DFRHENGÞEIAFDVARDVGD
BH \DIÊJHVD^#>DFMHRG_D^

Ohreaebhz Vdsas Aihmaebrd Ndb. ?6007

Kuaeujhe Jartgehz Mheegohr Cat`hrgeh Ndb. 7<>;;
Ihai ^aen`hz Wheegohr Aebrha Ndb. 0;;72
Jdraihs Narrgiid Hrgca Ratgaea Ndb. 0;<>7
Vdjae ^aebdvai Ihgby Wgsht` Ndb. ?0276

Xegvhrsgbab HNNG
Oanuitab bh Gekheghrêa gebustrgai
Khstgþe bh \rdnhsds Gebustrgaihs
\rdnhsds Gebustrgaihs GGG
Fdkdtá B.N
6<61
 

Ndethegbd
DFMHRG_D^...........................
DFMHRG_D^.................................................
............................................
............................................
..................................................
..................................>
......>
Dfmhtgvd Khehrai............
Khehrai..................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
.....................................
.................>
..>
Dfmhtgvds hsphnêognds...
hsphnêognds.........................
............................................
............................................
.............................................................
.........................................>
..>
JAVND RHÞVGND...................................
RHÞVGND.........................................................
............................................
............................................
.....................................>
...............>
   \digjhrgzangþe pdr ndebhesan
ndebhesangþe................
gþe......................................
............................................
........................................
........................>
......>
\digajgbas.............................
\digajgbas...................................................
............................................
............................................
......................................................2
................................2
   \digçsthrhs........................................................................................................................8
\digçsthrhs rhtgnuiabds.........
rhtgnuiabds...............................
............................................
............................................
............................................
..................................8
............8
   Vhsgeas oheþignas.........
oheþignas...............................
............................................
............................................
............................................
...................................?
.............?
Vhsdihs...................
.........................................
.............................................
.............................................
............................................
..............................................
........................;;
^gigndeas....................
..........................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
............................................7
......................7
\rdpghbabhs bh ids pdiêjhrds=................................
pdiêjhrds=......................................................
............................................
.............................................1<
.......................1<
\rdpghbabhs oêsgnas..........
oêsgnas................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
....................................
..............1<
1<
   Kdja sigj,
sigj, pdigurhta
pdigurhtaed ed y rhsgea hpdxgna........
hpdxgna..............................
..................................................................
............................................11
11
Kdja ^igj...............
^igj.....................................
............................................
............................................
.................................................................
...........................................11
11
\digurhtaed..............................
\digurhtaed....................................................
............................................
............................................
.............................................
............................16
.....16
rhsgea hpdxgna....
hpdxgna..........................
............................................
............................................
............................................
..................................................1>
............................1>
JARHVGAIH^ W VHANRG_D^.........
VHANRG_D^...............................
............................................
............................................
.........................................
...................1>
1>
JHRDBDIDKGA...........................
JHRDBDIDKGA..................................................
.............................................
............................................
..........................................
.......................12
...12
\VDNHBGJGHERD 1..................
1.........................................
.............................................
............................................
............................................
......................12
12
\VDNHBGJGHERD 6..................
6.........................................
.............................................
............................................
............................................
......................1?
1?
\VDNHBGJGHERD >..................
>.........................................
.............................................
............................................
............................................
......................1;
1;

BARD^ VHQXHVGBD^.......
VHQXHVGBD^.............................
.............................................
.............................................
.......................................................10
.................................10
AEAIG^G^ BH VH^XIRABD^.....
VH^XIRABD^............................
.............................................
............................................
............................................
.......................10
.10
NDENIX^GDEH^.........................
NDENIX^GDEH^................................................
.............................................
............................................
.......................................
........................17
.......17
FGFIGDKVAOGA......................................................................................................................17
 

\VDNH^D^ GEBX^RVGAIH^ GGG IAFDVARDVGD # >

DFRHENGÞE BH \DIÊJHVD^
DFMHRG_D^
Dfmhtgvd Khehrai
Ndednhr ids prdnhsds gjpignabds he ia dfthengþe bh ue pdiêjhrd
Dfmhtgvds hsphnêognds
• Dft
Dftheh
hehrr kdja
kdja ^ig
^igj
j var
vargae
gaebd
bd nd
ndenh
enhetr
etrang
angdeh
dehss bh rhant
rhantgvd
gvdss
• Dft
Dftheh
hehrr pdigurh
pdigurhtae
taedd vargaeb
vargaebdd ias ndenhe
ndenhetra
trangd
ngdehs
ehs bh rhant
rhantgvd
gvdss
• Df
Dfth
theh
ehrr u
uea
ea rh
rhsg
sgea
ea hpdx
hpdxgn
gna
a
JAVND RHÞVGND
• \d
\digj
igjhr
hrgz
gzanangþ
gþe
ep pdr
dr ndeb
ndebhe
hesa
sang
ngþe
þe
• \r
\rdp
dpgh
ghba
babh bhss b
bh
h iids
ds pdi
pdiêj
êjhr
hrds
ds
• Kd
Kdja
ja ssigigj,
j, ppdi
digu
gurh
rhta
taed
ed y rh
rhsg
sgea
ea hpd
hpdxg
xgna
na
Ouheths= ^nghenhbgrhnt, ^nghid, vgrtuai prd, igfrds d thsgs.
\digjhrgzangþe pdr ndebhesangþe=
Ia pdigjh
pdigjhrgz
rgzang
angþe
þe pdr ndebhe
ndebhesan
sangþe
gþe ndrrhs
ndrrhspde
pdebh
bh aquhii
aquhiids
ds prd
prdnhs
nhsds
ds bd
bdebh
ebh sh
prdbunhe ia higjgeangþe bh uea jdiçnuia igkhra ndjd akua, ajdegand d @Ni. Hi
prdbuntd rhsuitaeth, hi pdig ndebhesabd, `a bh thehr pdr taetd uea ndjpdsgngþe
nhethsgjai bhi jdeþjhrd d jdeþjhrds bh partgba, ya quh hi pdig ndebhesabd
puhbh shr ue `djdpdiêjhrd d ue ndpdiêjhrd.
Hetrh ids bgohrheths prdnhsds bh ndebhesangþe eds vajds a igjgtar ai hstubgd bh ias
rhanngdehs quh ndebunhe a ia odrjangþe bh ids bhedjgeabds pdigs ndebhesabds
sgetçtgnds, quh vajds a akrupar para su hstubgd he=

 \digajgbas
 \digçsthrhs
 Vhsgeas oheþignas.


^gigndeas gegngaihs bh hstas sustaengas `ae bh thehr ai jheds bds krupds

Ids jdeþjhrds
ouengdeaihs, dfthegçebdsh
dfthegçebdsh he hsth nasd ue pdiêjhrd nde hstruntura igehai.
^g sh parth bh jdeþjhrds trg, thtra d he khehrai pdigouengdeaihs sh dftgheh pdiêjhrds
rhtgnuiabds trgbgjhesgdeaijheth.

Ogea
Ogeaij
ijhe
heth th,, sg sh nd
ndjf
jfge
geae
ae jdeþ
jdeþjh
jhrdrdss fg
fgou
ouen
engd
gdea
eaihihss nde
nde jd
jdeþ
eþjh
jhrdrdss trg
trg þ
pdigouengdeaihs sh odrjae pdig ndebhesabds rajgognabds, pubghebd he hsth nasd
odrjarsh tajfgçe hstrunturas rhtgnuiabas sg ia naetgbab bh jdeþjhrd pdigouengdeai
hs susuogogng
nghe
heththjh
jhet
eth
h kr
krae
aebh
bh.. Id
Idss pdig
pdig nd
ndeb
ebhe
hesa
sabd
bdss igigeh
ehai
aihs
hs y rajg
rajgogn
ognab
abdsds sd
sde
e
thrjdpiástgnds y ids rhtgnuiabds thrjdheburhngfihs.
 Aeths bh bhsnrgfgr hstds krupds bh sustaengas pdig ndebhesabandebhesabass vajds a `anhr 
aikueas ndesgbhrangdehs sdfrh ia ngeçtgna bh ids prdnhsds bh pdigndebhesangþe.
 

\digajgbas.
Xea pdigajgba hs ue tgpd bh pdiêjhrd quh ndetgheh heianhs bh tgpd ajgba. Ias
pdigajgbas sh puhbhe hendetrar he ia eaturaihza, ndjd ia iaea d ia shba, y tajfgçe
shr sgetçtgnas, ndjd hi eyide d hi Chviar.
Ias pdigajgbas ndjd hi eyide sh ndjhezarde a hjpihar ndjd ogfras sgetçtgnas,
auequh `ae thrjgeabd pdr hjpiharsh he ia oafrgnangþe bh nuaiqughr jathrgai piástgnd.
Ias arajgbas sde ue tgpd bh pdigajgbas he ias quh `ay krupds ardjátgnds odrjaebd
parth bh su hstruntura. \dr hmhjpid, sh dftghehe ogfras juy rhsgstheths a ia tranngþe
ndjd hi Chviar, d ogfras tajfgçe juy rhsgstheths ai ouhkd, ndjd hi Edjhx, ajfas
ndjhrngaigzabas pdr Bu\det.
Bhet
Bh etrd
rd bh ia
iass pd
pdigigaj
ajgb
gbas
as já
jáss ndju
ndjueh
ehss vajd
vajdss a rhoh
rhohrgr
rgred
edss a ia rhan
rhanng
ngþe
þe bh
odrjangþe bh ia \digajgba ?? d eyide.
Vhanngþe bh odrjangþe bh ia \digajgba ?,?.

Ogkura 1 Eyide ?,?

Hs hi nasd bh ia rhanngþe bh odrjangþe bhi eyide ?? bdebh sh parth bh bds

jdeþjhrds quh sde hi ángbd `hxaedbgdgnd abêpgnd y ia `hxajhtgihebgajgea.
\ara `anhr eyide ?.? ed sh ehnhsgtae nataigzabdrhs, ya quh ids ángbds nataigzae ia
rhanngþe y ued bh ids jdeþjhrds hs prhngsajheth ue ángbd.
Ia pdigajgba rhsuitaeth tgheh uea hstruntura igehai. Ids eyides tajfgçe puhbhe
dfthehrsh a partgr bh uea bgajgea y ue bgnidrurd bh ángbd=

Eyide ?,? odrjabd bh Nidrurd bh abgpdgid

He hi eyide ?,? ids dxêkheds bhi narfdegid y ids `gbrþkheds bh ia ajgba puhbhe
uegrsh jhbgaeth ue heianh bh puheth bh `gbrþkhed. Hstd phrjgth quh ias nabheas
puhbae aigeharsh drbheabajheth para odrjar ogfras. Ia pdigajgba rhsuitaeth tgheh
 

uea hstr
uea hstrun
untutura
ra igeh
igehai
ai bd
bdeb
ebh
h sh dfsh
dfshrv
rva
a ia rhph
rhphtgtgng
ngþe
þe bh ia sg
sgku
kugh
ghet
eth
h ue
uegb
gbab
ab
hstrunturai,

Heianh bh puheth bh `gbrþkhed hetrh ids dxêkheds bhi narfdegid y ids `gbrþkheds bh
ia ajgba

  \digçsthrhs.
Hi pdigçsthr hs uea nathkdrêa bh hiastþjhrds quh ndetgheh hi krupd ouengdeai çsthr 
he su nabhea prgengpai, hi tçrjged pdigçsthr khehraijheth sh rhoghrh a ids pdigçsthrhs
sgetçtgnds (piástgnds), prdvhegheths bh oranngdehs phsabas bhi phtrþihd. Hi pdigçsthr 

thrjdpiástgnd
Hi pdigçsthr hsjásjuyndedngbd
rhsgsthethhsa hi
ia \HR.
`ujhbab, a ids prdbuntds quêjgnds y a ias ouhrzas
jhnáegnas. ^h usa he ia oafrgnangþe bh ogfras, rhnufrgjghetds bh iájgeas, htn.
He hi nasd bh ids pdigçsthrhs, ids prdnhsds bh pdigndebhesangþe quh ndebunhe a su
dfth
then
engþ
gþe
e ut
utgigigz
gzae
ae ndjd
djd jd jde eþj
þjhr
hrds
ds ge
gegn
gnga
gaih
ihss ue pdidiga
gain
ind
d`di
`di y ue án ánggbd
pdignarfdxêignd.
^hkýe ia ouengdeaigbab bh hstds jdeþjhrds, hi pdigçsthr ogeai puhbh thehr uea
hstruntura igehai d uea hstruntura rhtgnuiaba.
\digçsthrhs igehaihs.
Ids pdigçsthrhs igehaihs rhsuitae bh ia ndebhesangþe bh ángbds bgnarfdxêignds nde
bgaind`dihs. Hetrh hi D@ bhi krupd narfdxgid y hi @ bhi krupd aind`di sh higjgea uea
jdiçnuia bh akua, nrháebdsh hi krupd çsthr quh sgrvh bh puheth bh heianh he hstas
nabheas pdigjçrgnas. Hi \dightgihethrhotaiatd, hs ue pdigçsthr igehai, he su hstruntura.

Vhanngþe bhi \HR

. 
\digçsthrhs rhtgnuiabds
 

Ids prg
Ids prgeng
engpa
paihs
ihs pdigçs
pdigçsthr
thrhs
hs ige
igeha
haihs
ihs sde
sde ids pdigth
pdigthrho
rhotai
taiatd
atds.
s. Xea rharhanng
nngþe
þe bh
odrjangþe bh ue pdigthrhotaiatd hs ia ndebhesangþe hetrh hi ángbd thrhotáignd y hi
htgihekigndi. Ids pdigthrhotaiatds sh hjpihae he ia oafrgnangþe bh ogfras (Rhryihe,
Bra
rannde
de,, Rhrk
hrkai
ai)) par
araa ia gegebu
bust
strg
rga
a ththxxtgi,
tgi, y he ia oaf oafrgn
rgnang
ngþe
þe bh phiên iênui
uias
as
(Jyyia
(J iar,
r,@d
@dst
stap
ap`a
`ae)e) qu
quhh sh us usae
ae pr prge
geng
ngpa
paijijhe
heth
th ndndjd
jd ja jath
thrg
rgai
ai ag
agsi
siae
aeth
th he
hihntrdthnega.
^g he iukardfthebrêajds
pdigaind`di bh utgigzar uendjd
bgaind`di, ndjd
prdbuntd jdeþjhrd
ogeai ue pdiêjhrdbh quh
partgba, utgigzajds
ya ed thebrêa ueaue
hstruntura igehai, sged uea hstruntura trgbgjhesgdeai.
^hrga tajfgçe ue pdigçsthr, phrd nde prdpghbabhs juy bgstgetas. Hetrh ids pdigçsthrhs
rhtg
rhtgnu
nuia
iabd
bdss nafh
nafh bhbhst
stan
anar
ar ia
iass rh
rhsg
sgea
eass aiqu
aiquêb
êbgn
gnas
as.. Ia
Iass rhsg
rhsgea
eass ai
aiqu
quêb
êbgn
gnas
as sde
sde
pdigçsthrhs bh ángbds bgnarfdxêignds y pdigaind`dihs. Ndjd hi kiyptai dfthegba a partgr 
bhi ángbd otáignd y hi Htgihekigndi.
Ias rhsgeas aiquêbgnas sh utgigzae he krae naetgbab he ias gebustrga bh pgeturas y
faregnhs.

Vhsgea aiquêigna Kiyptai

  Vhsgeas oheþignas.
Ia rhsgea ohedi-odrjaibh`êbd hs uea rhsgea sgetçtgna thrjdhstafih, dfthegba ndjd
prdbuntd bh ia rhanngþe bh ids ohedihs nde hi odrjaibh`êbd. A vhnhs, ids prhnursdrhs
sde dtrds aibh`êbds u dtrd ohedi. Ias rhsgeas oheþignas sh utgigzae prgengpaijheth he
ia prdbunngþe bh tafihrds bh ngrnugtds.
Hstds sde jás ndedngbds, sge hjfarkd, para ia prdbunngþe bh prdbuntds jdibhabds
ndjd fdias bh fgiiar, hengjhras bh iafdratdrgd, rhvhstgjghetds y ab`hsgvds. Xe
hmhj
hmhjpipid
d fghe
fghe nded
ndedngngbd
bd hs ia Fa Faqu
quhi
higta
gta,, hi já
jáss ae
aetgtgku
kud
d ja
jath
thrg
rgai
ai ge
gebu
bust
strga
rgaii bh
pdiêjhrds sgetçtgnds.
^de ndpdigjhrds bh ndebhesangþe, quh sh dftgheh a partgr bh ue ohedi y bh ue
aibh`êbd he prhshenga bh ue nataigzabdr.
Hi ohedi, hi j„nrhsdi y hi xgihedi sgjçtrgnd sde jdeþjhrds abhnuabds para ia
odrjangþe
odrja ngþe bh faqu
faquhigtas
higtas,, bh hsta
hstass ias jás gjpdrtaeth
gjpdrtaethss sde ias quh sh dftghehe
dftghehe a
partgr bhi ohedi y bhi odrjaibh`êbd.
 

Vhanngþe bh ia Faquhigta

He ia tafia pdbhjds vhr, ia niasgognangþe bh ias rhsgeas oheþignas

 
Vhsdihs
Ias rhsgeas bh ohedi-odrjaibh`êbd fash-nataigzabas sh `anhe nde uea prdpdrngþe bh
odrjaibh`êbd a ohedi bh jás bh ued (khehraijheth airhbhbdr bh 1.8). Hstas rhsgeas
sh iiajae rhsdihs.
Hi Ohedi, odrjaibh`êbd, akua y nataigzabdr sh jhzniae he ia naetgbab bhshaba,
bhphebghebd bh ia rhsgea quh sh qughra, y sh naigheta. Ia prgjhra parth bh ia
rhan
rhanng
ngþe
þe,, a ;< ¼ N, nd
ndes
estgtgtu
tuyh
yh ue hs
hsph
phsd
sdrr bh nd
ndid
idrr ja
jarr
rrþe
þe rdmg
rdmgzd
zd bh ja
jath
thrg
rgai
ai
phkamdsd, quh hs rgnd he krupds çthr `gbrdxgjhtgid y fhenêignd.
 

Natáiasgs Fásgna bhi Vhsdi Rhrjgeangþe bhi Vhsdi

Ia vhidngbab bh ia rhanngþe fash-nataigzaba gegngaijheth aujheta nde hi p@, y

ainaeza ue jáxgjd airhbhbdr bh p@ : 1<. Ia hsphngh rhantgva hs hi aegþe oheþxgbd
(N?@
(N ?@8D
8D-)
-) od
odrj
rjab
abd
d pd
pdrr bhsp
bhsprd
rdtd
tdea
eang
ngþe
þe bhi
bhi ohed
ohedi.i. Ia narka
arka ehka
ehkatgtgvva hs
hstá
tá
bhsidnaigzaba sdfrh hi aegiid ardjátgnd, ia antgvangþe bh ids sgtgds 6, 2 y ?, quh a su
vhz rhanngdeae
^ghebd
^ghe bd thrjdh nde hi
thrjdhstafi hs,odrjaibh`êbd.
stafihs, ids ohedihs
ohedihs `gbrd
`gbrdxgjht
xgjhtêignd
êigndss sh hetrhnruz
hetrhnruzae
ae ai naih
naihetari
etarids
ds
gethesajheth a ueds 16< ¼ N para odrjar puheths bh jhtgihed y çthr jhtêignd. A hsth
puetd ia rhsgea hs uea rhb bh trhs bgjhesgdehs, quh hs têpgnd bh rhsgeas oheþignas
pdigjhrgzabas. Hi aitd hetrhnruzajghetd ba hsth tgpd bh rhsgea oheþigna quh pdshh
burhza, fuhea hstafgigbab tçrjgna, quêjgna h gjphrjhafgigbab.
He hi hsquhja, sh juhstrae ias odrjas bh rhanngþe hetrh hi ohedi y hi odrjaibh`êbd
y ia dfthengþe bh rhsgeas he sus bgohrheths hstabds.

Dfth
engþe bhi Vhsdi y Edvdiana

Ias rhsg
Ias rhsgea
eass oh
oheþ
eþigigna
nass sh he
henu
nuhe hetra
trae
e he gegeogogeg
egba
bab
b bh prdbprdbun
untd
tdss ge
gebu
bust
strg
rgai
aihs
hs==
ia
iajg
jgea
eabd
bdss oh
oheþ
eþign
ignds
ds,, Ids
Ids oh
oheþ
eþigignd
ndss bh pa
paph
phii sh utgiutgigz
gzae
ae he ia oafr
oafrgn
gnan
angþ
gþe
e bh
ndjpdeheths hiçntrgnds. Ids oheþignds bh vgbrgd sde hsphngaijheth abhnuabds para
su usd he hi jhrnabd bh rdbajghetd bh aita vhidngbab. Ids oheþignds jgnrd-kidfds
sde utgigzabds para hi ndetrdi bh ia bhesgbab. Ias Fdias bh fgiiar, asê ndjd ias fdias
bh ju
jun`n`ds
ds dtdtrd
rdss mumuhk
hkds
ds bh jhsa
jhsa ta tajf
jfgç
gçe
e hstá
hstáe e `h
`hn`n`ds
ds bh rhsg
rhsgea
ea bh ohed
ohedi-
i-
odrjaibh`êbd. Dtras gjpdrtaeths apignangdehs gebustrgaihs bh ias rhsgeas oheþignas
sde
sd e ia oa
oafr
frgn
gnan
angþ
gþe
e bh Ja
Jaththrg
rgai
aihs
hs bh Or
Orgn
gnng
ngþe
þe,, Ja
Jath
thrg
rgai
aihs
hs Af
Afra
rasg
sgvd
vdss (rêkg
(rêkgbd
bdss y
oihxgfihs), Jathrgaihs Vhorantargds, Agsiajghetds Anýstgnds y Rçrjgnds, Ogitrds para
autdjdngþe, htn.

^gigndeas
Ia sgigndea hs ue pdiêjhrd gedrkáegnd bhrgvabd bhi pdigsgidxaed, hstá ndestgtugbd pdr 
uea shrgh bh átdjds bh sgigngd y dxêkhed aithreabds. Hs gedbdrd h gendidrd. Ia
sgigndea hs gehrth y hstafih a aitas thjphraturas, id quh ia `anh ýtgi he krae varghbab
bh apignangdehs gebustrgaihs, ndjd iufrgnaeths, ab`hsgvds, jdibhs, y he apignangdehs
jçbgnas y qugrýrkgnas, ndjd prþthsgs vaivuiarhs, narbêanas h gjpiaeths bh jajas.
 

Hstruntura ^gigndea

\uhbh hs
\uhbh hsthr
thrgigz
gigzars
arsh
h nde þxg
þxgbd
bd bh htgihe
htgihed,
d, rabgan
rabgangþe
gþe y prd
prdnhs
nhsds
ds bh au autdn
tdniav
iavh.
h.
Ndes
Nd estgtgtu
tuyh
yhe
e ia ra raja
ja já
jáss gj
gjpd
pdrt
rtae
aeth
th bh ididss bhrg
bhrgva
vabd
bdss drka
drkaed
edsg
sgiêiêng
ngnd
nds3
s3 ia
naranthrêstgna hshengai bh ids pdiêjhrds hs ia bh prhshetar he su jdiçnuia, abhjás
bhi heianh sgigngd-narfded, hi heianh sgigngd-dxêkhed, hi nuai ba drgkhe a su edjfrh=
sgigndeas.
Hi prdbuntd prgjargd para ia hiafdrangþe bh sgigndeas hs ia sêignh (bgþxgbd bh sgigngd),
fastaeth afuebaeth he ia arhegsna, he ia arhea bh piaya y dtras rdnas sgjgiarhs3 ia
sêignh tajfgçe hs hi prgengpai gekrhbgheth bhi vgbrgd. Ias sgigndeas sh hiafdrae a partgr 
bh nidrdsgiaeds, thtrahtdxgsgiaed y dtrds ndjpuhstds bh sgigngd sgjgiarhs. Bhphebghebd
bh ias ndebgngdehs bh su dfthengþe y bh pdsthrgdrhs prdnhsds quêjgnds.

\digjhrgzangþe ^gigndea

Ias sgigndeas ndestgtuyhe fuheds hiastþjhrds pdrquh ia nabhea prgengpai hs juy

oihxgfih. Ids heianhs
sde aitajheth hetrhHiueáekuid
oihxgfihs. átdjd odrjabd
bh sgigngd ypdr
idshstds
bds átdjds bh puhbh
heianhs, dxêkhedafrgrsh
uegbds,y
nhrrarsh ndjd sg ouhra uea tgmhra, sge bhjasgabds prdfihjas. Hstd `anh quh tdba ia
nabhea prgengpai sha oihxgfih.

\rdpghbabhs bh ids pdiêjhrds=

\rdpghbabhs jhnáegnas

Hstas prd
Hstas prdpgh
pghbab
babhs
hs sh rhi
rhiang
angde
deae
ae nde hi ndjpdr
ndjpdrtaj
tajghe
ghetd
td bh
bhii pdi
pdiêjh
êjhrd
rd orh
orheth
eth a
bgstgetds prdnhsds jhnáegnds. Hetrh hstas prdpghbabhs sh henuhetrae=

Ia rhsgsthenga
 

quh sh rhiangdea nde ia ogrjhza bh ue pdiêjhrd orheth a ia prhsgþe hmhrngba sdfrh

hiids sge suorgr najfgds he su hstruntura. Xe hmhjpid bh ue pdiêjhrd rhsgstheth hs hi
pdignarfdeatd=
 Ia burh
burhza
za33 quh
quh hs ia nanapa
pang
ngba
bab
b bh ue pdpdiêiêjh
jhrd
rd bh dp
dpds
dsgn
gngþ
gþe
e a
rdjphrsh. Xe pdiêjhrd nde hihvaba burhza hs hi pdightgihed.


Ia hide
hideka
kang
ngþe
þe33 hs ia napa
napang
ngba
bab
b bh ue pdpdiêiêjh
jhrd
rd bh hs
hstgtgra
rars
rsh
h sg
sge
e
rdjphrsh nuaebd sh hmhrnh uea prhsgþe hxthrea. Ids pdiêjhrds quh pdshhe
hsta prdpghbab tajfgçe sh bhedjgeae hiastþjhrds, ndjd, pdr hmhjpid, hi
pdigfutabghed.

\rdpghbabhs oêsgnas
^hkýe ias naranthrêstgnas oêsgnas quh theka hi pdiêjhrd, hstds sh puhbhe niasgognar 
ndjd=

 Ogfras= \rhshetae fama hiastgngbab y fama hxthesgfgigbab, id quh phrjgth

ndeohnngdear thmgbds nuyas bgjhesgdehs phrjaehnhe hstafihs. hm. aikdbþe,
iaea, shba, eagide, pdigçsthr, banrþe, htn.

bhngr, Hiastþjhrds= ^de jathrgaihs nde aita

a uehxthesgfgigbab y hiastgngbab3 hs


sh bhodrjae jun`d ai sdjhthrids hsouhrzd, phrd rhnuphrae su

odrja gegngai ai higjgear hi hsouhrzd. Hm. naun`d, ehdprhed, htn.
 Jhnáegnas= theangbab, hiastgngbab, burhza buntgigbab, jaihafgigbab
 Þptgna
Þpt gnas=
s= odtdnd
odtdndebu
ebuntg
ntgvgb
vgbab,
ab, oiudrh
oiudrhsn
snhen
henga
ga y odsodsodr
odrhsn
hsnhen
henga,
ga, hoh
hohntd
ntd
odtdhiçntrgnd.
 Rçrjgnas= thrjdhstafih (heburhnh famd ia anngþe bhi naidr prhsgþe, y su
heburhngjghetd hs grrhvhrsgfih)
 Hiçntrgnas
Hiçnt rgnas== pdiargzang
pdiargzangþe
þe hihn
hihntrþegn
trþegna,
a, pdia
pdiargzan
rgzangþe
gþe gþegn
gþegna,
a, ndeb
ndebuntdr
untdr d
agsiaeth.

  Kdja sigj, pdigurhtaed y rhsgea hpdxgna=

Kdja ^igj

Hi sigjh, hs uea hsphnga bh jasgiia, ue fiaebgfiý (Fiaebg Fiuf) jdbhred y nashrd quh

sh puhbh jdibhar y nustdjgzar a kustd bhi ndesujgbdr. Hi ndetantd nde hsth tgpd bh
prdbuntds suhih prdvdnar uea rhanngþe ndedngbd ndjd A^JV d rhspuhsta shesdrgai
jhrgbgaea autþedja. Hs bhngr, ue jçtdbd bh rhiamangþe shesdrgai.
 

^h puhbhe hendetrar jdetdehs bh rhnhtas para oafrgnar hsta jasa. Hi prdfihja hs

quh aikueas bh hstas oþrjuias utgigzae prdbuntds quh, a iarkd piazd y he ndetgeud
ndetantd nde ia pghi, puhbhe prdvdnar grrgtangþe. Jhzniar fþrax (fdratd bh sdbgd), ue
ndjpuhstd quh sh usa para `anhr bhthrkheths y phstgngbas, nde dtras sustaengas
andstujfra a shr ued bh ids sgsthjas jás utgigzabds.
utgi gzabds.

Ias jasas ndedngbas ndjd ’sigjh‚ sde jathrgaihs pdigjçrgnds. Ids pdiêjhrds hstáe
odrjabds pdr phquhñas uegbabhs quêjgnas iiajabas jdeþjhrds quh sh rhpgthe
para bar iukar a uea hstruntura bh nabheas iarkas. Ids pdiêjhrds sde jdiçnuias bh
krae tajañd quh odrjae parth bh euhstra vgba ndtgbgaea, pdr hi hmhjpid, hi nhpgiid bh
bgheths, ias zapatgiias, ids ýtgihs hsndiarhs, hetrh dtrds.

Ia prdbunngþe bh jasas bh hsth tgpd phrjgth dfshrvar hi najfgd bh ias prdpghbabhs

oêsgnas bh ue pdiêjhrd jhbgaeth hetrhnruzajghetd oêsgnd. Ias naranthrêstgnas bh ia
jasa (ab`hsgvgbab, vgsndsgbab y/d hiastgngbab), bhphebhe bh ia naetgbab quh sh
akrhka bh naba ued bh ids gekrhbgheths.

Ia jaydrêa bh ias rhnhtas para ia dfthengþe bh ’sigjh‚ ndjfgeae ndia vgeêigna, quh
pdshh bds tgpds bh pdiêjhrds thrjdpiástgnds y igehaihs (anhtatd bh pdigvgegid y
pd
pdigv
igvge
gegigiai
aind
bhna`gbratabd nd`d
`dii dnd
nded
edng
ngbd
fþrax,bds
s nd
quh ndjý
hsjýej
ejhe
uea heth
sai th
quhnd
ndjd
shjd \_A)
\_A),, he
henuhetra y th
thtra
iatrafd
fdra
ratd
td bh
eaturaihza sdbg
sdbgd
d puhbhd
sgethtgzarsh a partgr bh ndjpuhstds bh fdrd. He nghrtas rhnhtas sh usa mafþe iêqugbd
d bhthrkheth bhfgbd a quh ndetghehe fþrax he su ndjpdsgngþe.

Ia rh
rhan
annngþ
gþee bh id idss gd
gde
ehs th
thtr
tra
a`g`gbr
brdx
dxgf
gfdr
draatd bh ia sa saii prd
rdb
bun
unhh pu
pueetdtdss bh
hetrhnruzajghetd d ’nrdssigecgek‚ hetrh ias nabheas igehaihs bhi \_A y hstd khehra
uea rhrhb
b tr trgb
gbgj
gjhe
hessgd
gdea
eaii quh rh
rhtgtgh
heh akakuua, nrh
rhae
aeb bd ue khi shj hjgs
gsþ
þigigbd
bd.. Hi
hetrhnruzajghetd khehrabd hs bhi tgpd oêsgnd y bh naránthr rhvhrsgfih ya quh, sg
pdeh
pdehjd
jdss he nd ndet
etan
antd
td ia ja
jasa
sa nd ndee án
ángb
gbd
d an
ançt
çtgn
gnd
d (v
(vge
geak
akrh
rh),
), id
idss pu
puet
etdsds bh
hetrhnruzajghetd sh rdjphe3 phrd ai añabgr uea fash ndjd fgnarfdeatd bh sdbgd sh
vuhivhe a khehrar.
 

\digurhtaed
Hi pdigurhtaed hs ue jathrgai piástgnd quh sh puhbh vhr he bgohrheths odrjas para
usds bgstgetds. ^g `afiajds bhsbh hi ndedngjghetd quêjgnd sh trata bh pdiêjhrds y
hstd ndesgsth he phquhñas jdiçnuias ndehntabas hetrh sê, uea uegþe fastaeth ouhrth
quh ba hstafgigbab a hsth jathrgai naba vhz jás utgigzabd. Quh sha ue jathrgai
abaptafih `anh quh puhba quhbar oihxgfih d rêkgbd, ias bgstgetas pdsgfgigbabhs quh
tgheh hi hsth jathrgai `anhe quh su apignangþe theka ue afaegnd juy ajpigd. \uhbhe
shr usabas para id sgkugheth=

  Agsiajghetds
 \rdthntdr bh ndiujeas
 Ndin`dehs
 Vhvhstgjghetds
  Ab`hsgvds
 Ehujátgnds
 \ghzas bh ndn`hs
 Vdpa bhpdrtgva

^uhias bh zapatds
^g ndetgeuajds `afiaebd he tçrjgeds quêjgnds th vajds a hxpignar nþjd sh odrja
hi pdigurhtaed. ^h dftgheh nde ia rhanngþe bh ue pdigdi (aind`di pdig `êbrgnd nde
bgstgetds krupds bh `gbrdxgid) nde ue bggsdngaeatd d ue gsdngaeatd pdigjçrgnd
pdigjçrgnd (hstds
 (hstds
sde ndjpuhstds ouebajhetaihs bhi pdigurhtaed). ^u odrja bhphebhrá bh ia varghbab
bh ids pdiêjhrds y tdbd hiid bhphebhrá bhi pdigd d hi gsdngaeatd.
rhsgea hpdxgna
 `anh rhohrhenga taetd a nuaiqughra bh ids ndjpdeheths ndjd ai prdbuntd ogeai
(nurabd) bh ias bhedjgeabas rhsgeas hpdxg. Rajfgçe hs hi edjfrh ndidqugai para hi
hpþxgbd..1 Ias rhsgeas hpdxg, tajfgçe iiajabas pdighpþxgbds, sde uea
krupd ouengdeai hpþxgbd
niash bh pdiêjhrds y prhpdiêjhrds rhantgvds, quh ndetghehe krupds hpþxgbds.
\uhbhe `anhrsh rhanngdear (Nrdss-igec) taetd ndesgkd jgsjds, a travçs bh
`djdpdigjhrgzangþe nataiêtgna, ndjd nde nd-rhantgvds geniuyhebd ajgeas
 

pdigouengdeaihs, ángbds, ae`êbrgbds ángbds, ohedihs, aind`dihs y tgdihs. Hstds nd-

rhantgvds suhihe bhedjgearsh ’heburhnhbdrhs‚ d ’akheths bh nurabd‚3 y ia rhanngþe
bh nrdss-igecgek ndjd ’nurabd‚. Ia rhanngþe bh ids pdighpþxgbds ndesgkd jgsjds d
nde heburhnhbdrhs pdigouengdeaihs bae iukar a pdiêjhrds thrjdhstafihs, quh
prhshetae `afgtuaijheth fuheas prdpghbabhs jhnáegnas y aita rhsgsthenga quêjgna y
tçrjgna. Rghehe ue ajpigd raekd bh apignangdehs geniuyhebd rhnufrgjghetds
jhtáignds, usd he ndjpdeheths hihntrþegnds
hihntrþegnds/hiçntrgnds
/hiçntrgnds y IHB, agsiaeths he
gestaiangdehs bh aita thesgþe, he pgeturas, he jathrgaihs rhodrzabds nde ogfras y ndjd
ab`hsgvds hstrunturaihs.
Ias rhsgeas hpdxg
rhsgeas hpdxg jás orhnuheths sde prdbuntd bh uea rhanngþe
hetrh hpgnidrd`gbrgea
hpgnidrd`gbrgea y
 y fgsohedi A.
A.

JARHVGAIH^ W VHANRG_D^
Jathrgaihs Vhantgvds
2 _asd bh prhngpgtabd 1<< jI ^diungþe bh aind`di vgeêignd ai 2%
> _asd bh prhngpgtab
prhngpgtabd
d 68< ji ^diu
^diungþe
ngþe bh fdratd bh sdbgd ai

? pgpht
pgphtas
as bh
bh 1< ji + pgp
pgphth
hthab
abdr
dr 2%
^diun
^diungþe
gþe bh ggsdn
sdngae
gaeatd
atd
\digdi
\aids bh paihta (aiujeds) Jhznia khjhia A y F para rhsgea
hpþxgna
_asds bhshn`
_asds bhshn`afi
afihs
hs tajañd
tajañd
kraebh (aiujeds)
Jdibh para rhsgea (aiujeds)
\aphi phrgþbgnd (aiujeds)

_ashigea (aiujeds)

JHRDBDIDKGA
\VDNHBGJGHERD 1=

• Rdjar he ia prdfhta 6< jI bh aind`di vgeêignd y bhpdsgtar he ue Fhachr.

•  Añabgr > jI bh sdiungþe
sdiungþe bh fdratd bh sdbgd
sdbgd..
•  Akgtar vgkdrdsajheth, he jdvgjghetds ngrnuiarhs, nde akgtabdr. Vhkgstrhe ids
najfgds dfshrvabds
 

• Nuaebd sh `aya odrjabd hi khi, rhtgrarid bhi vasd y ndetgeuar ajasaebd nde
ias jaeds.
• Dfsh
Df shrv
rvar
ar ias
ias na
nara
rant
nthr
hrês
êstgtgna
nass bh
bhii pd
pdiêiêjh
jhrd
rd tdjá
tdjáeb
ebdi
did
d he ia
iass ja
jaed
edss y
hstgráebdid suavhjheth d nde jdvgjghetds frusnds.
•  Apdyar sdfrh uea suphrogngh
suphrogngh piaea y dfshrvar
dfshrvar ia odrja quh abqughrh.
• Vhaignh hi jgsjd prdnhbgjghetd aethrgdr, phrd hsta vhz utgigzaebd bgohrheths
prdpdrngdehs bh ia sdiungþe bh fdratd bh sdbgd (8,y ; ji).
• Hiafdrh uea tafia gebgnaebd ias prdpdrngdehs utgigzabas y ias dfshrvangdehs
ndrrhspdebgheths.
• Bhmh he rhpdsd ias rhsgeas dfthegbas pdr hspangd bh 62`dras y rhaignh ias
dfshrvangdehs ndrrhspdebgheths.
ndrrhspdebgheths.

BGAKVAJA HE IA ^GKXGHERH \AKGEA

GEGNGD

prdfhta
 

6< jI bh aind`di

bhpdsgtar he ue Fhachr 

 Añabgr > jI bh sdiungþe

sdiungþe bh fdratd bh sdbgd

 Akgtar vgkdrdsajheth,
he jdvgjghetds ngrnuiarhs, Vhkgstrar ids najfgds
nde akgtabdr 

Nuaebd sh `aya odrjabd hi khi

Vhtgrar bhi vnde

ajaezaeaebd asd iasy jaeds
ndetge
geu
uar 

Dfshrvar
Dfshrv ar ias nar
narant
anthrê
hrêstg
stgnas
nas bhi • hstgráebdid suavhjheth
pdiêjhrd tdjáebdid he ias jaeds • jdvgjghetds frusnds.

 Apdyar sdfrh uea suphrogngh

suphrogngh piaea. dfshrvar ia odrja quh abqughrh

  \rdnhbgjghetd prdpdrngdehs bh ia sdiungþe bh fdratd bh

sdbgd (8,y ; ji)

OGE

\VDNHBGJGHERD 6=

• Rdjar 1< jI bh sdiungþe bh pdigdi.

• Rdjar > ji bh gsdngaeatd.
• Vhnufrgr ias parhbhs bh ue vasd bhshn`afih nde vashigea.
• Jhzn
Jh znia
iarr ia sdiu
sdiung
ngþe
þe bh gsdn
gsdnga
gaea
eatd
td nd
nde
e ia sdiu
sdiung
ngþe
þe bh pdpdigigdi
di he ue va
vasd
sd
bhshn`afih.
• Vhvdivhr nde hi akgtabdr, nde jdvgjghetds ngrnuiarhs pdr ue jgeutd.
• Nuaebd thrjgeh bh hspujar, bhsjdibar.
 

• Vhphtgr hi prdnhsd usaebd 8 ji y ; ji bh gsdngaeatd rhsphntgvajheth.

• Rdjar batd bh ias naranthrêstgnas ogeaihs.

GEGNGD

Rdjar 1< jI bh sdiungþe bh pdigdi Vhnufr

Vhnufrgr
gr ia
iass pa
parh
rhbh
bhss bh ue vasd
vasd
bhshn`afih nde vashigea.

Rdjar > ji bh gsdngaeatd.

Jhzniarr ia sdiun
Jhznia sdiungþe
gþe bh gsd
gsdnga
ngaeat
eatd
d
nde ia sdiungþe bh pdigdi he ue vasd
bhshn`afih.

Vhvdivhr nde hi akgtabdr, nde jdvgjghetds

ngrnuiarhs pdr ue jgeutd

Nuaebd sh thrjgea, sh bhsjdeta

Vhphtgr hi prdnhsd usaebd 8 ji y ; ji bh gsdngaeatd

rhsphntgvajheth
 

Rdjar batd bh ias naranthrêstgnas ogeaihs.

\VDNHBGJGHERD >

• OGE
Rdjar 8 ji bh ia sdiungþe A bh rhsgea.
• Rdjar 8 ji bh ia sdiungþe F bh rhsgea.
• Jhzniar he ue vasd bhshn`afih y akgtar ndestaethjheth.
• Vhnufrgr ias parhbhs bhi jdibh nde vashigea.
•  Abgngdear ia jhznia ai jdibh.
jdibh.
• Bhmar he nurabd aprdxgjabajheth 62 `dras.
• Bhsjdibar.
GEGNGD
 

Rdjar 8 ji bh ia sdiungþe A bh rhsgea. Rdjar 8 ji bh ia sdiungþe F bh rhsgea.

Jhzniar he ue vasd bhshn`afih y akgtar ndestaethjheth

Vhnufrgr ias parhbhs bhi jdibh nde vashigea.

 Abgngdear ia jhznia ai
ai jdibh.

Bhmar he nurabd aprdxgjabajheth 62 `dras.

Bhsjdibar.

OGE

BARD^ VHQXHVGBD^
^h rhndjgheba `anhr uea tafia bh dfshrvangdehs he bdebh sh ndesgkeh naba ued
bh ids najfgds pdr prdnhbgjghetd.
\VDNHBGJGHERD 1
_diujhe bh _diujhe bh Dfshrvangdehs
aind`di pdigvgegignd fdrax
6< >
6< 8
6< ;
 

\VDNHBGJGHERD 6
_diujhe bh _diujhe bh Dfshrvangdehs
pdigdi gsdngaeatd
1< >
1< 8
1< ;

\VDNHBGJGHERD >
\diêjhrd Rghjpd bh Dfshrvangdehs
nurabd
Vhsgea <
62 `

AEAIG^G^ BH VH^XIRABD^
 Ia kdja ^igjh y ia rhsgea pdxgna sde prdbuntds quh tghehe ue tghjpd
prdidekabd bh 62 `dras para su nurangþe d rhsuitabd ogeai.


Ia utgigzangþe bh ;ji bh fþrax he 6<ji bh aind`di pdigvgeêignd puhbh shr 
ue pdnd hxakhrabd. Hs rhndjhebafih usar ids vaidrhs geohrgdrhs ndjd id sde
>ji d 8ji bh fþrax.

 He ia dfth
dfthen
engþ
gþe
e bh pdig
pdigur
urht
htae
aed,
d, sh ususd
d 1<
1<ji
ji bh pd
pdigigdi
di y >j
>jii bh
gs
gsdn
dnga
gaea
eatd
td pa
para
ra ia ododrj
rjan
angþ
gþe
e bhi
bhi jg
jgsj
sjd,
d, sh hv
hvgb
gbhe
heng
nga
a quh
quh su odrj
odrja
a hs
bhshafih, pdr hsd sh `anh hi usd bh 8ji y ;ji gsdngaeatd bdebh sh rhpgth hi
prdnhbgjghetd y ogeaijheth sh dftgheh hi pdigurhtaed bhshabd.

NDENIX^GDEH^
 Ia jathrga hstá odrjaba pdr jdiçnuias quh puhbhe shr bh tajañd
edrjai d jdiçnuias kgkaeths iiajabas pdiêjhrds.

 Ids pdiê
Ids pdiêjh
jhrd
rdss sh pr
prdb
dbun
unhe
he pdr
pdr ia uegþ
uegþe
e bh ng
nghe hetd
tdss bh jgjgih
ihss bh
jdiçnuias phquhñas bhedjgeabas jdeþjhrds quh odrjae hedrjhs nabheas
bh ia
iass od
odrj
rja
as jás
jás bgv
bgvhrs
rsas
as.. Aik
ikue
uea
as parhnh
rhnhe
e ogogb
bhds
ds,, dtra
dtrass tgtgh
hehe
rajgognangdehs. aikueas jás sh ashjhmae a ias hsnaihras bh jaed y dtras
sde ndjd rhbhs trgbgjhesgdeaihs.

 Hi gsdngaeatd hs ue ndjpdeheth quêjgnd prgengpai para ia hiafdrangþe

bh pdigurhtaed, hi nuai sh bhfh jaegpuiar nde prhnaungþe, bhfgbd a quh hs
juy ouhrth su didr puhbh shr grrgtafih d aiçrkgnd para aikueas phrsdeas.
 

 Hi fþrax hs ue ndjpdeheth quêjgn gndd quh antuaijheth hsta

ndeb
nd ebgn
gngd
gdea
eabd
bd para
para ia hiaf
hiafdr
dran
angþ
gþe
e bh kdja
kdja si
sigj
gjh.
h. bhbhfg
fgbd
bd a qu
quh h na
naus
usa
a
grrgtangdehs he aikueas phrsdeas, he hsphngai para ids egñds, ya quh sh
hi
hiaf
afdrdrae
ae ju
jun`
n`ds
ds mu
muku
kuht
hths
hs bh hs
hsth
th tgpd
tgpd bh ja
jaththrg
rgai
ai hi nu
nuai
ai tgtghe
heh
h hs
hsth
th
ndjp
nd jpdedehe
heth
th (f
(fþr
þrax
ax).
). Antu
Antuai
aijh
jhet
eth
h hxgs
hxgsth
the
e bg
bgoh
ohrh
rhet
eths
hs jçtd
jçtdbd
bdss papara
ra ia
hiafdrangþe bh ia kdja sigjh, bh hsta odrja hvgtar hi usd bhi fþrax.

FGFIGDKVAOGA

   Or
Orae
aeng
ngsn Ighraa V  Asphntds Khehraihs bh ids \diêjhrds 
sndd M Ighr \diêjhrds  (6<<;)
rhnuphrabd=

`ttps=//thnedidkgabhidspdigjhrds.wdrbprhss.n
`ttps=//thnedidkgabhidspdigjhrds.wdrbprhss.ndj/6<1;/<?/6;/rhann
dj/6<1;/<?/6;/rhanngdehs-bh-
gdehs-bh-

pdigjhrgzangde-pdr-ndebhesangde/
 XE IX
IXKA
KAVV BD
BDEBEBHH HE
HEND
NDER
ERVA
VAVÁ
VÁ^
^ AV
AVRÊ
RÊNX
NXID
ID^
^ W BA
BARD
RD^
^ BH
GERHVÇ^ VHIANGDEABD^ NDE IA QXÊJGNA. (6<16) rhnuphrabd=

`ttps=//abgnngdeaiaqugjgna.wdrbprhss.ndj/6<
`ttps=//abgnngdeaiaqugjgna.wdrbprhss.ndj/6<16/<2/<1/1<6/
16/<2/<1/1<6/