GM^PHCHNGÞM @I EGCP_A IM G^CH @I @I^ZHNFA Mº? 9H<::?-:-ZGC-::-ZP-::?

PI_KGMHC @I IPIM
ZGC-:>>87-L-L-Z_A-::8
Z_ANI@GKGIMPA I^N_GPA @I P_HOHBA ^ILY_A _ivgsgþm2 :
(ZIP^) Ikgsgþm2 ?:/:>/?:?:
KAMPHBI W @I^KAMPHBI @I HM@HKGA^ Zèl. `i

Z_ANI@GKGIMPA ZH_H KAMPHBI W @I^KAMPHBI @I

HM@HKGA^

CG^PH @I NAMP_AC @I NHKOGA

: Hpraoh`a par ic ncgimti ?5/:>/?:?: F. Rhvhch B. Hrçvhca D. Kgtsuth

O Zhrh hpraohngþm `ic ncgimti ?5/:>/?:?: F. Rhvhch B. Hrçvhca D. Kgtsuth
 H Zhrh Hpraohngþm ?5/:>/?:?: F. Rhvhch B. Hrçvhca D. Kgtsuth
_IU. @I^N_GZNGÞM EINFH ICHOA_Þ _IUG^Þ HZ_AOÞ
 

GM^PHCHNGÞM @I EGCP_A IM G^CH @I @I^ZHNFA Mº? 9H<::?-:-ZGC-::-ZP-::?

PI_KGMHC @I IPIM
ZGC-:>>87-L-L-Z_A-::8
Z_ANI@GKGIMPA I^N_GPA @I P_HOHBA ^ILY_A _ivgsgþm2 :
(ZIP^) Ikgsgþm2 ?:/:>/?:?:
KAMPHBI W @I^KAMPHBI @I HM@HKGA^ Zèl. `i

NAMPIMG@A
8. AOBIPGUA..................................
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6. ^ILY_G@
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HBA W KI@GA
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8. AOBIPGUA

Isti prani`gkgimta tgimi par aobitgva `iegmgr chs prgmngphcis hnngamis h sir rihcgzh`hs
`urhmti ch ibinungþm `i cas trhohbas phrh ic Kamthbi y `iskamthbi `i hm`hkgas,
isthocingim`a kçta`as oèsgnas `i usa, gmspinngþm y khmtimgkgimtas `i cas sgstikhs
`i pratpratin
inng
ngþm
þm namt
namtrh
rh nhë`
nhë`hs
hs nuhm
nuhm`a
`a si ririhc
hcgz
gzhm
hm tr
trho
hohb
hbas
as im hctu
hcturh
rh,, naka
naka um
cgcgmi
mihk
hkgi
gimt
mta
a ^i^ilur
lurg`
g`h`
h` y Ki
Ki`g
`ga
a Hk
Hkog
ogim
imti
ti phrh
phrh ic pra
prayi
yint
nta2
a2 –GM^P
–GM^PHCHNG
HCHNGÞMÞM @I
EGCP_A IM G^CH @I @I^ZHNFA Mº? PI_KGMHC @I IPIM‛

?. ÈCNHMNI

Isti prani`gkgimta `ioi sir `i namangkgimta h ta`a ic pirsamhc isthocingim`a cas

riqu
riqugs
gsgtgtas
as këmg
këmgka
kass ph
phrh
rh lhrh
lhrhmt
mtgz
gzhr
hr qui
qui cas
cas hm
hm`h
`hkg
kgas
as si gmst
gmsthc
hcim
im,, utgc
utgcgn
gnim
im y
khm
hmttim
imlh lhmm im na nam
m`gng
`gngam
amis
is sililur
urhs
hs,, `u
`urh
rhmt
mti
i ch ibin
ibinun
unggþm `i `icc pr
pray
ayininta
ta22
–GM^PHCHNGÞM @I EGCP_A IM G^CH @I @I^ZHNFA Mº? PI_KGMHC @I IPIM‛

>. @I
@IEG
EGMG
MGNG
NGAM
AMI^
I^22
 Zicglra2  Euimt
Euimti,
i, sgtuhngþm a hnta nam patimnghc
patimnghc phrh nhushr `høa im tçrkgmas
tçrkgmas
`i `høa fukhma a `itirgara `i ch shcu`, a umh nakogmhngþm `i çstas.
 _gisla2  Nakogmhngþm `i ch praohogcg`h` `i anurrimngh um(as) ivimta(s) a
ixpasgngþm(is), y ch sivirg`h` `i ch cisgþm a imeirki`h` qui pui`i sir 
nhush`h par ic (cas) ivimta(s) a ixpasgngþm(is).
 Prhohba/ Phrih2 Ymh sinngþm `i trhohba, umh hsglmhngþm ispinëegnh `i trhohba,
um namb
nambum
umta
ta `i hnng
hnngam
amis
is qu
qui
i si mi
mini
nisg
sgth
thm
m ph
phrh
rh nakp
nakpcicith
thrr um aobi
aobitgtgva
va
ispinëegna `i trhohba.
 Hnng`imti2  Pa`
Pa`h h cis
cisgþm
gþm arlèmg
arlèmgnh
nh a pirt
pirturo
urohng
hngþm
þm eum
eumnga
ngamhc
mhc nhush`
nhush`hh im ic
nimtra `i trhohba a nam anhsgþm `ic trhohba, par hnngþm gkprivgsth, eartugth u
anhsgamhc `i umh`ic
saori ch pirsamh euirzh ixtirmh,
trhohbh`ar ripimtgmh
a `iog`h y vgacimth
hc iseuirza qui aorh sòogthkimti
kgska.
 Gmng`imti2 Hnamtingkgimta ma `isih`a qui pu`a `hr culhr h um hnng`imti a
qui tuva ic patimnghc `i pravanhr um hnng`imti.
 Hm`hkga2 Istrunturh tuouchr kitècgnh `istgmh`h h ehngcgthr trhohbas h hcturhs y
qui nukpcim nam ic istèm`hr LKZ-F^-I-::5 Prhohbas im hcturh v0.
 Hrrgastrhr2 Hsilurhr ch rglg`iz y isthogcg`h` `i um hm`hkga h trhvçs `i chs
nruniths a `ghlamhcis.
 Naiegngimti `i ^ilurg`h`2 Uhcar h`gkimsgamhc qui si utgcgzh phrh gmnrikimthr 
–m vinis‛ umh nhrlh `i `gsiøa.

 Nuirpa `ic hm`hkga2  Istè namearkh`a par ch istrunturh kitècgnh `i nh`h

sinn
sinngþ
gþm
m gm`i
gm`ipi
pim`
m`gi
gimt
mti
i name
namear
arkh
kh`h`h pa
parr pgis
pgis virt
virtgn
gnhc
hcis
is,, `ghl
`ghlam
amhc
hcis
is y
fargzamthcis, `i hcturh praki`ga `i ?kitras.
 Nrunith a `ghlamhc2  Icikimta `istgmh`a h hrrgastrhr ic hm`hkga h egm `i
praparngamhr rglg`iz h ch istrunturh.
 

 @ghlamhc2 Icikimta qui hsilurh ic hrrastrhkgimta im ic pchma virtgnhc phrhcica

a pirpim`gnuchr h ch ehnfh`h `ic hm`hkga.
 Zgi `irinfa2 Icikimta saparthmti virtgnhc qui trhmskgti ch nhrlh hc tirrima.
 Zchthearkh `i trhohba2 ^upiregngi fargzamthc `am`i si uognh ic pirsamhc h egm
`i rihcgzhr ic trhohba.
 _a`hpgç2 Ohrrirh uognh`h im ic namtarma `i ch pchthearkh `i trhohba (oar`i
supirgar) phrh ivgthr nhë`h `i khtirghcis.
 Prhvishøa2 Zgizh fargzamthc
fargzamthc qui umi `as pgis `irinfas y sgrvi `i hpaya h ch
pchthearkh `i trhohba.

0. _I
_IEI
EI_I
_IM
MNGH^
NGH^

Markhs Gmtirmhngamhcis „ Mhngamhcis

 Markh L-:9:, ^ilurg`h` `urhmti ch Namstrunngþm.
 @.^. M² ::9-?:8?-P_4 _ilchkimta `i ch Ciy Mº ?7<6>, Ciy `i ^ilurg`h` y
^hcu` im ic Prhohba y sus ka`gegnhngamis
 @.^. Mº :9:-?:8>-P_4 Earkhtas _ieirimnghcis nam ch Gmearkhngþm Këmgkh
qui `ioimWnamtim
^ilurg`h` namtimir
^hcu`irImcas
Ic _ilgst
_ilgstras
ras Aocglhtarg
Prhohba. Aocglhtargas
as @ic ^gsti
^gstikh
kh @i Listg
Listgþm
þm @i
 _.K. Mº ><9-?::6-P_4 Markh Oèsgnh `i irlamakëh y ivhcuhngþm
`i rgislas @gsirlamþkgna.
 @.^. Mº ::>-7 -76
6-^
-^..H. Mar ark
khs Pçnmgnhs qu qui
i rilu lucchm ic ^ilulurra
Nakpcikimthrga `i Prhohba `i _gisla
 @.^.
@.^. M² :8:-
:8:-?:
?::7
:7-U
-UGU
GUGI
GIM@
M@H4
H4 MaMark
rkhh L.:9
L.:9:: ^i^ilu
lurg
rg`h
`h`
` `u
`urh
rhmt
mti
i ch
Namstrunngþm.
 Ciy Ma. ?560?4 Ciy Limirhc `i ^hcu`.
 MPZ >77.:88 ^ëkoacas, ki`g`hs y `gspasgngþm `i chs siøhcis `i silurg`h`.
 _K. M² >8?-?:88-KGM^H. Zratanacas `i ixèkimis kç`gnas anuphngamhcis
y luëhs `i `ghlmþstgna `i cas ixèkimis kç`gnas aocglhtargas par hntgvg`h`



Ciy
Ciy M²
Mº ?7<6>,
?6588, Ciy
Ciy `i ^ilurg`h`
Limirhc y ^hcu` im ic Prhohba.
`ic Hkogimti.
 Ciy Mº ?<005, Ciy Limirhc `ic ^gstikh Mhngamhc `i Ivhcuhngþm `i Gkphnta
 Hkogimthc.
 Ciy Mº ?7>>6, Ciy Limirhc `i _inursas Fë`rgnas.
 @.C. 8?<6, qui hpruioh ch Ciy Gmtilrhc `i Listgþm `i _isg`uas ^þcg`as
 Ciy M² ?>0:<, Ciy Limirhc `i Gm`ustrghs.
 @^ Mº :0>-?::<-IK, _ilchkimta `i ^ilurg`h` phrh chs Hntgvg`h`is `i
Fg`ranhrouras
 Markh G^A 09::8 ^gstikhs `i Listgþm `i ^ilurg`h` y ^hcu` im ic Prhohba
 „ _iqugsgtas
 Markh G^A 80::8 ^gstikhs `i Listgþm Hkogimthc „ _iqugsgtas



Istèm`hris `i nhcg`h`
Ciy `i Listgþm `i `i
Gmtilrhc hgri,_isg`uas,
rug`a, hluh y suica @^
hpraoh`h Mº :><-?::6-ZNK
ki`ghmti @C 8?<6 y su
rilchkimta @^ Mº:80-?::<-KGMHK.
 Istèm`hris `i nhcg`h` Hkogimthc phrh suica, @^ Mº :88-?:8<-KGMHK
 

 Nþ`gla
Nþ`g la Zi
Zimh
mhc8
c822 Gm`g
Gm`gnh
nh nu
nuhc
hc is ch pimh
pimhcgcg`h
`h`
` im nhnhsa
sass si nanakkithm
ithm
gmerhnngamis
gmerhnngamis im tikhs `i ^ilurg
^ilurg`h`
`h` y ^hcu` im ic Prhohb
Prhohba,
a, y nuhcqu
nuhcqugir
gir atrh
ciy hpcgnhoci phrh ic hcnhmni `i cas trhohbas
 Nþ`glas y Istèm`hris gmtirmhngamhcis hpcgnhocis
 Nþ`gla Mhngamhc `i Icintrgng`h` (NMI)
  HM^G / H^KI ??00 G - Namtrac ae Fhzhr`aus
Fhzhr`aus imirly cand aut / thl aut
 A^FH ?7 NE_ 87?5 Istèm`hris `i Namstrunngþm
  HM^G / H^KI O >:.9 Hkirgnhm Mhtgamhc ^thm`hr` ear kaogci hm` canakatgvi
nrhmis
 _isacungþm
_isacun gþm `i hnuir`a `i @grint@grintarga
arga Mº :8:-?:
:8:-?::<-HZM
:<-HZM /@G_. Markh
Mhngamhc saori ^ilurg`h` y ^hcu` Anuphngamhc Zartuhrgh y Cgmihkgimtas
phrh ch aotimngþm `i Nirtgegnh`as `i ^ilurg`h` im umh Gmsthchngþm Zartuhrgh.
85.:>-?::<
 _ilchkimta `i ^ilurg`h` Gm`ustrghc hpraoh`a @^ M² 0?-E `ic ??-:9-50.
 _ilchk
_il chkimt
imta
a Mark
Markhs hs _ie
_iegmh
gmhngþ
ngþm
m y Zra
Zranis
nishkg
hkgimt
imta
a Fg`
Fg`ranh
ranhrou
rouras,
ras, @^ M²
:98-7>-IK.
 _ilchkimta `i ^ilurg`h` Hckhnimhkgimta Fg`ranhrouras, @^ M² :9?-7>-
IK.
 _ilchkimta phrh ic Prhmsparti `i Fg`ranhrouras par @untas, @^ M² :08-
77-IK y sus ka`gegnhtarghs.
  Hpruiohm Markhs Pçnmgnhs `ic ^ilura Nakpcikimthrga `i Prhohba `i
_gisla @^ M² ::>-76-^H `ic 80 `i horgc `i 8776.
 _ichngþm `i Prhohba y Hntgvg`h`is Zicglrashs a Mangvhs phrh ch ^hcu` Eësgnh
a Karhc `i chs y cas H`acisnimtis, @^ M² ::<-?::5-KGK@I^.
 _ilchkimta `i ^ilurg`h` _h`gacþlgnh (@.^. Mra. ::7-7<-IK)
 _ilchkimta saori Uhcaris Cëkgtis Zirkgsgocis phrh Hlimtis Xuëkgnas im
ic Hkogimti `i Prhohba, @^ M² :89-?::9-^H.
 MEZH <:0 „ _akoa `i Khtirghcis Zicglrasas.
 MEZH 98O- Markh phrh ch Zrivimngþm `i Gmnim`gas `urhmti Apirhngamis `i


^ac`h`urh, Narti y Atras
MEZ <: I, ^ilurg`h` Prhohbas im Nhcgimti.
icçntrgnh
 Markh HZG _Z 9::.

@anukimtas `i Pirkgmhcis `ic Zirò

 LKZ-F^-I-::8 ^gstikh `i Zirkgsas `i Prhohba
 LKZ-F^-I-::? Prhohbas im Nhcgimti
 LKZ-F^-I-::> Prhohba im Erga
 LKZ-F^-I-::0 Ocaquia y Itgquith`a
 LKZ-F^-I-::9 Prhohba im Isphngas Namegmh`as
 LKZ-F^-I-::5 Prhohbas im Hcturh
 LKZ-F^-I-::< Gzhbi `i nhrlhs



LKZ-F^-I-::6 Hckhnimhkgimta
LKZ-F^-I-::7 y Khmiba `i Lhsis Nakprgkg`as
Gmsthchngamis Icçntrgnhs
 LKZ-F^-I-:8: Hckhnimhkgimta Prhmsparti y Khmgpuchngþm `i KHPZIC
 LKZ-F^-I-:88 Khmiba `i vifënucas cgvghmas y pish`as
 

 LKZ-F^-I-:8> @itinngþm `i Lhsis

 LKZ-F^-Z-::> _iparti y hntuhngþm im nhsa hnng`imtis lrhvis ya ehthcis
 F^I-I-:8? IZZs
 Gmstruntgva Ccimh`a Khmgegista _isg`uas

9. _I^
_I^ZAM
ZAM^HO
^HOGCG
GCG@H@
@H@ @I GKZ
GKZCIK
CIKIMP
IMPHNG
HNGÞM
ÞM

9.8_isg`imti `i Zrayinta2
 _ispamshoci `i pchmgegnhr ic trhohba `ghrga.
 Nukpcgr nam ch ixpcgnhngþm `i ch ibinungþm `ic trhohba `i khmtimgkgimta h
ta`a ic pirsamhc, hmtis `ic gmgnga `i ch choar `ghrgh.
 Naar`gmhr y supirvgshr cas pirkgsas `i trhohba `i hnuir`a h cas istèm`hris
y markhs `ic Pirkgmhc.
 Zrapa
Zra parn
rnga
gamh
mhrr chs eh
ehng
ngcgcg`h`
`h`is
is riqui
riquirg
rg`hs
`hs na
naka
ka44 iqug
iqugpas
pas `i pr
prat
atinn
inngþ
gþm
m
pirsamhc, iqugpas, firrhkgimths y khtirghcis phrh ic `ishrracca `ic trhohba
im earkh silurh.
 Uirgegnhr chs èrihs `i trhohba `urhmti ic `ishrracca `i ch hntgvg`h` phrh
hsukgr pasgocis nam`gngamis y hntas suo istèm`hr phrh apthr chs ki`g`hs `i
narrinngþm.
 Zrisimthngþm `ic pratanaca `i gmspinngþm y hntuhcgzhngþm `i ch egnfh tçnmgnh
`i nh`h iqugpa, hsë naka cas gmearkis narrispam`gimtis `i chs hntgvg`h`is.
 Fhnir nukpcgr ic prisimti prani`gkgimta.

9.?^upirvgsar `i silurg`h` y Ki`ga Hkogimti2

 _ihcgzhr nfhrch `i silurg`h` `ghrgh h ta`a ic pirsamhc.
 @geum`gr ic ZIP^ i GZI_N y chs fabhs K^@^ `i cas pra`untas qui si
apirim.
 Uirgegnhr qui ic pirsamhc nuimti nam cas iqugpas `i pratinngþm pirsamhc
h`inu
h`i nuh`
h`as
as phr
phrhh ic `i
`ishr
shrra
racccca
a `i
`icc tr
trho
hohb
hba
a im ea
eark
rkhh si
silur
lurh,
h, hsë
hsë kg
kgsk
ska
a


Gmspinngamhr
Uirge
Ui rgegn
gnhr casPnfind
hr ic H_
H_P `u cgstti`iicfirrhkgimths
`urhm
rhmti `ishrr
`ishrrac
acca khmuhcis
ca `ic tr
trhohba,y, iqugpas
hohba gm
gmspi
spinnicçntrgnas.
nnga
gamh
mhm`
m`a a ch
chss
nam`gngamis y hntas suo istèm`hr phrh ic rispintgva namtrac `i ki`g`hs phrh
`ishrracchr um trhohba `i khmirh silurh.
 ^upirvgsgþm pirkhmimti im nhkpa phrh virgegnhr ic nukpcgkgimta `i cas
prani`gkgimtas, istèm`hris y markhs im ic `ishrracca `i hntgvg`h`is.
 Uirgegnhr Nfind cgst `i iqugpas y firrhkgimths khmuhcis.

9.>Prhohbh`ar2
 Namanir y nukpcgr ic prisimti prani`gkgimta.
  Hsgstgr y htim`ir chs Nfhrchs `ghrghs `i 9 kgmutas, hmtis `ic gmgnga `i chs
choaris.
 Gm
Gmea
earkh
rkhrr gm
gmki
ki`g
`ght
hthk
hkimt
imti
i h su su supi
pirvg
rvgsar
sar `i nuhc
nuhcqu
qugi
girr na
nam`
m`gn
gngþ
gþm
m su
suoo
istèm`hr qui si prisimti im ic trhohba.
 Nukpcgr nam ta`hs chs markhs, rilchs i gmstrunngamis `i silurg`h` y shcu`
qui sam gkphrtg`hs im chs èrihs `i trhohba.
 

 _ihcgzhr ic usa h`inuh`a `i iqugpas `i pratinngþm pirsamhc hsglmh`a par ch

ikprish.
 ^am rispamshocis `i Zhrtgngphr im ic ccimh`a `ic Hmècgsgs `i _gisla `i
Prhohba (H_P).
 ^am rispamshocis `i Namthr nam ic Zirkgsa Isnrgta `i Prhohba Z@P.
 ^iøhcgzhr ic èrih `i trhohba `am`i si istçm rihcgzhm`a ch hntgvg`h`.
 Gm
Gmsp
spinn
inngþ
gþm
m y nf
nfin
indd cgcgst
st `ic
`ic hm
hm`h
`hkg
kga
a fhng
fhngim
im`a
`a usa
usa `i ch chss th
thrb
rbit
iths
hs `i
apirhtgvg`h` (raba, hkhrgcca y vir`i).
 Gmearkhrsi saori ic isth`a `ic hm`hkga y ch gmspinngþm `ghrgh `ic supirvgsar.
 Namthr nam ixhkim kç`gna HZPA phrh rihcgzhr trhohbas im hcturh.
 Namthr nam nirtgegnh`a `i trhohbas im hcturh y hm`hkgas hmtis `i gmgnghr ch
hntgvg`h`.

5. _INY_^A^

5.8. ZI_^AMHC
 _isg`imti.

^upirvgsar F^I.
 Aegnghcis ngvgcis.
  Hyu`hmtis.

5.?. IXYGZA^
 Khrtgcca
 Mgvic `i khma
 @rgzhs a salhs

5.>. IXY
5.>. IXYGZA
GZA^
^ @I Z_AP
Z_APINN
INNGAM
GAM ZI_^AM
ZI_^AMHC
HC W N
NACI
ACINPG
NPGUH2
UH2
5.>.8. IZZ°s Oèsgnas2



Nhsna `i silurg`h`
Ohrogquiba `i silurg`h`.
 Cimtis `i silurg`h`.
 Rhphtas `i silurg`h`.
 Luhmtis `i oh`hmh.
 Nfhcina `i silurg`h`.
 Zratintaris hu`gtgvas (thpamis/ aribirhs).
  Hrmçs `i silurg`h` nam su cëmih `i vg`h.
 Ocaquih`ar ^achr.

5.>.?. IZZ°s Nacintgvh2

 Khcchs `i silurg`h` y/a ngmth `i siøhcgzhngþm phrh nirna pirgkçtrgna.


Namas, nhnfhnas y/a isthnhs.

<. Z_
Z_AN
ANI@
I@GK
GKGI
GIMP
MPA^
A^..
 

<.8. HM@HKGA^
<.8.8. HMPI^ @I Y^A
 Cas hm`hkgas `ioim sir sicinngamh`as, hpraoh`as y/a gmspinngamh`as
par umh pirsamh nakpitimti im ic hrkh`a, im ic pranisa `i usa, nuhm`a
si rih
rihcgcgni
ni hc
hclò
lòm
m nhk
nhkog
oga
a y nu
nuhm`
hm`aa si
sih
h `i
`ish
shrk
rkh`
h`a.
a. Ma si hnihnipt
pthr
hrh
h
hm`hkgas riphrh`as y/a sac`h`as, shcva nuimtim nam ch nirtgegnhngþm qui
lhrhmtgni su usa.
 ^aca pirsamhc qui fhyh sg`a nhphngth`a y imtrimh`a rieirimti h cas
prani`gkgimtas `i hm`hkgas y trhohbas im hcturh pa`rè trhohbhr nam istas
(@ioirèm phshr ic ixhkim kç`gna anuphngamhc phrh hcturh eësgnh).
 Pa`a hm`hkga qui si imnuimtri im ic sirvgnga `ioirè namthr nam ch
thrbith `i g`imtgegnhngþm hkhrgcch, vir`i a rabh.
 Chs pchthearkhs
pchthearkhs `i trhohba sirèm `i phmic
phmicis
is kitèc
kitècgnas
gnas hmtg`isc
hmtg`iscgzhmti
gzhmtiss a
`i thocamis `i kh`irh tarmgcca, iqugvhcimti a kibar, si prafëoi ic usa `i
kh`irh pgma.
 Chs `gkimsgamis `i cas thocamis `i cas hm`hkgas, `ioirèm sir `i 9 nk
`i ispisar y ?9 þ >: nk `i hmnfa. Ic hmn hmnfa
fa tathc `ioi
`ioirè
rè nuorgr hc 8::%


`ic hm`hkga.
@ioi ehngcgthrsi h cas trhohbh`aris um mòkira suegngimti `i hm`hkgas
phrh ta`as cas trhohbas qui `iohm ieintuhrsi im hcturh.
 Ic usa `i um sgstikh `i pratinngþm namtrh nhë`hs, nakpuista par hrmçs
`i nuirpa imtira, cëmih `i hmnchbi, pumta `i hmnchbi hkhrrh`a h umh cëmih
`i vg`h a istrunturh risgstimti kès nirnhmh, sirè aocglhtarga `urhmti ta`a
ic tgikpa qui ic trhohbh`ar si imnuimtri saori ic hm`hkga. Ic hrmçs `ioi
isthr umg`a par ki`ga `i ch cëmih `i hmnchbi h umh istrunturh
istrunturh egbh a h umh
cëmih `i vg`h, mumnh `grinthkimti hc hm`hkga4 saca si hmnchrh hc hm`hkga
im nhsa
nhsa `i qu quii ixgs
ixgsth
th um
umhh nacu
nacukm
kmhh im pr
pran
anis
isa
a `i hrhrkh
kh`a`a.. Cas
Cas
trhohbh`aris `ioirèm subithr sus cëmihs `i vg`h par imngkh `ic fakora
im ch phrti supirgar `i ch òctgkh sinngþm `am`i si imnuimtrim.

<.8.?. @Y_HMPI ^Y Y^A

 @urh
@u rhmt
mti
i ic hsn
hsnims
imsa a y `i
`isni
snimsmsaa `i
`icc hm
hm`h
`hkg
kgaa ic tr
trho
hohb
hbh`
h`ar
ar `ioirè
`ioirè
khmtimir sgikpri cas tris pumtas `i hpaya.
 Cas khtirghcis y firrhkgimths `ioirèm sir gzh`as nam nuir`h (`rgzhs)
imtri uma y atra mgvic.
 ^i utgcgzhrè um ngmturþm parth firrhkgimths a oacshs `i camh risgstimti h
egm `i ivgthr qui ic trhohbh`ar utgcgni sus khmas phrh trhmsparthrchs.
 ^g si vh h trhohbhr nirnh `i cëmihs a iqugpas icçntrgnas, cas trhohbh`aris
`ioim hsilurhr ic hm`hkga, utgcgzhm`a ohrrirhs phrh qui mgmlumh `i sus
phrtis a `i sus nakpamimt
nakpamimtis is pui`h imtrhr im namthnta nam isths cëmih
cëmihss
a iqug
iqugpa
pass `i euir
euirzhzh icçn
icçntr
trgn
gnh.
h. ^i `i `ioi
oi nams
namsg`
g`ir
irhr
hr chs
chs sglu
sglugi
gimt
mtis
is
`gsthmnghs këmgkhs2


:.7: k
>.:: nk`i`isgstikhs
sgstikhsicçntrgnas
icçntrgnas`i `ikès
kimas a gluhc
`i >:: h >:: vactgas.
vactgas.
 Cas hm`hkgas y khtirghcis pui`im isthr kès nirnh `i chs cëmihs
icçnt
cçntrg
rgnh
nhss qui ca is ispi
ping
ngeegnh`
gnh`a
a sgik
sgikpr
pri
i y nu nuhm
hm`a
`a ixgs
ixgsth
th um
umh
h
 

naar`gmhngþm privgh nam ch nakphøëh `i imirlëh icçntrgnh a ic apirh`ar 

`ic sgstikh icçntrgna saori ch minisg`h` `i trhohbhr kès nirnh `i ca
rinakim`h`a4 si prani`irè nam ch hntgvg`h`, saca nuhm`a chs cëmihs
fhm sg`a `isimirlgzh`hs chs cëmihs y si fh gkpcikimth`a ic ocaquia y
namsglmhngþm.

Zrafgog`a utgcgzhr cas hm`hkgas kgimtrhs istç ccavgim`a a fhyh tarkimth
icçntrgnh.
 ^g ic trhohba h ibinuthr riqugiri ic usa `i iqugpas `i axgnarti a sac`h`urh
saor
saorii ic hm`h
hm`hkgkga,
a, si ushr
ushrhm
hm cëmi
cëmihs
hs `i hm
hmnc
nchb
hbi
i y/a
y/a cëmi
cëmihs
hs `i vg`h
vg`h
hnirh`hs.
 Cas hm`hkgas `ioim isthr sgikpri cgoris `i aostènucas y iximtas `i
lrhshs, hnigtis a nuhcqugir atrh susthmngh qui pui`h arglgmhr nhë`hs par 
risohchkgimta.
 Cas fusgccas a pgis `i cas hm`hkgas sirèm rëlg`as y nhphnis `i saparthr 
ch kèxgkh nhrlh `isih`h, sgm qui si kuivhm a si `ispchnim.

<.
<.?.
?. PH
PH_BI
_BIPH
PH @I I^
I^PH
PH@A
@A @I H
HM@
M@HK
HKGA
GA^
^

 Phrbith _abh, si nacanhrè im ta`as cas hm`hkgas qui istçm gmnakpcitas,

khc hrkh`a, gmisthoci qui ma nukpchm nam ic istèm`hr, su usa ma istè
hutargzh`a phrh mgmlumh hntgvg`h`.
 Phrbith Uir`i, narrispam`i h cas hm`hkgas qui nuimthm nam pchthearkhs
nakpc
nak pcit iths,
hs, oh
ohrh
rhm`h
m`hss pi
pirgk
rgkit itrh
rhci
cis,
s, hn
hnnis
nisas
as silur
silurasas y si imnui imnuimt
mtrim
rim
hrrgastrh`as. Gm`gnh qui ic hm`hkga istè tirkgmh`a y nakpcita.
 Phrbith Hkhrgcch, sþca si utgcgzhrè isth thrbith im ic hrkh`a, `ishrkh`a y
ka`g
ka `gegegnh
nhng
ngþm
þm `i
`icc hm`hk
hm`hkgaga.. ^i pra prafë
fëoi
oi ic usa
usa `i
`icc hm`hk
hm`hkga ga nam ththrb
rbit
ith
h
hkhrgcch4 sþca pa`rè hnni`ir hc kgska ic pirsamhc qui pirtimiznh hc iqugpa
`i hrk rkh`
h`aa / `ishrk rkhh`a `ic hm`hk hkgga. @ispuçs qu qui i fh fhyyh sg`a
gmspinngamh`a ic hm`hkga si riikpchzhrè ch thrbith hkhrgcch par umh thrbith
vir`i, gm`gnhm`a qui ic hm`hkga istè hpta phrh trhohbhr saori çc.

Chs thrbiths `ioirèm namthr nam `htas thcis naka makori, egrkh y einfh `ic
supirvgsar hutargzhmti, qugim `ioirè gmspinngamhr h `ghrga sus hm`hkgas
phrh hsilurhrsi `i qui si khmtgimim im nam`gngamis silurhs.
 Ic nh
nhph phth
thzz `i nhnh`h
`h nu
nuh`r
h`rgcgcch
ch,, si
sirè
rè ic rispa
rispams
msho
hocici `i gm
gmsp spin
inng
ngam
amhr
hr ic
hm`hkga saori ic qui trhohbhrè ic pirsamhc qui timlh h su nhrla. Hsgkgska
`ioirè gmsthchr y/a namsirvhr ch thrbith `i namtrac hprapgh`h.
 Im nhsa `i qui ixgsthm `u`hs, hnirnh `i qui sg ic hm`hkga namstrug`a
nukpci a ma nam ic istèm`hr `i silurg`h`, ic trhohbh`ar namsucthrè nam ic
pirsamhc `i F^IX hmtis `i ushrca.
 Ic pir
pirsa samhc
mhc `i F^F^IX
IX `ic
`ic pr prayi
ayintntaa pa`
pa`rè
rè gk
gkpi
pi`g
`grr ch ut
utgcgcgz
gzhn
hngþ
gþm
m `i um
hm`hkga a pchthearkh gmsilurh, nacanhm`a umh thrbith rabh h cas kgskas,
fhsth qui sih puista im nam`gngamis `i usa4 h`ikès `hrè hvgsa `i chs
aosirvhngamis hc biei gmki`ghta `ic sintar.
<.>.
<.>. PGZ GZA
A^ @
@I
IHHM@
M@HK
HKGAGA^^
<.>.
>.88. HM@HKGA^ HYPA ZA_PHMPI^
 

 Pr
Prhsk
hskgtgtim
im nh
nhrlh
rlhss h tr
trhv
hvçs
çs `i su suss icik
icikimt
imtas
as vi
virt
rtgn
gnhc
hcis
is (p
(phrh
hrhmt
mtis)
is),,
`grinthkimti h ch ohsi im qui si hpayh.
 ^am `i phrhmtis
phrhmtis hpc
hpcakh
akh`as
`as hpayh`as
hpayh`as sao saori
ri ohsi egrk
egrki.
i. ^g si ushm
th
thna
nass `i hp hpaya
aya,, si `i
`ioi
oim
m ta
takh
khrr ch
chss prinh
prinhun
unga
gami
miss phrh
phrh qu
quii ma si
`ispchnim.
 Nuhm`a timlhm umh hcturh khyar qui tris vinis ch `gkimsgþm kès narth
`i su ohsi, a kès `i um nuirpa `i hctur hcturhh phrh hm`hkgas kitècgnas
kitècgnas –tgpa
 Hnraw‛, `ioim hmnchrsi h istrunturhs a icikimtas risgstimtis y isthocis
a isthogcgzhrsi par ki`ga `i tikpch`aris (vgimtas) phrh privimgr su nhë`h
(hrrgastris chtirhcis).
 Cas pumtas `i hmnchbi `ioim `gstrgougrsi
`gstrgougrsi nh`h 7 k. im simtg`a fargzamthc
fargzamthc
y nh`h 6 k. im simtg`a virtgnhc. Zhrh hm`hkgas kitècgnas –tgpa Hnraw‛ `i
kès `i um nuirpa `i hcturh, ic hmnchbi virtgnhc `ioi ieintuhrsi im ch
phrti supirgar `ic silum`a nuirpa y `ispuçs nh`h tris nuirpas.
 Cas khrnas `i cas hm`hkgas kitècg
kitècgnas
nas –tgpa Hnraw‛, `ioim kamth
kamthrsi
rsi `i
thc earkh qui chs isnhcirhs gmnarparh`hs, nagmng`hm hcgmih`hs im ta`as
cas nuirpas, ma si `ioim uognhr chs pchthearkhs saori çsths. Pa`as cas


hm`hkgas `ioim
Cas hm`hkgas timir isnhcirhs
kitècgnas kþvgcisuaatras ki`gas
ra`hmtis mah`inuh`as phrh suogr.
`ioim ixni`ir cas tris
nuirpas `i hcturh. H`gngamhckimti hc sgstikh `i erima qui pasihm chs
rui`hs, sgikpri si `ioim nacanhr nuøhs `i egbhngþm im ta`hs icchs.
 Ma si pirkgti `ispchzhr um hm`hkga ra`hmti nam pirsamhs, khtirghcis a
firrh
firrhkg
kgim
imth
thss sao
saori
ri ch pcht
pchthe
heark
arkh.
h. Phkp
Phkpan
anaa `i
`isp
spch
chzh
zhrr um hmhm`h
`hkg
kgaa
kittècg
ki ècgna `i kèkèss `i `as nuir
nuirpa
pass `i hctur
cturh
h sg ma pa passii ru
rui`
i`hs
hs
(lhrrunfhs).

<.>.?. HM@HKGA^ NACLHMPI^

 Pgimim pchthearkh suspim`g`h ki`ghmti salhs `i mycam a nhocis `i
hnira.
 Pa`hs chs phrtis y nakpamimtis `i cas sgstikhs `i hm`hkgas naclhmtis,
`ioirèm sir `gsiøh`as y namstrug`as nam um ehntar `i silurg`h` këmgka
`i 0. Cas
Cas nhnhoc
ocis
is ik
ikpc
pcih`
ih`as
as ph
phrh
rh sa
sapa
part
rthr
hr ic hmhm`h
`hkg
kga
a `io
`ioirè
irèm
m sir 
nhphnis `i saparthr ma kimas `i >::: dl phrh pa`ir risgstgr ic pisa
prapga, `i pirsamhs, khtirghcis y firrhkgimths. Cas nhocis ma `ioim
prisimthr mu`as mg ikphtis.
 Cas khrnas im cas nuhcis si gmsthch ch pchthearkh `i trhohba (ohcsa)
`ioi
`i oimm eh
ehorg
orgnh
nhrs
rsii `i hnir
hnira
a a khkhti
tirg
rghc
hc iq
iqug
ugvh
vhci
cimt
mti,
i, si
sirr nh
nhphn
phnis
is `i
saparthr nuhtra vinis ch nhrlh kèxgkh `i trhohba, y sir `gsiøh`as nam
sapartis phrh imnhbhr im earkh silurh chs ohrhm`hs y ic ra`hpgçs. Chs
pcht
pchthe
hear
arkh
khss si `i `ioi
oim
m kh
khmt
mtim
imir
ir farg
fargza
zamt
mthc
hcis
is,, hsilu
hsilurè
rèm`
m`as
asii phphrh
rh
privimgr asngchngamis ixnisgvhs.
 Ma si pirkgti ushr salh `i khmgch, mg thkpana pacihs (phstinhs) `i
kh`irh imimicchsgstikh
narrulh`a `i icivhngþm.
ehorgnhngþm Phkpana
`ic ohcsa, im si pirkgti`ic
cas nakpamimtis utgcgzhr egirra
sgstikh `i
icivhngþm, mg im cas nakpamimtis `ic sgstikh `i hmnchbi a hpaya.
 

 Ic sgstikh `i icivhngþm `ioi timir `gspasgtgvas `i hmnchbi a hpaya

(prims
(primshshs phrh
phrh phrhp
phrhpititas,
as, ho
horh
rhzh`
zh`ir
irhs,
hs, or
orhz
hzas
as ixti
ixtimsg
msgoc
ocis
is,, vg
vglh
lhs,
s,
lhmnfas,, lrhphs, sapartis) `i hnira a khtirg
lhmnfas khtirghc
hc iqugvhcimt
iqugvhcimti, i, `i `gsiøa y
th
thkh
khøa
øa hprap
hprapgh
gh`a
`a,, gm
gmst
sthc
hch`
h`as
as y egegbh
bh`as
`as h icik icikimimta
tass istr
istrunt
unturh
urhci
ciss
risgstimtis (qui sapartim ma kimas `i nuhtra vinis ch nhrlh kèxgkh `i
trho
trhohb
hbaa `i
`icc hm
hm`h
`hkg
kga),
a), y hshsil
ilurh
urh`a
`ass nam
namtr
trh
h nanarrg
rrgkg
kgimt
imtas,
as, vu
vuicn
icnas
as a
`isprim`gkgimtas.
 Cas `gspasgtgvas `i hmnchbi a hpaya, h`ikès `i ch egbhngþm hc icikimta
istrunturhc `i saparti, `ioim sir hsilurh`as im cas nhsas minishrgas,
ki`ghmti tgrhmtis `i salh `i egorh sgmtçtgnh `i ½‛ a nhoci `i risgstimngh
iqugvhcimti h atras icikimtas istrunturhcis, risgstimtis `i ch i`gegnhngþm.
Cas tgrhmtis `ioim gmsthchrsi, im ch ki`g`h `i ca pasgoci, pirpim`gnuchris
h ch ehnfh`h a nhrh `i ch i`gegnhngþm a istrunturh.
 Cas hm`hkgas suspim`g`as `ioim isthr subitas nam vgimtas, h egm `i
ivgthr ic ohchmnia.
 ^g si ush sgstikh `i hpaya nam namtrhpisas, istas `ioim sir `i khtirghc
namsgstimti y isthoci (ma si pirkgti ushr nasthcgccas nam khtirghc lrhmuchr 
a
casog`amis
orhzas nam cëqug`as),a cas
ixtimsgocis namtrhpisas `ioim imnamtrhrsi hsilurh`as h
vglhs.
 Zhrh `ispchzhrsi h hcturhs khyaris h ?9 k. si `ioim ushr hm`hkgas
naclhmtis hutaprapucsh`as.
 Pa`a hm`hkga naclhmti `ioi namthr nam um erima `i ikirlimngh qui si
`ioi hntgvhr hutakètgnhkimti im nhsa `i `isnimsa gmnamtrach`a, hmtis
`i qui ic hm`hkga fhyh `isnim`g`a 5: nk. Im ic nhsa `i hm`hkgas
huta
hu tapra
prapu
pucs
csh`
h`as,
as, si riq riqug
ugir
iri
i h`gn
h`gnga
gamhc
mhcki
kimt
mti
i na
namt
mthr
hr na
namm um er
erim
ima
a
hutakètgna, par gmtirrupngþm `i ch euirzh prapucsarh, gm`ipim`gimti `ic
erim
erimaa `i ikikirl
irlim
imng
ngh,
h, ic nuhnuhcc `ioi
`ioi ist
isthr
hr na
namin
minth
th`a
`a `gri
`grint
nthk
hkim
imti
ti hc
kinhmgska `i
 hsnimsa-`isnimsa `ic sgstikh `i icivhngþm. Hkoas erimas `ioim sir 
nhphnis `i `itimir y sastimir ic hm`hkga phrh ic 8?9 % `i ch nhrlh
kèxgkh `i trhohba. Ch `gsthmngh kèxgkh `i siphrhngþm imtri ch nhrh
`ichmtirh `ic ohcsa y ch supiregngi virtgnhc im ch qui si trhohbh, `ioi sir 
`i >: nk phrh trhohbas `i pgi y 09 nk phrh trhohbas im pasgngþm simth`h.
 Nh`h trhohbh`ar `ioi namthr nam umh cëmih `i vg`h virtgnhc (nuir`h `i
mycam `i 9/6‛) gm`ipim`gimti, hmnch`h h umh istrunturh sþcg`h y isthoci
gm`ipim`gimti `ic hm`hkga naclhmti, h ch nuhc `ioirè isthr naminth`a ch
cëmih `i imlhmnfi `i khmirh pirkhmimti h trhvçs `i um erima phrh
nuir`h.
 Cas hm`hkgas naclhmtis ma sirèm ush`as sgkuctèmihkimti par kès `i
tris trhohbh`aris nam firrhkgimths cgvghmhs.

<.>.>. HM@HKGA IM UACH@GRA



Ym hm`hkga
vglhs imyvach`gza,
shcgimtis vach`gza, is umh pchtheark
Hpumthch`hs pchthearkh
h `i namstru
namstrunngþm
nngþm hpayh`h im
 Prhmskgtim nhrlhs h icikimtas `i ch i`gegnhngþm, qui`hm`a ch pchthearkh
im vach`gza fhngh ic ixtirgar `i ch kgskh.
 

 ^i `i`ioi
oi ushr
ushr sach
sachki
kimt
mti
i `i khkh`i
`irhrh tarm
tarmgcgcca
ca a `i atrhatrh kh`i
kh`irhrh `i
risgstimngh iqugvhcimti nakpraoh`h. Ic ixtrika gmtirgar `ioi hmnchrsi `i
khmirh rëlg`h y silurh h ch istrunturh y par mgmlòm katgva si sastim`rè
im su culhr par ki`ga `i namtrhpisa. ^i hsilurhrè nam nuøhs phrh ivgthr 
qui cas shcgimtis si vuicquim. ^i hnamsibh qui ic vach`gza ma saorishclh
kès `i 8,6: k. `ic i`gegnga. Nuhm`a chs nhrlhs riqugirhm khyar saparti,
si pui`im utgcgzhr pumthcis, qui vhyhm `ic ixtrika `ic vach`gza, h ch
istrunturh `i hohba.
 Cas ixtrikas `i chs pchthearkhs
pchthearkhs `ioim saorishc
saorishcgr gr ?: nk naka këmgka y
>: nk naknaka kèx èxgk
gka
a `i cascas ix
ixttri
rik
kas `i`icc vacvach`
h`gz
gza
a y is
istthr ogim
ogim
rikhnfh`h nam nchvas y pratilg`h nam ohrhm`hs.

 Zhrh egbhr ch ohrhm`h, saori nh`h sacirh y hc oar`i `i ch pchthearkh, si

nacanhrèm phrhmtis egbhkimti hpumthch`as nam tarmhpumths, cas qui si
hpayhrèm im chs kgskhs sacirhs.
 Chs sacirhs im cas hm`hkgas im vach`gza pimitrhrèm im ch istrunturh `i
hpaya, par ca kimas umh camlgtu` gluhc h ch qui saorishci hc ixtirgar,


pira
Chss mumnh
Ch sacirhskimar
acirhs si `i
egb 8.9:
egbhr
hrèm k. ka
èm `i ka`a
`a qui ma pupui`
i`hm
hm `ispc
ispchz
hzhr
hrsi
si mg
fargzamthckimti mg virtgnhckimti.
 Ch siphrhngþm kèxgkh `i sacirhs sirè `i 8 k y ch nhphng`h` kèxgkh `ic
hm`hkga sirè `i `as pirsamhs a `i 5: dl. /k?.

<.0. KAM
<.0. KAMPHB PHBI I W @I
@I^KA
^KAMPH
MPHBI BI @I HM@H
HM@HKGA
KGA^
^ HYP
HYPAZA
AZA_PH
_PHMPI
MPI^ ^
<.0.8. HMPI^ @I H_KH_ IC HM@HKGA
 Pimir prisimti ic pchm `i ikirlimngh `i ch ikprish.
 _ihcgzhr umh gmspinngþm vgsuhc im ic èrih `am`i si hrkhrè ic hm`hkga,
phrh `itinthr picglras prisimtis (qui fhy hrrgoh, hohba, h cas ch`as,
gmsintas, cëmihs icçntrgnhs, pihtamis, ngrnuchngþm `i vifënucas, itn.) y
takhr chs ki`g`hs `i silurg`h` minishrghs phrh supcgr rgislas.
 Ic culhr `am`i si namstrugrè ic hm`hkga `ioirè isthr cgori `i aostènucas
y mgvich`a im cas pumtas `i hpaya y egrki.
 Ym hm`hkga ma `ioi sir nacanh`a saori tgirrh, ehmla, nçspi`, lrhvh a
su
supi
pire
regn
gngi
giss grr
grril
iluc
uchr
hris.
is. Im ist
istas
as nhsas,
nhsas, `ioh
`iohba
ba `i
`icc hm
hm`hk
`hkgaga `i
`ioi
oi
nacanhrsi
nacanh rsi kh`irh egrki `i :.>: k. `i hmnfa par :.:9 k. `i ispisar y ic
chrla suegngimti phrh hohrnhr chs `as phths y/a lhrrunfhs `ic hm`hkga,
nam ic egm `i ivgthr qui çsths si fum`hm a `ispchnim.
 ^i `icgkgthrè chs èrihs nrëtgnhs nam siøhcis `i h`virtimngh y/a si nirnhrè
nam ngmth ic èrih `i kamthbi h ieintas `i gkpi`gr ic hnnisa `i pirsamhc
ma hutargzh`a, h egm `i ivgthr nuhcqugir hnamtingkgimta par ch nhë`h `i
aobitas.
 ^i `ioir
`ioirè è ri
rihc
hcgz
gzhr
hr um
umh
h gm
gmsp
spin
inng
ngþm
þm kg
kgmun
munga
gash
sh `i ta
ta`hs
`hs ch
chss ph
phrt
rtis
is y
nakpamimtis `i castarni`urhs,
par `itirgara naka2 hm`hkgas hoacchkgimtas,
nam ic egm `i `itinthr pasgocis
`aoch`urhs, `ieintas
`ieintas im ch
sac`h`urh,
sac`h`urh, itn. hmtis `i sir kamth`as. ^i rivgshrh ic isth`a limirhc `ic
 

khrna, qui chs tgbirhs ma istçm tarng`hs4 qui ic sgstikh `i ra`hkgimta

(lhrrunfhs) istçm nakpcitas y qui cas erimas eumngamim pireinthkimti.
 ^i `ioirè
`ioirèm
m `isnhrt
`isnhrthr
hr tho
thocam
camis
is `i kh`irh
kh`irh qui pris
prisimt
imtim
im rhbh
rhbh`urh
`urhs,
s,
egegsur
surhs,
hs, mu`a
mu`ass a hm
hmark
arkhc
hcg`
g`h`
h`is
is qu
qui
i ca gm
gm`g
`gqu
quim
im nak
nakaa gm
gmsi
silu
lura.
ra. Ma
`ioirèm isthr pgmth`as, puis ch pgmturh pui`i anucthr chs ehcchs im cas
kgskas.
 Cas hm`hkgas `ioirèm uognhrsi `i earkh thc qui ma gmtiregirhm nam
sirvgngas a gmsthchngamis thcis naka fg`rhmtis, hchrkhs `i gmnim`ga, nhbhs
a thociras icçntrgnas, vècvuchs, itn.

 ^i prafëoi ushr cas nakpamimtis `i `geirimtis ehorgnhmtis im um kgska

hm`hkga.

<.0.?. H_KH@A @IC HM@HKGA

 Ic hm`hkga si arlhmgzhrè im earkh h`inuh`h phrh qui qui`i hsilurh`h
su isthogcg`h` y hc kgska tgikpa phrh qui cas trhohbh`aris pui`hm isthr 
im çc nam chs `iog`hs nam`gngamis `i silurg`h`, sgim`a isths òctgkhs


ixtimsgvhs
Im ca pasgoci, h cas
imristhmtis trhohbh`aris
nhsas ispinëegnas, `i `ic sirvgnga.
hnuir`a hc hmècgsgs `i cas rgislas,
si `ioi gmsthchr umh cëmih `i vg`h `is`i umh phrti supirgar phrh qui cas
trhohbh`aris si hsilurim, kgimtrhs hsngim`im im ic hrkh`a.
 Ic ka
kamtmthb
hbi
i `i`icc hm
hm`h
`hkg
kga
a si `i `ioi
oi ririhc
hcgz
gzhr,
hr, na
naka
ka këmg
këmgkaka imimtr
tri
i `as
`as
pirsamhs.
 ^i ikpizhrh h hrkhr ic hm`hkga, gmsthchm`a ic fusgcca nam pchnh im ic
virtgnhc, phsa silug`a si nacanh um `ghlamhc im uma `i cas khrnas,
ikpizhm`a par ic pgm `ic ch`a supirgar y cuila ic gmeirgar, cuila si gmsthch
ic `ghlamhc im ic atra khrna, si sglui nam ch gmsthchngþm `i cas chrluiras.
 ^i uognhm chs pchthearkhs
pchthearkhs saori ch phrti supirga
supirgarr `i cas khrnas, cas qui
si hsilurhm phrh gmsthchr cas khrnas y `ghlamhcis sglugimtis, cuila si
uognh ch atrh pchthearkh `i khmirh suosglugimti.
 Chss pchth
Ch chtheear
arkh
khss si sirè
rèm
m nacanacanh`
h`hshs bumt
bumtas
as,, ma `i `iog
ogim
im`a
`a ix ixgs
gstg
tgr 
r 
`gsna
`gsnamt
mtgm
gmug
ug`h
`h`is
`is,, `i
`ism
smgv
gvic
icis
is im
imtr
tri
i ic
icca
cas,
s, par ca qu quii `i`ioi
oirè
rèm
m ist
isthr 
hr 
hsilurh`as im hkoas ixtrikas `i ch istrunturh qui cas saparth, phrh
privimgr `ispchzhkgimtas camlgtu`gmhcis y kavgkgimtas a `ispchzhkgimta
chtirhc.
 Ic hnnisa h ch pchthearkh `ic hm`hkga sirè par umh isnhcirh a um ka`a
`i hnnis
hnnisa a iq iqug
ugvhc
vhcim
imti
ti,, hos
hosac
acut
uthk
hkimt
imtii sisilur
lura.
a. Istè
Istè istr
istrgnt
gnthk
hkimimti
ti
prafgog`a triphr y/a trhohbhr phrh`a saori cas phshkhmas, ch ohrhm`h
gmtirki`gh, chs nruniths a ic hrrgastri `ic hm`hkga. Chs isnhcirhs `ioirèm
sir markhckimti uognh`hs `imtra `ic nuirpa `ic hm`hkga. ^g ista ma is
pasgoci y ch isnhcirh is uognh`h euirh `ic nuirpa, si hpcgnhrè ic sglugimti
nrgtirga2


Pa`h
Im ic isnhcirh
nhsa `i tim`rè um hmnfa
isnhcirhs këmgka
partètgcis `isi
çsths :.5: k.
ixtim`irèm 8 k. saori ic
mgvic supirgar `i ch pchthearkh `ic hm`hkga.
 

 Ch isisnhnhci
cirh
rh `i`ioi
oirè
rè isth
isthrr hsil
hsilurh urh`h
`h a egegbhbh`h
`h im hk hkoas
oas ixtr
ixtrik
ikasas
(g
(gme
meir
irga
garr y su supir
pirga
gar)
r) ph
phrh
rh ivivgtgthr
hr nu
nuhc hcqu
qugi
girr ececixg
ixgþm
þm a ka kavgvgkg
kgimt
imtas
as
chtirhcis.
 Ma si utgcgzutgcgzhrèm
hrèm isn
isnhci
hcirhs
rhs u atr atras
as `gspas
`gspasgtggtgvas
vas gkpravg
gkpravgsh`
sh`as
as phrh
phrh
hukimthr ch hcturh `i um hm`hkga.
 ^g si ushm isnhcirhs gmtirmhs, isths `ioim grsi gmsthchm`a nam nh`h
nuirpa `i hm`hkga qui si hrki, naka ki`g`h `i silurg`h`, si `ioi
si
silu
lugr
gr ch nanamt
mtgm
gmug
ug`h`
`h` `i `is`
s`ii ic pr
prgk gkir
ir nu nuirp
irpaa fhsth
fhsth ic òctgòctgka
ka (I(Ist
sths
hs
sgikpri `ioim isthr `ispibh`hs).
 Ic hsn
hsnims
imsa a hc hm hm`h
`hkg
kgaa si `ioi
`ioi rih rihcgcgzh
zhrr pa
parr ch chss isnh
isnhci
cirhs
rhs gmgmti
tirmh
rmhss
gmsthch`hs.
 ^i gmst
gmsthc
hchr
hrèm
èm ra ra`h
`hpg
pgçs
çs saor
saorii chs
chs pchtpchthe hear
arkh
khss `i tr trho
hohb
hba
a ququii si
imnuimtrim saori 8,6: k. y si gmsthchrèm hc 8::% `i cas ch`as `i ch
kgskh. Ic hmnfa ma sirè kimar `i 8: nk y su ispisar `i ma kimas `i
?.9
?.9 nknk.. Ch subi subingngþm
þm sirè
sirè silu
silurh rh y nhph nhphzz `i sapa sapart
rthr
hr prpris
isga
gami
miss
pra`ung`hs par chs firrhkgimths y khtirghcis qui si uogquim `imtra im ch
pchthearkh.

Ic isphngaeuirh
`gsthmngh kèxgka
khyarimtri
sirèkura y pchthearkh
minishrga `ioi sir `i ?: nk4 sg isth
nacanhr ohrhm`hs.
 Ch mgvichngþm `i cas hm`hkgas si rihcgzh nam cas tarmgccas `i hbusti `i cas
fusgccas, si prafëoi ic usa `i tarmgccas `i hbusti `i kès `i >: nk `i
chrla.
 Nh`h tris nuirpas si `ioi gmsthchr umh pchthearkh `i `isnhmsa, ch nuhc
`ioi nuorgr tathckimti ic hmnfa `ic hm`hkga y `ioi isthr heghmzh`h `i
gluhc earkh qui ch pchthearkh `i trhohba.
 @ipim`gim`a
@ipim` gim`a `ic hmnfa `ic hm`hkg
hm`hkga,a, nuhm`a ch hcturh supiri > vinis ic
hmnfa `i su ohsi, si `ioi hsilurhr h umh istrunturh isthoci (vgimtas,
tgrhmtis, hrrgastris, itn). Zar rilch limirhc, um hm`hkga khyar `i ?
nuirpas sirè hsilurh`a im ic ?`a, 0ta, 5ta nuirpa, itn., im hkoas ch`as.
Mumn
Mu mnh
h `i
`ioi
oim
m sir hsilhsilur
urh`a
h`ass h tu
tuoir
oirëh
ëhss `i `is
`ishló
hlóis,
is, sa
sapa
part
rtis
is `i
nhøirëh, nhmhciths `i tinfas, phrhrrhyas, nam`untaris a nuhcqugir atra
icikimta qui ma pravih um saparti silura.
 ^g si hrkh um hm`hkga im um nhkpa hogirta, si `ioi hrrgastrhr sus
nuhtra ch`as, `i earkh qui chs nuir`hs earkim um Hmluca `i 09 lrh`as4
im h`ichmti si hrrgastrh
hrrgastrh nh`h tris nuirpas
nuirpas.. Phkog
Phkogçmçm pui`i istho
isthogcgzhrs
gcgzhrsi
i
umh tarri `i hm`hkgas im nhkpa hogirta, hrkhm`a atrhs tarris `i kimas
nu
nuirp
irpas
as par cacass tr
tris
is ch
ch`a
`ass `ic nu
nuirp
irpa
a prg
prgmng
mngph
phcc y susubi
bitè
tèm`
m`ac
acas
as nam
horhzh`irhs.
 Pa`h
Pa `hss chs
chs lh
lhrr
rrun
unfh
fhss usush`
h`hs
hs im hm hm`h
`hkgkgas
as kþkþvgvgci
ciss `i
`ioi
oimm tim imir 
ir 
rinuorgkgimta `i lakh y um sgstikh `i erimas phrh khmtimir ic hm`hkga
im pasgngþm y sir nhphnis `i saparthr 0 vinis ic pisa `i ch nhrlh
kèxgkh h utgcgzhr. Chs lhrrunfhs `ioim pirkhminir erimh`hs `is`i ch
namstrunngþm `ic hm`hkga,
trhsch`a `ic hm`hkga. sacachs
Pa`hs si lhrrunfhs
`ishntgvhrh`iic cas
erima hc kakimta
hm`hkgas `ic
ushrèm
h`gngamhckimti thnas a nuøhs `i kh`irh a kithc qui hsilurim su
gmkavgcgzhngþm.
 

 Cas hm`hkgas ma pa`rèm saorinhrlhrsi, mg namnimtrhr ixnisgvhs nhrlhs

im umh zamh.
 Cas fusgccas a pgis `i cas hm`hkgas sirèm rëlg`as y nhphnis `i saparthr 
ch kèxgkh nhrlh `isih`h, sgm qui si kuivhm a si `ispchnim.
 Mumnh si utgcgzhrèm nhbhs, nhbamis, ch`rgccas suictas u atras khtirghcis
gkpravgsh`as phrh ch irinngþm `i hm`hkgas.

 Zhrh ic nhsa `i hm`hkgas tgpa Hnraw, si namsg`irhrè vècg`h ch utgcgzhngþm

`i chs isnhcirhs qui namstgtuyim ch istrunturh `i cas kgskas, timgim`a im
nuimth cas prgmngpgas `i trhohba im hcturh.
 Im nhnhsa
sa si ri
rihc
hcgn
gnim
im ch
choa
oaris
ris im mgvimgvici
ciss sup
supirg
irgar
aris
is hc hm`hk
hm`hkga,
ga, si
pratilirè h cas trhohbh`aris gmsthchm`a umh naoirturh saori ch pchthearkh
`i trhohba.
 ^gikpri qui si namstruyhm hm`hkgas im èrihs `i trèmsgta vifgnuchr a `i
iqug
iq ugpa
pa pi
pish
sh`a
`a a im `am am``i ix
ixgs
gstth ic rg rgis
isla
la qui
qui ic hm
hm`h
`hk
kga sisih
h
gkphnth`a, `ioirèm h`inuhrsi vëhs hctirmhs y ristrgmlgr ic phsa im istas
sgtgas.

Im chs zamhs `am`i ic pirsamhc riqugirh trhohbhr a trhmsgthr `iohba `i um
hm`hkg
hm` hkga,a, `ioirèm
`ioirèm uognhrs
uognhrsii phmt
phmthcc
hcchs
hs prat
pratint
intarhs
arhs im ta`
ta`asas cas ch`
ch`as
as
hogirtas
hogirt as imtri ic ra`hpg
ra`hpgç
ç y ch ohrhm`h supirgar, phrh privimgr ch nhë`h `i
firrhkgimths a khtirghcis.
 Ymh
Ym h viz
viz qu
qui
i ic hmhm`h
`hkg
kga
a si fh tirk
tirkgm
gmh`
h`aa `i nams
namstr
trug
ugrr `i
`ioi
oirè
rè sir 
sir 
nirtgegnh`a par ic supirvgsar `i hm`hkgas, h trhvçs `i ch thrbith `i nacar 
vir`i, phrh hutargzhr su usa.

<.0.>. @I^H_KH@A @I HM@HKGA

 Pirkgmh`h ch choar si prani`irè hc `ishrkh`a `i cas hm`hkgas, ccivhm`a
ic ar`im
ar`im nam namtr
trhr
hrga
ga hc qu
qui
i si utg
utgcgcgzþ
zþ im ic hrkhrkh`
h`a,
a, phrh ist
isth
h ch
choar 
oar 
gmtirvg
gmtirvgimim
imim naka
naka këmkëmgka
gka `as pir
pirsamh
samhs.O
s.Ohba
hba mgmlòm
mgmlòm namn
namnipt
ipta
a `io
`ioim
im
qui`hr hm`hkgas hrkh`as sgm usa pralrhkh`a. Ic `iskamthbi `i cas
hm`hkgas si ibinuthrè istrgnthkimti `i hrrgoh fhngh hohba y par mgmlòm
katgtgva
ka va,, si h`h`ic
ichm
hmth
thrè
rè h ixtr
ixtrhi
hirr icik
icikim
imta
tass y hnni
hnnisa
sarg
rgas
as `i pgsa
pgsass
gmeirgaris hc `i `iskamthbi.
 Ic supirvgsar `i hm`hkgas ritgrhrè ch thrbith vir`i y nacanhrh umh thrbith
hkhrgcch, nuhm`a istç im ithph `i `ishrkh`a a `iskamthbi.
 ^i nacanhrè siøhcis a si nirrhrè ic phsa h pihtamis qui timlhm qui
phsh
ph shrr `i`ioh
ohba
ba `i um hm hm`h
`hkg
kga
a im `i `isk
skam
amth
thbi
bi y im mgml
mgmlòm
òm nhsa
nhsa si
pirkgtgrè ch pirkhmimngh `i pirsamh a pirsamhs ohba um hm`hkga im
isths nam`gngamis.
 @i ixgstgr cëmihs icçntrgnhs,
icçntrgnhs, çsths si `isnaminthr
`isnaminthrèm èm hmtis `i prani`ir hc
`iskamthbi `i um hm`hkga.
 Zrgkira si tgimi qui ohbhr `i cas hm`hkgas ta`h firrhkgimth, icikimta a
khtirghc qui si timlh im chs pchthearkhs `i trhohba.
 Ic trhohbh`ar si uognh im ch pchthearkh y ikpgizh h ritgrhr cas `ghlamhcis
qui qui`im kès ritgrh`as a kès nakpcgnh`as `i khmgpuchr y cuila
prani`i nam cas khrnas. Nh`h pgizh is ohbh`h nug`h`ashkimti par 
 

ki`ga `i um icikimta hprapgh`a (hphribas, salhs, itn) fhsth qui uma `i

cas trhohbh`aris ringoh ic kgska im ic mgvic `ic pgsa, qugçm h su viz cas
luhr`hrh (hckhnimhrh) im um culhr tikparhc, `am`i ma aeriznh picglra y
ma aosthnucgni ic `ishrkh`a. Isth choar si ripitgrè fhsth `ishrkhr ic
òctgka nuirpa.

 Im mgmlòm nhsa, si pirkgtgrè tgrhr `is`i ca hcta, chs pgizhs `iskamth`hs,

mg qui `isngim`hm im earkh orusnh.
 ^i ccivhrh cas hm`hkgas `ishrkh`as h su culhr `i hckhnimhkgimta
rispintgva. Zhrh ic hpgchkgimta `i phrtis `ic hm`hkga si hrkhrh um
nuirpa `ic hm`hkga im um èrih mgvich`h, privghkimti isthocing`h phrh
thc egm, ch hcturh tathc `ic hpgchkgimta ma `ioi ixni`ir tris vinis ch
`gkimsgþm kès piquiøh `i ch ohsi, im mgmlòm nhsa si tim`rè umh hcturh
supirgar h ?.0: k4 `iogim`a qui`hr siøhcgzh`h ic èrih.
 ^i qugthrh ch siøhcgzhngþm y ic ocaquia `i phsi, phrh `ispibhr tathckimti
ic culhr, cuila `i fhoir tirkgmh`a `i `ishrkhr um hm`hkga.
  Hc `iskamthr um hm`hkga `i kh`irh, si cgkpghrè gmki`ghthkimti chs
pgizhs
pgizhs,, icgkg
anhsicgkgmhm`a
sgm anhsgam mhm`a
gamhr
hr lac ta`as
lacpis
pis cas nchvas
a razh
razhkgi
kgimta ys nacanè
mtas nacanèm`achs
imt ri m`achs
imtri së, `ioim
`iogimpasgng
pasgngþm
gim`a þmlurhrsi
`a hsilur
hsi phrhci
phrhcich,
hrsich,
h
trhvçs `i thnas, chs pgchs h`yhnimtis ma `ioim saparthrsi imtri së, ch
hcturh ma `ioi ixni`ir > vinis ic ch`a kimar `i ch ohsi.

<.9. ZCHPHEA_KH^

 Nuhcqugir supiregngi tikparhc phrh trhohba gmsthch`h h 8.9: k. `i hcturh a

kimas.
 Chs pchthearkhs `i hm`hkgas hutaparthmtis `ioim timir um hmnfa këmgka
`i 5: nk y imnamtrhrsi h`inuh`hkimti hsilurh`hs h sus sapartis a
trhvishøas
trhvish øas (ma `ioim hpayhrs
hpayhrsi i saori cas pic`hø
pic`høas
as `i chs isnhcirhs `i cas
hm`hk
hm` hkgas
gas kikitè
tècgcgna
nass –t
–tgp
gpa
a Hnra
Hnraw‛)
w‛).. @i
@ioi
oim
m kh
khmt
mtim
imirs
irsi
i far
fargz
gzamt
amthc
hcis,
is,
`ispibh`hs y cgoris `i susthmnghs qui pui`hm pra`ungr risohcamis.
 Cas thocamis `i kh`irh ush`h naka pchthearkh `ioim sir `i kh`irh
tarmgcca a `i atrh kh`irh `i risgstimngh iqugvhcimti. Ma si pirkgti ushr pgma
ochmna (kh`irh `i ikohchbi), mg thocamis pgmth`as a nam `ieintas (rhbh`as,
pgnh`as, nam mu`as).
 Ch pchthearkh `i ngrnuchngþm y `i trhohba im cas hm`hkgas sirè `i kh`irh
`i um lrasar ma kimar `i :.9 k. y `i hmnfa këmgka `i :.5:.
 Chs `gkimsgamis
`gkimsgamis `i cas thocamis `i cas hm`hkgas, `ioir `ioirèm
èm sir `i 9 nk `i
ispisar y 5: nk `i hmnfa këmgka.
 Cas thocamis `ioim nacanhrsi sgm hoirturhs imtri iccas y hsilurhrsi nam
hkhrris y/a tapis h cas trhvishøas `i cas hm`hkgas kitècgnas phrh ivgthr 
ohsnu
ohs nuch
chng
ngami
amis,
s, lg
lgrarass a nanarrg
rrgkg
kgimt
imtas.
as. ^g ma si ushm
ushm tatapi
piss phr
phrhh ivg
ivgth
thr 
r 
`isp
`i spch
chzh
zhkg
kgim
trhvishøas imta
`itas,
s, cas
caskëmgka
hpaya thoc
thocam
amis
isnk`i
89 `ioi
yoim
m saor
saoris
kèxgka ishc
>: hcgr
gr im vach
nk. vach`g
`gza
za `i cas
cas
 

 Chs pchthearkhs `i pchmnfhs kitècgnhs nukpcgrèm nam ta`hs chs nam`gngamis

`i silurg`h` gm`gnh`hs phrh ch pchthearkh `i kh`irh y sirèm ehorgnh`hs
nam rieuirzas camlgtu`gmhcis hrrgastrh`as `i khmirh trhmsvirshc.

 Chs pchthearkhs
pchthearkhs `i trhohb
trhohba
a sgikpr
sgikprii si khmti
khmtim`rèm
m`rèm fargzamth
fargzamthcis
cis y cgoris `i
susthmnghs qui pui`hm pra`ungr risohcamis.
 Cas thocamis qui namearkhm umh pchthearkh grèm `gspuistas `i thc earkh
qui prisimtim umh supiregngi namtgmuh h egm `i ivgthr ch nhë`h `i cas aobitas
qui saparthm.
 Cas khtirghcis saori chs pchthearkhs `i trhohba, `ioirèm sir `gstrgoug`as
sgkçtr
sgk çtrgnh
gnhkim
kimti,
ti, pasgng
pasgngamh
amhrr ch nhrlh `i prie
prieirim
irimngh
ngh im chs zamhs `i ch
pchthearkh uognh`hs saori cas trhvishøas.
 Zhrh hm`hkgas naclhmtis, chs pchthearkhs `i trhohba `ioim timir hmnfa
khyar h 9: nk y ma kimar h 7: nk y imnamtrhrsi egrkikimti egbh`hs h cas
khrnas `i saparti par pirmas –tgpa Y‛ a `gspasgtgvas iqugvhcimtis.

<.5. NHOHCCIPI^

  Hrkhzþm sgkpci qui si `gspami bumta h atrh phrh ringogr h cas cgstamis `i
kh`irh saori cas qui si hpayhm cas trhohbh`aris.
 Cas nhohccitis `i kh`irh qui saparthm pchthearkhs `i trhohba `ioim isthr 
namearkh
name arkh`as
`as par tar
tarmhp
mhpumt
umths
hs y isn
isnuh`r
uh`rhs
hs `i hrrhrrgas
gastri
triss `i sinn
sinngþm
gþm ma
kimar `i ?‛ x ?‛, y caka `i ?‛ x >‛ këmgka.
 Cas nhohccitis kitècgnas `ioim ehorgnhrsi nam icikimtas `gsiøh`as phrh
chs nhrlhs privgsths nam ehntar `i silurg`h` `i nuhtra. Zui`im ushrsi
èmlucas `i 8 »‛ naka këmgka. Phkogçm egirra narrulh`a `i këmgka ½‛,
pira nam sac`h`urh namtrach`h phrh privimgr nrgsthcgzhngþm.
 Ch siphrhn
siphrhngþm
gþm imtri `as nhohccitis namsinut
namsinutgvas
gvas si egbhr
egbhrèè namsg`
namsg`irhm`a
irhm`a chs
nhrlhs privgsths y ic lrasar `i cas thocamis qui namstgtuyim ic pgsa `i ch
pchthearkh `i trhohba. @i khmirh limirhc isth `gsthmngh ma `ioirè sir 
khyar h 8 k phrh thocamis `i :.:0 k. `i ispisar, `i 8.9 k phrh thocamis
`i ispisar nakprim`g`a imtri :.:0 y :.:9 k. y `i ? k phrh thocamis `i
:.:9 k. a kès `i ispisar. Im nuhcqugir nhsa ch siphrhngþm imtri nhohccitis
ma saoriphshrè cas >.9 k, phrh thocamis `i :.:9 k. `i ispisar `iogim`a
`gspamir `i um tirnir nhohcciti gmtirki`ga imtri hkoas.
 Cass nh
Ca nho
ohccitis ist sth
hrèm egrkikimt mti
i hsimth` h`aas phrh ivgthr ta`a
`ispc
`is pchzh
hzhkg
kgim
imta
ta gk
gkpr
priv
ivgs
gsta
ta.. ^i `isi
`isinf
nfhr
hrèm
èm ca
cass th
thoca
ocamis
mis nam mu mu`as
`as a
`ieintas picglrasas qui nakprakithm su risgstimngh.
 Ma si ushrhm ngcgm`ras vhnëas, ch`rgccas u atras khtirghcis hpgch`as naka
nhohccitis a sapartis phrh hm`hkgas.

<.<. OH_HM@H^
Pa`a oar`i`i
pchthearkh `itrhohba
cash, vhma
qui `i hsnimsar,
arglgmi rgisla`unta, ixnhvhngþm,
`i nhë`h `i hcturh phshrich,
`i 8.6: krhkph
a kès,a
`ioi sir pratilg`a nam um sgstikh `i ohrhm`hs qui nukpch nam chs sglugimtis
ispingegnhngamis2
 

 Zhrh ch namstrunngþm `i ohrhm`hs, phshkhmas y ohrhm`hs gmtirki`ghs si

ushrèm tuoas kitècgnas, `i prieirimngh `i egirra lhcvhmgzh`a a khtirghcis
qui nukpchm nam ch risgstimng
risgstimngh
h gm`gnh
gm`gnh`h.
`h. ^ç prafëo
prafëoii ic usa naka ohrhm`hs
`i nhoas `i mycam a khmgch, hchkori a icikimtas sgkgchris. Ic khtirghc
`ioi isthr cgkpga `i hstgcchs a supiregngis narthmtis, phrh ivgthr cisgamis im
chs
chs khkhma
mass a imimlh
lhmn
mnfi
fi im ch vist
vistgk
gkim
imth
th.. Ic pi
pirs
rsam
amhc
hc qu
quii tr
trhm
hmsg
sgti
ti,,
subitèm`asi `i chs ohrhm`hs, `ioirè utgcgzhr luhmtis. Hsgkgska, cas rgicis
ma `ioim saoriphshr cas phrhmtis ixtrikas a tirkgmhcis.
 Ic rgic supirgar `i chs ohrhm`hs `ioi nacanhrsi h umh hcturh `i 8.:9 k saori
ic mgvic `i ch supiregngi a pchthe
pchthearkh
arkh `am`i si uognhm chs pirsamhs. @ioirè
thkogçm nacanhrsi ohrhm`hs gmtirki`ghs h :.90 k. `i hcturh.
 Cas sapartis virtgnhcis ma `ioim isthr siphrh`as kès `i ?.8: kitras.
 Ic sgstikh `i ohrhm`hs ma `ioi timir hoirturhs virtgnhcis khyaris h :.9:
k. ^g ma si nukpci nam isti riqugsgta si `ioi nacanhr khcchs a phmicis
phrh shtgsehnirca.
 Pa`a
Pa `a sasapar
parti
ti `i ohohrh
rhm`h
m`h,, ph
phsh
shkh
khmamass y ohr
ohrhm
hm`h
`h gm
gmti
tirki
rki`g
`gh
h ti
tim`r
m`rèè ch
nhphng`h`
Cass sgst
Ca `i
sgstik hsrisgstgr
ikhs `i oh umh
ohrh euirzh
rhm`
m`hs
hs `i`ioim
8::
`ioim Dl/k.
gmsp
gmspinim
inng nuhcqugir
ngam
amhr
hrsi na`grinngþm.
si namm ch er
erin
inui
uimn
mngh
gh


minishrgh
minishrg h phrh hsilurhr qui sus nakpamimtis
nakpamimtis prisirvh
prisirvhm
m cas riqugsgtas `i
risgstimngh y `i sirvgnga.
 Ic usa `i phshkhmas, ohrhm`h gmtirki`gh, im pchthearkhs `i trhohba `i
kimar h 8.9: k. `i hcturh, ma is aocglhtarga, shcva nam`gngamis qui fhlhm
minishrga su usa.

<.6. _HKZH^
 Chss rhk
Ch hkp phs sam pchmas gmn mnccgmh`as qui si ushm naka ki`g `ga
a `i
nakumg
nak umgnhng
nhngþm
þm imt
imtri
ri `as pch
pchmas
mas fargzam
fargzamthc
thcis
is `i `gs`gstgm
tgmth
th hcturh.
hcturh. Ma sam
supiregngis `i trhohba, sgma `i ngrnuchngþm y ma si `ioim utgcgzhr phrh
hckhnimhr a phrh trhohbhr. Ymh rhkph `ioi nukpcgr nam chs sglugimtis
ispingegnhngamis2
 Chs rhkphs pravgsgamhcis tim`rèm um hmnfa këmgka `i :.5: k, isthrèm
namstrug`hs par uma a vhrgas thociras sþcg`hkimti umg`as imtri së y `ath`as
`i cgstamis trhmsvirshcis nam umh siphrhngþm kèxgkh imtri iccas `i :.0: k.
 Zhrh ivgthr
ivgthr qui si `ispc
`ispchnim
hnim `ioirèm is isthr
thr egrk
egrkikimti
ikimti hm hmnch`as
nch`as h um
umh
h
phrti sþcg`h a `gspam`rèm `i tapis im su phrti gmeirgar.
 ^i namsg`irh h`inuh`h ch gmncgmhngþm `i umh rhkph nuhm`a isth `i 89º h
?:º `i gmncgmhngþm. Ma `ioi ixni`ir cas ?:º rispinta h ch `ghlamhc.
 _iqugirim sgstikh `i saparti nam phrhmtis risgstimtis y hpcakh`as, umg`as
ki`ghmti hrrgastris chtirhcis y camlgtu`gmhcis qui lhrhmtgnim ch isthogcg`h` i
gmhkavgcg`h` `i ch rhkph.
 Nuhm`a si privç ch ra`h`urh `i nhrritgcchs u atras iqugpas ic hmnfa këmgka
sirè `i :.6: k. ^i pa`rè `ibhr um nhmhc nimtrhc phrh ic eèngc hnnisa `i
nhrritgcchs.

<.7. ZH^H_ICH^
 

 ^upiregngi fargzamthc namtgmuh y isthoci4 nam ohrhm`h qui is utgcgzh`h naka

puimti pihtamhc phrh nruzhr `ismgvicis y ixnhvhngamis.
 Ic hmnfa këmgka `i chs phshrichs is `i :.5: k.
 Zui`im sir `i kithc a `i kh`irh tarmgcca u atrh kh`irh `i risgstimngh
iqugvhcimti. Ma si pirkgti ushr pgma ochmna (kh`irh `i ikohchbi)

6. ^ILY_
^ILY_G@H@,
G@H@, ^HCY@ IM IC P_HOH
P_HOHBA
BA W KI@GA
KI@GA HK
HKOGIMP
OGIMPI
I

6.8. ^ILY_G@H@

  Hmtis `i gmgnghr chs hntgvg`h`is ic ^upirvgsar y Zirsamhc Ibinuthmti, im ic

sgtga `i trhohba, `ioirèm rihcgzhr ic hmècgsgs `i rgisla narrispam`gimti silòm
ca `i`isn
snrg
rgta
ta im ic pr pran
ani`
i`gk
gkgi
gimt
mta
a –H–Hmè
mècgcgsg
sgss y NaNamt
mtra
racc `i _gis
_gisla
la‛.
‛. Ic
rispamshoci hsisarhrè im ch ichoarhngþm `ic H_P.
 Cas pipirk
rkgsgsas
as `i tr
trho
hohb
hba
a `i
`ioi
oirè
rèmm si
sirr `g
`geueum`
m`g`
g`as
as h pi
pirsrsamh
amhcc hmt
hmtis
is `i
ikpizhr ch choar, nam ic egm `i g`imtgegnhr cas picglras, namanir cas namtracis
yimeirki`h`is
ivg
ivgthrthr gmn
gmng`i
g`imti
mtiss qui pui
pui`hm
`hm limi
anuphngamhcis. limirhr
rhr hnng`im
hnng`imtis tis `i trh trhohb
ohba
a a
 ^acgngthr ch hpraohngþm `ic Zirkgsa `i Prhohba rispintgva hc rispamshoci `ic
èrih.
 Uirgegnhr ic usa narrinta `i cas IZZ y rilgstrhrca (fhngim`a usa `ic Nfind
cgst
cgst IZ IZZs
Zs),), paparr nh`h
nh`h apir
apirhrhrga
ga hm
hmti
tiss `i gmgn
gmgngh
ghrr cas
cas tr
trho
hohb
hbas
as,, `i
`ioi
oirè
rèm
m
`isnhrthrsi nuhcqugir iqugpa a icikimta qui prisimti hclòm tgpa `i `høa.
 Chss fi
Ch firr
rrhk
hkgi gimt
mths
hs kh khmu
muhc
hcis
is y iq iqug
ugpa
pass `i
`ioioirè
rèmm sir
sir gmsp
gmspin
inngngam
amh`
h`as
as
(fhngim`a usa `ic Nfind cgst `i firrhkgimths y iqugpas), par nh`h apirhrga
hmti
hm tiss `i gmgn gmgngh
ghrr cas
cas tr
trho
hohb
hbas
as,, hsë
hsë kgkgsk
ska a si ri rilg
lgst
strh
rhrè
rè nam
nam ch ngmtngmth
h
narr
narrisispapam`
m`gigimt
mti
i `i `icc ki
kis,s, `i`ioi
oirè
rèmm `i`isn
snhr
hrth
thrs
rsii nuhc
nuhcqu
qugi
girr iqiqug
ugpa
pa a
firrhkgimth qui prisimti hclòm tgpa `i `høa.
 _ihcgzhr ch gmspinngþm pri usa `i hrmçs y cëmihs `i vg`h sgm hosaroi`ar `i
gkphnta, namsg`irhm`a umh `gsthmngh `i 0 kitras hpraxgkh`hkimti.
 Zirsamhc nhcgegnh`a y hpta ki`gnhkimti, khmtimir cas tris pumtas `i hpaya
hc hsnim`ir y `isnim`ir par ch isnhcirh, usa `i ch ohrhm`h `i silurg`h`,
virgegnhr ch narrinth mgvichngþm `ic hm`hkga y ic erimh`a `i chs lhrrunfhs,
khmtimir hmnchbi pirkhmimti im um pumta egba y risgstimti.
 Ivgthr ch ixpasgngþm `ic nuirpa euirh `i ch ohrhm`h `i silurg`h`.
 Uirg
Ui rgeegnhr
gnhr chs èri rihs
hs huhuttar
argz
gzh`
h`hs
hs khm hmti
timg
mgim
im`a`a na namt
mtra
racc vgs
vgsuh
uhcc im ic
`ispchzhkgimta fhngh ic èrih `i trhohba namsg`irhm`a ch kavgcgzhngþm `i
vifënucas y aostènucas prisimtis `imtra `i chs gmsthchngamis.

6.?.
6.?. KI@
I@GGA HKOG
HKOGIM
IMPI
PI
Cas hspintas hkogimthcis hsangh`as nam ch thrih y cas pasgocis gkphntas hc
ki`ga hkogimti qui si pui`hm limirhr, sam g`imtgegnh`as gluhckimti im ic
 

hmècgsgs `i rgisla qui si gmncu

hmècgsgs gmncuyi
yi phrh ch ibinungþ
ibinungþmm `i ch thrih hmixa hc pirkgsa
`i trhohba.
Zhrh ic khmiba `i risg`uas si tim`rè im nuimth ic –Zchm `i _isg`uas ^þcg`as
–n
–nam
am ic egegm
m `i sho
shoir
ir nu
nuèc
ècis
is sa
sam
m ca
cass hspin
hspinta
tass hk
hkog
ogim
imth
thci
ciss qu
qui
i pa
pa`rë
`rëhm
hm sir 
heinth`as, namanir cas namtracis y ivgthr gmng`imti qui pui`hm limirhr gkphntas
milhtgvas hc ki`ga hkogimti.
_inacinngþm y silrilhngþm `i risg`uas sþcg`as im cas thnfas narrispam`gimtis `i
Pirkgmhcis `i Zirò.

Hspinta Gkphnta
Hntgvg`h` Ki`g`hs `i Namtrac
Hkogimthc Hkogimthc
 @gspasgngþm `i risg`uas `i hnuir`a
hc nþ`gla `i nacaris. MPZ 7::-:96-
?:87.
Limirhngþm `i
P_H^CH@A Nhkoga im  Nhphngthngþm `ic pirsamhc im khmiba
risg`uas
@I ch nhcg`h` `ic `i risg`uas sþcg`as.
KHPI_GHCI^ (picglrasas y ma
suica.  ^ilrilhngþm narrinth `i cas risg`uas
picglrasas)
im cas namtimi`aris
narrispam`gimtis
Zirò im Pirkgmhcis `ic