghbths. Ljtýl pkr
skdkjljgúb y hbdrgleghbtk.
Jkek vhbtlmls jgtlrheks quh hs `gepgk, bk hs jkbaujtkr h`çjtrgjk, hs euy phbhtrlb-
th y sh lutk gepu`sl, jkb `k quh sh dlvkrhjh `l skdkjljgúb.
Jkek ahsvhbtlmls, quh hs ls﬌xglbth hb jkbjhbtrljgkbhs suphrgkrhs l` 1%, pkjk h﬌-
jlz lbth `ls irlsls y ah elbhmk agdåjg` pkr `k phslak ah `ks rhjgpghbths quh `k jkbtghbhb.
ûhah utg`gzlrsh hb duhcks h`çjtrgjks y duhcks prkaujgaks pkr `åqugaks gb﬉leli`hs.
• ^k`vk shjk
Hs ub jkepuhstk quåegjk dkrelak bkrelèhbth pkr igjlrikbltk ah sksl y ub

lchbth ogarúduck quh hvgtl su lphèlzleghbtk. Hxgsthb aks tgpks= h` pk`vk shjk quåeg-
jk bkrel` y h` pk`gvl`hbth k lbtgirlsls (dkrelak pkr dksdltk ekbkleúbgjk).
ekbkleúbgjk).
H` pk`vk shjk bkrel` ljtýl pkr gbogigjgúb y sh skdkjljgúb. ûhah uslrsh hb `ks duh-
cks ah `ls j`lshs I W H.
H` pk`vk shjk pk`gvl`hbth ljtýl pkr gbogigjgúb, skdkjljgúb y hbdrgleghbtk. ûhah
uslrsh hb duhcks ah j`lsh L, I, J y H (sú`k hb thbsgkbhs gbthrgkrh <.>>> vk`tgks).
H` pk`vk shjk hs ub hxjh`hbth gbogigakr ah ``lels bk hs túxgjk y bk hs jkbaujtkr,
phrk puhah ahthrgkrlr eujok pkr sujghala `ks hqugpks k eìqugbls ah`gjlals.
Oly quh hvgtlr su usk hb gbjhbagks ah hqugpks ah agdåjg` `gepghzl, hqugpks h`çjtrgjks
ah`gjlaks y krahblakrhs.
• Hspuel dåsgjl
Hs ubl ehzj`l ah lgrh k cls jkb ilsh ljuksl hb prkpkrjgkbhs lahjulals. @l hspuel
chbhrlal ﬉ktl skirh h` jkeiustgi`h gepgaghbak lpkrtljgúb ah lgrh. Ljtýl pkr skdkjl-
jgúb y hbdrgleghbtk.
Qghbh `l vhbtlml ah quh bk hs túxgjl phrk
phrk h` gbjkbvhbghbth ah quh
quh bk ahih lp`gjlrsh
skirh ehtl`hs, puhah jluslr alüks elthrgl`hs y puhah jkbaujgr jkrrghbth h`çjtrgjl pkr
h` lcul quh ``hvl.
Zh utg`gzl hb duhcks ah j`lsh L y I, sgheprh quh shlb `åqugaks skùi`hs hb lcul.
Bk sh ahih hep`hlr bubjl jkbmubtlehbth jkb h` lcul, yl quh çstl rkephrål `l
elbtl ah hspuel.
pìc. 41 X.A.. 8 | GBJHBAGKZ
X.A
8.4.<.
8.4.<. Lchbths hsphjgl`hs
hsphj gl`hs
Zkb `ks utg`gzlaks hsphjå﬌jlehbth plrl `l hxtgbjgúb ah duhcks hb ehtl`hs jkeiustg-
i`hs.
H` prkjhageghbtk ah hxtgbjgúb hs agstgbtk y hsphjå﬌jk plrl jlal ehtl`, pkr `k quh
ahih ah﬌bgrsh jlal jlsk jkbjrhtk pkr ub hsphjgl`gstl.
Ol`kbhs k ogarkjlriurks ol`kchblaks.
@ks eìs usul`hs skb h` ol`úb <9<< y ol`úb <:><. Ljtýlb pkr gbogigjgúb y hbdrgleghb-
tk=
• Thbtlmls= skb euy `gepgks y bk skb jkbaujtkrhs h`çjtrgjks.
• Ahsvhbtlmls= jlrks y pkjk h﬌jljhs drhbth l ``ls
ls irlsls.
ûhahb uslrsh hb duhcks phquhüks ah j`lsh L y I y hb duhcks h`çjtrgjks.
^kr `lsutkxgjgala
rhaujh ahl`ks
lp`gjljgúb clshslàhsprhbagaks
duhcks lgrh `girh k hbl``kjl`hs
pkbhrsh hbvhbtg`laks.
euy jkbtljtk jkb h` duhck, sh
Ljtulèhbth y pkr h` hdhjtk bhcltgvk quh tghbhb skirh h` ehagk leighbth (ahstruj-
jgúb ah `l jlpl ah kzkbk, hdhjtk gbvhrblahrk), sh prkoåih su dlirgjljgúb y agstrgiujgúb,
H``k ol dkrzlak l ahslrrk``lr prkaujtks sustgtutgvks jkb ehmkr jkepkrtleghbtk.
@ks buhvks lchbths hxtgbtkrhs uslaks hb gbstl`ljgkbhs ﬌mls sh lcruplb hb=
• Lchbths ol`kjlrikblaks (sustgtutgvks ah `ks ol`kbhs).
• Lchbths gbhrths (lrcúb, lrckbgth h gbhrcçb).
• Lchbths ljuksks (lcul ﬌blehbth agvgagal).
\ugzìs ubk ah `ks eìs ahslrrk``laks hs h` gbhrcçb (ehzj`l ah bgtrúchbk, lrcúb y
JK9) quh prhshbtl `l ahsvhbtlml ah su rugak ah ahsjlrcl (suphrgkr l <9> ahjgih`gks)
prkvkjlak pkr su lèljhbleghbtk hb hstlak clshksk.
Hb h` sgcughbth julark sh rhsueh `l h`hjjgúb ah` lchbth hxtgbtkr shcýb `l j`lsh ah
duhck.
Lchbth
Lchbth Hxtg
Hxtgbtk
btkrr Qgpks
Qgpks ah Du
Duhck
hck
L Zú`gaks I @åqugaks J Clshs A Ehtl`hs
Lcul l jokrrk _ _
Lcul
_ _
pu`vhrgzlal
Hspuels _ _
^k`vk
_ _ _
Jkbvhbjgkbl`
^k`vk
pk`gvl`hbth LIJ _ _ _ _
X.A.. 8 | GBJHBAGKZ
X.A pìc. 48
Lchbth
Lch bth Hxtg
Hxtgbtk
btkrr Qgpks
Qgpks ah Du
Duhck
hck
L Zú`gaks I @åqugaks J Clshs A Ehtl`hs
Lboåargak
_ _
jlriúbgjk
Ol`úb _ _
8.3. H\XG^KZ ELBXL@HZ

ELBXL@HZ AH LJQXLJGÚB
LJQXLJGÚB JKBQYL GBJHBAGKZ
Ilmk `l ahbkegbljgúb ah hqugpks ah ljtuljgúb jkbtrl gbjhbagks sh lcruplb lquh``ks
h`hehbtks quh sgrvhb plrl elbhmlr `ks agdhrhbths lchbths hxtgbtkrhs hb `l ùjol jkbtrl
h` duhck.
@ks ehagks ah hxtgbjgúb puhahb shr=
• Eúvg`hs.
• Dgmks.
Hbtrh `ks ehagks eúvg`hs ah hxtgbjgúb ahstljl pkr su lp`gjlig`gala h` hxtgbtkr. Hbtrh
`ks
irhehagks
plrl su ah hxtgbjgúb
elbhmk ﬌mks, lquh``ks
sh ahbkegblb quh rhqughrhb
ah ljtuljgúb ublhbtrh
elbul` gbthrvhbjgúb agrhjtl ah` oke-
çstks ahstljlb=
• Ikjls ah gbjhbagk hqugplals (IGHZ)= skb `ks pubtks jkeýbehbth jkbkjgaks jkek
puhstks k hqugpks ah elbcuhrl. ^kr `k chbhrl`, `ks lrelrgks sh hbjuhbtrlb juighrtks
pkr ub jrgstl` quh phregth vhr su gbthrgkr y quh prhshrvl çsth.
• Jkùebl shjl= hstìb dkrelals pkr rhahs ah tuihrål ah ljhrk quh thregblb pkr
ubk ah sus hxtrheks hb ikjls jkb ljkp`leghbtk plrl elbcuhrls y pkr h` ktrk hb
dljolal ah `ks hag﬌jgks, hb ub thregbl` plrl jkbhxgúb ah vhoåju`ks ektkikeil.
• Ogarlbths= sh ttrltl
rltl ah pubtk
pubtkss ah tkel jkbtrl gbjhbag
gbjhbagks
ks plrl ahsah h` hxthrgkr
hxthrgkr,,
jkbhjtlaks l ubl rha ah lcul l prhsgúb. ^kr `k chbhrl`, hstl rha vghbh lskjglal l
ub lèljhbleghbtk ah quh phregth ub jkbsuek jl`ju`lak hb dubjgúb ah `l pksgi`h
bhjhsgala plrl `l hxtgbjgúb ah` gbjhbagk prhvgstk.
^lrl shrvgjgk ah hstl rha y hb prkxgegala l `ks ogarlbths, oly lrelrgks quh jkbtghbhb
`ks agstgbtks ljjhskrgks quh puhahb shr utg`gzlaks plrl `l prkyhjjgúb ah` lcul= elbcuh-
rls, rljkrhs, `lbzls, htj.
8.3.<.
8.3.<. Hxtgbtkrhs
Hxt gbtkrhs
@ks hxtgbtkrhs skb rhjgpghbths l prhsgúb quh jkbtghbhb ub lchbth hxtgbtkr quh hb h`
ekehbtk ah su utg`gzljgúb, hs prkyhjtlak l` hxthrgkr pkr ljjgúb ah ubl prhsgúb gbthrbl
juyk krgchb puhah shr h` prkpgk lchbth, jkek hs h` jlsk ah` JK9, k pkr ehagk ah ktrk
cls ahbkegblak cls gepu`skr, quh hs chbhrlèhbth h` JK9, h` jul` phregth quh sl`cl
ah` hxtgbtkr h` lchbth hxtgbtkr, lcul y pk`vk, pkr hmhep`k.
• Xtg`gzljgúb ah hxtgbtkrhs pkrtìtg`hs
• Ahsjk`clr h` hxtgbtkr eìs jhrjlbk l` duhck.

X.A
• Jkeprkilr quh h` hxtgbtkr

hxtgbtkr hs lahjulak l` tgpk ah duhck y `hhr `ls gbs-
trujjgkbhs ah usk.
• û`slr h` elbak ah ljjgkbleghbtk `gchrlehbth plrl jkeprkilr quh h` h`h-
ehbtk hxtgbtkr ﬉uyh jkrrhjtlehbth.
Hstls kphrljgkbhs ahihb oljhrsh l`hmlak ah `l zkbl ah gbjhbagk.

• Ljhrjlrsh l` duhck
duhck,, l dlvkr ah` vg
vghbtk
hbtk jkb h` hxtgbtkr susphbagak y phclak l`
phjok, agsplrìbak`k julbak h` jl`kr rlaglbth jkeghbjh l shr h`hvlak, prkyhjtlbak
h` jokrrk l `l ilsh ``lels.
• Lubquh h` duhck sh hxtgbcl, lcktlr h` jkbthbgak ah` hxtgbtkr plrl jk
jkbshcugr
bshcugr
`l eìxgel rhaujjgúb ah `l thephrlturl.
• Zgheprh quh shl pksgi`h, ltljlr sgeu`tìbhlehbth jkb vlrgks hxtgbtkrhs, jrhlb-
ak ub drhbth jkbtrl `ls ``lels.
H` hxtgbtkr hs h﬌jlz julbak h` duhck hstì hb dlsh ah jkbltk.
• Htgquhtl ah` hxtgbtkr
Qkaks `ks hxtgbtkrhs tghbhb quh ``hvlr crlilak skirh så egseks=

• Lchbth hxtgbtkr.
• Jlpljgala ah` lchbth hxtgbtkr
hxtgbtkr..
• Qgpk ah duhck l hxtgbcugr y h﬌jljgl.
• Ekak ah hep`hk.
• Qhephrlturl eìxgel y eåbgel ah shrvgjgk.
• ^rhjlujgkbhs l lakptlr.
• Bkeirh y agrhjjgúb ah` dlirgjlbth.
• ^lrths ah` hxtgbtkr

<. Juhrpk ah` hxtgbtkr
hxtgbtkr..
9. Lchbth hxtgbtkr.
:. Lchbth gepu`skr.
1. Elbúehtrk.
8. Quik ah skbal ah sl`gal.
4. Elbhtl ah ljjgkbleghbtk.
3. Elbhtl ﬌ml.
?. ^lslakr ah shcurgala.
7. Elbcuhrl.
X.A.. 8 | GBJHBAGKZ
X.A pìc. 43
<>. Ikqug``l ah elbcuhrl.

pìc. 4? X.A.. 8 | GBJHBAGKZ
X.A
4 YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ AH @LZ JKBAGJGKBHZ EHAGK- LE-

IGHBQL@HZ
Hstuaglrheks `ls jlrljthråstgjls ehagkleighbtl`hs quh oljhb rhdhrhbjgl l` leighbth
ah` ùclr ah hb
jrhtlehbth trlilmk, `ls jkbagjgkbhs
h` puhstk quh
ah trlilmk. @l jkbdkrelb
hxpksgjgúb h` ehagk
l `ls leighbthleighbtl`hs
jkbtlegblbths `likrl`, jkb-
bk ahih bubjl supkbhr ub rghsck plrl `l slùa y shcurgala ah `ks trlilmlakrhs, y sg hs
gbhvgtli`h, y oly quh oljhr quh hsks rghscks sh rhauzjlb l` eåbgek.
4.<. OGCGHBH GBAXZQYGL@

H` kimhtk ah `l Ogcghbh Gbaustrgl` hs `l prhvhbjgúb ah `ls hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgk-
bl`hs jluslals pkr `ks jkbtlegblbths dåsgjks, quåegjks k igk`úcgjks quh ljtýlb skirh
`ks trlilmlakrhs. @l ehtkak`kcål ah lp`gjljgúb ah `l ogcghbh gbaustrgl` hstl ilslal hb
`l gahbtg﬌jljgúb, ehagjgúb, hvlùljgúb y jkbtrk` ah `ks jkbtlegblbths prhshbths hb h`
leighbth `likrl`.
Jkek yl sliheks sh trltl ah ubl tçjbgjl prhvhbtgvl, bk eçagjl, hbjlegblal l
hvgtlr `ls hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs, juyls ljjgkbhs olb ah ``hvlrsh l jlik jkb `l
lbth`ljgúb bhjhslrgl plrl quh lquh``ls bk ``hcuhb l elbgdhstlrsh.
4.<.<. Ehtkak`kcål hb ogcghbh gbaustrgl`

@l Ogcghbh Gbaustrgl` sgcuh ub prkjhageghbtk ah ljtuljgúb shjuhbjgl` quh sh ``hvl l
jlik jkep`hehbtlbak `ls sgcughbths dlshs=
• Gahbtg﬌jljgúb.
• Ehagjgúb.
• Hvlùljgúb y Jkbtrk`.
Gahbtg﬌jljgúb
@l gahbtg﬌jljgúb phregth jkbkjhr juì`hs skb `ks jkbtlegblbths quh sh hbjuhbtrlb

prhshbths hb h` puhstk ah trlilmk.
Hb l`cubks jlsks hstl gahbtg﬌jljgúb hs shbjg``l, jkek hb h` jlsk ah `l hxpksgjgúb l`
rugak, quh sh phrjgih gbehagltlehbth ehaglbth buhstrl luagjgúb. Hb ktrks jlsks, `l
gahbtg﬌jljgúb puhah shr euy jkep`hml jkek hb `l hxpksgjgúb l `ks jkbtlegblbths quå-
egjks, akbah ub ahthregblak prkaujtk puhah hstlr dkrelak pkr agdhrhbths sustlb-
jgls. Qleigçb
Qleigçb tghbh ag﬌ju`tla gahbtg﬌jlr `ks jkepuhstks quåegjks quh puhahb chbhrlr-
sh aurlbth `ls rhljjgkbhs quåegjls quh tghbhb ùclr hb `ks prkjhsks prkaujtgvks.
Ehagjgúb
@l ehagjgúb jkbsgsth hb ahthregblr `l jlbtgala ah` jkbtlegblbth, ahthjtlak hb `l

dlsh ah gahbtg﬌jljgúb, quh sh hbjuhbtrl prhshbth hb h` leighbth ah trlilmk.
^lrl ``hvlr l jlik hstls ehagjgkbhs, shrì bhjhslrgk utg`gzlr `ks gbstruehbtks ah ehag-
al lahjulaks
jgaks quh shlbljlpljhs
jlal tgpk
ahah jkbtlegblbth
clrlbtgzlr y shcugr
`l ﬌lig`gala ah`ks
`kseçtkaks dkrelèhbth hstli`h-
vl`krhs kithbgaks.
X.A.. 8 | GBJHBAGKZ
X.A pìc. 47
Hvlùljgúb
@l hvlùljgúb phregtgrì ahthregblr sg `l sgtuljgúb ogcgçbgjl vl`krlal rhprhshbtl ub
rghsck plrl h` trlilmlakr k pkr h` jkbtrlrgk puhah jkbsgahrlrsh shcurl, plrl `k jul` `ks
rhsu`tlaks kithbgaks hb `l dlsh ah ehagjgúb sh jkeplrlb jkb `ks jrgthrgks ah vl`krljgúb
lp`gjli`hs.
Zg `l sgtuljgúb hvlùlal sh jkbsgahrl shcurl, shrì bhjhslrgk vhrg﬌jlr phrgúagjlehbth
quh `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk sh elbtghbhb gbl`thrli`hs y jkbtgbýl sghbak shcurl.
^kr h` jkbtrlrgk, sg `l sgtuljgúb hs ah rghsck, olirì quh gbtrkaujgr `ls ljjgkbhs ah
jkbtrk` bhjhslrgls.
Jkbtrk`
H` jkbtrk` hs `l ý`tgel dlsh ah `l ehtkak`kcål lp`gjlal hb Ogcghbh Gbaustrgl`. Zg hxgsth

l`cýb rghsck plrl h` trlilmlakr, ahihrìb ``hvlrsh l jlik `ls ljjgkbhs jkrrhjtkrls bhjh-
slrgls plrl h`gegblr k rhaujgr `l pksgig`gala ah quh h` trlilmlakr puhal hxphrgehbtlr
l`cýb ahthrgkrk hb su slùa.
Hstls ehagals ah jkbtrk` puhahb shr ah aks tgpks=
Ehagals tçjbgjls= skb `ls quh tghbhb pkr kimhtk agsegbugr `l aksgs quh rhjgih h`
trlilmlakr, rhaujghbak `l jkbjhbtrljgúb ah` jkbtlegblbth prhshbth hb h` leighbth ah
trlilmk.
Ehagals krclbgzltgvls= `ls ehagals krclbgzltgvls prhthbahb agsegbugr `l aksgs lj-
tulbak skirh h` tghepk ah hxpksgjgúb ah` trlilmlakr l` jkbtlegblbth.
4.9. JKBQLEGBLBQHZ
@l jlusl ah `ls hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs hs `l hxpksgjgúb jkbtgbulal l `ks jkbtl-
egblbths. Zg `l Ogcghbh Gbaustrgl` tghbh pkr kimhtk `l prhvhbjgúb ah hstls hbdhrehalahs,
hs geprhsjgbagi`h agspkbhr ah ub jkbkjgeghbtk lep`gk ah `ks jkbtlegblbths.
@ks jkbtlegblbths skb lquh``ls dkrels ah hbhrcål, prkaujtks quåegjks k shrhs
vgvks juyl prhshbjgl hb h` leighbth ah trlilmk puhah kjlsgkblr alüks l `l slùa ah `ks
trlilmlakrhs.
4.9.<.
4.9.<. Aksgs
Aks gs
^lrl quh ub jkbtlegblbth puhal ldhjtlr l `l slùa ah` trlilmlakr hs bhjhslrgk quh
hbtrh hb jkbtljtk jkb su krclbgsek.
Zh ``lel aksgs l `l jlbtgala ah jkbtlegblbth quh l`jlbzl l` krclbgsek ah `l phrskbl
hxpuhstl.
@l aksgs ahphbah ah aks dljtkrhs=
• @l jkbjhbtrljgúb ah` jkb
jkbtlegblbth
tlegblbth hb h` leighbth ah tr
trlilmk.
lilmk.
• H` tgh
tghepk
epk ah hxpksgjgúb ah` trlilmlakr l agjok jkbtlegblbth.
@l jkbjhbtrljgúb hs `l jlbtgala ah jkbtlegblbth prhshbth hb h` leighbth ah
pìc. 3> X.A.. 8 | GBJHBAGKZ
X.A
trlilmk. Julbtk elykr hs `l jkbjhbtrljgúb, l gculàla ah` tghepk ah hxpksgjgúb, elykr

hs `l aksgs.
H` tghepk ah hxpksgjgúb hs `l aurljgúb ah` jkbtljtk hbtrh h` jkbtlegblbth y h` krcl-
bgsek ah` trlilmlakr. Julbtk elykr hs h` tghepk ah hxpksgjgúb, l gculàla ah jkbjhb-
trljgúb, elykr hs `l aksgs.
4.9.9.J`lsgjljgúb
4.9.9. J`lsgjljgúb ah `ks jkbtlegblbths
jkbtlegblbths
Lthbaghbak l `l blturl`hzl ah `ks jkbtlegblbths, hstks puhahb j`lsg﬌jlrsh hb `ks
sgcughbths trhs crupks=
• Jkbtlegblbths quåegjks.
• Jkbtlegblbths dåsgjks.
• Jkbtlegblbths igk`úcgjks.
4.:. JKBQLEGBLBQHZ
JKBQLEGBLBQHZ \XÅEGJKZ
Zh ahbkegbl
blturl` jkbtlegblbth
k sgbtçtgjl, quh aurlbthquåegjk l tkal
`ks prkjhsks ahsustlbjgl bk vgvl,
elbgpu`ljgúb, krcìbgjl klèljhbl-
trlbspkrth, gbkrcìbgjl,
eghbtk, dlirgjljgúb k usk, puhah gbjkrpkrlrsh l` lgrh hb dkrel ah ek`çju`ls lgs`lals
(vlpkrhs y clshs) k lcrupljgkbhs ah ek`çju`ls (lhrksk`hs y bghi`ls) jkb prkilig`gala
ah alülr `l slùa ah` trlilmlakr quh hbtrl hb jkbtljtk jkb h``l.
4.:.<. Qgpks ah jkbtlegblbths quåegjks

Zh j`lsg﬌jlb pkr su prhshbtljgúb (hstlak ah lcrhcljgúb) y pkr sus hdhjtks skirh `ls
phrskbl.
Zhcýb su prhshbtljgúb
Lhrksk`hs. Agsphrsgúb hb ub ehagk clshksk ah plrtåju`ls `åqugals k sú`gals gbdhrgkrhs l

<>> egjrls (< egjrl hs `l eg``kbçsgel plrth ah ub ehtrk). ûhahb shr=
^lrtåju`ls `åqugals. Bghi`ls= hbtrh >,< y <> egjrls6 iruels= hbtrh 9 y 4> egjrls.
^lrtåju`ls sú`gals. ^k`vk= hbtrh >,< y 98 egjrls6 ouek= plrtåju`ls ehbkrhs ah >,<

egjrls6 ouek ehtì`gjk= plrtåju`ls ehtì`gjls prkjhahbths ah ubl vk`ltg`gzljgúb ah` ehtl`
y su pksthrgkr jkbahbsljgúb.
Clshs. Zustlbjgls quh l 98 ¾J y ubl lteúsdhrl ah prhsgúb hstìb jkepuhstls pkr
plrtåju`ls ah tlelük ek`hju`lr jkb `ls jlrljthråstgjls ah kjuplr h` hspljgk quh `ks
jkbtghbh.
Tlpkrhs. Dlsh clshksl ah ubl sustlbjgl bkrelèhbth sú`gal k `åqugal l 98 ¾J y ubl
lteúsdhrl ah prhsgúb. Jkek hb `ks clshs, sus plrtåju`ls skb ah tlelük buj`hlr.
@ks clshs y vlpkrhs eìs hxthbagaks hb `l gbaustrgl skb ekbúxgak ah jlrikbk, úxg-
aks ah bgtrúchbk, agúxgak ah lzudrh, j`krk y úxgak ah j`krk, lekbåljk, jglburks, vlpkrhs
ah p`kek y ah ehrjurgk.
Zhcýb sus hdhjtks
X.A.. 8 | GBJHBAGKZ
X.A pìc. 3<
Qúxgjks sgstçegjks. Zh agstrgiuyhb pkr tkak h` krclbgsek y l`thrlb úrclbks k sgsth-

els hsphjå﬌jks. Hmhep`ks= p`kek, ogarkjlriurks ol`kchblaks k gbshjtgjgals.
Grrgtlbths y jkrrksgvks. L` hbtrlr hb jkbtljtk jkb `l pgh` k eujksls ah` sgsthel rhs-
pgrltkrgk, prkvkjlb ubl ahstrujjgúb k gb﬉leljgúb ah` ìrhl ldhjtlal. Hmhep`ks= ìjgaks,
ì`jl`gs, lekbåljk, legbls, kzkbk, dúsdkrk, htj.
Bhuekjkbgútgjk. Zustlbjgls quåegjls quh l` ahpksgtlrsh y ljueu`lrsh hb `ks pu`-
ekbhs prkvkjlb bhuekpltåls (hbdhrehalahs chbçrgjls ah` puèúb) y ahchbhrljgúb
﬌irútgjl ah` thmgak puèkblr. Hmhep`ks= leglbtk (jluslbth ah `l lsihstksgs)6 úxgaks ah
oghrrk (jluslbths ah `l sgahrksgs y så`gjh (prkvkjl sg`gjksgs).
Blrjútgjks y lbhstçsgjks. Zustlbjgls quåegjls quh ljtýlb jkek ahprhskrhs ah`
sgsthel bhrvgksk jhbtrl`. Zu hdhjtk hs prkpkrjgkbl` l `l jlbtgala quh ``hcl l` jhrhirk.
Hmhep`ks= agsk`vhbths gbaustrgl`hs, jhtkbls, l`jkok`hs l`gdìtgjks, htj.
L`çrcgjks k shbsgig`gzlbths. Zustlbjgls quh ldhjtlb l gbagvgauks prhvglehbth
shbsgig`gzlaks y bk l tkal `l pki`ljgúb. ^rkaujhb rhljjgkbhs hb `l pgh` y hb h` lplrltk
rhspgrltkrgk. Hmhep`ks= rhsgbls, dkrelàhoåak, agjrkeltks, htj.
Eutìchbks. L`thrlb `l gbdkreljgúb chbçtgjl ah `ls jçù`ls y puhahb ldhjtlr l `l
ahsjhbahbjgl ah` trlilmlakr. ûhahb shr=

• Qh
Qhrltúchbks
rltúchbks (l`thrlb l` dhtk hb ahslrrk``k).
• Jlbjhråchbks (chbhrlb jìbjhr k jrhjgeghbtk ahskrahblak ah `ls jçù`ls).Hmhe-
p`ks ah pk`vks jlbjhråchbks skb `ks ah lsihstk, ljgak jrúegjk, lrsçbgjkbåquh`,
jlaegk, ihrg`gk, htj.
Ls﬌xglbths. Gepgahb `l ``hclal ah kxåchbk l `ks thmgaks ah` juhrpk. Zh j`lsg﬌jlb hb=
• Zgep`hs. Ahsp`lzlb h` kxå

kxåchbk
chbk ah` lgrh, rrhaujghbak
haujghbak su jkbjhbtrljgúb, jkb `k quh
gepgahb `l rhspgrljgúb. Hmhep`ks= bgtrúchbk, ogarúchbk, clshs bki`hs y agúxgak ah
jlrikbk.
• \uåegjks. I`kquhlb `ks ehjlbgseks ah trlbspkrth y ﬌mljgúb ah kxåchbk hb `ls
jçù`ls. Hmhep`ks= ekbúxgak ah jlrikbk, jglboåargjk, su`durk ah ogarúchbk, bgtrgtks
y bgtrltks, htj.
^rkaujtkrhs ah ahreltksgs. Hb jkbtljtk jkb `l pgh`, prkvkjlb grrgtljgkbhs, l`hrcgls,
htj. Hmhep`ks= jghrtks l`jkok`hs, ìjgaks krcìbgj
krcìbgjks,
ks, crlsls, htj.
Hdhjtks jkeigblaks. L`cubks jkbtlegblbths puhahb ahshbjlahblr ubk k vlrgks
ah `ks hdhjtks rhshülaks. ^kr ktrk `lak, puhahb prkaujgrsh hdhjtks pkr `l ljjgúb sgeu`-
tìbhl ah vlrgks jkbtlegblbths. Zh jkbsgahrlb trhs pksgi`hs sgtuljgkbhs=
• Hdhjtk sge
sgep`h.
p`h. J
Jkbtlegblbths
kbtlegblbths ljtulbak skirh úrclbks agdhrhbths sgb rh`ljgú
rh`ljgúb.
b.
• Hdhjtk lagtgvk
lagtgvk.. Krgcgblak pkr prhshbjgl ah vlrgks jkbtlegblbths quh ljtýlb skirh
h` egsek úrclbk k sgsthel ﬌sgk`úcgjk.
• Hdhjtk pkthbjglakr. Zh al julbak ubk k vlrgks jkbtlegblbths rhduhrzlb k eu`-
tgp`gjlb h` hdhjtk ah ktrks.
Julbak h` hdhjtk ah ubl sustlbjgl túxgjl sh vh rhaujgak pkr `l ljjgúb ah ubl shcub-
X.A
al sustlbjgl, sh agjhb quh leils prhshbtlb lbtlckbgsek.
4.:.9. Tåls
4.:.9. Tåls ah phbhtrljgúb
phbhtrljgúb
Zkb `ls våls l trlvçs ah `ls jul`hs `ks jkbtlegblbths hbtrlb hb h` juhrpk ouelbk.
• Yhspgrltkrgl. DDkrelal
krelal pkr blrgz, ikjl, `lrgbch, irkbqug
irkbqugks,
ks, irkbqug
irkbqugk`ks
k`ks y l`vçk`ks
puèkblrhs. @l jlbtgala liskrigal ahphbahrì ah `l jkbjhbtrljgúb ah` jkbtlegblbth
hb h` leighbth, `l vhbtg`ljgúb puèkblr (lgrh vhogju`lak pkr `ks puèkbhs) y tghepk
ah hxpksgjgúb. Hs `l eìs gepkrtlbth.
• Açregjl. Jkeprhbah tkal `l pgh` quh hbvuh`vh l` juhrpk. Xbls sustlbjgls puhahb
phbhtrlr agrhjtlehbth y ktrks sú`k sg skb trlbspkrtlals
trlbspkr tlals pkr ktrl. Gb﬉uyh h` hstlak ah
`l pgh`.
• Agchstgvl. Dkrelak pkr ikjl, hsúdlck, hstkelck h gbt
gbthstgbks.
hstgbks.
• ^lrhbthrl`. L trlvçs ah ohrgals k pubjgkbhs.
• Kju`lr. L trlv
trlvçs
çs ah `l euj
eujksl
ksl jkbmubtgvl ah` k
kmk.
mk.
4.:.:. Tåls
4.:.:. Tåls ah h`gegbljgúb
L`cubks ah `ks prkaujtks jkbtlegblbths liskrigaks pkr h` krclbgsek puhahb shr
h`gegblaks hb prkpkrjgkbhs agvhrsls pkr agdhrhbths våls. @ls eìs jkeubhs skb=
• ^kr vål rhspgrl
rhspgrltkrgl
tkrgl (pkr prkjhsk ggbvhrsk
bvhrsk l `l gbol`ljgúb).
• ^kr vål rrhbl`
hbl` k ehaglbt
ehaglbthh `l krgbl, ((hs
hs h` ehmkr ah `ks sgst
sgsthels
hels ah h`g
h`gegbljgúb)=
egbljgúb)=
suakr, sl`gvl, ig`gs, htj.
4.:.1.Gahbtgjljgúb,
4.:.1. Gahbtgjljgúb, ehagjgúb y hvlùljgúb
○ Gahbtg﬌jljgúb
^lrl hstgelr sg hb ub puhstk ah trlilmk hxgsth rghsck ah hxpksgjgúb l jjkbtlegblbths

kbtlegblbths
sh bhjhsgtl prkjhahr l `l gahbtg﬌jljgúb ah `ks egseks.

Hb ubks jlsks skb `ls egsels elthrgls prgels hep`hlals hb h` prkjhsk `ls quh sh
gbjkrpkrlb, tl` jul`, l` ehagk (hmhep`k= jk`ls, agsk`vhbths hb prkjhsks ah pgbturl, htj.).
Hb ktrks jlsks h` jkbtlegblbth plsl l` ehagk leighbth ahspuçs ah sudrgr trlbsdkr-
eljgkbhs dåsgjk-quåegjl hb h` prkjhsk prkaujtgvk. Hmhep`k= `ks úxgaks jkepuhstks
ehtì`gjks hb `ls skàlaurls quh plslb jkbdkreh sh vl jkbsueghbak h` h`hjtrkak
jkrrhspkbaghbth.
Laheìs ah lbl`gzlr `ks jkbtlegblbths prhshbths olirì quh gbvhstgclr `ls jlusls ah
su prhshbjgl pkahr ah﬌bgr pksthrgkrehbth ub sgsthel prhvhbtgvk h﬌jlz.
○ Ehagjgúb
@l ehagjgúb jkbsgsth hb vl`krlr `l jlbtgala ah` jkbtlegblbth quh hxgsth hb ub ahthr-
egblak puhstk ah trlilmk.
ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs rhl`hs ah^lrl h``k hs bhjhslrgk
hxpksgjgúb hxgsthbthagspkbhr
hxgsthbths ah euhstrls
s hb h` puhstk rhprhshbtltgvls
ah trlilmk.
X.A.. 8 | GBJHBAGKZ
X.A pìc. 3:
@l ﬌bl`gala ah `l ehagjgúb hs jkbkjhr `l jkbjhbtrljgúb ah `ls sustlbjgls quh jkbtgh-

bh ub vkùehb ah lgrh tkelak jkek rhdhrhbjgl.
@ls ehagjgkbhs sh hdhjtulrìb pkr sgsthels ah ehagjgúb agrhjtl k pkr sgsthels ah
euhstrhk.
• Zgsthels ah ehagjgúb agrhjtl
Zh rhl`gzlb julbak `l jlptljgúb ah `l euhstrl ah` jkbtlegblbth y su julbtg﬌jljgúb

sh hdhjtýlb sgeu`tìbhlehbth.
^rhshbtlb `l vhbtlml ah shr rìpgaks y hjkbúegjks ^kr h` jkbtrlrgk, skb pkjk prhjgsks
y puhahb prhshbtlrsh prki`hels ah gbthrdhrhbjgls jkb ktrls sustlbjgls prhshbths hb h`
leighbth.
Oly ah aks tgpks=
• Zgsthels jk`krgeçtrgjks, ilslaks hb h` jleigk ah jk`kr quh hxphrgehbtl ub
‐gbagjlakr― l` rhljjgkblr jkb ub ahthregblak jkbtlegblbth.
• Zgsthels eý`tgp`hs
eý`tgp`hs,, ilslaks hb prkpghalahs tçregjls, elcbçtgjls
elcbçtgjls,, h`çjtrgjls,
úptgjls k quåegjls Zkb ah ahthjjgúb rìpgal phrk sú`k ahthjtlb `ls sustlbjgls quh `h
skb hsphjå﬌jls.
• Zgsthels ah euhstrhk
euhstrhk k tkel ah euhstrls
euhstrls
@l ahthregbljgúb ah` jkbtlegblbth sh ilsl hb `l jlptljgúb agrhjtl ah` ehagk le-

ighbth k pkr ehagk ah ubks skpkrths quh rhthbclb h` jkbtlegblbth. ^ksthrgkrehbth sh
rhl`gzl ub lbì`gsgs jul`gtltgvk y julbtgtltgvk ah
ah `l euhstrl plrl ahthjtlr h` k `ks jkbtl-
egblbths prhshbths y `l jkbjhbtrljgúb ah `ks egseks.
@ks oly ljtgvks y plsgvks=
• Zgsthels ljtgvks. @l eueuhstrl
hstrl sh k
kitghbh
itghbh pkr h` plsk ddkrzlak
krzlak ah
ah`` lg
lgrh
rh jkbtleg-
blak l trlvçs ah ub agspksgtgvk (jkb lyual ah ubl ikeil ah lspgrl- jgúb). H` jkbtl-
egblbth sh ﬌ml y jkbjhbtrl skirh ub skpkrth. @ks skpkrths puhahb shr ah trhs tgpks=
eheirlbls, sú`gaks laskrihbths y skùjgkbhs liskrihbths.
liskr ihbths.
• Zgsthels plsgvks. H` plsk ah` lgrh jkbtlegblak l trlvçs ah` jlptlakr bk sh
duhrzl sgbk quh `l jlptljgúb
jlp tljgúb ah` jkbtlegblbth sh ilsl hb `ks dhbúehbks ah agdusgúb
y phrehljgúb, prkpghalahs pkr `ls quh ub cls hs jlplz ah phbhtrlr y agdubagrsh ah
ekak hspkbtìbhk, quhalbak rhthbgak suphr﬌jglèhbth skirh ub skpkrth geprhc-
blak jkb ub rhljtgvk.
rhlj tgvk.
Zh agstgbcuhb jlptlakrhs plsgvks hsphjå﬌jks (agshülaks plrl ub jkbtlegblbth
k ub crupk rhaujgak ah h``ks) h gbhsphjå﬌jks (phregthb h` euhstrhk ah ub jkbmubtk
lep`gk ah jkbtlegblbths).
@ks sgsthels plsgvks skb ah dìjg` hep`hk y ah crlb ﬌ah`gala. @ls ahsvhbtlmls skb su
l`tk jkstk y quh hxgsth pksgig`gala ah slturljgúb ah `ks jlptlakrhs.
○ Hvlùljgúb
@l hvlùljgúb
rlbak jkbsgsth hb
`ks altks kithbgaks hbh``lprkjhsk ahjkb
ehagjgúb gbthcrljgúb ﬌blàhahvl`krljgúb
`ks jrgthrgks `l gbdkreljgúb, jkepl-
thbghbak hb
X.A
juhbtl `ks tgpks ah jkbtlegblbths y sus hdhjtks, `ls jlusls ah jkbtlegbljgúb, `ls pksg-
i`hs våls hbtrlal, `ls tçjbgjls ah rhaujjgúb, h` tghepk
ah jkbtljtk, htj. Qkak
Qkak h``k phbslbak hb `ls ehagals
ah jkrrhjjgúb eìs lahjulals.
Hxgsthb aks dkrels ah hvlùljgúb= leighbtl` y

igk`úcgjl.
• Hvlùljgúb leighbtl`
Aglcbústgjk skirh ubl sgtuljgúb alal, ahigak l

ubk k vlrgks dljtkrhs y `l ljjgúb jkeigblal ah tkaks
h``ks, jkeplrlbak altks kithbgaks hb ubls ehagjgk-
bhs jkb ubks hstìbalrhs ah hxpksgjgúb laegsgi`hs.
@ks hstìbalrhs ah hxpksgjgúb laegsgi`hs sh olb
kithbgak pkr hstuagks hpgahegk`úcgjks, hxphrgehb-
tljgúb jkb lbgel`hs, hxphrgehbtljgúb jkbtrk`lal ah
hxpksgjgkbhs ah phrskbls y lbl`kcål quåegjl.
Hstks hstìbalrhs skb sú`k vl`krhs `åegths rhjkehbali`hs y bk ubl drkbthrl gbhquå-
vkjl
jgkbhshbtrh sgtuljgkbhs
`likrl`hs shcurlsshrvgr
y prhthbahb y ph`gcrksls.
ah cuål Zh
cuål hstli`hjhb
krghbtltgvl hxjùsgvlehbth
skirh plrlahsgtul-
`l prkilig`gala rghsck
hxgsthbth, bk hxgeghbak hb liskùtk ah `l bhjhsgala ah ah﬌bgr h gep`lbtlr sgsthels ah
jkbtrk` y jkrrhjjgúb lahjulak ^lrl juirgr tkals `ls sgtuljgkbhs pksgi`hs sh olb ah﬌bgak
trhs tgpks ah Q@T‗ss==
• Q@T-
Q@T-QSL.
QSL. Jkbjhbtrljgúb `åegth ehagl, pkbahrlal hb h` tghepk, plrl ubl mkr-
blal ah trlilmk ah ? okrls aglrgls y 1> okrls shelbl`hs, l `l quh `l elykrål ah trlil
trlil--
mlakrhs puhah hxpkbhrsh rhphtgalehbth sgb sudrgr bgbcýb tgpk ah hdhjtk alügbk. Hs
h` vl`kr `åegth e
eìs
ìs jlrljthråstgjk y l` quh bks rhdhrgeks bkrelèhbth julbak bk sh
hsphjg﬌jl `k jkbtrlrgk.
• Q@T-ZQH@. @åegth ah hxpksgjgúb plrl phråkaks ah jkrtl aurljgúb, hs ahjgr, `l
jkbjhbtrljgúb `åegth l `l quh sh puhahb hxpkbhr `ks trlilmlakrhs aurlbth ub irhvh
gbthrvl`k ah tghepk sgb sudrgr alüks l `l slùa. Bk hs ub `åegth gbahphbaghbth sgbk quh
sh usl jkek jkep`hehbtk ah` lbthrgkr. Zu ah﬌bgjgúb hs ‐@åegth ah hxpksgjgúb ehagl
pkbahrlal aurlbth ub eìxgek ah <8 egbutks, sgb rhphtgrsh eìs ah 1 vhjhs l` aål y
jkb ub phråkak eåbgek ah 4> egbutks hbtrh `ls sujhsgvls hxpksgjgkbhs― (lubquh `l
jkbjhbtrljgúb ehagl ah hxpksgjgúb pkbahrlal hb h` tghepk aurlbth `ls ? okrls ah
`l mkrblal shl gbdhrgkr l` Q@T-
Q@T-QSL).
QSL).
• Q@T-J. Jkbjhbtrljgúb `åegt
`åegthh eìxgel, quh bk ahih skirhplslr
skirhplslrsh
sh hb bgbcýb
ekehbtk ah `l hxpksgjgúb aurlbth `l mkrblal `likrl`.
• Hvlùljgúb igk`úcgjl
Jkek yl oheks jkehbtlak, `ks vl`krhs Q@ Q@T‗s

T‗s hep`hlaks hb `l hvlùljgúb leighbtl`
skb sú`k vl`krhs `åegth rhjkehbali`hs, phrk hb bgbcýb jlsk ubl drkbthrl j`lrl y prhjg-
sl hbtrh sgtuljgkbhs shcurls y ph`gcrksls. Zh oljh bhjhslrgk hstli`hjhr ktrks jrgthrgks
prhvhbtgvks quh jkjkbsgahrhb
bsgahrhb l` trlilmlakr hxpuhstk jkek ubl phrskbl hsphjå﬌jl, jkb
rhspuhstl igk`úcgjl prkpgl (y bk hstlaåstgjl) lbth `l lcrhsgúb ah jkbtlegblbths hb h`
ehagk leighbth `likrl`.
X.A.. 8 | GBJHBAGKZ
X.A pìc. 38
@l hvlùljgúb igk`úcgjl sh ah﬌bh jkek `l hvlùljgúb gbagrhjtl ah ubl hxpksgjgúb l

lchbths bkjgvks plrl `l slùa, egaghbak hb ub ehagk igk`úcgjk
igk`úcgjk lahjulak, `l jkbjhb-
trljgúb ah` lchbth jkbtlegblbth, jkek tl`, k ah l`cubk ah `ks prkaujtks hb `ks quh sh
puhah trlbsdkrelr ahbtrk ah` juhrpk ouelbk.
akr,Qghbh
lbthsjkek kimhtgvk ahthjtlr
quh lplrhzjlb `k lbths
l`thrljgkbhs pksgi`h gepkrtlbths.
igk`úcgjls ubl hxpksgjgúb hxjhsgvl ah` trlilml-
4.:.8. Jkbtr
Jkbtrk`
k` ah `l hxpksgjgúb l jkbtlegblbths
jkbtlegblbths quåegjks
Lp`gjlaks `ks jrgthrgks ah gahbtg﬌jljgúb, ehagjgúb, y hvlùljgúb hb h` ehagk plrl
jkbkjhr `l jkbjhbtrljgúb ah jkbtlegblbths y su prhshbjgl hb h` krclbgsek ah` trlil-
mlakr, sh oljh bhjhslrgl ubl ljjgúb jkrrhjtkrl
jkrrhjtkrl plrl prhvhbgr `ks hdhjtks túxgjks
túxgjks jkrrhs-
pkbaghbths.
^lrl ah﬌bgr h` eçtkak gaúbhk sh prhjgslb jkbkjhr h` eìxgek ah jgrjubstlbjgls quh
ljkeplülb l` rghsck. Hmhep`k= jkbkjhr `l duhbth ah jkbtlegbljgúb, dkrel ah ``hclr
olstl h` trlilmlakr, eçtkak ah trlilmk, tghepk y hxpksgjgúb, prkthjjgúb hep`hlal, htj.
Iìsgjlehbth, h` rghsck ahphbah ah trhs dljtkrhs=
• Qgpk ah jkbtlegblbth.
• Jkbjhbtrljgúb ah` egsek.
• Qghepk ah hxpksgjgúb.
Hxgsthb trhs pksgig`galahs ah ljtuljgúb=
• Zkirh `l duhbth ah chbhrljgúb ah` jkbtlegblbth plrl gephagr su dkreljgúb,
k su plsk l `l lteúsdhrl6 ah` `kjl` ah trlilmk.
• Zkirh h` ehagk ah agdusgúb, plrl hvgt
hvgtlr
lr quh h` jkbtlegblbth chbhrlak sh
hxtghbal y l`jlbjh `åegths ph`gcrksks.
• Zkirh h` trlilmlakr, plrl hvgtlr quh h` jkbtlegblbth phbhtrh hb su
krclbgsek.
^kr h``k, sgheprh quh sh ahthjth `l prhshbjgl ah` jkbtlegblbth, hsphjglèhbth jkb
jkbjhbtrljgkbhs prúxgels k suphrgkrhs l `ks vl`krhs eìxgeks laegsgi`hs sh ljtulrì pkr
h` sgcughbth krahb ah prhdhrhbjgl=
<. Jkbtrk` skirh `l duhbth ah chbhrljgúb ah` jkbtlegblbth (plrl gephagr `l
hegsgúb).
9. Jkbtrk` skirh h` ehagk ah agdusgúb (plrl hvgtlr `l prkplcljgúb).
:. Jkbtrk` skirh h` rhjhptkr (trlilmlakr k trlilmlakrhs hxpuhstks, plrl hvg-
tlr`h hdhjtks bhcltgvks).
Ljtuljgúb skirh h` dkjk jkbtlegblbth
Jkbthep`lr, hb `l dlsh ah prkyhjtk, `ks rghscks ogcgçbgjks ah` prkjhsk, p`lbthlbak `l

pksgig`gala ah rhaujgr `l dkreljgúb ah hegsgkbhs y suiprkaujtks jkbtlegblbths.
X.A
@ks plrìehtrks l jkbsgahrlr skb hbjhrrlr h` prkjhsk, lutkeltgzlr`k k jl`ju`lr `ls

elsls ah h`hehbtks quh gbthrvghbhb hb h` prkjhsk, plrl egbgegzlr `l chbhrljgúb ah
suiprkaujtks.
Zustgtujgkb ah elthrgls prgels
Jleiglr ub prkaujtk túxgjk pkr ktrk ehbks túxgjk. Hmhep`ks=

• Zustgtugr htg`hbc`gjk` pkr prkpg`hbc`gjk` jkek lchbth ah rhdrgchrljgúb.
• Zustgtugr pgbturls jkb pgcehbtks ah p`kek y jr
jrkek
kek pkr ktrls quh jkbthbclb
ehtl`hs ehbks túxgjks.
• Zustgtugr hb prkjhsks ah ahjk`krljgúb, sustlbjgls quh jkbthbclb j`krurk ah
ehtg`hbk pkr ì`jl`gs k ahthrchbths hb pk`vk.
• Zkàlr jkb hstlük/p`ltl hb vhz ah jkb hstlük/p`kek.
Ekag﬌jljgúb ah` prkjhsk
^gbtlr pkr gbehrsgúb k l pgbjh` agsegbuyh `l jkbjhbtrljgúb ah jkbtlegblbths sg sh

jkeplrl jkb `l pgbturl jkb pgstk`l.
Hb h` ahjlplak ah pgbturl, sustgtugr `l `gepghzl jkb prkaujtks quåegjks pkr jokrrk
ah lcul jl`ghbth y rlsplak ah` elthrgl`.
Lgs`leghbtk k jkb﬌bleghbtk
Zgtulr h` puhstk ph`gcrksk lgs`lak ah` rhstk ah trlilmlakrhs. Zh puhah oljhr pkr il-
rrhrls dåsgjls plrl quh h` kphrlrgk bk thbcl quh hstlr hb `ls prkxgegalahs ah` dkjk eìs
quh aurlbth jkrtks phråkaks.
H` lgs`leghbtk tktl` sh puhah jkbshcugr pkr lutkeltgzljgúb ah` prkjhsk quh bk
rhqughrl `l prhshbjgl ah` trlilmlakr. Hb hsth jlsk, `l `gepghzl y elbthbgeghbtk ah`
hqugpk rhquhrgrì euy prkili`hehbth ah ehagals hsphjgl`hs ah prkthjjgúb y usk ah
hqugpks ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul`.
Ktrl kpjgúb jkbsgsth hb rhl`gzlr `ls tlrhls ph`gcrksls hb ub okrlrgk agdhrhbth l `l
mkrblal oligtul`, jkb `k quh sh rhaujh `l prhshbjgl ah trlilmlakrhs ldhjtlaks.
Eçtkaks oýehaks
@l jkbjhbtrljgúb ah pk`vks jkbtlegblbths puhah rhaujgrsh pkr ub eçtkak tlb

shbjg``k jkek ouehahjhr jkb lcul k jul`qughr `åqugak h` elthrgl`, suphr﬌jgh k h`hehb-
tk jlplz ah chbhrlr pk`vk hb h` prkjhsk, jkb `k quh sh rhaujh hsphjtlju`lrehbth su
agdusgúb.
Hs bhjhslrgk h`gegblr h` pk`vk lbths ah quh sh shquh h` `åqugak lülagak.
Hxtrljjgúb `kjl`gzlal
Jlptlb `ls hegsgkbhs jkbtlegblbths hb h` pubtk ah krgchb hvgtlbak su agdusgúb l

ktrls plrths ah` trlilmk.
Jkbstlb ah ubl jleplbl ah jlptljgúb, jkbaujtks ah trlbspkrth, vhbtg`lakrhs ah

lspgrljgúb h gepu`sgúb y ﬌`trks ah shplrljgúb y rhthbjgúb.
X.A. 4 | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ AH @LZ JKBAGJGKBHZ EHAGK󰀥LEIGHBQL@HZ
EHAGK󰀥LEIG HBQL@HZ pìc. 33
@l jlptljgúb ahih oljhrsh l`hmlbak h` jkbtlegblbth ah `l zkbl ah rhspgrljgúb ah`

kphrlrgk.
Hstks sgsthels bhjhsgtlb ah ub jkrrhjtk elbthbgeghbtk phrgúagjk plrl shr h﬌jljhs.
Ljtuljgúb skirh h` ehagk ah agdusgúb
Krahb y `gepghzl
H` pk`vk ljueu`lak hb h` puhstk ah trlilmk puhah vk`v vk`vhr

hr l `l lteúsdhrl pkr
jkrrghbths ah lgrh, ilrrgak, htj., pkr tlbtk ahih h`gegblrsh lbths ah quh hstk sujhal. @l
`gepghzl sh olrì pkr lspgrljgúb k eçtkaks oýehaks y bubjl pkr skp`lak k ilrrgak.
@ks agsk`vhbths ahrrlelaks pkr h` suh`k k `l eìqugbl, lså jkek `ks trlpks hep`hl-
aks plrl su `gepghzl, l` hstlr hb jkbtljtk jkb `l lteúsdhrl `girh prkaujhb `l hvlpkrl-
jgúb ah` agsk`vhbth y su ehzj`l jkb h` lgrh. ^kr tlbtk, ahihb shr `gepglaks jkb drhjuhb-
jgl y `ks trlpks culralaks hb rhjgpghbths ohreçtgjks hsphjgl`hs.
Thbtg`ljgúb chbhrl`
Jkbsgsth hb hxtrlhr h` lgrh jkbtlegblak ah ub `kjl` y rhbkvlr`k jkb lgrh `gepgk ah`
hxthrgkr. Qghbh pkr kimhtgvk elbthbhr `l thephrlturl y ouehala lahjulal y `l jkbjhb-
trljgúb ah jkbtlegblbths ahbtrk ah bgvh`hs phregsgi`hs.
Ahihb thbhrsh hb juhbtl `ks sgcughbths lsphjtks=
• Hep`hlr`l sú`
sú`k
k julbak `l hxtrljjgúb `kjl`gzlal hs ggbvgli`h.
bvgli`h.
• Zú`k lp`gjli`h l jkbt
jkbtlegblbths
legblbths ah ilml tkxgjgala, rìpgal agdusgúb y hb
• phquhüls jlbtgalahs.
• Lp`gjli`h sú`k så `ks trlilmlakrhs hstìb l`hmlaks ah` dkjk jkbtlegblbth y bk sh
sgtýlb hbtrh çsth y `l hxtrljjgúb.
• Hvgtlr jkrrghbths ah lgrh.
• Xtg`gzlr hhxtrljjgúb
xtrljjgúb ehjìbgjl (lspgrlakrhs) y hbtrlal blturl` prhd
prhdhrhbthehbth.
hrhbthehbth.
• Lshcurlr `l jkephbsljgúb ah sl`gal ah lgrh jkb `l jkrrhspkbaghbt
jkrrhspkbaghbthh hbtrlal.
@l Krahblbzl Chbhrl` ah Zhcurgala h Ogcghbh elrjl, hb h` pubtk 1 lrtåju`k :>, quh
h` suegbgstrk ah lgrh drhsjk y `gepgk pkr okrl y trlilmlakr shrì, l` ehbks, ah :> l 8>
ehtrks jýigjks, sl`vk quh sh hdhjtýh ubl rhbkvljgúb tktl` ah` lgrh vlrgls vhjhs pkr okrl
(bk ehbks ah shgs).
Luehbtk ah `l agstlbjgl
Zh puhah luehbtlr, tkak `k pksgi`h, `l shplrljgúb hbtrh h` dkjk jkbtlegblbth y h`

puhstk ah trlilmk.
Ekbgtkrgzljgúb y l`lrel
@l gbstl`ljgúb ah ehagakrhs agrhjtks ah jkbtlegblbths puhah phregtgr `l ljtg-

vljgúb ah l`lrels, jkbtrk` ah jghrrh ah vì`vu`ls y puhstl hb elrjol ah sgsthels ah
hxtrljjgúb, hb h` jlsk ah quh sh suphrhb ahthregblaks bgvh`hs hb `l jkbjhbtrljgúb ah
pìc. 3? X.A.. 4 | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ
X.A AHYG TLAKZ AH @LZ JKBAGJGKBHZ EHAGK󰀥LEIGHBQL@HZ
EHAGK󰀥LEIGHB QL@HZ
jkbtlegblbths. ûhahb shr euy ýtg`hs hb zkbls prúxgels l` dkjk hegskr k zkbls akbah
puhah hxgstgr ljueu`ljgúb ah` lchbth túxgjk.
Ljtuljgúb skirh h` trlilmlakr hxpuhstk
Gbdkreljgúb y dkreljgúb
@l @hy ah ^rhvhbjgúb ah Yghscks @likrl`hs hstli`hjh h` ahrhjok ah` trlilmlakr l shr

gbdkrelak skirh `ks rghscks quh jkrrh hb su puhstk ah trlilmk, y dkrelak hb h` hep`hk
y elbthbgeghbtk ah `ks ehagks ah ahthjjgúb quh sh pkbhb l su l`jlbjh.
Agsegbujgúb ah` tghepk ah hxpksgjgúb
L ehbkr tghepk ah hxpksgjgúb, ehbkr aksgs sh rhjgih y, pkr tlbtk, ehbkr rghsck.
Yktljgúb ah` phrskbl`
Jkbsgsth hb lplrtlr thepkrlèhbth l` trlilmlakr ah su trlilmk, hbjkehbaìbak`h

ktrls tlrhls sustgtugak pkr ktrk kphrlrgk. Hs ubl ehagal ah krahbljgúb ah` trlilmk pkr
`l quh sh rhaujh h` tghepk ah hxpksgjgúb.
Lgs`leghbtk ah` kphrlrgk
Julbak h` vkùehb k jlrljthråstgjls ah` prkjhsk gepgah su hbjhrrleghbtk k lutk-

eltgzljgúb, sh lås`l l` trlilmlakr jkb﬌bìbak`k hb ubl jligbl jkb ljkbagjgkbleghbtk
ah lgrh. Ahih jkbsgahrlrsh h` lsphjtk psgjk`úcgjk ah hstl ehagal, puhs puhahb alrsh
sgtuljgkbhs ah j`lustrkdkigl k sgeg`lrhs.
Ogcghbh phrskbl`
Ahihb prkpkrjgkblrsh l `ks kphrlrgks ehagks plrl=

• Jkehr y ihihr l`hmlak ah `ls zkbls ah elbgpu`ljgúb ah sustlbjgls bkjgvls.
• ^kahr `lvlrsh lbths ah gr l` ``lvlik,
lvlik, lbths ah `ls jkegals y l` jleiglrsh ah rkpl.
• @`hvlr l jlik `l `gepghzl jkrpkrl` jkb mlikbhs lahjulaks y bubjl jkb `åqugaks
k agsk`vhbths ah tgpk gbaustrgl`, quh alülrålb bktli`hehbth `l ilrrhrl blturl` ah l
pgh` ouelbl.
Hqugpks ah ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul`
Qghbhb jkek kimhtgvk gephagr quh h` jkbtlegblbth phbhtrh hb h` krclbgsek ah`

trlilmlakr. @ks oly ah prkthjjgúb jutìbhl (açregjl) k rhspgrltkrgl.
^rkthjjgúb jutìbhl. Zh jkbsgcuh jkb trlmhs hsphjgl`hs, culbths, ckrrks y iktls. Hxgs-
thb tleigçb ‐jrhels
‐jrhels ilrrhrl― hhsphjgl`hs
sphjgl`hs ah l`tk bgvh` ah prkthjjgúb l `l pgh`. Zh jkep`h-
ehbtlb jkb h` hep`hk ah mlikbhs bhutrks y jrhels ogarltlbths hb h` ekehbtk ah `l
`gepghzl aglrgl l` ﬌bl`gzlr `l mkrblal.
^rkthjjgúb rhspgrltkrgl. @ks oly ahphbaghbths h gbahphbaghbths ah` ehagk leighbth.
Hb `ks prgehrks h` trlilmlakr rhspgrl h` lgrh quh `h rkahl, prhvgl purg﬌jljgúb ah çsth6
jkbstlb hshbjglèhbth ah ub lalptlakr dljgl` (eìsjlrls, elsjlrg``ls k ikqug``ls y ub
﬌`trk (ah rhthbjgúb ehjìbgjl, quåegjl k egxtl). Hb `ks gbahphbaghbths ah` ehagk, h`
lgrh hs lpkrtlak pkr ubl duhbth gbahphbaghbth, hb jkbagjgkbhs úptgels ah gbol`ljgúb6
`ks oly sheglutúbkeks (ah lgrh k ah lgrh jkeprgegak) y lutúbkeks (ah kxåchbk
rhchbhrli`h k ah sl`gal `girh).

@ls jkbagjgkbhs quh ahih juep`gr ub hqugpk ah prkthjjgúb rhspgrltkrgk gbagvgaul`
jkbtrl jkbtlegblbths quåegjks skb=
• Zhr hx
hxjùsgvk
jùsgvk (gbagvgaul`gzlak) plrl jlal ubk ah `ks ttrlilmlakrhs.
rlilmlakrhs.
• Zhr lahjulak plrl h` jkbtlegblbth quh quhr
quhrheks
heks jk
jkbtrk`lr.
btrk`lr.
• Hstlr okek`kc
okek`kclak
lak plrl h` rghsck ah` quh quhrheks prkthchr
prkthchr..
• ^rkthchr tkals `ls våls ah hbtrlal (blrgz, ikjl y kmks).
• Zhr `k eìs jkbdkrtli`h pksgi`h
pksgi`h.. Yhsphjtk l su usk=
• Oly quh utg`gzlr`ks jkrrhjtlehbth (dkrelr l` trlilmlakr).
• Oly quh elbthbhr`ks `ge
`gepgks
pgks y hb úptgels jkbagjgkbhs ah hep`hk.
• Oly quh sustgtugr`ks hb julbtk pghralb l`cubl ah sus jlrljthråstgjls ah prkthjjgú
prkthjjgúb.
b.
• Hqugpks ah pr
prkthjjgúb
kthjjgúb rhspgrltkrgl l6 e
elsjlrg``l
lsjlrg``l y i6 eìsjlrl.
L I
4.1. JKBQLEGBLBQHZ IGK@ÚCGJKZ

Hb ub shbtgak lep`gk, sh ah﬌bh h` jkbtlegblbth igk`úcgjk jkek tkak shr vgvk ah
krgchb lbgel` k vhchtl`, k ahrgvlak agrhjtk ah` ehtlik`gsek ah h``ks, jlplz ah prkaujgr
hdhjtks jkbtrl `l slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs pkr prkjhsks gbdhjjgksks, túxgjks k l`çrcgjks.
4.1.<.Qgpks
4.1.<. Qgpks ah jkbtlegblbths igk`úcgjk
Zh agvgahb hb krclbgseks vgvks y ahrgvlaks ah çstks.
Krclbgseks vgvks. ûhahb jgtlrsh=
• Iljthrgls. Zkb krclbgseks ah tlelük gbdhrgkr l jgbjk eg`çsgels ah eg`åeh-
trk. ^hrthbhjhb l hsth crupk `ls jluslbths ah tçtlbks, tuihrju`ksgs, ﬌hirh ah el`tl,
jlriubjk, htj.
• ^rktkzkks. Lbgel`hs egjrksjúpgjks ubgjhù`lrhs. ^kaheks jgtlr `ls lehils

jluslbths ah lehiglsgs y h` lchbth jlusl` ah `l tkxkp`lseksgs.
pìc. ?> X.A.. 4 | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ
• Tgrus. Egahb eg``kbçsgels ah eg`åehtrk. Zkb `ks lchbths pltúchbks bk jhù`l-

rhs eìs phquhüks quh sh jkbkjhb. Jgtlrheks `ks jluslbths ah` sgal,ohrphs, ohpltgtgs
vårgjl y rligl.
• Okbcks= Dkrel ah vgal ah tlelük vlrgli`h, ah dkrels ubgjhù`lrhs olstl ﬌`l-
ehbtksls. Ltljlb
`ls jlbagals, l trlvçsah
prkaujtkrhs ahekbg`glsgs,
`l pgh` k ahvlcgbgtgs
agstgbtksyúrclbks.
quhg`ksgs6Zkb hmhep`ks ah
h` jrgptkjkjk, okbcks=
prkaujtkr
ah ahreltksgs ah `ks trúpgjks6 y h` ogstkp`lsel, quh ldhjtl l` lplrltk rhspgrltkrgk.
• Cuslbks plrìsgtks. Krclbgseks lbgel`hs ah tlelük vlrgli`h (olstl vlrgks
eg`åehtrks) quh phbhtrlb hb h` okeirh pkr vål açregjl, rhspgrltkrgl k agchstgvl, ﬌-
mìbaksh hb puèkbhs k gbthstgbk Hmhep`k skb `ls `lrvls ah` lqug`kstkel y `ks ìjlrks.
Ahrgvlaks lbgel`hs y vhchtl`hs
• Ahrgvlaks lbgel`hs. Zkb `ks hxjrhehbtks, rhstks jutìbhks jkek ph`ks y pù-
els, sustlbjgls lbtgcçbgjls jkek hbzgels y prkthåbls, ahrgvlaks açregjks y `lrvls
ah gbvhrthirlaks.
• Ahrgvlaks vhchtl`hs. ^k`hb, pk`vk ah elahrl, hspkrls dýbcgjls, htj.
4.1.9. ^hbhtrljgúb y trlbsegsgúb ah jkbtlegblbths igk`úcgjks

Tåls ah phbhtrljgúb
Lså jkek `ls prgbjgpl`hs våls ah phbhtrljgúb ah `ks lchbths quåegjks hrlb `l rhs-
pgrljgúb y ùhck `l açregjl k jutìbhl, hb `ks lchbths igk`úcgjks sujhah l` jkbtrlrgk,
sghbak `l prgbjgpl` `l açregjl, ighb pkr jkbtljtk agrhjtk, ighb pkr ohrgals k gbkju`ljgúb
ljjgahbtl`.
Ehagks ah trlbsegsgúb
@ks lchbths igk`úcgjks sh hbjuhbtrlb prgbjgplèhbth hb=

• Lcul. Ighb `l ah rha plrl h` jkbsuek h ogc ogcghbh
ghbh phrskbl`, ighb l trlvçs ah ``ll
hep`hlal hb `ks prkjhsks prkaujtgvks. ^kr lcul sh trlbsegthb hbdhrehalahs iljth-
rglbls (aglrrhls, ﬌hirhs tgdkgahls, shptgjhegl ohekrrìcgjl), vårgjls (ohpltgtgs L y pk-
`gkegh`gtgs), lehiglsgs, plrlsgtksgs (qugsth ogaltåagjk).
• Lgrh. Jkbtghbh lchbths hb susphbsgúb laohrgaks l plrtåju`ls ah pk`vk k ph-
quhüls cktls ﬉ugals, euy rhsgsthbths l `l shquhala.
• Zuh`k. Akbah puhahb ahpksgtlrsh lchbths igk`úcgjks gbdhjjgksks (tçtlbks,
ogstkp`lseksgs), plrlsgtlrgks y vhbhbksks (pgjlaurls ah hsjkrpgkbhs y shrpghbths vh-
bhbksls jkek `l våikrl).
• Lbgel`hs akeçstgjks. Qrlbsegthb ubl shrgh ah hbdhrehalahs jkbkjgals jkb
h` bkeirh ah zkkbksgs.
• Elthrgls prgels. Jkbstgtuyhb ub ehagk lahjulak plrl h` ahslrrk``k ah eg-
jrkkrclbgseks. H` ljjhsk l` juhrpk ouelbk shrì pkr gbol`ljgúb, jkbtljtk k gbchstgúb.
4.1.:.Gahbtgjljgúb
4.1.:. Gahbtgjljgúb y ehagjgúb
@ls ehtkak`kcåls ahphbahrìb ah `l blturl`hzl ah` jkbtlegblbth y ah` ehagk hb quh
EHAGK󰀥LEIG HBQL@HZ pìc. ?<
sh ahshh gahbtg﬌jlr y julbtg﬌jlr.

@l gahbtg﬌jljgúb y julbtg﬌jljgúb ah egjrkkrclbgseks hb lcul y l`gehbtks hstìb
hstli`hjgals hb h` ìeigtk ah Zlbgala ^ýi`gjl y bk hb h` ah Ogcghbh Gbaustrgl`.
Hb ogcghbh gbaustrgl` sh uslb=
Qçjbgjls ah euhstrhk hb h` lgrh ah egjrkkrclbgseks prhshbths= shagehbtljgúb, rhjk-
cgal hb ehagk `åqugak, ﬌`trljgúb, gepljtljgúb.
Qçjbgjls ah euhstrhk ah egjrkkrclbgseks hb suphr﬌jghs= p`ljl ah jkbtljtk y drktgs.
Qçjbgjls lbl`åtgjls= p`ljls jkb ehagk ah ju`tgvk sh gbjuilb l ubl thephrlturl ahthr-
egblal aurlbth ub jghrtk tghepk, hvlùlbak pksthrgkrehbth `ls jk`kbgls ahslrrk``lals
hb `ls egsels.
4.1.1.Jrgthrgks
4.1.1. Jrgthrgks ah hvlùljgúb
@ks jrgthrgks ah hvlùljgúb skb euy agdhrhbths shcýb `ls sgtuljgkbhs.
^lrl sustlbjgls jkek `ks lbtgigútgjks bk hxgsthb vl`krhs ah rhdhrhbjgl. Zh agspkbh, bk
kistlbth ah gbdkreljgúb thjbk`úcgjl y hpgahegk`úcgjl quh sgrvh ah vl`krljgúb.
Zg `l ehagjgúb sh oljh jkb tçjbgjls ah euhstrhk ah egjrkkrclbgseks hb h` lgrh le-
ighbth, bk hxgsthb jrgthrgks `hcl`hs ah vl`krljgúb.
Akbah oly jrgthrgks eìs ah﬌bgaks hs plrl ahrgvlaks ah lbgel`hs k vhchtl`hs, hxgs-
tghbak l`cubks Q@T ah﬌bgaks.
4.1.8.Jkbtrk`
4.1.8. Jkbtrk` ah `l hxpksgjgúb l jkbtlegblbths igk`úcgjks
@l jlbtgala y agvhrsgala ah lchbths igk`úcgjks oljh euy agdåjg` rhl`gzlr ub julark
ah ehagals tçjbgjls lp`gjli`hs. ^kr hstl rlzúb bks `gegtlrheks l oljhr rhsuehb ah
ehagals chbçrgjls.
^rkcrlels eçagjks
Zh gbjùyhb `ks rhjkbkjgeghbtks eçagjks ah prhlaegsgúb y `ks phrgúagjks prhvhbtg-

vks. Jleplüls ah vljubljgúb, sgheprh quh shl pksgi`h y hxgstlb vljubls. Gbstl`ljgkbhs
slbgtlrgls lahjulals y aktlals ah ehagks su﬌jghbths.
@gepghzl y ahsgbdhjjgúb
Jkbtrk` ah ogcghbh phrskbl` jkb aujols y `lvliks. Thstulrgks shplrlaks plrl rkpl ah
jl``h y trlilmk. Gbstl`ljgkbhs plrl `gepghzl y ahsgbdhjjgúb ah rkpl ah trlilmk. H`gegbl-
jgúb ah lteúsdhrls pu`vhråchbls. Jkbtrk` ah rkhakrhs, gbshjtks, okbcks, htj.
Agshük hsphjå﬌jk ah `ks `kjl`hs ah trlilmk
]kbls hsphjgl`hs plrl jkehr y ihihr. Hvgtlr zkbls akbah sh ljueu`h `l sujghala.
Qhjoks, plrhahs y suh`ks gephrehli`hs l` lcul. Jkrrhjtl lp`gjljgúb ah vhbtg`ljgúb
chbhrl` y hxtrljjgúb `kjl`gzlal.
Gbdkreljgúb y dkreljgúb
pìc. ?9 X.A.. 4 | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ
L `ks trlilmlakrhs oly quh gbdkrelr`ks y dkrelr`ks skirh tçjbgjls hsphjå﬌jls y prìj-
tgjls ah trlilmk lså, pkr hmhep`k, `ks trlilmlakrhs ah pkzks y egbls hstìb skehtgaks l`
rghsck ah jkbtrlhr hbdhrehalahs pkr jkbtljtk jkb jghrtk tgpk ah cuslbks plrìsgtks-.
Xbl ehagal ah prhvhbjgúb iìsgjl hs jkbstrugr `htrgbls lgs`lals hb `ls zkbls ah trlilmk.
@ksjkb
jruak jurtgakrhs hstìb
culbths6 hxpuhstks pksthrgkrehbth
`ls skehthrìb l` jlriubjk, plrll prhvhbgr, elbgpu`lrìb
trltleghbtks tçregjks `ls
plrlpgh`hs hb
h`gegblr
hspkrls.
Hb jlsk ah ohrgals y jkrths prkdubaks, vljublrsh jkbtrl h` tçtlbks.
^rkthjjgúb gbagvgaul`
@l rkpl ah trlilmk, culbths, iktls, elsjlrg``ls y cldls skb oligtul`hs hb `ls ehagals
ah prkthjjgúb plrl ahthregblals tlrhls. Zgb heilrck, olstl `l dhjol bk oly bkrels ah
okek`kcljgúb jkb rhdhrhbjgl hxprhsl l hqugpks ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul` plrl jkbtleg-
blbths igk`úcgjks.
Bkreltgvl hsphjg﬌jl ah prkthjjgúb ah `ks trlilmlakrhs
H` Yhl` Ahjrhtk 441/<773 ah <9 ah Elyk, skirh `l prkthjjgúb ah `ks trlilmlakrhs jkb-
trl `ks rghscks rh`ljgkblaks jkb `l hxpksgjgúb l lchbths igk`úcgjks aurlbth h` trlilmk,
j`lsg﬌jl agjoks lchbths hb jultrk crupks ah rghsck.
H` crupk G lilrjl lquh``ks lchbths quh rhsu`tl pkjk prkili`h quh jlushb hbdhreh-
ala l` okeirh.
^kr jkbtrl, hb h` crupk GT hstìb `ks lchbths pltúchbks quh jluslb hbdhrehalahs
crlvhs hb h` okeirh y supkbhb ub shrgk ph`gcrk plrl `ks trlilmlakrhs, olighbak eu-
jols pksgig`galahs ah quh sh prkplcuh hb `l jk`hjtgvgala y bk hxgsth chbhrlèhbth ub
trltleghbtk h﬌jlz.
L jlal crupk sh `h lskjgl ub bgvh` ah jkbthbjgúb eåbgek quh jkepkrtl h` ahslrrk``k
ah ubls ehagals ahthregblals.
4.8. JKBQLEGBLBQHZ DÅZGJKZ YXGAK W TGIYLJGKBHZ

@ks hståeu`ks skbkrks puhahb jkbstgtugr ub prki`hel crlvh hb `l vgal ekahrbl, sk-
irh tkak hb `l jguala y hb rhjgbtks gbaustrgl`hs, yl quh skb hståeu`ks ah tgpk shbskrgl`
quh puhahb prkvkjlr dltgcl bhrvgksl, jkb tkals `ls shjuh`ls quh çstl jkb``hvl. Laheìs,
`ks rugaks h`hvlaks puhahb prkaujgr l`thrljgkbhs ah agsegbujgúb luagtgvl crlvhs, jkek
`ls skrahrls prkdhsgkbl`hs.
H` skbgak puhah ah﬌bgrsh jkek `l shbsljgúb luagtgvl prkaujgal pkr ubl vgirljgúb
ah jlrìjthr ehjìbgjk quh hs trlbsegtgal ehaglbth jul`qughr ehagk sú`gak, `gqugak k
clshksk. H` ehagk trlbsegskr eìs gepkrtlbth hs h` lgrh.
@l ljýstgjl ﬌sgk`úcgjl y `l psgjkljýstgjl skb `ls rlels ah `l ljýstgjl (agsjgp`gbl jghbtå-
﬌jl ah `l Dåsgjl quh hstuagl h` skbgak) quh trltlb `ls jlrljthråstgjls y h` jkepkrtleghbtk
ah` kåak ouelbk y ah `ls juhrals vkjl`hs, sus rhljjgkbhs rhsphjtk l `ks hståeu`ks skbk-
rks y `ks jrgthrgks psgjkljýstgjks plrl `l pkbahrljgúb ah `l skbkrgala y ah `l bkjgvgala
ah` skbgak.
EHAGK󰀥LEIG HBQL@HZ pìc. ?:
Ahbkegbleks rugak l jul`qughr skbgak bk ahshlak, ek`hstk y/k ahslcrlali`h, quh

puhah ``hclr l prkvkjlr l`thrljgkbhs ﬌sgk`úcgjls, psgjk`úcgjls k ah åbak`h skjgl`. @l skr-
ahrl hs `l l`thrljgúb ﬌sgk`úcgjl eìs gepkrtlbth, hbtrh `ls psgjk`úcgjls ahstljl `l dltgcl
bhrvgksl (jkb jkbshjuhbjgls jkek `l pçragal ah lthbjgúb), eghbtrls quh `ls ah jlrìjthr
skjgl` sh jhbtrlb hb `ks prki`hels ah jkeubgjljgúb hbtrh `ls phrskbls.
^kr su sgeg`gtua hb eujoks lsphjtks jkb h` rugak, lbl`gzlrheks tleigçb h` dhbúeh-
bk ah `ls vgirljgkbhs hb `l gbaustrgl. Zh agjh quh ub juhrpk vgirl julbak sus plrtåju`ls
sh euhvhb (jkb ub ekvgeghbtk kbau`ltkrgk) l`rhahakr ah ubl pksgjgúb ah rhdhrhbjgl.
4.8.<. Qgpks ah Yugak y sus hdhjtks

Qgpks ah rugak
Hxjùyhbak `ks gbdrlskbgaks y `ks u`trlskbgaks, `l elykr plrth ah rugaks quh sh prh-
shbtlb hb `l ljtgvgala aglrgl ah `ls phrskbls sh agvgahb hb=
• Yugaks lçrhks jkbtgbuks.
• Yugaks ah gepljtk k gepu`sk.
• Tgirljgkbhs skbkrls.
Hb `l rhl`gala, tkaks `ks rugaks puhahb alrsh sgeu`tìbhlehbth.
Yugaks lçrhks jkbtgbuks
Lub prhshbtlbak vlrgljgkbhs hb su gbthbsgala, phrelbhjhb jkb h` tghepk. Hmhep`k,

h` rugak ah ektkrhs, ek`gbks, htj. Zh agvgahb hb=
• Hstli`hs. Yu
Yugaks
gaks jkb ub bgvh` skbk
skbkrk
rk jlsg jk
jkbstlbth,
bstlbth, jjkb
kb vlrgljgkbhs ehbkrhs ah
8 aI.
• Gbthregthbths. Zujhsgúb ah agdhrhbths bgvh`hs ah rugak jkb ubl jghrtl jlahbjgl.
• Dùjtulbths. Tlrålb jkbtgbulehbth sgb lprhjglrsh hstlig`gala.
Yugaks ah gepljtk k gepu`sk

^rkaujgaks pkr ub gepljtk hbtrh aks kimhtks (hmhep`k= ub ck`ph ah prhbsl k
elrtg``k). Zh jlrljthrgzlb pkr ubl h`hvljgúb irusjl ah` rugak hb ub tghepk ehbkr ah :8
eg`gshcubaks y ubl aurljgúb tktl` gbdhrgkr l ehagk shcubak. Hbtrh ub gepljtk y ktrk
ahih trlbsjurrgr eìs ah ub shcubak.
Tgirljgkbhs
Zh prkaujhb julbak ub h`hehbtk hb ekvgeghbtk trlbsegth su ksjg`ljgúb l ktrks

h`hehbtks jkb `ks quh hstì hb jkbtljtk. Hmhep`k= `ls vgirljgkbhs trlbsegtgals pkr `ls
eìqugbls k tuihråls l `ks h`hehbtks skirh `ks quh sh lpkylb. Ah `ls vgirljgkbhs oli`l-
rheks jkb ahtl``h eìs lah`lbth.
Dgsgk`kcål ah `l luagjgúb
H` kåak ouelbk sh jkepkbh ah : plrths=

• Xb rhjhptkr
rhjhptkr,, h` kåak hxthrbk. Jkbstg
Jkbstgtugak
tugak pkr `l krhml y h` jkbaujtk luagtgvk quh
jkbaujh l` tåeplbk. Oly ph`g``ks y jhruehb plrl gephagr `l phbhtrljgúb ah juhrpks
hxtrlüks.
• Xb trlbsegskr
trlbsegskr,, h` kåak ehagk h gbthrbk. H` kåak ehagk hstì dkrelak pkr h` tåeplbk
y :kåak
H` ouhsks eúvg`hs
gbthrbk hstì jlpljhs ah phrjutgr
jkbstgtugak hbtrh så, ``lelaks
pkr h` vhståiu`k, elrtg``k,
`ks jkbaujtks yubquh y hstrgik.
shegjgrju`lrhs (jkek
úrclbk ah` hqug`girgk) y h` jlrljk` (tleigçb ``lelak lplrltk jkj`hlr). H` vhralahrk
úrclbk ah `l luagjgúb hs h` úrclbk ah Jkrtg, sgtulak ahbtrk ah` jlrljk`. Hb ç` sh hb-
juhbtrlb `ls thregbljgkbhs ah` bhrvgk jkj`hlr quh skb hxjgtlals pkr jkbekjgkbhs
råtegjls ah `åqugak `lihråbtgjk, prkaujgals pkr `ls kbals skbkrls quh ``hclb l` kåak y
hb`lzlb jkb h` bhrvgk ljýstgjk, quh vl l` jhrhirk.
• Xb phrjhptkr
phrjhptkr,, jkbstgtugak pkr h` bhrvgk ljýstgjk y `ks jhbtrks bhrvgksks ah` jhr
jhrh-
h-
irk, akbah sh phrjgihb `ks skbgaks y sh alb úrahbhs l` krclbgsek, plrl quh rhspkbal
lahjulalehbth l` hståeu`k.
@ls kbals skbkrls quh ``hclb ah` hxthrgkr skb jlptlals pkr h` kåak hxthrbk, jokjlb
jkb h` tåeplbk y l trlvçs ah`-kåak ehagk plslb pkr ubl vhbtlbl l` kåak gbthrbk oljghb-
ak vgirlr h` `åqugak `lihråbtgjk y hxjgtlbak lså `ls thregbljgkbhs ah` bhrvgk jkj`hlr quh
trlbsegth `l gbdkreljgúb l` jhrhirk l trlvçs ah` bhrvgk ljýstgjk.
Hdhjtks bhcltgvks ah` rugak
@ks dljtkrhs quh gbjgahb prgbjgplèhbth hb `l ahthregbljgúb ah` rghsck ljýstgjk skb=
• H` bgvh` skbkrk.
• H` tgpk ah rugak.
• H` tghepk ah hxpksgjgúb l` egsek.
• @l hala ah `l phrskbl.
@ks hdhjtks bhcltgvks quh h` rugak puhah prkvkjlr l `l phrskbl gbjgahb hb `l slùa,
`l jkeubgjljgúb y h` jkepkrtleghbtk skjgl`.
@ks hdhjtks skirh `l slùa. ûhahb shr luagtgvks y bk luagtgvks.

• Hdhjtks luagtgvks
@ks rugaks ah gepljtk jkb bgvh` skbkrk suphrgkr l <:> aIL (vl`kr ah pgjk) puhahb
jluslr hb ub gbstlbth `hsgkbhs luagtgvls crlvhs, jkek `l rkturl ah` tåeplbk.
Zgb heilrck, skb eìs drhjuhbths `ks hdhjtks pkr rugaks ehbks gbthbsks phrk eìs
phrsgsthbths quh prkvkjlb `hsgkbhs luagtgvls prkcrhsgvls quh bk sh elbg﬌hstlb olstl
plslak jghrtk tghepk y quh puhahb ``hclr l prkaujgr ubl agsegbujgúb luagtgvl phrel-
bhbth.
• Hdhjtks bk luagtgvks
Jgtlrheks jkek eìs bktli`hs `ks sgcughbths=
• Hdhjtks jlragkvlsju`lrhs= ogphrthbsgúb lrthrgl`, lrthrgkhsj`hrhksgs, htj.

• Hdhjtks agchstgvks= luehbtk ah `l ljgahz y ý`jhrls clstrkaukahbl`hs.
EHAGK󰀥LEIG HBQL@HZ pìc. ?8
• Hdhjtks hbakjrgbks= l`thrljgkbhs hb h` dubjgkbleghbtk bkrel` ah `ls c`ìbau`ls

(tgrkgahs, ogpú﬌sgs, suprlrrhbl`hs, htj.).
• Hdhjtks rhspgrltkrgks= luehbtk ah `l drhjuhbjgl rhspgrltkrgl.
• Hdhjtks vgsul`hs= l`
l`thrljgkbhs
thrljgkbhs hb h` jlepk vgsul`, lcuahzl vgsul`, vgsgúb
jrkeìtgjl, htj.
• Hdhjtks skirh h` sgsthel bhrvgksk chbhrl`= trlstkrbks ah` suhük, grrgtlig`gala,
jlbslbjgk, gblphthbjgl shxul`, htj.
• Hdhjtks skirh `l jkeubgjljgúb
jkeubgjljgúb jkb h` ehagk
ehagk
L` prkvkjlr pçragals ah lthbjgúb, agsegbuyh `l jlpljgala ah jkbjhbtrljgúb, jkb

`k quh luehbtlb `ks hrrkrhs. ^lrl jkephbslr, h` gbagvgauk ahslrrk``l ub elykr clstk
bhrvgksk y elykr dltgcl (hstrçs).
Laheìs, h` rugak ag﬌ju`tl `l phrjhpjgúb ah shül`hs y lvgsks ah ph`gcrk, jkb `k quh
luehbtl `l pksgig`gala ah ljjgahbths.
• Hdhjtks skirh h` jkepkrtleghbtk skjgl`
Hsphjglèhbth bktli`h hb `ls rh`ljgkbhs duhrl ah` leighbth ah trlilmk. @ls rh`ljgk-
bhs jkb `ls phrskbls y ljtgvgalahs quh krgcgblb rugaks sh vlb ahthrgkrlbak y alb ùclr
drhjuhbthehbth l ljjgkbhs quh puhahb ``hclr l shr vgk`hbtls.
Lubquh `ks hdhjtks hxpuhstks sh prhshbtlb l plrtgr ah `ks 7> aI (eìxgek jkbsgahrl-
ak pkr `l `hy), jkbvghbh rhjkralr quh l plrtgr ah 4> aI eìs ah` <> % ah `l pki`ljgúb sh
sghbth phrturilal, jgdrl quh vl luehbtlbak prkcrhsgvlehbth olstl h` vl`kr ah ?8 aI,
quh prkvkjl shrgls ek`hstgls l tkal `l pki`ljgúb.
Qrlilmks pui`gjlaks pkr hxphrtks hb `l elthrgl, lpkylaks pkr `l kpgbgúb jkeplrtgal
ah ^hthrs, @hoelbb y ktrks, rhjkeghbalb, plrl prhvhbgr hdhjtks hxtrluagtgvks, bk plslr
ah` `åegth ah 3> aI hb trlilmks quh bk rhqughrlb crlb jkbjhbtrljgúb ehbtl` y ub `åegth
ah 8> aI hb trlilmks quh rhqughrlb ub bgvh` h`hvlak ah lthbjgúb y jkbjhbtrljgúb.
\uhal j`lrl, puhs, `l gepkrtlbjgl quh tghbh `l `likr prhvhbtgvl hb `l ùjol jkbtrl h`
rugak,
pksgi`h`likr
y hbquh plsl pkr ah
h` ahslrrk``k `l aki`h vhrtghbth aheçagjks
rhjkbkjgeghbtks rhaujgr h`phrgúagjks
bgvh` ah rugak sgheprh quh
quh phregtlb shl
ahthj-
tlr jkb lbth`ljgúb `ls pksgi`hs pçragals ah luagjgúb ah `ks trlilmlakrhs jkek jkbsh-
juhbjgl ah` rugak `likrl`, plrl phregtgr lså ljtuljgkbhs quh ahthbclb h` prkjhsk.
4.8.9. Qgpks y hdhjtks ah vgirljgkbhs

Hb `l prìjtgjl, l` gcul` quh sujhah jkb h` skbgak, `ls vgirljgkbhs jkbstlb bkrelèhb-
th ah vlrgls drhjuhbjgls sgeu`tìbhls y plrl jkbkjhr sus hdhjtks ahih prhjhahrsh l ub
‐lbì`gsgs ah drhjuhbjgl―.
H` juhrpk ouelbk phrjgih vgirljgkbhs quh vlb ahsah ehbks ah <Oz olstl <.>>> Oz..
Hb `l gbaustrgl, `ls vgirljgkbhs sh puhahb ubg﬌jlr pkr=
• Ektkrhs, ýtg`hs phrjutkrhs, htj., ah `l elqugblrgl.
elqugblrgl.
• Dl``ks hb h` agshük k elbthbgeghbtk ah `ls eìqugbls quh prkvkjlb tk`hrlbjgl,

hxjhbtrgjgalahs ah `ks hmhs, ahshqug`girgk ah h`hehbtks l`thrbltgvks, el` dubjgkbl-
eghbtk ah `ks jkmgbhths.
• @ls prkaujgals hb h` prkpgk prkjhsk trlbsdkrelakr jkek `l ljtuljgúb ah `ls prhb-
sls, p`hclakrls, jgzl``lakrls, elrtg``ks bhueìtgjks, htj.
• Ekvgeghbtk ah puhbths-crýl, vhoåju`ks phslaks jgrju`lbak ahbtrk k hb `ls prkxg-
egalahs ah `ls dìirgjls y tl``hrhs, htj.
Eujols vhjhs, `ls vgirljgkbhs skb shbtgals pkr `ls phrskbls l trlvçs ah `ls hstrujtu-
rls y plrhahs ah` hag﬌jgk y puhahb ldhjtlr`h l tkak h` juhrpk k sú`k l ubl plrth. Hb hsth
ý`tgek tgpk oly quh ahstljlr `l vgirljgúb ahbkegblal ah irlzk-elbk.
@ls l`thrljgkbhs prkvkjlals pkr `ls vgirljgkbhs skb jkep`hmls ah lbl`gzlr y ahphb-
ahb ah vlrgks dljtkrhs=
• @ls prkpgls jlrljthråstgjls ah `ls vgirljgkbhs, jkek su drhjuhbjgl, `l lep`gtua ah
`l kbal ksjg`ltkrgl, k `l agrhjjgúb ah prkplcljgúb.
• Qgpk ah ljtgvgala pkr `l quh sh krgcgbl y pksturl ah trlbsegsg
trlbsegsgúb.
úb.
• ^lrth ah` juhrpk l `l quh ldhjtl, shl ttkak
kak h` juhrpk k sk`k ubl plrth ah ç`
ç`..
• Qghepk ah hxpksgjgúb l `l vgirljgúb y vlrgljgúb ah gbthbsgala ah `l egsel l `k
`lrck ah hsth tghepk.
• @l prkpgl blturl`hzl ah `l phrskbl ldhjtlal= phsk, hala, olihr sudrgak jghrtls
ak`hbjgls lbthrgkrehbth.
@l hxpksgjgúb prk`kbclal l jghrtks bgvh`hs ah vgirljgkbhs prkvkjl alüks ﬌sgk`úcg-
jks y psåqugjks l` trlilmlakr quh puhahb ``hclr gbjùsk l ahshbjlahblr hbdhrehalahs
prkdhsgkbl`hs.
^kr sus hdhjtks skirh h` krclbgsek, `ls vgirljgkbhs sh j`lsg﬌jlb hb dubjgúb ah `l
drhjuhbjgl=
○
Ah euy ilml drhjuhbjgl
Gbdhrgkrhs l < Oz. Zh krgcgblb hb lvgkbhs, trhbhs, , htj. Zu hdhjtk sh puhah vhr gb-
jrhehbtlak pkr ljtgvgala quh sh rhl`gzl (hmhep`k= `hhr hb ub jkjoh eghbtrls jgrju`l).
Qghbhb `ls sgcughbths jlrljthråstgjls=
• Ljtýlb skirh h` lplrltk vhstgiu`lr ah` kåak.
• ^rkvkjlb trlstkrbks hb h` sgsthel bhrvgksk jhbtrl` l`thrlbak h` shbtgak ah`
hqug`girgk, pkr `k quh kjlsgkblb vúegtks y elrhks.
Ah ilml drhjuhbjgl
○
Hbtrh < y 9> Oz, sh alb bkrelèhbth hb vhoåju`ks gbaustrgl`hs jkek jlrrhtg``ls, trlj-
tkrhs y elqugblrgl lcråjk`l y vhoåju`ks ah kirls pýi`gjls. ûhahb ldhjtlr=
• L `l vgsgúb, prkaujghbak trlstkrbks pkr rhskblbjgl.
• Gbogighbak `ks ekvgeghbtks rh﬉hmks quh jkbtrk`lb `ls dubjgkbhs jlragkvls-

ju`lr y rhspgrltkrgl.
• L` lplrltk agchstgvk
agchstgvk..
• Tlrglbak h` rgtek jhrhirl` y prkvkjlbak ag﬌ju`tla hb h` hqug`girgk.
• L `l jkùebl vhrthirl`, prkvkjlbak ùeil`cgls, pgbzleghbtks vhrthirl`hs,
ohrbgls, ak`krhs jhrvgjl`hs h gbjùsk lcrlvlbak `hsgkbhs ehbkrhs yl hxgsthbths.
○ Ah l`tl drhjuhbjgl
Hbtrh 9> y <.>>> Oz. Lquå sh hbjuhbtrlb `l elykrål ah ohrrleghbtls pkrtìtg`hs vgirl-
tkrgls jkek lek`lakrls, ektksghrrls, elrtg``ks bhueìtgjks, pu`gakrls, htj.
@l KGQ hstli`hjh `ks sgcughbths hdhjtks=
• Drhjuhbjgls gbdhrgkrhs l 1> Oz y lep`gtuahs ah vlrgks jhbtåehtrks. Zh alb hb h`
elbhmk ah ohrrleghbtls phslals hb kirls pýi`gjls (elrtg``ks bhueìtgjks). ^rkvkjlb
skirh tkak `hsgkbhs ústhklrtgju`lrhs.
• Drhjuhbjgls ah hbtrh 1> y :>> Oz y lep`gtuahs ah < ee. Zh alb hb h` hhep`hk
ep`hk ah
ohrrleghbtls `gchrls. Jkeghbzl pkr jl`leirhs phrk puhah ``hclr l prkvkjlr trlstkrbks
prk`kbclaks, jkek `l `hsgúb ahbkegblal
ahb kegblal ah ‐ahak euhrtk― k såba
såbarkeh
rkeh ah Yly-blua.
• Drhjuhbjgls suphrgkrhs l :>> Oz y lep`gtua ah >,>< ee. Ahigals l ohrrleghbtls
rìpgals jkek pu`gakrls y ahsilrilakrls.
ahsilrilakrls. ^rkvkjlb l`thrljg
l`thrljgkbhs
kbhs hb elbks y lbthirl-
zks, puaghbak ahmlr elrjls phrelbhbths hb dkrel ah quhelaurls.
@l gb﬉uhbjgl ah` tghepk ah hxpksgjgúb hb `ks alüks hs=
• Hxpksgjgúb irhv
irhvh=
h= gbskebgk
gbskebgk,, ak`krhs ah jlihzl, hhstlaks
stlaks ah jlbslbjgk, dltg
dltgcl
cl y
hstrçs.
• Hxpksgjgúb prk`
prk`kbclal=
kbclal= alüks hb `l rhcgúb ùeilr euy hsphjglèhbth.
4.8.:. Ehagjgúb ah` rugak y ah `ls vgirljgkbhs

Jkek pkaheks ahaujgr pkr `k hxpuhstk, h` rugak hs ub dhbúehbk jkep`hmk quh
ahih jkbthep`lrsh hb vlrgks lsphjtks. ^lrl jkbkjhr `ls phrjhpjgkbhs ah` kåak ouelbk,
`ls ehagjgkbhs eìs jkeubhs skb=
• Bgvh` ah prhsgúb skbkrl (B^Z), plrl rugaks jkbtgbuks.
• Bgvh` ah pgjk, plrl rugaks ah gepljtk.
4.8.1.Hqugpks
4.8.1. Hqugpks plrl
plrl `l ehagjgúb ah` rugak
@ks eìs hep`hlaks skb=
• Zkbúehtrks.
• Jl`girlakrhs.
• Aksåehtrks phrskbl`hs.
pìc. ?? X.A.. 4 | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ
Zkbúehtrk
Egah, ah dkrel agrhjtl, h` bgvh` skbkrk hb ub pubtk. Zg sh aktl ah ub ﬌`trk ah pkbah-

rljgúb ah` tgpk L, rhcgstrl h` skbgak ah dkrel gaçbtgjl l jkek `k phrjgih h` kåak ouel-
bk, pkr `k quh hs h` hep`hlak plrl ehagjgkbhs hb h` jlepk ah `l ogcghbh gbaustrgl`. @ks
rhsu`tlaks sh hxprhslrìb hb aIL.
Jkb ub skbúehtrk sh puhahb ehagr h` vl`kr ah pgjk y h` vl`kr h﬌jlz.
H` vl`kr ah pgjk hs h` jkrrhspkbaghbth l` bgvh` skbkrk eìxgek l`jlbzlak hb ub hvhb-
tk euy rugaksk y ah jkrtl aurljgúb (ck`phs, hxp`ksgkbhs). Zh egah plrl prhvhbgr alüks
jkek `l rkturl ah` tåeplbk.
H` vl`kr h﬌jlz prkpkrjgkbl h` bgvh` skbkrk prkehaglak l `k `lrck ah` tghepk quh
aurh `l ehagjgúb ah rugak, alak quh `ks skbgaks quh sh egahb tghbhb vlrgljgkbhs ah
bgvh` hb h` tghepk.
Hxgsthb aks tgpks ah skbúehtrks= `ks jkbvhbjgkbl`hs y `ks gbthcrlakrhs.
@ks skbúehtrks gbthcrlakrhs skb lquh``ks jlpljhs ah ehagr y jl`ju`lr ah ekak
lutkeìtgjk `ks plrìehtrks sgcughbths=
• Bgvh` ah hxpksgjgúb skbkrl. Bgvh` skbkrk pkbahrlak L ah ub hvhbtk jkbjhbtrlak
hb < shcubak. Zh al hb aIL. Zh utg`gzl plrl ahthregblr h` bgvh` ah` rugak ah ub hvhbtk
jkep`htk jkek, pkr hmhep`k, `l dlirgjljgúb ah ubl pghzl hb `l prhbsl plrl pkahr
jkeplrlr ljýstgjlehbth aks sujhsks.
• Bgvh` jkbtgbýk hqugvl`hbth. Bgvh` ah prhsgúb h﬌jlz pkbahrlak L, pr
prkehaglak
kehaglak l
`k `lrck ah` tghepk quh aurh `l ehagal. Zh al hb aIL.
Jl`girlakr
Hs h` lplrltk hep`hlak plrl jkeprkilr `l jl`gala ah rhspuhstl ah ub hqugpk ehag-

akr ah skbgak l ﬌b ah lmustlr`l hb jlsk ah shr hrrúbhl.
Aksåehtrk phrskbl`
quhHsprkpkrjgkbl
ub skbúehtrk
hb prkvgstk ah ub ﬌`trk
vl`kr prkehagk, L, jkb
`l aksgs pksgig`gala
ljueu`lal ahah
`ksljueu`ljgúb ah rugak,
rugaks hb h` tghepk quh
ol hstlak dubjgkblbak.
Zh hep`hl plrl lbl`gzlr h` bgvh` ah hxpksgjgúb l` rugak ah `ks trlilmlakrhs quh
sh euhvhb hb leighbths ljýstgjks ah agdhrhbths bgvh`hs aurlbth `l mkrblal. H` altk
prkpkrjgkblak hs `l aksgs ah rugak quh skpkrtlb hxprhslal jkek ub pkrjhbtlmh ah `l
aksgs eìxgel phregtgal (vl`kr <>> %) y puhah alrsh h` vl`kr hqugvl`hbth hb ub tghepk
ahthregblak k `l hxtrlpk`ljgúb aglrgl.
4.8.8. Ehtkak`kcål
Ehtkak`kcål plrl `ls ehagjgkbhs skbkrls
Zh rhsphtlrìb `ks plsks sgcughbths=
• Ah﬌bgr kimhtgvks y jkbagjgkbhs ah `l ehagjgúb.
• H`hcgr h` tgpk ah ehagakr eìs lahjulak, jkeprkilbak quh hstì jlrclak y jk-
rrhjtlehbth jl`girlak.
• Ahjgagr `l rha ah pkbahrljgúb l hep`hlr.

• Zh`hjjgkblr `l rhspuhstl ah` ahthjtkr jkb
jkbvhbghbth=
vhbghbth= plrl gepljtks, plrl rugak hs-
tli`h, plrl rugak vlrgli`h.
• Jk`kjlr
mìbaksh h` ehagakr
ah` hqugpk tlbtkl `l
h` l`turl
kp ah` jkek
kphrlrgk
hrlrgk kå
kåak
ak ah` kphrlrgk hb(plrl
h` ogcghbgstl su puhstk
hv gtlr ah
hvgtlr trlilmk
trlilmk,, sl`h-
dhbúehbk
dhbúehbks ah
kbals quh l`thrlrålb h` rhsu`tlak.
rhsu`tlak. Bk jk`kjlr h` egjrúdkbk drhbth l `l duhbth skbkrl.
4.8.4.Jkbtr
4.8.4. Jkbtrk`
k` ah `l hxpksgjgúb l rugak
Yhaujjgúb ah` rugak
@l rhaujjgúb ah `ks hdhjtks bhcltgvks ah` rugak skirh `l slùa puhah jkbshcugrsh
rhaujghbak h` bgvh` skbkrk=
• Hb h` krgchb k dkjk ah rugak.
• Hb h` leighbth trlbsegskr
trlbsegskr,, hs ahjgr
ahjgr,, hb `l zkbl quh vl ahsah h` dkjk olstl `ks
rhjhptkrhs.
• Hb h` rhjhptkr k phrskbl skehtgal l `ks hdhjtks ah` rugak.

Jul`qughrl ehagal l tkelr lbl`gzlrì h` jkstk hb h` quh sh gbjurrh y h` bgvh` ah rhauj-
jgúb kithbgak.
Yhaujjgúb ah` rugak hb h` dkjk u krgchb
Zkb ehagals ah tgpk ljtgvk. @ls eìs hxthbagals skb=

• Laqugrgr eìqugbls jkb `ls jlrljthråstgjls ehbks rugaksls pksgi`hs.
• Zg `l eìqugbl sh prkyhjtl, lbl`gzlr hb `l dlsh ah ag
agshük
shük tkaks lquh``ks lsphjtks,
ahsah elthrgl`hs olstl tgpks ah ehjlbgseks y jgrjugtks, quh lshcurhb h` eåbgek bgvh`
ah rugak hb `l htlpl ah dubjgkbleghbtk (gbjùgr ubgkbhs h`ìstgjls, h`hehbtks lbtgvg-
irltkrgks, jk`kjlbak sg`hbjglakrhs hb hsjlphs bhueìtgjks, l`gbhlbak jkmgbhths,...).
• Lp`gjlr
ehbkrhs `l ehmkrl
bgvh`hs ah eçtkaks
ah rugak, ahhb
gbjgaghbak trlilmk plrl ah
h` jleigk ah﬌bgr eçtkaks kphrltkrgks
thregbk`kcåls, jkb
prgehrls elth-
rgls y dkrel ah ahslrrk``lr `ls tlrhls. Hmhep`ks= sustgtugr `l ubgúb jkb j`lvks pkr ubgúb
jkb tkrbg``ks, k sustgtugr h` rheljolak pkr skàlaurl6 sustgtugr prhbsls ehjìbgjls pkr
ogarìu`gjls6 prkjhahr l ub elbthbgeghbtk jkrrhjtk ah eìqugbls y hqugpks ah trlilmk
hbcrlslbak jkrrhjtlehbth, sustgtuyhbak pghzls y ehjlbgseks ahsclstlaks, htj. julb-
ak sh gbstl`l `l eìqugbl hb ub ùclr, hep`hlr hb h` lbj`lmh h`hehbtks liskrihbths
ah` rugak, (pkr hmhep`k= lekrtgculakrhs ah vgirljgkbhs, lshbtleghbtks skirh lrhbl,
jlujok, jkrjok y ktrks elthrgl`hs sgeg`lrhs).
Yhaujjgúb ah` bgvh` skbkrk leighbtl`
@ls ehagals plrl rhaujgr h` bgvh` skbkrk hb h` leighbth sh ahbkegblb plsgvls, puhs
eìs quh hvgtlr `l chbhrljgúb ah rugak, sh agrgchb l lthbulr sus hdhjtks ekag﬌jlbak
`l trlbsegsgúb ah `ls kbals ljýstgjls ahsah `ks dkjks hegskrhs olstl `ks rhjhptkrhs
(phrskbls). Zh hep`hlb aks eçtkaks prgbjgplèhbth.
• Gbthrpkbhr ilrrhrls ah liskrjgúb hbtrh h` dkjk y h` rhjh
rhjhptkr
ptkr Hmhep`ks=
pìc. 7> X.A.. 4 | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ
• Jk`kjlr eleplrls rhvhstgals jkb elthrgl` liskrihbth.

• Yhvhstgr ah elthrgl`hs liskrihbths thjok y plrhahs.
• @ls ilrrhrls ahihb hstlr `k eìs jhrjl pksgi`h, ighb ah` dkjk k ighb ah`
rhjhptkr, y shr `k eìs crlbahs y jhrrlals quh `ls jkbagjgkbhs phregtlb.

rhjhptkr,
• Agshülr jligbls hsphjgl`hs plrl hbjhrrlr `l duhbth ah rugak, uslbak elthrgl`hs
lgs`lbths, rhvhstgaks6
rhvhstgaks6 gbthrgkrehbth ah h`hehbtks liskrihbths ah` rugak y lgs`ìbak`ks
mubtk jkb `l eìqugbl ah` rrugak,
ugak, sg hs p
pksgi`h.
ksgi`h. Lbl`gzlr ducls ah lgs`leghbtk l trlvçs
lihrturls, ouhjks, rhbagmls, htj..
• Lbl`gzlr `ls jlrljthråstgjls ljýstgjls ah `ls eìqugbls plrl rhl`gzlr `l ‐agstrg-
iujgúb hb p`lbtl― ehbks lcrhsgvl. Hmhep`k= ubl eìqugbl euy rugaksl sh pkbarì
sgheprh quh sh puhal `k eìs l`hmlal ah `l zkbl akbah hxgstl elykr jkbjhbtrljgúb
ah puhstks ah trlilmk.
• Jkek `ks elthrgl`hs lgs`lbths prhthbahb agsegbugr `l hbhrcål skbkrl quh `ks
ltrlvghsl, ahihb shr `k eìs phslaks y ﬉hxgi`hs pksgi`h. Zh uslrì prhdhrgi`hehbth vgargk
hsphjgl`, okregcúb, p`kek...
• Luehbtlr l` eìxgek `l agstlbjgl hbtrh h` dkjk y h` rhjhptk

rhjhptkr.r.
Yhjkralr quh `h rugak ahjrhjh jkb `l agstlbjgl.
Yhaujjgúb ah` bgvh` skbkrk hb h` rhjhptkr
Hqugpks ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul`.
Zh hep`hlb jkek u`tgek rhjursk julbak ktrks prkjhageghbtks bk skb pksgi`hs.
ûhahb shr= tlpkbhs, krhmhrls y jlsjks lbtgrrugak.
Jlal ubk sh j`lsg﬌jl shcýb su jurvl ah lthbuljgúb ah rugak hb jgbjk tgpks agdhrhb-
ths. ^lrl h`hcgr h` luagtgvk eìs lahjulak oly quh lbl`gzlr h` hsphjtrk ah drhjuhbjgls ah`
rugak skpkrtlak y h` hsphjtrk ah lthbuljgúb-ah` prkthjtkr quh sh prhthbah utg`gzlr.
H` eìs lahjulak shrì lquh` quh rhauzjl eìs hb `ls drhjuhbjgls akbah olyl elykr
bgvh` ah rugak.
4.4. ^rkthjjgúb drhbth l `ls vgirljgkbhs

^kr su prkpgl blturl`hzl y krgchb, `l prkthjjgúb drhbth l `ls vgirljgkbhs hs jkep`hml6
`ls skùjgkbhs eìs lahjulals skb=
• H`gegblr ``ls
ls jkbagjgkbhs chbhrlakrls ah vgirljgkbhs= agse
agsegbugr
gbugr tk
tk`hrlbjgls
`hrlbjgls y ok`-
curls, sustgtugr
sustgtugr jkmgbhths alülaks, agsegbug
agsegbugrr h` ahsclst
ahsclsthh ah suphr﬌jghs, htj. Zh jkb-
sgcuh jkb ub iuhb agshük y elbthbgeghbtk ah `ks hqugpks.
• Zg `l hxgsthbjgl ah vgirljgkbhs hs gbhvgtli`h, sh puhah l` ehbks rhaujgr su trlbs-
egsgúb pkr lgs`leghbtk y lekrtgculeghbtk.
H` lgs`leghbtk jkbsgsth hb kpkbhr rhsgsthbjgl l `l prkplcljgúb ah `l vgirljgúb. H`
lekrtgculeghbtk sh jkbsgcuh pkr `l ‐ogstçrhsgs― ah `ks elthrgl`hs hep`hlaks jkek
lekrtgculakrhs. Zh ahbkegbl ogstçrhsgs p`ìstgjl l` dhbúehbk pkr h` quh `l rh`ljgúb
EHAGK󰀥LEIG HBQL@HZ pìc. 7<
hbtrh `ls ahdkreljgkbhs ah ub elthrgl` y h` hsduhrzk l quh sh skehth ahphbah ah `ls

ahdkreljgkbhs sudrgals lbthrgkrehbth.
@ks lbtgvgirltkrgks eìs hxthbagaks skb `ks jkbstgtugaks pkr elthrgl`hs h`lstúehrks
y `ks rhskrths ehtì`gjks. @ks rhskrths ehtì`gjks hstìb dkrelaks pkr ub euh``h lgs`lbth,
jkep`hehbtlaks pkr l`cýb h`hehbtk
juhbjgls puhs su lekrtgculjgúb lekrtgculakr. Zh jkepkrtlb ighb hb ilmls drh-
hs phquhül.
@ks elthrgl`hs h`lstúehrks, jkek h` jlujok blturl`, sg`gjkbl, bgtrg`k, j`krkprhbk, htj.,
tghbhb ub l`tk åbagjh ah lekrtgculeghbtk y sh jkepkrtlb ighb hb l`tl drhjuhbjgl.
@l prkthjjgúb ah phrskbls hb h` jlsk ah hep`hk ah ohrrleghbtls pkrtìtg`hs plsl pkr
`l gbstl`ljgúb, hb `ls plrths eúvg`hs ah `ls ohrrleghbtls, ah sgsthels lekrtgculakrhs. Hb
jlsk ah vgirljgkbhs ah crlbahs jkbmubtks ehjìbgjks, sh ahih lgs`lr l `l phrskbl skirh
suphr﬌jghs lèkolag``lals.
Zgheprh quh sh puhal sh rhaujgrì `l aurljgúb ah `l hxpksgjgúb ah` trlilmlakr l `ls
vgirljgkbhs.
3 @L JLYCL AH QYLILMK
3.<.
3.<. @L JLYCL AH QYLILMK
Zg hbthbaheks `l Jlrcl ah Qrlilmk jkek ‐‐h` h` jkbmubtk ah rhquhrgeghbtks psgjk- dåsg-
jks l `ks quh h` trlilmlakr sh vh skehtgak l `k `lrck ah `l mkrblal `likrl`―, thbheks quh
laegtgr quh plrl rhl`gzlr ubl vl`krljgúb jkrrhjtl ah agjol jlrcl k ljtgvgala ah` gbagvg-
auk drhbth l `l tlrhl oly quh vl`krlr `ks aks lsphjtks rh﬉hmlaks hb `l ah﬌bgjgúb, k shl h`
lsphjtk dåsgjk y h` lsphjtk ehbtl` alak quh leiks jkhxgsthb, hb prkpkrjgúb vlrgli`h,
hb jul`qughr tlrhl.
Lubquh, hb chbhrl`, h` prkcrhsk tçjbgjk gep`gjl ub jrhjgeghbtk ah `ks rhquhrgeghb-
tks ehbtl`hs hb ahtrgehbtk ah `ks dåsgjks hb eujoks puhstks ah trlilmk, bk hs ehbks
jghrtk quh lýb hxgsthb puhstks hb `ks quh `ls hxgchbjgls dåsgjls sgcuhb sghbak h`hvlals,
pkr `k quh hs bhjhslrgk hvlùlr`ls y lpkrtlr `ls ehagals jkrrhjtkrls prhjgsls plrl h`geg-
blr hb `k pksgi`h `ks trlilmks phslaks.
^lrl h` lbì`gsgs hs bhjhslrgk ah﬌bgr aks jkbjhptks=
Jlrcl hxthrbl (k prhsgúb ah trlilmk)= hs h` jkbmubtk, ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs y hxgchbjgls
hxthrgkrhs quh, hb h` shbk ah` sgsthel ah trlilmk, ljtýlb skirh sgtuljgúb ﬌sgk`úcgjl k
psgjk`úcgjl ah ubl phrskbl.
Jlrcl gbthrbl (thbsgúb prkvkjlal pkr h` trlilmk)= hs h` hdhjtk ah `l jlrcl hxthrbl
skirh ubl phrskbl, hb rh`ljgúb jkb sus jlrljthråstgjls y lptgtuahs gbagvgaul`hs, hsth
jkbjhptk, ahbtrk ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk, hs oligtulèhbth ahbkegblak jlrcl
ah trlilmk.
^kaheks ah﬌bgr `l jlrcl ah trlilmk jkek= ‐H` jkbmubtk ah hxgchbjgls psåqugjls k då-
sgjls l `ls quh sh vh sskehtgak
kehtgak h` trlilmlakr l `k `lrck ah su mmkrblal
krblal `likrl`.
`likrl`.―― Zkb hxgchb-
jgls, tlbtk dåsgjls jkek psgjk`úcgjls.
Zg `l jlrcl ah trlilmk hs euy phquhül plrl qughb `l rhl`gzl, bks hbjkbtrleks lbth
pìc. 79 X.A.. 4 | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ
ubl suijlrcl ah trlilmk y, sg hs euy h`hvlal, hstleks lbth ubl skirhjlrcl ah trlilmk.
@ks h`hehbtks phrskbl`hs quh jkbvghrthb `l jlrcl hxthrbl hb gbthrbl skb `ls
jlpljgalahs dåsgjl y jkcbgtgvls, `l ljtgtua, `l lptgtua plrl ahslrrk``lr `l tlrhl, `l dkrel-
jgúb...
QYLILMK DÅZGJK W EXZJX@LY
Qkak tgpk ah trlilmk rhqughrh pkr plrth ah` trlilmlakr ub jkbsuek ah hbhrcål tlbtk
elykr julbtk elykr shl h` hsduhrzk sk`gjgtlak.
@l rhl`gzljgúb ah ub trlilmk dåsgjk gep`gjl h` pkbhr hb ljjgúb ubl shrgh ah eýsju`ks
quh lpkrtlb `l duhrzl bhjhslrgl6 shcýb `l dkrel hb quh sh prkauzjlb `ls jkbtrljjgkbhs
ah hstks eýsju`ks h` trlilmk ahslrrk``lak sh puhah jkbsgahrlr jkek hstìtgjk k agbìeg-
jk.
H` trlilmk eusju`lr sh ahbkegbl hstìtgjk julbak `l jkbtrljjgúb ah `ks eýsju`ks hs
jkbtgbul y sh elbtghbh aurlbth ub jghrtk phråkak ah tghepk.
H` trlilmk agbìegjk, pkr h` jkbtrlrgk, prkaujh ubl sujhsgúb phrgúagjl ah thbsgkbhs y
rh`lmleghbtks ah `ks eýsju`ks ljtgvks, tkals h``ls ah jkrtl aurljgúb.
Lubquh hb `l prìjtgjl, hxjhptk hb jlsks euy jlrljthråstgjks, `l drkbthrl hbtrh trlilmk
hstìtgjk y agbìegjk bk hs dìjg` ah ahthregblr, hs gepkrtlbth elbthbhr hstl agstgbjgúb
pkr `ls jkbshjuhbjgls quh sh ahrgvlb ah ubk y ktrk tgpk ah trlilmk.
@l jkbshjuhbjgl dubalehbtl` vghbh ahthregblal pkr `ls agdhrhbjgls quh sh prkau-
jhb hb `l grrgcljgúb slbcuåbhl ah `ks eýsju`ks quh hs `l quh, hb ah﬌bgtgvl, ﬌ml h` `åegth
hb `l prkaujjgúb ah` trlilmk eusju`lr. Agjol grrgcljgúb hs dubalehbtl` pkr aks ektg-
vks=
• ^krquh `l slbcr
slbcrhh lpkrtl l` eýsju`k `l hbhrc
hbhrcål
ål bhjhslrgl.
• ^krquh, laheìs, `l slbcrh hvljul ah` eýsju`k `ks rhsgauks ah `l rhljjgúb ah
kxgaljgúb ah `l cùjksl prkaujgaks jkek jkbshjuhbjgl ah` trlilmk (ìjgak `ìjtgjk).
L tåtu`k ah hmhep`k, pkaheks ahjgr quh hb ub trlilmk agbìegjk h` lpkrth ah slbcrh
l` eýsju`k hs ah <> l 9> vhjhs elykr quh hb hstlak ah rhpksk.
^kr h` jkbtrlrgk hb h` trlilmk hstìtgjk, l` jkeprgegrsh `ks vlsks slbcuåbhks, h` lpkrth
ah slbcrh l `ks eýsju`ks bk sú`k bk luehbtl sgbk quh agsegbuyh, prgvlbak l` eýs-
ju`k ah` kxåchbk y ah `l cùjksl quh bhjhsgtl. Laheìs `ks rhsgauks prkaujgaks bk
puhahb shr h`gegblaks jkb `l rlpgahz bhjhslrgl, ljueu`ìbaksh y ahshbjlahblbak
`l dltgcl eusju`lr.
@l jkeplrljgúb ah `ls hxgchbjgls dåsgjls jkb `ls jlpljgalahs phrskbl`hs bks alrì
jkek rhsu`tlak `l jlrcl ah trlilmk dåsgjk l quh hstì skehtgak h` trlilmlakr quh `l
rhl`gzl.
Hbthbaheks pkr jlrcl dåsgjl h` crlak ah hxgchbjgl skirh h` trlilmlakr ah` jkbmubtk
ah rhquhrgeghbtks dåsgjks l quh sh vh skehtgak l `k `lrck ah su mkrblal `likrl`.
3.<.<. Jkbshjuhbjgls ah` trlilmk dåsgjk

H` okeirh trlbsdkrel, pkr ehagk ah ub prkjhsk igk`úcgjk, `l hbhrcål quåegjl ah `ks
EHAGK󰀥LEIG HBQL@HZ pìc. 7:
l`gehbtks hb hbhrcål ehjìbgjl, quh utg`gzl plrl rhl`gzlr sus ljtgvgalahs, y hb jl`kr. Hsth
jkbsuek ah hbhrcål sh hxprhsl chbhrlèhbth hb fg`kjl`kråls (Fjl`) sghbak < fg`kjl`krål
`l jlbtgala ah jl`kr bhjhslrgl plrl h`hvlr `l thephrlturl ah ub `gtrk ah lcul ah <1,8½J.
l <8,8½J.
H` jkbsuek
ahjgr hbhrcçtgjk
h` ‐ehtlik`gsek quh bks
ah trlilmk―.
trlilmk― gbthrhsl
. Zgb hs h`sgahigak
heilrck, l `l rhl`gzljgúb
quhrheks ah` trlilmk,
jl`ju`lr k ah﬌bgr hs
`l ljtgvg-
ala dåsgjl eìxgel, hs bhjhslrgk hstli`hjhr h` jkbsuek hbhrcçtgjk tktl`, quh gbjùyh `ks
sgcughbths dljtkrhs=
• Ehtlik`gsek ilsl`.
• Ehtlik`gsek hxtrlprkdhsgkbl` k ah kjgk.
• Ehtlik`gsek ah trlilmk.
H` ehtlik`gsek ilsl`, quh ahphbah ah `l tl``l, h` phsk y h` shxk, y hs prkpkrjgkbl` l
`l suphr﬌jgh jkrpkrl`, hs h` jkbsuek eåbgek ah hbhrcål bhjhslrgk plrl elbthbhr hb
dubjgkbleghbtk `ks úrclbks ah` juhrpk, gbahphbaghbthehbth ah quh sh trlilmh k bk.
Hxphrgehbtlèhbth sh ol jl`ju`lak (Zjohrrhr, <743) quh plrl ub okeirh ah 3> Fcs.
hs lprkxgelalehbth ah <3>> Fjl`./aål y plrl ubl eumhr ah ubks 4> Fcs. ah ubls <1>>
Fjl`. /aål.
Ahbtrk ah` ehtlik`gsek ilsl` sh gbjùyh h` ehtlik`gsek ``lelak ah rhpksk quh sh
rh﬌hrh l` jkbsuek hbhrcçtgjk bhjhslrgk plrl dljg`gtlr `l agchstgúb y `l threkrrhcu`ljgúb.
H` ehtlik`gsek hxtrlprkdhsgkbl` k ah kjgk hs h` ahigak l ktrls ljtgvgalahs oligtul-
`hs, jkek puhah shr h` lshk, vhstgrsh, htj. y quh jkek ehagl sh hstgel) ub jkbsuek ah
ubls 4>> Fjl`/aål plrl h` okeirh y ah 8>> Fjl`./aål plrl `l eumhr.
H` ehtlik`gsek ah trlilmk sh jl`ju`l thbghbak hb juhbtl aks dljtkrhs=
• Jlrcl hstìtgjl (pksturls).
• Jlrcl Agbìegjl.
• Ahsp`lzleghbtk.
• Hsduhrzks eusju`lrhs.
• Elbuthbjgúb ah jlrcls
@ls jkbshjuhbjgls plrl h` krclbgsek, quh tghbhb su krgchb hb `l jlrcl dåsgjl, phreg-
thb j`lsg﬌jlr sus hdhjtks hb aks crlbahs crupks.
Dltgcl, juyk hdhjtk hs ubl agsegbujgúb hb `l jlpljgala ah rhl`gzlr ub ahthregblak
tgpk ah trlilmk. @l dltgcl pkarì shr rhvhrsgi`h, rhjuphrlbak `l jlpljgala ah ljtuljgúb
l trlvçs ah `ks ahsjlbsks lahjulaks, k jrúbgjl, jkek jkbshjuhbjgl ah `l hxpksgjgúb
jkbtgbul l phråkaks ah jlrcl dåsgjl h`hvlal sgb `ks tghepks ah ahsjlbsk kpkrtubks y
quh elbtghbh `l jlpljgala agsegbugal.
Qrlstkrbks eýsju`k-hsquh`çtgjks hb agdhrhbths plrths ah` juhrpk= juh``k, egheirks
suphrgkrhs, hsplàl, egheirks gbdhrgkrhs, htj.
@ks såbtkels ah `ls `hsgkbhs ahrgvlals ah `l jlrcl dåsgjl sh elbg﬌hstlb pkr htlpls,
sujhagçbaksh ubl ahtrìs ah ktrl. Hb jlsk ah bk tkelr ehagals skirh `ks h`hehbtks
quh `l krgcgblb, h` trlilmlakr puhah jkehbzlr l elbgdhstlr ktrks såbtkels ah elykr

l`jlbjh,.@ks såbtkels skb `ks sgcughbths=
• Ak`kr y dltgcl hb `ls euühjls, irlzks
irlzks,, okeirks k juh``k aurlbth h` trlilmk, quh
ehmkrlb aurlbth `l bkjoh y h` ﬌b ah shelbl. Hstks såbtkels puhahb aurlr shelbls
k ehshs.
• Ak`kr y dltgcl quh hepghzlb eìs prkbtk hb h` aål y phrsgsthb eìs tghepk aurlbth
`l bkjoh, y quh gbthrruepgr h` suhük. Hstl dlsh puhah aurlr vlrgks ehshs.
• Ak`kr, dltgcl y ahig`gala lub julbak sh olyl ahsjlbslak. ûhahb gbthrruepgr
gbthrruepgr h`
suhük y `l phrskbl bk puhah oljhr tlrhls bg hb h` trlilmk bg hb jlsl. Hstl dlsh puhah
aurlr ehshs k lüks.
3.<.9.
3.<.9. Dltgcl
Dltgcl d åsgjl
H` thregbk dltgcl dåsgjl sh utg`gzl plrl ah﬌bgr ubl shrgh ah sgtuljgkbhs juyk rhsu`tlak
﬌bl` supkbh ubl agsegbujgúb ah `l jlpljgala
j lpljgala ah trlilmk y ah `l rhsgsthbjgl ah` krcl-
bgsek. Yhsu`tl ub tçregbk euy oligtul` y jlsg j lsg sgheprh hstì åbtgelehbth rh`ljgkblak
rh`ljgkblak
jkb h` tçregbk ahsjlbsk ah elbhrl quh hsth jkbjhptk sh hbtghbah jkek rhplrlakr
ah` prgehrk.
Hstks jkbjhptks `ks utg`gzleks oligtulèhbth, y skb phrdhjtlehbth lp`gjli`hs
julbak oli`leks ah` trlilmk.
Hbthbaheks pkr dltgcl dåsgjl `l agsegbujgúb ah `l jlpljgala dåsgjl ah` gbagvgauk
ahspuçs ah olihr rhl`gzlak ub trlilmk, aurlbth ub tghepk ahthregblak
@ks dljtkrhs quh gahbtg﬌jlb `l dltgcl skb=
Agsegbujgúb ah `l jlpljgala ah trlilmk,
trlilm k, `k quh prkaujh ubl agsegbujgúb ah` rhb-
ageghbtk hb h` trlilmlakr.
Gbjrhehbtk ah `ks hrrkrhs jkek jkbshjuhbjgl ah `l rhl`gzljgúb ah ekvgeghbtks
jkrpkrl`hs eìs `hbtks, ubl agsegbujgúb ah `l jlpljgala ah jkkragbljgúb ah `ks egs-
eks y ubl elykr `hbtgtua hb `ks rh﬉hmks. Chbhrlèhbth hstks hdhjtks sh trlaujhb hb
ubl agsegbujgúb ah `l jl`gala ah` trlilmk rhl`gzlak.
Chbhrlèhbth sh elbg﬌hstl ubl shbsljgúb ah el`hstlr h gbsltgsdljjgúb.
@ls sgtuljgkbhs ahsjrgtls ahihb hbthbahrsh jkek shbsljgkbhs quh lavghrthb l`
krclbgsek ah `l bhjhsgala ah ahsjlbslr, ljtýlb jkek ubl l`lrel y bk oljhr jlsk
ah h``ls prkvkjl quh h` hstlak ah dltgcl gbjrhehbth,
gbjrhehbth, chbhrlbak ubl sgtuljgúb pkthb-
jglèhbth ph`gcrksl. Tgstl ah hstl elbhrl, `l dltgcl hs ub h`hehbtk ah jkbtrk` drhbth
l sgtuljgkbhs eìs jkeprkehtgals.
Zh agstgbcuhb aks tgpks ah dltgcl=
Dltgcl rhjuphrli`h= hs lquh``l quh rhsu`tl jkep`htlehbth rhjuphrli`h jkb `ks phråk-
aks ah ahsjlbsk oligtul`hs.
Dltgcl jrúbgjl= `l sujhsgvl hxpksgjgúb l phråkaks ah dltgcl sgb ubl rhjuphrljgúb
jkep`htl prkvkjl
lplrhzjlbprkvkj l ubl
lskjglaks ljueu`ljgúb
l` trlilmk, ah dltgcl,
sgbk quh puhahbquh oljh quh
lplrhjhr `ks hdhjtks
gbjùsk lbths ahahrhl`gzlr`k.
çstl bk
L`cubks ah `ks såbtkels skb= shbsljgúb ah el`hstlr, chbhrlèhbth ah jlrìjthr hekjgk-
bl`, jkepkrtleghbtks lbtgskjgl`hs, thbahbjgl l `l ahprhsgúb, dl`tl ah hbhrcål, pçragal

ah `l gbgjgltgvl, htj. Laheìs ﬌jghbth skb `ks phrgkaks ah
ahsjlbsk eìs prk`kbclaks.
3.9. QYLZQKYBKZ EÝZJX@K-HZ\XH@ÇQGJKZ

Oky hb aål `ks trlstkrbks eýsju`k-hsquh`çtgjks sh hbjuhbtrlb hbtrh `ls `hsgkbhs quh
eìs drhjuhbthehbth sudrhb `ks trlilmlakrhs ah `ks plåshs ahslrrk``laks, prkvkjlbak,
laheìs ah` prki`hel phrskbl` y dleg`glr quh sudrh jul`qughr trlilmlakr l` plahjhr ubl
`hsgúb ahrgvlal ah` trlilmk, ub crlvh prki`hel skjgl`,
skjgl`, alak h` h`hvlak jksth quh `ks
egseks prkvkjlb.
Zh jkbkjh jkb h` bkeirh ah trlstkrbks eýsju`k-hsquh`çtgjks, ub crupk ah prkjhsks
euy agdhrhbths hbtrh sg prkvkjlaks pkr `l `hsgúb ah l`cubl ah `ls plrths quh dkrelb h`
lplrltk `kjkektkr, prgbjgplèhbth ah `ls plrths i`lbals= eýsju`ks, thbakbhs, bhrvgks y
l`cubls plrths prúxgels l `ls lrtgju`ljgkbhs.
3.9.<. Jlrljthråstgjls ah `ks trlstkrbks eýsju`k-hsquh`çtgjks prkaujg-

3.9.<.Jlrljthråstgjls prkaujg -
aks pkr h` trlilmk
trlilmk (teh)
@ls `hsgkbhs lcruplals ilmk h` jkbjhptk ah trlstkrbks hsquh`çtgjks (QEH) prhshbtlb
ubl shrgh ah jlrljthråstgjls jkeubhs=
Dkrel= hb quh sh prkaujhb= sh prkaujhb jkek shjuhbjgl ah ub dhbúehbk ljueu-
`ltgvk6 `ls phquhüls `hsgkbhs sh suelb ubl trls ktrl olstl quh l` jlik ah` tghepk sh
elbg﬌hstlb jkek ub prkjhsk pltk`úcgjk. @ks hsduhrzks quh prkvkjlb hstls phquh- üls
`hsgkbhs skb rkjhs, jkeprhsgkbhs, hstgrleghbtks, tkaks h``ks ljtulbak skirh `ls plrths
i`lbals ah` lplrltk eýsju`k-hsquh`çtgjk.
Zåbtkels= sgheprh lplrhjh ub ak`kr hb `l plrth ah` juhrpk `hsgkblal6 hsth ak`kr
puhah ``hclr l shr gbjlpljgtlbth.
Krgchb= `ks QEH sh chbhrlb pkr eý`tgp`hs jlusls, phrk su lplrgjgúb sh dubalehbtl
hb aks jgrjubstlbjgls=
- Julbak
ahbth,
hxgsth ubl hstrujturl prhvglehbth alülal pkr ubl hbdhrehala k ub ljjg-
`ks hsduhrzks jgtlaks jkek dkrel ah prkaujjgúb gbjgahb hb hstks h`hehbtks.
- Julbak bk hxgsth ub tghepk ah rhjuphrljgúb ljkrah jkb h` hsduhrzk rhl`gzlak, sh
prhshbtl jkek ubl rkturl ah` h`hehbtk pkr skirhplslr su `åegth ah rhsgsthbjgl.
3.9.9. Dljtkrhs ah rghsck

Hb agjoks hstuagks sh olb gak phr﬌`lbak jghrtks dljtkrhs ah rghsck quh ahslrrk``lrh-
eks l jkbtgbuljgúb y quh shrålb=
• Elbthbgeghbtk ah pksturls dkrzlals ah euühjl k ah oke
okeirks.
irks.
• Lp`gjljgúb ah ubl duhrzl elbul` hxjhsgvl.
• Jgj`ks ah trlilmk euy rhphtgtgvks, albak ùclr l ekvgeghbtks rìpgaks ah
phquhüks crupks eusju`lrhs k thbagbksks.
• Qghepks ah ahsjlbsk gbsu﬌jghbths.

^ksturls ah trlilmk= tlbtk `ls pksturls y ekvgeghbtks hxtrheks ah `ls lrtgju`ljgkbhs
jkek h` elbthbgeghbtk
elbthbgeghbtk ah `ls pksturls aurlbth ub phråkak `lrck ah tghepk.
tks,Yhphtgtgvgala
sh prkaujgrì hxjhsgvl ah dubjgkbl`
skirhjlrcl `ks ekvgeghbtks= l` rhl`gzlr sgheprh
ah `ls hstrujturls `ks egseks
ah` lplrltk ekvgeghb-
`kjkektkr quh
gbthrvghbhb hb agjok ekvgeghbtk, Hstl sgtuljgúb hb tlrhls jkb jgj`ks ah trlilmk hstl-
i`hjgaks ah aurljgúb euy jkrtl, gbdhrgkr l :> shcubaks, k hb `ks quh sh rhpgth h` egsek
ekvgeghbtk aurlbth eìs ah` 8> % ah `l aurljgúb tktl` ah` jgj`k.
Hsduhrzks hxjhsgvks= prgbjgplèhbth hb `ls ljtgvgalahs quh rhqughrhb lp`gjlr duhrzl
ah lclrrh k ah sumhjgúb jkb `ls elbks.
Qghepks ah ahsjlbsk gbsu﬌jghbths= prkvkjlb `l lplrgjgúb ah dltgcl y, pksthrgkrehb-
th, ah `ks trlstkrbks, l` bk phregtgr `l rhjuphrljgúb dåsgjl ah` hsduhrzk.
3.9.:. @hsgkbhs els drhjuhbths

drhjuhbths
@ks trlstkrbks eýsju`k-hsquh`çtgjks puhahb j`lsg﬌jlrsh shcýb h` h`hehbtk alülak
hb=
^ltk`kcåls phrglrtgju`lrhs. Ahthregblb ub crupk ah `hsgkbhs hb `ls plrths
○
quh rkahlb l `ls lrtgju`ljgkbhs jkbkjgals chbhrlèhbth jkek rhueltgseks

ah `ls plrths i`lbals. Zh puhahb j`lsg﬌jlr jkek=
• Qhbksgbkvgtgs6 gb﬉leljgúb ah` thmgak jkbmubtgvk quh hbvlgbl h` thbaúb, ahigak
l ubl grrgtljgúb prkaujgal pkr ubl gbthbsl ljtgvgala. Hb chbhrl` sh gb﬉lel h` prkpgk
thbaúb mubtk jkb `ls jçù`ls eujksls quh sh hbjuhbtrlb hb su ìrhl. Hstl ldhjjgúb sh
hbjuhbtrl jkb drhjuhbjgl hb `ls euühjls.
• @hsgkbhs ah `ks `gclehbtk
`gclehbtks=s= ``ll ``hsgúb
hsgúb suh`h prkaujgrsh l` ekvhr `l lrtgju`ljgúb
hb ubl agrhjjgúb dkrzlal k l` rhl`gzlr ub ekvgeghbtk vgk`hbtk eìs l``ì ah `k oligtul`.
@l `hsgúb puhah `gegtlrsh l ub hstgrleghbtk, l ub ahsclrrk `gchrk k l ubl ub l tkrjhaurl.
• Egl`cgls= ak`kr eusju`lr `kjl`gzlak, quh lplrhjh hb trlilmks quh rhqughrhb
hsduhrzks eusju`lrhs gbthbsks y prk`kbclaks.
• Jkbtrljturl= jkbtrljjgúb gbvkùbtlrg
gbvkùbtlrgl,
l, aurlahrl k phrelbhbth, ah ubk k eìs
crupks eusju`lrhs. @l jkbtrljturl suh`h hstlr prkvkjlal pkr `l gbjlpljgala prk`kb-
clal ah` ekvgeghbtk ah ubl lrtgju`ljgúb.
^ltk`kcåls úshls. Hb hsth tgpk ah `hsgkbhs `l zkbl ldhjtlal hs h` ouhsk y ahsah
○
h` pubtk ah vgstl ah `l jlrcl dåsgjl skb ehbks drhjuhbths.
3.9.1. Ehagals prhvhbtgvls

Hxgsthb hsphjå﬌jlehbth shgs jkbagjgkbhs l hvgtlr plrl prhvhbgr `l lplrgjgúb ah hsth
tgpk ah `hsgkbhs=
• Qlr
Qlrhls
hls rhphtgtg
rhphtgtgvls=
vls= jkbsgahrlbak jkek tl`hs lquh``ls ljtgvgalahs juyk jgj`k shl
gbdhrgkr l :> shcubaks k lquh``ks trlilmks hb `ks quh sh rhpgtlb `ks egseks ekvgeghb-
tks h`hehbtl`hs aurlbth eìs ah ub 8>% ah `l aurljgúb ah` jgj`k.
• Qrlilmks quh rhqughrlb hsduhrzks prk`kbclaks k rhphtgtgv

rhphtgtgvks
ks quh suphrhb h`
:>% ah `l jlpljgala
jlpl jgala eusju`lr eìxgel ah` trlilmlakr.
• ^ksturls hxtrhels ah ahthregblaks shcehbtks jkrpkrl`hs.
• Elbthbgeghbtk prk`kbclak ah jul`qughr pksturl.

• Qrlilmks jkb ohrrleghbtls quh vgirlb.
• Hxpksgjgúb ah jghrtks shcehbtk
shcehbtkss jkrpkrl`hs l` dråk k hb jk
jkbtljtk
btljtk jkb suphr﬌jghs
aurls.
Julbak sh sksphjol quh ub ahthregblak trlilmk hs h` krgchb ah `hsgkbhs eýsju-
`k-hsquh`çtgjls, sh gbthbtlrì gahbtg﬌jlr juì`hs skb `ks dljtkrhs ah rghsck prhshbths y hb
quç elcbgtua, lså jkek hvlùlr `l gepkrtlbjgl ah` hdhjtk skirh `ks trlilmlakrhs.
@ks dljtkrhs ah rghsck eìs rh`hvlbths olb ah iusjlrsh hb jultrk crlbahs ìrhls=
• Dljtkrhs ah krclbgzljgúb= ahbtrk ah hsth lplrtlak ahihrheks jkbsgahrlr, hb-
trh ktrks, `l hxgsthbjgl y h` jkbthbgak ah jursks ah laghstrleghbtk, `ls plusls
hxgsthbths, `l rhphtgtgvgala, h` rgtek ah trlilmk, `l jlrcl ehbtl` (jkbtrk`hs ah tghepk,
bk jkbtrk` ah`
prkaujjgúb prkjhsk
(prgels, pkr plrth ah` trlilmlakr) y `ls rhphrjusgkbhs ah `ks `åegths ah
phbl`gzljgúb...).
• Dljtkrhs rh`ltgvks l `l tlrhl y l `ks hqugpks= jlrcl dåsgjl, pksturls, tgpks y vh`kjgala
ah `ks ekvgeghbtks, ohrrleghbtls utg`gzlals, suphr﬌jgh ah trlilmk...
• Dljtkrhs lbtrkpkeçtrgjks h gbagvg
gbagvgaul`hs=
aul`hs= tlr
tlrhls
hls hxtrl`likrl`hs
hxtrl`likrl`hs,, agehbsg
agehbsgkbhs
kbhs lb-
trkpkeçtrgjls ah `ks trlilmlakrhs y rh`ljgúb jkb su puhstk ah trlilmk.
• Dljtkrhs leighbtl`hs.
@l rhphrjusgúb ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk skirh hsth tgpk ah `hsgkbhs ahihrì vl`k-
rlrsh l trlvçs ah=
• Gbdkreljgúb eçagjl prh-hxgsthbth. Hb jlsk ah hstlr agspkbgi`h, çstl bks shrvgrì
ah pubtk ah plrtgal
plr tgal plrl gbvhstgcljgkbhs pksthrgkrhs
pksthrgkrhs,, phregtgçbakbks hstgelr `l prh-
vl`hbjgl ah `ls `hsgkbhs, `l crlvhala ah `ls egsels y `ls pksgi`hs jlusls.
• Yhjkbkjgeghbtks eçagjks hsphjå﬌jks, agshülaks plrl ahthjtlr `hsgkbhs ah hsth
tgpk y jkbtrk`lr dljtkrhs bk `likrl`hs pksgi`hs lcrlvlbths k prkaujtkrhs
prkauj tkrhs ah `ls egsels.
Chbhrlèhbth, `l skùjgúb l` prki`hel p`lbthlak plsl pkr ub buhvk agshük ah `ls
jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk (ohrrleghbtls, eìqugbls, hbtkrbk ah trlilmk y eçtkaks) y pkr
jleigks hb `l krclbgzljgúb ah` trlilmk.
3.9.8. Agshük ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk

Qrhs skb `ks thels l jkbsgahrlr=
• @l agsegbujgúb ah` hsduhrzk l rhl`gzlr
rhl`gzlr..
• @l rhaujjgúb ah `l rhphtgtgvgala.
• @ks jleigks pksturl`hs.
pìc. 7? X.A.. 4 | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ
H` jkbtrk` ah `ks hsduhrzks ahphbahrì ah` tgpk ah trlilmk quh hstleks hstuaglbak.
@ls skùjgkbhs skb eý`tgp`hs=
• Yhaujgr `l duhrzl l hep`hlr elbthbghbak l﬌`laks `ks ýtg`hs jkrtlbths, sksthbghbak

`ks kimhtks jkb clbjoks k lirlzlahrls...
• Agstrgiugr `l duhrzl prh﬌rghbak `l ljtuljgúb ah vlrgks ahaks l ubk sú`k k dlvkrh-
jghbak h` usk l`thrbltgvk ah `ls elbks.
• Xslr crupks eusju`lrhs pkthbths y ohrrleghbtls jkb elbcks `lrcks.
• Tgcg`lr h` hdhjtk ah` usk ah culbths skirh `ls elbgkirls l rhl`gzlr (ahslrrk``k ah
ubl duhrzl pkr hbjgel ah `k bhjhslrgk pkr dl`tl ah shbsgig`gala k ah lmusth ah `l prhbal
ah prkthjjgúb).
• Elbthbgeghbtk ah `ls ohrrleghbtls.
• Laghstrleghbtk.
@l gahbtg﬌jljgúb ah dljtkrhs quh jkbagjgkblb ubl l`tl rhphtgtgvgala ah `ks ekvg-
eghbtks bks phregtgrì pkbhr hb prìjtgjl ehagals plrl jkbtrlrrhstlr`ks, gbjùyhbak
`l rhaujjgúb ah` tghepk ah trlilmk rhphtgtgvk k rhhstrujturlbak `ks eçtkaks ah
trlilmk oljghbak quh sh l`thrbhb `ks agdhrhbths crupks eusju`lrhs, quh shl eìs vlrglal
`l tlrhl ah `ks kphrlrgks, ehjlbgzlbak k lutkeltgzlbak h` trlilmk.
Xb el` agshük ah` puhstk ah trlilmk hs l ehbuak h` rhspkbsli`h ah` elbthbgeghb-
tk ah jghrtls pksturls jkbaujhbths l `hsgkbhs. Oheks ah ljtulr ekag﬌jlbak h` prkjhsk,
dlvkrhjghbak `ks jleigks ah pksgjgúb ah ohrrleghbtls, kimhtks, jkbtrk`hs plrl lshcurlr
ub iuhb l`gbhleghbtk ah `l euühjl jkb h` lbthirlzk, k h` elbthbgeghbtk
elbthbgeghbtk ah `ks oke-
irks hb su pksgjgúb ah rhpksk.
3.9.4. Lsphjtks
Lsphjtks rh`ltgvks
rh`ltgvks l `l krclbgzljgúb
krclbgzljgúb ah` trlilmk
trlilmk
@gclak blturlèhbth l ub iuhb agshük ah` puhstk ah trlilmk, y bk plrl sustgtugr ah-
﬌jghbjgls hb hsh jlepk, h` laghstrleghbtk ah `ks trlilmlakrhs plrl `l rhl`gzljgúb ah ubl
tlrhl ahthregblal shrì ah crlb lyual hb `l prhvhbjgúb ah `ls `hsgkbhs quh bks kjuplb.
Lquå hs jkbvhbghbth shplrlr l `ks kphrlrgks hb aks crlbahs crupks= `ks quh ``hvlb hb
h` puhstk ah trlilmk jghrtk tghepk y `ks ah rhjghbth gbjkrpkrljgúb.
^lrl `ks prgehrks, oly quh ahthregblr `ls bhjhsgalahs y jkbthbgak ah` laghstrleghb-
tk ehaglbth=
• H` lbì`gsgs ah su trlilmk.
• @l ggahbtg﬌jljgúb
ahbtg﬌jljgúb ah pksturls k elbgkirls vgjgksls.
• @l ekag﬌jljgúb ah `ks eçtkaks hxgsthbths y h` ahslrrk``k ah `ks kimhtg
kimhtgvks
vks ah`
laghstrleghbtk.
• @l jkeubgjljgúb ah `ls buhvls tçjbgjls ehaglbth `ks eçt
eçtkaks
kaks lprkpg
lprkpglaks.
laks.
• Hstli`hjghbak phrgkaks ah prìjtgjls plrl dleg`glrgzlr`ks jkb `ks buhvks eç-

tkaks y phregtgr jkrrhcgr `ls elbgkirls el` lprhbagals.
• Lshcurlbak h` elbthbgeghbtk ah ``ks
ks buhv
buhvks
ks eçtkaks.
^lrl `ks trlilmlakrhs

gbtrkauzjlb ah rhjghbth
ah dkrel plu`ltgbl hb h`gbjkrpkrljgúb, hs ah
rgtek ah trlilmk vgtl` gepkrtlbjgl
bkrel`6 luehbtlbak quh sh
`hbtlehb-
th `ks tkphs olstl h` bgvh` ah `ks trlilmlakrhs yl hxphrgehbtlaks y, blturlèhbth, shr
gbdkrelak y laghstrlak jkrrhjtlehbth. Ahbtrk ah hsth crupk hbtrlrålb tleigçb `ks
trlilmlakrhs quh sh rhgbjkrpkrhb l su trlilmk ahspuçs ah` phrgkak vljljgkbl` k ah ubl
ilml prk`kbclal.
^kr ý`tgek, quhal ubl ah `ls ehagals eìs utg`gzlals lubquh bk pkr h``k `l eìs
ljhrtlal= `l rktljgúb hb `ks puhstks ah trlilmk. Hstl skùjgúb hs vì`gal sg rhlèhbth
`ls agdhrhbths tlrhls lsgcblals dlvkrhjhb h` ahsjlbsk ah `ls hstrujturls skehtgals l
skirhhsduhrzk.
3.:. ELBG^X@LJGÚB ELBXL@ AH JLYCLZ

L phslr ah `ls buhvls thjbk`kcåls hb `l elbgpu`ljgúb ah jlrcls, jkek h` usk ah ags-
pksgtgvks lutkeìtgjks ah pl`ltgzljgúb, jlrrhtg``ls h`hvlakrls.., `ls `hsgkbhs jluslals pkr
`l elbgpu`ljgúb elbul` ah jlrcls sgcuhb
sgcuhb jkbstgtuyhbak ubl ah `ls prgbjgpl`hs jlusls
ah ljjgahbtlig`gala hbtrh `l pki`ljgúb `likrl`.
^kr hstl gepkrtlbjgl susjgtlal ol prkekvgak `l lplrgjgúb ah ubl bkreltgvl hsphjå﬌-
jl rh`ljgkblal agrhjtlehbth jkb h` thel. Ehaglbth h` YA 1?3/<773, skirh agspksgjgkbhs
eåbgels ah shcurgala y slùa rh`ltgvls
rh`ltgvls l `l elbgpu`ljgúb elbul` ah jlrcls.
3.:.<. Jkbjhptk ah jlrcl y ah elbgpu`ljgúb elbul` ah jlrcl

L hdhjtks ah hsth Yhl` Ahjrhtk 1?3/<773 ‐‐sh
sh hbthbahrì pkr elb
elbgpu`ljgúb
gpu`ljgúb elbul`
ah jlrcls jul`qughr kphrljgúb ah trlbspkrth k sumhjgúb ah ubl jlrcl pkr plrth ah ubk
k vlrgks trlilmlakrhs, jkek h` `hvlbtleghbtk, `l jk`kjljgúb, h` hepumh, `l trljjgúb k h`
ahsp`lzleghbtk, quh pkr sus jlrljthråstgjls k jkbagj
jkbagjgkbhs
gkbhs hrckbúegjls gblahjulals
hbtrlüh rghscks, hb plrtgju`lr
p lrtgju`lr akrskùeilrhs, plrl `ks trlilmlakrhs―
trlilmlakrhs―..
Zh hbthbahrì jkek jlrcl jul`qughr kimhtk susjhptgi`h ah shr ekvgak.
3.:.9. Ki`gcljgkbhs
Ki`gcljgkbhs ah` heprhslrgk
Zhcýb h` lrtåju`k : ah` YA 1?3/<773=
‐H` heprhslrgk ahihrì lakptlr `ls ehagals tçjbgjls u krclbgzltgvls bhjhslrgls plrl
hvgtlr `l elbgpu`ljgúb elbul` ah `ls jlrcls, hb hsphjgl` ehaglbth `l utg`gzljgúb ah
hqugpks plrl h` elbhmk ehjìbgjk ah `ls egsels, shl ah dkrel lutkeìtgjl k jkbtrk`lal
pkr h` trlilmlakr.
Julbak bk puhal hvgtlrsh `l bhjhsgala ah elbgpu`ljgúb elbul` ah `ls jlrcls, h`
heprhslrgk
pglaks tkelrì `ls ehagals
k prkpkrjgkblrì ah krclbgzljgúb
l `ks trlilmlakrhs lahjulals,
tl`hs ehagks utg`gzlrìh``ks
plrl rhaujgr ehagks
rghsck quhlprk-
hbtrl-
üh agjol elbgpu`ljgúb. L tl` ﬌b, ahihrì hvlùlr `ks rghscks tkelbak hb jkbsgahrl
pìc. <>> X.A.. 4 | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ

jgúb `ks dljtkrhs gbagjlaks hb h` Lbhxk ah` prhshbth

prhshbth Yhl` Ahjrhtk y sus pksgi`hs hdhjtks
jkeigblaks.―
3.:.:. Dkreljgúb h gbdkreljgúb ah `ks trlilmlakrhs hxpuhstks

H` lrtåju`k 1 ah` 1a 1?3/<773, hstli`hjh `ls ki`gcljgkbhs hb elthrgl ah dkreljgúb h
gbdkreljgúb.
Ah jkbdkregala jkb `ks lrtåju`ks <? y <7 ah `l @hy ah ^rhvhbjgúb ah Yghscks @lik-
rl`hs, h` heprhslrgk ahihrì clrlbtgzlr quh `ks trlilmlakrhs y `ks rhprhshbtlbths ah `ks
trlilmlakrhs rhjgilb ubl dkreljgúb h gbdkreljgúb lahjulals skirh `ks rghscks ahrgvl-
aks ah `l elbgpu`ljgúb elbul` ah jlrcls, lså jkek skirh `ls ehagals ah prhvhbjgúb y
prkthjjgúb quh olylb ah lakptlrsh hb lp`gjljgúb ah` prhshbth Yhl` Ahjrhtk.
Hb plrtgju`lr, prkpkrjgkblrì l `ks trlilmlakrhs ubl dkreljgúb h gbdkreljgúb lahjul-
al skirh `l dkrel jkrrhjtl ah elbgpu`lr `ls jlrcls y skirh `ks rghscks quh jkrrhb ah
bk oljhr`k ah agjol dkrel, thbghbak hb juhbtl `ks dljtkrhs ah rghsck quh ﬌curlb hb h`
Lbhxk ah hsth Yhl` Ahjrhtk. @l gbdkreljgúb suegbgstrlal ahihrì gbjùgr gbagjljgkbhs
chbhrl`hs y `ls prhjgsgkbhs quh shlb pksgi`hs skirh h` phsk ah `ls jlrcls y, julbak h`
jkbthbgak ah ub heil`lmh hstç ahsjhbtrlak, skirh su jhbtrk ah crlvhala k `lak eìs
phslak.
3.:.1.Dljtkrhs
3.:.1. Dljtkrhs ah rghsck hb `l elbgpu`ljgúb elbul` ah jlrcls
Hstks dljtkrhs sh hbjuhbtrlb rhjkcgaks hb h` YA. 1?3/<773y skb `ks sgcughbths=
Jlrljthråstgjls ah `l jlrcl
@l elbgpu`ljgúb elbul` ah ubl jlrcl puhah prhshbtlr ub rghsck, hb plrtgju`lr akr-

skùeilr, hb `ks jlsks sgcughbths=
• Julbak `l jlrcl hs ahelsglak phslal k ahelsglak crlbah.
• Julbak hs vkùegbksl k agdåjg` ah sumhtlr.
• Julbak hstì hb hqug`girgk gbhstli`h k su jkbt
jkbthbgak
hbgak jkrrh h` rghsck ah
ahsp`lzlrsh.
• Julbak hstì jk`kjlal ah tl` e ekak
kak quh ahih sksthbhrsh k e
elbgpu`lrsh
lbgpu`lrsh
l agstlbjgl ah` trkbjk k jkb tkrsgúb k gbj`gbljgúb ah` egsek.
• Julbak `l jlrcl, ahigak l su lsphjtk hxthrgkr k l su jkbsgsthbjgl, puhah
kjlsgkblr `hsgkbhs l` trlilmlakr, hb plrtgju`lr hb jlsk ah ck`ph.
Hsduhrzk dåsgjk bhjhslrgk
Xb hsduhrzk dåsgjk puhah hbtrlülr ub rghsck, hb plrtgju`lr akrskùeilr, hb `ks jlsks

sgcughbths=
• Julbak hs ahelsglak gepkrtlbth.
• Julbak bk puhah rhl`gzlrsh eìs quh pkr ub ekvgeghbtk ah tkrsgúb k ah ﬉hxgúb
ah` trkbjk.
Julbak puhah ljlrrhlr ub ekvgeghbtk irusjk ah `l jlrcl.

EHAGK󰀥LEIG HBQL@HZ pìc. <><
• Julbak sh rhl`gzl eghbtrls h` juhrpk hstì hb pksgjgúb gbhstli`h.

• Julbak sh trlth ah l`zlr k ahsjhbahr `l jlrcl jkb bhjhsgala ah ekag﬌jlr h`
lclrrh.
Jlrljthråstgjls ah` ehagk ah trlilmk

@ls jlrljthråstgjls ah` ehagk ah trlilmk puhahb luehbtlr h` rghsck, hb plrtgju`lr
akrskùeilr, hb `ks jlsks sgcughbths=
• Julbak h` hspljgk `girh, hsphjglèhbth vhrtgjl`, rhsu`tl gbsu﬌jghbth plrl h`
hmhrjgjgk ah `l ljtgvgala ah quh sh trlth.
• Julbak h` suh`k hs grrhcu`lr y, pkr tlbtk, puhah alr ùclr l trkpghzks k ighb hs
rhsil`lagzk plrl h` jl`zlak quh ``hvh h` trlilmlakr.
• Julbak `l sgtuljgúb k h` ehehagk
agk ah trlilmk bk phregth l` trlilmlakr `l el-
bgpu`ljgúb elbul` ah jlrcls l ubl l`turl shcurl y hb ubl pksturl jkrrhjtl.
• Julbak h` suh`k k h` p`lbk ah trlilmk prprhshbtlb
hshbtlb ahsbgvh`hs quh gep`gjlb `l el-
bgpu`ljgúb ah `l jlrcl hb bgvh`hs agdhrhbths.
• Julbak h` suh`k k h` pubt
pubtk
k ah lpkyk skb gbhstli`hs
gbhstli`hs..
• Julbak `l thephrlturl, ouehala k jgrju`ljgúb ah` lgrh sk
skb
b gblahjulals.
• Julbak `l gùegbljgúb bk shl lahjulal.
• Julbak hxgstl hxpksgjgúb l vgirljgkbhs.
Hxgchbjgls ah `l ljtgvgala
@l ljtgvgala puhah hbtrlülr rghsck, hb plrtgju`lr akrskùeilr, julbak gep`gquh ubl

k vlrgls ah `ls hxgchbjgls sgcughbths=
• Hsduhrzks dåsgjks ahelsglak drhjuhbt
drhjuhbths
hs k prk`kbclaks hb `ks quh gbthrvhbcl hb
plrtgju`lr `l jkùebl vhrthirl`.
• ^hråkak gbsu﬌jghbth ah rh
rhpksk
pksk ﬌sgk`
﬌sgk`úcgjk
úcgjk k ah rhjuphrljgúb.
• Agstlbjgls ahelsglak crlbahs ah hh`hvljgúb,
`hvljgúb, ah
ahsjhbsk
sjhbsk k trlbspkrth.
• Ygtek gepuhst
gepuhstk
k pkr ub prkjhsk quh h` trlilmlakr bk puhal ekau`lr
ekau`lr..
Dljtkrhs gbagvgaul`hs ah rghsck
Jkbstgtuyhb dljtkrhs gbagvgaul`hs ah rghsck=

• @l dl`tl ah lptgtua dåsgjl plrl rhl`gzlr `ls tlrhls hb juhstg
juhstgúb.
úb.
• @l gblahjuljgúb ah `ls rkpls, h` jl`zlak u ktrks hdhjtks phrskbl`hs quh ``hvh h`
trlilmlakr.
• @l gbsu﬌jghbjgl k gblalptljgúb ah `ks jkbkjgeghbtks k ah `l dkreljgúb.
pìc. <>9 X.A.. 4 | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ
• @l hhxgsthbjgl
xgsthbjgl prhvgl ah pltk`kcål akrskùeilr.
3.:.8. Tgcg`lbjgl
Tgcg`lbjgl ah `l slùa
H` heprhslrgk clrlbtgzlrì h` ahrhjok ah `ks trlilmlakrhs l ubl vgcg`lbjgl lahjulal
ah su slùa julbak su ljtgvgala oligtul` supkbcl ubl elbgpu`ljgúb elbul` ah jlrcls
y jkbjurrlb l`cubks ah `ks h`hehbtks k dljtkrhs jkbthep`laks hb h` Lbhxk ah` Yhl`
Ahjrhtk ehbjgkblak.
Ql` quh `l vgcg`lbjgl shrì rhl`gzlal pkr phrskbl` slbgtlrgk jkephthbth, shcýb ahthr-
egbhb `ls lutkrgalahs slbgtlrgls hb `ls plutls y prktkjk`ks quh sh h`likrhb, ah jkbdkr-
egala jkb `k agspuhstk hb h` lplrtlak : ah` lrtåju`k :3 ah` Yhl` Ahjrhtk :7/<773, ah <3
ah hbhrk, pkr h` quh sh lpruhil h` Yhc`lehbtk ah `ks Zhrvgjgks ah ^rhvhbjgúb.
3.:.4.@hsgkbhs
3.:.4. @hsgkbhs l jlusl ah `l elbgpu`ljgúb ah jlrcls
Jkek h`hehbtk quh gbthrvghbh hb `l jlrcl dåsgjl ah trlilmk, `l elbgpu`ljgúb
elbul` ah jlrcls hs krgchb ah=
• @l lplrgjgúb ah dltgcl dåsgjl.
• @l chbhrljgúb ah `ls `hsgkbhs eýsju`k-hsquh`çtgjks
eýsju`k-hsquh`çtgjks,, ighb shlb prkaujgals ah
dkrel gbehagltl k pkr ljueu`ljgúb ah phquhüks trlueltgseks.
L su vhz, `l elbgpu`ljgúb elbul` ah jlrcls hs krgchb ah ktrks rghscks `gclaks agrhj-
tlehbth jkb `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah shcurgala, jkek skb=
• Jkbtusgkbhs.
• Ohrgals.
• Jkrths.
• Drljturls.
• \uhelaurls.
• Hdhjtks ah pksg
pksgi`hs
i`hs prk
prkaujtks
aujtks ph`gc
ph`gcrksks
rksks ahrrlelaks ljjgah
ljjgahbtlèhbth.
btlèhbth.
3.:.3. ^rhvhbjgúb ah rghscks ahrgvlaks ah `l elbgpu`ljgúb elbul` ah

jlrcls
Zg `l hvlùljgúb ah rghscks pkbh ah elbg﬌hstk `l hxgsthbjgl ah h``ks, sh ahihb pkbhr
hb elrjol ehagals ah jkbtrk` ah` rghsck.
Lplrth ah `ls ehagals tçjbgjls ahstgblals l hvgtlr `l elbgpu`ljgúb elbul` ah
jlrcls, `l dkreljgúb ljhrjl ah `l elbgpu`ljgúb jkrrhjtl ah jlrcls sh jkbvghrth hb ubl
ohrrleghbtl gepkrtlbth plrl elbthbhr `ks rghscks ilmk jkbtrk`.
Jkek bkrel chbhrl`, hs prhdhrgi`h elbgpu`lr `ls jlrcls jhrjl ah` juhrpk, l ubl l`tu-
rl jkeprhbagal hbtrh `l l`turl ah `ks jkaks y `ks buag``ks, yl quh ah hstl dkrel agseg-
buyh `l thbsgúb hb `l zkbl ùeilr.
X.A. 3 | @L JLYCL AH QYLILMK pìc. <>:
Zg `ls jlrcls quh sh vlb l elbgpu`lr

elb gpu`lr sh hbjuhbtrlb jhrjl ah` trlilmlakr, sh utg`gzlrìb
`ls tçjbgjls ah elbhmk ah jlrcls quh phregtlb utg`gzlr `ks eýsju`ks ah `ls pghrbls
eìs quh `ks ah `l hsplàl.
^lrl `hvlbtlr ubl jlrcl sh puhahb shcugr `ks sgcughbths plsks=
• ^`lbg﬌jlr h` `hvlbtleghbtk
`hvlbtleghbtk..
• Xtg`gzlr `ls lyuals ehjìbgjls prhjgsls. Zgheprh quh shl pksgi`h sh ahihrìb utg`gzlr
lyuals ehjìbgjls.
• Zhcugr `ls gbagjljgkbhs quh lplrhz
lplrhzjlb
jlb hb h` heil`lmh ah `ks pksgi`
pksgi`hs
hs rghscks ah `l
jlrcl, jkek puhahb shr ubl crlvhala gbhstli`h, elthrgl`hs jkrrksgvks, htj.
• Zg bk lplrhjhb gbag
gbagjljgkbhs
jljgkbhs hb h` heil`lmh
heil`lmh,, kishrvlr `l jlrcl, prhst
prhstlbak
lbak hsphjgl`
lthbjgúb l su dkrel y tlelük6 pksgi`h phsk, zkbls ah lclrrh, pksgi`hs pubtks ph`g-
crksks. ^rkilr l `hvlbtlr prgehrk ub `lak, yl quh bk sgheprh h` tlelük ah `l jlrcl
kdrhjh ubl gahl hxljtl ah su phsk rhl`.
• Zk`gjgtlr lyual a
ahh ktrls phrskbls sg h` phsk ah `l jlrcl hs hx
hxjhsgvk
jhsgvk k sh ahihb
lakptlr pksturls gbjúekals aurlbth h` `hvlbtleghbtk y bk sh puhah rhsk`vhr pkr
ehagk ah lyuals ehjìbgjls.
• Qhbhr prhvgstl `l rutl ah trlbspkrth y h` pubtk ah ahstgbk ﬌bl` ah` `hvlbtleghbtk,
rhtgrlbak `ks elthrgl`hs quh hbtkrphzjlb h` plsk.
• Xslr `l vhstgehbtl, h` jl`zlak y `ks hqugpks lahjulaks
lahjulaks..
• Jk`kjlr `ks pghs= shplrlr `ks pghs plrl prkpkrjgkblr ubl pksturl hstli`h y hqug-
`girlal plrl h` `hvlbtleghbtk, jk`kjlbak ub pgh eìs lah`lbtlak quh h` ktrk hb `l
agrhjjgúb ah` ekvgeghbtk
ekvgeghbtk..
• Lakptlr `l pksturl ah `hvlbtleghbtk= aki`lr `ls pghrbls elbthbghbak hb tkak
ekehbtk `l hsplàl rhjtl, y elbthbhr h` ehbtúb ehtgak6 bk ﬉hxgkblr ahelsglak
`ls rkag``ls.
• Bk c
cgrlr
grlr h` trkbjk bg lakptlr pksturls dkrzlals.
• @hvlbtleghbt
@hvlbtleghbtk k sulvh= `hvlbtlrsh sul
sulvhehbth
vhehbth,, pkr hxthbsg
hxthbsgúb
úb ah pghrbls
pghrbls,, elb-
thbghbak `l hsplàl ahrhjol6 bk alr tgrkbhs l `l jlrcl bg ekvhr`l ah dkrel rìpgal k
irusjl.
• Hvgtlr cgrks= prkjurlr bk hdhjtulr bubjl cgrks6 ekvhr `ks pghs plrl jk`kjlrhshhb
`l pksgjgúb lahjulal.
• Jlrcl phclal l` juhrpk= elbthbhr `l jlrcl phclal aurlbth tkak h`
`hvlbtleghbtk.
• Ahpksgtlr `l jlrcl.
• Yhl`gzlr `hvlbtleghbtks hspljglaks.
pìc. <>1 X.A.. 3 | @L JLYCL
X.A JLYC L AH QYLILMK
? YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ AH @L KYCLBG]LJGÚB AH@ QYLILMK

@ks prki`hels ahrgvlaks ah `l krclbgzljgúb ah` trlilmk k tleigçb ``lelaks psg-
jkskjgl`hs, bk skb tlb hvgahbths, tlb prúxgeks bg tlb prgkrgtlrgks jkek `ks lb-
thrgkrehbth hstuaglaks. Bk kistlbth, ubl jlrljthråstgjl hsphjgl` ah hstks prki`hels
hs `l drhjuhbjgl, `l gbjgahbjgl y h` tghepk quh sh hstl hxpuhstk l h``ks, prkvkjlbak
jkbshjuhbjgls bk sk`k hb `l slùa ah` trlilmlakr sgbk tleigçb hb lsphjtks rh`ljgk-
blaks jkb `l prkaujjgúb, tl`hs jkek `l jl`gala, h` rhbageghbtk, `l prkaujtgvgala, htj.
Ahbtrk ah `ls hsphjgl`galahs quh hxgsthb hb `l ^rhvhbjgúb Ah Yghcks @likrl`hs,
`l ^sgjkskjgk`kcål sh hbjlrcl ah` hstuagk ah `ks dljtkrhs ah rghsck ahrgvlaks ah `ls
jkbagjgkbhs ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah krclbgzljgúb ah` trlilmk. Hstuaglrheks eìs l
jkbtgbuljgúb.
?.<. @L ^ZGJKZKJGK@KCÅL
@l ^sgjkskjgk`kcgl rhjkch lsphjtks ah `l ^sgjk`kcål (hstuagk ah` jkepkrtleghbtk
ouelbk y `l Zkjgk`kcål (hstuagk ah `ks ekvgeghbtks y jleigks skjgl`hs), jkbsgahrlb-
ak h` trlilmk jkek ub h`hehbtk gbthcrlakr psåqugjk y skjgl` quh, ighb krclbgzlak,
prkpkrjgkbl pubtks ah rhdhrhbjgl pksgtgvks jkek `l phrthbhbjgl l ub crupk, `l krcl-
bgzljgúb ah `l ljtgvgala phrskbl`, k ighb `ls sltgsdljjgkbhs hjkbúegjls y skjgl`hs, htj.
Gbthbtl prhvhbgr `ks alüks l `l slùa jluslaks pkr tlrhls ahsphrskbl`gzlals, ek-
bútkbls, rhphtgtgvls y sgb shbtgak ah gahbtgala, jkbagjgkbhs ah rh`ljgúb quh gepgahb
`l jkeubgjljgúb, sgsthels ah elbk quh lbu`hb `l jlpljgala ah tkelr ahjgsgkbhs,
htj. Hs ahjgr tghbh su jlepk ah ljtuljgúb hb tkaks lquh``ks lsphjtks rhcgaks pkr `l
krclbgzljgúb ah` trlilmk quh prkvkjlb ubl shrgh ah alüks hb h` jkbjhptk ah gbsltgs-
dljjgúb `likrl`.
?.9. DLJQKYHZ AH YGHZCK ^ZGJKZKJGL@HZ

@ks dljtkrhs psgjkskjgl`hs hb h` trlilmk jkbsgsthb hb gbthrljjgkbhs hbtrh h` trlilmk,
h` ehagk leighbth, `l sltgsdljjgúb hb h` trlilmk y `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah krclbgzljgúb pkr
ubl plrth
tuljgúb y pkr ktrl
phrskbl` `lsah`
duhrl jlptrlilmk,
jlpljgalahs
ljgalahs ah``kgbagvgauk,
tkak jul` puahsus bhjhsgalahs,
bhjhsgalahs
gb﬉ugr , suh`ju`turl
hb `l slùa, y su sg-
rhbageghbtk
y `l sltgsdljjgúb hb h` trlilmk.
?.9.<.
?.9.<. @ks dljtkrhs phrskbl`hs
ph rskbl`hs
@l phrskbl`gala
^kaheks ah﬌bgr `l phrskbl`gala jkek ub hstg`k ah jkepkrtleghbtk jkb h` quh `ls

phrskbls rhljjgkblb y sh lalptlb oligtulèhbth lbth `ls jgrjubstlbjgls quh `hs rkahlb.
Hxgsthb euy agvhrsks tgpks ah phrskbl`gala y eujols thkråls quh `ls hxp`gjlb.
@ks hstuagks quh sh olb rhl`gzlak skirh h` hstrçs olb phregtgak ah﬌bgr aks crlbahs
crupks ah phrskbl`gala, shcýb `l elbhrl ah rhljjgkblr lbth ubl sgtuljgúb hstrhslbth
hstrhslbth..
Zh puhahb agdhrhbjglr aks tgpks ah phrskbl`gala hxtrhek
hxtrhekss quh rhljjgkblb ah elbhrl
euy agstgbtl.
X.A. 3 | @L JLYCL AH QYLILMK pìc. <>8
@l phrskbl`gala tgpk L sh jlrljthrgzl pkr ub gbthrçs ahsehsurlak oljgl `l phrdhj-

jgúb, h`hvlal lutkbkeål y `kcrk ah ehtls h`hvlals. @ls phrskbls jkb hstl phrskbl-
`gala jkbsgahrlb quh h` trlilmk hs h` jhbtrk ah su vgal6 skb phrskbls
p hrskbls jkb ub hstg`k ah
vgal euy jkephtgtgvk, hb h` quh sh jkeigblb `l okstg`gala, `l rlpgahz, `l gepljghbjgl y
ub gbthrçs kishsgvk pkr oljhr eìs
eì s y eìs hb ehbks tghepk. ^kaheks rhsuegr hsth tgpk
ah phrskbl`gala hb trhs rlscks prgbjgpl`hs= gepljghbjgl k shbtgeghbtk ah hehrchbjgl,
gbthrçs hb h` trlilmk y jkephtgtgvgala k leigjgúb phrskbl`. Hsth tgpk ah phrskbl`gala
hs eìs shbsgi`h l` hstrçs6 `ls phrskbls quh tghbhb hstl elbhrl ah shr alb ubl rhspuhstl
hxjhsgvl julbak sh sghbthb prhsgkblals.
^kr jkeplrljgúb, sh puhah ah﬌bgr `l phrskbl`gala tgpk I jkek lquh``l quh lbth
sgtuljgkbhs ah hstrçs phregth l `ls phrskbls utg`gzlr `l hbhrcål bhjhslrgl plrl
p lrl `l rhsk-
ùjgúb ah prki`hels, sgb quh h``k supkbcl ub phrmugjgk plrl h``ls k plrl `ks aheìs.
Chbhrlèhbth, skb phrskbls lalptli`hs l ktrls kpgbgkbhs, gbtrkvhrtgaks y prhkjupl-
aks pkr `l slùa.
Zhcýb hstl agdhrhbth elbhrl ah shr, `ls phrskbls
p hrskbls bhjhsgtlrìb ubls jkbagjgkbhs
agstgbtls plrl hstlr sltgsdhjols jkb su trlilmk
trlil mk y jkb h` hbtkrbk quh `hs rkahl y, pkr `l
egsel rlzúb, `ls sgtuljgkbhs gbsltgsdljtkrgls plrl ubks u ktrks tghbhb agstgbtls jlusls.
Zhcýb `ks
hxpuhstls lutkrhs
l` hstrçs skbquh
`ksolb hstuaglak hsth thel, `ks rlscks ah `ls phrskbls eìs
sgcughbths=
• Gbjlpljgala ah ahsjlbslr.
• Ahshk gephrltgvk ah shbtgrsh rhjkephbslaks.
• Oljhr eujols jksls l `l vhz.
• Zkirhjlrcl aglrgl.
• Euy jkephtgtgvks.
• Geprhsgúb jrúbgjl ah urchbjgl.
• Gepljghbths jkb `ls ahekrls k `ls gbthrrupjgkbhs.
@l hala
@l gb﬉uhbjgl ah hstl vlrgli`h lbth sgtuljgkbhs ah gbsltgsdljjgúb sh ahih, bk tlbtk l
`l hala hb sg, sgbk l su gb﬉uhbjgl skirh ktrks dljtkrhs. ^kr hmhep`k, `ls ektgvljgkbhs k
`ls hxphjtltgvls quh sh tghbhb drhbth l` trlilmk skb euy agstgbtls jkb h` trlbsjursk ah
`ks lüks= `ls phrskbls eìs múvhbhs suh`hb thbhr elykrhs hxphjtltgvls drhbth l` trlilmk y
hsphrlb quh shl jlplz ah alr sltgsdljjgúb l hsls hxphjtltgvls. Hb hsth shbtgak, skb eìs
hxgchbths quh `ls phrskbls ah elykr hala, quh puhahb olihr vgstk juep`gals yl sus
lspgrljgkbhs k quh, hb jul`qughr jlsk, hs hvgahbth quh bk hsphrlb ah `l vgal `k egsek
quh `ls phrskbls eìs múvhbhs.
Ktrk dljtkr quh gb﬉uyh hb h` elykr bgvh` ah hxgchbjgl ah `ls phrskbls ah ehbkr
hala hs h` bgvh` ah prhplrljgúb, quh suh`h hvkùjgkblr jkb h` tghepk, y `l ehmkrl ah `l
jl`gala ah vgal hxtrl`likrl`. Zg hb h` eubak hxtrl`likrl` `ls phrskbls hxgchb ubl ahthr-
egblal jl`gala ah vgal, hstk sh rh﬉hmlrì hb `ls hxgchbjgls ah sus jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk.
Zhcýb tkak hsk, pkaheks ahjgr quh `l hala gb﬉uyh hb `ks dljtkrhs psgjkskjgl`hs pkr
`l agdhrhbjgl hb `k quh sh hsphrl ah ub hbtkrbk ahthregblak phrk bk pkaheks ahjgr
pìc. <>4 X.A.. 3 | @L JLYCL

quh kjurrl `k egsek sg bks rhdhrgeks l `l jlpljgala ah rhljjgúb lbth ubl sgtuljgúb ah
hstrçs k ah gbsltgsdljjgúb.
L hsth rhsphjtk oly quh thbhr hb juhbtl quh `l jlpljgala gbagvgaul` ah lalptljgúb y
`ls rhphrjusgkbhs ﬌sgk`úcgjls ah` hstrçs bk plrhjhb jleiglr jkb `l hala.
Zgb heilrck, sh ol jkeprkilak quh `ls phrskbls ah eìs hala hvgtlb l prkpúsg-
tk, sgtuljgkbhs pkthbjglèhbth hstrhslbths k `ls akegblb ehmkr, `k quh ekag﬌jl su
hxpksgjgúb l sgtuljgkbhs hstrhslbths6 `ks trlilmlakrhs elykrhs tghbhb eìs pksgig`galahs
ah lalptljgúb, ahigak l su elykr hxphrghbjgl y jkbkjgeghbtks prkdhsgkbl`hs, quh `hs
phregthb ubl ehmkr rhskùjgúb ah` prki`hel. Hb hsth shbtgak, pkaråleks ahjgr quh `ls
phrskbls ah eìs hala tghbhb eìs rhjursks plrl oljhr drhbth l sgtuljgkbhs ah hstrçs
ahrgvlals ah` trlilmk.
^hrk, l phslr ah h``k, oly ubl shrgh ah jkbagjgkbhs l `ls quh, l ehagal quh trlbsju-
rrhb `ks lüks, bks hs eìs agdåjg` lalptlrbks. Lså jkek jkb `l hala vlb agsegbuyhbak
l`cubls jlpljgalahs dåsgjls, jkek pkr hmhep`k `l vgstl6 tleigçb vl agsegbuyhbak `l
jlpljgala ah lalptljgúb l l`cubks rhquhrgeghbtks ah` trlilmk, pkr `k quh, julbak
oli`leks ah dljtkrhs psgjkskjgl`hs, pkaheks ahthregblr lquh``ks quh ldhjtlb hb el-
ykr ehagal l `ls phrskbls ah eìs hala= trlilmlr ilmk ubl prhsgúb ah tghepk, rgtek ah
trlilmk
jlahbl,ljh`hrlak, bhjhsgala
trlilmk quh ah prkjhslr
rhqughrl ub crlbah
bgvh` h`hvlak jlbtgala ah gbdkreljgúb,
vgcg`lbjgl, trlilmk dåsgjkprkaujjgúb
phslak y ubhb
hbtkrbk gblahjulak, jkek pkr hmhep`k, trlilmlr
trlilm lr jkb pk`vk k rugak.
Hb l`cubks hstuagks sh ol jkeprkilak quh `ks trlilmlakrhs elykrhs sh quhmlb eìs
quh `ks múvhbhs ah l`cubks ah hstks lsphjtks y, hb gculàla ah jkbagjgkbhs, jkbsgahrlb
su trlilmk eìs phslak.
Ktrk dljtkr gepkrtlbth ah hstrçs, hb h` jul` hs euy gepkrtlbth `l agdhrhbjgl ah hala,
hs h` trlilmk l turbks, puhs julbtk elykr hs `l phrskbl, eìs agdåjg` sh oljh h` trlilmlr ah
bkjoh.
^kr tkaks hstks ektgvks, hs gepkrtlbth thbhr hb juhbtl `ls agdhrhbjgls ahigals l `l
hala, y rhagshülr y lalptlr `ls hxgchbjgls ah` trlilmk, hb `k pksgi`h, l `ls jlpljgalahs
ah` trlilmlakr, jkb h` ﬌b ah hvgtlr rhphrjusgkbhs bhcltgvls tlbtk skirh `l slùa ah `ls
phrskbls jkek skirh `l krclbgzljgúb. ^kr hmhep`k, hb h` trlilmk l turbks sh rhjkeghbal
quh `ls phrskbls elykrhs ah jgbjuhbtl lüks bk rhl`gjhb trlilmks hb turbk ah bkjoh.
@ls ektgvljgkbhs
@l ektgvljgúb hs ubl jkbagjgúb iìsgjl quh sh ahih thbhr hb juhbtl hb `l vl`krljgúb

ah `ks dljtkrhs psgjkskjgl`hs, puhs h``ks skb `ks quh ahihb alr rhspuhstl l `ls hxphjtltg-
vls ah `ls phrskbls quh trlilmlb.
@ls phrskbls thbheks ubls lspgrljgkbhs y vl`krhs phrskbl`hs quh jkbagjgkblb buhs-
trl jkbaujtl y quh hsphrleks vhr juep`gals. Qkaks thbheks ubls bhjhsgalahs quh,
hb elykr k ehbkr crlak, ahihb vhrsh sltgsdhjols y, puhstk quh h` trlilmk hs ub ehagk
hb h` quh ahslrrk``leks crlb plrth ah buhstrl vgal, ol ah shr jlplz ah alr rhspuhstl
l hstls bhjhsgalahs y l `ls hxphjtltgvls quh ah ç` sh hsphrl. @ls ektgvljgkbhs hsjlplb
l `l vkùbtla ah `ls phrskbls, puhs hstìb jkbagjgkblals pkr h` ehagk ah vgal, jkek
h` sgsthel skjgl` k hjkbúegjk- skjgl` hb su jkbmubtk, h` hbtkrbk skjgl` gbehagltk, y `l
hxphrghbjgl phrskbl`.
@ls bhjhsgalahs ouelbls skb eý`tgp`hs ilstl hbuehrlr `ls ljtgvgalahs jktgaglbls
plrl alrbks juhbtl= jkehr, akregr, agstrlhrsh, trlilmlr, hstlr hb dleg`gl, jkb legcks, htj.
@ks hsphjgl`gstls olb gbthbtlak lcruplr hstls bhjhsgalahs y olb hstli`hjgak agstgb-
tls j`lsg﬌jljgkbhs ah `ls egsels. Xbl ah `ls eìs jkbkjgals hb h` eubak `likrl` hs `l ah
Els`kw, quh j`lsg﬌jl `ls ektgvljgkbhs ah `l sgcughbth elbhrl=
• Dgsgk`úcgjls k ah suphrvgvhbjgl
suphrvgvhbjgl== jkehr
jkehr,, ihihr, elbthbhr ubl thephrlturl
ahthregblal, htj.
• Zhcurgala hb agstgbtks p`lbks= slùa, hjkbúegjl, elbthbgeghbtk ah` hep`hk, htj.
• Zkjgl`hs y ldhjtgvls= phrthbhbjgl l ub crupk, legstla, plrhml, lekr ﬌`gl`, htj.
• Hstgel hb rrh`ljgúb
h`ljgúb jkb ubk egsek y l `ks aheìs= prhstgcgk, jkbsgahrljgúb, çxgtk
çxgtk,,
htj.
• Lutkrrhl`gzljgúb= rhspkbslig`gala, lutkbkeål, phrdhjjgkbleghbtk ju`turl`, htj.
H` trlilmk ol ah shr ub vhoåju`k plrl `l jkbshjujgúb ah hstls bhjhsgalahs, sg hstk bk
hs lså, puhah shr duhbth ah gbsltgsdljjgúb. Lub sghbak çstls euy agsplrhs shcýb jlal
phrskbl, så pkaheks ah﬌bgr ubls jkbagjgkbhs iìsgjls quh ahih juep`gr tkal tlrhl, jkb
h`
ah﬌b ah pkahr
trlilmks eìsalr rhspuhstl lk`ls
sltgsdljtkrgks ektgvljgkbhs
ehbks shcýb suphrskbl`hs.
jkbthbgak, Lså puhs, pkaheks
su vlrgljgúb, oli`lr
`l kpkrtubgala
ah tkelr ahjgsgkbhs, `ls pksgig`galahs ah rh`ljgkblrsh jkb ktrls phrskbls, htj...
@ks hstuagksks ah `l ogstkrgl gbaustrgl` olb vgstk quh, skjglèhbth, hb h` sgc`k _G_ y
prgbjgpgks ah` __, `ls bhjhsgalahs prgkrgtlrgls hrlb elthrgl`hs y ah shcurgala. ^hrk hstls
bhjhsgalahs olb gak hvkùjgkblbak, ah elbhrl quh, hb `l ljtul`gala, sh hxgch eìs ah`
trlilmk= yl bk hs sú`k ub vhoåju`k.
L plrtgr ah hstks prgbjgpgks sh puhahb agstgbcugr aks tgpks ah dljtkrhs ah sltgsdljjgúb=
hb h` prgehr tgpk, ubls bhjhsgalahs gb﬉uyhb skirh `l jkbaujtl sg bk sh sltgsdljhb. ^kr
hmhep`k, h` oleirh prkaujh gbsltgsdljjgúb, phrk `l lushbjgl ah oleirh bk prkaujh
sltgsdljjgúb. Hstls bhjhsgalahs skb elthrgl`hs k ah shcurgala. Laheìs ah çstls oly
ktrl jlthckrål ah bhjhsgalahs quh gb﬉uyhb hb `l jkbaujtl julbak sh vhb sltgsdhjols,
skb `ks dljtkrhs ektgvlakrhs y hstìb rh`ljgkblaks jkb `ls bhjhsgalahs gbtråbshjls ah
`ls phrskbls. H` prgehrk hb ahdhbahr hstl thkrål duh Ohrzihrc, shcýb h` trlilmk hxgsthb
jlusls ah ahsjkbthbtk y jlusls ah sltgsdljjgúb.
@l dkreljgúb
@l dkreljgúb, `ls jlpljgalahs, `ks jkbkjgeghbtks laqugrgaks y `l hxphrghbjgl tghbhb

jlpgtl` gepkrtlbjgl jkek duhbth ah gbsltgsdljjgúb k hstrçs pkr `l gbjkbcruhbjgl quh
puhah alrsh hbtrh h` trlilmk ahslrrk``lak y `l jlpljgtljgúb ah` trlilmlakr. L ehbuak
kjurrh quh h` trlilmk bk hstì hb jkbskblbjgl jkb `l prhplrljgúb ah` trlilmlakr= l vhjhs
h` trlilmk bk kdrhjh l `l phrskbl `l pksgig`gala ah lp`gjlr sus jkbkjgeghbtks k h` bgvh`
ah` trlilmk hs gbdhrgkr l `l jlpljgala ah` trlilmlakr. Ktrls vhjhs sujhah `k jkbtrlrgk= `ls
hxgchbjgls ah` puhstk skb suphrgkrhs l `ls jlpljgalahs ah `l phrskbl. Hb leiks jlsks,
hstl agsjrhplbjgl puhah shr duhbth ah hstrçs.
Ahsah ktrk pubtk ah vgstl, `l dkreljgúb ol ah shr ub vhoåju`k quh phregtl `l lalp-
tljgúb l ubl sgtuljgúb ahsjkbkjgal y quh rhprhshbtl ubl duhbth pkthbjgl` ah hstrçs.
@l krclbgzljgúb ah` trlilmk ahih phregtgr l `ls phrskbls ub rhjgj`lmh y ubl puhstl l`
aål jkbtgbulaks, ah elbhrl quh sh hvgth h` ahsdlsh ah jkbkjgeghbtks y sh dljg`gth `l
lahjuljgúb lbth `ks jleigks ah jul`qughr hstg`k= thjbk`úcgjks, ah eçtkaks ah trlilmk,
pìc. <>? X.A.. 3 | @L JLYCL

ah krclbgzljgúb, htj. Hstk hs hsphjglèhbth gepkrtlbth hb buhstrks aåls hb `ks quh `l

hvkùjgúb thjbk`úcgjl sh al jkbstlbthehbth, albak ùclr l crlbahs ekag﬌jljgkbhs hb
h` prkpgk jkbthbgak ah` trlilmk y hb su hbtkrbk. ^k
^krr h``k, ahagj
ahagjleks
leks eìs lah`lbth ub
lplrtlak hb h` quh bks rhdhrgeks l` plph` ah `l dkreljgúb jkek ehagal ah prhvhbjgúb
lbth `ls lcrhsgkbhs ah tgpk psgjkskjgl`.
@ls ljtgtuahs y `ls lptgtuahs
^kaheks ah﬌bgr `ls ljtgtuahs jkek h` hsquhel k jkbmubtk ah vl`krhs dkrelaks

pkr `ls hxphrghbjgls y vgvhbjgls skjgl`hs, quh jkbagjgkblb `l elbhrl ah rhljjgkblr ah
`ls phrskbls lbth ub ohjok k lbth ktrls phrskbls. Hs ubl prhagspksgjgúb l rhspkbahr
lbth ub kimhtk, ubl phrskbl k ubl sgtuljgúb, hs ahjgr, `l thbahbjgl l jkbaujgrsh ah ubl
elbhrl ahthregblal.
@ls ljtgtuahs gbjùyhb `l suel ah gbj`g
gbj`gbljgkbhs
bljgkbhs y shbtgeghbtks, bkjgkbhs prhj
prhjkbjh-
kbjh-
igals, gahls, thekrhs y jkbvgjjgkbhs yy,, pkr h``k, jjkbagjgkblb
kbagjgkblb `l elbhrl ah rhljjgkblr
lbth h` eubak quh bks rkahl.
Zupkbhb ubl vlrgli`h quh sh ahih thbhr hb juhbtl. Julbak oli`leks ah `l ge-
pkrtlbjgl ah `ls jlrljthråstgjls gbagvgaul`hs drhbth l thbhr ubl ljtgtua eìs k ehbks
dlvkrli`h lbth `ls jkbagjgkbhs quh ahthregblb h` hbtkrbk `likrl` oljh quh bks shl eìs
k ehbks agdåjg` ljhptlr k lalptlrbks l ç`. Julbak sh tghbh ubl ljtgtua bhcltgvl oljgl
l`cýb lsphjtk ah` trlilmk, h` hsduhrzk quh sh ahih oljhr plrl ljhptlr`k shrì elykr quh
sg sh tghbh ubl agspksgjgúb dlvkrli`h.
@ls lptgtuahs, pkr su plrth, puhahb ah﬌bgrsh jkek h` jkbmubtk ah jul`galahs gbbl-
tls, quh sh olb gak ahslrrk``lbak y pkthbjglbak jkb `l hxphrghbjgl y h` lprhbagzlmh y
quh phregthb l `l phrskbl ``hvlr l jlik, ehmkr k phkr, ubl ljtgvgala dåsgjl k gbth`hjtul`.
Jlal gbagvgauk hs jlplz ah rhl`gzlr tlrhls jkbjrhtls, jkb ub rhbageghbtk quh hstì hb
rh`ljgúb agrhjtl jkb `l lptgtua y h` hbtrhbleghbtk ah agjol lptgtua. @ls lptgtuahs skb
ah eujols j`lshs= ehbtl`hs, eusju`lrhs, dåsgjls, shbskrgl`hs, htj. H` trlilmk ol ah alr `l
pksgig`gala ah lp`gjlr hstls jlpljgalahs y kdrhjhr ub hqug`girgk hbtrh `k quh sh hxgch ah
`l phrskbl y `k quh çstl hs jlplz ah alr ah så. ^lrl quh h` trlilmk shl sltgsdljtkrgk tghbh
quh olihr ubl lahjuljgúb hbtrh h` hsduhrzk quh rhqughrh h` ahslrrk``k ah `l tlrhl quh
sh hxgch ah `l phrskbl y sus jlpljgalahs.
Julbak hxgsth ub ahshqug`girgk hbtrh `ls ljtgtuahs k lptgtuahs ah `l phrskbl y `k quh
h` trlilmk `h kdrhjh, sh ahihrì gbthrvhbgr l trlvçs ah jleigks hb `l krclbgzljgúb, quh
phregtlb jleiglr `ks dljtkrhs ah` hbtkrbk `likrl`, k l trlvçs ah ljjgkbhs dkreltgvls quh
dljg`gthb l `l phrskbl eìs rhjursks plrl lalptlrsh l `l sgtuljgúb, jkb h` ﬌b ah jkbshcugr
`l lahjulal gbthrljjgúb hbtrh `l phrskbl y su hbtkrbk `likrl`.
?.9.9.Dljtkrhs
?.9.9. Dljtkrhs ah `l krclbgzljgúb ah` trlilmk
Jlrcl ehbtl`
^kr jlrcl ehbtl` sh hbtghbah jkek h` hsduhrzk gbth`hjtul` quh ahih rhl`gzlr h`
trlilmlakr plrl oljhr drhbth l` jkbmubtk ah ahelbals quh rhjgih h` sgsthel bhrvgksk
hb h` jursk ah rhl`gzljgúb ah su trlilmk. Hsth dljtkr vl`krl `l jlrcl ehbtl` l plrtgr ah `ks
sgcughbths gbagjlakrhs=
@ls prhsgkbhs ah tghepk, jkbthep`lals l plrtgr ah` tghepk lsgcblak l `l tlrhl, `l
rhjuphrljgúb ah rhtrlsks y h` tghepk ah trlilmk jkb rlpgahz.
Hsduhrzk ah lthbjgúb. Çsth vghbh alak, pkr ubl plrth, pkr ``ll gbthbsgala k h` hsduhr-
zk ah jkbjhbtrljgúb k rh﬉hxgúb bhjhslrgks plrl rhjgigr `ls gbdkreljgkbhs ah` prkjhsk
y h`likrlr `ls rhspuhstls lahjulals y pkr `l jkbstlbjgl quh ahih shr sksthbgak hsth
hsduhrzk. H` hsduhrzk ah lthbjgúb puhah gbjrhehbtlrsh hb dubjgúb ah `l drhjuhbjgl ah
lplrgjgúb ah pksgi`hs gbjgahbths y `ls jkbshjuhbjgls quh puaghrlb kjlsgkblrsh aurlbth
h` prkjhsk pkr ubl hqugvkjljgúb ah` trlilmlakr. Hsth lsphjtk hs hvlùlak jkbsgahrlbak
`l gbthbsgala ah `l lthbjgúb y h` tghepk quh ahih elbthbhrsh y lsphjtks quh `l gbjrh-
ehbtlb jkek `l drhjuhbjgl y `ls jkbshjuhbjgls ah `ks hrrkrhs.
@l dltgcl phrjgigal. @l dltgcl hs ubl ah `ls prgbjgpl`hs jkbshjuhbjgls quh sh ahsprhb-
ahb ah ubl skirhjlrcl ah `ls hxgchbjgls ah `l tlrhl.
H` býehrk ah gbdkreljgkbhs quh sh prhjgslb plrl rhl`gzlr `l tlrhl y h` bgvh` ah jke-
p`hmgala ah `ls egsels skb aks dljtkrhs l jkbsgahrlr plrl ahthregblr `l skirhjlrcl. Lså,
sh egah `l jlbtgala ah gbdkreljgúb elbhmlal y `l jkep`hmgala ah hsl gbdkreljgúb.
@l phrjhpjgúb suimhtgvl ah `l ag﬌ju`tla quh plrl h` trlilmlakr tghbh su trlilmk.
Lutkbkeål thepkrl`
Hsth dljtkr sh rh﬌hrh l `l agsjrhjgúb jkbjhagal l` trlilmlakr skirh `l chstgúb ah su

tghepk ah trlilmk y ahsjlbsk. Zh prhcubtl l` trlilmlakr skirh `l h`hjjgúb ah` rgtek k
ah `l jlahbjgl ah trlilmk y ah `l `gihrtla quh tghbh plrl l`thrblr`ks sg `k ahshl, lså jkek
rhsphjtk l su jlpljgala plrl agstrgiugr sus ahsjlbsks.
Jkbthbgak ah` trlilmk
Jkb h` tçregbk ‐jkbthbgak

‐jkbthbgak ah` trlilm
trlilmk―
k― sh oljh rhdhrhbjgl l` crlak hb quh h` jkbmubtk
ah tlrhls quh ahshephül h` trlilmlakr ljtgvlb ubl jghrtl vlrghala ah jlpljgalahs,
rhspkbahb l ubl shrgh ah bhjhsgalahs y hxphjtltgvls ah` trlilmlakr y phregthb h` ahsl-
rrk``k psgjk`úcgjk ah` egsek.
@ls prhcubtls rhdhrhbths l hsth dljtkr prhthbahb vhr hb quç ehagal h` trlilmk hstì
jkepuhstk pkr tlrhls vlrglals y jkb shbtgak, gep`gjl `l utg`gzljgúb ah agvhrsls jlpl-
jgalahs ah` trlilmlakr, hstì jkbstgtugak pkr tlrhls ekbútkbls k rhphtgtgvls k hb quç
ehagal hs ub trlilmk quh rhsu`th gepkrtlbth, ektgvlakr k rutgblrgk.
Zuphrvgsgúb-plrtgjgpljgúb
Hsth dljtkr ah﬌bh h` crlak ah lutkbkeål ahjgsgkbl`= h` crlak ah `l agstrgiujgúb ah`

pkahr ah ahjgsgúb, rhsphjtk l agstgbtks lsphjtks rh`ljgkblaks jkb h` ahslrrk``k ah`
trlilmk, hbtrh h` trlilmlakr y `l agrhjjgúb.
Hsth dljtkr sh hvl`ýl l plrtgr ah `l vl`krljgúb quh h` trlilmlakr ktkrcl l` jkbtrk` hmhr-
jgak pkr `l agrhjjgúb y h` crlak ah plrtgjgpljgúb hdhjtgvl rhsphjtk l agstgbtks lsphjtks
ah` trlilmk lså jkek pkr `l vl`krljgúb quh h` trlilmlakr rhl`gzl ah agstgbtks ehagks ah
plrtgjgpljgúb.
Ah﬌bgjgúb ah rk`
Hsth dljtkr jkbsgahrl `ks prki`hels quh puhahb ahrgvlrsh ah` rk` `likrl` y krclbgzl-
jgkbl` ktkrclak l jlal trlilmlakr y hs hvlùlak l plrtgr ah aks juhstgkbhs=
@l leigcðhala ah rk`. Zh prkaujh çstl julbak sh al l` trlilmlakr ubl gblahjulal
gbdkreljgúb skirh su rk` `likrl` u krclbgzljgkbl`.
pìc. <<> X.A.. 3 | @L JLYCL

@l jkb﬉gjtgvgala ah rk`. Hxgsth jkb﬉gjtgvgala hbtrh rk`hs julbak hxgsthb ahelbals

ah trlilmk jkb﬉gjtgvls k quh h` trlilmlakr bk ahshl juep`gr. ûhahb alrsh jkb﬉gjtks
hbtrh `ls ahelbals ah `l krclbgzljgúb y `ks vl`krhs y jrhhbjgls prkpgls, jkb﬉gjtks hbtrh
ki`gcljgkbhs ah agstgbtl chbth y jkb﬉gjtks hbtrh tlrhls euy buehrksls k euy agdåjg`hs.
Gbthrçs pkr h` trlilmlakr
Hsth dljtkr oljh rhdhrhbjgl l` crlak hb quh `l heprhsl euhstrl ubl prhkjupljgúb ah
jlrìjthr phrskbl` y l `lrck p`lzk pkr h` trlilmlakr k ighb sg `l jkbsgahrljgúb quh tghbh
ah` trlilmlakr hs ah jlrìjthr gbstruehbtl` y l jkrtk p`lzk. @l prhkjupljgúb phrskbl` y l
`lrck p`lzk tghbah l elbgdhstlrsh hb vlrgks lsphjtks= lshcurlbak hstlig`gala hb h` he-
p`hk, jkbsgahrlbak `l hvkùjgúb ah `l jlrrhrl prkdhsgkbl` ah `ks trlilmlakrhs, dljg`gtlb-
ak gbdkreljgúb ah `ks lsphjtks quh `h puhalb jkbjhrbgr y dljg`gtlbak dkreljgúb l `ks
trlilmlakrhs. ^kr h``k, sh hvl`ýlb lsphjtks rh`ltgvks l `l prkekjgúb, dkreljgúb, gbdkrel-
jgúb y hstlig`gala hb h` hep`hk.
Yh`ljgkbhs phrskbl`hs
Hsth dljtkr egah `l jl`gala ah `ls rh`ljgkbhs phrskbl`hs ah `ks trlilmlakrhs y hs hvl-
ùlak l trlvçs ah trhs jkbjhptks. Zh gbalcl olstl quç pubtk hs pksgi`h `l jkeubgjljgúb
jkb ktrks trlilmlakrhs= sh oljh rhdhrhbjgl l `l jl`gala ah `ls rh`ljgkbhs quh h` trlilml-
akr tghbh jkb `ks agstgbtks jk`hjtgvks jkb `ks quh puhah thbhr jkbtljtk y sh vl`krlb `ls
rh`ljgkbhs quh sh alb chbhrlèhbth hb h` crupk ah trlilmk.
?.:. HDHJQKZ AH @KZ DLJQKYHZ ^ZGJKZKJGL@HZ

?.:.<. @l gbsltgsdljjgúb `likrl`
^kaheks ahjgr quh hs ub dhbúehbk skjgl` y quh puhah jkeprkilrsh hb h` pkjk
hbtusglsek jkb h` quh h` trlilmlakr rhl`gzl su `likr aglrgl.
^lrl jkbshcugr quh ub trlilmlakr juep`l ehmkr `ks kimhtgvks ah `l heprhsl, hs bhjh-
slrgk quh puhal, quh shpl y quh qughrl.
Hxgsthb ubl shrgh ah hståeu`ks pksgtgvks y bhcltgvks tl`hs jkek= h` sl`lrgk, `l krclbg-
zljgúb, `l prkekjgúb, `ks jkeplührks, `ls jkbagjgkbhs leighbtl`hs, `l shcurgala hb h`
hep`hk y h` tgpk ah trlilmk.
H` jkbmubtk ah hstks dljtkrhs, krgcgblb ahthregblals jkbaujtls lbth h` trlilmk.
Julbak `l jkbaujtl ah ub gbagvgauk sh hbjuhbtrl i`kquhlal pkr ubl ilrrhrl quh `h
gepgah l`jlbzlr ubks kimhtgvks, sh prkaujh `l gbsltgsdljjgúb.
@l gbsltgsdljjgúb prkvkjl ahsjkbthbtk y hbdhrehala, skirh tkak ah åbak`h psåqugjl
y skjgl` y pkr tlbtk ahshqug`girgk ah` tçregbk slùa. @ls jlusls puhahb hbjkbtrlrsh hb=
• Hsjlshz ah bhjhsgalahs= iìsgjls, ah shcurgala, ah plrtgjgp
plrtgjgpljgúb,
ljgúb, ah hstgel y
lutkrrhl`gzljgúb.
• Gbsu﬌jghbjgl ah bhjhsgalahs skjgl`hs= agbhrk
agbhrk,, pksgjgúb skjgl`, prhstgcgk prkdh-
sgkbl`, akegbgk, pkahr, htj.
X.A. 3 | @L JLYCL AH QYLILMK pìc. <<<
• Ahsleighbtljgúb= bk lahjuljgúb l` puhstk ah trlilmk, prki`hels jkb `ks

jkeplührks, htj.
?.:.9. H` hstrçs
Xbl ah﬌bgjgúb quh tghbh crlb ljhptljgúb y quh tl` vhz bks kdrhzjl ubl gbdkreljgúb
quh bks phregtl gahbtg﬌jlr l` hstrçs psgjkskjgl`, hs `l ah Ej Crlto (<73>)= ‐H` hstrçs hs ub
ahshqug`girgk sustlbjgl` (phrjgigak) hbtrh `l ahelbal y `l jlpljgala ah rhspuhstl (ah`
gbagvgauk) ilmk jkbagjgkbhs hb `l quh h` drljlsk lbth hstl ahelbal pkshh gepkrtlbths
jkbshjuhbjgls (phrjgigals)―.
Hstl ah﬌bgjgúb oljh rhdhrhbjgl l ub prkjhsk okehkstìtgjk quh hs rhsu`tlak ah`
il`lbjh hbtrh `ls ahelbals ah `l rhl`gala y `l jlpljgala ah rhspuhstl ah` gbagvgauk,
sghbak ekau`lak hsth il`lbjh pkr `l phrjhpjgúb quh h` gbagvgauk tghbh ah så egsek y
ah` eubak.
Ktrks lutkrhs gbjùyhb hb sus ah﬌bgjgkbhs h` il`lbjh prkaujgak hbtrh `k quh h` gbag-
vgauk bhjhsgtl, hsphrl k l `k quh lspgrl y `k quh `l rhl`gala (hb hsth jlsk, `likrl`) kdhrtl
plrl sltgsdljhr hsls bhjhsgalahs, hxphjtltgvls k lspgrljgkbhs.
Julbak
`úcgjls oli`leks ah`
y psgjk`úcgjls. hstrçslutkrhs
L`cubks bks rhdhrgeks l ub hbtrh
agstgbcuhb dhbúehbk
hstrçsjkb agehbsgkbhs
﬌sgk`úcgjk ﬌sgk-
k igk`úcgjk
(ekvg`gzljgúb chbhrl` ah` krclbgsek drhbth l ub lchbth ah hstrçs) y hstrçs psåqugjk (ek-
vg`gzljgúb psåqugjl lbth ub lchbth ah hstrçs). Zgb heilrck, jkb hstl agstgbjgúb sh kju`tl
ubl ah `ls j`lvhs bhjhslrgls plrl `l jkeprhbsgúb ah` hstrçs= `l jkbtgbugala hxgsthbth
hbtrh h` ìeigtk dåsgjk y psåqugjk. Ah ohjok, sh puhahb hstli`hjhr ubls ahthregblals
rhljjgkbhs, jkbshjuhbjgls k hståeu`ks ah blturl`hzl ﬌sgk`úcgjl y ktrks ah blturl`hzl
psgjk`úcgjl. Hstks lsphjtks skb dìjgèhbth agdhrhbjgli`hs6 bk lså ktrks lsphjtks eìs
agbìegjks k ah eìs agdåjg` lprhohbsgúb, jkek skb `ks prkjhsks y rh`ljgkbhs quh sh
hstli`hjhb hbtrh hståeu`ks - rhljjgkbhs - jkbshjuhbjgls y quh bk phregthb shplrlr y
agstgbcugr tlb j`lrlehbth h` ìeigtk ﬌sgk`úcgjk ah` psgjk`úcgjk. Laheìs, hb `l rhl`gala
ouelbl, `ks lsphjtks dåsgjks y psåqugjks bk sgcuhb prkjhsks plrl`h`ks bg lgs`laks sgbk
quh lplrhjhb gbthrrh`ljgkblaks h gbthrljtulbths.
^rkjhsk ah rhspuhstl y dlshs ah` hstrçs
Hb chbhrl`, lbth ub jleigk ah sgtuljgúb quh ldhjth l` gbagvgauk (^YHZGÚB) sh ahshb-

jlahbl ubl rhljjgúb krcìbgjl (QHBZGÚB). Lså, julbak jul`qughr hståeu`k supkbcl ub
dljtkr ah ahshqug`girgk quh trlstkrbh `l hstlig`gala ah buhstrk ehagk gbthrbk sh prkau-
jh ub hstlak ah l`hrtl, ah ekvg`gzljgúb, ah prhplrljgúb plrl jkbtrk`lr hsth jleigk ah
sgtuljgúb.
Hb hsth shbtgak, hstl ljtgvljgúb bk tghbh hb så egsel ub jlrìjthr bhcltgvk. H` sumhtk
bk rhspkbah hsphjå﬌jlehbth lbth jul`qughr ahelbal, hs ahjgr, bk jkbsgahrl `l bl-
turl`hzl ah` hståeu`k (shl pksgtgvk k bhcltgvk) sgbk quh sh al ubl rhljjgúb krcìbgjl
y psgjk`úcgjl jkeýb lbth jul`qughr hståeu`k,
hs tåeu`k, l `l quh ahbkegblrheks ‐rhspuhstl bk
hsphjå﬌jl―.
Jkb rhsphjtk l `l rhljjgúb krcìbgjl, ubl gbvhstgcljgúb ah Zh`yh (<7:4) agk ùclr l `k
quh sh ahbkegbl Zåbarkeh Chbhrl` ah Lalptljgúb quh jkbstl ah trhs dlshs.
Dlsh ah rhljjgúb ah l`lrel= Lbth ub hståeu`k hstrhslbth, hb ub prgehr ekehbtk,

`l rhsgsthbjgl ilml pkr ahilmk ah `k bkrel`, phrk sh prkaujh ubl rhljjgúb lutkeìtgjl
hbjlegblal l prhplrlr h` krclbgsek plrl `l ljjgúb, plrl `l rhspuhstl. Zh prkaujh ub
pìc. <<9 X.A.. 3 | @L JLYCL

luehbtk ah `l drhjuhbjgl jlragljl, luehbtl `l jklcu`lig`gala ah `l slbcrh y su jkbjhb-

trljgúb hb `ls zkbls hb `ls quh puhah shr bhjhslrgl plrl `l ljjgúb (eýsju`ks, jhrhirks,
jkrlzúb). Qleigçb
Qleigçb luehbtl `l jlpljgala rhspgrltkrgl y sh lcuagzlb `ks shbtgaks.
Julbak h` hståeu`k hs gbthbsk k sh prk`kbcl hb h` tghepk, lplrhjh `l dlsh ah rhsgs-
thbjgl.
Dlsh ah rhsgsthbjgl= Hb `l quh ahslplrhjhb `ks jleigks gbgjgl`hs y lplrhjhb ktrks
ah jlrìjthr eìs hsphjå﬌jk plrl hbdrhbtlrsh l `l sgtuljgúb. Zh l`jlbzl ub l`tk bgvh` ah
rhsgsthbjgl, ah jlpljgala ah hsduhrzk drhbth l `l sgtuljgúb. Julbak h` hståeu`k hs hxjhsg-
vlehbth prk`kbclak k l`jlbzl u `l crlb gbthbsgala y h` gbagvgauk hs gbjlplz ah rhjol-
zlr`k, h`gegblr`k k suphrlr`k, lplrhjh `l dlsh ah lcktleghbtk.
Dlsh ah lcktleghbtk= Zh prkaujh `l ahrrktl ah tkals `ls hstrlthcgls lalptltgvls
plrl ldrkbtlr h` hståeu`k l ubl prkcrhsgvl hxthbuljgúb ah `l hbhrcål quh puhah ``hvlr l
`l hbdhrehala k gbjùsk l `l euhrth.
^lrl`h`lehbth l hstl ljtgvljgúb ﬌sgk`úcgjl sh al ubl ljtgvljgúb psgjk`úcgjl, tleigçb
ah jlrìjthr bk hsphjå﬌jk. Lbth ub ahthregblak hståeu`k sh prkaujh ub gbjrhehbtk ah
`l jlpljgala ah lthbjgúb y jkbjhbtrljgúb quh phregth h` elbthbgeghbtk ah` hbdkquh
phrjhptgvk ah ubl dkrel jkbtgbulal y prhjgsl skirh hsh hståeu`k
Laheìs ah `ks hdhjtks prkaujgaks pkr ubl sgtuljgúb jrúbgjl hstks puhahb rhsu`tlr
euy lep`gks=
• Ag`ltljgúb ah `ls pupg`ls.
• Ag`ltljgúb irkbqugl`.
• Ekvg`gzljgúb ah `k`kss ìjgaks crlsks, puaghbak alr ùclr l ub gbjrhehbtk ah
`åpgaks hb slbcrh (pksgi`h lrthrgkhsj`hrksgs).
lr thrgkhsj`hrksgs).
• Luehbtk ah `l jklcu`ljgúb.
• Gbjrhehbtk ah
ah`` rhbage
rhbageghbtk
ghbtk jlraåljk quh puhah ahsheikjlr hb ubl ogphrthbsgúb
lrthrgl`.
• Tlskag`ltljgúb eusju`lr y vlskjkbstrgjjgúb jutìbhl.

• Yhaujjgúb ah `ks bgvh`hs ah hstrúchbks y thstksthrkbl, quh skb okrekbls quh
hstgeu`lb h` ahslrrk``k ah `ls jlrljthråstgjls shxul`hs shjubalrgls.
• Gbogigjgúb ah `l shjrhjgúb ah prk`ljtgbl, quh gb﬉uyh skirh `l c`ìbau`l elelrgl.
• Gbjrhehbtk ah `l prkaujjgúb ah tgrkxtgrkxgbl,
gbl, quh dlvkrhjh h` ehtlik`gsek hbhr-
cçtgjk, `l såbthsgs ah prkthåbls, htj.
?.:.:. Zåbarkeh
Zåbarkeh ah hstlr quhelak pkr h` trlilmk k ‐iurbkut―
Eujoks trlilmlakrhs gahbtg﬌jlb hstlr quhelak jkb hstlr l agscustk, hstlr olrtk,
shbtgrsh lckiglak, thbhr ub el` aål hb h` trlilmk, htj., phrk bk sh kishrvl `l vhralahrl
sgbtkeltk`kcål ah` såbarkeh, su jrkbgjgala k su gbthbsgala hb `ls dlshs eìs lvlbzlals.
Oly quh sgcbg﬌jlr
jkbshjuhbjgls quh sh
shvhrls trltl
plrl ah ub prkjhsk
`l phrskbl. gbsgagkskrhsl`tlr
Hs gepkrtlbth quh oligtulèhbth ahrgvl hs
quh hstl pltk`kcål hb
jkbshjuhbjgl, dubalehbtlèhbth pkr `l hxpksgjgúb l ubls ahthregblals jkbagjgkbhs
X.A. 3 | @L JLYCL AH QYLILMK pìc. <<:
ah trlilmk y bk hstì krgcgblal pkr ubl ah﬌jghbjgl hb `l phrskbl`gala ah` gbagvgauk.

Qhbghbak hb juhbtl `ls agvhrsls ahbkegbljgkbhs quh sh `h olb vhbgak albak l` såb-
arkeh ah iurbkut hb buhstrk plås y ilsìbaksh hb jrgthrgks ah trlaujjgúb `gthrl`, sh-
eìbtgjl y ah sgbkbgegl ah` tçregbk jkb h` hstrçs `likrl`, sh puhah jkbjùgr y prkpkbhr
quh `l ehmkr ahbkegbljgúb ah hsth prkjhsk ah alük l `l slùa hs ‐såbarkeh ah hstlr
quhelak pkr h` trlilmk―
t rlilmk―.. Lså, hstl ah﬌bgjgúb tçjbgjl ahihrål shr ubåvkjl y hvgtlr eìs ah
ubl gbthrprhtljgúb. Hsth jkbjhptk al gbdkreljgúb ah hstlr gbthcrlak pkr ub jkbmubtk
sgbtkeìtgjk quh oly quh gahbtg﬌jlr y hvlùlr plrl aglcbkstgjlr, ahsvål `l lthbjgúb l `l
jlusl ah` dhbúehbk quh hs h` trlilmk y bk hstgceltgzl l` gbagvgauk6 sh agdhrhbjgl lså `l
pltk`kcål `likrl` ah` jkbjhptk jk`kqugl` y phregth agstgbcugr hhsth sth dhbúehbk ah ktrks
jkek h` hstrçs, h` ahsclsth hekjgkbl`, `l dltgcl, `l lbsghala, htj.
Zh hbtghbah pkr såbarkeh ub julark k jkbmubtk sgbtkeìtgjk, ubl shrgh ah såbtkels
y sgcbks quh hxgsthb l ub tghepk y ah﬌bhb j`åbgjlehbth ub hstlak ahthregblak. Oly
jghrtl prhthbsgúb hb `ks gbvhstgclakrhs ah jlrljthrgzlr l` iurbkut jkek ub buhvk såb-
arkeh j`åbgjk k ubl hbdhrehala, sg ighb bk lplrhjh tkalvål hb `ks elbul`hs gbthrbljgk-
bl`hs ah aglcbústgjk psgjkpltk`úcgjk jkek ubl pltk`kcål jkb gahbtgala prkpgl (alüks
ah `l slùa psåqugjl).
Dljtkrhs ah rghsck l bgvh` ah krclbgzljgúb

• Hstrujturl ah `l kkrclbgzljgúb
rclbgzljgúb euy mhrlrqugzlal y råcgal.
• Dl`tl ah lpkyk gbstruehbtl` pkr plrth ah `l krclbgzljgúb.
• Hxjhsk ah iurkjrljgl, ‐iurkjrljgl prkdhsg
prkdhsgkbl`gzlal―
kbl`gzlal―..
• Dl`tl ah plrtgjgpljgúb ah `ks trlilmlakrhs.
• Dl`tl ah jkkragbljgúb hbtrh `ls ubgalahs.
• Dl`tl ah dkreljgúb prìjtgjl l `ks trlilmlakrhs hb buhvls thjbk`kcåls.
• Dl`tl ah rhduhrzk k rhjkephbsl.
• Dl`tl ah ahslrrk``k prkdhsgkbl`.
• Yh`ljgkbhs jkb﬉gjtgvls hb `l krclbgzljgúb.
• Hstg`k ah agrhjjgúb gblahjulak.
Dljtkrhs ah rghsck rh`ltgvks l` puhstk ah trlilmk
• Zkirhjlrcl ah trlilmk, hx
hxgchbjgls
gchbjgls hekjgkbl`hs hb `l gbthrljjgúb jkb h` j`ghbth
j`ghbth..
• Ahsjkephbsljgúb hbtrh rhspkbslig`gala y lutkbkeål.
• Dl`t
Dl`tll ah tghe
tghepk
pk plrl `l lt
lthbjgúb
hbjgúb ah` u
usulrgk
sulrgk (pljghbt
(pljghbth,
h, j`ghbt
j`ghbth,
h, suikragbla
suikragblak,
k, htj
htj.).
.).
• Agsdubjgkbhs ah rk`= jkb﬉gjtk-leigcðhala- skirhjlrcl ah rk`.
• Jlrcl hekjgkbl` hxjhsgvl.
• Dl`tl ah jkbtr
jkbtrk`
k` ah `ks rrhsu`tlaks
hsu`tlaks ah `l tlrhl.
• Dl`tl ah lpkyk skjgl`.

• Qlrhls gbljlilals quh bk tghbhb ﬌b.
• ^kjl lutkbkeål ahjgsgkbl`.
• Hstrhskrhs hjkbúegjks.
• Gbsltgsdljjgúb hb h` trlilmk.
Dljtkrhs ah rghsck rh`ltgvks l `ls rh`ljgkbhs gbthrphrskbl`hs
• Qrltk jkb usulrgks agdåjg`hs k prki`heìtgjks.

• Yh`ljgkbhs jkb﬉gjtgvls jkb j`ghbths.
• Bhcltgvl agbìegjl ah trlilmk.
• Yh`ljgkbhs thbsls, jkephtgtgvls, jkb jkb﬉gjtks hbtrh jkeplührks y jkb
usulrgks.
• Dl`tl ah lpkyk skjgl`.
• Dl`tl ah jk`likrljgúb hbtrh jkeplührks hhb
b tlrhls jkep`hehbtlrgls.
• Lushbjgl ah rhjgprkjgala hb `ks gbthrjleigks skjgl`hs.
?.:.1. Ljksk ekrl` hb h` trlilmk k ‐ekiigbc―

Zh ol jkbstltlak `l hxgsthbjgl hb `ls heprhsls ah trlilmlakrhs skehtgaks l ub okstg-
cleghbtk psgjk`úcgjk tl`, quh prhshbtlb såbtkels psgjkskeìtgjks y rhljjgkbhs lbkrel-
`hs oljgl h` trlilmk y h` leighbth `likrl`. Eujols ah hstls elbgdhstljgkbhs sh lmustlb l
`l ah﬌bgjgúb ah ekiigbc, tçregbk hep`hlak hb `l `gthrlturl psgjk`úcgjl gbthrbljgkbl`
plrl ahsjrgigr ubl sgtuljgúb hb `l quh ubl phrskbl k ub crupk ah phrskbls hmhrjhb ubl
vgk`hbjgl psgjk`úcgjl hxtrhel (hb ubl k eìs ah `ls 18 dkrels k jkepkrtleghbtks ahs-
jrgtks, ah dkrel sgstheìtgjl (l` ehbks, ubl vhz pkr shelbl), aurlbth ub tghepk prk`kb-
clak (eìs ah 4 ehshs), skirh ktrl phrskbl hb h` ùclr ah trlilmk, shcýb ah﬌bgjgúb ah
O. @hyelbb. Hb jlsth``lbk, sh pkarål trlaujgr agjok tçregbk jkek ‐‐psgjkthrrkr
psgjkthrrkr `likrl`― u
‐okstgcleghbtk psgjk`úcgjk
ps gjk`úcgjk hb h` trlilmk―
trlilmk―..
Dkrels ah hxprhsgúb
Ah `l ah﬌bgjgúb lbthrgkr sh ahaujh `l hxgsthbjgl ah aks plrths hbdrhbtlals hbtrh `ls

quh sh puhah agdhrhbjglr, pkr ubl plrth,
pl rth, l `ks ‐okstgclakrhs― jkb jkepkrtleghbtks y
ljtgtuahs okstg`hs, ljtgvls, akegblakrls y, pkr ktrl, l` lcrhagak jkb ljtgtuahs y jkepkr-
tleghbtks ah tgpk rhljtgvk k gbogigtkrgk. @l hxprhsgúb ah `ls sgtuljgkbhs ah okstgcleghb-
tk psgjk`úcgjk oljgl ub gbagvgauk sh elbg﬌hstl ah euy agvhrsls elbhrls, l trlvçs ah
agstgbtls ljtgtuahs y jkepkrtleghbtks. @hyelb agstgbcuh 18 jkepkrtleghbtks okstg`hs
quh puhahb shr ah agstgbtl blturl`hzl=
Ljjgkbhs jkbtrl `l rhputljgúb k `l agcbgala phrskbl` ah` ldhjtlak6 pkr ehagk ah
`l rhl`gzljgúb ah jkehbtlrgks gbmurgksks jkbtrl su phrskbl, rgagju`gzìbak`k k rgçbaksh
pýi`gjlehbth ah ç`, ah su lsphjtk dåsgjk, ah sus chstks, ah su vkz, ah sus jkbvgjjgkbhs
phrskbl`hs k rh`gcgksls, ah su hstg`k ah vgal, htj... Xbk ah hstks jkepkrtleghbtks, ah
crlb gbjgahbjgl y kimhtk ah agvhrsks hstuagks, shbthbjgls muagjgl`hs, htj. hs h` ljksk sh-
X.A. 3 | @L JLYCL AH QYLILMK pìc. <<8
xul`. Zh puhahb alr tleigçb agvhrsls ljjgkbhs jkbtrl `l rhputljgúb ah` ldhjtlak jkek
trlilmlakr.
Ljjgkbhs jkbtrl h` hmhrjgjgk ah su trlilmk,
trlil mk, hbjkehbaìbak`h trlilmk hb hxjhsk k
agdåjg` ah rhl`gzlr julbak bk gbbhjhslrgk, ekbútkbk k rhphtgtgvk, k gbjùsk trlilmks plrl
`ks quh h` gbagvgauk bk hstì jul`g﬌jlak, k quh rhqughrhb ubl jul`g﬌jljgúb ehbkr quh `l
pkshåal pkr `l våjtgel6 k, pkr ktrl plrth, prgvìbak`h ah `l rhl`gzljgúb ah jul`qughr tgpk
ah trlilmk6 hbdrhbtìbak`h l sgtuljgkbhs ah jkb﬉gjtk ah rk` (bhcìbak`h u kju`tìbak`h
`ks ehagks plrl rhl`gzlr su trlilmk, sk`gjgtìbak`h ahelbals jkbtrlagjtkrgls k hxjùyhb-
ths, ki`gcìbak`h l rhl`gzlr tlrhls hb jkbtrl ah sus jkbvgjjgkbhs ekrl`hs, htj.).
Eujols ah `ls ljjgkbhs jkeprhbahb ubl elbgpu`ljgúb ah `l jkeubgjljgúb k ah `l
gbdkreljgúb jkb `l phrskbl ldhjtlal quh gbjùyhb ubl lep`gl vlrghala ah sgtuljgkbhs6
elbthbghbak l` ldhjtlak hb ubl sgtuljgúb ah leigcðhala ah rk` (bk gbdkreìbak`h
skirh agstgbtks lsphjtks ah su trlilmk, jkek sus dubjgkbhs y rhspkbslig`galahs, `ks eç-
tkaks ah trlilmk l rhl`gzlr, `l jlbtgala y `l jl`gala ah` trlilmk l rhl`gzlr, htj., elbthbgçb-
ak`h hb ubl sgtuljgúb ah gbjhrtgaueirh)6 oljghbak ub usk okstg` ah `l jkeubgjljgúb
tlbtk hxp`åjgtlehbth (lehblzìbak`h, jrgtgjìbak`h k rhprhbagçbak`h ljhrjl ah thels
tlbtk `likrl`hs jkek rhdhrhbths l su vgal prgvlal) jkek gep`åjgtlehbth (bk agrgcgçbak-
`h `l pl`lirl, bk oljghbak jlsk l sus kpgbgkbhs, gcbkrlbak su prhshbjgl,...)6 utg`gzlbak
sh`hjtgvlehbth `l jkeubgjljgúb
ljhbtulbak `l gepkrtlbjgl ah sus(plrl rhprhbahr
hrrkrhs, k lekbhstlr
egbgegzlbak y bubjl plrl
`l gepkrtlbjgl dh`gjgtlr,
ah sus `kcrks,...).
Ktrls ljjgkbhs euhstrlb `l jlrljthråstgjl ah quh skb sgtuljgkbhs ah gbhqugala eh-
aglbth h` hstli`hjgeghbtk ah agdhrhbjgls ah trltk, k ehaglbth `l agstrgiujgúb bk hqugtltg-
vl ah` trlilmk, k ahsgculàlahs rheubhrltgvls, htj.
^lrhjh quh hs oligtul` quh ub gbagvgauk quh plahjh hstl sgtuljgúb ah ekiigbc shl
kimhtk, l` egsek tghepk, ah vlrgks ah `ks tgpks ah okstgcleghbtk ahsjrgtks pkr plrth ah
su/s okstgclakr/hs.
^kr ktrl plrth, oly quh pkbhr ah elbg﬌hstk quh `ls ljjgkbhs okstg`hs ah `ls quh sh
oli`l, sh prkaujhb usulèhbth hb l`cubls krclbgzljgkbhs ah trlilmk, sg ighb bk suh`hb
rhspkbahr l `ls hsphjg﬌jljgkbhs (ljjgkbhs sgstheìtgjls, drhjuhbjgl y aurljgúb ahthreg-
blal, dkjl`gzljgúb skirh ubl phrskbl,...) quh `ls hbjlmlrålb ahbtrk ah `l jkbjhptul`gzl-
jgúb ah ekiigbc.
Agdhrhbths dkrels ah ltlquh quh prkvkjlb ekiigbc hb `l vgal `likrl`=
Ltlquhs l `l våjtgel jkb ehagals krclbgzljgkbl`hs
• H` suphrgkr rhstrgbch l `l phrskbl `ls pksgig`g

pksgig`galahs
alahs ah oli`lr.
• Jleiglr `l uigjljgúb ah ubl phrskbl shplrìbak`h ah sus jke
jkeplührks.
plührks.
• ^rkogigr l `ks jkeplührks quh oli`hb l ubl phrskbl ahthreg
ahthregblal.
blal.
• Ki`gclr l l`cughb l hmhjutlr tlrhls hhb
b jkbtrl ah su jkbjghbjgl.
• Muzclr h` ahshephük ah ubl phrskbl ah elbhrl kd
kdhbsgvl.
hbsgvl.
• Juhstgkblr `ls ahjgsgkbhs ah ubl phrskbl.
• Bk lsgcblr tlrhls l ubl phrskbl.
• Lsgcblr tlrhls sgb shbtgak.

• Lsgcblr l ubl phrskbl tlrhls e

euy
uy pkr ahilmk ah sus jlpljgalahs.
• Lsgcblr tlrhls ahcrlalbths.
Ltlquhs l `ls rh`ljgkbhs skjgl`hs ah `l våjtgel jkb lgs`leghbtk skjgl`
• Yhstrgbcgr l `ks jjkeplührks

keplührks `l pksgig`gala ah oli`lr jkb ubl phrskbl.
• Yhouslr `l jkeubgjljgúb jkb ubl phrskbl l trlvçs ah egrlals y chstks.
• Yhouslr `l jke
jkeubgjljgúb
ubgjljgúb jkb ubl phrskbl l trl
trlvçs
vçs ah bk jkeubgjlrsh
• agrhjtlehbth jkb h``l.
• Bk agrgcgr `l pl`lirl l ubl phrskbl.
• Qrltlr l ubl phrskbl jkek sg bk hhxgstghrl.
xgstghrl.
Ltlquhs l `l vgal prgvlal ah `l våjtgel
• Jråtgjls phrelbhbt
phrelbhbths
hs l `l vgal prgvlal ah ubl phrskbl.
• Qhrrkr th`hdúbgj
th`hdúbgjk.
k.
• Oljhr plrhjhr hstýpgal l ubl phrskbl.
• Alr l hbthbahr quh ubl phrskbl tghbh prki`hels psgjk`
psgjk`úcgjks.
úcgjks.
• Ekdlrsh ah `ls agsjlpljgalahs ah ubl phrskbl.
• Gegtlr `ks chstks, vkjhs... ah ubl phrskbl.
• Ekdlrsh ah `l vgal prgvlal ah ubl phrskbl.
Tgk`hbjgl dåsgjl
• Kdhrtls shxul`hs, vgk`hbjgl shxul`.

• Lehblzls ah vgk`hbjgl dåsgjl.
• Xsk ah vgk`hbjgl ehbkr.
• El`trltk dåsgjk.
Ltlquhs l `ls ljtgtuahs ah `l våjtgel
• Ltlquhs l `ls ljtgtuahs y jrhhbjgls pk`åtgjls.

• Ltlquhs l `ls ljtgtuahs y jrhhbjgls rh`gcgksls.
• Ekdlrsh ah `l bljgkbl`gala ah `l våjtgel.
Lcrhsgkbhs vhril`hs
• Crgtlr k gbsu`tlr.
• Jråtgjls phrelbhbths ah` trlilmk ah `l phrskbl.
X.A. ? | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ AH @L KYCLBG]LJGÚB AH@ QYLIL MK pìc. <<3
• Lehblzls vhril`hs.
Yuekrhs
• Oli`lr e
el`
l` ah `l phrskbl l su hsplàl.
• Agdusgúb ah ruekrhs.
?.:.8. @l vgk`hbjgl hb h` ùclr ah trlilmk

Xbk ah `ks rghscks l `ks quh hstìb skehtgaks `ls phrskbls hb h` ahshephük ah su
trlilmk ahrgvl ah `l gbthrrh`ljgúb jkb ktrls phrskbls. H` ahsp`ghcuh ah jkepkrtleghbtks
vgk`hbtks puhah supkbhr ub gepkrtlbth rghsck plrl `l slùa y shcurgala ah `ls phrsk-
bls. @l vgk`hbjgl sudrgal hb h` ùclr ah trlilmk hs ub prki`hel l` quh sh `h vl prhstlbak
ubl lthbjgúb jrhjghbth.
Hb plåshs jkek Hstlaks Xbgaks, hb `ks quh `l vgk`hbjgl hs ub prki`hel eujok eìs
shvhrk quh hb Hurkpl, `ls jgdrls ``hclb l shr hsjlbal`ksls.
J`lsg﬌jljgúb ah `ks tgpks ah vgk`hbjgl
Xbl ah `ls j`lsg﬌jljgkbhs eìs agdubagals skirh `ks tgpks ah vgk`hbjgl hb h` trlilmk
hs `l h`likrlal pkr `l Jl`gdkrbgl Agvgsgkb kd Kjjupltgkbl` Ohl`to lba Zldhty (Jl`/KZOL).
Hstl j`lsg﬌jljgúb agvgah l `ks hvhbtks vgk`hbtks hb trhs crupks hb dubjgúb ah qughbhs
skb `ls phrskbls gep`gjlals y ah` tgpk ah rh`ljgúb hxgsthbth hbtrh h``ls.
Tgk`hbjgl tgpk G
Zh jlrljthrgzl hsth crupk pkrquh qughbhs ``hvlb l jlik `ls ljjgkbhs vgk`hbtls bk
tghbhb bgbcubl rh`ljgúb `hcåtgel ah trltk jkb `l våjtgel. Hs ahjgr, bk hxgsth ub trltk
jkehrjgl` k ah usulrgk hbtrh h` phrphtrlakr y `l våjtgel.
@ks jlsks eìs oligtul`hs sh rh﬌hrhb l ljjgkbhs jkb ìbgek ah rkik. H` elykr rghsck
ah sudrgr vgk`hbjgl ah hsth tgpk `k tghbhb `ks hstli`hjgeghbtks jkehrjgl`hs, ilbjks, ùcl-
rhs ah lèljhbleghbtk ah kimhtks vl`gksks, phrskbls quh trlilmlb jkb gbthrjleigk ah
agbhrk, tlxgstls, htj.
Tgk`hbjgl tgpk GG
Hb hstks jlsks hxgsth l`cýb tgpk ah rh`ljgúb prkdhsgkbl` hbtrh h` jluslbth ah` ljtk
vgk`hbtk y `l våjtgel. H` prgehrk puhah shr qughb rhjgih ub shrvgjgk kdrhjgak pkr h` ùclr
ldhjtlak pkr h` ohjok vgk`hbtk k quh kdrhjh `l prkpgl våjtgel (ub j`ghbth, ub pljghbth,
ub jkbsuegakr,...). Bkrelèhbth hstks ohjoks vgk`hbtks sh prkaujhb eghbtrls sh kdrhjh
h` shrvgjgk (jkek shcurgala pýi`gjl, jkbaujtkrhs lutkiýs, phrskbl` slbgtlrgk, prkdhsk-
rhs, vhbahakrhs u ktrks trlilmlakrhs ah` shjtkr pýi`gjk k prgvlak quh kdrhjhb shrvgjgks
prkdhsgkbl`hs, pýi`gjks k prgvlaks).
Tgk`hbjgl tgpk GGG
Hb hsth tgpk ah vgk`hbjgl h` jluslbth ah `l egsel tghbh l`cýb tgpk ah gep`gjljgúb

`likrl` jkb h` ùclr ldhjtlak k jkb l`cýb trlilmlakr jkbjrhtk ah tl` ùclr. Eujoks skb
`ks hsjhblrgks quh puhahb p`lbthlrsh hb hsth crupk= h` eìs jkeýb hs lquh` hb h` quh
oly ubl gep`gjljgúb `likrl` agrhjtl hbtrh h` phrphtrlakr (pkr hmhep`k, ub hep`hlak
ljtul`, k quh yl bk `k hs) y h` trlilmlakr-våjtgel. Ktrk jlsk hs lquh` hb h` quh hxgsth ubl
rh`ljgúb phrskbl` hbtrh leiks sumhtks (júbyuch, hx-júbyuch, plrghbth, legcks). Eìs
pìc. <<? X.A.. ? | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ

X.A AHYG TLAKZ AH @L KYCLBG]LJGÚB AH@ QYLILMK
QYLIL MK
rlrlehbth suh`h hxgstgr ubl gep`gjljgúb eìs gbagrhjtl6 pkr hmhep`k, h` phrphtrlakr h`gch
ub jghrtk ùclr (bk tlbtk l `ks trlilmlakrhs quh hb ç` trlilmlb) pkrquh tghbh rhbjkr,
lbgelavhrsgúb oljgl tl` sgtgk pkr thbhr plrl ç` ubl jlrcl rhprhshbtltgvl k sgeiú`gjl.
@k eìs oligtul` hb h` tgpk GGG hs quh h` kimhtgvk ah `l ljjgúb vgk`hbtl ﬌mlak pkr h`
lcrhskr shl ub jkeplührk ah trlilmk k ub suphrgkr suyk. @ls ljjgkbhs ah lquh` puhahb
hstlr ektgvlals pkr ag﬌ju`tlahs phrjgigals hb su rh`ljgúb jkb `l våjtgel, iusjlbak
rhvlbjol, lmusth ah juhbtls k oljhr ubk egsek mustgjgl.
@ks tgpks ah jkbaujtls vgk`hbtls y `ls jkbshjuhbjgls ah `ls egsels suh`hb vlrglr hb
dubjgúb ah` tgpk ah quh sh trlth. @ls jkbaujtls ah elykr vgk`hbjgl y jkb phkrhs jkbsh-
juhbjgls plrl `l våjtgel sh sgtýlb hb h` tgpk G. Hb h` tgpk GG `k eìs oligtul` skb lcrhsgkbhs
dåsgjls jkb jkbshjuhbjgls eìs `hvhs y liusks vhril`hs y lehblzls. Hb jkbtrlsth jkb `ks
ah tgpk G, hb `ls quh su phrgkagjgala y kjurrhbjgl hs grrhcu`lr hb `l vgal ah ub ahthreg-
blak ùclr ah trlilmk, `ks ah tgpk GG surchb ah` jkbtljtk oligtul` y aglrgk ah `ks trlil-
mlakrhs jkb rhjhptkrhs gbsltgsdhjoks ah ighbhs y shrvgjgks. Lså, h` tgpk GG rhprhshbtl
rhprhshbtl ub
rghsck jkbstlbth plrl eujoks trlilmlakrhs.
Hxgsthb l`cubks dljtkrhs quh puhahb gbjrhehbtlr `l pksgig`gala ah quh sh prkauz-
jlb ljtks vgk`hbtks6 `ks eìs sgcbg﬌jltgvks
sgcbg﬌jltgvks ah agjoks dljtkrhs sh lskjglb l` hbtkrbk ah
trlilmk,
buljgúb=l` prkpgk trlilmk y l `ls jlrljthråstgjls ah` phrphtrlakr, y sh rh`ljgkblb l jkbtg-
Hbtkrbk
• Hjkbkeåls gbhstli`hs.
• ]kbls ahprgegals.
• ]kbls jkb l`t
l`tk
k åbagjh ah jrgegbl`gala, Qrlilmk.
• Hstg`ks ah chstgúb råcgaks, lutkrgtlrgks.
• ^rhsgkbhs plrl gbjrhehbtlr `l prkaujtgvgala.
• ^`lbtg``ls gblahjulals6 hsjlshz ah p`lbtg`
p`lbtg``l,
`l, rhaujjgk
rhaujjgkbhs
bhs ah p`lbtg``l, ahspgaks,...
• Qrlilmks hb sk`gtlrgk k hb phquhüks crupks.

• Qrlilmks quh gep`g
gep`gjlb
jlb gbthr
gbthrjleigk
jleigk rhc
rhcu`lr
u`lr ah agbhrk jk
jkb
b j`ghbth
j`ghbths.
s.
• Qrlilmks pkr `l bkjoh, k olstl tlrah k euy ah elaruclal.
• Qhbhr hb h` ùclr ah trlilmk ighbhs vl`gksks (agbhr
(agbhrk,
k, mk
mkyls,...).
yls,...).
• Hmhjutlr shrvgjgks ah shcurgala (plrtgju`lrehbth culral ah prkpghalahs,
agbhrk k ighbhs vl`gksks).
• Qrlilmlr jkb pýi`gjk ((jkbsuegakrhs,
jkbsuegakrhs, j`ghbths, plslmhrks, pljghbths...).
• Qrlilmlr hb zzkbls
kbls jjkb
kb l`t
l`tks
ks åbagjhs ah jrgegbl`gala.
• Qrlilmlr jkb jghrtks jk`hjtgvks, ahslrrk``lr dubjgkbhs ah shcurgala pýi`gjl.
• Yhtrlsks, hrrkrhs, gbjuep`geghbtks...
X.A. ? | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ AH @L KYCLBG]LJGÚB AH@ QYLIL MK pìc. <<7
^hrphtrlakr
• Gbhstlig`gala psgjk`úcgjl.
• Lushbjgl ah rhspkbslig`gala gbagvgaul`.
• Gbsltgsdljjgúb jkb shrvgjgk k prkaujtk.
• @lrcls hsphrls.
• ^hrjhpjgúb ah prkehsls gbjuep`gals.
• Drustrljgúb, grl, hstrçs...
?.:.4. Qçjbgjls ah prhvhbjgúb ah `ks hdhjtks ah `ks dljtkrhs psgjkskjgl-

?.:.4.Qçjbgjls psgjkskjgl -
`hs (hstrçs y ekiigbc)
@ls tçjbgjls sh puhahb j`lsg﬌jlr hb=
Chbhrl`hs. Qghbhb h` kimhtgvk ah gbjrhehbtlr hb h` gbagvgauk ubl shrgh ah rhjursks
phrskbl`hs ah jlrìjthr chbçrgjk plrl oljhr drhbth l` hstrçs.
Jkcbgtgvls. Zu ﬌bl`gala shrål jleiglr`l dkrel ah vhr `l sgtuljgúb (`l phrjhpjgúb, `l
gbthrprhtljgúb y hvlùljgúb ah` prki`hel y ah `ks rhjursks prkpgks).
Dgsgk`úcgjls. Hstìb hbjlegblals l rhaujgr `l ljtgvljgúb ﬌sgk`úcgjl y h` el`hstlr hek-
jgkbl` y dåsgjk jkbsgcughbth.
Jkbaujtul`hs. Qghbhb jkek ﬌b h` prkekvhr jkbaujtls lalptltgvls= aktlr l` gbag-
vgauk ah ubl shrgh ah hstrlthcgls ah jkepkrtleghbtk quh `h lyuahb l ldrkbtlr ub
prki`hel.
@l lp`gjljgúb ah `l elykrål ah `ls tçjbgjls quh sh ahsjrgigrìb l jkbtgbuljgúb rhqughrh
ah ub prkdhsgkbl` ah `l psgjk`kcål quh ahthregbh juì`hs skb `ls eìs lahjulals plrl
jlal sgtuljgúb k jlsk jkbjrhtk, lså jkek plrl lshcurlrsh ah su jkrrhjtl laegbgstrljgúb
y hmhjujgúb.
QÇJBGJLZ CHBHYL@HZ=
Ahslrrk``k ah ub iuhb hstlak dåsgjk
H` ahslrrk``k y elbthbgeghbtk ah ub iuhb hstlak dåsgjk tghbh iuhbks hdhjtks hb `l

prhvhbjgúb ah` hstrçs6 plrl h``k, hs ljkbshmli`h `l rhl`gzljgúb ah hmhrjgjgk ah elbhrl
oligtul`. Hb chbhrl`, h` hmhrjgjgk luehbtl `l rhsgsthbjgl dåsgjl ah` gbagvgauk l `ks hdhjtks
ah` hstrçs phrk laheìs luehbtl tleigçb `l rhsgsthbjgl psgjk`úcgjl= `l rhl`gzljgúb ah
hmhrjgjgk bks ki`gcl l ahsp`lzlr `l lthbjgúb ah `ks prki`hels psgjk`úcgjks y bks phregth
h` ahsjlbsk y `l rhjuphrljgúb ah `l ljtgvgala ehbtl` ahslrrk``lal lbthrgkrehbth.
H` hmhrjgjgk dåsgjk phregth ekvg`gzlr h` krclbgsek ehmkrlbak su dubjgkbleghbtk y su
jlpljgala dåsgjl ah jlrl l quh hstç hb ehmkrhs jkbagjgkbhs plrl oljhr drhbth l` hstrçs,
luehbtlbak `l jlpljgala plrl h` trlilmk dåsgjk y ehmkrlbak `ls dubjgkbhs jlragkvlsju-
`lr, rhspgrltkrgl y ehtliú`gjl.
pìc. <9> X.A.. ? | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ
QYLIL MK
Hb tçregbks chbhrl`hs, sh puhah ahjgr quh h` trlilmk hb `l ljtul`gala rhqughrh jlal

vhz ehbks rhspuhstls ah tgpk dåsgjk y eìs rhspuhstls ah tgpk gbth`hjtul`. Jkb h` hmhrjgjgk
pkaheks utg`gzlr y jkbsuegr jghrtks rhjursks krcìbgjks quh rlrl vhz pkaheks utg`gzlr
hb h` ahslrrk``k ah buhstrk trlilmk y quh ah bk shr ‐quh
‐quhelals―
elals― puhahb ahpksgtlrsh
hb h` sgsthel vlsju`lr krgcgblbak prki`hels jkek ub luehbtk hb h` bgvh` ah prhsgúb
lrthrgl`.
Aghtl lahjulal
H` ahslrrk``k ah iuhbks oìigtks l`gehbtlrgks quh jkbagjgkblb h` hstlak butrgjgkbl`
ah` gbagvgauk jkbstgtuyh ubl ehagal ljkbshmli`h plrl `l prhvhbjgúb ah` hstrçs. @ls
ahelbals hbhrcçtgjls quh ljtulèhbth rhjgigeks ah buhstrk hbtkrbk ahthregblb `l
bhjhsgala ah thbhr ub hqug`girgk hbhrcçtgjk lahjulak plrl rhspkbahr l hsls ahelbals
y plrl bk ahslrrk``lr prki`hels jlrhbjgl`hs.
Lpkyk skjgl`
Hstli`hjgeghbtk y ahslrrk``k ah rhahs skjgl`hs, quh puhalb dljg`gtlr lpkyk skjgl` l`

gbagvgauk. @ls rh`ljgkbhs skjgl`hs jkb ktrks gbagvgauks puhah rhsu`tlr ubl duhbth ah
lyual psgjk`úcgjl k gbstruehbtl`. Xb crupk skjgl` puhah jkbstgtugrsh hb rhdhrhbjgl quh
dljg`gth l` gbagvgauk ubl ehmkr lalptljgúb h gbthcrljgúb hb `l rhl`gala.
@l agstrljjgúb y h` iuhb ouekr
Dkehbtlr `l agstrljjgúb y iuhb ouekr jkbstgtuyh ubl iuhbl ehagal plrl prhvhbgr
sgtuljgkbhs ah lbsghala k plrl l`gvglr`ls, puhs laheìs ah dljg`gtlr h` ahsp`lzleghbtk ah
`l lthbjgúb ah `ks prki`hels, jkbtrgiuyh l rh`ltgvgzlr `l gepkrtlbjgl ah hsks prki`hels.
7 H@HEHBQKZ IÌZGJKZ AH CHZQGÚB AH @L ^YHTHBJGÚB AH

YGHZCKZ
7.<.
7.<. KYCLBGZEKZ ^ÝI@GJKZ YH@LJGKBLAKZ JKB
JKB @L ZHCXYGALA W ZL-
@XA HB H@ QYLILMK
@l pk`åtgjl hbjlegblal l `l prhvhbjgúb tghbh pkr kimhtk prhjgslehbth h` ah prkek-
vhr `l ehmkrl ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk, quh h`hvh h` bgvh` ah prkthjjgúb ah `l shcu-
rgala y slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs. Hstl pk`åtgjl ahih rhl`gzlrsh l trlvçs ah aks ehagks=
^kr ub `lak, ehaglbth `l h`likrljgúb ah bkrels rhc`lehbtlrgls quh ahslrrk``hb `ks
jkbthbgaks ah `l @^Y@6
^kr ktrk `lak, l trlvçs ah `ls ljtuljgkbhs laegbgstrltgvls hxprhslehbth prhvgstls hb
`l @hy y quh prhthbahb, skirh tkak, `l jkkragbljgúb ah `ls agstgbtls Laegbgstrljgkbhs
^ýi`gjls jkephthbths hb elthrgl prhvhbtgvl, lekrtgzìbak`ls jkb `ls ljtuljgkbhs quh,
shcýb `l @^Y@, jkrrhspkbahb l `ks sumhtks pýi`gjks y prgvlaks.
L tl` ﬌b, `l Laegbgstrljgúb Chbhrl` ah` Hstlak, `ls Laegbgstrljgkbhs ah `ls JJLL y `ls
Hbtgalahs ah `l Laegbgstrljgúb `kjl` sh prhstlrìb jkkphrljgúb y lsgsthbjgl plrl h` h﬌jlz
hmhrjgjgk ah sus rhsphjtgvls jkephthbjgls hb h` ìeigtk ah `l prhvhbjgúb ah `ks rghscks
`likrl`hs.
X.A. ? | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ AH @L KYCLBG]LJGÚB AH@ QYLIL MK pìc. <9<
7.<.<. Gbstgtutk bljgkbl` ah shcurgala h ogcghbh hb h` trlilmk (GBZOQ)

H` GBZOQ hs ub úrclbk jghbtå﬌jk-tçjbgjk hsphjgl`gzlak ah `l Laegbgstrljgúb Chbhrl`
ah` Hstlak (lrt. ?), ahagjlak l` lbì`gsgs y hstuagk ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah shcurgala y slùa
hb h` trlilmk.
Lubquh sh trltl ah ub úrclbk hsphjgl`gzlak ah `l Laegbgstrljgúb Chbhrl`, ahih
hstli`hjhr `l jkkphrljgúb bhjhslrgl jkb `ks úrclbks ah `ls JJLL.
Hb plrtgju`lr, `l dubjgúb hb elthrgl ah shcurgala y slùa hb h` trlilmk ah` GBZOQ sh
elthrgl`gzl hb `ls sgcughbths dubjgkbhs=
• Lshskrleghbtk tçjbgjk hb `l h`likrljgúb ah `l bkreltgvl `hcl` y hb h` ahslrrk``k
ah `l bkrel`gzljgúb, tlbtk l bgvh` bljgkbl` jkek gbthrbljgkbl`.
• ^rkekjgúb yy,, hb su jlsk, rhl`gzljgúb ah ljtgvgalahs ah dkreljgúb, gbdkreljgúb,
gbvhstgcljgúb, hstuagk y agvu`cljgúb hb elthrgl ah prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks `likrl`hs,
jkb `l lahjulal jkkragbljgúb y jk`likrljgúb jkb `ks úrclbks tçjbgjks hb elthrgl
prhvhbtgvl ah `ls Jkeubgalahs Lutúbkels hb h` hmhrjgjgk ah sus dubjgkbhs hb hstl
elthrgl.
• Lpkyk tçjbgjk y jk`likrljgúb jjkb
kb `l Gbsphjjgúb ah Qrlilmk y Zhcurgala Zkjgl` hhb
b
h` juep`geghbtk ah su dubjgúb ah vgcg`lbjgl y jkbtrk`, prhvgstl hb h` lrtåju`k 7 ah `l
prhshbth @hy, hb h` ìeigtk ah `ls Laegbgstrljgkbhs ^ýi`gjls.
• Jk`likrljgúb jkb krclbg
krclbgseks
seks gbt
gbthrbljgkbl`hs
hrbljgkbl`hs y ahslrrk``k ah prkc
prkcrlels
rlels ah jkk-
phrljgúb gbthrbljgkbl` hb hsth ìeigtk, dljg`gtlbak `l plrtgjgpljgúb ah `ls Jkeubgalahs
Lutúbkels.
• Jul`hsqughrl ktktrls
rls quh sh
shlb
lb bhjhslrgls plrl h` juep`geghbt
juep`geghbtk k ah sus ﬌bhs y `h
shlb hbjkehbalals hb h` ìeigtk ah sus jkephthbjgls, ah ljuhrak jkb `l Jkegsgúb
Bljgkbl` ah Zhcurgala y Zlùa hb h` Qrlilmk rhcu`lal hb h` lrtåju`k <: ah hstl @hy, jkb
`l jk`likrljgúb, hb su jlsk, ah `ks úrclbks tçjbgjks ah `ls Jkeubgalahs Lutúbkels
jkb jkephthbjgls hb `l elthrgl.
7.<.9.Gbsphjjgúb
7.<.9. Gbsphjjgúb ah trlilmk y shcurgala skjgl`
Jkrrhspkbah l `l Gbsphjjgúb ah Qrlilmk y Zhcurgala Zkjgl` `l dubjgúb ah `l vgcg`lbjgl
y jkbtrk` ah `l bkreltgvl skirh prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks `likrl`hs. Hb juep`geghbtk ah
hstl egsgúb, thbarì `ls sgcughbths dubjgkbhs=
• Tgcg`lr h` juep`geghbtk ah `l bkreltgvl skirh prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks `likrl`hs,
lså jkek ah `ls bkrels muråagjk-tçjbg
muråagjk-tçjbgjls
jls quh gbjgalb hb `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk hb
elthrgl ah prhvhbjgúb, lubquh bk tuvghrlb `l jl`g﬌jljgúb agrhjtl ah bkreltgvl `likrl`,
prkpkbghbak l `l lutkrgala `likrl` jkephthbth `l slbjgúb jkrrhspkbaghbth, julbak
jkeprkilsh ubl gbdrljjgúb l `l bkreltgvl skirh prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks `likrl`hs, ah
ljuhrak jkb `k prhvgstk hb h` Jlpgtu`k TGG ah `l prhshbth @hy.
• Lshskrlr h gbdkrelr l ``ls
ls heprhsls y l `ks ttrlilmlakrhs
rlilmlakrhs skirh `l elbhrl e
eìs
ìs hdhj-
tgvl ah juep`gr `ls agspksgjgkbhs juyl vgcg`lbjgl tghbh hbjkehbalal.
• H`likrlb
ahaujgals `ks`ks
lbth gbdkrehs
egsekssk`gjgt
sk`gjgtlaks
hb `kslaks plrl ``ks
ks Muzclaks
prkjhageghbtks ah `k Zkjgl`
ah ljjgahbths ahhb `ls ahelbals
trlilmk y hbdhr-
ehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs.
pìc. <99 X.A.. ? | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ

QYLIL MK
• Gbdkrelr l ``ll Lutkrg

Lutkrgala
ala @likrl` skirh `ks ljjgahbths ah trlilmk ekrtl`hs, euy
crlvhs k crlvhs, y skirh lquh``ks ktrks hb quh, pkr sus jlrljthråstgjls k pkr `ks sumhtks
ldhjtlaks, sh jkbsgahrh bhjhslrgk agjok gbdkreh, lså jkek skirh `ls hbdhrehalahs
prkdhsgkbl`hs hb `ls quh jkbjurrlb agjols
agj ols jl`g﬌jljgkbhs y, hb chbhrl`, hb `ks supuhstks
hb quh lquç``l `k sk`gjgth rhsphjtk ah` juep`geghbt
juep`geghbtk k ah `l bkreltgvl `hcl` hb elthrgl
ah prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks `likrl`hs.
• Jkeprkilr y dlvkrhjhr h` juep`g
juep`geghbtk
eghbtk a ahh `ls ki`g
ki`gcljgkbhs
cljgkbhs lsue
lsuegals
gals plrl `k
`kss
Zhrvgjgks ah ^rhvhbjgúb hstli`hjgaks hb `l prhshbth @hy.
• Krahblr `l plrl`gzljgúb gbehagltl ah trlilmks julbak, l mugjgk ah` Gbsphjtkr, sh
lavghrtl `l hxgsthbjgl ah rghsck crlvh h gbegbhbth plrl `l shcurgala k slùa ah `ks
trlilmlakrhs.
7.<.:. Jkegsgúb bljgkbl` ah shcurgala y slùa hb h` trlilmk (JBZZ

(JBZZQ)
Q)
Zh jrhl `l Jkegsgúb Bljgkbl` ah Zhcurgala y Zlùa hb h` Qrlilmk jkek úrclbk
jk`hcglak lshskr ah `ls Laegbgstrljgkbhs ^ýi`gjls hb `l dkreu`ljgúb ah `ls pk`åtgjls ah
prhvhbjgúb y úrclbk ah plrtgjgpljgúb gbstgtujgkbl` hb elthrgl ah shcurgala y slùa hb
h` trlilmk.
@l Jkegsgúb hstlrì gbthcrlal pkr ub rhprhshbtlbth ah jlal ubl ah `ls Jkeubgalahs
Lutúbkels y pkr gcul` býehrk ah egheirks ah `l Laegbgstrljgúb Chbhrl` ah` Hstlak
y, plrgtlrglehbth jkb tkaks `ks lbthrgkrhs, pkr rhprhshbtlbths ah `ls krclbgzljgkbhs he-
prhslrgl`hs y sgbagjl`hs eìs rhprhshbtltgvls.
@l Jkegsgúb jkbkjhrì `ls ljtuljgkbhs quh ahslrrk``hb `ls Laegbgstrljgkbhs ^ýi`g-
jls jkephthbths hb elthrgl ah prkekjgúb ah `l prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks `likrl`hs, ah
lshskrleghbtk tçjbgjk y ah vgcg`lbjgl y jkbtrk` l quh sh rh﬌hrhb `ks lrtåju`ks 3, ?, 7 y <<
ah hstl @hy y pkarì gbdkrelr y dkreu`lr prkpuhstls hb rh`ljgúb jkb agjols ljtuljgkbhs,
hsphjå﬌jlehbth hb `k rhdhrhbth l=
• Jrgthrgks y prkcrlels chbhrl`hs ah ljtuljgúb.
• ^rkyhjtks ah agspksgjgkbhs ah jlrìjthr chbhrl`.
• Jkkragbljgúb ah `ls ljtuljgkbhs ahslrrk``lals plr `ls Laegbgstrljgkbhs ^ý-

i`gjls jkephthbths hb elthrgl `likrl`.
• Jkkragbljgúb hbtrh `ls Laegbgstrljgkbhs ^ýi`gjls jkephthbths hb elthrgl
`likrl`, slbgtlrgl y ah gbaustrgl.
@l Jkegsgúb lakptlrì sus ljuhraks pkr elykrål. L tl` ﬌b, `ks rhprhshbtlbths ah `ls
Laegbgstrljgkbhs ^ýi`gjls thbarìb jlal ubk ub vktk y aks `ks ah `ls krclbgzljgkbhs
heprhslrgl`hs y sgbagjl`hs.
@l Jkegsgúb jkbtlrì jkb ub ^rhsgahbth y jultrk Tgjhprhsgahbths ubk pkr jlal ubk
ah `ks crupks quh `l gbthcrlb. @l ^rhsgahbjgl ah `l Jkegsgúb jkrrhspkbahrì l` Zhjrhtlrgk
Chbhrl` ah Hep`hk y Yh`ljgkbhs @likrl`hs rhjlyhbak `l Tgjhprhsgahbjgl ltrgiugal l `l
Laegbgstrljgúb Chbhrl` ah` Hstlak hb h` Zuishjrhtlrgk ah Zlbgala y Jkbsuek.
@l Zhjrhtlrgl ah `l Jkegsgúb, jkek úrclbk ah lpkyk tçjbgjk y laegbgstrltgvk, rhjlh-
rì hb `l Agrhjjgúb ah` Gbstgtutk Bljgkbl` ah Zhcurgala h Ogcghbh hb h` QQrlilmk.
rlilmk.
X.A. ? | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ AH @L KYCLBG]LJGÚB AH@ QYLIL MK pìc. <9:
@l Jkegsgúb Bljgkbl` ah Zhcurgala y Zlùa hb h` Qrlilmk dubjgkblrì hb ^`hbk, hb

Jkegsgúb ^hrelbhbth k hb Crupks ah Qrlilmk jkbdkreh l `l bkreltgvl quh hstli`hzjl
h` Yhc`lehbtk gbthrbk quh h`likrlrì `l prkpgl Jkegsgúb.
7.<.1. Gbstgtutk bljgkbl` ah shcurgala skjgl`

H` GBZZ hs ub krclbgsek ahphbaghbth ah` Egbgsthrgk ah Qrlilmk y Zhcurgala Zkjgl`
hbjlrclak ah `l chstgúb y laegbgstrljgúb ah `ls prhstljgkbhs hjkbúegjls ah` sgsthel
ah `l shcurgala skjgl`. Zus jkephthbjgls skb `ls sgcughbths=
Yhjkbkjgeghbtk ah `ls jkbtgbchbjgls prkthcgals (`hsgkbhs, gbvl`gahjhs...).
Likbk ah `ls prhstljgkbhs jkrrhspkbaghbths hjkbúegjls hb jlsk ah hbdhrehala
jkeýb, ljjgahbth bk `likrl` h gbjlpljgala phrelbhbth pkr hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl`.
Yhjlrck ah prhstljgkbhs hjkbúegjls hb jlsk ah ljjgahbths ah trlilmk y hbdhrehala
prkdhsgkbl` ahrgvlals ah crlbahs gbjuep`geghbtks heprhslrgl`hs.
7.<.8. Eutuls ah ljjgahbths ah trlilmk y hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs ah

`l shcurgala skjgl`
Zkb hbtgalahs jk`likrlakrls ah `l Zhcurgala Zkjgl` plrl `ls jkbtgbchbjgls ahrgvlals
ah LQ ljjgahbths ah trlilmk y H^ hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs. Hb sus jkephthbjgls
jlih ahstljlr=
• Lsuegr ``ks
ks jkst
jksths
hs ah `ls prhstljgkbhs pkr L
LQ.
Q.
• Lsgsthbjgl slbgtlrgl hb jlsks ah L
LQQ y H^
H^..
• Úrclbks ah plrtgjgpljgúb gbstgtujgkbl`
gbstgtujgkbl` ah `ls JJLL.
Zkb úrclbks quh `l `hcgs`ljgúb ah jlal JJLL puhah jrhlr plrl ``hvlr l jlik `l plr-
tgjgpljgúb gbstgtujgkbl` hb su ìeigtk thrrgtkrgl`, ah ljuhrak jkb `ls jkephthbjgls quh
jlal ubl ah h``ls thbcl hb elthrgl ah shcurgala y slùa `likrl`.
Ahsah h` >< ah Hbhrk ah 9><8, ‐@ls Eutuls Jk`likrlakrls jkb `l Zhcurgala Zkjgl` bk
pkarìb ahslrrk``lr `ls dubjgkbhs jkrrhspkbaghbths l `ks shrvgjgks ah prhvhbjgúb lmhbks,
bg plrtgjgplr jkb jlrck l su pltrgekbgk ogstúrgjk hb h` jlpgtl` skjgl` ah ubl skjghala
ehrjlbtg` hb juyk kimhtk ﬌curh `l ljtgvgala ah prhvhbjgúb.
7.<.4.Krclbgzljgúb
7.<.4. Krclbgzljgúb gbthrbljgkbl`hs ah` trlilmk (KGQ)
@l KGQ, gbthcrlal hb `l Zkjghala ah Bljgkbhs, hs ubk ah `ks krclbgseks gbthrbl-
jgkbl`hs jkb quh elykr gbthbsgala ol gbthrvhbgak ahsah oljh eujok tghepk hb `l
ehmkrl ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk.
Hbtrh sus dubjgkbhs jlih ahstljlr=
• @l lsgsthbjgl tçjbgjl.
• Yhjkpg`ljgú
Yhjkpg`ljgúb
b y agdusgúb ah gbdkreljgúb, jkb hsphjgl` rh`hvlbjg
rh`hvlbjgll hb `ks ls-
phjtks bkreltgvks.
QYLIL MK
^lr h` ahslrrk``k ah hstls dubjgkbhs, `l KGQ utg`gzl jkek gbstruehbtk `ks Jkbvhbgks
y `ls Yhjkehbaljgkbhs quh skb drutk ah `ls bhckjgljgkbhs hbtrh heprhslrgks, trlil-
mlakrhs y ckighrbks.
@ks jkbvhbgks ah `l KGQ, ubl vhz rltg﬌jlaks pkr tkaks `ks egheirks, sh jkbvghrthb
hb gbstruehbtks quh jrhlb ki`gcljgkbhs ah jlrìjthr gbthrbljgkbl`.
@ls Yhjkehbaljgkbhs bk jrhlb ki`gcljgkbhs, sgbk quh sh krghbtlb l hstli`hjhr
plutls k agrhjtrgjhs plrl ub pksthrgkr ahslrrk``k ah `l `hcgs`ljgúb `likrl` ah `ks hstl-
aks egheirks.
X.A. ? | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ AH @L KYCLBG]LJGÚB AH@ QYLIL MK pìc. <98
7.9. KYCLBG]LJGÚB
KYCLBG]LJGÚB AH @L @LIKY ^YHTHBQGTL
Zhcýb `l @hy 81/9>>: pkr `l quh sh ekag﬌jl @l @hy ah ^rhvhbjgúb ah Yghscks @likrl-
`hs :</<778=
H` p`lb ah prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks `likrl`hs ahihrì gbjùgr `l hstrujturl krclbgzltgvl,

`ls rhspkbslig`galahs, `ls dubjgkbhs, `ls prìjtgjls, `ks prkjhageghbtks, `ks prkjhsks y `ks
rhjursks bhjhslrgks plrl rhl`gzlr `l ljjgúb ah prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks hb `l heprhsl, hb
`ks tçregbks quh rhc`lehbtlrglehbth sh hstli`hzjlb.
@ks gbstruehbtks hshbjgl`hs plrl `l chstgúb y lp`gjljgúb ah` p`lb ah prhvhbjgúb ah
rghscks, quh pkarìb shr ``hvlaks l jlik pkr dlshs ah dkrel prkcrlelal, skb `l hvlùl-
jgúb ah rghscks `likrl`hs y `l p`lbg﬌jljgúb ah `l ljtgvgala prhvhbtgvl l quh sh rh﬌hrhb
`ks pìrrldks sgcughbths=
H` heprhslrgk ahihrì rhl`gzlr ubl hvlùljgúb gbgjgl` ah `ks rghscks plrl `l shcurgala
y slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs, thbghbak hb juhbtl, jkb jlrìjthr chbhrl`, ``ll blturl`hzl ah
`l ljtgvgala, `ls jlrljthråstgjls ah `ks puhstks ah trlilmk hxgsthbths y ah `ks trlilmlakrhs
quh ahilb ahshephülr`ks. Gcul` hvlùljgúb ahihrì oljhrsh jkb kjlsgúb ah `l h`hjjgúb
ah `ks hqugpks ah trlilmk, ah `ls sustlbjgls k prhplrlaks quåegjks y ah` ljkbagjgkbl-
eghbtk ah `ks ùclrhs ah trlilmk. @l hvlùljgúb gbgjgl` thbarì hb juhbtl lquh``ls ktrls
ljtuljgkbhs quh ahilb ahslrrk``lrsh ah jkbdkregala jkb `k agspuhstk hb `l bkreltgvl
skirh prkthjjgúb ah rghscks hsphjå﬌jks y ljtgvgalahs ah hsphjgl` ph`gcrksgala. @l hvl-
ùljgúb shrì ljtul`gzlal julbak jleighb `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk y, hb tkak jlsk, sh
skehthrì l jkbsgahrljgúb y sh rhvgslrì, sg duhrl bhjhslrgk, jkb kjlsgúb ah `ks alüks plrl
`l slùa quh sh olylb prkaujgak.
Julbak h` rhsu`tlak ah `l hvlùljgúb `k ogjghrl bhjhslrgk, h` heprhslrgk rhl`gzlrì
jkbtrk`hs phrgúagjks ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk y ah `l ljtgvgala ah `ks trlilmlakrhs
hb `l prhstljgúb ah sus shrvgjgks, plrl ahthjtlr sgtuljgkbhs pkthbjglèhbth ph`gcrksls.
Zg `ks rhsu`tlaks ah `l hvlùljgúb prhvgstl pusghrlb ah elbg﬌hstk sgtuljgkbhs ah
rghsck, h` heprhslrgk rhl`gzlrì lquh``ls ljtgvgalahs prhvhbtgvls bhjhslrgls plrl h`gegblr
k rhaujgr y jkbtrk`lr tl`hs rghscks. Agjols ljtgvgalahs shrìb kimhtk ah p`lbg﬌jljgúb pkr
h` heprhslrgk, gbjùyhbak plrl jlal ljtgvgala prhvhbtgvl h` p`lzk plrl ``hvlr`l l jlik,
`l ahsgcbljgúb ah rhspkbsli`hs y `ks rhjursks ouelbks y elthrgl`hs bhjhslrgks plrl su

hmhjujgúb.
H` heprhslrgk ahihrì lshcurlrsh ah `l hdhjtgvl hmhjujgúb ah `ls ljtgvgalahs prhvhb-
tgvls gbjùgals hb `l p`lbg﬌jljgúb, hdhjtulbak plrl h``k ub shcugeghbtk jkbtgbuk ah `l
egsel.
@ls ljtgvgalahs ah prhvhbjgúb ahihrìb shr ekag﬌jlals julbak sh lprhjgh pkr h`
heprhslrgk, jkek jkbshjuhbjgl ah `ks jkbtrk`hs phrgúagjks prhvgstks su gblahjuljgúb l
`ks ﬌bhs ah prkthjjgúb rhquhrgaks.
QYLIL MK
7.9.<.@l
7.9.<. @l hvlùljgúb ah `ks rghscks `likrl`hs
`likrl`hs
H` Yhc`lehbtk ah `ks Zhrvgjgks ah ^rhvhbjgúb, hb su lrtåju`k :, lpkrtl `l sgcughbth
ah﬌bgjgúb.
@l hvlùljgúb ah `ks rghscks `likrl`hs hs h` prkjhsk agrgcgak l hstgelr `l elcbgtua

ah lquh``ks rghscks quh bk olylb pkagak hvgtlrsh, kithbghbak `l gbdkreljgúb bhjhslrgl
plrl quh h` heprhslrgk hstç hb jkbagjgkbhs ah tkelr ubl ahjgsgúb lprkpglal skirh `l
bhjhsgala ah lakptlr ehagals prhvhbtgvls hb tl` jlsk, y skirh h` tgpk ah ehagals quh
ahihb lalptlrsh.
Julbak ah `l hvlùljgúb rhl`gzlal rhsu`th bhjhslrgl `l lakpjgúb ah ehagals prhvhb-
tgvls, ahihrìb pkbhrsh j`lrlehbth ah elbg﬌hstk `ls sgtuljgkbhs hb quh shl bhjhslrgk=
• H`gegblr k rhaujgr h` rgh
rghsck,
sck, ehag
ehaglbth
lbth ehagals ah prhvhbjgúb hb h` krgc
krgchb,
hb, krcl-
bgzltgvls, ah prkthjjgúb jk`hjtgvl, ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul`, k ah dkreljgúb h gbdkr-
eljgúb l `ks trlilmlakrhs.
• Jkbtrk`lr phrgúag
phrgúagjlehbth
jlehbth `ls jkbagjgkbhs, ``ll krclbgzljgúb y `ks eçtkaks ah trl-
ilmk y h` hstlak ah slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs
Jkbthbgak chbhrl` ah `l hvlùljgúb
@l hvlùljgúb gbgjgl` ah `ks rghscks quh bk olylb pkagak hvgtlrsh ahihrì hxthbahrsh
l jlal ubk ah `ks puhstks ah trlilmk ah `l heprhsl hb quh jkbjurrlb agjoks rghscks.
^lrl h``k, sh thbarìb hb juhbtl=
• @ls jjkbagjgkbhs
kbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk hxgsthbths k prhvgstls.
• @l pksgig`gala ah quh h` trlilmlakr quh `k kjuph k vlylvlyl l kjuplr`k shl hsph-
jglèhbth shbsgi`h, pkr sus jlrljthråstgjls phrskbl`hs k hstlak igk`úcgjk jkbkjgak, l
l`cubl ah agjols jkbagjgkbhs.
L plrtgr ah agjol hvlùljgúb gbgjgl`, ahihrìb vk`vhr l hvlùlrsh `ks puhstks ah trlilmk
quh puhalb vhrsh ldhjtlaks pkr=
• @l
jgúb ahh`hjjgúb a
ahh hqugpks a
buhvls thjbk`kcåls ah
kh`ltrlilmk, sustlbjgls
ekag﬌jljgúb hb h`kljkbagjgkbleghbtk
prhplrlaks quåe
quåegjks,
gjks,
ah`l`ks
gbtrkauj-
ùclrhs
ah trlilmk.
• H` jleigk hb `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk.
• @l gbjkrpkrljgúb ah ub trlilmlakr juyls jlrljthråstgjls phrskbl`hs k hstlak igk-
`úcgjk jkbkjgak `k olclb hsphjglèhbth shbsgi`h l `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah` puhstk.
@l hvlùljgúb ah `ks rghscks sh rhl`gzlrì ehaglbth `l gbthrvhbjgúb ah phrskbl` jke-
phthbth.
7.9.9.^`lbgjljgú
7.9.9. ^`lbgjljgúbb ah `l ljtgvgala prhvhbtgvl
prhvhbtgvl
Julbak h` rhsu`tlak ah `l hvlùljgúb pusghrl ah elbg﬌hstk sgtuljgkbhs ah rghsck,
h` heprhslrgk p`lbg﬌jlrì `l ljtgvgala prhvhbtgvl quh prkjhal jkb kimhtk ah h`gegblr k
jkbtrk`lr y rhaujgr agjoks rghscks, jkbdkreh l ub krahb ah prgkrgalahs hb dubjgúb ah su
elcbgtua y býehrk ah trlilmlakrhs hxpuhstks l `ks egseks.
Hb `l p`lbg﬌jljgúb ah hstl ljtgvgala prhvhbtgvl sh thbarì hb juhbtl `l hxgsthbjgl, hb

su jlsk, ah agspksgjgkbhs `hcl`hs rh`ltgvls l rghscks hsphjå﬌jks, lså jkek `ks prgbjgpgks
ah ljjgúb prhvhbtgvl shül`laks hb h` lrtåju`k <8 ah `l @hy ah ^rhvhbjgúb ah Yghscks
@likrl`hs.
Jkbthbgak
@l p`lbg﬌jljgúb ah `l ljtgvgala prhvhbtgvl gbjùgrì, hb tkak jlsk, `ks ehagks ouel-
bks y elthrgl`hs bhjhslrgks, lså jkek `l lsgcbljgúb ah `ks rhjursks hjkbúegjks prhjgsks
plrl `l jkbshjujgúb ah `ks kimhtgvks prkpuhstks.
Gculèhbth olirìb ah shr kimhtk ah gbthcrljgúb hb `l p`lbg﬌jljgúb ah `l ljtgvgala
prhvhbtgvl `ls ehagals ah hehrchbjgl
hehrchbjgl y `l vgcg`lbjgl ah `l slùa prhvgstls hb `ks lrtåju-
`ks 9> y 99 ah `l @hy ah ^rhvhbjgúb ah Yghscks @likrl`hs, lså jkek `l gbdkreljgúb y `l
dkreljgúb ah `ks trlilmlakrhs hb elthrgl prhvhbtgvl y `l jkkragbljgúb ah tkaks hstks
lsphjtks.
@l ljtgvgala prhvhbtgvl ahihrì p`lbg﬌jlrsh plrl ub phråkak ahthregblak, hstli`h-
jghbak `ls dlshs y prgkrgalahs ah su ahslrrk``k hb dubjgúb ah `l elcbgtua ah `ks rghscks
y ah` býehrk ah trlilmlakrhs hxpuhstks l `ks egseks, lså jkek su shcugeghbtk y jkb-
trk` phrgúagjk.
shl suphrgkr Hb lük,
l ub h` jlsk ah quh
ahihrì h` phråkak ub
hstli`hjhrsh hb prkcrlel
quh sh ahslrrk``h
lbul` ah`l ljtgvgalahs
ljtgvgala prhvhbtgvl
7.:. ZHYTGJGKZ AH ^YHTHBJGÚB

^YHTHBJGÚB
7.:.<. ^rkthjjgúb y prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks prkdhsgkbl`hs
Jkb `l ﬌bl`gala ah juep`gr h` ahihr ah prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks prkdhsgkbl`hs, h`
heprhslrgk bkeirlrì l ubk k vlrgks trlilmlakrhs plrl kjuplrsh ah agjol ljtgvgala,
jkbstgtugrì ub shrvgjgk ah prhvhbjgúb k jkbjhrtlrì agjok shrvgjgk jkb ubl hbtgala hsph-
jgl`gzlal lmhbl l `l heprhsl (ahspuçs vhrheks juìbak sh lp`gjlrì jlal jlsk).
@ks trlilmlakrhs h`hcgaks ahihb thbhr `l jlpljgala bhjhslrgl, agspkbhr ah` tghepk y
ah `ks ehagks prhjgsks y shr su﬌jghbths hb býehrk, shcýb h` tlelük ah `l heprhsl y `ks
rghscks l quh hstìb hxpuhstks `ks trlilmlakrhs.
^lrl `l rhl`gzljgúb ah `l ljtgvgala ah prhvhbjgúb, h` heprhslrgk ahih dljg`gtlr l `ks
trlilmlakrhs h`hcgaks h` ljjhsk l `l gbdkreljgúb y akjuehbtljgúb bhjhslrgl. Hstks
trlilmlakrhs bk puhahb sudrgr bgbcýb phrmugj
phrmugjgk
gk ahrgvlak ah sus ljtgvgalahs ah prh-
vhbjgúb, y ckzlrìb ah `ls clrlbtåls quh plrl `ks rhprhshbtlbths ah `ks trlilmlakrhs
hstli`hjh h` Hstltutk ah `ks Qrlilmlakrhs. Laheìs, ahihb culralr sgcg`k prkdhsgkbl`
skirh `l gbdkreljgúb rh`ltgvl l `l heprhsl quh olylb jkbkjgak jkek jkbshjuhbjgl ah
`l rhl`gzljgúb ah sus dubjgkbhs.
7.:.9. Zhrvgjgks ah prhvhbjgúb

prhvhbjgúb
Hb jlsk ah quh h` bkeirleghbtk ah ubk k vlrgks trlilmlakrhs duhsh gbsu﬌jghb-
th plrl `l rhl`gzljgúb ah `ls ljtgvgalahs ah prhvhbjgúb, hb dubjgúb ah` tlelük ah `l
heprhsl, ah `ks rghscks l quh hstìb hxpuhstks `ks trlilmlakrhs k ah `l ph`gcrksgala ah
`ls ljtgvgalahs ahslrrk``lals, h` heprhslrgk ahihrì rhjurrgr l ubk k vlrgks shrvgjgks ah
prhvhbjgúb prkpgks k lmhbks l `l heprhsl, quh jk`likrlrìb julbak shl bhjhslrgk.
pìc. <9? X.A.. ? | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ
QYLIL MK
^kaheks ah﬌bgr h` shrvgjgk ah prhvhbjgúb jkek h` jkbmubtk ah ehagks ouelbks y

elthrgl`hs bhjhslrgks plrl rhl`gzlr `ls ljtgvgalahs prhvhbtgvls, jkb `l ﬌bl`gala ah clrlb-
tgzlr `l lahjulal prkthjjgúb ah `l shcurgala y `l slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs, lshskrlbak
y lsgstghbak plrl h``k l` heprhslrgk, l `ks trlilmlakrhs y l sus rhprhshbtlbths. ^lrl quh
puhalb rhl`gzlr sus dubjgkbhs, h` heprhslrgk ahih dljg`gtlr l agjok shrvgjgk h` ljjhsk l `l
gbdkreljgúb y akjuehbtljgúb bhjhslrgl.
Dubjgkbhs ah `ks Zhrvgjgks ah ^rhvhbjgúb= @ks shrvgjgks ah prhvhbjgúb ahihb hstlr
hb jkbagjgkbhs ah prkpkrjgkblr l `l heprhsl h` lshskrleghbtk y lpkyk quh bhjhsgth
shcýb `ks tgpks ah rghsck quh hxgstlb hb h``l, hb rh`ljgúb jkb=
• H` agshük, gep`lbtljgúb y lp`gjljgúb ah ub p`lb ah prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks
`likrl`hs quh phregtl `l gbthcrljgúb ah `l prhvhbjgúb hb `l heprhsl.
• @l hvlùljgúb ah `ks dljtkrhs ah rghsck quh puhalb ldhjtlr l `l shcurgala y `l
slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs.
• @l p`lbg﬌jljgúb ah `l ljtgvgala prhvhbtgvl y `l ahthregbljgúb ah `ls prgkrgalahs
hb `l lakpjgúb ah `ls ehagals prhvhbtgvls y `l vgcg`lbjgl ah su h﬌jljgl.
• @l ggbdkreljgúb
bdkreljgúb y dkreljgúb ah `ks trlilmlakrhs.
• @l prhstljgúb ah `ks prgehrks luxg`gks y p`lbhs ah hehr
hehrchbjgl.
chbjgl.
• @l vgcg`lbjgl ah `l slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs hb rh`ljgúb jkb `ks rghscks ahrgvlaks
ah` trlilmk.
• @ks ehagks jkb quh juhb
juhbthb
thb `ks shrvgjgks ah prhv
prhvhbjgúb
hbjgúb ahihb shr su﬌jghbths y
lahjulaks l `ls ljtgvgalahs prhvhbtgvls l ahslrrk``lr, hb dubjgúb ah jgrjubstlbjgls
jkek=
• Qle
Qlelük
lük ah `l heprhsl.
• Qgpks ah rghsck l `ks quh puhalb hbjkbtrlrsh hxpuhstks `ks trlilmlakrhs.
• Agstrgiujgúb ah rghscks hb `l heprhsl.
^lrl pkahr ljtulr jkek shrvgjgks ah prhvhbjgúb, `ls hbtgalahs hsphjgl`gzlals bhjhsg-
tlrìb ljrhagtljgúb ah `l Laegbgstrljgúb `likrl`, ehaglbth `l jkeprkiljgúb ah quh rhý-
bhb `ks rhqugsgtks hstli`hjgaks y jkb `l lprkiljgúb prhvgl ah `l Laegbgstrljgúb slbgtlrgl
hb rh`ljgúb jkb `ks lsphjtks ah jlrìjthr slbgtlrgk.
@l lutkrgala `likrl` quh jkbkjh `l sk`gjgtua ah ljrhagtljgúb shrì h` úrclbk jke-
phthbth ah `l Jkeubgala Lutúbkel quh olyl rhjgigak h` trlsplsk ah shrvgjgks k, hb
su ahdhjtk, `l Agrhjjgúb ^rkvgbjgl` ah Qrlilmk y Lsubtks Zkjgl`hs ah `l prkvgbjgl akbah
hstçb sgtulals sus gbstl`ljgkbhs prgbjgpl`hs.
7.:.:. Yhc`lehbt
Yhc`lehbtkk ah shrvgjgks ah prhvhbjgúb
prhvhbjgúb
Jkek oheks shül`lak lbths, `l @hy ah ^rhvhbjgúb ah Yghscks ol sgak ahslrrk``lal
hb `l elthrgl rh`ltgvl l `ks shrvgjgks ah prhvhbjgúb pkr h` Yhl` Ahjrhtk :7/<773 ah <3 ah
hbhrk, quh lpruhil h` Yhc`lehbtk ah Zhrvgjgks ah ^rhvhbjgúb (YZ^).
Hsth Yhc`lehbtk sh rh﬌hrh, hb prgehr ùclr, l `l hvlùljgúb ah `ks rghscks,
jkek pubtk ah plrtgal plrl pkahr p`lbg﬌jlr `l ljtgvgala prhvhbtgvl lahjulal.

H` YZ^ hstli`hjh ub aki`h ehjlbgsek plrl clrlbtgzlr `l lptgtua ah `l ljtgvgala prh-
vhbtgvl= pkr ub `lak, `l ljrhagtljgúb pkr `l lutkrgala `likrl` ah `ks shrvgjgks ah prhvhb-
jgúb hxthrbks y, pkr ktrk, `l luagtkrgl k hvlùljgúb hxthrbl ah` sgsthel ah prhvhbjgúb,
julbak hstl ljtgvgala hs ahslrrk``lal pkr h` heprhslrgk jkb sus prkpgks ehagks. H` YZ^
shül`l quh `ls luagtkrgls k hvlùljgkbhs hxthrbls shrìb ki`gcltkrgls julbak, jkek jkb-
shjuhbjgl ah `l hvlùljgúb ah `ks rghscks, `ls heprhsls thbclb quh ahslrrk``lr ljtgvgal-
ahs ah prhvhbjgúb plrl hvgtlr k agsegbugr `ks rghscks ahrgvlaks ah` trlilmk. Hb chbhrl`,
olb ah skehthr su sgsthel ah prhvhbjgúb l` jkbtrk` ah ubl luagtkrgl `ls heprhsls quh
bk olb jkbjhrtlak h` shrvgjgk ah prhvhbjgúb jkb ubl hbtgala hsphjgl`gzlal.
Hb julbtk l `ls jlpljgalahs k lptgtuahs bhjhslrgls plrl ahslrrk``lr `l ljtgvgala
prhvhbtgvl, sh shül`l quh hs bhjhslrgl `l lahjuljgúb hbtrh `l dkreljgúb hxgcgal y `ls
dubjgkbhs l rhl`gzlr. Zh hstli`hjhb trhs bgvh`hs ah dkreljgúb plrl rhl`gzlr hsl ljtgvgala=
iìsgjk, gbthrehagk y suphrgkr.
Tleks l trltlr lokrl h` thel ah `l jkbstgtujgúb ah` shrvgjgk ah prhvhbjgúb. H` YZ^ sh-
ül`l quh jkb h` ﬌b ah jk
jkbstgtugr
bstgtugr `ks shrvgjgks ah prhvhbjgúb, h` heprhslrgk puhah kptlr
hbtrh vlrgls pksgig`galahs= lsuegr phrskblèhbth `ls dubjgkbhs ah prhvhbjgúb, ahsgcblr
lshrvgjgk
ubk k vlrgks trlilmlakrhs,
jkb ubl jkbstgtugr
hbtgala lmhbl ub shrvgjgk ah prhvhbjgúb prkpgk y jkbjhrtlr h`
hsphjgl`gzlal.
@l krclbgzljgúb ah `ks rhjursks bhjhslrgks plrl h` ahslrrk``k ah `ls ljtgvgalahs prh-
vhbtgvls sh rhl`gzlrì pkr h` heprhslrgk jkb lrrhc`k l l`cubl ah `ls ekal`galahs sgcughb-
ths=
• Lsueghbak phrskblèhbth tl` ljtgvgala.
• Ahsgcblbak l ubk k vlrgks trlilmlakrhs plrl ``hvlr`l l jlik.
• Jkbstgtuyhbak ub shrvgjgk ah prhvhbjgúb prkpgk.
• Yhjurrghbak l ub shrvgjgk ah prhvhbjgúb lmhbk.
Lsubjgúb phrskbl` pkr h` heprhslrgk ah `l ljtgvgala prhvhbtgvl
H` heprhslrgk pkarì ahslrrk``lr phrskblèhbth `l ljtgvgala ah prhvhbjgúb, jkb

hxjhpjgúb ah `ls ljtgvgalahs rh`ltgvls l `l vgcg`lbjgl ah `l slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs,
julbak jkbjurrlb `ls sgcughbths jgrjubstlbjgls=
• @l heprhsl thbcl olstl <> trlilmlakrhs.
• @l ljtgvgala ah `l heprhsl bk hstç gbjùgal hb `ls ahtl``lals hb h` Yhc`lehbtk ((pkr
pkr
hmhep`k, trlilmks jkb hxpksgjgúb l lchbths túxgjks, ljtgvgalahs hb quh gbthrvghbhb
prkaujtks quåegjks ah l`tk rghsck, hs ahjgr, ljtgvgalahs ph`gcrksls quh jkb``hvhb ub
rghsck l`tk plrl `ks trlilmlakrhs).
• H` heprh
heprhslrgk
slrgk ahslrrk``h oligtulèhbth su ljtgvgala prkdhsgkbl` hb `l heprhsl.
• H` heprhslrgk thbcl `l jlpljgala su﬌jghbth y jkrrhspkbaghbth l `ls dubjgkbhs
prhvhbtgvls quh vl l ahslrrk``lr.
pìc. <:> X.A.. ? | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ
QYLIL MK
• @l egsel pksgig`gala sh rhjkbkjh l` heprhslrgk quh, juep`ghbak tl`hs rhqugsgtks,

kjuph olstl 98 trlilmlakrhs, sgheprh y julbak `l heprhsl agspkbcl ah ub ýbgjk
jhbtrk ah trlilmk.
@l vgcg`lbjgl ah `l slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs, lså jkek lquh``ls ktrls ljtgvgalahs prh-
vhbtgvls bk lsuegals phrskblèhbth pkr h` heprhslrgk, ahihrìb juirgrsh ehaglbth h`
rhjursk l l`cubl ah `ls rhstlbths ekal`galahs ah krclbgzljgúb prhvhbtgvl prhvgstls.
Ahsgcblr trlilmlakrhs=
Ktrl ah `ls pksgig`galahs pkr `ls quh puhah kptlr h` heprhslrgk hs ahsgcblr l ubk
k vlrgks trlilmlakrhs plrl kjuplrsh ah `l ljtgvgala prhvhbtgvl ah `l heprhsl. Agjoks
trlilmlakrhs ahihb pkshhr `l jlpljgala bhjhslrgl plrl rhl`gzlr lahjulalehbth hstls
dubjgkbhs. Hstl ahsgcbljgúb jkrrhspkbah l` heprhslrgk, y h` býehrk ah trlilmlakrhs l
bkeirlr ahphbahrì ah` tlelük y ah `ks rghscks l quh hstç hxpuhstl jlal heprhsl.
Zus dubjgkbhs skb sgeg`lrhs l `ls ah `ks shrvgjgks ah prhvhbjgúb, jkb `ks quh hstìb
ki`gclaks l jk`likrlr. H` heprhslrgk ol ah dljg`gtlr`hs h` tghepk y `ks ehagks bhjhslrgks
plrl juep`gr su dubjgúb.
Jkbstgtugr ub shrvgjgk ah prhvhbjgúb prkpgk=
H` YZ^ shül`l quh h` heprhslrgk ahih jkbstgtugr ub shrvgjgk ah prhvhbjgúb prkpgk

julbak sh aç l`cubk ah `ks sgcughbths supuhstks=
• Heprhsls jkb eìs ah 8>> trlilmlakrhs.
• Heprhsls quh juhbthb hhbtrh
btrh 98> y 8>> tr
trlilmlakrhs
lilmlakrhs y ahagjlals l `ls ljtgvgalahs
quh oheks bkeirlak lbths jkek ph`gcrksls y quh jkb``hvhb ub l`tk rghsck plrl `ks
trlilmlakrhs.
• Heprhsls bk gbjù
gbjùgals
gals hb `ks lplrtlaks lbthrgkrhs
lbthrgkrhs,, julbak lså `k ahjgal `l lutkrg-
ala `likrl`, hb dubjgúb ah `l ph`gcrksgala ah `l ljtgvgala rhl`gzlal k ah `l drhjuhbjgl
d rhjuhbjgl
k crlvhala ah `l sgbghstrl`gala hb `l heprhsl.
H` shrvgjgk ah prhvhbjgúb prkpgk jkbstgtugrì ubl ubgala krclbgzltgvl hsphjå﬌jl ahb-
trk ah `l heprhsl. Zus egheirks ahagjlrìb ah elbhrl hxjùsgvl su ljtgvgala ahbtrk ah
`l heprhsl l `l prhvhbjgúb. Laheìs, ahihrì jkbtlr jkb `ks ehagks elthrgl`hs y ouel-
bks bhjhslrgks plrl rhl`gzlr sus dubjgkbhs.
Laheìs, h` Yhc`lehbtk hstli`hjh `l pksgig`gala ah jkbstgtugr shrvgjgks ah prhvhbjgúb
elbjkeublaks hbtrh lquh``ls heprhsls quh ahslrrk``hb ah dkrel sgeu`tìbhl ljtgvg-
alahs hb ub egsek jhbtrk ah trlilmk, hag﬌jgk k jhbtrk jkehrjgl`, phrk sgheprh quh sh
clrlbtgjh `l h﬌jljgl ah` shrvgjgk.
Jkbjhrtlr ub shrvgjgk lmhbk ah prhvhbjgúb=
H` heprhslrgk ahih jkbtrltlr ub shrvgjgk ah prhvhbjgúb lmhbk jkb ubl heprhsl

hsphjgl`gzlal hb h` jlsk ah quh bk olyl jkbstgtugak ub shrvgjgk prkpgk, k `l ahsgcbljgúb
ah trlilmlakrhs k h` ahslrrk``k phrskbl` pkr h` heprhslrgk ah `ls ljtgvgalahs ah prhvhb-
jgúb rhsu`thb gbsu﬌jghbths.
@ks shrvgjgks ahihb agspkbhr ah `ls gbstl`ljgkbhs y `ks rhjursks elthrgl`hs y ou-
elbks bhjhslrgks plrl h` lshskrleghbtk, lsgsthbjgl y lpkyk l` heprhslrgk, ah` jul`
ahphbahb plrl clrlbtgzlr ubl prkthjjgúb jkbvhbghbth. Hb tkak jlsk, agjols hbtgalahs
X.A. ? | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ AH @L KYCLBG]LJGÚB AH@ QYLIL MK pìc. <:<
ahihb jkbtlr jkb phrskbl` quh thbcl `l ljrhagtljgúb bhjhslrgl plrl h` ahslrrk``k ah sus
dubjgkbhs.
7.1. ^@LBHZ AH HEHYCHBJGL W HTLJXLJGÚB

7.1.<.
7.1.<. ^`lb ah hehrchbjgl
H` lrt. 9> ah `l @^Y@ ki`gcl l` heprhslrgk, thbghbak hb juhbtl h` tlelük y `l ljtgvgala
ah `l heprhsl, l lbl`gzlr `ls sgtuljgkbhs ah hehrchbjgl, lakptlr `ls ehagals y krclbgzlr
ub sgsthel ah prhvhbjgúb, prkthjjgúb y prgehrks luxg`gks gbthrbks rh`ljgkbìbak`ks jkb
ktrks shrvgjgks hxthrbks plrl quh quhah clrlbtgzlal `l h﬌jljgl ah `ls ljtuljgkbhs.
Hs ah hstk ah `k quh oli`leks l` lùagr l` ^`lb ah hehrchbjgl, quh sh puhah ah﬌bgr
jkek h` jkbmubtk ah ehagals y ljjgkbhs prkcrlelals plrl `l prkthjjgúb ah `ls phr-
skbls y `ls gbstl`ljgkbhs hb sgtuljgkbhs ah pksgi`hs ljjgahbths quh tghbahb l hvgtlr k
agsegbugr `ls jkbshjuhbjgls.
H` ^`lb ah Hehrchbjgl tghbh jkek ﬌bl`gala dubalehbtl` `kcrlr `l hdhjtgvgala ah `ks
ehagks ah prhvhbjgúb y prkthjjgúb hxgsthbths l trlvçs ah `l gbthrvhbjgúb gbehagltl
y ah `l hvljuljgúb. Jkeprhbah `l krclbgzljgúb ah `ks ehagks ouelbks y elthrgl`hs
agspkbgi`hs plrl `l prhvhbjgúb ah rghscks ah gbjhbagks k jul`qughr ktrk hqugvl`hbth.
Agjok ^`lb, ahihrì shr h`likrlak pkr `ks Zhrvgjgks ah ^rhvhbjgúb k `ks tçjbgjks
hsphjgl`gzlaks ah prhvhbjgúb, jkb `l jk`likrljgúb ah `l Agrhjjgúb ah `l heprhsl y ktrks
shrvgjgks tçjbgjks ah `l heprhsl. Hs euy gepkrtlbth tleigçb `l jk`likrljgúb ah `ks
trlilmlakrhs.
H` ^`lb ah Hehrchbjgl sh puhah agvgagr hb vlrgks akjuehbtks (suh`hb shr jultrk,
lthbaghbak l` ^`lb ah Hehrchbjgl jkbtrl Gbjhbagks)=
• Zh trltl ah ubl hhvlùljgúb
vlùljgúb gbgjgl` ah` rghsck
rghsck,, vl`krlbak `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah rghsck
ah `ks hag﬌jgks hb rh`ljgúb jkb `ks ehagks agspkbgi`hs= hep`lzleghbtk ah` hag﬌jgk,
sgtuljgúb ah sus ljjhsks, jlrljthråstgjls ah su jkbstrujjgúb, býehrk eìxgek ah phr-
skbls l hvljulr, htj. Jkb `l gbdkreljgúb rhjkpg`lal y hvlùlal sh rhl`gzl ub crì﬌jk
jkb h` hep`lzleghbtk y `l `kjl`gzljgúb ah `ls zkbls ah rghsck.

• Hb h` shcubak akjuehbtk sh ahtl``lb `ks ehagks ah prkthjjgúb. Zh ahtl``lb `ks
ehagks elthrgl`hs y ouelbks agspkbgi`hs, ah﬌bgçbaksh `ks hqugpks y sus dubjgkbhs=
sh gbjùgrì ub gbvhbtlrgk ah `ks ehagks elthrgl`hs (shül`gzljgúb, l`lrels, hxtgbtkrhs…)
y ouelbks agspkbgi`hs plrl plrtgjgplr hb ljjgkbhs ah lutkprkthjjgúb. Zh gbagjlrìb
tleigçb `ls våls ah hvljuljgúb hb `ls agdhrhbths zkbls ah rghsck.
• Hsth thrj
thrjhr
hr akjuehbtk hs prkpglehbth h` ^`lb ah Hehrchbjgl, hs akbah sh jkb-
thep`lb `ls agdhrhbths ogpúthsgs ah hehrchbjgls, p`lbg﬌jlbak `l krclbgzljgúb ou-
elbl jkb `ks ehagks agspkbgi`hs. Zh prkjhah l `l j`lsg﬌jljgúb ah `ls hehrchbjgls, sh
hbuehrlb `ls ljjgkbhs l shcugr, sh gbagjl `l ljtuljgúb k ljtgvgala ah `ks hqugpks ah
hehrchbjgl (phrskbls hsphjglèhbth hbtrhblals y krclbgzlals plrl `l ljtuljgúb hb
ljjgahbths ahbtrk ah` ìeigtk
ìeigtk ah` hstli`hjgeghbtk= hqugpks ah l`lrel y hvljuljgúb
‚HLH-, hqugpks ah prgehrks luxg`gks ‚H^L-, hqugpks ah prgehrl y shcubal gbthrvhb-
jgúb, Mhdh ah hehrchbjgl), sh hxpkbh h` ahslrrk``k ah` ^`lb= hsquhel ah kphrljgkbhs,
shjuhbjgls ah ljtuljgúb, htj.
Lthbaghbak l su crlvhala `ls hehrchbjgls sh agvgahb hb=
pìc. <:9 X.A.. ? | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ

QYLIL MK
Jkbltk ah hehrchbjgl. Zh ``lel lså l` ljjgahbth quh puhah shr jkbtrk`lak ah dkrel
shbjg``l pkr h` phrskbl` y ehagks ah prkthjjgúb `kjl`.
Hehrchbjgl plrjgl`. Lquå yl sh rhqughrh plrl jkbtrk`lr`k `l ljjgúb ah `ks hqugpks
hsphjgl`hs ah hehrchbjgl ah` shjtkr.
Hehrchbjgl chbhrl`. H` ljjgahbth prhjgsl `l ljtuljgúb ah tkaks `ks hqugpks y ehagks
ah prkthjjgúb ah` hstli`hjgeghbtk y lyual ah ehagks ah sl`vlehbtk hxthrgkrhs.
• Jkb h` julrtk akjuehbtk sh prhthbah rhl`gzlr `l agvu`cljgúb chbhrl` ah` ^`lb. Zh
gbjùyhb lquå ljjgkbhs jkek= dkreljgúb hsphjå﬌jl ah` phrskbl`, sgeu`ljrks, ljtul`g-
zljgkbhs ah` ^`lb, gbvhstgcljgúb ah sgbghstrks.
H` ^`lb ah hehrchbjgl oly quh rhl`gzlr`k=
• Julbak, pkr `l ljtgvgala ah `l heprhsl, puhalb prkaujgrsh sujhsks jkek= ducls
ducls,,
vhrtgaks, gbjhbagks k hxp`ksgkbhs quh supkbclb ubl sgtuljgúb ah crlvh rghsck, jltìs-
trkdh k jl`legala pýi`gjl plrl `ls phrskbls, h` ehagk leighbth k `ks ighbhs.
• Julbak `l heprhsl utg`gjh sustlbjgls quåegjls hb ahthregblals jlbtgalahs hs-
tli`hjgals pkr `l `hcgs`ljgúb jkrrhspkbaghbth, k shl ub prkjhsk gbaustrgl` ph`gcrksk.
• Julbak sh jkbsgahrh bhjhslrgk h` jkbtrk` ahigak l jkbshjuhbjgls pksg pksgi`hs
i`hs ah
ljjgahbth crlvh hb jhbtrks ah trlilmk k `kjl`hs ah pýi`gjl jkbjurrhbjgl.
• Julbak shl pksgi`h quh sh prkplcuh
prkplcuhb
b `ls jkbs
jkbshjuhbjgls,
hjuhbjgls, c
chbhrlbak
hbhrlbak c
crlvh
rlvh alük
alük,,
eìs l``ì ah su ùclr ah krgchb.
• Julbak `k hxgml `l lutkrgala jkephthbth.
@ks p`lbhs ah hehrchbjgl ahihb shr hstli`hjgaks pkr hsjrgtk y agvu`claks l tkals `ls
phrskbls quh puhalb vhrsh ldhjtlals
7.1.9. ^`lb ah hvljuljgúb

Zh hbtghbah pkr hvljuljgúb `l ljjgúb ah ahsl`kmlr ub hag﬌jgk hb h` quh sh ol ahj`lrl-
ak ub gbjhbagk u ktrk tgpk ah hehrchbjgl.

@l gbdkreljgúb hs dubalehbtl` hb hstks jlsks y ahih ``hclr l tkaks `ks gbthcrlbths
ah `l heprhsl y l `ks vgsgtlbths quh hb su jlsk puhal olihr. @ls gbstrujjgkbhs y h` rhstk
ah `l gbdkreljgúb ahihb shr j`lrks, jkbjgsks y phrdhjtlehbth `hcgi`hs. Hb hstks jlsks hs
julbak eìs sh vh `l bhjhsgala ah oljhr sgeu`ljrks phrgúagjks.
H` jkbthbgak ah` ^`lb ah hvljuljgúb shrì=
• Hsphjg﬌jljgúb ah` ehagk ah trlbsegsgúb ah `l l`lrel chbhrl` (ùjhs, skbgaks, htj.).
• Gbstrujjgkbhs chbhr
chbhrl`hs
l`hs ah hvljuljgúb ah tkak h` phrskbl`.
• H`likrljgúb ah jlrth`hs y p`lbks jkb `ks gtgbhrlrgks ah hvljuljgúb yy,, pkr supuhstk,
su jk`kjljgúb hb ùclrhs hstrltçcgjks.
• Ahthregblr k sgcbg﬌jlr `ls phrskbls quh jkbstg
jkbstgtuyhb
tuyhb `l irgclal ah lyual l ``ll
hvljuljgúb.
X.A. ? | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ AH @L KYCLBG]LJGÚB AH@ QYLIL MK pìc. <::
• Ahjgr qugçb hs h` rhspkbsli`h ah `l puhstl hb elrjol ah` ^`lb ah Hvljuljgúb.

H` gbgjgk ah `l hvljuljgúb hstì ahthregblak pkr h` agsplrk ah `l l`lrel chbhrl`. Zh
hbtghbah pkr ‐tghepk ah hvljuljgúb― h` trlbsjurrgak hbtrh h` agsplrk ah `l ll`lrel
`lrel chbh-
rl` olstl quh `l ý`tgel phrskbl oljh h` jlegbk ah hvljuljgúb.
Hb h` ^`lb ah Hvljuljgúb hs euy gepkrtlbth jkbkjhr y slihr jul`hs skb `ls våls ah
hvljuljgúb, hbthbaghbak pkr hstls h` jlegbk jkbtgbuk ahsah ub pubtk ah` hag﬌jgk
olstl ubl zkbl hxthrgkr akbah bk ``hcuhb `ls jkbshjuhbjgls ah `l jltìstrkdh krgchb ah
`l l`lrel.
Hstls våls puhahb shr okrgzkbths (puhrtls y plsg``ks) k vhrtgjl`hs (hsjl`hrls). @ks ls-
jhbskrhs bubjl ahihb shr uslaks jkek våls ah hvljuljgúb.
H` býehrk y lbjourl ah `ls våls ah hvljuljgúb ahih shr jl`ju`lal plrl `l eìxgel
kjupljgúb pksgi`h y ahihb thbhr, lsgegsek, ubls jlrljthråstgjls ah rhsgsthbjgl l` duhck.
Ahihrìb hstlr phrelbhbthehbth ahsphmlals y jkrrhjtlehbth gùegblals y shül`gzl-
als.
Xbl skùjgúb rhjkehbali`h
rhjkehbali`h hs gbj
gbjkrpkrlr,
krpkrlr, julbak shl pksgi`h, hsjl`hrls hxthrgkrhs
ah hehrchbjgl.
^lrl thregblr,
thregblr, ehbjgkblrheks euy sujgbtlehbth ubl shrgh ah jkbsgcbls quh vhb-
arål ighb thbhr hb juhbtl hb jlsk ah gbjhbagk.
Zg sh ahsjuirh ub duhck=
• Aç `l l`lrel.
• Gbthbth ltljlr h` duhck jkb h` elthrgl` prhvgstk y agspkbgi`h sgb pkbhrsh hb ph`gcrk.
Zg sh kyh k ahthjtl ubl l`lrel=
• @`leh l `ks Ikeihrks.
• Gbthbth `l hvljuljgúb ah` `kjl`, mubtk jkb `ls phrskbls quh hstçb l su jlrck
jlrck..
• Hvgth hb `k pksgi`h ``ll prkplcljgúb, jhrrlbak puhrtls, pkr hmhep`k

hmhep`k..
• Tlyl l` pubtk ah rhubgúb hstli`hjgak k agrhjtlehbth l `ls våls ah hvljuljgúb.
• Bk utg`gjh `ks lsjhbskrhs y prkjurh hb tkak ekehbtk hvgtlr h` pìbgjk, oly quh
trltlr ah elbthbhr `l jlèl y bk jkrrhr hb tkals `ls agrhjjgkbhs.
7.8. H@ JKBQYK@ AH @L ZL@XA AH @KZ QYLILMLAKYHZ

@l @^Y@ likral `ls juhstgkbhs quh sh susjgtlb hb tkrbk l hsth jkbtrk` y quh puhahb
sgbthtgzlrsh hb `ls sgcughbths=
• \ugçb hs h` sumhtk rhspkbsli`h ah hsl vg
vgcg`lbjgl
cg`lbjgl y qugçb ahih rhl`gzlr`l ahsah h`
pubtk ah vgstl tçjbgjk.
\uç jlrljthråstgjls ah jkbthbgak, gbthbsgala y phrgkagjgala ahih thbhr h`
jkbtrk`.
pìc. <:1 X.A.. ? | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ

QYLIL MK
• Juì` hs h` plph` ah` jk

jkbshbtgeghbtk
bshbtgeghbtk ah` ttrlilmlakr.
rlilmlakr.
• \uç usk puhah alrsh l `ls gbdkreljgkbhs quh chbhrhb `ks jkbtrk`hs ah slùa
hdhjtulaks.
@l @^Y@ jkb﬌curl `ks jkbtrk`hs ah slùa jkek ki`gcljgúb ah` heprhslrgk. ^kr `k
quh oljh l` phrskbl` quh ahihrì ``hvlr l jlik `ks jkbtrk`hs, h` lrt. 99.4 shül`l quh ‐`ls
ehagals ah vgcg`lbjgl y jkbtrk` ah `l slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs sh ``hvlrìb l jlik pkr
phrskbl` slbgtlrgk jkb jkephthbjgl tçjbgjl, dkreljgúb y jlpljgala ljrhagtlal―
ljrhagtlal―..
Juìbak hs hsl jkephthbjgl tçjbgjl, hsl dkreljgúb y hsl jlpljgala ahihb jkbsg-
ahrlrsh su﬌jghbths y ljrhagtlals. @l @^Y@ (lrt. :<) ltrgiuyh hstl tlrhl l `ks shrvgjgks ah
prhvhbjgúb. Hb tkak jlsk, h` phrskbl` jkephthbth ahih shr ah tgpk slbgtlrgk pkrquh lså
`k hxgch h` lrt. 99.
H` jkbtrk` eçagjk k slbgtlrgk (rhjkbkjgeghbtks eçagjks) ahih rhl`gzlrsh, jkek agjh
h` lrt. 99.< ‐‐hb
hb dubjgúb ah `ks rghscks gbohrhbths l` trlil
trlilmk―
mk―..
H` rhjkbkjgeghbtk eçagjk ahih shr gbgjgl`, hs ahjgr, quh h` heprhslrgk hstì ki`gclak
l rhl`gzlr ub jkbtrk` eçagjk prhvgk l `l jkbtrltljgúb ah` trlilmlakr. Hb tkak jlsk `l @hy
hxgch, quh tl`hs rhjkbkjgeghbtks eçagjks thbclb ùclr y quh laheìs shlb phrgúagjks.
Gbjùsk h` lrt. 99 prhvç quh sg `l blturl`hzl ah `ks rghscks `k ogjghrl bhjhslrgk, `l vgcg-
`lbjgl phrgúagjl ah` hstlak ah slùa pkarì prk`kbclrsh ‐eìs l``ì ah `l ﬌bl`gzljgúb ah `l
rh`ljgúb `likrl`―.
@ks rhjkbkjgeghbtks sh ``hvlrìb l jlik rhsphtlbak sgheprh h` ahrhjok l `l gbtgegala
y l `l agcbgala ah `l phrskbl― y sh rhl`gzlrìb `ks quh ‐jlushb
‐jlushb `ls ehbkrhs ek`hstgls l`
trlilmlakr y quh shlb prkpkrjgkbl`hs l` rghsck―
rghsck―..
@l prìjtgjl ah `ks rhjkbkjgeghbtks hs ki`gcltkrgl plrl `l heprhsl. Hb jleigk, y yl
quh `ks rhjkbkjgeghbtks pkbhb ah elbg﬌hstk altks h gbdkreljgkbhs phrskbl`hs h` lrt.
99 hstli`hjh quh `l vgcg`lbjgl ah` hstlak ah slùa ah` trlilmlakr ‐sú`k pkarì ``hvlrsh l
jlik julbak h` trlilmlakr prhshbth su jkbshbtgeghbtk―
jkbshbtgeghbtk―..
^hrk `l vkùbtlrghala ah` trlilmlakr hbjuhbtrl vlrgls hxjhpjgkbhs=
• Hb prgehr ùclr, quh `ks rhjkbkjgeghbtks eçagjks shlb geprhsjgbagi`hs plrl hs-
tli`hjhr h` hstlak ah slùa ah` trlilmlakr, phrk sú`k hb `ks jlsks hb quh jghrtks h`h-
ehbtks ah agjok hstlak ah slùa puhalb jkbstgtugr ub rghsck, quh `l heprhsl ahih
rhjkbkjhr, tlbtk
tlbtk plrl h` prkpgk trlilmlakr
trlilmlakr,, plrl `ks aheìs trlilmlakrhs k plrl ktrls
phrskbls rh`ljgkblals jkb `l heprhsl.
• Hb shcubak ùclr
ùclr,, sg hstì lså hstli`hjgak hb ubl bkrel y rhsphjtk ah `l prkthjjgúb
ah ‐rghscks hsphjå﬌jks y ljtgvgalahs
lj tgvgalahs ah hsphjgl` ph`gcrksgala―
ph`gcrksgala―..
• ^kr ý`
ý`tgek,
tgek, `ks jkbt
jkbtrk`hs
rk`hs ttleigçb
leigçb shrìb ki`gcltkrgks julbak shlb ‐geprhsjgb-
agi`hs plrl hvlùlr `ks hdhjtks ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk skirh `l slùa ah `ks
trlilmlakrhs―.
H` lrt. 99 jkbsgahrl quh `ks altks chbhrlaks skb jkb﬌ahbjgl`hs. ^kr hsth ektgvk,
hstli`hjh quh ‐`ks rhsu`tlaks ah `l vgcg`lbjgl shrìb jkeubgjlaks l `ks trlilmlakrhs
ldhjtlaks .
L` gcul` quh sujhah rhsphjtk ah `l vkùbtlrghala ah `ks jkbtrk`hs, `l @^Y@ gbtrkau-
X.A. ? | YGHZCKZ AHYGTLAKZ AH @L KYCLBG]LJGÚB AH@ QYLIL MK pìc. <:8
jh hxjhpjgkbhs l `l rhc`l ah quh `l agdusgúb ah `ks altks sú`k pkarì thbhr ùclr jkb h`
jkbshbtgeghbtk hxprhsk ah` trlilmlakr=
• @l eìs j`lrl hs `l ah` phrskbl` eçagjk y `l ah `ls lutkrgalahs slbgtlrgls quh ``hvhb
l jlik `l vgcg`lbjgl ah `l slùa ah` trlilmlakr.
• @l ktrl hx
hxjhpjgúb
jhpjgúb hs eìs chbhrl` y jkeprhbah l` heprhslrgk y l `ls phrskbls u
úrclbks jkb rhspkbslig`gala hb elthrgl ah prhvhbjgúb.
Bk kistlbth, hsl gbdkreljgúb sh rhstrgbch l `ls quh thbclb quh vhr ‐jkb
‐jkb `l lptgtua ah`
trlilmlakr plrl h` ahshephük ah` puhstk ah ttrlilmk―
rlilmk―,, k jkb `l ‐bhjhsgala ah gbtrkaujgr
k ehmkrlr `ls ehagals ah prkthjjgúb y p
prhvhbjgúb―
rhvhbjgúb―..
Hb tkak jlsk, agjol gbdkreljgúb bk pkarì shr us
uslal
lal ‐‐jkb
jkb ﬌bhs agsjrgegbltkrgks bg hb
phrmugjgk ah` trlilmlakr―
trlilmlakr―..
7.4. AKJXEHBQLJGÚB HB ELQHYGL ^YHTHBQGTL

7.4.<.
7.4.<. Akjuehbtks dkrel`hs
H` heprhslrgk ahihrì h`likrlr y jkbshrvlr l agspksgjgúb ah `l Lutkrgala @likrl` `l
sgcughbth akjuehbtljgúb rh`ltgvl l `ls ki`gcljgkbhs hstli`hjgals hb `ks lrtåju`ks lbth-
rgkrhs=
• ^`lb ah prh
prhvhbjgúb
vhbjgúb ah rghscks `likrl`hs, jkbdkreh l `k prhvgstk hb h` lplrtlak <
ah` lrtåju`k <4 ah `l @^Y@.
• Hvlùljgúb ah ``ks
ks rghscks plrl `l shcurgala y `l slùa hb h` trlilmk, gbjùgak h`
rhsu`tlak ah `ks jkbtrk`hs phrgúagjks ah `ls jkbagjgkbhs ah trlilmk y ah `l ljtgvgala
ah `ks trlilmlakrhs, ah ljuhrak jkb `k agspuhstk hb h` pìrrldk l ah` lplrtlak 9 ah`
lrtåju`k <4 ah `l @^Y@.
• ^`lbg﬌jljgúb ah `l ljtgvgala prprhvhbtgvl,
hvhbtgvl, ggbjùgals
bjùgals `ls e
ehagals
hagals ah prkthjjgúb y
ah prhvhbjgúb l lakptlr y, hb su jlsk, elthrgl` ah prkthjjgúb quh ahil utg`gzlrsh, ah
jkbdkregala jkb h` pìrrldk i ah` lplrtlak 9 ah` lrtåju`k <4 ah ah `l @^Y@.
• ^rìjtgjl ah `ks jkbtrk`hs ah` hstlak ah slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs prhvgst
prhvgstks
ks hb h`
lrtgju`k 99 ah hstl @hy y jkbjùsgkbhs kithbgals ah `ks egseks hb `ks tçregbks rhjk-
cgaks hb h` ý`tgek pìrrldk ah` lplrtlak 1 ah` jgtlak lrtgju`k.
• Yh`ljgúb ah ljjgahbths ah trlilmk y hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs qu quhh olylb jlu-
slak l` trlilmlakr ubl gbjlpljgala `likrl` suphrgkr l ub aål ah trlilmk. Hb hstks jl-
sks h` heprhslrgk rhl`gzlrì, laheìs, `l bktg﬌jljgúb l quh sh rh﬌hrh h` lplrtlak : ah`
prhshbth lrtåju`k.
Hb h` ekehbtk ah jhsljgúb ah su ljtgvgala, `ls heprhsls ahihrìb rhegtgr l `l Lutkrg-
ala @likrl` `l akjuehbtljgúb shül`lal hb h` lplrtlak lbthrgkr.
H` heprhslrgk hstlrì ki`gclak l bktg﬌jlr pkr hsjrgtk l `l Lutkrgala @likrl` `ks alüks
plrl `l slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs l su shrvgjgk quh sh ouighrlb prkaujgak jkb ektgvk
ah` ahslrrk``k ah su trlilmk, jkbdkreh l` prkjhageghbtk quh sh ahthregbh rhc`lehbtl-
rglehbth.
pìc. <:4 X.A.. 7 | H@HEHBQKZ IÌZGJKZ AH CHZQGÚB AH @L ^YHTHBJGÚB

X.A ^YHTHBJG ÚB AH YGHZCKZ
7.4.9. @l ki`gcljgúb heprhslrgl` ah gbdkrelr y jkbsu`tlr jkb `ks trlilml

7.4.9.@l trlilml--
akrhs hb elthrgl ah rghscks
L ﬌b ah alr juep`geghbtk l` ahihr ah prkthjjgúb hstli`hjgak hb `l prhshbth @hy, h`
heprhslrgk lakptlrì
gbdkreljgkbhs `ls ehagals
bhjhslrgls lahjulals
hb rh`ljgúb jkb= plrl quh `ks trlilmlakrhs rhjgilb tkals `ls
• @ks rghscks plrl `l shcurgala y `l slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs hb h` trlilmk, tlbtk
lquh``ks quh l`hrthb l `l heprhsl hb su jkbmubtk jkek l jlal tgpk ah puhstk ah
trlilmk k dubjgúb.
• @ls ehagals y ljtgvgalahs ah prkthjjgúb y prhvhbjgúb lp`gjli`hs l ``ks
ks rghscks
shül`laks hb h` lplrtlak
lplr tlak lbthrgkr.
• @ls ehagals lakptlals ah jkbdkregala jkb `k ag
agspuhstk
spuhstk hb h` lrtåju`k 9> ah `l
prhshbth @hy.
Hb `ls heprhsls quh juhbthb jkb rhprhshbtlbths ah `ks trlilmlakrhs, `l gbdkreljgúb
l quh sh rh﬌hrh h` prhshbth lplrtlak sh dljg`gtlrì pkr h` heprhslrgk l `ks trlilmlakrhs l
trlvçs ah agjoks rhprhshbtlbths6 bk kistlbth, ahihrì gbdkrelrsh agrhjtlehbth l jlal
trlilmlakr
`ls ehagalsahah`ks rghscks hsphjå﬌jks
prkthjjgúb quhlp`gjli`hs
y prhvhbjgúb ldhjthb l su
l puhstk ah trlilmk k dubjgúb y ah
agjoks rghscks.
H` heprhslrgk ahihrì jkbsu`tlr l `ks trlilmlakrhs, y phregtgr su plrtgjgpljgúb, hb h`
elrjk ah tkals `ls juhstgkbhs quh ldhjthb l `l shcurgala y l `l slùa hb h` trlilmk, ah
jkbdkregala jkb `k agspuhstk hb h` jlpgtu`k T ah `l prhshbth @hy.
@ks trlilmlakrhs thbarìb ahrhjok l hdhjtulr prkpuhstls l` heprhslrgk lså jkek l `ks
úrclbks ah plrtgjgpljgúb y rhprhshbtljgúb prhvgstks hb h` Jlpgtu`k T ah hstl @hy, agrgcg-
als l `l ehmkrl ah `ks bgvh`hs ah pr
prkthjjgúb
kthjjgúb ah `l shcurgala y `l slùa hb `l heprhsl.
<> ^YGEHYKZ LX_G@GKZ

Zh ahbkegblb prgehrks luxg`gks l `ks jugalaks quh sh ahihb prljtgjlr l ubl phrsk-
bl `hsgkblal jkb kimhtk ah hvgtlr su euhrth pkr ls﬌xgl, ohekrrlcgl, l`gvglr su ak`kr hb
drljturls k `hsgkbhs ah ktrk tgpk.
@l rhl`gzljgúb ah `ks prgehrks
pr gehrks luxg`gks tghbhb `ks sgcughbths kimhtgvks=
• ^rkthchr `ls ohrgals ah pksgi`hs ggbdhjjgkbhs
bdhjjgkbhs y jkep`gjljgkbhs.
• Hvgtlr quh lplrhzjlb eìs `hsgkbhs quh `ls prkaujgals pkr h` ljjgahbth.
• Yhjuphrlr k elbthbhr `l vgal ah qughb hstì jhr
jhrjl
jl ah phrahr`l.
<>.<.
<>.<. KYCLBG]LJGÚB AH @KZ ^YGEHYKZ LX_G@GKZ HB @L HE^YHZL
H` hstlak y `l hvkùjgúb ah `ls `hsgkbhs ahrgvlals ah ub ljjgahbth ahphbahb hb crlb
plrth ah `l rlpgahz y ah `l jl`gala ah `ks prgehrks luxg`gks rhjgigaks. @l @hy :</78, ah
^rhvhbjgúb ah Yghscks @likrl`hs hb h` lrtåju`k 9> elrjl jkek ki`gcljgúb ah` heprh-
slrgk h` lbì`gsgs ah `ls pksgi`hs sgtuljgkbhs ah hehrchbjgl lså jkek `l lakpjgúb ah `ls
ehagals bhjhslrgls, hbtrh ktrls, hb elthrgl ah prgehrks luxg`gks.
X.A.. 7 | H@HEHBQKZ IÌZGJKZ AH CHZQGÚB AH @L ^YHTHBJGÚB

X.A ^YHTHB JGÚB AH YGHZCKZ pìc. <:3
@ks pubtks l jkbsgahrlr, tl` jkek elrjl `l jgtlal `hy, shrålb=

• Ahsgcbljgúb ah` phrskbl` hbjlrclak a ahh pkbhr hb prìjtgjl agjols eh
ehagals
agals prhvg
prhvgll
jkbsu`tl ah `ks ah`hclaks ah prhvhbjgúb (lrt. :: y :4 ah `l @^Y@). Agjok phrskbl`, hb
dubjgúb ah `ks rghscks, ahihrì rhjgigr `l dkreljgúb lahjulal hb elthrgl ah prgehrks
luxg`gks, shr su﬌jghbth hb býehrk y agspkbhr ah` elthrgl` lahjulak, sgheprh l thbkr
ah` tlelük y ljtgvgala ah `l heprhsl, ah `l krclbgzljgúb ah` trlilmk y ah` bgvh` thj-
bk`úcgjk ah lquh``l.
• Yhvgsgúb k jkeprkiljgúb phrgúag
phrgúagjl
jl ah` jkrrhjtk dubjgkbleghbt
dubjgkbleghbtk
k ah `ls ehag
ehagals
als
lakptlals.
• Krclbgzljgúb ah `ls rh`ljgkbhs quh shlb bhjhslrgls jkb shrvgjgks hxthrbks plrl
clrlbtgzlr `l rlpgahz y h﬌jljgl ah `ls ljtuljgkbhs hb elthrgl ah prgehrks luxg`gks y
lsgsthbjgl eçagjl ah urchbjgls.
@l jgtlal `hy jkbsgahrl `l bk lakpjgúb ah agjols ehagals jkek ubl gbdrljjgúb
crlvh k euy crlvh sg krgcgbl ub rghsck crlvh h gbegbhbth.
<>.<.<. @ks hs`likbhs ah `l jlahbl ah skjkrrk

Hbtrh `l våjtgel y `l lthbjgúb eçagjl hsphjgl`gzlal hxgsthb ubl shrgh ah hs`likbhs
quh ahihb shr gbdkrelaks, dkrelaks y hbtrhblaks plrl lshcurlr `l rlpgahz y h﬌jljgl ah
`l ljtuljgúb drhbth l hehrchbjgls.
@ks thstgcks
Hxgsthb trhs tgpks ah pksgi`hs thstgcks ah ub ljjgahbth `likrl`=

• Qhst
Qhstgck
gck kragblrgk= sgb prhplrljgúb bg dkreljgúb h gb﬉uhbjgli`h pkr `l hekjgúb y
h` pìbgjk. Bk slih quç ehbslmh ol ah trlbsegtgr y puhah k`vgalr gbjùsk shül`lr h`
ùclr ah` ljjgahbth.
• Qh
Qhstgck
stgck prgvg`hc
prgvg`hcglak=
glak= jkb ubl dkreljgúb lahjulal6 hs jlplz ah oljhr ubl vl`krl-
jgúb c`kil` ah `l sgtuljgúb, slih lvgslr ah dkrel h﬌jlz y sh elbtghbh trlbqug`k.
• Qhstgck
ahthjtlr prkdhsgkbl`=
y l`hrtlr
l`hr ol sgak
tlr (culragls, dkrelak
phrskbl` y hbtrhblak
ah shcurgala, hsphjå﬌jlehbth
vgcg`lbths plrl vgcg`lr
ah prkjhsk...). vgcg`lr,,
Bg quh ahjgr tghbh quh `l elykrål ah `ks thstgcks hb `l heprhsl skb ah` tgpk kragblrgk,
jkb `k quh `l trlbsegsgúb ah `l l`hrtl bk hstlrì bg eujok ehbks lshcurlal rhaubalbak
hb rhtrlsks gbbhjhslrgks, lsgsthbjgl gblahjulal y, hb ý`tgek hxtrhek, pçragals ouel-
bls.
H`/`l th`hdkbgstl ah `l heprhsl
Hb l`cubls heprhsls ub plsk ki`gclak plrl jkbtljtlr jkb `ks shrvgjgks hxthrbks
hs h`/`l th`hdkbgstl. Zgheprh quh hxgstl hsth hs`liúb sh `h ahihrì gbjùgr hb h` crupk ah
thstgcks prgvg`hcglaks. Ah ç`/h``l ahphbah `l trlbsegsgúb rìpgal, jkrrhjtl y h﬌jlz ah `l
sk`gjgtua ah lyual.
H`/`l skjkrrgstl
H` skjkrrgstl bk sustgtuyh hb bgbcýb jlsk l` prkdhsgkbl` ah `l ehagjgbl phrk su ljtul-
jgúb hs dubalehbtl` plrl sl`vlr ubl vgal, yl quh sg l` jhrhirk bk ``hcl kxåchbk pkr ub
pìc. <:? X.A.. 7 | H@HEHBQKZ IÌZGJKZ AH CHZQGÚB AH @L ^YHTHBJGÚB

phråkak ah tghepk suphrgkr l `ks 1 ú 8 egbutks, hs prkili`h quh sh prkauzjl `l euhrth

k l` ehbks `hsgkbhs grrhvhrsgi`hs. H` býehrk ah skjkrrgstls ahphbahrì ah `ks sgcughbths
dljtkrhs=
• H` býehrk ah trlilmlakrhs y su agstrgiujgúb hb `l hepr
heprhsl.
hsl.
• @l hstrujturl ah `l heprhsl
heprhsl (suphr﬌jgh, blvhs
blvhs,, p`lbt
p`lbtls...).
ls...).
• H` tgpk ah trlilmk( `ks rghscks hxgsthbth
hxgsthbths,
s, sgtuljgk
sgtuljgkbhs
bhs ah lg
lgs`leghbtk
s`leghbtk,, trlilmk duh
duhrl
rl
ah `l heprhsl).
• Qurbks ah trlilmk.
• @l ag
agstlbjgl
stlbjgl ah `ks shrvgjgks hxt
hxthrbks(tghepk
hrbks(tghepk rhl`).
• @ls pksg
pksgi`hs
i`hs lushbjgls pkr hhbdhrehala
bdhrehala k vljljgkbhs.
Hb tkak jlsk sh ahihrål agspkbhr hb jul`qughr ekehbtk hb `l heprhsl ah ubl phrskbl
hbjlrclal ah `l ljtuljgúb hb sgtuljgkbhs ah hehrchbjgl.
Xbl jgdrl krghbtltgvl plrl sgtuljgkbhs ah rghsck ilmk (hm. k﬌jgbls) shrål ah ub skjkrrgstl pkr
jlal 8> trlilmlakrhs
sup`hbths). pkrahihrål
Hsth býehrk turbk (jkbsgahrlbak sgheprh
jkbsgahrlrsh jkek `l bhjhsgala
eåbgek ah agspkbhr
hb h` rhstk ah skjkrrgstls
s kjkrrgstls
ah sgtuljgkbhs. L vhjhs,
hs jkbvhbghbth agspkbhr ah aks skjkrrgstls pkr crupk ah trlilmk (hm. trlilmk jkb eìqugbls k
ohrrleghbtls ph`gcrksls).
@l dkreljgúb hb skjkrrgsek `likrl` ahih crlvgtlr l`rhahakr ah `ls sgcughbths prheg-
sls=
• H` skjkrrgstl `likrl` shrì vkùbtlrgk.
• H` skjkrrgstl `likrl` ahihrì thbhr
thbhr,, laheìs ah `ks jkbkjgeghbtk
jkbkjgeghbtkss iìsgjks y ch-
bhrl`hs, ubl dkreljgúb hsphjå﬌jl hb rh`ljgúb l `ks rghscks hxgsthbths hb `l heprhsl.
• H` skjkrrgstl `likrl` ahihrì rhjgigr phrgúag
phrgúagjlehbth
jlehbth jursks ah rrhjgj`lmh.
hjgj`lmh.
@ks ktrks hs`likbhs
H` thstgck, `l th`hdkbgstl, h` skjkrrgstl= tkaks h``ks skb hs`likbhs phrthbhjghbths l `l

heprhsl.
H` phrskbl` ah `l leiu`lbjgl, h` hqugpk eçagjk ah urchbjgls, h` phrskbl` ah` okspgtl`
skb hs`likbhs hxthrgkrhs.
Hstl agdhrhbjgl ah
ah uigjljgúb bk ol ah supkbhr ubl trlil plrl ubl ljtuljgúb h﬌jlz.
Jlal ubk ah h``ks ol ah slihr qugçb vl ahspuçs y qugçb `h prhjhah, prkjurlbak quh `l
gbdkreljgúb sh trlbsegtl ah dkrel j`lrl y jkbjgsl6 dljg`gtlbak lså `ls ljtuljgkbhs pksth-
rgkrhs.
<>.<.9. ^rgbjgpgk iìsgjk ah ljtuljgúb

Zhrål jkbvhbghbth quh `ks trlilmlakrhs hstuvghrlb gbdkrelaks skirh `k quh hb prg-
ehrks luxg`gks sh ahbkegbl ^LZ=
X.A ^YHTHB JGÚB AH YGHZCKZ pìc. <:7
• ^ ah prkt
prkthchr=
hchr= lbths ah ljtulr ahiheks thbhr `l jhrthzl ah quh tlbtk h` ljjg-
ahbtlak jkek bksktrks egseks hstleks duhrl ah ph`gcrk. Hmhep`k leighbth túxgjk
túxgjk,,
ahrrueileghbtk....
• L ah lvgslr= sgheprh quh shl pksgi`h alrheks lvgsk l `ks shrvgjgks slbgtlrgks ah
`l hxgsthbjgl ah` ljjgahbth.
• Z ah skjkrrhr= ubl vhz quh oheks prkthcgak y lvgslak prkjhaheks l ljtulr skirh
h` ljjgahbtlak rhjkbkjghbak sus sgcbks vgtl`hs, sgheprh pkr hsth krahb== <½ Jkbjghbjgl
9½ Yhspgrljgúb.
<>.<.:. Elthrgl` y `kjl`hs ah prgehrks luxg`gks

Hb h` Lbhxk TG ah` YA 1?4/73, skirh ùclrhs ah trlilmk sh hstli`hjhb `ls jkbagjgkbhs
eåbgels ah `ks `kjl`hs y h` elthrgl` bhjhslrgk plrl `l prhstljgúb ah `ks prgehrks luxg-
`gks.
Ahphbaghbak ah` rghsck hxgsthbth hb `l heprhsl, ah` tlelük ah `l egsel y ah `ls
dljg`galahs ah ljjhsk l` jhbtrk ah lsgsthbjgl eìs prúxgek lså jkek ah `l dhjol ah jrhl-
jgúb ah `ks jgtlaks ùclrhs ah trlilmk, sh ahihrì prkjurlr ahsah ub iktgquåb pkrtìtg`
olstl ubl sl`l hsphjgl`.
H` Iktgquåb pkrtìtg` ahihrì jkbthbhr=
• Ahsgbdhjtlbths y lbtgsçptgjks.
• Clsls hstçrg`hs.
• L`ckaúb.
• Thbal.
• Hsplrlarlpk.
• Lpúsgtks laohsgvks.
• Qgmhrls.
• ^gbzls.
• Culbths ahshjoli`hs.
Jkbsgahrljgkbhs chbhrl`hs l `ks iktgqugbhs
• Olb ah jkbthbhr elthrgl` ah prgehrk
prgehrkss luxg`gk
luxg`gkss y blal eìs.
• H` jkbthbgak ol ah hstlr krahblak.
• Zh ol ah rhpkbhr h` elth
elthrgl`
rgl` uslak y vhrg﬌jlr `l dhjol ah jlaujgala.
• H` jkbthbgak ol ah hstlr ljkrah jkb h` bgvh` ah dkreljgúb ah` skjkrrgstl
(usulrgk)
@kjl`hs ah prgehrks luxg`gks
Hstìb ki`gclaks l agspkbhr ah ub `kjl` hsphjå﬌jk lquh``ks ùclrhs ah trlilmk utg`gzl-
pìc. <1> X.A.. 7 | H@HEHBQKZ IÌZGJKZ AH CHZQGÚB AH @L ^YHTHBJGÚB

aks pkr prgehrl vhz k quh olylb sudrgak lep`gljgkbhs k trlbsdkreljgkbhs l plrtgr ah
`l dhjol ah hbtrlal hb vgckr ah` YA 1?4/73 y quh jkbsthb ah eìs ah 8> trlilmlakrhs k
eìs ah 98 thbghbak hb juhbtl `l ph`gcrksgala y `ls ag﬌ju`tlahs ah ljjhsk l` jhbtrk ah
lsgsthbjgl eìs prúxgek, sg lså `k ahthregbl `l lutkrgala `likrl`.
Qlbtk h` elthrgl` jkek `ks `kjl`hs ahihrìb hstlr j`lrlehbth shül`gzlaks, jkbdkreh l`
lplrtlak :.8½ ah` lbhxk GGG ah` Y.A. 1?8/<773, skirh shül`gzljgúb ah shcurgala y slùa hb
h` trlilmk, jkek oheks hstuaglak hb h` jlpgtu`k ah shül`gzljgúb.
Jkbthbgak
• Iktgquåb
• Jleg``l
• Zuegbgstrk ah lcul pktli`h
<>.9. QÇJBGJLZ AH ZKJKYYGZEK

ZKJKYYGZEK HB OHYGALZ
@l jkbtusgúb hs ub jkbmubtk ah eý`tgp`hs ohrgals egjrksjúpgjls hb ub thmgak6 hs h`
thmgak y `ks vlsks slbcuåbhks y bk `l pgh` `ks quh sudrhb h` alük, prkaujgçbaksh h` tåpgjk
ekrltúb. Zh j`lsg﬌jlb hb=
Jkbtusgkbhs `hvhs= Zkb lquh``ls jkb ldhjtljgúb suphr﬌jgl` y quh sh rhjkbkjhb pkr
h` hbrkmhjgeghbtk ah `l zkbl jkbtusgkblal k pkr `l lplrgjgúb ah` ``lelak jlrahbl`, pkr
rkturl ah phquhüks vlsks slbcuåbhks.
Jkbtusgkbhs crlvhs= Zh rhjkbkjhb pkr `l lplrgjgúb ah` oheltkel k jk`hjjgúb `gqugal
ah slbcrh prkaujgal pkr `l rkturl ah vlsks slbcuåbhks ah elykr jl`girh quh h` jlpg`lr.
@ks såbtkels j`ìsgjks skb h` ak`kr gbehagltk, `l gb﬉leljgúb y h` ahsjk`krleghbtk.
Ahiheks lvgslr ah h``ks l `l ``hclal ah` phrskbl` eçagjk hsphjgl`gzlak, yl quh hb kjl-
sgkbhs puhahb shr gbagjgks ah `hsgkbhs eìs crlvhs.
Lbth ubl jkbtusgúb, ahihb lp`gjlrsh `ks sgcughbths prgehrks luxg`gks=
• Lp`gjlr jkeprhsls dråls k ik`sls ah ogh`k.

• Elbthbhr hb rhpksk `l plrth `hsgkblal.
• Hb jkbtusgkbhs crlvhs bubjl vljglr `ks ohelt
oheltkels,
kels, gbekvg`gzlr `l zkbl al-
ülal y hvljulr l` okspgtl`.
Yhjgih h` bkeirh ah ohrgal l tkal agsjkbtgbugala ah ub thmgak (chbhrlèhbth pgh`)
y ahigal l ub trlueltgsek puaghbak hstlr ldhjtlaks ktrls hstrujturls (eýsju`ks, ouh-
sks).
• Gbjgsls= Jluslals pkr jkrths `gepgks.
• Jkbtusls= Jluslals pkr ck`phs.
• ûbzlbths= Jluslals pkr kimhtks quh phbhtrlb hb `ks thmgaks. @ks rghscks quh
jkb``hvlb `ls ohrgals skb `ks sgcughbths=
Gbdhjjgkbhs= Bk lplrhjhb hb h` ekehbtk ah prkaujgrsh `l ohrgal, sg bk quh `ks cçr-

X.A ^YHTHB JGÚB AH YGHZCKZ pìc. <1<
ehbhs quh sh olb gbtrkaujgak

gbtrkaujgak hb h` krclbgsek l trlvçs ah çstl, oljhb quh `l gbdhjjgúb
sh ahslrrk``h `hbtlehbth. @l jkrrhjtl ljtuljgúb hb hstks jlsks, puhah oljhr quh sh hvgth
`l gbdhjjgúb, pkr h``k y plrl hvgtlr `l gbdhjjgúb, ahih ljtulrsh ah `l sgcughbth elbhrl=
• • Lbths ah rhl`gzlr `l jurl, `lvlrsh ighb `ls elbks jkb lcul y mliúb (hb jlsk ah
shr pksgi`h).
• ^kbhrsh culbths lbths ah prkjhahr l ``ll jurl.
• @gepglr `l ohrgal ahsah h` jhbt
jhbtrk
rk oljgl `ks ikrahs
ikrahs..
• Lp`gjlr ehaglbth ubl clsl `gepgl, lbtgsçptgjks, (h` ihtlagbh k pkvgakbl Gkalal
puhah prkaujgr rhljjgkbhs l`çrcgjls pkr `k quh `l j`krohxgagbl shrål `l ehmkr kpjgúb).
• Zg `l ohrgal sh ol prkaujgak ehaglbth kimht
kimhtks
ks kxgalaks
kxgalaks,, jkeubgjlr`k l` eçagjk
jkb h` ﬌b ah quh sh laegbgstrh l` ohrgak `l vljubl lbtgthtìbgjl.
• Hb bgbcýb jlsk ahih ah ourclrsh hb `ls ohrgals6 sg sh prhshbtlb hb h``l
juhrpks hxtrlüks, su hxtrljjgúb ahih rhl`gzlrsh pkr phrskbl` slbgtlrgk.
\uh bk oly quh oljhr lbth ubl ohrgal=
• Xtg`gzlr l`ckaúb.
• \ugtlr juhrpks hxtrlüks.
• Elbgpu`lr `l ohrgal.
• Xtg`gzlr lbtgsçptgjks ah jk`kr vgk`htl.
• Xtg`gzlr pk`vks, jrhels,....
<>.9.<. Ohrgals ah hsphjgl` crlvhala

Ohrgals hb h` liakehb= Hs lquh``l quh jkeubgjl h` gbthrgkr ah` liakehb jkb h` hx-
thrgkr sghbak `ls jkep`gjljgkbhs eìs crlvhs hb hsth tgpk ah ohrgals `ls `hsgkbhs vgtl`hs,
`ls ohekrrlcgls gbthrbls y hxthrbls y `l gbdhjjgúb ah` phrgtkbhk.
Hb h``ls, sh ljtulrì ah` sgcughbth ekak=
• Bk hxtrlhr bgbcýb kimhtk j`lvlak.
• Bk rhgbtrkaujgr `ls våsjhrls.
• Bk alr blal pkr vål krl`.
• Qlpkblr `l ohrgal jkb ub trkzk c
crlbah
rlbah ah th`l `gepgl ouehahjgal hb suhrk ﬌sg
﬌sgk-
k-
`úcgjk prhdhrhbthehbt
prhdhrhbthehbth.
h.
• Lirgclr l` ohrgak.
• Qrls`lak l` ohrgak hb pksgjgúb ahjýigtk supgbk (ikjl lrrgil) jkb `ls pghrbls
﬉hxgkblals.
Ohrgals hb h` túrlx= Hsth tgpk ah ohrgals puhah prkaujgr h` jk`lpsk puèkblr ahigak
l `l hbtrlal ah lgrh leighbth l `l jlvgala tkrìjgjl jkb `l gbspgrljgúb.
pìc. <19 X.A.. 7 | H@HEHBQKZ IÌZGJKZ AH CHZQGÚB AH @L ^YHTHBJGÚB

Zh rhl`gzlrìb `ks prgehrks luxg`gks ah `l sgcughbth elbhrl=

• Bk hxtrlhr bgbcýb kimhtk j`lvlak.
• Qlplr `l ohrgal rìpgalehbth jkb l`cýb elthrgl`
elthrgl` quh bk trlbspgrh l ﬌b ah hvgtlr
h` jk`lpsk puèkblr.
• Qrls`lalr`k `k lbths pksgi`h l ub jhbtrk okspgtl`lrgk hb pksgjgúb ah
sheggbjkrpkrlak y `lahlak oljgl h` puèúb `hsgkblak.
Ohrgals hb `ks kmks= Zh prkjhahrì jkek sgcuh=
• Jk`kjlr skirh h` kmk ohrgak ubl jke
jkeprhsl
prhsl hst
hsthrg`gzlal.
hrg`gzlal.
• Juirgr `l jkeprhsl jkb ub vhbalmh, ttlplbak
lplbak `ks aks kmks
kmks..
• Qrls`lalr`k `k lbths pksgi`h l ub kdtlèú`k
kdtlèú`kck.
ck.
<>.:. QÇJBGJLZ AH ZKJKYYGZEK

ZKJKYYGZEK HB OHEKYYLCGLZ
Ahbkegbleks ohekrrlcgl l jul`qughr sl`gal ah slbcrh ah sus jlujhs oligtul`hs
(`ks vlsks slbcuåbhks). Hxgsthb aks tgpks ah j`lsg﬌jljgkbhs, ubl lthbaghbak l` tgpk ah
vlsk quh sh ol rktk, sghbak çstl lrthrgl`, vhbksl k jlpg`lr y ktrl lthbaghbak l` ahstgbk
﬌bl` ah `l slbcrh, k agjok ah ktrl dkrel= »l aúbah vl l plrlr `l slbcrh quh sh pghrah;.
Lthbaghbak l hsth ý`tgek jrgthrgk, `ls ohekrrlcgls puhahb shr= hxthrbls, gbthrbls y
hxthrgkrgzlals.
H` kimhtgvk ah` skjkrrgstl hs hvgtlr `l pçragal ah slbcrh ah` ljjgahbtlak, sgheprh
quh h``k shl pksgi`h. Hxgsthb jlsks hb quh sghbak gepksgi`h jkbtrk`lr `l ohekrrlcgl,
`l ljtuljgúb jkbsgstgrì hb hvgtlr h` hephkrleghbtk ah` hstlak ah slùa ah` `hsgkblak,
jkbjrhtlehbth lbth `ls ohekrrlcgls gbthrbls y hxthrgkrgzlals.
<>.:.<. Ohekrrlcgls hxthrgkrgzlals

hxthrgkrgzlals
Zkb lquh``ls ohekrrlcgls quh sghbak gbthrbls sl`hb l` hxthrgkr l trlvçs ah ub krg﬌jgk
blturl` ah` juhrpk= kåak, blrgz, y ikjl.
Ohekrrlcgl ah kåak
@ls ohekrrlcgls quh sl`hb pkr h` kåak sh ``lelb ktkrrlcgls. Julbak `l pçragal ah
slbcrh hs liubalbth y prhvglehbth ol hxgstgak ub trlueltgsek (ck`ph) hb `l jlihzl, h`
krgchb ah `l ohekrrlcgl suh`h shr `l drljturl ah `l ilsh ah` jrìbhk.
Hb hsth jlsk `l ljtuljgúb ah` skjkrrgstl vl hbjlegblal l dljg`gtlr `l sl`gal ah slbcrh
ah `l jlvgala jrlbhl`, puhs ah `k jkbtrlrgk, `l elsl hbjhdì`gjl shrål ahsp`lzlal k jke-
prgegal pkr `l gbvlsgúb slbcuåbhl, puaghbak kjlsgkblr `hsgkbhs grrhvhrsgi`hs hb h` jhrh-
irk. ^lrl dljg`gtlr `l sl`gal ah slbcrh, sh ahih jk`kjlr l` ljjgahbtlak hb ^ksgjgúb @lthrl`
ah Zhcurgala, jkb h` kåak quh slbcrl agrgcgak oljgl h` suh`k y sgheprh quh sh akegbhb
`ls tçjbgjls ah ekvg`gzljgúb ah trlueìtgjks, jlsk jkbtrlrgk hs ehmkr bk tkjlr`k. Jkbtrk`
ah sgcbks vgtl`hs y hvljuljgúb urchbth oljgl ub Jhbtrk slbgtlrgk.
Ohekrrlcgls ah blrgz
@ls ohekrrlcgls quh sl`hb pkr `l blrgz sh ahbkegblb hpgstlxgs. H` krgchb ah hstls

X.A ^YHTHB JGÚB AH YGHZCKZ pìc. <1:
ohekrrlcgls hs agvhrsk, puhahb shr prkaujgals pkr ub ck`ph, pkr ub ahsclsth ah `l

eujksl blsl` k jkek jkbshjuhbjgl ah ubl pltk`kcål hb `l quh `l ohekrrlcgl shrål ub
sgcbk, jkek pkr hmhep`k hb h` jlsk ah `l ogphrthbsgúb lrthrgl`.
Hs jghrtk quh eujols phrskbls jkbsgahrlb `l hpgstlxgs jkek ub sujhsk bkrel`, hxp`g-
jljgúb quh h` skjkrrgstl bk ahih ljhptlr, puhs h` shr ouelbk bk hstì jkbstgtugak plrl
slbcrlr ah dkrel oligtul` y «bkrel`¶.
^lrl ahthbhr `l ohekrrlcgl, sh ahih hdhjtulr ubl prhsgúb agrhjtl skirh `l vhbtlbl
blsl` slbcrlbth y jkbtrl h` tligquh blsl`, prhsgúb quh sh elbthbarì aurlbth 8 egbutks
(ah rh`km). @l jlihzl ahih gbj`gblrsh oljgl lah`lbth, plrl hvgtlr `l pksgi`h gbspgrljgúb ah
jkìcu`ks. ^lslaks `ks 8 egbutks, sh l`gvglrì `l prhsgúb, jkb h``k jkeprkilrheks sg `l oh-
ekrrlcgl ol jhslak. Hb jlsk jkbtrlrgk sh gbtrkaujgrì ubl clsl ekmlal hb lcul kxgchbl-
al pkr `l dksl blsl` slbcrlbth (tlpkbleghbtk lbthrgkr). Zg `l ohekrrlcgl bk sh ahtghbh
sh ahih hvljulr l ub Jhbtrk slbgtlrgk jkb urchbjgl.
Ohekrrlcgls ah `l ikjl
Julbak `l ohekrrlcgl sh prhshbtl hb dkrel ah vúegtk, puhah thbhr su krgchb hb

h` puèúb (ohekptgsgs) k hb h` hstúelck (ohelthehsgs). Hs gepkrtlbth agstgbcugr su
krgchb plrl h``k oly quh thbhr hb juhbtl h` sgcughbth julark=
ûèúb= Tkegtk prhjhagak ah tks jkb slbcrh `gepgl ah k`kr l kxgak puhah thbhr
lsphjtk hspueksk.
Ljtuljgúb=
Jkbtrk` ah sgcbks vgtl`hs Aghtl liskùtl.
Hvljuljgúb hb pksgjgúb `lthrl`
`lthrl` ah shcurgala k shegshbtlak
shegshbtlak..
Hstúelck= Tkegtk prhjhagak pkr blushls jkb rhstks ah l`gehbtk, el`k`ghbth y puh-
ah ljkeplülr ah gbjkbsjghbjgl.
Ljtuljgúb=
Jkbtrk` ah sgcbks vgtl`hs Aghtl liskùtl.
Hvljulr ikjl lrrgil jkb `ls pghrbls ﬉hxgkblals.
<>.:.9. Ohekrrlcgls hxthrbls

Zkb lquh``ls hb `ls quh `l slbcrh sl`h l` hxthrgkr l trlvçs ah ubl ohrgal. @ls ohek-
rrlcgls eìs gepkrtlbths sh prkaujgrìb hb `ls hxtrhegalahs, yl quh skb `ls plrths ah`
juhrpk eìs hxpuhstls l trlueltgseks ah tgpk `likrl` y hs pkr akbah plslb `ls lrthrgls
ah dkrel eìs suphr﬌jgl`.
@ks eçtkaks quh l jkbtgbuljgúb sh hxp`gjlb, sgrvhb plrl jkrtlr jul`qughr tgpk ah
ohekrrlcgl (lrthrgl` k vhbksl), lp`gjlbak jghrtl `úcgjl shcýb h` eçtkak, `l dkrel y h`
ùclr hb akbah sh prkaujh.
L ﬌b ah jkbtrk`lr y ahthbhr `l ohekrrlcgl, utg`gzlrheks sgheprh `l jkeprhsgúb agrhj-
tl y kpjgkblèhbth sh puhah rhl`gzlr ub vhbalmh jkeprhsgvk.
Jkeprhsgúb agrhjtl=

Jkbsgsth hb hdhjtulr ubl prhsgúb hb h` pubtk ah slbcrlak.

^lrl h``k utg`gzlrheks ub lpúsgtk (clsls, plüuh`k...) `k eìs `gepgk pksgi`h (Zh rhjk-
eghbal sgheprh `l utg`gzljgúb ah culbths). Hdhjtulr `l prhsgúb aurlbth ub tghepk eåbg-
ek ah <> egbutks (ah rh`km), Qrlbsjurrgak hsh tghepk, sh l`gvglrì `l prhsgúb, phrk BXBJL
sh qugtlrì h` lpúsgtk. ^kaheks luehbtlr `l prhsgúb ehaglbth ub vhbalmh jkeprhsgvk
kpjgkblèhbth. Hb jlsk ah çxgtk sh prkjhahrì l vhbalr `l ohrgal y sh trls`lalrì l` Oks-
pgtl`.
Hsth eçtkak bk sh puhah utg`gzlr hb h` jlsk ah quh `l ohekrrlcgl `l prkauzjl ubl
drljturl lighrtl ah ub ouhsk k hxgstlb juhrpks hbj`lvlaks.
@l h`hvljgúb ah` egheirk ldhjtlak pkr hbjgel ah` bgvh` ah jkrlzúb y `l jkeprhsgúb
ah `l lrthrgl prgbjgpl`, skb ehagals quh ljtulèhbth bk sh rhjkeghbalb, yl quh bk sh
kitghbhb su﬌jghbths ihbh﬌jgks hb jkbtrl ah `ls hdhjtks bhcltgvks quh puhahb prkvk-
jlr.
L` gcul`, h` tkrbgquhth hstl tktlèhbth jkbtrlgbagjlak plrl h` phrskbl` bk slbgtlrgk,
hb jlsks hxtrheks hs bhjhslrgk thbhr `l gbagjljgúb eçagjl y shcugr `ls plutls quh çsth
bks vlyl agrgcghbak.
<>.:.:. Ohekrrlcgls gbthrbls

Zkb lquh``ls quh sh prkaujhb hb h` gbthrgkr ah` krclbgsek, sgb sl`gr l` hxthrgkr, pkr
`k tlbtk bk sh vh, phrk så quh sh puhah ahthjtlr pkrquh h` pljghbth prhshbtl sgcbks y
såbtkels ah sokjf (l` gcul` quh h` rhstk ah ohekrrlcgls).
QG^KZ AH ZOKJF
Ah﬌bgrheks l` sokjf jkek h` jkbmubtk ah sgcbks y såbtkels jkbshjuhbths l `l dl`tl
k agsegbujgúb ah` lpkrth slbcuåbhk l `ks thmgaks, ahigak l `l pçragal ah vkùehb slb-
cuåbhk k l` luehbtk ah `l jlpljgala ah `ks vlsks.
Hstk gep`gjl `l dl`tl ah kxgchbljgúb ah `ks thmgaks, pkr `k quh sg bk sh ljtýl jkb rlpg-
ahz puhah ahrgvlr hb `l euhrth ah` ljjgahbtlak.
Zokjf ogpkvk`çegjk
Hs h` prkaujgak pkr `l pçragal ah vkùehb slbcuåbhk (pçragal ah `åqugak) y sh
krgcgbl l jlusl ah ohekrrlcgls, quhelaurls (`hsgkbhs pkr jl`kr) k pkr ahsogarltljgúb
(vúegtks y aglrrhls).
Zokjf bkrekvk`çegjk
^rkaujgak pkr ubl ahthbjgúb ah `l jgrju`ljgúb slbcuåbhl k ighb pkr ub luehbtk ah

`l jlpljgala ah `ks vlsks slbcuåbhks, `k quh krgcgbl ubl pçragal k agsegbujgúb ah `l
prhsgúb bhjhslrgl plrl quh `l slbcrh ``hcuh l kxgchblr l `ks thmgaks. ûhah shr ah vlrgks
tgpks=
• Zokjf sç
sçptgjk,
ptgjk, prkaujgak pkr gbdhjjgúb (hm. ohrgals)6
• Zokjf lbl﬌`ìjtgjk
lbl﬌`ìjtgjk,, pr
prkaujgak
kaujgak pkr l`hrc
l`hrcgls
gls (hm. gbtkxgjljgkbhs, pgjlaurls...)6
• Zokjf bhurkcçbgjk
bhurkcçbgjk,, prkaujgak pkr h` ak`kr (tr
(trlueltgseks
lueltgseks hb chbhrl`
chbhrl`).).

X.A ^YHTHB JGÚB AH YGHZCKZ pìc. <18
Hstk gep`gjl quh jul`qughr `hsgúb, sg bk sh trltl jkbvhbghbthehbth, puhah ahrgvlr hb

ub hstlak ah sokjf pkr plrth ah` ljjgahbtlak. Zokjf jlrljthrgzlak pkr `ks sgcughbths
sgcbks y såbtkels=
• L`thrljgúb ah `l jkbjghbjgl (bk pçragal).
• Hstlak lbsgksk, bhrvgksk.
• û`sk rìpgak y açig`, l hx
hxjhpjgúb
jhpjgúb ah` sokjf ehau`lr
ehau`lr..
• Yhspgrljgúb rìpgal y suphr﬌jgl`.
• ^l`gahz ah eujksls.
• Zuakrljgúb drål y phclmksl, chbhrlèhbth hb elbks, pghs, jlrl y phjok.
Ljtuljgúb hb jlsk ah sokjf
@l ljtuljgúb ahih gr hbjlegblal l trltlr hb prgehr ùclr `l jlusl quh ol prkaujgak
h` sokjf, hvgahbthehbth sgheprh quh h``k shl pksgi`h, puhs oly jlusls quh bk pkarì
trltlr h` skjkrrgstl, jkek pkr hmhep`k `ls ohekrrlcgls gbthrbls.
Bk kistlbth, sgheprh ahih ljtulr ah `l sgcughbth dkrel=
• Jkbtrk` ah sgcbks vgtl`hs.
• Qrltlr `ls `hsgkbhs (sg hs pksgi`h).
• L﬉kmlr tkak lquh``k quh jkeprgel l` ljjgahbtlak, l ﬌b ah dljg`gtlr `l jgr-
ju`ljgúb slbcuåbhl.
• Qrlbqug`gzlr l` ohrgak.
• Hvgtlr `l pçragal ah jl`kr jkrpkrl`. Qlplr`k
Qlplr`k..
• Jk`kjlr l` ljjgahbtlak hstgrlak jkb `l jlihzl eìs ilml quh `ks pghs (pksgjgúb
ah trhbah`hbiurc) y sgheprh quh sus `hsgkbhs `k phregtlb.
• Hvljulr`k urchbthehbth, jkbtrk`lbak sgheprh `ks sgcbks
sgcbks vgtl`hs, yl quh `l tthb-
hb-
ahbjgl ah` sokjf sgheprh hs l hephkrlr.

ZKJKYYGZEK HB \XHELAXYLZ
Xbl quhelaurl hs `l ahstrujjgúb ah thmgaks krcìbgjks pkr `l ljjgúb ah` jl`kr k ah
prkaujtks jkrrksgvks.
<>.1.<.J`lsgjljgúb
<>.1.<. J`lsgjljgúb ah `ls quhelaurls
Ahphbaghbak ah` l`jlbjh ah `ls `hsgkbhs, sh j`lsg﬌jlb hb=
• \uhelaurls ah prgehr crlak= Zh prkaujh ub hbrkmhjgeghbtk ah `l pgh`
ljkeplülak ah ubl `gchrl gb﬉leljgúb.
• \uhelaurls ah shcubak crlak= Zh `hsgkbl `l plrth gbthrbl ah `l pgh` lpl-
rhjghbak lepk``ls.

• \uhelaurls ah thrjhr crlak= @hsgkblb tktlèhbt

tktlèhbthh `l pgh`, ``hclbak çstl l
jl`jgblrsh, y puaghbak ``hclr l ahstrugr eýsju`ks, bhrvgks y vlsks slbcuåbhks.
<>.1.9. \uç oljhr lbth ubl quhelaurl

@l lsgsthbjgl gbehagltl ah` quhelak hs euy sgeg`lr l `l ah jul`qughr ljjgahbtlak
jkb `l phju`glrgala ah quh `k prgehrk quh sh ahih oljhr, sgb k`vgalr buhstrl prkpgl
shcurgala, hs plrlr h` prkjhsk ah `l quhelaurl6 hs ahjgr, h`gegblr `l jlusl.
• Hvljulr l` gbagvgauk ah` dkjk ttçregjk,
çregjk, lplclr `ls ``lels, rhtgrlr h` prkaujtk quåeg-
jk ah` jkbtljtk jkb `l pgh`,… tkak h``k plrl agsegbugr `l lcrhsgúb
l crhsgúb tçregjl.
• Yhl`gzlr ubl hvlùljgúb ggbgjgl`
bgjgl` y elbthbhr ``ks
ks sgcbks vgtl`hs. @l hxgst
hxgsthbjgl
hbjgl ah q
quh-
uh-
elaurls gbol`ltkrgls k ah gbtkxgjljgúb pkr gbol`ljgúb ah clshs jkek h` Ekbúxgak ah
jlrikbk k prkaujtks ah ahcrlaljgúb aurlbth ub gbjhbagk ahih ahthjtlrsh `k lbths
pksgi`h.
• Iusjlr ktrls pksgi`hs `hsgkbhs jkek ohekrrlcgls, sokjf, drljturls. Zh trltlrì sghe
sghe--
prh prgehrk `l `hsgúb eìs crlvh.
`l•suphr﬌jgh
Yhdrhsjlrquhelal
`l zzkbl
kbl quhelal= Lp`gjlrl`LCX
hvgtlbak hbdrglr LCXLL hb liubalbjgl
pljghbth (9>-:> egbutks) skirh
(rghsck ah ogpkthregl).
• Hbvk`vhr `l `hsgúb jkb clsls k plüks `gepgks, ouehahjgaks hb lcul. H` vhbalmh
ol ah shr ﬉kmk.
• Hvljulr l ub jhbtr
jhbtrk
k okspgtl`lrg
okspgtl`lrgk
k hb pk
pksgjgúb
sgjgúb `lt
`lthrl`,
hrl`, plrl hvgtlr `ls jkbshjuhbjgls
ah ub vúegtk (lokck).
• Zh olb ah vgc
vgcg`lr
g`lr ah dkrel phrgúagjl `ks sgc
sgcbks
bks vgtl`
vgtl`hs.
hs.
<>.1.:.\uç
<>.1.:. \uç bk oljhr lbth ubl quhelaurl
• Lp`gjlr pkelals, jrhels, plstl ahbtådrgjl,… skirh `l quhelaurl. Zú`k lcul.
• Hbdrglr ahelsglak l` pljghbth, sú`k `l zkbl quhelal.
• Alr lcul, l`jkok`, lbl`cçsgjks... pkr vål krl`.
• Ykephr `ls le
lepk``ls,
pk``ls, puhs h` `åqugak quh jkbtghbhb prkthch ah `l pksgi`h gbdhj-
jgúb. L` rkephr`ls lirgråleks ubl puhrtl plrl `l hbtrlal ah cçrehbhs.
• Ahsphclr `l rk
rkpl
pl k jul`qughr ktrk h`hehbt
h`hehbtk
k quh hhstç
stç phclak l `l pgh`
pgh`..
• Ahmlr sk`l l `l våjtgel. Hb jlsk ah thbhr quh gr l phagr lyual, `l ``hvlrheks jkb
bksktrks, sgheprh quh sus `hsgkbhs `k phregtlb.
• Ahekrlr h` trlbspkrth. Hb h` ùclr ah` ljjgahbth bk pkaheks hstlig`gzlr j`åbgjl-
ehbth l `l våjtgel y `l pksgig`gala ah quh hbtrh hb sokjf luehbtl julbtk elykr hs
`l hxthbsgúb ah `l suphr﬌jgh quhelal.
<>.8. QÇJBGJLZ AH ZKJKYYGZEK HB DYLJQXYLZ,

DYLJQXYLZ, @X_LJGKBHZ
@X_LJGKBHZ W HHZ-
Z-
CXGBJHZ
<>.8.<. @uxljgkbh
@uxljgkbhss
Yhjgih h` bkeirh ah ags`kjljgúb k ùxljgúb `l sl`gal ah ub ouhsk ah su l`kmleghbtk
lrtgju`lr6 sg `l shplrljgúb bk hs jkep`htl, rhjgih h` bkeirh ah suiùxljgúb. @l sgbtkel-
tk`kcål prkpgl ah ubl ùxljgúb sh euhstrl pkr `l ahdkregala ksthbsgi`h ah `l lrtgju`l-
jgúb y ekvg`gala agsegbugal ah` egheirk, ljkeplülak ah ak`kr lcuak.
Hb hstks jlsks, bk sh ahih gbthbtlr rhaujgr `l ags`kjljgúb, sgbk quh sh `gegtlrì l prlj-
tgjlr ubl gbekvg`gzljgúb hb `l pksgjgúb hb quh sh hbjuhbtrhb `ks ouhsks y trls`lalr l`
ohrgak l ub jhbtrk lsgsthbjgl`.
<>.8.9.. Drljturls
<>.8.9 Drljturls
@ls drljturls skb `ls rkturls ah ouhsk, puaghbak j`lsg﬌jlrsh hb=
• Jhrrlals= @l pgh` quh rhjuirh `l zkbl bk sudrh alük l`cubk.
• Lighrtls= H` ouhsk sl`h l` hxt
hxthrgkr
hrgkr ltrlv
ltrlvhslbak
hslbak th
thmgaks
mgaks y pgh`.
• Jkep`htls= Zh prkaujh ubl rk
rkturl
turl ttktl`
ktl` ah` ouhsk
ouhsk..
• Gbjkep`htls= Bk sh prkaujh ubl rkturl tktl`, ub hmhep`k hs ubl ﬌surl.
• Eý`tgp`hs= H` ouhsk sh rkeph pkr vvlrgls
lrgls plrths.
• ^k`gdrljturls= Hxgsthb vlrgks ouhsks rktks.
• Jkbegbutl= J
Julbak
ulbak h` ouhsk sh drlcehbtl hhb
b buehrksls hsqugr`ls.
@ks såbtkels quh lplrhjhb skb=
• Ak`kr hb h` ekehbtk ah prkaujgrsh `l drljturl y quh sh ljhbtýl jkb h` ekvgeghb-
tk k `l elbgpu`ljgúb.
• Quehdljjgúb hb tkal `l zkbl eusju`lr quh rkahl l `l drljturl.
• Ahdkregala ahigal l `l ahsvgljgúb úshl.
• Gbjlpljgala plrl ekvhr `l hxtrhegala ldhjtlal.
Hb jlsk ah drljturl, sh `gegtlrì l gbekvg`gzlr `l zkbl drljturlal sgb ekag﬌jlr `l pkstu-
rl quh prhshbthb `ks ouhsks. Zh gephagrì l` `hsgkblak quh rhl`gjh bgbcýb tgpk ah ekvg-
eghbtk jkb `l hxtrhegala ldhjtlal. Julbak `l drljturl shl lighrtl, lbths ah prkjhahr l
`l gbekvg`gzljgúb ah` ouhsk, sh juirgrì `l ohrgal jkb clsls.
Chbhrlèhbth, bk sh agspkbh ah elthrgl` plrl rhl`gzlr `l gbekvg`gzljgúb, jkb `k quh
ahihrì utg`gzlr elthrgl` ‐geprkvgslak
‐geprkvgslak――, lthbaghbak l `ls sgcughbths bkrels=
• Hep`hlr skpkrths råcgaks (pl`ks, tli`g``ls, htj.).
pìc. <1? X.A.. 7 | H@HEHBQKZ IÌZGJKZ AH CHZQGÚB AH @L ^YHTHBJGÚB
• Hvgtlr quh sh prkauzjl jkbtljtk agrhjtk hbtrh h` skpkrth y `l pgh` ah `l våjtgel,

plrl hvgtlr jkb h``k pksgi`hs rkzlaurls, lp`gjlbak l tl` hdhjtk vhbals, l`ckaúb, htj.
hbtrh `l pgh` y h` lrelzúb.
• Gbekvg`gzlr sgheprh ah
ahsah
sah `l lrtgju`ljgú
lrtgju`ljgúb
b gbdhrgkr l` dkjk a
ahh `l drljturl ols
olstl
tl `l
lrtgju`ljgúb suphrgkr.
• Dgmlr `ks sk
skpkrths
pkrths råcgaks jkb ltlaurls (plüuh`ks, vvhbals,
hbals, ht
htj.).
j.).
• Dgmlr `l hxtrhe
hxtrhegala
gala (ehag
(ehaglbth
lbth plüuh`
plüuh`ks,
ks, vhbals
vhbals,, jkriltls, htj.) plrl lshcurlr quh
bk sh vl l ekvhr aurlbth h` trls`lak.
• Oly quh thbhr hb juhbtl quh rhl`gzlr gbek
gbekvg`gzljgkbhs
vg`gzljgkbhs hs ub prkjhsk `likrgksk quh
puhah ``hvlr ilstlbth tghepk, pkr `k quh oly quh vl`krlr shcýb `k quh puhah tlralr
`ks shrvgjgks ah hehrchbjgl, sg hs ehmkr, hsphrlr l su ``hclal, sgheprh phbaghbths ah
quh `l våjtgel bk sh euhvl.
• @k quh sg hs rrìpgak
ìpgak y dìjg` ah jk`kjlr
jk`kjlr,, hb jlsk ah `hsgkbhs hb egheirks suphrgkrhs
hs h` jlihstrg``k, quh sh puhah geprkvgslr ehaglbth `l utg`gzljgúb ah plüks hb dkrel
ah pgjk.
<>.8.:. Hscugbjhs
H` hscugbjh sh prkaujh pkr `l agsthbsgúb k rkturl ah `ks `gclehbtks quh ﬌mlb `ks ouh-
sks ah ubl lrtgju`ljgúb, ahigak l ub ekvgeghbtk dkrzlak.
@ks såbtkels ah ub hscugbjh skb= ak`kr hb elykr k ehbkr crlak, quh sh ljhbtýl
ahspuçs ah ub tghepk ah rhpksk6 lekrltleghbtk ahigak l` jýeu`k ah slbcrh pkr rktu-
rl ah vlsks6 gb﬉leljgúb y ag﬌ju`tla plrl ekvhr `l lrtgju`ljgúb ldhjtlal.
Hb h` ekehbtk ah aglcbkstgjlr h` hscugbjh, sh lp`gjlrì skirh `l zkbl `hsgkblal ubl
ik`sl ah ogh`k k jkeprhsls ah lcul drål6 sh pkbarì `l hxtrhegala hb pksgjgúb h`hvlal
skirh h` p`lbk ah` juhrpk6 sh elbthbarì hb rhpksk h` egheirk ldhjtlak y sh `h rhjk-
ehbalrì `l vgsgtl l ub trlueltú`kck.
<>.4. ^ÇYAGALZ AH JKBKJGEGHBQK

JKBKJGEGHB QK
L. Ahselyk k `gpktgegl= Hs h` tåpgjk elrhk, juyks såbtkels skb `ks vçrtgcks,
bìushls y pl`gahz dljgl`6 h` pu`sk y `l rhspgrljgúb sh ahig`gtlb. Hb hstks jlsks ahih ah
tueilrsh l `l våjtgel jk`kjìbak`h `l jlihzl `k eìs ilmk pksgi`h6 sh `h ahslirkjolrì
`l rkpl quh `h kprgel y sh `h alrì lgrh drhsjk.
I. Jkel= Hs ubl pçragal ah jkbkjgeghbtk crlvh, yl quh `ls dubjgkbhs psåqugjls
sh suprgehb quhalbak ýbgjlehbth `l rhspgrljgúb y jgrju`ljgúb. Hb hstks jlsks `ks
skjkrrgstls bk puhahb oljhr blal,
bl al, ahihb shr trls`lalaks urchbthehbth l ub jhbtrk
okspgtl`lrgk.
J. Zåbjkph= Hs `l pçragal irusjl ah jkbkjgeghbtk, chbhrlèhbth prkaujgal pkr
ubl ahsjlrcl h`çjtrgjl. Julbak sh plrl`gzl l` egsek tghepk `l rhspgrljgúb, rhjgih h`
bkeirh ah såbjkph rhspgrltkrgk, y sg hs h` jkrlzúb qughb sh plrl`gzl, såbjkph jlraåljk.
Zg h` rkstrk hstì jkbchstgkblak k euy pì`gak y sg sh skirhplslb `ls <9> pu`sljgkbhs
k bk sh ``hcl l `ls 18, `ks såbtkels skb ah crlvhala, jkb `k quh sh jk`kjlrì `l jlihzl

ah `l våjtgel ilml (hb jlsk ah quh hstç pì`gak) k hb l`tk (hb jlsk ah jkbchstgúb), sh `h
elbthbarì jkb iuhbl thephrlturl y sh `h ahslirkjolrì `l rkpl, y pkr supuhstk, shrì
trls`lalak urchbthehbth l ub jhbtrk okspgtl`lrgk.

ZKJKYYGZEK LBQH @HZGKBHZ
@HZGKBHZ ^YKAXJGALZ
^YKAXJGALZ ^KY H@
JL@KY
L. Gbsk`ljgúb= Zh prkaujh pkr `l prk`kbclal hxpksgjgúb agrhjtl l `ks rlyks sk`lrhs.
@ks såbtkels skb ak`krhs ah jlihzl, blushls y vúegtks, pgh` shjl y sgb suakr, y rkstrk
jkbchstgkblak. Lbth ubl gbsk`ljgúb sh ahih jk`kjlr l `l våjtgel hb ub ùclr drhsjk,
l﬉kmlr`h `l rkpl y tueilr`h jkb `l jlihzl h`hvlal, sh lp`gjlrìb jkeprhsls ah lcul drål
y sh `h ``hvlrì lbth ub eçagjk. @ls gbsk`ljgkbhs suh`hb lplrhjhb hb jlsk ah gbjhbagks
dkrhstl`hs, k phrskbls quh sh quhalb akregals hb `l p`lyl.
I. Lcktleghbtk= Hs ub jk`lpsk dåsgjk prkaujgak pkr h` hdhjtk ah` sk` k ah ktrl
duhbth ah jl`kr6 l` gcul` quh `l gbsk`ljgúb, suh`h prhshbtlrsh hb `ks gbjhbagks dkrhstl-
`hs, sghbak sus såbtkels `ks sgcughbths= jlbslbjgk lbkrel`, duhrths suakrhs, vúegtks
y hsjl`kdråks. Hb hstks jlsks, ahih ljkstlrsh l `l våjtgel jkb `l jlihzl ilml, juirgr`h
h` juhrpk y lp`gjlr`h jkeprhsls jl`ghbths y elbthbhr`k hb rhpksk olstl quh shl hxl-
egblak pkr ub eçagjk.
J. Ck`ph ah jl`kr= Hs `l l`thrljgúb eìs crlvh ah `l rhcu`ljgúb tçregjl. Zh prkau-
jh julbak h` ehjlbgsek ah threkrrhcu`ljgúb ah` krclbgsek bk hs h﬌jlz, hs drhjuhbth
hb phrskbls elykrhs hb `l çpkjl hstgvl`, yl quh su sgsthel ah threkrrhcu`ljgúb puhah
hstlr hbvhmhjgak6 tleigçb sh puhah prkaujgr hb bgüks phquhüks pkr gbelaurhz.
Julbak hxgsthb l`tls thephrlturls ubgals l ub l`tk crlak ah ouehala, hb phrskbls
jkb hstls ah﬌jghbjgls, `l suakrljgúb bk hs hdhjtgvl (bk hbdrål l` krclbgsek), pkr `k quh
suih `l thephrlturl jkrpkrl`.
@ls agdhrhbjgls hbtrh Gbsk`ljgúb y Ck`ph ah Jl`kr hs h` ehjlbgsek ah prkaujjgúb6 hb
h` jlsk ah `l gbsk`ljgúb sh ahih l ubl hxpksgjgúb prk`kbclal l `ks rlyks ah` sk` y hb h`
ck`ph ah jl`kr l l`tls thephrlturls jkb l`tl ouehala, y `l suakrljgúb hs gbhdhjtgvl k
bu`l hb çsth ý`tgek.
Zåbtkels=
• Ak`kr ah jlihzl, elrhks, bìushls.
• Zuakrljgúb bu`l, k gbhdhjtgvl.
• Ahsah trlstkrbks l pçragal ah jkbjghbjgl.
• Yhspgrljgúb ljh`hrlal, pu`sk suphrgkr l <1> ppe.
• Qh
Qhbsgúb
bsgúb lrthrgl` h`hvlal l` prgbjgpgk (lep`gl shplrljgúb hbtrh `l eìxgel y `l eå-
bgel), eìs lah`lbth såbtkels ah sokjf (pkr ahsogarltljgúb).
• ^gh`= l` prgbjgpgk rkml, shjl, jl`ghbth, eìs lah`lbt
lah`lbthh crgsìjhl, jglbútgjl.
• Dghirh gbjùsk suphrgkr l 1> ½J.
• Jkbvu`sgkbhs.
pìc. <8> X.A.. 7 | H@HEHBQKZ IÌZGJKZ AH CHZQGÚB AH @L ^YHTHBJGÚB

Zg sh kishrvl l`cubk ah hstks såbtkels, puhah trltlrsh ah ubl hehrchbjgl ekrtl`.

Zk`gjgtlr quh l`cughb pgal lyual eçagjl gbehagltl eghbtrls sh hepghzl l hbdrglr l `l
våjtgel.
• @`hvh l `l våjtgel l ubl zkbl ah skeirl y vhbtg`lal.

• L﬉úmh`h `ls rkpls.
• ^kbcl l `l våjtgel hb pksgjgúb shegshbtlak plrl quh rhspgrh e
ehmkr.
hmkr.
• Hbdråh l `l våjtgel rìpgalehbth utg`gzlbak jkeprhsls k plüks oýehaks hb drhbt
drhbth,
h,
y túrlx, jleigìbak`k l ehbuak, yl quh liskrihb rìpgalehbth h` jl`kr jkrpkrl`.
• Hb h` jlsk ah quh `l phrskbl hstç tktlèhbt
tktlèhbthh jkbsjghbt
jkbsjghbth,
h, alr`h ihigals dråls (phrk
bk jkbch`lals), pkjk l pkjk (hs gahl` l`cubl ihigal jkb egbhrl`hs, sg ol sualak
eujok). Bubjl prkpkrjgkblr ihigals l`jkoú`gjls.
• @l gbehrsgúb hb lcul hs ub eçtkak jkb rghscks, sh u
utg`gzl
tg`gzl hb jlsk ah bgüks euy
phquhüks plrl ilmlr `l thephrlturl.
• Hb jul`qughr jlsk, hs gepkrtlbth jkbtrk`lr `l thephrlt

thephrlturlurl ah` lcul, bubjl ahih
shr ehbkr ah 9 crlaks ah `l thephrlturl jkrpkrl` ah `l våjtgel y ol ah shr agsegbugal
jkbdkreh ilmh `l ﬌hirh, sgbk pkarheks prkvkjlr ubl ogpkthregl.
• Tgcg`h `l thephrlturl jkrpkrl`.
• Jkbsgcl lsgsthbjgl eçagjl `k lbths pksgi`h.
<>.?. QÇJBGJLZ AH ZKJKYYGZEK

ZKJKYYGZEK LBQH @HZGKBHZ
@HZGKBHZ ^YKAXJGALZ
^YKAXJGALZ ^KY H@
DYÅK
@l hxpksgjgúb l `ls ilmls thephrlturls pkr ub phråkak prk`kbclak puhah prkaujgr
jkbch`ljgúb, juyks såbtkels skb= hb `ks jkeghbzks, ub `gchrk hbrkmhjgeghbtk ah `l pgh`,
pksthrgkrehbth h` jk`kr ah hstl jleigl l i`lbjk k lelrg``hbtk, lplrhjhb lepk``ls y ub
phquhük ak`kr quh jkb h` ahslrrk``k ah `l `hsgúb vl ahslplrhjghbak l` gbshbsgig`gzlrsh `l
zkbl pkr `l ljjgúb ah` gbthbsk dråk.
Zh ljtulrì ah `l sgcughbth elbhrl=
• Bk drktlr `l zkbl jkbch`lal.
• Juirgr `l plrth ld
ldhjtlal
hjtlal jkb prhbals ah `lbl.
• Bubjl lp`gjlr jl`kr agrhjtlehbth, sgbk quh ahih gbtrkaujgrsh `l plrth jkb-
ch`lal hb lcul tgigl.
• Bk tkjlr `ls lepk``ls.
• Qrls`lalr`k l ub jhbtrk okspgtl`lrgk.
Julbak `l jkbch`ljgúb ldhjtl tkak h` juhrpk ``hclbak l shr crlvh (hbtuehjgeghbtk
ah` juhrpk, skebk`hbjgl y pçragal ah` jkbkjgeghbtk), puhah prkvkjlr `l euhrth6 hb
hstks sh trls`lalrì l `l våjtgel l ub ùclr jlàhlak y juighrtk, sh `h rhtgrlrlb `ls rkpls
ekmlals, sh `h shjlrì ighb y sh `h prkpkrjgkblrì rkpls shjls y ah lirgck, sh `h alrì ah

X.A ^YHTHB JGÚB AH YGHZCKZ pìc. <8<
ihihr l`ck jl`ghbth julbak hstç jkbsjghbth y sh `h trls`lalrì gbehagltlehbth l` eçag-

jk. Hvgtlr h` jl`kr h`çjtrgjk, yl quh puhah prkvkjlr quhelaurls, alal `l gbshbsgig`gala
quh prkvkjl h` dråk.
<>.7. QÇJBGJLZ AH ZKJKYYGZEK HB GBQK_GJLJGKBHZ

Hb `ks jlsks hb quh sh jkbkzjl juì` hs h` prkaujtk quh ol prkaujgak `l gbtkxgjljgúb,
sh `kjl`gzlrì hb `l htgquhtl ah` egsek h` th`çdkbk ah` Jhbtrk Bljgkbl` ah Qkxgjk`kcål,
Qkxgjk`kcål,
sgcughbak `ls gbstrujjgkbhs quh hb agjok Jhbtrk sh agjthb.
@ks jlsks ah gbtkxgjljgúb eìs drhjuhbths skb `ls gbtkxgjljgkbhs pkr gbol`ljgúb lbth
hsjlphs ah sustlbjgls túxgjls. Hb hstks jlsks sh hvljulrìb l `ls våjtgels y sh `ls ljkstl-
rì hb ùclrhs trlbqug`ks y vhbtg`laks6 hb jlsk ah quh `l våjtgel bk rhspgrh, sh `h lp`gjlrì
`l rhspgrljgúb lrtg﬌jgl`6 sh hsphrlrì `l ``hclal ah `ks shrvgjgks slbgtlrgks.
<>.<>.
<>.<>. KIZQYXJJJGÚB AH @LZ TÅLZ LÇYHLZ ^KY JXHY^KZ H_QYLÜKZ
ELBGKIYLZ AH AHZKIZQYXJJGÚB
AHZKIZ QYXJJGÚB HB LAX@Q
LAX@QKZ
KZ JKBZJGHBQHZ=
Hb l`cubls kjlsgkbhs h` pljghbth puhah prhshbtlr ubl kistrujjgúb ah `ls våls lçrhls
pkr l`cýb juhrpk hxtrlük quh `h gepksgig`gtl h` plsk ah` lgrh. Agjol kistrujjgúb puhah
shr jkep`htl, hb juyk jlsk bk hbtrl bg sl`h lgrh, k ighb, gbjkep`htl k plrjgl`, hb h` quh
h` plsk ah lgrh lýb hxgsth, lubquh hb euy phquhül jlbtgala. @l sksphjol ah ubl kis-
trujjgúb jkep`htl ahphbah ah` hstlak ah` pljghbth=
Zg hstì jkbsjghbth, `l phrskbl sh ``hvl `ls elbks l `l clrclbtl y `l jlrl sh jkbchstgk-
bl, bk puaghbak oli`lr, tkshr k rhspgrlr.
Zg `l kistrujjgúb hs gbjkep`htl y h` pljghbth hs jlplz ah tkshr, `h lbgelrheks l quh
`k olcl. Hb h` jlsk ah quh `l kistrujjgúb shl jkep`htl y h` pljghbth hstç jkbsjghbth
jkehbzlrheks jkb `ls elbgkirls ah ahskistrujjgúb ah `l vål lçrhl quh jkbsgsthb hb=
@l våjtgel puhah hstlr ah pgh k shbtlal, h` skjkrrgstl sh pkbh ah pgh pkr ahtrìs,
gbjkrpkrl l `l phrskbl ub pkjk oljgl lah`lbth y ck`phl jkb h` tl`úb ah `l elbk 8 vhjhs
hb `l zkbl gbthrhsjlpu`lr, gbehagltlehbth bks sgtulrheks ahtrìs y jk`kjlbak h` puük
hb `l ikjl ah su hstúelck y sumhtìbakbks`k jkb `l ktrl elbk, jkeprgegrheks irusjl-
ehbth oljgl lrrgil y oljgl bksktrks, trltlbak ah luehbtlr `l prhsgúb hb `ks puèkbhs6
rhphtgrheks `l jkeprhsgúb 8 vhjhs y shcugrheks jkb `l shjuhbjgl 8=8 olstl quh vhleks
jkek hxpu`sl h` kimhtk.
ELBGKIYL AH AHZKIZQYXJJGÚB HB ^LJGHBQHZ GBJKBZJGHBQHZ
Zg bks hbjkbtrleks lbth ubl kistrujjgúb ah våls lçrhls hb ubl våjtgel gbjkbsjghb-
th, k aurlbth `ls elbgkirls ah ahskistrujjgúb pghrah `l jkbsjghbjgl, gbgjglrheks `ls
elbgkirls ah YJ^.
JKBQYLGBAGJLJGKBHZ AH @LZ JKE^YHZGKBHZ LIAKEGBL@HZ=
@ls jkeprhsgkbhs liakegbl`hs hstìb jkbtrlgbagjlals hb `ljtlbths (ehbkrhs ah <
lük) våjtgels jkb kihsgala gepkrtlbth, yl quh bk hs hdhjtgvl, y hb heilrlzlals pkr `ls
pksgi`hs `hsgkbhs l` dhtk6 hb leiks jlsks `ls jkeprhsgkbhs liakegbl`hs sh sustgtuyhb

pkr jkeprhsgkbhs tkrìjgjls (`ls vhrheks hb `l sgcughbth pubtk).
<>.<<.
<>.<<. YHLBGELJGÚB JLYAGK-^X@EKBLY
JLYAGK-^X @EKBLY
JKBJH^QK AH ^LYLAL JLYAGKYHZ^GYLQKYGL (^JY)
Zh ah﬌bh jkek `l gbthrrupjgúb irusjl ‐gbhsphrlal
‐gbhsphrlal―― y pkthbjglèhbth rhvhrsgi`h ah `l
rhspgrljgúb y `l jgrju`ljgúb hspkbtìbhls.
@l plrlal jlragk-rhspgrltkrgl ^JY, pkthbjglèhbth rhvhrsgi`h, ahih agdhrhbjglrsh ah
lquh``l ktrl sgtuljgúb bk ssusjhptgi`h
usjhptgi`h ah trltleghbtk, l` prhshbtlrsh ah dkrel ‐‐hsphrlal―
hsphrlal―,,
jkek `l hvkùjgúb blturl` y thregbl` ah ubl hbdhrehala gbjurli`h.
@l ^JY puhah ahiutlr jkek ubl plrlal rhspgrltkrgl k jkek ubl plrlal jlragljl.
Julbak `k quh sujhah gbgjglèhbth hs ubl plrlal rhspgrltkrgl, h` `ltgak jlragljk h﬌jlz,
phrsgsth aurlbth l`cubks egbutks y ubl rìpgal ljtuljgúb skirh `l våjtgel puhah geph-
agr `l plrlal jlragljl.
Zg `l plrlal hs prgekraglèhbth jlragljl (`l eìs jkeýb hb `ks lau`tks), sh prkaujh
ub
pkrrìpgak ahthrgkrk
﬌irg`ljgúb ah `ksDT
vhbtrgju`lr úrclbks vgtl`hs
hs `l jlusl eìspkrdrhjuhbth
dl`tl ah jgrju`ljgúb. @l plrlal
ah euhrth sýigtl jlragljl
hb `ks lau`tks
y `l prgbjgpl` rhspkbsli`h ah `l ekrtl`gala hb h` gbdlrtk lcuak ah egkjlragk GLE.
YHLBGELJGÚB JLYAGK^X@EKBLY (YJ^)
@l YJ^ hs ub prkjhageghbtk quh sh rhl`gzl julbak `l rhspgrljgúb k `ks `ltgaks ah`
jkrlzúb ah l`cubl phrskbl olb jhslak, jkek hb jlsks ah h`hjtrkjujgúb, lokcleghbtk
k ub ltlquh l` jkrlzúb. @l YJ^ hs ubl jkeigbljgúb ah=
• Yhspgrljgúb ah rh
rhsjlth,
sjlth, `l jul` prkvhh kxåchbk l `ks puèkbhs ah `l phrskbl.
• Jkeprhsgkbhs ah
ah`` phjok, quh elbtghbhb `l slbcrh ah `l phrskbl hb jgrju`ljgúb.
Zh puhah prhshbtlr ub alük jhrhirl` k puhah kjurrgr `l euhrth hb juhstgúb ah eg-
butks sg h` ﬉umk ah ``ll slbcrh ah ubl phrskbl sh ahtghbh
ahtghbh.. ^kr `k tlbtk, sh ahih jkbtgbulr
jkb hstks prkjhageghbtks
bl rhcrhshb olstllthbjgúb
k olstl quh ``hcuh quh `ks `ltgaks
eçagjlah` jkrlzúb y `l rhspgrljgúb ah `l phrsk-
prkdhsgkbl`.
@l YJ^ puhah sl`vlr vgals, phrk tghbh ehmkrhs rhsu`tlaks julbak `l laegbgstrlb
phrskbls quh olb rhjgigak hbtrhbleghbtk plrl tl` ﬌b.
@l rhspuhstl rìpgal hs euy gepkrtlbth julbak sh trltl ah ubl phrskbl gbjkbsjghbth
quh bk hstì rhspgrlbak. H` alük jhrhirl` phrelbhbth jkeghbzl plslaks 1 egbutks sgb
kxåchbk y `l euhrth sh puhah prhshbtlr hb pkjk ehbks ah 1 l 4 egbutks eìs tlrah.
Julbak ub trlbshýbth (yl shl legck, dleg`glr k hxtrlük) gbgjgl YJ^ lbths ah quh
``hcuh `l lyual ah hehrchbjgl, ¡`ls prkilig`galahs ah skirhvgvgr l ub plrk jlraåljk sh
trgp`gjlb! Bk kistlbth, julbak `l elykrål ah phrskbl` ah hehrchbjgl lrrgil l ub jlsk
ah plrk jlraåljk, chbhrlèhbth hbjuhbtrlb quh blagh
bl agh hstì rhl`gzlbak YJ^.
YJ^.
Hxgsthb eìqugbls ``lelals ahs﬌irg`lakrhs hxthrbks sheglutkeìtgjks k AHZL `ls
jul`hs sh puhahb hbjkbtrlr hb eujoks ùclrhs pýi`gjks. Hstls eìqugbls tghbhb lèk-
olag``ls plrl jk`kjlr hb h` phjok aurlbth ubl hehrchbjgl hb quh jkrrl ph`gcrk `l vgal.
Xtg`gzlb ub krahblakr plrl hvlùlr lutkeìtgjlehbth h` rgtek ah` jkrlzúb plrl laegbgs-
X.A.. <> | ^YGEHYKZ LX_G@GKZ

X.A LX_G@ GKZ pìc. <8:
trlr ubl ahsjlrcl sýigtl sg, y sk`lehbth sg, tl` jokquh hs bhjhslrgk plrl rhcrhslr h` jkrl-
zúb l su rgtek jkrrhjtk. @l elykrål ah `ls phrskbls quh sudrhb ah ub plrk jlraåljk jkb
﬌irg`ljgúb vhbtrgju`lr skirhvgvgrìb sg sh `hs lp`gjl ubl ahsjlrcl ahbtrk ah `ks : egbutks.
Lub bk hstì ahslrrk``lal tktlèhbth `l `hcgs`ljgúb quh rhcu`l `l ki`gcltkrghala ah
pkshhr ah ahthregblals gbstl`ljgkbhs, jhbtrks jkehrjgl`hs y ùclrhs ah crlb l﬉uhb-
jgl ah pýi`gjk `ks AHZL±s, phrk sh supkbh quh hb irhvh sh pui`gjlrì. @k quh sg hstì
`hcgs`lak skb `ls jkbagjgkbhs plrl pkahr gbstl`lr ub AHZL hb ubl heprhsl, quh shrål
iìsgjlehbth thbhr phrskbl` dkrelak (skb jursks ah ?-<> okrls jkb rhjgj`lmhs lbul`hs) y
rhl`gzlr h` elbthbgeghbtk ah `l eìqugbl.
<>.<<.<.Qçjbgjl
<>.<<.<. Qçjbgjl ah rhlbgeljgúb jlragk puèkblr
<. Thrg﬌jlr sg `l phrskbl rhspkbah. Zljuagr`l k plèhlr`l sulvhehbth. Kishrvlr
sg sh euhvh k ol
oljh
jh l`cýb rugak. ^rhcubtlr`h hb vkz l`tl ‐»Q
‐»Qhh sghbths i
ighb;―
ghb;―..
9. @`lelr l` <<9 sg bk oly rhspuhstl. Crgtlr pgaghbak lyual y hbvglr l l`cughb l
``lelr l` <<9.
:. Jugalakslehbth jk`kjlr l `l phrskbl ah hsplàl. Zg oly ubl prkilig`gala ah
quh `l phrskbl thbcl ubl `hsgúb hb `l jkùebl, sh bhjhsgtlb aks (prhdhrgi`hehbth
(p rhdhrgi`hehbth trhs)
phrskbls plrl ekvhr l `l våjtgel sgb tkrjhr`h `l jlihzl y h` juh``k.
1. Lirgr `l vål rhspgrltkrgl. @hvlbtlr `l ilrig``l jkb 9 ahaks y l` egsek tghepk,
hepumlr oljgl lilmk `l drhbth jkb `l ktrl elbk.
8. Thr
Thr,, kår y shbtg
shbtgrr sg oly rhspgrljgú
rhspgrljgúb.
b. Jk`kjlr h` kåak jhrjl ah `l ikjl y blrgz ah
`l phrskbl. Kishrvlr
Kishr vlr sg oly ekvgeghbtk ah` phjok. Zhbtgr sg oly l`ghbtk jkb `l ehmg``l
(jkek eìxgek utg`gzlrheks <> shcubaks plrl hstl vhrg﬌jljgúb).
4. Zg `l phrskbl hstì rhspgrlbak= Jk`kjlrhek
Jk`kjlrhekss l ``ll phrskbl hb @l ^^ksgjgúb
ksgjgúb @lthrl`
ah Zhcurgala (^@Z), `k quh elbthbarì lighrtl `l vål lçrhl ah` `l våjtgel6 ``lelrheks
l` <<9 h gbdkrelrheks ah `l sgtuljgúb ah `l våjtgel. ^hrelbhjhrheks l `l hsphrl ah`
phrskbl` ah hehrchbjgls, sgheprh vl`krlak h` hstlak ah `l phrskbl.
3. Zg `l phrskbl bk hstì rhspgrlbak= @`lelr l` <<9 gbdkrelbak ah quh `l phrskbl
bk rhspgrl. Zh bks phregth ahmlr sk`l l `l våjtgel, sg hs bhjhslrgk,
b hjhslrgk, plrl iusjlr lyual k
ljjhahr l ub th`çdkbk.
?. Yhl`gzlr jkeprhsgkbhs ah phjok= Jk`kjlr h` tl`úb ah `l elbk skirh h` hsthrbúb
mustk hb `l `åbhl gbthr-eleg`lr.
gbthr-eleg`lr.
Jk`kjlr `l ilsh ah `l ktrl elbk skirh `l prgehrl y hbtrh`lzlr `ks ahaks gbthbtlbak
tkjlr h` phjok sú`k jkb h` tl`úb ah `l elbk.
Xigjlrsh agrhjtlehbth skirh `ls elbks. @ks okeirks ahihb hstlr hb `åbhl jkb `ls
elbks. BK gbj`gblrsh oljgl ah`lbth bg oljgl ltrìs. Eghbtrls sh egrl oljgl lilmk, egrlr
agrhjtlehbth oljgl `ls elbks.
Lp`gjlr :> jkeprhsgkbhs ah phjok. Hb jlal ubl, prhsgkblr h` phjok oljgl lilmk
lprkxgelalehbth 8 je. Hstls jkeprhsgkbhs ahihb shr YÌ^GALZ sgb plusl y l ub rgtek
ah <>> pkr egbutk.
7. Alr`h l `l våjtgel 9 gbsu﬉ljgkbhs jkep`htls. H` phjok ahihrål h`hvlrsh.
pìc. <81 X.A.. <> | ^YGEHYKZ LX_G@GKZ

X.A LX_G@G KZ
<>. Jkbtgbulr jkb jgj`ks ah :> jkeprhsg

jkeprhsgkbhs
kbhs shcugals ah 9 rhspgrljgkbhs ``hbtls
hbtls
y jkep`htls.
<<. Jkbtgbulr jkb `ks jgj`ks :>=9 olstl quh `l phrskbl sshh rhjuphrh k ``hcuh lyual.
Zg `l phrskbl jkeghbzl l rhspgrlr ah buhvk, jk`kjlr`l hb `l pksgjgúb `lthrl` ah shcu-

rgala. Thrg﬌jlr phrgúagjlehbth sg hstì rhspgrlbak y iusjlr shül`hs ah jgrju`ljgúb olstl
quh ``hcuh `l lyual.
<< H\XG^KZ AH ^YKQHJ

^YKQHJJGÚB
JGÚB GBAGTGAXL@
<<.<. AHDGBGJGÚB AH «H\XG^K AH ^YKQHJJGÚB GBAGTGAXL@¶
L hdhjtks ah` prhshbth Yhl` Ahjrhtk 33:/<773
33:/<773,, sh hbth
hbthbahrì
bahrì pkr «hqugpk ah prkthj-
jgúb gbagvgaul`¶ jul`qughr hqugpk ahstgblak l shr ``hvlak k sumhtlak pkr h` trlilmlakr
plrl quh `h prkthml ah ubk k vlrgks rghscks quh puhalb lehblzlr su shcurgala k su
slùa, lså jkek jul`qughr jkep`hehbtk k ljjhskrgk ahstgblak l tl` ﬌b.
Zh hxjùyhb ah `l ah﬌bgjgúb jkbthep`lal hb h` lplrtlak <=

• @l rkpl ah trlilmk jkrrghbth y `ks ubg
ubgdkrehs
dkrehs quh bk hstçb hsphjå﬌jlehbth ahstg
ahstg--
blaks l prkthchr `l slùa k `l gbthcrgala dåsgjl ah` trlilmlakr.
• @ks hqug
hqugpks
pks ah `ks shrvgjgks ah skjkrrk y sl`vleh
sl`vlehbtk.
btk.
• @ks hqugpks ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul` ah `ks eg
eg`gtlrhs,
`gtlrhs, ah `ks pk`gjåls y ah `ls phr-
skbls ah `ks shrvgjgks ah elbthbgeghbtk ah` krahb.
• @ks hqugpks ah prkthjjg
prkthjjgúb
úb gbagvgaul` ah `ks ehagks ah trlbspkrth pkr jlrrhth
jlrrhthrl.
rl.
• H` elthrgl` ah ahpkrth.
• H` elthrgl` ah lutkahdhbsl k ah agsulsgúb.
• @ks lplrltks
dljtkrhs pkrtìtg`hs plrl `l ah
ah ek`hstgl. ahthjjgúb
thjjgúb y shül`
shül`gzljgúb
gzljgúb ah `ks rghscks y ah `ks
<<.9. KI@GCLJGKBHZ CHBHYL@HZ AH@ HE^YHZLYGK

Zhcýb h` Yhl` Ahjrhtk 33:/<773, h` heprhslrgk hstlrì ki`gclak l=
• Ahthregblr `ks puhstks ah trlilmk hb `ks quh ahil rhjurrgrsh l `l prkthjjgúb gb-
agvgaul` jkbdkreh l `k hstli`hjgak hb h` lrtåju`k 1 y prhjgslr, plrl jlal ubk ah hstks
puhstks, h` rghsck k rghscks drhbth l `ks quh ahih kdrhjhrsh prkthjjgúb, `ls plrths ah`
juhrpk l prkthchr y h` tgpk ah hqugpk k hqugpks ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul` quh ahihrìb
utg`gzlrsh.
• H`hcgr `ks hqugpks ah prk
prkthjjgúb
thjjgúb gbagvgaul` jkbdkreh l `k agspuhstk hb `ks lr
lr--
tåju`ks 8 y 4 ah hsth Yhl` Ahjrhtk, elbthbghbak agspkbgi`h hb `l heprhsl k jhbtrk
ah trlilmk `l gbdkreljgúb phrtgbhbth l hsth rhsphjtk y dljg`gtlbak gbdkreljgúb skirh
jlal hqugpk.

X.A LX_G@ GKZ pìc. <88
• ^rkpkrjgkblr ccrltugtlehbth
rltugtlehbth l `ks trlilmlakrhs `ks hqugpks ah prkthjjgúb gbagvg
gbagvg--
aul` quh ahilb utg`gzlr, rhpkbgçbak`ks julbak rhsu`th bhjhslrgk.
• Th`lr pkr quh `l utg`gzljgúb ah `ks hqugpks sh rhl`gjh jkbdkreh l `k agspuhstk hb
h` lrtåju`k 3 ah` prhshbth Yhl` Ahjrhtk.
• Lshcurlr quh h` elbthbgeghbtk ah `ks hqugpks sh rhl`gjh jkbdkreh l `k agspuhstk
hb h` lrtåju`k 3 ah` prhshbth Yhl` Ahjrhtk.
<<.:. JYGQHYGKZ ^LYL

^LYL H@ HE^@HK AH @KZ H\XG^KZ AH ^YKQHJJGÚB GB-
AGTGAXL@
@ks hqugpks ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul` ahihrìb utg`gzlrsh julbak hxgstlb rghscks plrl
`l shcurgala k slùa ah `ks trlilmlakrhs quh bk olylb pkagak hvgtlrsh k `gegtlrsh su﬌-
jghbthehbth pkr ehagks tçjbgjks ah prkthjjgúb jk`hjtgvl k ehaglbth ehagals, eçtk-
aks k prkjhageghbtks ah krclbgzljgúb ah` trlilmk.
Hb plrtgju`lr, hb `ls ljtgvgalahs k shjtkrhs ah ljtgvgala gbagjlals hb h` Lbhxk GGG,
ah` Yhl` Ahjrhtk ehbjgkblak, puhah rhsu`tlr bhjhslrgl `l utg`gzljgúb ah `ks hqugpks ah
prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul` l ehbks quh `l gep`lbtljgúb ah `ls ehagals tçjbgjls u krclbg-
zltgvls jgtlals hb h` lplrtlak lbthrgkr clrlbtgjh `l h`gegbljgúb k su﬌jghbth `gegtljgúb
ah `ks rghscks jkrrhspkbaghbths.
<<.1. JKBAGJGKBHZ \XH AHIHB YHXBGY @KZ H\XG^KZ AH ^YKQHJJGÚB

GBAGTGAXL@
@ks hqugpks ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul` prkpkrjgkblrìb ubl prkthjjgúb h﬌jlz drhbth
d rhbth l
`ks rghscks quh ektgvlb su usk, sgb supkbhr pkr så egseks u kjlsgkblr rghscks lagjgkbl-
`hs bg ek`hstgls gbbhjhslrgls. L tl` ﬌b ahihrìb=
• Yhspkbahr l `ls jkbagjgkbhs hxgsthbths hb h` ùclr ah trlilmk.
• QhQhbhr
bhr hb juhbtl ``ls
ls jkbagjgkbhs lbl
lbltúegjls
túegjls y ﬌sg
﬌sgk`úcgjls
k`úcgjls y hh`` hstlak ah slùa
ah` trlilmlakr.
• Lahjulrsh l` pkrtlakr, trls `ks lmusths bhjhslrgks.
Hb jlsk ah rghscks eý`tgp`hs quh hxgmlb `l utg`gzljgúb sgeu`tìbhl ah vlrgks hqugpks ah
prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul`, çstks ahihrìb shr jkepltgi`hs hbtrh så y elbthbhr su h﬌jljgl hb
rh`ljgúb jkb h` rghsck k rghscks jkrrhspkbaghbths.
Hb jul`qughr jlsk, `ks hqugpks ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul` quh sh utg`gjhb ahihrìb
hstlr jkbdkrehs jkb hsth Yhl` Ahjrhtk y ahihrìb rhubgr `ks rhqugsgtks hstli`hjgaks hb
jul`qughr agspksgjgúb `hcl` k rhc`lehbtlrgl quh `hs shl ah lp`gjljgúb, hb plrtgju`lr hb `k
rh`ltgvk l su agshük y dlirgjljgúb.
<<.8. H@HJJGÚB AH @KZ H\XG^KZ AH ^YKQHJJGÚB GBAGTGAXL@

^lrl`ls
l jlik `l h`hjjgúb ahljtuljgkbhs=
sgcughbths `ks hqugpks ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul`, h` heprhslrgk ahihrì ``hvlr

X.A LX_G@G KZ
• Lbl`gzlr y hvlùlr `ks rghscks hxgst

hxgsthbths
hbths quh bk puhalb hvgtlrsh k `gegtlrsh su﬌-
jghbthehbth pkr ktrks ehagks.
• Ah﬌bgr `ls jlrljthrås
jlrljthråstgjls
tgjls quh ahihrìb rhubgr `ks hqugpks ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul`
plrl clrlbtgzlr su dubjgúb, thbghbak hb juhbtl `l blturl`hzl y elcbgtua ah `ks rghscks
ah `ks quh ahilb prkthchr, lså jkek `ks dljtkrhs lagjgkbl`hs ah rghsck quh puhalb
jkbstgtugr `ks prkpgks hqugpks ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul` k su utg`gzljgúb.
• Jkeplrlr `ls jlrljthråstgjls ah `ks hqugpks ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul` hxgsthbths
hb h` ehrjlak jkb `ls ah﬌bgals shcýb `k shül`lak lbthrgkrehbth.
L` h`hcgr ub hqugpk ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul` hb dubjgúb ah` rhsu`tlak ah `ls ljtul-
jgkbhs ahslrrk``lals shcýb `k agspuhstk
agspuhstk hb h` lplrtlak lbthrgkr, hh`` heprhslrgk ahihrì
vhrg﬌jlr `l jkbdkregala ah` hqugpk h`hcgak jkb `ls jkbagjgkbhs y rhqugsgtks hstli`hjg-
aks hb h` lplrtlak lbthrgkr.
Ahihrìb thbhrsh hb juhbtl `ls ekag﬌jljgkbhs sgcbg﬌jltgvls quh `l hvkùjgúb ah `l
tçjbgjl ahthregbh hb `ks rghscks, hb `ls ehagals tçjbgjls y krclbgzltgvls, hb `ks ehagks
ah prkthjjgúb jk`hjtgvl plrl su jkbtrk` y hb `ls prhstljgkbhs dubjgkbl`hs ah `ks hqugpks
ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul`.
<<.4. XQG@G]LJGÚB
XQG@G]LJGÚ B W ELBQHBG
ELBQHBGEGHBQK
EGHBQK AH @KZ H\XG^KZ AH ^YKQHJJGÚB
GBAGTGAXL@
@l utg`gzljgúb, h` lèljhbleghbtk, h` elbthbgeghbtk, `l `gepghzl, `l ahsgbdhjjgúb
julbak prkjhal, y `l rhplrljgúb ah `ks hqugpks ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul` ahihrìb hdhj-
tulrsh ah ljuhrak jkb `ls gbstrujjgkbhs ah` dlirgjlbth.
Zl`vk hb jlsks plrtgju`lrhs hxjhpjgkbl`hs, `ks hqugpks ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul` sk`k
pkarìb utg`gzlrsh plrl `ks usks prhvgstks.
@ls jkbagjgkbhs hb quh ub hqugpk ah prkthjjgúb ahil shr utg`gzlak, hb plrtgju`lr hb
`k quh sh rh﬌hrh l` tghepk aurlbth h` jul` olyl ah ``hvlrsh, sh ahthregblrìb hb dubjgúb
ah=
• @l crlvhala ah` rghsck.

• H` ttghepk
ghepk k drhjuhbjgl ah hxpksgjgúb l` rghsc
rghsck.
k.
• @ls jkbagjgkbhs ah` puhstk ah trlilmk.
• @ls prhstljgkbhs ah` prkpgk hqugpk.
• @ks rghscks lagjgkbl`hs ahrgvlaks ah `l prkpgl utg`gzljgúb ah` hqugpk quh bk olylb
pkagak hvgtlrsh.
@ks hqugpks ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul` hstlrìb ahstgblaks, hb prgbjgpgk, l ub usk phr-
skbl`. Zg `ls jgrjubstlbjgls hxgcghshb `l utg`gzljgúb ah ub hqugpk pkr vlrgls phrskbls, sh
lakptlrìb `ls ehagals bhjhslrgls plrl quh h``k bk krgcgbh bgbcýb prki`hel ah slùa k
ah ogcghbh l `ks agdhrhbths usulrgks.
<<.3. KI@GCLJGKBHZ HB ELQHYGL AH GBDKYELJGÚB W DKYELJGÚB

Ah jkbdkregala jkb `ks lrtåju`ks <? y <7 ah `l @hy ah ^rhvhbjgúb ah Yghscks @l-
ikrl`hs, h` heprhslrgk lakptlrì `ls ehagals lahjulals plrl quh `ks trlilmlakrhs y
`ks rhprhshbtlbths
ehagals quh olylbah
ah`ks trlilmlakrhs rhjgilb dkreljgúb y shlb gbdkrelaks skirh `ls
lakptlrsh.
H` heprhslrgk ahihrì gbdkrelr l `ks trlilmlakrhs, prhvglehbth l` usk ah `ks hqugpks,
ah `ks rghscks jkbtrl `ks quh `hs prkthchb, lså jkek ah `ls ljtgvgalahs u kjlsgkbhs hb
`ls quh ahihb utg`gzlrsh. Lsgegsek, ahihrì prkpkrjgkblr`hs gbstrujjgkbhs prhdhrhbth-
ehbth pkr hsjrgtk skirh `l dkrel jkrrhjtl ah utg`gzlr`ks y elbthbhr`ks.
H` elbul` ah gbstrujjgkbhs k `l akjuehbtljgúb gbdkreltgvl dljg`gtlaks pkr h` dlirg-
jlbth hstlrìb l agspksgjgúb ah `ks trlilmlakrhs.
@l gbdkreljgúb l quh sh rh﬌hrhb `ks pìrrldks lbthrgkrhs ahihrì shr jkeprhbsgi`h
plrl `ks trlilmlakrhs.
H` heprhslrgk clrlbtgzlrì `l dkreljgúb y krclbgzlrì, hb su jlsk, shsgkbhs ah hbtrhbl-
eghbtk plrl `l utg`gzljgúb ah hqugpks ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul`, hsphjglèhbth julbak
sh rhqughrl `l utg`gzljgúb sgeu`tìbhl ah vlrgks hqugpks ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul` quh pkr
su hsphjgl` jkep`hmgala lså `k olcl bhjhslrgk.
<<.?. KI@GCLJGKBHZ
KI@GCLJGK BHZ AH @KZ QYLILMLAKYHZ
QYLILMLAKY HZ
@ks trlilmlakrhs, jkb lrrhc`k l su dkreljgúb y sgcughbak `ls gbstrujjgkbhs ah` heprh-
slrgk, ahihrìb hb plrtgju`lr=
• Xtg`gzlr y jugalr jkrrhjtlehbth `ks hqugpks ah prkt
prkthjjgúb
hjjgúb ggbagvgaul`.
bagvgaul`.
• Jk`kjlr h` hqugpk ah prkthjjgúb gbag
gbagvgaul`
vgaul` ahspuçs ah su ut
utg`gzljgúb
g`gzljgúb hb h` ùclr
gbagjlak plrl h``k.
• Gbdkrelr ah gbehagltk l su ssuphrgkr
uphrgkr mhrìrq
mhrìrqugjk
ugjk agr
agrhjtk
hjtk ah jul`qughr a
ahdhjtk,
hdhjtk, lbk-
el`ål k alük lprhjglak hb h` hqugpk ah prkthjjgúb gbagvgaul` utg`gzlak quh, l su mugjgk,
puhal hbtrlülr ubl pçragal ah su h﬌jljgl prkthjtkrl.
<<.7. JKEHYJGL@G]LJGÚB W ^XHZQL HB JGYJX@LJGÚB AH @KZ H^GZ

H` hxlehb JH (k elrjlak JH) ah tgpk hs h` prkjhageghbtk ehaglbth h` jul` h` krcl-
bgsek ah jkbtrk` jkepruhil y jhrtg﬌jl quh h` ekah`k tgpk ah H^G juep`h `ls hxgchbjgls
hshbjgl`hs ah shcurgala rhquhrgals jkb `l bkreltgvl plrl su pksthrgkr puhstl hb h`
ehrjlak.
H` dlirgjlbth k su elbaltlrgk prhshbtlrì `l sk`gjgtua ah hxlehb ah tgpk l ub ýbgjk
krclbgsek ah jkbtrk` y plrl ub ekah`k jkbjrhtk. H` elbaltlrgk ahihrì hstlr hstli`hjg-
ak hb `l Jkeubgala Hjkbúegjl Hurkphl.
@l sk`gjgtua jkbstlrì ah=
• H` bkeirh y agrhjjgúb ah` dlirgjlbth k ah su elbaltlrgk y h` ùclr ah dlirgjljgúb
ah `ks H^G.
pìc. <8? X.A.. <> | ^YGEHYKZ LX_G@GKZ

X.A LX_G@G KZ
• @l akjuehbtljgúb tçjbgjl quh sh gbagjl hb h` lbhxk GGG.

• Mubtk jkb h``k sh prhshbtlrìb hb býehrk su﬌jghbth `ks hmhep`lrhs ah` ekah`k
plrl h` quh sh sk`gjgtl h` jhrtg﬌jlak ah hxlehb JH ah tgpk.
H` krclbgsek ah jkbtrk` prkjhahrì l` hxlehb JH ah tgpk ah ljuhrak jkb `ks jrgthrgks

quh sh gbagjlb l jkbtgbuljgúb=
Hxlehb ah `l akjuehbtljgúb tçjbgjl ah` dlirgjlbth=
• H` krclbgsek ah jkbtr
jkbtrk`
k` ``hvlrì l jlik h` hx
hxlehb
lehb ah `l akjuehbtljgúb tçjbgjl
ah dlirgjljgúb plrl jkeprkilr su lahjuljgúb rhsphjtk l `ls bkrels lrekbgzlals
quh ldhjthb l` hqugpk.
• Julbak h` dlirgjlbth bk ouighrh lp`gjlak
lp`gjlak,, k sú`k ouighrh lp`gjlak plrjglèhbth
plrjglèhbth,,
`ls bkrels lrekbgzlals k hstls bk hxgstghrhb, h` krclbgsek ah jkbtrk` ahihrì jke-
prkilr `l lahjuljgúb ah `ls hsphjg﬌jljgkbhs tçjbgjls utg`gzlals pkr h` dlirgjlbth
rhsphjtk l `ls hxgchbjgls hshbjgl`hs, lbths ah vhrg﬌jlr `l krahbljgúb ah` hxphaghbth
tçjbgjk ah dlirgjljgúb, jkb rhsphjtk l agjols hsphjg﬌jljgkbhs tçjbgjls.
Hxlehb ah` ekah`k=

• Julbak hxlegbh h` ekah`k h` krclbgsek ah jkbtrk` sh jhrjgkrlrì ah quh ol sgak
h`likrlak jkb lrrhc`k l `l akjuehbtljgúb tçjbgjl ah dlirgjljgúb
dlir gjljgúb y ah quh puhah shr
utg`gzlak, ah ljuhrak jkb su ﬌bl`gala, jkb tkal clrlbtål ah shcurgala.
• @`hvlrì l jlik `ks jkbtrk`hs y `ls pruhils phrtgbhbths plrl jkeprkilr quh h`
ekah`k sh lmustl l `ls bkrels lrekbgzlals.
• Julbak h` dlirgjlbth bk ouighrh lp`gjlak
lp`gjlak,, k sú`k ouighrh lp`gjlak plrjglèhbth
plrjglèhbth,,
`ls bkrels lrekbgzlals k hstls bk hxgstghrlb, h` krclbgsek ah jkbtrk` hdhjtulrì `ks
jkbtrk`hs y pruhils lahjulaks plrl jjkeprkilr
keprkilr `l jkjkbdkregala
bdkregala ah` ekah`k jkb `ls
hsphjg﬌jljgkbhs tçjbgjls utg`gzlals pkr h` dlirgjlbth, ssgheprh
gheprh quh çst
çstls
ls juep`lb `ls
hxgchbjgls hshbjgl`hs.
Zg h` ekah`k rhspkbaghrl l `ls agspksgjgkbhs quh `h skb lp`gjli`hs, h` krclbgsek ah
jkbtrk` h`likrlrì
jhrtg﬌jlak ub `ls
﬌curlrìb jhrtg﬌jlak ah hxlehb
jkbjùsgkbhs JH ah tgpk
ah` hxlehb, y `k bktg﬌jlrì
gbagjlrì l` sk`gjgtlbth.
`ls jkbagjgkbhs Hb h`l
hvhbtul`hs
`ls quh sh suphagtl h gbjùgrì `ls ahsjrgpjgkbhs h gùstrljgkbhs bhjhslrgls plrl `l gahbtg﬌-
jljgúb ah` ekah`k jhrtg﬌jlak.
Agjok hxphaghbth ahihrì hstlr l agspksgjgúb ah `l Laegbgstrljgúb jkephthbth
aurlbth `ks aghz lüks sgcughbths l `l jkehrjgl`gzljgúb ah `ks H^G.
H` krclbgsek ah jkbtrk` quh rhtgrh k ahbghcuh ub jhrtg﬌jlak «JH¶ ah tgpk,
gbdkrelrì ah h``k l `ks aheìs krclbgseks ah jkbtrk` y=
• Julbak shl dlirgjlak hb tthrrgtkrgk
hrrgtkrgk bljgkbl`, l `l Laegbgstrljgúb jkephthbth hb
elthrgl ah gbaustrgl ah` ùclr akbah olyl sgak dlirgjlak, quh sh `h jkeubgjlrì l su
vhz l` Egbgsthrgk ah Gbaustrgl, Jkehrjgk y Qurgsek
Qurgsek..
• Agrhjtlehbth l` Egbgsthrgk ah Gbaustrgl, Jkehrjgk y Qurgsek hb `ks aheìs
supuhstks.
@l Laegbgstrljgúb ah` Hstlak gbdkrelrì ah h``k l `ks ktrks Hstlaks egheirks y l `l

Jkegsgúb JHH, hxpkbghbak h` ektgvk ah tl` ahjgsgúb.
<<.<>.
<<.<>. QG^KZ AH H\XG^KZ AH ^YKQHJJGÚB.
^rkthjtkrhs ah `l jlihzl
• Jlsjks ah shcurgala (kirls pýi`gjls y jkbstrujjgúb, eg

egbls
bls h gbaustrgls ag
agvhrsls).
vhrsls).
• Jlsjks ah prkthjjgúb jkbtrl jokquhs h gepljtks.
• ^rhbals ah prkthjjgúb plrl `l jlihzl (ckrrks
(ckrrks,, ckrrls, skeirhrks, htj., ah thmgak
thmgak,,
ah thmgak rhjuighrtk, htj.).
• Jlsjks plrl usks hsphjgl`hs (duhck, prkaujtks quåegjks, htj.).
^rkthjtkrhs ah` kåak
• ^rkthjtkrhs luagtgvks tgpk «tlpkbhs¶.

• ^rkthjtkrhs luagtgvks ahshjoli`hs k rhutg`gzli`hs.
• ^rkthjtkrh
^rkthjtkrhss luagtgv
luagtgvks
ks tgpk «krhmhrls¶, jkb lrbçs ah jlihzl, ilmk ``ll ilrig``l k `l
bujl.
• Jlsjks lbtgrrugak.
• ^rkthjtkrhs luagtgvks ljk
ljkp`li`hs
p`li`hs l `ks jlsjks ah prkthjjg
prkthjjgúb
úb plrl `l gbaustrgl.
• ^rkthjtkrhs luagtgvks ahphbaghbths ah` bgvh`.
• ^rkthjtkrhs luagtgvks jkb lplrltks ah gbthrjkeubgjljgúb.
^rkthjtkrhs ah `ks kmks y ah `l jlrl
• Cldls ah ekbturl «ubgvhrsl`¶.

• Cldls ah ekbturl «gbthcrl`¶ (ubg k igkju`lr).
• Cldls ah ekbturl «jlzk`htls¶.
• ^lbtl``ls dljgl`hs.
• ^lbtl``ls plrl skàlaurl (ah elbk, ah jlihzl, ljkp`li`hs l jlsjk ah prk-
thjjgúb plrl `l gbaustrgl).
^rkthjjgúb ah `ls våls rhspgrltkrgls
• Hqugpks ﬌`
﬌`trlbths
trlbths ah plrtåju`ls (ek`hstls, bkjgvls, túxgjls k rlagljtgvls).
• Hqugpks ﬌`trlbths drhbth l clshs y vlpkrhs.
• Hqugpks ﬌`trlbths egxtks.
• Hqugpks lgs`lbths ah lgrh `girh.
• Hqugpks lgs`lbths jkb suegbgstrk ah lgrh.
pìc. <4> X.A.. <> | ^YGEHYKZ LX_G@GKZ

X.A LX_G@G KZ
• Hqugpks rhspgrltkrgks jkb jlsjk k plbtl``l plrl skàlaurl.

• Hqugpks rhspgrltkrgks jkb eìsjlrl lekvgi`h plrl skàlaurl.
• Hqugpks ah suielrgbgsek.
^rkthjtkrhs ah elbks y irlzks
• Culbths jkbtrl `ls lcr

lcrhsgkbhs
hsgkbhs ehjìbgjls ((phrdkrljgkbhs,
phrdkrljgkbhs, jkrths, vvgirljgkbhs,
girljgkbhs, htj.).
• Culbths jkbtrl `ls lcrhsgkbhs quåegjls.
• Culbths jkbtrl `ls lcrhsgkbhs ah krgchb h`çjtrgjk.
• Culbths jkbtrl `ls lc
lcrhsgkbhs
rhsgkbhs ah k
krgchb
rgchb ttçregjk.
çregjk.
• Elbkp`ls.
• Elbcugtks y elbcls.
^rkthjtkrhs ah pghs y pghrbls
• Jl`zlak ah shcurgala.
• Jl`zlak ah prkthjjgúb.
• Jl`zlak ah trlilmk.
• Jl`zlak y juirhjl`zlak ah prk
prkthjjgúb
thjjgúb jkbtrl h` jl`kr.
• Jl`zlak y juirhjl`zlak ah prk
prkthjjgúb
thjjgúb jkbtrl h` dråk.
• Jl`zlak drhbth l `l h`hjtrgjgala.
• Jl`zlak ah prkthjjgúb jkbtrl `ls ektksghrrls.
• ^rkthjtkrhs lekvgi`hs ah` hephgbh.
• ^k`lgbls.
• Zuh`ls lekvgi`hs (lbtgtçregjls, lbtgphrdkrljgúb k lbtgtrlbspgrljgúb).
• Ykag``hrls.
^rkthjtkrhs ah `l pgh`
• Jrhels ah prkthjjgúb y pkelals.

^rkthjtkrhs ah` trkbjk y h` liakehb
• Jol`hjks, jolquhtls y elbag`hs ah prkthjjgúb jkbtrl `ls lcrhsgkbhs eh-

jìbgjls (phrdkrljgkbhs, jkrths, prkyhjjgkbhs ah ehtl`hs hb dusgúb, htj.).
• Jol`hjks, jolquhtls y elbag`hs ah prkthjjgúb jkbtrl `ls lcrhsgkbhs quåegjls.
• Jol`hjks threúchbks.
• Jol`hjks sl`vlvgals.

X.A LX_G@ GKZ pìc. <4<
• Elbag`hs ah prkthjjgúb jkbtrl `ks rlyks _.

• Jgbturkbhs ah sumhjgúb ah` trkbjk.
• Dlmls y jgbturkbhs lbtgvgirljgkbhs.
^rkthjjgúb tktl` ah` juhrpk
• Hqugpks ah pr
prkthjjgúb
kthjjgúb jkbtrl `ls jlåals ah l`t
l`turl.
url.
• Agspksgtgvks lbtgjlåals ahs`gzlbths.
• Lrbhshs.
• Jgbturkbhs ah sumhjgúb.
• Agspksgtgvks lbtgjlåals jkb lekrtgculakr.
• Ykpl ah prkthjjgúb.
• Ykpl ah prkthjjgúb jkbtrl `ls lcrhsgkbhs ehjìbgjls (phrdkrljgkbhs,
jkrths...).
• Ykpl ah prkthjjgúb jkbtrl `ls lcrhsgkbhs quåegjls.
• Ykpl ah prkthjjgúb jkbtrl `ls prkyhjjgkbhs ah e
ehtl`hs
htl`hs hb dusgúb y `ls rl-
agljgkbhs gbdrlrrkmls.
• Ykpl ah prkthjjgúb jjkbtrl
kbtrl duhbths ah jl`kr gbthbsk k hstrçs tç
tçregjk.
regjk.
• Ykpl ah prkthjjgúb jkbtrl ilmls thephrlturls.
• Ykpl ah prkthjjgúb jkbtrl `l jkbtlegbljgúb rlagljtgvl.
• Ykpl lbtgpk`vk.
• Ykpl lbtgcìs.
• Ykpl y ljjhskrgks (irlzl`hths, culbths, htj.) ah shül`gzljgúb (rhtrkrrh﬉hjtlbths,

﬉ukrhsjhbths, htj.).
X.A LX_G@G KZ

+LIBRO Prevencion Riesgos Laborales

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

+LIBRO Prevencion Riesgos Laborales

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1 YGHZCKZ @GCLAKZ L @LZ JKBAGJGKBHZ AH ZHCXYG

8.4.<. Lchbths hsphjgl`hs ....................................

3 @L JLYCL AH QYLILMK .................................

3.9.4. Lsphjtks rh`ltgvks l `l krclbgzljgúb ah` trlilmk ............................................77

7.<.9. Gbsphjjgúb ah trlilmk y shcurgala skjgl` .........................................

7.1.<. ^`lb ah hehrchbjgl ......................

<> ^YGEHYKZ LX_G@GKZ ...................................................................................<:3

<< H\XG^KZ AH ^YKQHJJGÚB

^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ

@l Zhcurgala h Ogcghbh hb h` trlilmk

@l Jkbstgtujgúb bks agjh= ‐`ks pkahrhs pýi`gjks vh`lrìb pkr `l Zhcu-

L `k `lrck ah hsth thel vhrheks agvhrsks lsphjtks skirh `l prhvhbjgúb

Qleigçb hxp`gjlrheks `ks jkbjhptks iìsgjks hb `l prhvhbjgúb ah rghs-

^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ

<.9. JKBAGJGKBHZ AH QYLILMK

y aheìs ýtg`hs hxgsthbths hb h` jhbtrk ah trlilmk.

^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ

^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ

<.:. YGHZCK @LIKYL@

<.1. YGHZCK @LIKYL@ CYLTH

^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ

<.8. ^@LBQHLEGHBQKZ DXBALEHBQL@H

<.4. DLJQKYHZ AH YGHZCK W ZX J@LZGDGJLJGÚB

^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ

• \uåegjks (clshs, vlpkrhs, lhrksk`hs, htj.).

• ^ksgig`gala ah gbgjgltgvls y plrtgjgpljgúb hb h` quholjhr aglrgk.

^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ

9 ALÜKZ AHYGTLAKZ AH@ QYLILMK. @KZ LJJGAHBQHZ AH

• Alüks agrhjtks= julbak `ks hdhjtks alügbks skb jkbshjuhbjgl gbehagltl

^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ

ljuhrak jkb `l jlthckrål prkdhsgkbl` ah` trlilmlakr

• @ks quh sudrl h` trlilmlakr

ljlhjgaks hb ljtks ah sl`vlehbtk y ktrks ah lbì`kcl blturl`hzl julbak

X.A.. 9 | ALÜKZ AHYGTLAKZ AH@ QYLILMK

^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ

Jlusls tçjbgjls k dljtkrhs, sh jkbsgahrlb jkek tl`hs l tkals `ls jkbagjgkbhs

pìc. <? X.A.. 9 | ALÜKZ AHYGTLAKZ AH@ QYLILMK

^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ

elthrgl`hs ahrgvlals ah `ks lchbths, prgbjgpl`ehbth ehjìbgjls y dåsgjls, quh krgcgblb

Jlusls gbehagltls k ahshbjlahblbths, skb `ls quh sh prhshbtlb jkek `ks ý`tgeks

Zkb `ks rhsu`tlaks bhcltgvks gbehagltks quh prkvkjl ub ljjgahbth ah trlilmk y

^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ

• @hsgkbhs, skb h` ahtrgehbtk jkrpkrl` (ohrgals, ck`phs k hbdhrehalahs) sudrgals

• Zhcýb h` tghepk quh phrelbhjh gbljtgvk=

• Jkb ilml eçagjl= julbak gepgah gepgah l` trlilmlakr lsgstgr

^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ

9.9. HBDHYEHALAHZ ^YKDHZGKBL@HZ

^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ

Zhgs ehbsul`galahs ah `l ilsh rhcu`lakrl ah `l phbsgúb ah vguahala.

Xbl ehbsul`gala ah `l ilsh rhcu`lakrl ah `l phbsgúb ah krdlbala.

Buhvh ehbsul`galahs ah `l ilsh rhcu`lakrl, sg sh trltl ah ub lsjhbaghbth.

Crupk 9= Hbdhrehalahs prkdhsgkbl`hs jluslals pkr lchbths dåsgjks= (ogpkljusgl k

^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ

lchbths bk jkeprhbagals hb ktrks lplrtlaks. (^k`vk ah så`gjh `girh, ah jlriúb, leglbtk,

Ljjgahbth ah trlilmk= bk hsphrlak. Hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl`= hsphrlak.

• Zhcýb h` krgchb ah `l hbdhre

Ljjgahbth ah trlilmk= hxthrbk. Hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl`= gbthrbk.

Ljjgahbth ah trlilmk= dìjg`. Hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl`= agdåjg`.

^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ

^YHTHBJGÚB AH YGHZCKZ @LIKYL@HZ

prkauzjl pkr ljjgahbth ah trlilmk k hbdhrehala prkdhsgkbl` hb Jhbtrks ah trlilmk quh

9.1. QÇJBGJLZ AH ^YHTHBJGÚB