FN\HMVC\H]
Bcrah Vcyjgj Gnyjausuou
Kuns Ynejthj \hmclj

JÚC := | EÒGH\C :84 | BXENC <4<4

     k Vrjtjgnhetc fh  Vrêgnth

 Vrêgnth fh kj susphesnýe
susphesnýe
phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs
   j kj shaurnfjf y sjkuf
    n
   m
   h Kj susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs
    p
    s he hk trjljbc he tnhgpcs irheth j kcs trjljbjfcrhs mcgprhefnfcs

      H fhk MCYNF

MCYNF--:> fhetrc fhk arupc fh rnhsac

Hk fhrhm`c j kj netngnfjf mcgc kçgnth

fhk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe he
kjs rhkjmncehs fh trjljbc

Hk mcetrck hgprhsjrnjk sclrh kcs ghfncs

fh mcguenmjmnýe hkhmtrýenmcs

Jeêknsns fh kjs gcfjknfjfhs

icrgjtnvjs kjlcrjkhs y prcpuhstjs
pjrj su kjlcrjknzjmnýe

Jkmjemhs fh kj khantngjmnýe prcmhsjk

hsphmnjk quh rhaukj kj Euhvj
Khy Trcmhsjk fhk Vrjljbc

Kngntjmnýe fh kj tuthkj
kcs trjljbjfcrhs rhstntutcrnj
he hk ]hmtcr
]h fh
mtcr Tòlknmc

HEV\HYN]VJ

Anec Hrehstc ^jeaj

^jeajkn
kn Npjrrjaunrrh
Trhsnfheth
Trhsnfheth fh kj Cmtjvj ]jkj Kjlcrjk
Thrgjeheth fh Kngj

Jkmjemhs fh kj shaurnfjf
y sjkuf fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs furjeth
hk hstjfc fh hghrahemnj

<1 JÚC] FH KNFH\JRAC

 

]CKXMNCEH]

KJLC\JKH]
]N]VHGJ NEVHA\JK FH NEIC\GJMNÝE TJ\J BHIH] FH \HMX\]C]
@XGJEC], J]H]C\H] KHAJKH], JFGNEN]V\JFC\H]
JFGNEN]V\JFC\H] ^ AH\HEVH]

JÚC := | EÒGH\C :84 | BXENC <4<4

FN\HMVC\H]
Bcrah Vcyjgj Gnyjausuou
Kuns Ynejthj \hmclj

MCE]HBC HFNVC\NJK
Mîsjr Tuetrnjec \csjs
Tcetninmnj Xenvhrsnfjf Mjtýknmj fhk Thrò
]jrj Mjgpcs Vcrrhs
Tcetninmnj Xenvhrsnfjf Mjtýknmj fhk Thrò
Mîsjr Acezjkhs @uet
Tcetninmnj Xenvhrsnfjf Mjtýknmj fhk Thrò
Kuns \. Yjkfhrrjgj Yjkfhrrjgj
Xenvhrsnfjf Ejmncejk Gjycr fh ]je Gjrmcs

MCGNVÎ MCE]XKVNYC
Bjvnhr Ehvhs Gubnmj
Qnkirhfc ]jeaunehtn \jygcef
Jet`cey Gnffkhlrcco ]m`cinhkf
Mîsjr Jljetc \hvnkkj

XEJ TXLKNMJMNÝE FHK A\XTC

 

FN\HMVC\H]
Bcrah Vcyjgj Gnyjausuou
Kuns Ynejthj \hmclj
MCE]HBC HFNVC\NJK
Mîsjr Tuetrnjec \csjs
]jrj Mjgpcs Vcrrhs
Mîsjr Acezjkhs @uet
Kuns \. Yjkfhrrjgj Yjkfhrrjgj
Yjkfhrrjgj
MCGNVÎ MCE]XK
MCE]XKVNYC
VNYC
Bjvnhr Ehvhs Gubnmj
Qnkirhfc ]jeaunehtn \jygcef
Jet`cey Gnffkhlrcco ]m`cinhkf JÚC := • EÒGH\C :84 • BXENC <4<4
Mîsjr Jljetc \hvnkkj
MCC\FNEJFC\
Gjeckc Ejrmnsc Vj
Vjrjzcej
rjzcej Tnehfc
Ê\HJ FH J]H]C\ÇJ
\ut` Kjrj Jrejc
] ckumncehs Kjlcrjkhs hs uej rhvnstj fh phrnc-
fnmnfjf ghesujk quh mcetnheh kj neicrgjmnýe
tîmenmj gês mcgpkhtj, rnaurcsj y prêmtnmj he gj-
Jejkç Gcrnkkc Ynkkjvnmhemnc thrnj kjlcrjk, shaurnfjf scmnjk y ahstnýe fh rhmur-
Tjgghkj Jkharçj Ynvjemc scs `ugjecs jpknmjlkh tjetc pjrj hk shmtcr prnvjfc
FN\HMVC\ MCGH\MNJK
mcgc pjrj hk pòlknmc. J trjvîs fh sus fnstnetjs shm-
^ FH GJ\OHVNEA mncehs sh pceh he mcecmngnhetc fhk khmtcr neicr-
gjmnýe thýrnmc-prêmtnmj sclrh kcs jsphmtcs gês rh-
Mîsjr Rhentjacyj ]uêrhz khvjeths rhkjmncejfcs mce hstjs gjthrnjs, tjetc he
AH\HEVH AHEH\JK kc mcemhrenheth jk mcethenfc fh kcs fnspcsntnvcs kh-
Lcrntz Lckujrth Aýghz ajkhs vnaheths mcgc jk jpcrth fcmtrnejrnc y hk jeê-
FN\HMVC\ KHAJK knsns fh mrnthrncs burnsprufhemnjkhs. Tjrj uej khm-
Gjeuhk Gurc \cbc turj gês êank y ghbcr mcgprhesnýe fh kcs thgjs,
hstj neicrgjmnýe hs mcgpkhghetjfj mce mujfrcs
FN]HÚC ^ FNJA\JGJMNÝE sneýptnmcs, ikubcarjgjs, hsquhgjs, gcfhkcs, ne-
Gjrt`j @nfjkac \nvhrc fnmjfcrhs, hetrh ctrcs hkhghetcs. Kj rhvnstj hstê
Qnkirhfc Ajkkjrfc Mjkkh fnrnanfj j jlcajfcs, hgprhsjrncs, ahstcrhs fh eh-
acmncs, jfgnenstrjfcrhs, ahrheths, bhihs fh rhmur-
MC\\HMMNÝE
scs `ugjecs, mcetjfcrhs, hmcecgnstjs y tcfcs
Bjngh Enmckês Ajgjrrj Rjpjtj
jquhkkcs quh rhqunhrje `hrrjgnhetjs fh nethrprh-
tjmnýe quh ijmnknthe kj mcgprhesnýe y jpknmjmnýe fh
kjs ecrgjs kjlcrjkhs.

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH] JÚC := / E² :84

BXENC <4<4
<9=8 hbhgpkjrhs
Trnghr eòghrc, <441
Xej pulknmjmnýe ghesujk fh Ajmhtj Burçfnmj ].J.
@HM@C HK FHTÝ]NVC KHAJK
HE KJ LNLKNCVHMJ EJMNCEJK FHK TH\Ò
<441-:4<<8
N]]E :>>9-=419
\HAN]V\C FHK T\C^HMVC HFNVC\NJK
=:84:<<<444<8:
Ngprhsc he2
NGT\HEVJ HFNVC\NJK
HFNVC\NJK HK LÒ@C H.N.\.K.
]je Jklhrtc E² <4: - ]urqunkkc
Kngj - Thrò
© AJMHVJ BX\ÇFNMJ ].J.
Buenc <4<4
Tulknmjfc2 buknc <4<4 Jv. Jeajgcs Chsth E² 8<9, Xrl. Gnrjikcrhs
Gnrjikcrhs, Kngj - Thrò

Ajmhtj Burçfnmj ].J. ec sh scknfjrnzj ehmhsjrnjgheth Mcesuktcrçj2 (4:) 1:4-8044 - (4:) 1:4-0>84 / Mhetrjk thkhiýenmj (4:) 1:4-0>44
mce kjs cpnencehs vhrtnfjs pcr kcs jutcrhs he kcs jrtç- www.sckumncehskjlcrjkhs.mcg.ph vhetjs:Dsckumncehskjlcrjkhs.mcg.ph
mukcs pulknmjfcs he hstj hfnmnýe. vhetjs<Dsckumncehskjlcrjkhs.mcg.ph
 

ÇEFNMH AHEH\JK

 1 HE H]VH EÒGH\C
ECVNMNJ] ^ HYHEVC]
 >
:4 VNT]

Hsphmnjk
T\H]HEVJMNÝE
:= Jkmjemhs fh kj jpknmjmnýe fh kj susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs he tnhgpcs
fhk MCYNF-:>

HEV\HYN]VJ
:8 Jpknmjmnýe y hihmtcs fh kj susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs he hk hstjfc fh
hghrahemnj
Anec ^jeajkn Npjrrjaunrrh

NEIC\GH H]THMNJK
<8 Vrjljbc rhgctc2 uej gcfjknfjf prhmjrnzjfj
fhk thkhtrjljbc
Ngpknmjemnjs
Ngp knmjemnjs he kj shaurnfjf y sjkuf fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs
Hsthkj Cspnej ]jknejs / Ijeey Ljutnstj Tum`urn / Ejtjky Tckjemc Gcethzj

=6 Hk shaurc mcgpkhghetjrnc fh trjljbc fh rnhsac he tnhgpcs fhk mcrcejvnrus

\hmcecmngnhetc fhk MCYNF-:> mcgc heihrghfjf prcihsncejk pjrj kcs
shrvnfcrhs fh kj sjkuf
Nvêe Tjrîfhz Ehyrj / Fjenhk Tjenurj Bngîehz

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   =
 

]hmtcr Trnvjfc
MCEV\JVJMNÝE
MCEV\JVJMNÝE KJLC\JK
68 ³Muêk hs kj sntujmnýe fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs mcgprhefnfcs fhetrc fhk arupc fh
rnhsac jeth kj jpknmjmnýe fh kj susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs3
 Anshkkj Mhkhsth Gjtcs Jpckne / Kuns Bhsòs Ljkfhýe Lhfýe
Anshkkj

86 Kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs kjlcrjkhs

Xej tjrhj nemcemkusj
 Gnauhk I. Mjehssj Gcethbc / Kuns Ghefczj
Ghe fczj Khacjs

1= ³Zuî hs kj susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs y mýgc trjgntjrkj3

 Jejkç ]`n`cgjrj Gcrnkkc Ynkkjvnmhemnc

]HAX\NFJF ]CMNJK
Mcevhencs nethrejmncejkhs fh shaurnfjf scmnjk y MCYNF-:>
06 T. Bjvnhr \cykh Ikcrhs

]HAX\NFJF ^ ]JKXF HE HK V\JLJBC

>= Jeêknsns fhk snsthgj fh ahstnýe fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc y su
jpknmjmnýee irheth jk MCYNF-:>
jpknmjmný
Hsthp`jey Crfýúhz Tckjemc

T\CMH]JK KJLC\JK
Hk jfvhengnhetc fh kj h-bustnmnj kjlcrjk <.4
::: \nmjrfc Mcrrjkhs Ghkajrhbc

:== Kj khantngjmnýe prcmhsjk hsphmnjk quh rhaukj kj Euhvj Khy Trcmhsjk fhk
Vrjljbc E² <>6>1
 Bjeehr J. Kýphz Jvhefjúc

FCMV\NEJ KJLC\JK
:84 Kj ohecsns  phrujej
 phrujej puhstj he hvnfhemnj pcr hk MCYNF-:>
Khcpckfc Ajgjrrj Yçkm`hz

:9> Hk fhrhm`c j kj netngnfjf mcgc kçgnth fhk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe he kjs rhkjmncehs

fh trjljbc fhk usc fh thmeckcaçjs he tnhgpcs fh MCYNF-:>

J prcpýsntc
Mîsjr Jkhbjefrc Eêbjr Lhmhrrj

6  N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

 

:0= Hk mcetrck hgprhsjrnjk sclrh kcs ghfncs fh mcguenmjmnýe hkhmtrýenmcs

Mjrkcs \cfrnac Jljrmj \ulnjehs

]hmtcr Tòlknmc
NEIC\GH T\NEMNTJK
:>1 Heicquh fh mcevhemncejknfjf fhk fhrhm`c j kj hstjlnknfjf kjlcrjk he hk
Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4:9-<4<4
Vjenj Vukj Jrjumc Ynvjs

NEIC\GH] VÎMENMC] FH ]H\YN\

<4< ³Muêkhs sce kcs hihmtcs fh ec mcgphesjr kjs knmhemnjs mce acmh fh `jlhr
pcr pjrth fh kcs shrvnfcrhs MJ]3

<40 \hqunsntcs y phrncfc gêxngc pjrj hk pjac fh kj mcgphesjmnýe

vjmjmncejk

Nefnmjfcrhs kjlcrjkhs

NEFNMJFC\H] KJLC\JKH]
 <<:=
:= :. Ijmtcr jmugukjfc2 tjsj fh nethrîs khajk kjlcrjk

<:6 <. Çefnmh fh Trhmncs jk Mcesugnfcr (NTM)

<:6 =. Çefnmh fh Trhmncs Trcghfnc Ghesujk jk pcr Gjycr j envhk ejmncejk (NTG)

<:6 6. Hvckumnýe fh jpcrtjmncehs jk ]nsthgj Trnvjfc fh Thesncehs - JIT <4:>-<4<4

 <:8
<:8 8. Vjsjs fh nethrhshs ljemjrncs - MV]

<:9 9. Hsmjkj fh guktjs nesphmtnvjs fhk GVTH (he iuemnýe fh kj XNV vnaheth)

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   8
 

<:9 1. Mrcecarjgj pjrj kj prhshetjmnýe fh kj Tkjenkkj Hkhmtrýenmj

 <:1
<:1 0. Mrcecarjgj pjrj kj prhshetjmnýe fh kj Tkjenkkj Hkhmtrýenmj (luhecs
mcetrnluyheths, JIH ^ XH]T)

>. Jprhmnjmnýe fh kcs mcemhptcs

mcemhptcs rhguehrjtnvcs
rhguehrjtnvcs y ec rhguehrjtnvcs
rhguehrjtnvcs
 <:1
<:1

Trêmtnmj kjlcrjk

IC\GJVC] KJLC\JKH]
<<: \hnenmnc fh kjlcrhs2 fhmkjrjmnýe burjfj pjrj trjljbjfcrhs mcesnfhrjfcs
fhetrc fhk arupc fh rnhsac

Hqunpc fh nevhstnajmnýe fh ]CKXMNC

]CKXMNCEH]
EH] KJLC\JKH]

9  N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

 

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

HE H]VH EÒGH\C

Vrjtjgnhetc fh kj shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc he tnhgpcs fhk

Vrjtjgnhetc
MCYNF-:>
Kj pjrjknzjmnýe fh kjs jmtnvnfjfhs hmceýgnmjs, prcfumtc fh kj crfhe
fh negcvnknzjmnýe scmnjk clknajtcrnj (mujrhethej), clknaý j quh gum`js
hgprhsjs jpknmjrje kj 󿬊aurj fhk trjljbc rhgctc, hk gnsgc quh ngpknmj
kj prhstjmnýe fh shrvnmncs pcr pjrth fhk trjljbjfcr fhsfh su fcgn-
mnknc c kuajr fh jnskjgnhetc. He hsh mcethxtc y tcgjefc he muhetj hk
fhlhr fh prhvhemnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr surahe kjs snaunheths nethrrcaje-
ths2 ³quî trjtjgnhetc ghrhmh kj shaurnfjf y sjkuf fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs
furjeth hk trjljbc rhgctc3, ³quî rhspcesjlnknfjfhs tnheh hk hgpkhj-
fcr3, ³hs ehmhsjrnc mcesnfhrjr jk MCYNF-:> mcgc uej heihrghfjf
prcihsncejk3
He tjk shetnfc, he kj shmmnýe hsphmnjk prhshetjgcs vjrncs jrtçmukcs he
kcs quh kjs fcmtcrjs Hsthkj Cspnej ]jknejs, Ijeey Ljutnstj Tum`urn y
Ejtjky Tckjemc Gcthezj, jsç mcgc kcs fcmtcrhs Nvje Tjrîfhz Ehyrj y
Fjenhk Tjenurjkj Bngîehz
prhshetjgcs hetrhvnstjjejknzje kj jkrhihrnfj
rhjknzjfj fcmtcr prclkhgêtnmj. Jsngnsgc,
Anec Hrehstc ^jeajkn
^jeajkn Npj-
rrjaunrrh, prhsnfheth fh kj Cmtjvj ]jkj Kjlcrjk Thrgjeheth fh Kngj,
qunhe jejknzj kcs jkmjemhs fh kj shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc furjeth
kj prhsheth mcyueturj. |  pêa. :8

]usphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs2 ]ntujmnýe fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs

mcgprhefnfcs fhetrc fhk arupc fh rnhsac
Jmtujkgheth sh vnheh fhljtnhefc sn kj ghfnfj fh susphesnýe phrihmtj
fh kjlcrhs jkmjezj tjglnîe j kcs trjljbjfcrhs mcgprhefnfcs fhetrc
fhk arupc mcesnfhrjfc fh rnhsac irheth jk MCYNF-:>. Tcr ue kjfc, hstêe
jquhkkcs hsphmnjknstjs quh cpneje quh fnm`j ghfnfj sç kcs jkmjezj? y,
pcr hk ctrc, jquhkkcs quh fnsmrhpje fh kj gnsgj. Vjk hs hk mjsc fhk fcm-
tcr Kuns Ljkfhýe Lhfýe y kj fcmtcrj Anshkkj Mhkhsth Gjtcs Jpckne, qunh-
ehs mcesnfhrje quh j kcs rhihrnfcs trjljbjfcrhs
trjljbjfcrhs sh khs fhlh ctcrajr uej
knmhemnj mce acmh fh `jlhr mcgphesjlkh, y ec jpknmjr kj ghfnfj fh sus-
phesnýe. | pêa. 68

Jeêknsns fh kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs kjlcrjkhs y prcpuhstjs

pjrj su kjlcrjknzjmnýe
Hk Tkje Ejmncejk fh Mcgphtntnvnfjf y Trcfumtnvnfjf jprcljfc pcr hk
Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ <=1-<4:>-HI pkjethj mcgc uej fh sus ghfnfjs kj
ghbcrj fhk gjrmc khajk fh kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs, mcesnfhrjefc
kj jktj tjsj fh fhshgpkhc fh kcs bývhehs, hk jktc çefnmh fh kj nejfhmuj-
mnýe prcihsncejk fh hsh arupc fh phrscejs, y hk hsmjsc usc fh kj Khy fh
Gcfjknfjfhs Icrgjtnvjs Kjlcrjkhs pcr kjs hgprhsjs. ]clrh hstj òktngj,
kcs fcmtcrhs Gnauhk Mjehssj Gcethbc y Kuns Ghefczj Khacjs nefnmje
 

quh hxnsthe trhs arjefhs jsphmtcs quh rhqunhrhe jlcrfjrsh pjrj su

rhicrgj2 prnghrc, hstjlkhmhr quh kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs tnhehe
ue mjrêmthr kjlcrjk? shauefc, jshaurjr kj 󿬊smjknzjmnýe hstjtjk sclrh kcs
mcetrjtcs y hk gcentcrhc fh kcs pkjehs fh jprhefnzjbh y mjpjmntjmnýe?
y, thrmhrc,
thrmhrc, clknajr j kcs mhetrcs fh icrgjmnýe he su nevckumrjgnhetc he
hk mcetrck. | pêa. 86

Hk jfvhengnhetc fh kj bustnmnj kjlcrjk hkhmtrýenmj

hkhm trýenmj
Hk rhnenmnc fh kjs jmtnvnfjfhs fh kcs ýrajecs burnsfnmmncejkhs fhetrc fhk
jmtujk mcethxtc, ghfnjeth kj 󿬊aurj fhk trjljbc rhgctc y kjs jufnhemnjs
vnrtujkhs, vnheh jmhkhrjefc hk fhecgnejfc prcmhsc fh mcestrummnýe fh
kj bustnmnj hkhmtrýenmj. He hsh shetnfc, hk fcmtcr \nmjrfc Mcrrjkhs Ghkaj-
rhbc jfvnhrth hk ngpjmtc quh thefrê hk jfvhengnhetc fh kj bustnmnj hkhm-
trýenmj he kcs prcmhscs kjlcrjkhs, nfhetn󿬊mj kcs jmtcs prcmhsjkhs quh sh
vhrêe trjstcmjfcs fhlnfc j su fnantjknzjmnýe y prcpceh hk prctcmckc he
kj jmtujmnýe vnrtujk fh kjs jufnhemnjs, kc quh ngpknmjrê euhvjs `jlnknfj-
fhs pjrj kcs jlcajfcs y kcs buhmhs. | pêa. :::

Jkmjemhs fh kj khantngjmnýe prcmhsjk hsphmnjk quh rhaukj kj Euhvj

Khy Trcmhsjk fhk Vrjljbc E´ <>6>1
Kj khantngjmnýe prcmhsjk hsphmnjk, quh rhaukj hk jrtçmukc > fh kj Euhvj
Khy Trcmhsjk fhk Vrjljbc, ejmh mcgc ue nestntutc quh rhsaujrfj hk
`hm`c fh quh kjs pjrths fh kj rhkjmnýe gjthrnjk ec snhgprh mcnemnfhe
mce kjs pjrths fh kj rhkjmnýe prcmhsjk, yj shj mcgc fhgjefjeth c mcgc
fhgjefjfc. He hsh shetnfc, hk fcmtcr Bjeehr Kýphz Jvhefjúc mcesn-
fhrj quh kj khantngjmnýe prcmhsjk hs uej pcsnmnýe `jlnkntjeth pjrj icr-
gukjr uej prhthesnýe mcetrj jkaunhe, quh rjfnquh ehmhsjrnjgheth he
kj j󿬊rgjmnýe fh kj tntukjrnfjf fhk fhrhm`c sulbhtnvc gjthrnjk y he kj
ngputjmnýe fh kj clknajmnýe. | pêa. :==

Hk
kjsfhrhm`c j kjfh
rhkjmncehs netngnfjf
trjljbc mcgc kçgnth fhk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe he
Kjs rhkjmncehs fh trjljbc furjeth hk hstjfc fh hghrahemnj `je fhgcs-
trjfc kj ehmhsnfjf fh jpknmjr thmeckcaçjs he kj prhstjmnýe fh shrvnmncs,
j 󿬊e fh jircetjr kj pjrjknzjmnýe fh kjs jmtnvnfjfhs mcgc mceshmuhemnj
fhk jnskjgnhetc scmnjk clknajtcrnc, prnemnpjkgheth sn sh vnheh rhjknzjefc
trjljbc rhgctc.
rhgctc. Hstj sntujmnýe `j kkhvjfc j quh kcs hgpkhjfcrhs jfcp-
the euhvjs icrgjs fh 󿬊smjknzjr kjs kjlcrhs fhk trjljbjfcr, ljsjfjs he
kjs thmeckcaçjs fh kj neicrgjmnýe y mcguenmjmnýe. He rjzýe fh hkkc, hk
fcmtcr Mîsjr Jkhbjefrc Eêbjr Lhmhrrj fhsjrrckkj kcs jkmjemhs fhk fhrh-
m`c j kj netngnfjf mcgc ue kçgnth fhk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe fhk hgpkhj-
fcr,, `jmnhefc îeijsns he jquhkkjs sntujmncehs he kjs
fcr k js quh kj jpknmjmnýe fh
kcs ghfncs thmeckýanmcs rhprhshetj uej hihmtnvj vukehrjmnýe fhk rhih-
rnfc fhrhm`c. |  pêa. :9>
 

ECVNMNJ] y HYHEVC]

GÊ] FH 894 444 V\JLJBJFC\H] MCL\J\CE ]XL]NFNC FHK LCEC NEFHTHEFNHEVH

J trjvîs fh kj ljemj mhkukjr fhk Ljemc fh kj Ejmnýe gês fh 894 444 trjljbjfcrhs `je mc-
lrjfc hk prnghr pjac fh ]/ =04 fhk Lcec Nefhphefnheth, ctcrajfc j kcs trjljbjfcrhs quh
mjrhmhe fh ue suhkfc ghesujk y j`crj rhqunhrhe scpcrth hmceýgnmc. Jsngnsgc, yj sh `j
nenmnjfc hk pjac fhk shauefc jlcec fh ]/ =04. Tjrj hkkc, mce hk prcpýsntc fh mcecmhr kj
ihm`j he kj quh sh thefrê fnspcenlkh hk pjac, kcs trjljbjfcrhs nefhphefnheths fhlhrêe
nearhsjr j kj pkjtjicrgj www. lcecnefhphefnheth.ph y hsmrnlnr hk eòghrc fh su FEN y kj
ihm`j fh hgnsnýe.

H]]JKXF H]VJLKHMH
H]VJLKHMH EC\GJ ZXH T\HMN]J KJ
K J HEV\HAJ FH ]XL]NFNC J V\JLJBJFC\H]
MCE MCYNF󰀧:>
Ghfnjeth kj \hsckumnýe fh Ahrhemnj Ahehrjk E² 89=-AA-H]]JKXF-<4<4, sh prhmnsjrce kcs
jkmjemhs fhk F.X. E² 4<9-<4<4, hk mujk hstjlkhmh quh Hs]jkuf jsugnrê ue sulsnfnc pcr ne-
mjpjmnfjf thgpcrjk pjrj pjmnheths fnjaecstnmjfcs mce MCYNF-:>, muyj rhguehrjmnýe
ghesujk shj fh `jstj ]/ <644, he tjetc fnm`j heihrghfjf sh `jyj mceinrgjfc mce `n-
scpjfc pcsntnvc c mce hk prcmhfngnhetc quh fhthrgneh kj Jutcrnfjf Ejmncejk fh ]jkuf.

HGTKHJFC\H] FHLH\ÊE MCEVJ\ MCE XE TKJE FH YNANKJEMNJ ^ T\HYHEMNÝE

]haòe kcs knehjgnhetcs pjrj kj vnankjemnj fh kj sjkuf fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs mce rnhsac fh hx-
pcsnmnýe jk MCYNF-:>, jprcljfcs ghfnjeth kj \hsckumnýe Gnensthrnjk E² <=>-<4<4-Gnesj,
prhvnc j kj rhjeufjmnýe fh kjs jmtnvnfjfhs kjlcrjkhs, kcs hgpkhjfcrhs fhlhrêe mcetjr mce
ue pkje pjrj kj vnankjemnj, prhvhemnýe y mcetrck fh MCYNF-:> he hk trjljbc, jprcljfc pcr
hk Mcgntî fh ]haurnfjf y ]jkuf he hk Vrjljbc c he su mjsc pcr hk suphrvnscr fh shaurnfjf
y sjkuf he hk trjljbc y rhanstrjfc he hk ]nsthgj Netharjfc pjrj hk Mcvnf (]nmcvnf-:>).

HGT\H]J] FHLH\ÊE MCEVJ\ MCE TKJEH] FH T\HYHEMNÝE TJ\J \HJEXFJ\ JMVNYNFJFH]

Kj gnenstrj fh Hmcecgçj y Inejezjs, Gjrçj Jetcenhtj Jkvj, shújký quh mjfj hgprhsj the-
frê quh rhanstrjr su pkje he hk ]nmcvnf-:>. Jsngnsgc, scstuvc quh hk Aclnhrec trjljbj he
ue pkje fh ngpkhghetjmnýe arjfujk y prcarhsnvj fh rhjmtnvjmnýe hmceýgnmj. ]ykvnj Mê-
mhrhs, gnenstrj fh Vrjljbc y Trcgcmnýe fhk Hgpkhc, scstuvc quh hk mugpkngnhetc clknaj-
tcrnc fh kcs prctcmckcs sjentjrncs shrê vntjk pjrj kj rhjmtnvjmnýe. Jsngnsgc,
Jsngnsgc, shújký quh sn kj
murvj fh mcetjancs sh nemrhghetj, kjs ijshs fh rhjeufjmnýe sh susphefhrêe c jkjrajrêe

pcr gês tnhgpc.

]H\YNFC\H] TÒLKNMC] MCGTHE]J\ÊE @C\J] @J]VJ HK <4<:

Mcgc ghfnfj hxmhpmncejk pjrj rhfumnr hk rnhsac fh mcetjanc, kjs hetnfjfhs pòlknmjs pc-
frêe rhfumnr kj bcrejfj kjlcrjk y gcfninmjr hk `crjrnc fh trjljbc fh su phrscejk `jstj hk =:
fh fnmnhglrh fhk prhsheth júc. Kcs shrvnfcrhs pòlknmcs quh `ulnhrje hstjfc mce hk acmh
fh knmhemnj rhguehrjfj, uej vhz mcemkunfc hk hstjfc fh hghrahemnj ejmncejk, y rhnemcr-
pcrjfcs jk trjljbc prhshemnjk, fhlhrêe rhmuphrjr kjs `crjs, nemkusnvh furjeth hk júc <4<:.

FHTÝ]NVC FH MV]
M V] FH GJ^C TCF\Ê ]H\ JTKJRJFC @J]VJ ECYNHGL\H
]n lnhe hk pkjzc pjrj hk fhpýsntc fh kj MV] sh vhemný hk pjsjfc :8 fh gjyc, ghfnjeth
hk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4=0-<4<4 sh ijmuktý j kcs hgpkhjfcrhs j jpkjzjr su fhpýsntc
`jstj hk :9 fh ecvnhglrh, snhgprh quh kj rhguehrjmnýe
rhguehrjmnýe lrutj fhk trjljbjfcr shj gjycr j
]/ <644 y ec sh kh `jyj jpknmjfc kj susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs. Tjrj
Tjrj hkkc, hk hgpkhjfcr
fhlný mcguenmjr jk trjljbjfcr jmhrmj fhk jpkjzjgnhetc `jstj hk =4 fh jlrnk pjsjfc. Hk fh-
fh -
pýsntc fnihrnfc fh kj M V] fh gjyc fhlhrê pjajrsh mce kcs rhsphmtnvcs nethrhshs.

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   >
 

VNT]
KJLC\JKH] / ]hmtcr Trnvjfc

 He mjsc fh quh ue trjljbjfcr mce uej rhguehrjmnýe ghesujk ec gjycr j ]/ <644 shj fnja-
ecstnmjfc mce MCYNF-:>, mceinrgjfc mce `nscpjfc pcsntnvc c mce hk prcmhfngnhetc quh
fhthrgneh kj jutcrnfjf ejmncejk fh sjkuf, y vjknfjfj pcr kj Ahrhemnj Mhetrjk fh Trhstjmncehs
fh ]jkuf, Hs]jkuf ctcrajrê ue sulsnfnc hxmhpmncejk pcr kcs prnghrcs <4 fçjs fh nemjpjmn-
fjf thgpcrjk pjrj hk trjljbc. (\hsckumnýe fh Ahrhemnj Ahehrjk E´ 89=-AA-H]]JKXF-<4<42
jrtçmukc :4)

 Tjrj quh hk trjljbjfcr quh phrthehmh jk arupc fh rnhsac puhfj kjlcrjr, fhlh prhshetjr su fh-
mkjrjmnýe burjfj fh jsuemnýe fh rhspcesjlnknfjf, kj quh sckc pcfrê shr prhshetjfj kuhac fh quh
kj hgprhsj, j scknmntuf fhk prcpnc trjljbjfcr, kh rhgntj hk mhrtninmjfc fh jptntuf vjknfjfc pcr hk
gîfnmc rhspcesjlkh fh kj vnankjemnj fh kj sjkuf c qunhe `jaj sus vhmhs he hk mhetrc fh trjljbc,
qunhe ljbc mrnthrnc gîfnmc, jutcrnzj kj rhjknzjmnýe fh kjlcrhs prhshemnjkhs he mjsc jsç kc mcesnfh-
rh. (\hsckumnýe Gnensthrnjk E´ 4>>-<4<4-V\2 jrtçmukcs < y =)

 Hkvnf-:>,
Tkje pjrj kj Ynankjemnj, prhvhemnýe y mcetrck fh Mcvnf-:> he hk trjljbc, rhanstrjfc he hk ]nsmc-
fhlh shr rhgntnfc, fhetrc fh kjs <6 `crjs snaunheths fh su rhanstrc, j tcfcs kcs trjljbj-
fcrhs. Hk gnsgc fhlh shr jmtujknzjfc ghesujkgheth, he kj gnsgj cpcrtuenfjf he quh fhlh
rhgntnrsh kj Tkjgh, mceicrgh jk òktngc fçantc \XM. (\hsckumnýe Gnensthrnjk E´ =11-<4<4-Gnesj2
jrtçmukcs < y 6)

VNT]
KJLC\JKH] / ]hmtcr Tòlknmc

 He jquhkkcs mjscs he kcs quh ec rhsukth pcsnlkh jpknmjr hk trjljbc rhgctc, kj hetnfjf fhlhrê ctcr-
ajr uej knmhemnj mce acmh fh `jlhr (mce mjrac j mcgphesjr pcsthrncrgheth kjs `crjs fhbjfjs
fh trjljbjr), j kcs shrvnfcrhs
shr vnfcrhs pòlknmcs, sjkvc quh hstcs cpthe pcr ctrc ghmjensgc mcgphesjtcrnc.
(Neicrgh Vîmenmc
Vîmenmc E´ 444008-<4<4-]H\YN\-ATA]M)
444008-<4<4-]H\YN\- ATA]M)

 ]nhk hkfhsjrrckkc
phrscejk quh rhqunhrh fcmughetjmnýe y/c gjthrnjkhs fh kjs nestjkjmncehs fh kj hetnfjf pjrj
fh kj gcfjknfjf rhgctj hs pjrth fhk arupc fh rnhsac, kj hetnfjf fhlhrê ngpkhghe-
tjr ghfnfjs quh kkhvhe j hvntjr quh hsth jljefceh su fcgnmnknc c kuajr fh jnskjgnhetc scmnjk.
(\hsckumnýe fh Trhsnfhemnj Hbhmutnvj E² 4444=4-<4<4-]H\YN\-TH2 eughrjk : fhk thrmhr jpjrtjfc)

 He tjetc qunhehs rhjknzje trjljbc rhgctc ec rhanstrje su jsnsthemnj, ec hs pcsnlkh ahehrjr fhsmuhe-
tcs jpknmjlkhs pcr tjrfjezjs c ijktjs. (\hsckumnýe fh Trhsnfhemnj Hbhmutnvj E² 4444=4-<4<4-]H\YN\-
4444=4-<4<4 -]H\YN\-
TH2 qunetc jpjrtjfc)

VNT]
\\.@@. / \hmurscs @ugjecs

 Jeth hk rhnenmnc fh jmtnvnfjfhs, y mce kj inejknfjf fh vhkjr pcr kj sjkuf fhk trjljbjfcr he hk mhetrc
fh trjljbc, kjs hgprhsjs tnhehe kj rhspcesjlnknfjf fh rhjknzjr mcestjethgheth mjgpjújs fh she-
snlnknzjmnýe sclrh hk MCYNF-:>.

 Tjrj hkkc, fhlhe hxpcehr neicrgjmnýe rhkhvjeth sclrh MCYNF-:> j sus trjljbjfcrhs, jsç mcgc
sclrh hk usc fh kcs ghfncs fh prcthmmnýe phrscejk, j trjvîs fh jmtnvnfjfhs fh mjpjmntjmnýe y
ghfnjeth hk usc fh mjrthkhs c mujkqunhr ctrc ghfnc hxnstheth he kuajrhs vnsnlkhs.

J ine fh prhvhenr hk mcetjanc, hk hgpkhc fh `hrrjgnhetjs fnantjkhs rhsuktj nefnsphesjlkh? pcr

p cr kc
 quh kj hgprhsj fhlh ngpkhghetjr kcs ghmjensgcs ehmhsjrncs pjrj kj mcetneujmnýe fh kjlcrhs,
mcesnfhrjefc quh hs tjglnîe ehmhsjrnc mjpjmntjr j kcs trjljbjfcrhs pjrj su mcrrhmtc usc.

:4  N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

 

]CKXMNCEH]

KJLC\JKH]
]N]VHGJ NEVHA\JK FH NEIC\GJMNÝE TJ\J BHIH] FH \HMX\]C]
@XGJEC], J]H]C\H] KHAJKH], JFGNEN]V\JFC\H] ^ AH\HEVH]

H]THMNJK2 
Vrjtjgnhetc
Vrjtjgnhetc fh kj shaurnfjf
 y sjkuf hefhk
hk MCYNF-:>
trjljbc he tnhgpcs

XEJ TXLKNMJMNÝE FHK A\XTC

 

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

T\H]HEVJMNÝE

Vhe
rjtjgnhetc
hk trjljbc fh
he kj shaurnfjf
tnhgpcs y sjkuf
fhk MCYNF-:>
H e gjthrnj fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc, hk prnemnpnc fh prhvhemnýe
ngpknmj kj clknajmnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr fh ajrjetnzjr he hk mhetrc fh kjlcrhs hk
hstjlkhmngnhetc fh kcs ghfncs y kjs mcefnmncehs quh prcthbje kj vnfj, kj sjkuf y
hk lnhehstjr fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs, y fh jquhkkcs quh, ec thenhefc vçemukc kjlcrjk,
prhstje shrvnmncs c sh hemuhetrhe fhetrc fhk mhetrc fh trjljbc
Jsngnsgc, fh jmuhrfc jk prnemnpnc fh rhspcesjlnknfjf, hk hgpkhjfcr jsugh kjs
ngpknmjemnjs hmceýgnmjs, khajkhs y fh mujkqunhr ctrj çefckh j mceshmuhemnj fh
ue jmmnfheth c heihrghfjf quh suirh hk trjljbjfcr he hk fhshgphúc fh sus iue-
mncehs c j mceshmuhemnj fh îk.
He kj prhsheth mcyueturj, prcfumtc fh kj crfhe fh jnskjgnhetc scmnjk clknajtc-
rnc, gum`js hgprhsjs `je cptjfc pcr jpknmjr kj inaurj fhk trjljbc rhgctc, j ine
fh mcetneujr sus jmtnvnfjfhs, phrgntnhefc quh kcs trjljbjfcrhs prhsthe shrvn-
mncs fhsfh sus fcgnmnkncs. He hsth mcethxtc y, fjfc quh hk prnemnpnc fh prhvhe-
mnýe `jmh jkusnýe j kj clknajmnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr fh ajrjetnzjr kj shaurnfjf fh
kcs trjljbjfcrhs he hk mhetrc fh trjljbc, hs ehmhsjrnc prhauetjrsh muêkhs sce kcs
jkmjemhs fh fnm`c fhlhr furjeth kj hbhmumnýe fhk trjljbc rhgctc, fjfc quh, he
hsth mjsc, hk mhetrc fh trjljbc hs hk fcgnmnknc fhk trjljbjfcr y ec he hk hstjlkh-
mngnhetc fhk hgpkhjfcr
hgpkhjfcr..
J su vhz sh fhrnvje kjs snaunheths nethrrcajeths2 ³muêkhs sce kcs jkmjemhs fh kj
rhspcesjlnknfjf fh hgpkhjfcr furjeth kj hbhmumnýe fhk trjljbc rhgctc3, ³quî
clknajmncehs tnheh quh mugpknr y muêk shrçj hk trjtjgnhetc fh kcs jmmnfheths suirn-
fcs pcr kcs trjljbjfcrhs he pkhec hbhrmnmnc fh kjlcrhs he sus fcgnmnkncs3, ³fnm`cs
jmmnfheths puhfhe shr mcesnfhrjfcs fh trjljbc3
Tcr ctrc kjfc, hstêe kcs trjljbjfcrhs quh `je vhenfc kjlcrjefc he jmtnvnfjfhs
quh euemj pjrjknzjrce pcr shr nefnsphesjlkhs, c hk mjsc fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs quh,
prcfumtc fh kj rhjmtnvjmnýe hmceýgnmj, yj hstêe jsnstnhefc j sus mhetrcs fh trj-
ljbc. He hstcs mjscs ³muêk shrçj kj rhspcesjlnknfjf fhk hgpkhjfcr sn hk trjljbjfcr
mcetrjh MCYNF-:> he su mhetrc fh kjlcrhs3 ³Hstc puhfh
puhfh shr mcesnfhrjfc mcgc
heihrghfjf prcihsncejk3 Tjrj hk mjsc fh kcs prcihsncejkhs fh kj sjkuf, ec `jy
fufj, fhlnfc j quh, pjrj hsth shmtcr fh trjljbjfcrhs, pcr nethrghfnc fh kj Khy
E² =:4<8, sh `j nemcrpcrjfc jk MCYNF-:> jk knstjfc fh heihrghfjfhs
prcihsncejkhs.

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :=
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

Tcr tjetc, fjfj kj ngpcrtjemnj fhk thgj, j mcetneujmnýe prhshetjgcs uej hetrh-
vnstj y fcs jrtçmukcs fcefh mceectjfcs hsphmnjknstjs he kj gjthrnj, ecs lrnefje
sus cpnencehs sclrh kcs jkmjemhs fh kj shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc furjeth
kj prhsheth mcyueturj.

Gjeckc Ejrmnsc Vjrjzcej Tnehfc

Mccrfnejfcr fh ]ckumncehs Kjlcrjkhs

:6  N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

 

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

HEV\HYN]VJ

]haurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc

he hk mcethxtc
mcethxtc fhk MCYNF-:>
MCYN F-:>

]h fhlh thehr munfjfc  mce khanskjr

clknajmncehs fh kcs hgpkhjfcrhs rhs-
phmtc j kcs fhrhm`cs fh shaurnfjf y
sjkuf  he hk trjljbc pcrquh kcs mcstcs
kjlcrjkhs puhfhe `jmhr quh mjnajgcs
he neicrgjknfjf .

Anec ^JEAJKN NTJ\\JAXN\\H*

]ckumncehs Kjlcrjkhs (]K)2 ³Zuî sh
hetnhefh pcr shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk
trjljbc3
Fcmtcr Anec ^jeajkn Npjrrjaunrrh (A^N)2
Zunhrc
shauefc hgphzjr
guhrh uejfnmnhefc
phrscej hequh mjfj
hk guefc
pcr uej heihrghfjf prcihsncejk c pcr ue
jmmnfheth fh trjljbc. Kj CNV mjkmukj quh
`jy gês c ghecs fcs gnkkcehs shthmnhetcs
cm`hetj gnk guhrtcs pcr hstjs mjusjs jeujk-  
 
gheth, y gês c ghecs trhsmnhetcs shthetj
y mujtrc gnkkcehs fh khsncehs ec gcrtj-
khs quh prcvcmje mujtrc fçjs fh jushemnj
he hk trjljbc y quh tcfc hstc hs ue mcstc
hecrgh quh gês c ghecs jljrmj hk =.>6 %
fhk Trcfumtc Lrutc Nethrec (TLN) akcljk fh
mjfj júc fh hetrh tcfcs kcs pjçshs y hstc sh
prcfumh pcr gjkjs prêmtnmjs fh shaurnfjf
y sjkuf? mjusj puhs, ue neghesc suirngnhetc
ec sckjgheth j kcs trjljbjfcrhs quh suirhe
hstjs heihrghfjfhs prcihsncejkhs c jmmn-
fheths fh trjljbc snec prnemnpjkgheth j kjs
ijgnknjs. Trcfumh mcstcsjs bulnkjmncehs jetn-
mnpjfjs, pîrfnfjs fh phrscejk mujkninmjfc,
jlshetnsgc y jktjs prngjs fh shaurc.
Vcf c hs
Vcfc hstc
tc,, mc gc pr
prhk
hkng
ngne
nejr
jr gh
ghet
ethh kh
khss
hxpknmc, ecs clknaj puhs j tcgjr mcemnhe-
mnj fh kj gjaentuf y kjs mceshmuhemnjs y kj
CNV (Crajenzjmnýe Nethrejmncejk fhk Vrjljbc)
mnhrrj hsth thgj prhkngnejr gjenihstjefc
quh hk trjljbc fhmheth hs hk trjljbc shaurc.

* Jlcajfc pcr kj Xenvhrsnfjf Ejmncejk Gjycr fh ]je Gjrmcs y gêsthr he Trcmhsc Mcethemncsc Jfgnenstrjtnvc y Fhrhm`cs
Iuefjghetjkhs (Xenvhrsnfjf fh Bjîe fh Hspjúj). Jmtujk prhsnfheth fh kj Cmtjvj ]jkj Kjlcrjk fh kj Mcrth ]uphrncr fh
Bustnmnj fh Kngj.

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :8-<6

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :8

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
Kj inaurj fhk trjljbc fhmheth `cy fçj hstê
prhsheth y tcfjs kjs ecrgjs nethrejmncejkhs
hstêe prhsheths irheth jk MCYNF? ec `j mjg-
lnjfc hk Fhrhm`c, kc quh `j mjglnjfc sce
kjs mnrmuestjemnjs y mýgc sh hstê jpknmjefc.
He mceshmuhemnj, pcfrçjgcs fhmnr quh
hsth thgj fh kj shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trj-
ljbc, jeth tcfc, hs ue fhrhm`c iuefjghe-
tjk fh tcfcs kcs trjljbjfcrhs y tnheh mcgc
clbhtc prhvhenr kcs jmmnfheths fh trjljbc y
kjs heihrghfjfhs prcihsncejkhs? prcpceh hk
ghbcrjgnhetc fh kjs mcefnmncehs fh shaurn-
fjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc he hk hgpkhc. Yj j
ajrjetnzjr kj netharnfjf içsnmj y ghetjk fh kcs
trjljbjfcrhs y prnemnpjkgheth sjkvjr vnfjs y
gntnajr kcs rnhsacs.
Hk fçj <0 fh jlrnk kj CNV `j fhmkjrjfc mcgc
fçj guefnjk fh kj shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk
trjljbc y kjghetjlkhgheth hk <0 fh jlrnk
mjsn ec pjsý ejfj he euhstrc pjçs mujefc
hs ue thgj tje ngpcrtjeth, gês sn sh hstê
thenhefc he mcesnfhrjmnýe sn hsth thgj hs
uej heihrghfjf prcihsncejk c ec, quh kc
vjgcs j hxpknmjr gês jfhkjeth.
Hk fhrhm`c fh kj shaurnfjf scmnjk hs ue thgj
guy jetnauc, hs uej rjgj fhk Fhrhm`c fhk
 Vrjljbc, jsç kc mcesnfhrjgcs. Hstufnj he kc
pcsnlkh kjs cmurrhemnjs fh mcetneahemnjs
scmnjkhs quh mcgprcghtje tcfc c he pjrth
su nearhsc y ahehrhe `jlntujkgheth mjrajs
hmceýgnmjs supkhghetjrnjs.
Hemcetrjgcs su crnahe he kjs mckhanjs
rcgjejs quh rhueçje j phrscejs c jrthsj-
ecs fh uej gnsgj jmtnvnfjf y hs quh
q uh sh prc-
thaçje he mjsc fh heihrghfjfhs c guhrths.
@cy he fçj ecs trjh j mckjmnýe jk knlhrtjfcr
]ngýe Lckçvjr he ue fnsmursc he hk Mcearhsc
fh Jeacsturj - Yhehzuhkj fhk :8 fh ihlrhrc
fh :0:> y îk fhmçj kc snaunheth2 ‛Hk snsthgj
fh aclnhrec gês phrihmtc hs jquhk quh
prcfumh gjycr sugj fh ihknmnfjf pcsnlkh,
:9  pp. :8-<6 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
gjycr sugj fh ihknmnfjf scmnjk 
scmnjk   y gjycr
sugj fh hstjlnknfjf pckçtnmj‗, sjlnjs pjkj-
lrjs quh `cy he fçj sh `jmhe prhsheths y
sce jmtujkhs, yc pcfrçj shrnjgheth tcgjr
tcfjs hsjs irjshs.
]K2 ³Zuî clknajmncehs tnheh hk hgpkhjfcr
he gjthrnj fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trj-
ljbc he hk gjrmc fhk MCYNF-:>3
A^N2 \hjkgheth qunhe `j gjethenfc uej
A^N2 \hjkgheth
ecrgjtnvnfjf gês hstjlkh sce kjs ecrgjs
fhk ENV quh sce kjs Ecrgjs Nethrejmncejkhs
fh Vrjljbc y quh `je snfc shújkjfjs pcr kj
CNV quh hs kj nestntumnýe gês ngpcrtjeth y
shrnj he gjthrnj kjlcrjk.
He hk Thrò sh `j fnshgnejfc pcr uej shrnh
fh ecrgjtnvjs, uej fh kjs prnemnpjkhs hs kj
Khy E´ <>10=, quh hs kj Khy fh ]haurnfjf y
]jkuf he hk Vrjljbc quh hstjlkhmh uej shrnh
fh ghfnfjs fh prhvhemnýe y prcthmmnýe fhk
snsthgj fh ahstnýe fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf he
hk trjljbc.
]n thefrçjgcs quh `jlkjr fh hstc ecs pjsj-
rçjgcs `jstj pjsjfc gjújej, hs ngpcrtjeth
mjfj uej fh hstjs? phrc, pcr hbhgpkc, gnrhe
usthfhs, kc quh hstê cmurrnhefc2 kcs hgprh-
sjs mce vhneth c gês trjljbjfcrhs tnhehe <4
clknajmncehs quh mugpknr, kjs hgprhsjs mce
gês fh 844 trjljbjfcrhs tnhehe <: clknaj-
mncehs, kjs hgprhsjs mce ghecs fh <4 tnh-
ehe :0 clknajmncehs h nemugpknr hstjs clkn-
ajmncehs hs mcesnfhrjfc mcgc uej ijktj
y sh guktj `jstj pcr kj sugj fh 68 XNV y
kj XNV, jmtujkgheth, pjrj hsth júc hstê he
kj sugj fh 6=44 sckhs, c shj quh hstjgcs
`jlkjefc fh uej sugj fh :>= 844 sckhs y
sn tnheh ue rhsuktjfc ijtjk, c shj kj guhrth,
hstjgcs `jlkjefc fh 91.8 XNV, kc mujk jsmhe-
fhrçj j <>4 <84 sckhs? y fhinentnvjgheth sn
sh `je nemugpknfc thgjs fh shaurnfjf y
sjkuf he hk trjljbc he icrgj rhphtntnvj kjs

guktjs sh vje nemrhghetjefc, c shj hstj-
gcs `jlkjefc fh uej kcmurj fh fnehrc? y,
³pcr quî fnac hstc3 Tcrquh uej guktj j uej
hgprhsj he hstjs mcefnmncehs y tcfjvçj he
hsth gcghetc fhk MCYNF-:> gjtjgcs j
kj ajkknej fh kcs `uhvcs fh crc, sh mnhrrj kj
hgprhsj prêmtnmjgheth, sjkvc kjs arjefhs
hgprhsjs fh rhpheth.
Hetcemhs, yc mrhc quh sh fhlh hkjlcrjr
uej pckçtnmj fh prcthmmnýe pjrj trjljbjfc-
rhs jfckhsmheths, fnsmjpjmntjfcs, gjfrhs h
nfhetninmjr kcs phknarcs, kcs rnhsacs y ghfnfjs
quh sh utnknzjrêe pjrj mcetrckjr hstcs phkn-
arcs h neicrgjrkcs j kcs trjljbjfcrhs? pcr
hbhgpkc, jmê sh shújkj quh jkauejs hgprh-
sjs fhlhe mcetjr mce ue gîfnmc cmupjmnc-
ejk, y mcetjr mce ue hspjmnc içsnmc, rhjknzjr
hxêghehs j tcfcs kcs trjljbjfcrhs mujefc
nearhsje y fhspuîs mjfj fcs júcs? hetrh-
ajr hqunpcs fh prcthmmnýe, mjpjmntjmncehs
ec ghecs fh mujtrc jk júc, j úc, jufntcrçjs nethr-
ejs y jufntcrçjs hxthrejs quh rhvnshe nestj-
kjmncehs fhk mhetrc fh trjljbc.
^c hstcy fh jmuhrfc mce quh hk jrtçmukc :
fh kj Mcestntumnýe Tckçtnmj fhk Thrò fh :>>=
shújkj quh kj netharnfjf içsnmj fh ue trjljbj-
fcr hs fh sugj ngpcrtjemnj, pcr kc quh kjs
clknajmncehs fh kcs hgpkhjfcrhs he gjth-
rnj fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc ec sh
puhfhe arjfujr fh jmuhrfc jk eòghrc fh
trjljbjfcrhs? c shj, qunhe tnheh ghecs mje-
tnfjf fh trjljbjfcrhs c qunhe ijmturj gês
hetcemhs tnheh gjycr prcthmmnýe, mujefc
usthf mcgc trjljbjfcrj c yc mcgc trjlj-
 bjfcr ³ec thehgcs kj gnsgj fnaenfjf, kcs
gnsgcs fhrhm`cs3 ]ne hgljrac, kj ecrgj-
tnvnfjf `jmh ue fnstneac jmê quh ec kc bus-
tninmc fh eneauej gjehrj.
]ne hgljrac `jy quh thehr tjglnîe mun-
fjfc he khanskjr kjs clknajmncehs fh kcs
hgpkhjfcrhs rhsphmtc j kcs fhrhm`cs fh
shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc pcrquh kcs
mcstcs kjlcrjkhs puhfhe `jmhr quh ecsctrcs
mjnajgcs he neicrgjknfjf y usthf sjlh quh
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :8-<6
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :1
HEV\HYN]VJ
kj CG] quh hs kj Crajenzjmnýe Guefnjk fh kj
]jkuf `j hstjlkhmnfc puhs quh hstc hs uej
pjefhgnj? y, fhinentnvjgheth hsth MCYNF-
:> c mcrcejvnrus `j fhseufjfc j kj scmnh-
fjf phrujej arjmnjs j kj neicrgjknfjf fh kj
scmnhfjf phrujej.
Luhec, sh `jmhe kjs khyhs, ‛vjgcs j prcth-
ahrkcs‗, phrihmtc? phrc mrhc quh thehgcs
quh pnsjr rhjknfjfhs, thehgcs quh `jmhr
rhjknfjfhs y he hk pjçs mnirjs quh sce trjtj-
fjs pcr hk Gnensthrnc
G nensthrnc fh Vrjljbc
Vrjljbc `jlkj fh ue
14 %, jkauecs `jlkje gês fhk >4 % (luhec
`jlrçj quh `jmhr hstufncs j`ç jk rhsphmtc)
fh neicrgjknfjf. He mceshmuhemnj ³pjrj
qunîe hstjgcs khanskjefc3
Xejs mnhrtjs phrscejs sç tnhehe fhrhm`cs
kjlcrjkhs, fhrhm`cs j kj shaurnfjf scmnjk y ³j
kjs ctrjs quî3, ³quî khs tcmj3 Hetcemhs j`ç
thehgcs rhjkgheth uej arje prhcmupjmnýe,
pjrj pruhlj ue lctýe2 gnrh, ecsctrcs mcgc
gjanstrjfcs j vhmhs rhvnsjgcs kcs hxph-
fnheths bufnmnjkhs y ecs fjgcs muhetj iêmnk-
gheth fh quh kcs rhakjghetcs fh shaurn-
fjf fh kjs hgprhsjs sce mcpnjs inhkhs fh kcs
rhakjghetcs fh shaurnfjf fh kjs ctrjs, ec
sh `jmh eneaòe hstufnc, sckjgheth sh mug-
pkh kj icrgjknfjf j mcgc shj. Hstcy shaurc
fh quh kjs ehmhsnfjfhs fh su `cajr ec sce
kjs gnsgjs quh kjs gçjs, pcrquh fh rhpheth
yc theac ue heihrgc he mjsj y theac quh
mcgprjr mnhrtjs ghfnmnejs y usthf ec tnheh
heihrgcs he mjsj ³ec3, usthf tnheh quh
`jmhr uej fnhtj fnstnetj j kj gçj, ec sî, phrc
fhinentnvjgheth mjfj hgprhsj tnheh sus prc-
pnjs ehmhsnfjfhs y mujefc rhvhkje, puhs, fh
quh sh mcpnj hk rhakjghetc nethrec fh shau-
rnfjf hstjgcs `jlkjefc fh uej neicrgjkn-
fjf, c uej neshesnlnknfjf, c uej nemcemnhe-
mnj pcr pjrth ec sckjgheth fh kjs hgprhsjs
snec tjglnîe fh kcs rhprhshetjeths fh kcs
trjljbjfcrhs mujefc tnhehe quh cmupjsh
fh hstjs mcsjs, pcr kc quh rhmcghefjgcs j
euhstrcs khanskjfcrhs quh gcfninquhe hstjs
ecrgjtnvnfjfhs jfhmujfjgheth j kj rhj-
knfjf scmnjk, burçfnmj, pckçtnmj y ec mjhr he

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
kj neicrgjknfjf quh tjetc fjúc ecs vnheh
`jmnhefc j euhstrj quhrnfj scmnhfjf.
]K2 He kc quh rhsphmtj j kjs clknajmncehs
quh tnheh hk hgpkhjfcr he gjthrnj fh
shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc he hk gjrmc
fhk MCYNF-:>, ³quî fnihrhemnjs puhfh
shújkjr hetrh kj rhjknzjmnýe fh jmtnvnfjfhs
fh icrgj prhshemnjk y hk trjljbc rhgctc3
A^N2 Hk trjljbc rhgctc mcekkhvj uej rhkj-
A^N2 Hk
mnýe kjlcrjk hxmhpmncejk, hk trjljbc prh-
shemnjk hs mcgc snhgprh `j hstjfc khans-
kjfc, ec `jy eneaòe prclkhgj y hsc yj
kc sjlhgcs, kc `hgcs gjehbjfc furjeth
tnhgpcs, phrc `j vhenfc ue gcestruc
nevnsnlkh y quh rhjkgheth ecs `j gcfnin-
mjfc hk guefc y sh vnheh j quhfjr phr-
gjehethgheth. Cbjkê quh yc gh puhfj
hqunvcmjr pcr hk lnhe fh tcfcs phrc yc
hstcy vnhefc hsj rhjknfjf.
Hetcemhs, hk trjljbc rhgctc mcekkhvj uej
rhkjmnýe kjlcrjk hxmhpmncejk pcr kc quh
fhgcrh hstj pjefhgnj, hsj hs kj nfhj, y hstj
prhstjmnýe fh shrvnmncs fhlh rhjknzjrsh he
hk fcgnmnknc fhk trjljbjfcr c he hk fcgnmnknc
quh shújkh hk trjljbjfcr y, pcr tjetc, theh-
gcs quh prhauetjrecs sn hk hgpkhjfcr tnheh
fcgnenc sclrh hk kuajr
mncs) hk trjljbjfcr y sn hkfcefh
trjljbcprhstj (shrvn-
mcesnsth he
rhjknzjr jmtcs rnhsacscs pjrj hk quh ec iuh
mjpjmntjfc y sn sh prcfumh hk jmmnfheth fh
trjljbc.
Gnrhe mcgc puhfh mjglnjr uej inaurj fhe-
trc fh ue mjsc mcemrhtc. ]n ec tnheh fcgn-
enc hk hgpkhjfcr ³kh pcfhgcs ngputjr uej
rhspcesjlnknfjf clbhtnvj y ue ehxc mju-
sjk mcgc mceshmuhemnj pjrj hk pjac fh
uej nefhgenzjmnýe pcr fjúcs y phrbunmncs3?
phrc, sn rhjknzj hk trjljbjfcr tjglnîe fhe-
trc
acsjfhk trjljbc
pjrj rhgctc
kc mujk ec iuhuej jmtnvnfjfy jfh-
mjpjmntjfc rnhs-
gês sn thehgcs he mcesnfhrjmnýe fh quh (hk
:0  pp. :8-<6 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
MCYNF-:>) yj hstê fhmkjrêefcsh mcgc uej
heihrghfjf prcihsncejk, hetcemhs yj hstj-
gcs `jlkjefc fh ue euhvc thgj quh kcs trn-
luejkhs bufnmnjkhs thefrêe quh prceuemnjrsh
phrc ec mce rhakjs jsç ahehrjkhs pjrj tcfcs
snec he mjfj mjsc. @jy quh vhr muêk hs kj rhs-
pcesjlnknfjf, muêk hs hk ehxc mjusjk y muêk hs
kj rhspcesjlnknfjf clbhtnvj fh jmuhrfc j kj
jmtnvnfjf prcljtcrnj he fhthrgnejfc mjsc,
ec pcfrçjgcs fjr rhmhtjs pjrj tcfcs.
Hk trjljbc rhgctc `j jpjrhmnfc mcgc mcesh-
muhemnj fh kj fhmkjrjmnýe fh pjefhgnj fh kj
CG] y jmê, mcgc he ctrcs kjfcs fhk guefc,
sh `j fhmkjrjfc tjglnîe mcgc pjefhgnj y
`je sjknfc uej shrnh fh ecrgjtnvnfjfhs sne-
inehs (snm) y `jstj mcetrjfnmtcrnjs.
Hetcemhs, hk trjljbc rhgctc vhefrçj j shr
hxmhpmncejk,, fhstnejfj j prhvhenr hk MCYNF-
hxmhpmncejk
:> y j prcthahr hk puhstc fh trjljbc y
pcenhefc he vnahemnj kjs ghfnfjs sjentj-
rnjs y utnknzjefc j trjvîs fh ghfncs thmec-
kýanmcs pjrj hk trjljbc y jsç mjsn
m jsn tcfc puhfh
kkhvjrsh j mjlc, mcesnfhrc yc, j trjvîs fhk trj-
ljbc rhgctc, mjsn tcfc.
@jy uej shrnh fh clknajmncehs quh sh kh
ngpceh, puhs, jk hgpkhjfcr he icrgj fhscr-
fhejfj y ³qunîehs vje j shr kcs jfgnenstrj-
fcrhs fh tcfj hstj sntujmnýe3, sce kcs kçfhrhs
mcgc sh khs fhecgnej ³quî puhfhe `jmhr3?
pcr hbhgpkc, sh puhfh prhpjrjr neicrghs, sh
puhfh fjr kj jthemnýe fh kkjgjfjs c mce-
suktjs he kçehj, sh puhfh `jmhr jeêknsns fh
neicrgjmnýe, hkjlcrjmnýe fh fnrhmtnvjs, rhvn-
snýe fh pkjenkkjs, pjacs, jfqunsnmnýe fh lnh-
ehs y shrvnmncs, suphrvnsncehs, rhsckumncehs
fh hxphfnheths, htm.? phrc fhinentnvjgheth
hstc sh puhfh jpknmjr.
]K2 ³Muêk hs kj rhspcesjlnknfjf fhk hgpkhj-
fcr (pòlknmc c prnvjfc) irheth jk trjljbj-
fcr
ljbcquh mcetrjh MCYNF-:> furjeth hk trj-
rhgctc3

A^N2 Hk Fhrhm`c fhk Vrjljbc hstê hvckumnc-
A^N2 Hk
ejefc mce hstj pjefhgnj fhmkjrjfj. ^j kj
CG] hstê pcr fhmkjrjr jk MCYNF-:> (jue-
quh jkauecs gh `je jinrgjfc quh yj `j
snfc fhmkjrjfc) mcgc uej heihrghfjf
prcihsncejk.
Kj CNV `j `hm`c ue neicrgh mce ihm`j <=
fh gjrzc fhk <4<4 quh trjtj fh ‛Kjs ecrgjs
fh kj CNV y kj MCYNF-:>‗ y shújkj prhauetjs
irhmuheths.
]hújkj kj CNV quh2
]n sh mcetrjh pcr hxpcsnmnýe he hk trjljbc kj
neihmmnýe fhk MCYNF-:> pcfrçj mcesnfhrjrsh
mcgc ue jmmnfheth fh trjljbc c uej heihr-
ghfjf prcihsncejk. Fh mceicrgnfjf mce hk
Mcevhenc sclrh kjs prhstjmncehs he mjsc fh
jmmnfheths
ihsncejkhs, fhk trjljbc
:>96 (eòg.y :<:)
heihrghfjfhs prc-
y hk Mcevhenc
sclrh kj shaurnfjf scmnjk (ecrgj gçengj),
:>8< (eòg. :4<), hscs jmmnfheths y heihr-
ghfjfhs nemkuyhe kcs jmmnfheths nefustrnj-
khs y kjs heihrghfjfhs prcihsncejkhs.
prcihsncejkhs. Kcs trj-
ljbjfcrhs quh sh neihmtje mce kj MCYNF-:>
fhlnfc j su trjljbc fhlhrçje thehr fhrhm`c
j jthemnýe fh sjkuf y, he kj ghfnfj he quh
hstîe nemjpjmntjfcs pjrj trjljbjr, j prhstj-
mncehs gcehtjrnjs c uej nefhgenzjmnýe,
shaòe kc hstjlkhmnfc he hk Mcevhenc E´ :<:.
Mcgc yj kc `jlçjgcs fhmkjrjfc, sn hk
hgpkhjfcr ec tnheh fcgnenc fhk fcgnmnknc
fcefh prhstj shrvnmncs ³mýgc vj j thehr kj
rhspcesjlnknfjf3
rhspcesjlnknfjf3 Hs uej sntujmnýe fniçmnk quh
vjgcs j hvjkujrkc he mjfj mjsc.
]K2 ³Hk MCYNF-:> pcfrçj mjkninmjrsh mcgc
uej heihrghfjf prcihsncejk pjrj hihmtcs
fh clknajmncehs he gjthrnj fh shaurnfjf y
sjkuf he hk trjljbc3
A^N2 He euhstrj cpnenýe, yc mrhc quh shrçj
jinrgjtnvj kj rhspuhstj fh quh sh trjtj fh
uej heihrghfjf prcihsncejk, puhstc fh quh,
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :8-<6
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :>
HEV\HYN]VJ
sn kjlcrj he mujkqunhr kuajr, c mce hk trj-
yhmtc, c mce hk gctnvc fh kj rhkjmnýe kjlcrjk
y sh mcetjanj, yc mrhc hstê pnetjfntc.
Hstc nemkusnvh ec sckc kc fnmh kj CNV, snec quh
yj `jy shethemnjs fhk Vrnluejk Mcestntumnc-
ejk fhk Thrò. He uej shethemnj (]VM <8:=-
<441-TJ-VM), hk VM prhmnsj quh pjrj quh
sh mceinaurh uej heihrghfjf prcihsncejk
fhlh hxnstnr kj rhkjmnýe mjusj-hihmtc hetrh
kjs jmtnvnfjfhs quh rhjknzj hk trjljbjfcr y kj
heihrghfjf knajfj. Fh ec hxnstnr rhkjmnýe
hetrh kjs iuemncehs rhjknzjfjs pcr hk trjlj-
 bjfcr (hetnîefjsh pcr crfhe hxprhsj fh su
hgpkhjfcr) y kj heihrghfjf jkhajfj, ec
hstjgcs jeth uej heihrghfjf prcihsncejk.
He fhinentnvj, yj ecs hstê fjefc kj rjzýe.
 Vjg ln îe
îe?? pc
pcrr hb hg
hgpk
pk c, he hk FhFhmr
mrht
htcc
]uprhgc E´ 44=->0-]J sh prhmnsj he hk jrtç-
mukc = quh he mjsc fh quh uej heihrgh-
fjf ec jpjrhzmj he kj Vjlkj fh Heihrghfj-
fhs Trcihsncejkhs (mcgc kc quh cmurrh jquç
he hk Thrò) j quh sh rhinhrh hk pjrêarjic jeth-
rncr, phrc sh fhguhstrh quh hxnsth rhkjmnýe
fh mjusjknfjf mce kj mkjsh fh trjljbc quh
fhshgphúj hk trjljbjfcr c hk jglnheth he
quh kjlcrj, shrê rhmcecmnfj mcgc heihrgh-
fjf prcihsncejk
prcihsncejk..
]K2 Mce
quh rhkjmnýejjkj
nemcrpcrj kj heihrghfjf
rhmnheth Khy E´ =:4<8,
mjusjfj
pcr hk MCYNF-:> fhetrc fhk knstjfc fh
heihrghfjfhs prcihsncejkhs fh kcs shr-
vnfcrhs fh sjkuf, ³mcesnfhrj quh sh vj j
jgpknjr pjrj ctrcs shmtcrhs3
^c mrhc quh kj thefhemnj vj j mcrrhr pjrj
quh hk shmtcr sjkuf ec shj hk òenmc pcr hk
mujk sh mcesnfhrh jk MCYNF-:> mcgc heihr-
ghfjf prcihsncejk.
Hetrh kjs fhmkjrjmncehs quh hstê `jmnhefc kj
CG], quh shaòe `h khçfc pcfrçj fhmkjrjr (jk
MCYNF-:>) mcgc heihrghfjf prcihsncejk,

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
y kj CNV prêmtnmjgheth yj kc `j fhmkjrjfc,
juequh ec he icrgj knthrjk, y j`crj hk Mce-
arhsc fh kj \hpòlknmj quh kc `j fhmkjrjfc,
phrc sckjgheth pjrj sjkuf, mrhc quh jk naujk
quh hsth MCYNF-:> quh hstê jvjezjefc mce
hstcs mcetjancs, yc mrhc quh kj thefhemnj
surah pjrj mrhmhr.
]K2 ³Hs pcsnlkh quh hk hgpkhjfcr shj rhs-
pcesjlkh pcr kj guhrth fhk trjljbjfcr pcr
MCYNF-:> mcetrjçfc he kj hgprhsj3
A^N2 ]ç, fhinentnvjgheth vj j shr hk rhspcesj-
lkh, sjkvc quh mugpkj mce sus clknajmnceh
clknajmncehs.
s.
Tcr hbhgpkc, tnheh quh mugpknr mce kj Auçj
pjrj kj prhvhemnýe jeth hk MCYNF-:> hihm-
tujfc pcr hk Gnensthrnc fh Vrjljbc j ine fh
jpknmjr hk trjljbc rhgctc mujefc fhlh jpkn-
mjrsh, y ³muêefc fhlh jpknmjrsh3 Mujefc
vhrninmjgcs kj hxnsthemnj fh ue rnhsac arjvh
h negneheth pjrj kj sjkuf fh kcs trjljbj-
fcrhs, mknheths, vnsntjeths, usujrncs, ngpkh-
ghetjefc ghfnfjs fh prhvhemnýe pjrj hvn-
tjr hk mcetjanc. ]h jpknmj hk trjljbc rhgctc
pjrj hvntjr kj susphesnýe fhk mcetrjtc fh
trjljbc, pjrj hvntjr kj heihrghfjf. ]n yc
mugpkc mce hstc ³mýgc vcy j vcy j thehr
rhspcesjlnknfjf3
 Vjgpcmc ec pcfrçj,
 Vjgpcmc pcfrçj, pcr hbhgpkc,
hbhgpkc, clknajr jk
trjljbjfcr j kjlcrjr rhgctjgheth, puhs hs
ngpcrtjeth mcetjr mce su mceshetngnhetc,
y jsç sumhsnvjgheth `jy uej shrnh fh clkn-
ajmncehs quh hstêe shújkjfjs he kjs fnstne-
tjs ecrgjtnvnfjfhs. Vjglnîe puhfh jfcp-
tjr kcs mujfrcs fh susphesnýe fhk mcetrjtc
fh trjljbc he mjscs icrtuntcs c fh iuhrzj
gjycr, c fnspcehr hk usc fhk fhsmjesc vjmj-
mncejk phefnheth quh hstê pcr aczjrsh h
nemkusc sh puhfh mcemhfhr knmhemnj mce
acmh fh `jlhr prhvnc mceshetngnhetc y
jmuhrfc
y hstc hstêfhksubhtc
trjljbjfcr mce hk hgpkhjfcr
j mcgphesjmnýe. Vjg-
lnîe, hk trjljbjfcr puhfh rh`usjrsh fh jsnstnr
<4  pp. :8-<6 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
jk mhetrc fh trjljbc, sjkvc quh hxnstj ue
rnhsac arjvh h negneheth he su sjkuf. ]n ec
jsnsth sh khs puhfh jpknmjr hk jljefcec pcr
puhstc fh trjljbc y prcmhfhr jk fhspnfc y
jsç sumhsnvjgheth.
He ctrjs pjkjlrjs, tnheh quh `jlhr hk ehxc
mjusjk, kj prcljezj he mjfj mjsc y sn hsc sh
fj fhinentnvjgheth vj j thehr rhspcesjlnkn-
fjf? phrc, sn hk hgpkhjfcr mugpkh mce tcfjs
sus clknajmncehs quh sce kjrajs y thfncsjs
pjrj pcfhr hxpknmjr he hsth tnhgpc fh kj
hetrhvnstj, ec thefrçj rhspcesjlnknfjf.
]K2 ]n furjeth hk prcmhsc fh rhtcrec jk trj-
ljbc kjs hgprhsjs y/c hetnfjfhs pòlknmjs
quh vnhehe jpknmjefc hk trjljbc rhgctc
cptje
jsnstnr jpcr clknajr jy sus
kj hgprhsj, trjljbjfcrhs
hstcs sh mcetjanje,j
³pcfrçje fhgjefjr hk pjac fh kjs jthemnc-
ehs gîfnmjs c hk pjac fh uej nefhgenzj-
mnýe pcr fjúcs y phrbunmncs3
A^N2 Fhinentnvjgheth. Hs guy iêmnk, pcr kc quh
A^N2 
yj kc `hgcs vnstc, mjkninmjr jk MCYNF-:> mcgc
m cgc
uej heihrghfjf prcihsncejk y fh rhpheth
`jstj ue jmmnfheth fh trjljbc fhphefnhefc
fhk mjsc, kj prcljezj, hk ehxc mjusjk, htm. ]n
sh pruhlj hsc `jy rhspcesjlnknfjf.
]n kj hgprhsj hstê mugpknhefc hk prctcmckc
(Trctcmckc fh Ynankjemnj, Trhvhemnýe y Mce-
trck fhk MCYNF-:>), kj auçj fh prhvhemnýe
fhk GVTH y kjs fnspcsnmncehs y kcs Fhmrhtcs
]uprhgcs kjracs y thfncscs fhk Gnesj fhin-
entnvjgheth ec `jy rhspcesjlnknfjf, phrc
sn hs quh nemugpkh hsjs sntujmncehs y sh
fhguhstrj he ue prcmhsc, fhinentnvjgheth
vj j thehr quh pjajr kjs nefhgenzjmncehs j
quh `jyj kuajr. Hs muhstnýe fh prcljezj he
mjfj mjsc.
]K2 ³Zuî rhmcghefjmncehs khajkhs pcfrçj
lrnefjr j kcs gjanstrjfcs, jlcajfcs y

kntnajeths jeth pcsnlkhs mjscs sclrh nemug-
pkngnhetcs kjlcrjkhs he shaurnfjf y sjkuf
he hk trjljbc pcr hk MCYNF-:>3
A^N2  Mrhc quh kj utnknzjmnýe fhk trjljbc
A^N2  ngpcrtjeth fh kj sjkuf he hk guefc, fnbc
rhgctc ecs `j jyufjfc ue gcetýe, mrhc
quh kkhajr j hstj icrgj hxmhpmncejk fh prhs-
tjmnýe fh shrvnmncs rhsuktj guy ngpcrtjeth y
kh `jlkc ec sckjgheth fh kc quh uec hstu-
fnj kjs ecrgjs, snec pcr kj hxphrnhemnj quh
ecsctrcs hstjgcs jfqunrnhefc fçj j fçj
jk prhpjrjr euhstrjs jufnhemnjs, fnmtjefc
euhstrjs shethemnjs j pjrtnr fh `cy fçj (vçj
vnrtujk).
@jy quh mugpknr, puhs, mce kjs clknajmncehs
prnemnpjkhs fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trj-
ljbc y ec sckjgheth quh quhfh he pjphk,
snec rhjkgheth mugpknr hstjs clknajmncehs.
Tcr hbhgpkc, `jy uej shrnh fh prctcmckcs
quh hk Mceshbc Hbhmutnvc fhk Tcfhr Bufnmnjk
hstê `jmnhefc sclrh kj prhvhemnýe y mcetrck
fhk MCYNF-:>? y pjrj hstc sh `j fnmtjfc uej
\hsckumnýe Gnensthrnjk E´ =11-<4<4-Gnesj,
fcefh sh `jlkj fh kj insmjknzjmnýe pcsthrncr.
He shauefc kuajr, pcfrçjgcs `jlkjr fh
rhjknzjr kjs pruhljs fh fhsmjrth fh MCYNF
mujefc mcrrhspcefj (jeths fh hgphzjr hk
trjljbc prhshemnjk fh rhnearhsc j kj jmtnvnfjf
kjlcrjk fhlhe pjsjr kcs trjljbjfcrhs pcr uej
pruhlj, mujefc mcrrhspcefj, pcr supuhstc).
 Vjglnîe fhlh mugpkn mugpknrsh
rsh mce kj fhsneihm
fhsneihm--
mnýe y kngpnhzj fh kcs mhetrcs fh trjljbc,
phrc `jy jmê uejs fnsmusncehs trhghefjs
pcr pjrth fh kcs prcpncs ajkhecs y aheth
mcecmhfcrj fh hstcs thgjs. Tcr hbhgpkc,
ecs fnmhe quh hs clknajtcrnc usjr kjs gjsmj-
rnkkjs? phrc, `h khçfc jkauej knthrjturj nethrej-
mncejk quh fnmh quh ec, pcrquh mujefc uec
sh pceh kj gêsmjrj vj rhspnrjefc hk gnsgc
jnrh, ec tnheh cxçahec, y hk vnrus puhfh mrh-
mhr gês
jkaòe iêmnkgheth,
shetnfc, hetcemhs
phrc jmê yc kh vhc
sh `j hstnpukjfc
quh ushgcs kjs gjsmjrnkkjs.
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :8-<6
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   <:
HEV\HYN]VJ
Hstc ec qunhrh fhmnr quh hstî he mcetrj
fh hsj sntujmnýe, snec quh `jy quh rhphe-
sjr mjfj uej fh hstjs sntujmncehs quh ecs
`jmhe fufjr sclrh sn hstc hs mnhrtc, sn hstc
hs vhrfjf. Kj CG], quh hs kj nestntumnýe gês
quh ec `jy quh utnknzjr kcs fhsneikjgjtcrncs
y fhspuîs fnbc quh sç, fhspuîs rhmcghefý
kj `nfrcxnmkcrcqunej mcgc uej frcaj prh-
vhetnvj, `cy fçj `j fnm`c quh ec.
Hetcemhs, fhinentnvjgheth, sn hkkcs quh sce
kj gêxngj jutcrnfjf he kj sjkuf? yc, quh ec
theac vhkj he hsth hetnhrrc rhsphmtc j thgjs
fh sjkuf, rhjkgheth gh mcesnfhrc fhscrnhe-
tjfc, ³ec3
]K2 ]clrh hk pjrtnmukjr
pjr tnmukjr,, ³quî cpnej sclrh hk
arupc fh rnhsac, hk mujk `j vjrnjfc j trjvîs
fh kj hgnsnýe fh ecrgjs pcsthrncrhs quh
hstjlkhmhe euhvcs mrnthrncs3
A^N2  ^c prhauetî jk fcmtcr Mnrc Gjaunúj
A^N2 
sclrh hk mrnthrnc quh `jlçje thenfc mce rhs-
phmtc j kjs fcs rhsckumncehs gnensthrnjkhs
quh fnc hk Gnesj2 kj \hsckumnýe Gnensth-
rnjk E´ <=>-<4<4-Gnesj quh fnmh kc mcetrj-
rnc j kj \hsckumnýe Gnensthrnjk E´ <0=-<4<4-
Gnesj.
Tcr hbhgpkc, mujefc shújkj quh j pjrtnr fh
kcs 94 júcs hs uej pclkjmnýe fh jktc rnhsac?
y, j kcs :8 fçjs fnmhe quh ec y quh j`crj hs
j pjrtnr fh kcs 98, ³pcr quî3 Ec sh sjlh, ec
`jy eneauej iuefjghetjmnýe. Ctrc hbhgpkc
pjrj fjrkhs, hs mujefc sh trjtj fh kj `nphr-
thesnýe jrthrnjk, ³muêk hs kj fnihrhe
fnihrhemnj3
mnj3 J`crj
fnmh ec sckc `nphrthesnýe jrthrnjk snec `nphr-
thesnýe jrthrnjk ‛ec mcetrckjfj‗.
Kh prhauetî hsth thgj jk fcmtcr Mnrc
Gjaunúj, quh hs uec fh kcs hxphrtcs quh
hstê mckjlcrjefc
mcrcejvnrus irheth
y gh fnbc2 j kj kum`j
‛Ecsctrcs mcetrj
ecs `hgcshk
cpuhstc mcgc Mckhanc Gîfnmc fhk Thrò j

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
hstj fhmnsnýe? puhstc quh ec `jy bustninmj-
mnýe jkauej‗
jkauej‗..
Tnhesc quh mujefc uec tcgj jkauej fhmn-
snýe pjrj sç c pjrj ec, yc kh theac quh
fhmnr pcr quî hstcy mjglnjefc fh mrnth-
rnc, pcrquh sn ec rhsuktj kj fhmnsnýe jrlntrj-
rnj. Mujefc yc kh fnac sç pcrquh sç, hstcy
snhefc jrlntrjrnc, fhlh usthf hxpcehr uej
 bustninmjmnýe.
Hetcemhs, vhgcs quh ec sckjgheth he kj
CG] sh prcfumhe hstjs mcetrjfnmmncehs,
snec tjglnîe he hk Aclnhrec.
].K2 Kj ijktj fh prhmnsnýe fh kjs ecrgjs
sclrh hstj gjthrnj `j vhenfc ahehrjefc
fnvhrscs prclkhgjs he tcrec j su nethrprh-
tjmnýe quh puhfhe fhrnvjr he mceiknmtcs
 bufnmnjkhs. ³Zuî cpnej jk rhsphmtc3
Hstc sh vj j jarjvjr gês? puhstc quh hk prc-
pnc Gnensthrnc fh Vrjljbc fnmh quh, j envhk
ejmncejk, sh `je phrfnfc : gnkkýe <44 gnk
puhstcs fh trjljbc, hetrh icrgjkhs h neicr-
gjkhs. Jkauecs fnmhe quh hs hk fclkh hk quh
sh `j phrfnfc? y, sn hsc iuhrj mnhrtc, sce <
gnkkcehs 644 gnk ijgnknjs quh fhbje fh thehr
kj pcsnlnknfjf fh kkhvjr ue pje j su ghsj j
envhk ejmncejk.
Hsc snaeninmj quh mujefc ecsctrcs jlrjgcs
kj puhrtj, quh yj kh `hgcs jlnhrtc `cy fçj? y
kjs ghsjs fh pjrths hkhmtrýenmjs, quh yj hstê
trjljbjefc kj Mcrth ]uphrncr fh Kngj, sh vje
j vhenr neaheths mjetnfjfhs y thgjs mcgc
hstcs fcefh sh vje j muhstncejr fh rhpheth
hstj sntujmnýe y ecsctrcs vjgcs j thehr quh
tcgjr jkauej fhmnsnýe mcgc gjanstrjfcs.
Zuî mcsj tje fniçmnk ecs hsphrj y hk trjljbc
tje jrfuc quh vj j `jlhr he kcs prýxngcs
fçjs, ghshs, y mrhc quh júcs? pcrquh hstj
sntujmnýe ec sh jmjlj `cy, vj j hstjr pcr
gum`c tnhgpc, y mrhc quh sh vnheh j quh-
fjr mce ecsctrcs.
<<  pp. :8-<6 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
]K2 He mujetc j kj ]jkj Kjlcrjk quh usthf
prhsnfh, ³quî ghfnfjs sh vnhehe jfcp-
tjefc pjrj hk nenmnc fhk trjljbc rhgctc3
A^N2  He hk Tcfhr Bufnmnjk `cy fçj `hgcs
A^N2 
rhjknzjfc mcgc ýrajec burnsfnmmncejk ecr-
gjk kj prnghrj jufnhemnj vnrtujk y `cy fçj j
kjs > fh kj gjújej mce gn mckhanjfc fh kj
Cmtjvj ]jkj Kjlcrjk fh Kngj, yj `hgcs fnm-
tjfc euhstrjs prnghrjs shethemnjs.
Hs nethrhsjeth, rhjkgheth jpjsncejeth,
mkjrc quh ecs `hgcs puhstc ue pcquntc
ehrvncscs pcr kj prnghrj vhz fh fnmtjr uej
shethemnj he icrgj vnrtujk y trjgntjr he
icrgj vnrtujk hk prcmhsc kjlcrjk. @j mjg-
lnjfc puhs hk guefc y hk prcmhsc tjglnîe
tnheh gjycrhs hxnahemnjs. Hk júc pjsjfc
ec theçjgcs nfhj fh quh çljgcs j `jmhrkc
tctjkgheth thmeckýanmc mce jknghetc
fh kj nethknahemnj jrtninmnjk y uej shrnh fh
mnrmuestjemnjs.
Hs jpjsncejeth hsth thgj puhstc quh, fjfjs
kjs mcefnmncehs quh `hgcs hxpuhstc, hk
Tcfhr Bufnmnjk tnheh ue arje rhtc. Vnheh quh
fjr ue arje sjktc pcr kj utnknzjmnýe fh kj neth-
knahemnj jrtninmnjk, kj rclctnzjmnýe y kj jutc-
gjtnzjmnýe. ^ he hstc sh tnheh quh kcarjr kj
neghfnjmnýe, kj ngpjrmnjknfjf, kj prhfnmtnln-
knfjf y kj mhkhrnfjf.
Hsc sckc sh kcarjrê, snhgprh y mujefc, fh
uej vhz pcr tcfjs, j`crj sç fh vhrfjf, ecs
mcehmthgcs mce kcs mcrrhspcefnheths snsth-
gjs neicrgêtnmcs, mjpjmntêefcecs he oecw-
`cw  y
 y clthenhefc kcs `jrfwjrh ehmhsjrncs
quh yj hxnsthe fhetrc fhk ghrmjfc. Kc gjkc
hs quh hstjgcs fh fhsijsjfcs. Ec `jy pkjtj,
pcr hbhgpkc, he hk Tcfhr Bufnmnjk, pjrj kj
mcgprj fh mcgputjfcrjs. Hsc hs kc quh
ecs `j hxpknmjfc hk prcpnc prhsnfheth fh
kj Mcrth ]uphrncr fh Kngj `jmh fcs fçjs. He
mceshmuhemnj, thehgcs quh trjljbjr mce kc
quh pcfhgcs, jmcgcfjrecs `jstj fcefh
pcfjgcs.

Thrc, `jy hxphrnhemnjs guy ngpcrtjeths
quh qunhrc fhmnrkhs j usthfhs, pcr hbhg-
pkc, he Hspjúj `jy hk Mhetrc fh Fcmughe-
tjmnýe Bufnmnjk, hk Mhefcb kh kkjgje, quh hs
ue ýrajec tîmenmc fhk Mceshbc Ahehrjk fhk
Tcfhr Bufnmnjk fh Hspjúj? y, quh sh hemjraj
fhk jmcpnc y pulknmnfjf fh tcfj kj burnspru-
fhemnj, jsç mcgc kjs fhgês mcgphthemnjs
fhk êglntc fh kj fcmughetjmnýe fh kcs
shrvnmncs fh ahstnýe fhk mcecmngnhetc burç-
fnmc. Jfhgês, hsth Mhefcb jpcyj h neicrgj
j tcfcs kcs gnhglrcs fh kj mjrrhrj bufnmnjk,
ctcraêefckhs jmmhsc j tcfc tnpc fh iuheths
fcmughetjkhs quh khs shrvnrê he hk fhsjrrc-
kkc fh kj jmtnvnfjf burnsfnmmncejk.
He mceshmuhemnj, jpcyj j kj burnsprufhemnj
he lòsquhfj fh kj lnlkncthmj vnrtujk. ]he-
themnjs jmtujknzjfjs hxphfnfjs pcr tcfcs y
mjfj uec fh kcs ýrajecs burnsfnmmncejkhs, h
nemkusc, j envhk nethrejmncejk? ec sckc pjrj
gjanstrjfcs, snec pjrj hk pòlknmc he aheh-
rjk, kc quh prcfumh uej arje prhfnmtnlnknfjf
he kjs fhmnsncehs fhk Tcfhr Bufnmnjk, jfh-
gês fh ctcrajr mjpjmntjmnýe mcestjeth y
hsphmnjknzjfj. Vcfc ue shrvnmnc netharjk he
su pêanej whl.
Hkkcs tnhehe uej hxphrnhemnj fh gês fh <4
júcs, mceicrgh j kcs mcevhencs susmrntcs
mce kcs aclnhrecs fh Thrò y Hspjúj. Tcfrçj-
gcs
`jmhrecsctrcs mceshaunr mce
kcs rhquhrngnhetcs hk oecw-`cw,
ehmhsjrncs pjrj
hgphzjr hsj hxphrnhemnj, sckjgheth ijktj
thefhr kj gjec y mrhc quh, mce gum`j ihkn-
mnfjf, pcfrçje fjrecs tcfj hsj ijmnknfjf y
fh pjsjr pcr kc quh hkkcs yj pjsjrce. ]hrçj
gês iêmnk. ^j hxnsthe neicrgjmncehs fh nethr-
mjglnc, tjglnîe hk Mhefcb yj `j jpcyjfc
j kcs aclnhrecs fh Mckcglnj y fh Tjejgê.
Hs uej puhrtj quh fhlhgcs tcmjr fh tcfjs
gjehrjs.
^ hstj ec hs kj òenmj hxphrnhemnj, tjglnîe
he Mhetrcjgîrnmj y he Jrahetnej yj tnhehe
sus Mhefcb quh hkkcs kh kkjgje y quh hstêe
utnknzjefc tcfc hstc. He M`nej y he Hstcenj
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :8-<6
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   <=
HEV\HYN]VJ
yj hstêe utnknzjefc, prêmtnmjgheth, kj rclc-
tnzjmnýe fh kj jfgnenstrjmnýe fh bustnmnj pjrj
mjscs guy shemnkkcs, yj kh sjkh j usthf kj she-
themnj. He M`nej, kcs fhecgnejfcs trnlu-
ejkhs fh Nethreht fh Thoçe quh mhetrjknzj
tcfcs kcs kntnancs cekneh, mcevnrtnîefcsh he
ue jpcyc ngpcrtjeth j kcs buhmhs, j trjvîs
fhk snsthgj fh mjfhej fh hqunknlrnc. ^ jsç,
sumhsnvjgheth, `jy uej shrnh fh hxphrnhe-
mnjs quh fhlhgcs fh mcpnjr.
\hjkgheth he hk Thrò hstjgcs he icrgj
nemnpnheth irheth j tcfjs hstjs hxphrnhemnjs.
\hmnîe hstjgcs ecsctrcs mce hk hxphfnheth
vnrtujk, ectninmjmnýe hkhmtrýenmj, quh ecs `je
prcpuhstc y quh ec iuemncej, quh j vhmhs
sh ecs mjh hk snsthgj neicrgêtnmc fhk Tcfhr
Bufnmnjk. Hstjgcs kkhvjefc uej jufnhemnj y
sh ecs mjh, y fhlhgcs nenmnjrkj fh euhvc, y
tnhehe quh hsphrjr kcs fhgês quh vnhehe
jtrês. Hs ue mjcs quh, fhinentnvjgheth, j`crj
sç, fh vhrjs, thehgcs quh thehr kcs pjetjkc-
ehs lnhe puhstcs pjrj mcghezjr j trjljbjr
tcfjs hstjs sntujmncehs.
]K2 ³Muêk mrhh quh shj hk ruglc quh tcgjrê
hk prcmhsc kjlcrjk mukgnejfj kj prhsheth
mcyueturj3 ³Yhrhgcs
³Yhrhgcs ue prcmhsc mce prh-
fcgnejemnj fh kjs thmeckcaçjs fh kj neicr-
gjmnýe y kj mcguenmjmnýe3
A^N2  Hsc ecs prhcmupj sclhrjejgheth j
A^N2 
ecsctrcs? puhstc quh hk Tcfhr Bufnmnjk hstê
trjljbjefc mce hk gnsgc prhsupuhstc,
mce kjs gnsgjs gêqunejs y ec sh ecs `j
fctjfc fh gjycr neirjhstrumturj, ec sh ecs
`j fctjfc fh nethknahemnj jrtninmnjk, fh rclý-
tnmj, jlsckutjgheth ejfj, tcfc hs j puksc,
j pukgýe sckjgheth. ^,
^, fhinentnvjgheth, yc
fhsfh jquç qunhrc ihknmntjr j tcfcs kcs buh-
mhs quh hstêe `jmnhefc su ghbcr hsiuhrzc,
hsphmnjkgheth, he prcvnemnjs.
^j he prcvnemnjs, fnac prcvnemnjs, pcrquh ec
hs mjpntjk, phrc sce fnstrntcs bufnmnjkhs tje

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
ngpcrtjeths mcgc Kngj, fhinentnvjgheth,
yj hstêe kkhvjefc jufnhemnjs burnsfnmmncej-
khs fhsfh `jmh ghshs jtrês? phrc kj gjycr
nemnfhemnj fh kcs mjscs sh kkhvj he Kngj. Fh
rhpheth vcy j `jmhr uej lrcgj quh vj j
mjhr j usthfhs ue pcmc phsjfj quh fhmçj
quh Fncs hstê he tcfjs pjrths, phrc fhspj-
m`j he Kngj pcr hk mhetrjknsgc cfncsc quh
thehgcs he hk pjçs? y mujefc sh khanskj, sh
khanskj pjrj Kngj, ec sh khanskj pjrj kcs kuaj-
rhs gês ckvnfjfcs he euhstrj pjtrnj.
Gn ghesjbh hs quh kum`hgcs pcr kj mcetn-
eunfjf fh kjs jmtnvnfjfhs burnsfnmmncejkhs,
quh ec ecs ngpnfje rhjknzjr euhstrjs kjlc-
rhs y quh ecs fhe, jk mcetrjrnc, kjs gjycrhs
ijmnknfjfhs pjrj ecsctrcs mugpknr mce kcs
<6  pp. :8-<6 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
quh ehmhsntjgcs? pcrquh sn ec `ulnhrje
 bustnmnjlkhs, ³fh quî
q uî sh ehmhsntjrçje buhmhs
mcgc jk quh usthf hstê vnhefc3 Ecsctrcs
ecs bustninmjgcs he gîrntc j kj hxnsthemnj
fh hkkcs. Vhehgcs quh fjrkhs ue luhe prc-
fumtc, uej luhej jfgnenstrjmnýe fh bustn-
mnj, iuhrth, pjrj quh hxnstj fhgcmrjmnj he
hk pjçs y vheaje kcs mjpntjkhs nethrejmncej-
khs quh vje j fjr, fhinentnvjgheth,
fhinentnvjgheth, gjycrhs
puhstcs fh trjljbc y jsç sjmnjr kjs ehmhsnfj-
fhs fhk pclkjfcr fh j pnh.
Hsj hs kj ngpcrtjemnj fhk Tcfhr Bufnmnjk
he hsth gcghetc y fh kcs buhmhs quh vje
j thehr quh suirnr gum`js mcsjs tcfjvçj?
puhstc quh ec sh hetnhefh he jkauecs kuaj-
rhs hsth ghesjbh.
 

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

]HMMNÝE H]THMNJK

Vrjljbc rhgctc2 uej gcfjknfjf prhmjrnzjfj

fhk thkhtrjljbc
Ngpknmjemnjs
Ngp knmjemnjs he kj shaurnfjf y sjkuf fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs
Hsthkj C]TNEJ ]JKNEJ]*
Ijeey LJXVN]VJ TXM@X\N**
Ejtjky TCKJEMC GCEVHRJ**
GCE VHRJ****

Kjs jutcrjs rhjknzje ue jeêknsns mcgpjrjtnvc fhk trjljbc rhgctc y fhk thkhtrjljbc y mcemkuyhe
quh hk prnghrc hs uej gcfjknfjf jktjgheth prhmjrnzjfj fhk shauefc. Jsngnsgc, he gjthrnj fh
shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc rhinhrhe
rhinhrhe quh sh hvnfhemnj uej jihmtjmnýe fh kj sjkuf fh kjs y kcs
trjljbjfcrhs ljbc trjljbc rhgctc, hsphmnjkgheth irheth j kcs rnhsacs psnmcscmnjkhs, fnshraceý-
gnmcs y hkîmtrnmcs? jfhgês fh jmmnfheths fh trjljbc h nemkusc kj guhrth. J su vhz, gjeninhstje
quh, j phsjr fh quh kcs hgpkhjfcrhs `je fhsjrrckkjfc ngpcrtjeths ghmjensgcs thmeckýanmcs
pjrj hk mcetrck fh kj prcfummnýe y fh kcs rhsuktjfcs fhk trjljbc, ec kc `je `hm`c he rhkjmnýe mce
kj prhvhemnýe fh kcs rnhsacs he hk trjljbc.

TJKJL\J] MKJYH2 Vrjljbc rhgctc / Vhkhtrjljbc / pulknmjfc hk :8 fh gjrzc fhk <4<4, hetrh

Trhmjrnhfjf / ]haurnfjf y sjkuf / Jihmtjmnýe / Netngnfjf. ctrjs ghfnfjs hstjlkhmný he su jrtçmukc :9
mcgc 2 
hk ‛trjljbc rhgctc‗ quh iuh fhinenfc mcgc2
\hmnlnfc 2  :8/49/<4<4
Jprcljfc 2  :9/49/<4<4 ‛kj prhstjmnýe fh shrvnmncs sulcrfnejfj mce
kj prhshemnj içsnmj fhk trjljbjfcr he su fcgn-

N. J]HMVC] AHEH\JKH] mnknc c kuajr

knzjefc fh jnskjgnhetc
mujkqunhr fcgnmnknjrnc,quh
ghfnc c ghmjensgc utn-
pcsnlnknth rhjknzjr kjs kjlcrhs iuhrj fhk mhetrc
Hk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4<9-<4<4 fh trjljbc, snhgprh quh kj ejturjkhzj fh kjs
‛Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj quh hstjlkhmh fnvhr- kjlcrhs kc phrgntj‗.
sjs ghfnfjs hxmhpmncejkhs y thgpcrjkhs
pjrj prhvhenr kj prcpjajmnýe hk Mcrcej- Kj prnghrj prhauetj iuh pcr quî ec sh
Ejmncejk‗,  
vnrus (Mcvnf-:>) he hk Vhrrntcrnc Ejmncejk‗,  fnspusc hk ‛thkhtrjljbc‗, mcgc `nmnhrce

* Jlcajfj. Gjhstrçjs he Fhrhm`c fhk Vrjljbc y Trhvhemnýe fh \nhsacs Kjlcrjkhs. Fcmheth he TXMT TXMT.. Ahrheth fh nevhstnaj-
mnýe y icrgjmnýe he V`jen Mcesuktcrj
Mcesuktcrjss Kjlcrjkhs ]JM.
** Jlcajfj pcr kj XEG]G. Jkugej fhk Trcarjgj fh ]hauefj Hsphmnjknfjf he Fhrhm`c fhk Vrjljbc y fh kj ]haurnfjf ]cmnjk
fh kj TXMT. Ahrheth Ahehrjk he V`jen Mcesuktcrjs Kjlcrjkhs ]JM.
*** Vrjljbjfcrj ]cmnjk fh kj XNAY, mce hstufncs he ]haurnfjf y ]jkuf he hk Vrjljbc pcr kj Xenvhrsnfjf Ejmncejk Ihfhrnmc Ynkkj-
rrhjk. Fnrhmtcrj Jfgnenstrjtnvj he V`jen Mcesuktcrjs Kjlcrjkhs ]JM.

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. <8-==

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   <8
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

eughrcscs pjçshs he hk guefc. @ulnhrj kcs mcstcs quh jsugh kj c hk trjljbjfcr ljbc
rhsuktjfc uej fhmnsnýe rhspcesjlkh y hihm- trjljbc rhgctc.
tnvj. \hspcesjlkh fhlnfc j quh sh mce-
tjlj mce uej khanskjmnýe vnaheth sclrh kj Tcrmhetjbh fh
AJ]VC] nemrhghetc mce
gjthrnj y hihmtnvj pcrquh `ulnhrj ijmnkntjfc rhkjmnýe j
kj gnarjmnýe j hstj gcfjknfjf kjlcrjk he
icrgj phrgjeheth. fnmnhglrh <4:>
Ajstcs fcgnmnknjrncs2
• \hetjs fh jkqunkhr, jrjemhkj-
Xej rhspuhstj nenmnjk iuh quh sh trjtjlj fh rncs.
uej fhmnsnýe prcvnsncejk fh jkkç su ecglrh • Kuz
Fh =8 j 64 %
• Vhkîicec
fnihrhemnjfcr ‛trjljbc rhgctc‗ y quh, sckc sh • Jauj
gjethefrçj `jstj =4 fçjs fhspuîs fh inej- • Nethreht
knzjr kj fhmkjrjtcrnj fh hghrahemnj sjentj- Ajstcs fh gjthrnjkhs y sugnens-
rnj, jmtujkgheth prcrrcajfj `jstj hk 1 fh trcs2
shptnhglrh fhk <4<4. Kc quh ngpknmj quh hk • Icmcs Khf
trjljbc rhgctc sh gjethefrê `jstj hk 1 fh • Mcgputjfcrj
• Mêgjrj Qhl
cmtulrh fhk <4<4, snhth ghshs fh kcs fcmh • Jufçicecs mce gnmrýicec
fhk júc. • Ngprhscrj
Fh 14 j 18 %
•• Ictcmcpnjfcrj
Hstjlnknzjfcr
• ]nkkj anrjtcrnj
• Guhlkh pjrj mcgputjfcrj
Fhsfh ue heicquh fh kj shau- • ]uprhscr fh pnmcs
• Gjthrnjkhs fh cinmnej
rnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc qunhe
Ajstcs Ctrcs
sh hemuhetrj he trjljbc rhgctc  • Òtnkhs fh jshc
Fh <8 j =4 %
• Òtnkhs fh kngpnhzj
fhlhrê rhjbustjr su prhsupuhstc,
Iuheth2 Hetrhvnstjs j trjljbjfcrhs y trjljbjfcrjs he trjljbc
mce kj mjraj hgcmncejk y hk hstrîs  rhgctc (<4<4, buenc)
Hkjlcrjmnýe2 Trcpnj
quh hkkkkc
c su
supc
pceh
eh .
Fhsfh ue heicquh fh kj shaurnfjf y sjkuf
he hk trjljbc,
rhgctc qunhe
fhlhrê sh hemuhetrj
rhjbustjr he trjljbc
su prhsupuhstc,
Kj ghbcr rhspuhstj hs quh sh trjtj fh ue mce kj mjraj hgcmncejk y hk hstrîs quh hkkc
nethetc fh ‛iuaj‗ fh kj khanskjmnýe kjlcrjk supceh. Hs fhmnr, jsugnr mcstcs quh sce fh
hxnstheth sclrh kj gjthrnj, pjrj prhmjrnzjrkj. mjrac fhk hgpkhjfcr y quh sce trjskjfjfcs
]h hvnfhemnj quh ijvcrhmh j kjs hgprhsjs j kjs y kcs trjljbjfcrhs. Hsth mcgpceheth fh
fhlnfc j kj rhfummnýe fh mcstcs pcr hk j`c- kjs mcefnmncehs fh trjljbc y su vjrnjmnýe sus-
rrc he kcs pjacs fh hspjmnc içsnmc, kj kcaçs- tjemnjk ngpknmj uej pîrfnfj hmceýgnmj pcr
tnmj, kcs shrvnmncs (jauj, hkhmtrnmnfjf, nethreht, pjrth fh kjs y kcs trjljbjfcrhs.
jetnvnrus, shrvnmncs `nanîenmcs, hetrh ctrcs), sh
rhfumh hk jushetnsgc kjlcrjk, ec `jy nethrîs Hk jnskjgnhetc hs ctrc jsphmtc quh jihmtj kj
he ghfnfjs fh prhvhemnýe fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf fh kjs y kcs trjljbjfcrhs. He kj fneê-
sjkuf he hk trjljbc? hetrh ctrcs lhehinmncs. gnmj kjlcrjk mctnfnjej sh mcgpjrthe sjlh-
]ne
sce hgljrac, hstcs ‛j`crrcs
mcstcs trjskjfjfcs jk c j hgprhsjrnjkhs‗
kj trjljbjfcrj. rhs, prcyhmtcs, nenmnjtnvjs y fneêgnmjs mctnfnj-
ejs quh hk jnskjgnhetc scmnjk ec kc phrgnth.
He hk Mujfrc E´ : sh jprhmnj ue hstngjfc fh Hsth jnskjgnhetc fh kjs y kcs mcgpjúhrcs

<9  pp. <8-== • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

 

NEIC\GH H]THMNJK

fhk trjljbc vj fh kj gjec, mce kj ‛cgenprh-
shemnj‗ fhk hgpkhjfcr furjeth kjs <6 `crjs.
Xej trjljbjfcrj ghemncejlj ‛gn bhih gh
kkjgj j pjrtnr fh kjs :< fh kj ecm`h, ghe-
mncej quh tnheh ctrc trjljbc. Gnhetrjs yc
fhlc hstjr fhsfh kjs 0 fh kj gjújej trjlj-
 bjefc‗.. Hs kc quh sh mcecmh mcgc kj phrgj-
 bjefc‗
eheth mcehxnýe jk trjljbc c kj kkjgjfj fns-
pcsnmnýe <6/1 (<6 `crjs furjeth hk fçj pcr 1
fçjs fh kj shgjej).
Kj netrcgnsnýe fhk ‛trjljbc rhgctc‗ he kjs
mjsjs c fhpjrtjghetcs he kjs mnufjfhs
jihmtj kj hsihrj çetngj fhk trjljbjfcr. Kjs
vnvnhefjs fh kjs y kcs trjljbjfcrhs suhkhe
shr phquhújs, mce hspjmncs gçengcs y he
hsjs mcefnmncehs sh fhlh mckcmjr ue hspj-
mnc pjrj hk trjljbc. Hstc vnheh jihmtjefc
kjs fneêgnmjs ijgnknjrhs. Kjs ijgnknjs suhkhe
thehr uej mcgputjfcrj y fhlh shr mcgpjr-
tnfj mce kj hfumjmnýe j fnstjemnj fh kjs y kcs
`nbcs y hk trjljbc rhgctc. Kc mujk ahehrj y
hs gctnvc fh mceiknmtc he kj fneêgnmj ijgn-
knjr y mceyuajk. Ec hs pcsnlkh mcgprjr ctrj
fhlnfc j kcs gjycrhs ajstcs, pcr hk trjs-
kjfc fh kj hgprhsj j kjs y kcs trjljbjfcrhs.
]ntujmnýe quh jihmtj kj sjkuf hgcmncejk fh
kj ijgnknj, ec sckc jk trjljbjfcr c j kj trjlj-
 bjfcrj. Hsth ngpjmtc hs uec fh kcs ‛nevnsnln-
‛nevnsnln-
knzjfcs‗ fhk trjljbc rhgctc.
sh jihmtj kj hmcecgçj fhk trjljbjfcr c trj-
ljbjfcrj fhlnfc jk trjskjfc fh kcs mcstcs
quh vnheh hihmtujefc `jmnj hk hgpkhjfcr
y kc shaunrê `jmnhefc `jstj hk 1 fh cmtulrh
fhk <4<4, sn hs quh ec sh prcrrcaj kj hghr-
ahemnj sjentjrnj.
NN. ]CL\H KJ ]HAX\N
]HAX\NFJF
FJF ^ ]JKXF HE HK
V\JLJBC
Hk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4<9-<4<4 :0.:.<
fnspusc mcgc clknajmnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr hk
‛Neicrgjr jk trjljbjfcr sclrh kjs ghfnfjs y
mcefnmncehs fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trj-
ljbc quh fhlhe clshrvjrsh furjeth hk fhsj-
rrckkc fhk trjljbc rhgctc‗.
J phsjr fh kj lòsquhfj fh neicrgjmnýe
sclrh hk mugpkngnhetc fhk hgpkhjfcr fh
hstj clknajmnýe, ec sh kcarý hvnfhemnjr fns-
pcsnmncehs sclrh hsth pjrtnmukjr. ]h hetrh-
vnstý j jkauecs bhihs fh \hkjmncehs Kjlcrjkhs
y hxpknmjrce quh ‛ec
‛ec kc `jmçje fhlnfc jk fhs-
mcecmngnhetc sclrh hkkc‗. Fh naujk gjehrj,
sh prcmhfný j `jmhr hetrhvnstjs j trjljbjfc-
rjs, trjljbjfcrhs y hxphrtcs he shaurnfjf y
sjkuf he hk trjljbc sclrh kcs hihmtcs fh hstjs
gcfjknfjfhs fh thkhtrjljbc he ctrcs pjçshs
y trjljbc rhgctc he hk Thrò.

Ctrc jsphmtcpjrj
fninmuktjfhs quhshpjrjr
sulrjyýkc\cfrçauhz
quh hs kjsce
mjsjkjsy Kcs trjljfcrhs   rhsnhethe kjs
kjs jmtnvnfjfhs fhk `cajr fh kc quh hs hk trj- pcsturjs inbjs j kjs mujkhs sce
ljbc rhetjfc. Jsphmtc hsphmnjkgheth rhkh- scghtnfcs fhlnfc j kcs mcetrc-
vjeth pjrj kjs trjljbjfcrjs, pcrquh `jlntujk-
gheth mjraje mce kj gjycr pjrth fhk trjljbc khss phrgjeheths quh ngpkhghetje
kh
fcgîstnmc (\cfrçauhz, <4<4). kcs hgpkhjfcrhs y gjenihstjrce
]n lnhe hk jrtçmukc :0.:.: fhk Fhmrhtc fh fckcrhs içsnmcs he kj hspjkfj ljbj,
hstjlkhmh2 ‛Ec jihm-
Xrahemnj E´ 4<9-<4<4 sh hstjlkhmh2 ‛Ec he kj mjlhzj y hehe kjs pnh
pnhre
rejjs .
tjr kj ejturjkhzj fhk vçemukc kjlcrjk, kj rhgu-
ehrjmnýe, y fhgês mcefnmncehs hmceýgn-
mjs sjkvc jquhkkjs quh pcr su ejturjkhzj sh
hemuhetrhe ehmhsjrnjgheth
kj jsnsthemnj jk mhetrc fh trjljbc vnemukjfjs
c mujefcj \cfrçauhz, quh vnheh hstufnjefc hsth
thgj, shújkj quh j envhk psnmcscmnjk sh `je
hstjs ijvcrhzmje jk trjljbjfcr‗
trjlj bjfcr‗.. ]ne hgljrac, clshrvjfc2

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. <8-==

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   <1

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
  Fhshqunknlrncs y jkthrjmncehs fh kjs mce-
fumtjs j envhk jihmtnvc y j envhk mcaen-
tnvc fh kjs y kcs trjljbjfcrhs
  Ijtnaj, ue mjesjemnc c mjesjemnc pjtc-
kýanmc c shesjmnýe fh mjesjemnc, hstj
hs uej jkhrtj quh `jy quh thehr prh-
sheth, pcrquh gum`js vhmhs prhmhfh j
prclkhgjs gês shrncs. Kj ijtnaj ec sckj-
gheth içsnmj, snec tjglnîe nethkhmtujk,
quh ngpnfh khhr ctrjs mcsjs, juequh ec
theaje quh vhr mce hk trjljbc.
  Jkthrjmnce hs he kj phrmhpmnýe fhk
tnhgpc, hk trjljbc hs ue ijmtcr crfhej-
fcr fh kj vnfj fh kjs phrscejs, jk thehr
hk trjljbc he kj mjsj. Tuhfhe jpjrhmhr
hstjs jkthrjmncehs h nemhrtnfuglrhs,
jeth jquhkkjs jmtujmncehs quh puhfje
scghthrecs j hrrcr, jkthrjmnýe rhsphmtc
jk hrrcr hs tcfc ue mceiknmtc mujefc
hstês trjljbjefc. (\cfrnauhz, <4<4)
Tjrj hk ‛trjljbc rhgctc‗ sh tuvc quh ‛jmc-
gcfjr‗ c ‛rhjmcgcfjr‗
‛rhjmcgcfjr‗ jkaòe hspjmnc fh kj
mjsj pjrj kj mcgputjfcrj. Kjs y kcs trjlj-
fcrhs rhsnhethe kjs pcsturjs inbjs j kjs mujkhs
sce scghtnfcs fhlnfc j kcs mcetrckhs phr-
gjeheths quh ngpkhghetje kcs hgpkhj-
fcrhs y gjenihstjrce fckcrhs içsnmcs he kj
hspjkfj ljbj, he kj mjlhzj y he kjs pnhrejs.
Ec sh mcecmhe kjs ‛pjusjs jmtnvjs‗
jmtnvj s‗.. Tcr tjetc,
 Ynkkjj scs
 Ynkk scstnh
tnheh
eh quh ue trj
trjljb
ljbjfc
jfcrr c trjtrjlj-
lj-
 bjfcrj
 bjf crj quh kjlkjlcrh
crh he kjs mcef
mcefnmnnmnceh
cehss fh
prhmjrnhfjf he sus vnvnhefjs y sne eneauej
ghfnfj fh hracecgçj he su ‛hspjmnc fhfn-
mjfc jk trjljbc‗ hs prcljlkh quh fhsjrrckkh
fhsjr rckkh c
sh jaufnmhe fhspuîs fh hstcs ghshs fh jns-
kjgnhetc, prclkhgjs fh khsncehs gòsmukc-
hsquhkîtnmjs he gnhglrcs suphrncrhs, prne-
mnpjkgheth. Jfhgês, nesnsth quh hk mcethxtc
fh pjefhgnj irheth jk MCYNF-:> ngpknmj
ue ngpjmtc sclrh kj sjkuf ghetjk vnemu-
kjfj mce ue nemrhghetc fhk gnhfc c fh kcs
thgcrhs sclrh su sjkuf. ‛Hs quh kjs phrscejs
mcgnhezje j phrfhr su hetcrec, mcgnhezj
kj sulbhtnvnfjf fh kjs y kcs trjljbjfcrhs j
<0  pp. <8-== • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
thehr gnhfc, gnhfc jk fhspnfc, hsh gnhfc
jk fhspnfc sh vh gum`c thgcr he kjs phrsc-
ejs gjycrhs c hk gnhfc j shrs hr rhhgpkjzjfc,
c hk gnhfc j quhfjrsh fcefh hstê sne bjgês
thehr prcgcmnýe‗ ( Ynkkj, <4<4).
Ctrc phknarc quh hstê guy prhsheth hs
hk hkîmtrnmc. Kjs nestjkjmncehs fcgîstnmjs
ec hstêe prhpjrjfjs pjrj uej mjraj phr-
gjeheth mcgc kc sce hk jmmhsc jk nethr-
eht, j kj mcgputjfcrj, jk mhkukjr he icrgj
phrgjeheth y quh sh jújfh j kj mjraj fnj-
rnj fh kj fneêgnmj ijgnknjr. Kj hehraçj fh
jkauej icrgj `j mulnhrtc kjs ehmhsnfjfhs
hehraîtnmjs pcr kj `ugjenfjf, phrc j kj
pjr su utnknzjmnýe `j trjçfc mcesnac rnhs-
acs hkîmtrnmcs, quh snaeninmj quh hxnsth kj
pcsnlnknfjf fh quh sumhfj uej fhsmjraj
hkîmtrnmj he mujkqunhr gcghetc he hk quh
sh theaj mcetjmtc mce hk gnsgc. Hacjvnk
jinrgj2 ‛Hxnsthe fcs tnpcs fh rnhsac hkîm-
trnmc2 \nhsac fh hkhmtrcmumnýe y rnhsac fh
nemhefnc‗ (Hacjvnk, <4:1, p. 9). Jglcs puh-
pu h-
fhe prcfumnrsh he hk kuajr fh rhjknzjmnýe
fhk trjljbc rhgctc, mce kjs mcesnaunhe-
ths rhspcesjlnknfjfhs pjrj hk hgpkhjfcr.
 Vjgln
 Vjg lnîe
îe fh
fhlh
lh hx
hxns
nstn
tn r mc em
emnh
nhem
emnj
nj fh kj
cmurrhemnj fh kcs jmmnfheths fh trjljbc
c nemkusc kj guhrth he hk kuajr fh trjljbc
fcefh sh ulnmj hk trjljbc rhgctc.
Mjlh rhmcrfjr
mnýe fhk quhirheth
hgpkhjfcr hk fhlhr
j kcs fh prhvhe-
rnhsacs quh
ahehrj he hk trjljbc `j snfc hstjlkhmnfc he
kcs nestrughetcs nethrejmncejkhs mcgc hk
Tjmtc Nethrejmncejk sclrh Fhrhm`cs Hmc-
eýgnmcs, ]cmnjkhs y Mukturjkhs (jrtçmukcs 1
y :<) y fh mceicrgnfjf mce kcs prceue-
mnjgnhetcs fhk Vrnluejk Mcestntumncejk he
kj ]hethemnj fhk Hxphfnheth 44<9-<448-TN/ 
 VM icrgje pjrth fhk fhecgnejfc lkcquh
mcestntumncejk.
Gês jòe kj Mcrth ]uprhgj hstjlkhmný ue
prhmhfheth vnemukjeth sclrh kj mcrrhmtj
nethrprhtjmnýe fhk jrtçmukc 8= fh kj Khy
fh ]haurnfjf y ]jkuf he hk Vrjljbc he kj

Mjsjmnýe Kjlcrjk E´ 6<80-<4:9 Kngj quh
jue he kcs mjscs he kcs quh hk hgpkhjfcr
mugpkj tcfcs y mjfj uej fh kjs clknajmnc-
ehs khajkhs he gjthrnj fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf,   J`c rj ln
kcs jmmnfheths mce fjúc pjrj hk trjljbj-
fcr clknaje jk hgpkhjfcr j nefhgenzjr j
su trjljbjfcr c trjljbjfcrj. Mrnthrnc quh hs
mceicrgh j kj rhikhxnýe burçfnmj nethrejmnc-
ejk mcgc ]jkmhfc quh kc ghemncej mcgc
uej clknajmnýe hgprhsjrnjk crnhetjfj j kj
prcthmmnýe fh kjs y kcs trjljbjfcrhs irheth
j kcs rnhsacs fhk trjljbc (]jkmhfc, <444, pp.
:6-:8). Ecrgjs burçfnmjs, mrnthrnc vnemukjeth
y fcmtrnej quh sh jpknmje j kcs rnhsacs prh-
sheths he hk trjljbc
t rjljbc rhgctc.
NNN. GHFNFJ] FH YNANKJEMNJ ^ MCEV\CK
HE HK V\JLJBC \HGCVC
Hk jrtçmukc 8.8. fhk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc
E´ 4:4-<4<4-V\, pulknmjfc hk <6 fh gjrzc
fhk <4<4, hstjlkhmh mcgc rhspcesjlnknfjf
fhk hgpkhjfcr, hetrh ctrjs, kj ngpkhghetj-
mnýe fh kcs ghmjensgcs fh suphrvnsnýe y
rhpcrth fh kjs kjlcrhs rhjknzjfjs furjeth kj
 bcrejfj kjlcrjk fhk trjljbc rhgctc, fh shr hk
mjsc, ghfnjeth ghmjensgcs vnrtujkhs2
  Jrtçmukc 8.- Mcguenmjmnýe fh kj jpknmj-
mnýe fhk trjljbc rhgctc2 (…)
8.8. Hs rhspcesjlnknfjf fhk/kj
hgpkhjfcr/j kj jsnaejmnýe fh
kjlcrhs jk/kj trjljbjfcr/j, jsç mcgc
kj ngpkhghetjmnýe fh kcs ghmjens-
gcs fh suphrvnsnýe y rhpcrth  fh
kjs kjlcrhs rhjknzjfjs furjeth kj
 bcre
 bc rejf
jfjj kj
kjlc
lcrj
rjk,k, fh sh
shrr hk mj
mjsc,
sc,
ghfnjeth hk hgpkhc fh ghmjens-
gcs vnrtujkhs. Hk/kj hgpkhjfcr/j
ec pcfrê jkhajr hk nemugpkn-
gnhetc fh kjs clknajmncehs fhk/ 
kj trjljbjfcr/j sn ec `j prhvnstc
c ec `j fhbjfc mcestjemnj hxpkç-
mntj fh kjs kjlcrhs
trjljbjfcr/j jsnaejfjs jk/kj
y sus ghmjensgcs fh
suphrvnsnýe c rhpcrth.
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. <8-==
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   <>
NEIC\GH H]THMNJK
 J`crj lnhe,
he, kj
kjss ghfnfjs  fh
vnankjemnj y mcetrck he hk trjljbc
rhgctc hstêe rhkjmncejfjs jk hbhr-
mnmnc fh kj pcthstjf fh insmjknzj-
mnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr? sne hgljrac,
kj khanskjmnýe kjlcrjk ec `jmh rhih-
rhemnj hxprhsj j kj ijmuktjf en j
sus kçgnths .
Ec clstjeth, kj ecrgj mntjfj ec shújkj muê-
khs shrçje kcs kçgnths quh fhlhrçj clshrvjr kj
insmjknzjmnýe hbhrmnfj, prhmnsnýe ehmhsjrnj sn
thehgcs he muhetj quh hk trjljbc shrê
s hrê fhsj-
rrckkjfc fhetrc fh ue hspjmnc çetngc fhk trj-
ljbjfcr mcgc kc hs su fcgnmnknc c su kuajr
fh jnskjgnhetc, y quh fh shr hbhrmnfc fh
icrgj fhsprcpcrmncejfj puhfh sugjrsh j
kcs rnhsacs psnmcscmnjkhs fhk trjljbc rhgctc.
J`crj lnhe, kjs ghfnfjs fh vnankjemnj y mce-
trck he hk trjljbc rhgctc hstêe rhkjmncejfjs
jk hbhrmnmnc fh kj pcthstjf fh insmjknzjmnýe fhk
hgpkhjfcr? sne hgljrac, kj khanskjmnýe kjlc-
rjk ec `jmh rhihrhemnj hxprhsj j kj ijmuktjf en
j sus kçgnths. Fh kj khmturj fhk jrtçmukc > fhk
 Vhxtc Òenmc Crfhejfc
Crfhejfc fhfh kj Khy
Khy fh Trcfum-
tnvnfjf y Mcgphtntnvnfjf Kjlcrjk, jprcljfc
pcr Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 44=->1-V\ (KTMK),
y hk \hakjghetc fh kj Khy fh Icghetc jk
Hgpkhc jprcljfc pcr Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc
E´ 44:->9-V\ sh jprhmnj kj ghemnýe j ctrjs
ijmuktjfhs, phrc ec j kj fh insmjknzjmnýe.
Hgphrc, hstj cgnsnýe ecrgjtnvj ec snaen-
inmj uej jushemnj fh kçgnths he hk hbhrmnmnc
fh kj ijmuktjf,
jk pcfhr tcfj vhz fhk
fh fnrhmmnýe quhhgpkhjfcr
jk shr ne`hrheth
hstê
subhtj j sus gnsgcs kçgnths? fh mceicrgnfjf

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
mce kc hstjlkhmnfc he kj ]hethemnj hgntnfj
pcr hk Vrnluejk Mcestntumncejk he hk Hxph-
fnheth E´ :4::<-<4:<-TJ/VM, fh ihm`j 1 fh
hehrc fhk <4:=. He hsh shetnfc, shaòe Lkje-
mjs Lustjgjeth, hk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe ec
hs jlsckutc pcrquh su iuefjghetc, kj knlhr-
tjf fh hgprhsj, mjrhmh fh hsj mujknfjf y
hstê subhtc j kçgnths netrçeshmcs c iuemncej-
khs y hxtrçeshmcs c burçfnmcs (Lkjemjs, <441,
p. :49).
Hk jeêknsns fh kj pcthstjf insmjknzjfcrj hbhr-
mnfj sclrh hk trjljbc rhgctc `jmh ehmhsj-
rnc fhstjmjr kcs kçgnths netrçeshmcs jk quh
tjglnîe hstê subhtj, tcfj vhz quh hkkc phr-
gntnrê quh kcs hgpkhjfcrhs ec sclrhpj-
she kj kçehj fhkajfj quh hxnsth hetrh hk
clbhtc j insmjknzjr (kjs prhstjmncehs kjlcrj-
khs) y kj hsihrj çetngj fhk trjljbjfcr. J hstj
hsihrj mcrrhspcefh tcfc kc quh sh fhsjrrc-
kkj he su fcgnmnknc c su kuajr fh jnskjgnhetc
scmnjk. Jsngnsgc, fhlh `jmhrsh ue îeijsns
he hk mjrêmthr fhk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe fh kcs
hgpkhjfcrhs, quh hs fh fcefh hgjej kj
pcthstjf insmjknzjfcrj.
He hsj kçehj, Lkjemjs Lustjgjeth, mntjefc
j Ynfj ]crnjk shújkj quh hk pcfhr fh fnrhm-
mnýe hs mcemhfnfc pcr hk crfhejgnhetc
 burçfnmc
 burçfn mc jk hgpkhjfcr pjrj kj
k j cptngnzjmnýe
cptng nzjmnýe
fhk rhefngnhetc hmceýgnmc prcfumtnvc
fh kjsfh
 buetc prhstjmncehs
su crajenzjm fhnýe,
crajenzjmnýe,trjljbc he su
hs fhmnr, shku mce-
h bhr-
hbhr-
mnmnc sh bustninmj òenmjgheth fhetrc fh hsth
hspjmnc2
  (…) Iuhrj fh hsth êglntc, fnm`c pcfhr
ec hxnsth, pcrquh kj rhkjmnýe fh trjljbc
vnemukj j fcs phrscejs fctjfjs fh knlhr-
tjf h naujkfjf burçfnmj, mcgc phrscejs
y mnufjfjecs, sh hemuhetrje rhkjmncej-
fjs pcr vçemukc fh mccrfnejmnýe y ec fh
sulcrfnejmnýe en fh suprjcrfhejmnýe.
(Lkjemjs, <441, p. :41).
\hsphmtc j kcs kçgnths nethrecs fhk pcfhr
fh fnrhmmnýe ghemncej Lkjemjs quh fhlh
=4  pp. <8-== • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
clshrvjr fcs mcethenfcs2 hk iuemncejk y
hk rjzcejlkh. Hk prnghrc kh hxnah kngntjr su
ijmuktjf j kj crajenzjmnýe y jfgnenstrj-
mnýe hinmnheth fhk trjljbc `ugjec he kj
hgprhsj sne hxthefhrsh j jsphmtcs fh kj
vnfj fh mjfj trjljbjfcr jbhecs j su jmtnvn-
jm tnvn-
fjf kjlcrjk? y, hk shauefc kh hxnah quh sus
fhmnsncehs clshrvhe hk prnemnpnc fh rjzc-
ejlnknfjf y jsç sh hemuhetrhe hxhetjs fh
jrlntrjrnhfjf.
Tcr su kjfc, hk kçgnth hxtrçeshmc kh hxnah jk
hgpkhjfcr subhtjrsh j rhsphtjr hk crfhej-
gnhetc burçfnmc y he prnghrj kçehj, hk rhsphtc
pcr kcs fhrhm`cs iuefjghetjkhs rhmcecmn-
fcs jk trjljbjfcr mcgc tjk, mcgc phrscej y
mnufjfjec (Lkjemjs, <441, p. :41).
Hk Vrnluejk
mnýe Mcestntumncejk
Nethrejmncejk y kj(CNV)
fh Vrjljbc
Vrjljbc Crajenzj-
(CNV ) sh `je
gjenihstjfc sclrh kcs kçgnths jk pcfhr
fh insmjknzjmnýe. Hk Vrnluejk ghfnjeth kj
]VM Hxp. E´:480-<446-JJ/VM y kj CNV he
su fcmughetc fhecgnejfc ‛\hphrtcrnc
fh rhmcghefjmncehs prêmtnmjs pjrj kj
prcthmmnýe fh kcs fjtcs phrscejkhs fh
kcs trjljbjfcrhs‗. Jk rhsphmtc, Vcyjgj
y Anrjc, jk jejknzjr jglcs fcmughe-
tcs mcemkuyhe quh kj pcthstjf insmj-
knzjfcrj fhlh clshrvjr kcs snaunheths
kçgnths2
:. Hk hgpkhjfcr hbhrmh kj ijmuktjf fh ins-
mjknzjmnýe mce rhsphtc fh kcs fhrh-
m`cs fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs.
<. Kcs trjljbjfcrhs tnhehe fhrhm`c j
mcecmhr kcs ghfncs fh vnankjemnj
quh shrêe utnknzjfcs pjrj su insmjknzj-
mnýe y kj inejknfjf pcr kj mujk hstcs sh
nestjkje.
=. Hk hgpkhjfcr
hgpkhjfcr fhlh
fhlh jfcptjr
jfcptjr kcs ghmj-
ensgcs fh insmjknzjmnýe ghecs khsn-
vcs pcsnlkh j kcs fhrhm`cs fh kcs trj-
ljbjfcrhs (Vcyjgj & Anrjc, <4:6,
p. :04)

Kj ejturjkhzj burçfnmj fhk trj-
ljbc rhgctc hs kj gnsgj quh kj fhk
thkhtrjljbc pcr kc quh kcs ghmj-
ensgcs fh mcetrck y vnankjemnj fns-
puhstc
puhst c pcr kcs hgpkhjfcrhs shrêe
kcs gnsgcs quh kcs utnknzjfcs he
gcfjknfjfhs fhsmhetrjknzjfjs  ths, hetrh ctrcs (…)‗  (Ghrmjfc y \hancehs,
fh trjljbc .
]h heijtnzje hstcs kçgnths, tcfj vhz quh fhe-
trc fhk hspjmnc fh trjljbc tjglnîe sh fhsj-
rrckkje jsphmtcs quh phrthehmhe j su s u hsihrj
çetngj, he hihmtc ‛(…) tjglnîe sh hemuhe-
trje he kj hsphrj prnvjfj ctrjs jmtnvnfjfhs,
tjkhs mcgc mjglnjrsh fh rcpj he kcs vhs-
tujrncs, neahrnr jknghetcs furjeth hk rhirnah-
rnc, jmufnr j kcs shrvnmncs `nanîenmcs, mcgu-
enmjrsh thkhiýenmjgheth mce hk hxthrncr,
htmîthrj. (…)‗ (Lkjemjs, <441, p. <4<). ]ulrjyj
hk `hm`c fh quh he hk mhetrc fh trjljbc hxns-
the gcghetcs quh phrthehmhe j kj vnfj
çetngj fhk trjljbjfcr nemkusc mujefc hstê
kjlcrjefc.
Kj ejturjkhzj burçfnmj fhk trjljbc rhgctc hs
kj
ehsgnsgj quh fhsjrrckkjfjs
kjlcrjkhs kj fhk thkhtrjljbc (prhstjmnc-
he sulcrfnej-
mnýe iuhrj fhk mhetrc fh trjljbc) pcr kc quh
kcs ghmjensgcs fh mcetrck y vnankjemnj fns-
puhstcs pcr kcs hgpkhjfcrhs shrêe kcs gns-
gcs quh kcs utnknzjfcs he gcfjknfjfhs fhs-
mhetrjknzjfjs fh trjljbc, hstc hs, j trjvîs fh
ghfncs neicrgêtnmcs c jufncvnsujkhs. ]clrh
hsth pjrtnmukjr, ]jeaunehtn (<441) `j ghemnc-
ejfc kc snaunheth2
  Hk supuhstc pjrjfnagêtnmc hstê mces-
tntunfc pcr hk thkhtrjljbc. Hsth hs ue
tnpc sneaukjr fh trjljbc j fnstjemnj he
hk quh kj fnrhmmnýe y hk mcetrck  fnrhmtc
sclrh hk trjljbjfcr sce sustntunfcs pcr
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. <8-==
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   =:
NEIC\GH H]THMNJK
kj mcguenmjmnýe mce hsth j trjvîs fh
ghfncs neicrgêtnmcs c jufncvnsujkhs. (p.
:8:) (hk îeijsns hs fh kjs jutcrjs).
He hk Thrò, mcgc he ctrcs pjçshs, kj ijmuk-
tjf fh insmjknzjmnýe he kj gcfjknfjf fhk trj-
ljbc j fnstjemnj sh `j hbhrmnfc ‛(…) j trjvîs
fh ghfncs neicrgêtnmcs. Nethreht, muhe-
tjs fh mcrrhc hkhmtrýenmc, rhfhs scmnjkhs,
sjkjs fh m`jt, netrjeht, thkîicecs nethknahe-
<4:9). Gcfjknfjfhs quh sh `je ngpkhghe-
tjfc he iuemnýe fh kj prcfummnýe y fhk rhe-
fngnhetc fh kjs y kcs trjljbjfcrhs y ec jsç,
pjrj ajrjetnzjr su shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk
trjljbc? pufnhefc hstjlkhmhr ghmjensgcs
pjrj hkkc.
Hstcs ghfncs neicrgêtnmcs pcsnlnkntje ec
sckc uej mcguenmjmnýe he tnhgpc rhjk mce
hk trjljbjfcr c trjljbjfcrj mcgc sumhfh he
hk mjsc fh kjs kkjgjfjs thkhiýenmjs, kjs vnfhc-
kkjgjfjs c kjs mêgjrjs whl? snec quh he su
usc hxnsth uej arje prcljlnknfjf fh hxpc-
snmnýe fh ngêahehs y scenfcs quh mcrrhs-
pcefhe j kj vnfj çetngj fhk trjljbjfcr c
trjljbjfcrj. Hstj hxpcsnmnýe rhsuktj nehvn-
tjlkh y puhfhe prcfumnrsh furjeth hk mce-
tjmtc mce su hgpkhjfcr jk gcghetc fh quh
hsth hbhrmh su pcthstjf fh insmjknzjr. Mnhrtj-
gheth, he kcs òktngcs fçjs, sh `j hxpuhstc
he kj whl
fnstjs fnvhrscs mjscs
y fcmheths, he kcsjmmnfhetjk,
fh icrgj quh phrnc-
`je hxpuhstc jsphmtcs fh su vnfj çetngj
furjeth kj hbhmumnýe fh vnfhckkjgjfjs c
trjesgnsncehs he vnvc rhjknzjfjs ghfnjeth
rhfhs scmnjkhs.
Fhlh thehrsh he muhetj quh kjs jktjs prc-
ljlnknfjfhs fh hxpcsnmnýe fh kj vnfj çetngj
fhk trjljbjfcr c trjljbjfcrj furjeth hk trj-
ljbc rhgctc rhspcefhe prnemnpjkgheth j
quh hs guy fniçmnk nestjkjr uej zcej fh trj-
ljbc fhetrc fhk `cajr,
`cajr, gês jòe sn hk trjljbj-
fcr mcgpjrth hk fcgnmnknc mce sus ijgnknjrhs
c mce gês phrscejs. J hstj rjzýe sh sugj
hk `hm`c fh quh kcs fcgnmnkncs ec tnhehe

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
kjs mcefnmncehs mce kjs quh muhetj ue mhe-
trc fh trjljbc pjrj fhshgphújr kjs kjlc-
rhs2 ue hspjmnc rhshrvjfc pjrj hk fhsjrrckkc
fh kj kjlcr, nkugnejmnýe, mcefnmncehs hrac-
eýgnmjs, hkîmtrnmj, khbcs fh jaheths jbhecs
j kj kjlcr j fhshgphújr. Jsphmtcs quh hk
Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4<9-<4<4 sngpkh-
gheth cgntný, snhefc jsphmtcs fh shaurn-
fjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc mcesustjemnjkhs
mce kj mjknfjf fhk shrvnmnc.
He hsh shetnfc, pcfhgcs jinrgjr quh hk
hbhrmnmnc fh uej pcthstjf insmjknzjfcrj
sne kçgnths mkjrcs hstjlkhmnfcs pcr hk khans-
kjfcr puhfh snaeninmjr ue usc jrlntrjrnc
fh kj pcthstjf, quh jk jihmtjr hk fhrh-
m`c j kj netngnfjf fhk trjljbjfcr jlrh, j
su vhz, kj pcsnlnknfjf fh jihmtjr tjglnîe
su
he lnhehstjr
tjetc quhghetjk, scmnjk fh
ec sjlhgcs y `jstj içsnmc?
quî icrgj
ngpjmtjrê kj netrcgnsnýe he su vnfj çetngj
sclrh îk. Ec clstjeth, kj sckj pcsnlnknfjf
fh su cmurrhemnj clknaj j kcs hgpkhjfc-
rhs j tcgjr kjs ghfnfjs ehmhsjrnjs pjrj
hvntjr hsth rnhsac.
Hetcemhs, snhefc kj pcsnlnknfjf c kj netrc-
gnsnýe he kj vnfj çetngj fhk trjljbjfcr
ue rnhsac fhrnvjfc fh kjs mcefnmncehs fh
trjljbc c fh kj crajenzjmnýe fh hsth quh
puhfh rhsuktjr ecmnvc pjrj kj sjkuf (ghe-
tjk, scmnjk c he
mcestntuyh içsnmj) sh puhfh
ue rnhsac jinrgjr quh
psnmcscmnjk sh
(Gce-
mjfj, M, & Gcrhec, <4:6, p. <:)
Tcr hkkc, sh mcesnfhrj quh kcs ghmjens-
gcs vnrtujkhs hgpkhjfcs he kj insmjknzjmnýe
fhlhe clshrvjr ec sckc kcs kçgnths fnspuhs-
tcs jk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe, snec quh fhlhe
suphrjr hk Vhst fh \jzcejlnknfjf fhsjrrc-
kkjfc pcr hk Vrnluejk Mcestntumncejk. Fnm`c
thst ajrjetnzj quh kcs ghmjensgcs fh mce-
trck c insmjknzjmnýe hgpkhjfcs ec rhspce-
fje j fhmnsncehs jrlntrjrnjs. Tcr hk mcetrjrnc,
fhlhe hstjr mhetrjfcs he kj crajenzjmnýe y
jfgnenstrjmnýe hinmnheth fhk trjljbc `ugjec
y ec iuhrj fh hsth êglntc, fhlnfc j quh
=<  pp. <8-== • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
mcgc shújkj Lkjemjs (<441), iuhrj fh hsth
êglntc fnm`c pcfhr ec hxnsth.
Mcnemnfnhefc mce kj cpnenýe fh Vcyjgj y
Anrjc (<441), kj jpknmjmnýe fhk thst fh rjzc-
ejlnknfjf kkhvjrê j quh tcfc ghmjensgc
fh suphrvnsnýe c insmjknzjmnýe sclrh hk trj-
ljbc rhgctc quh fhshh jpknmjr ue hgpkhj-
fcr c hgpkhjfcrj rhspcefj fhthrgnejfjs
prhauetjs j ine fh hvjkujr sn suphrj sus trhs
sulprnemnpncs2 nfcehnfjf, ehmhsnfjf y prc-
pcrmncejknfjf c pcefhrjmnýe. He hsh she-
tnfc, jfjptjefc kjs prhauetjs suahrnfjs pcr
kcs jutcrhs ghemncejfcs, he hk mjsc he pjr-
tnmukjr sh thefrçje kjs snaunheths2
:. ]ulprnemnpnc fh nfcehnfjf2 ³Kcs clbh-
tnvcs pcr kcs quh hk hgpkhjfcr ngpkh-
ghetj fhthrgnejfc ghmjensgc sce
khaçtngcs3 ³Kj ngpkhghetjmnýe fhk
ghmjensgc hs kj nfýehj pjrj insmjknzjr
jk trjljbjfcr y kj shaurnfjf y sjkuf he
hk trjljbc3
<. ]ulprnemnpnc
]ulprnem npnc fh ehmhsnfjf2 ³Hxnsthe
ctrcs ghmjensgcs c icrgjs fh jpknmjr
hk ghmjensgc fnstnetcs jk hgpkhjfc
mce kcs quh pcfrçj insmjknzjrsh jk trjljbj-
fcr y kj shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc3
=. ]ulprnemnpnc fh pcefhrjmnýe2 ³Kj insmjkn-
zjmnýe fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs pcr ghfnc fhk
ghmjensgc, c kj icrgj he quh sh hgpkhj
hk ghmjensgc ahehrj uej arjvh jihmtjmnýe
jk fhrhm`c j kj netngnfjf y ec sh ajrjetnzj
kj shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc3
MCEMKX]NCEH]
Hk trjljbc rhgctc hs uej gcfjknfjf jktj-
gheth prhmjrnzjfj fhk thkhtrjljbc. Hk khans-
kjfcr fhlhrçj rhaukjr ghbcr hk thkhtrjljbc
y hxmkunr mujkqunhr gcfjknfjf fh trjljbc
rhgctc.
Hk trjljbc rhgctc hstjlkhmh lhehinmncs fh
mcstcs trjskjfjfcs fhk hgpkhjfcr `jmnj hk
trjljbjfcr c trjljbjfcrj, sne mcgphesjmnýe

hmceýgnmj. Ngpknmj uej shvhrj jihmtjmnýe jk
fhrhm`c j kj netngnfjf fh kjs y kcs trjljbj-
fcrhs pcr hk mcetrck hbhrmnfc pcr hk hgpkhj-
fcr ljbc kcs hsquhgjs fh mcehxnýe phrgj-
eheth y fh trjljbc <6/1.
]h hvnfhemnj uej jihmtjmnýe fh kj sjkuf fh
kcs trjljbjfcrhs ljbc trjljbc rhgctc hsph-
mnjkgheth irheth j kcs rnhsacs psnmcscmnj-
khs, fnshraceýgnmcs
fnshraceýgnmcs y hkîmtrnmcs? jfhgês fh
jmmnfheths fh trjljbc h nemkusc kj guhrth.
guhr th.
J phsjr fh quh kcs hgpkhjfcrhs `je fhsj-
rrckkjfc ngpcrtjeths ghmjensgcs thmecký-
anmcs pjrj hk mcetrck fh kj prcfummnýe y fh
kcs rhsuktjfcs fhk trjljbc, ec kc `je `hm`c
he rhkjmnýe mce kj prhvhemnýe fh kcs rnhsacs
he hk trjljbc.
\HIH\HEMNJ] LNLKNCA\ÊINMJ]
Lkjemjs Lustjgjeth, M. (<441). Fhrhm`cs iuefjghetj-
khs fh kj phrscej y rhkjmnýe fh trjljbc. Kngj2 Icefc
hfntcrnjk TXMT.
Hacjvnk, Y.
Y. (1 fh buec fh <4:1). \nhsacs hkîmtrnmcs. Trh-
vhemnýe, pp. =-0.
Ghrmjfc y \hancehs. ( 0 fh Hehrc fh <4:9). Kj ijmuktjf
fh insmjknzjmnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr j trjvîs fh ghfncs
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. <8-==
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   ==
NEIC\GH H]THMNJK
neicrgêtnmcs. Clthenfc fh Ghrmjfc
G hrmjfc y rhancehs2
`ttps2//ghrmjfcsyrhancehs.mcg/<
`ttps2//ghrmjfcsyrhan cehs.mcg/<4:9/4:/40/
4:9/4:/40/
kj-ijmuktjf-fh-insmjknzjmnce-fhk-hgpkhjfcr-j-
trjvhs-fh-ghfncs-neicrgjtnmcs/
Gcemjfj, ]., M, K., & Gcrhec, E. (<4:6). Gjeujk fhk
gîtcfc McTscZ-nstjs<: (vhrsnýe <) pjrj kj hvjkuj-
mnýe y kj prhvhemnýe fh kcs rnhsacs psnmcscmnjkhs he
hgprhsjs mce <8 c gês trjljbjfcrhs y trjljbjfc-
rjs. Ljrmhkcej2 N]VJ].
\cfrçauhz, M. J. (:0 fh gjyc fh <4<4). Hk thkhtrjljbc.
( V. Jrahetnej, Hetrhvnstjfcr)
Hetrhvnstjfcr)
]jkmhfc, M. (<444). Hk fhlhr fh prcthmmnýe hgprhsjrnjk
fh kj shaurnfjf y sjkuf fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs. Yjkhe-
mnj2 Vnrjet kc Lkjem`.
]jeaunehtn, Q. (<441). Hk thkhtrjljbc2 ectjs sclrh su
mjkninmjmnýe y rîanghe burçfnmc. Icrc Burçfnmc, pp.
:8:-:89. \hmuphrjfc hk :< fh buenc fh <4<4,
fh `ttp2//rhvnstjs.pump.hfu.ph/nefhx.p`p/
icrcburnfnmc/jrtnmkh/vnhw/:0690
 Vcyjgj, B., & Anrjc, B. M. (<4:6).
( <4:6). Kj ijmuktjf fh insmj-
insmj -
knzjmnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr j pjrtnr fh kjs Euhvjs
 Vhmeckcaçjs
 Vhmec kcaçjs fh kj Neicrgjmnýe. Nus Ht Yhrntjs, pp.
:19-:0>.
Ynkkj, @. (<8 fh gjyc fh <4<4). Mcefnmncehs fh trj-
ljbjfcrhs he trjljbc rhgctc. (H. Cspnej,
Hetrhvnstjfcr)
 

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

]HMMNÝE H]THMNJK

Hk ]haurc Mcgpkhghetjrnc fh Vrjljbc

fh \nhsac he tnhgpcs fhk mcrcejvnrus
\hmcecmngnhetc fhk MCYNF-:> mcgc heihrghfjf prcihsncejk pjrj kcs
shrvnfcrhs fh kj sjkuf
Nvêe TJ\ÎFHR EH^\J *
Fjenhk TJENX\J BNGÎEHR **

He hk prhsheth jrtçmukc, jejknzjrhgcs hk ]MV\

]M V\ y su jpknmjmnýe he hk hsmhejrnc fh kj pjefhgnj aheh-
aheh -
rjfj pcr hk MCYNF-:>, fcefh scsthehgcs quh hk ]MV\ tjglnîe puhfh shr mcetrjtjfc fh gjehrj
ijmuktjtnvj y quh fhlhrçj shr jpknmjfc j tcfcs kcs prcihsncejkhs fhk phrncfnsgc quh rhjknzje ne-
vhstnajmnýe fh mjgpc. Jsngnsgc, scsthehgcs quh, furjeth hk hstjfc fh hghrahemnj ejmncejk c
sjentjrnj, mujefc hk jmmnfheth cmurrj he kj hbhmumnýe fh kjs ýrfhehs fhk hgpkhjfcr, juequh hsth
`hm`c sh `jyj prcfumnfc he hk fcgnmnknc fhk trjljbjfcr, sç pcfrçj shr mcesnfhrjfc jmmnfheth fh
trjljbc, hemcetrêefcsh ljbc hk êglntc fhk ]MV\. Tcr ctrc kjfc, rhsphmtc fhk MCYNF-:>, scgcs fh
kj cpnenýe quh ec sckc fhlhrçj shr mcesnfhrjfc uej heihrghfjf prcihsncejk pjrj kcs fhk shmtcr
sjkuf, mceicrgh jk prcyhmtc fh khy jprcljfc pcr hk Mcearhsc (Trcyhmtc fh Khy E´ 84>0/<4<4-M\),
snec quh hk MCYNF-:> puhfh shr vêknfjgheth mcesnfhrjfc mcgc heihrghfjf prcihsncejk pjrj
ctrc tnpc fh trjljbjfcrhs, snhgprh quh sh jmrhfnth kj mceinaurjmnýe fhk ehxc mjusjk.

TJKJL\J] MKJYH2  ]MV\ / Jmmnfheth fh trjljbc / Heihr-
ghfjf prcihsncejk / MCYNF-:> / Trhstjmncehs fh sjkuf /  
Trhstjmncehs hmceýgnmjs.
\hmnlnfc 2  :</49/<4<4
Jprcljfc 2  :8/49/<4<4
NEV\CFXMMNÝE
He prnghr kuajr, fhlhgcs shújkjr quh hk
]haurc Mcgpkhghetjrnc fh Vrjljbc fh
\nhsac (]MV\) hs jquhk shaurc ghfnjeth hk
mujk hk hgpkhjfcr mcetrjtj j ijvcr fhk trjlj-
bjfcr ue shaurc fh sjkuf y ctrc fh phesnc-
ehs mce uej hgprhsj jshaurjfcrj, snhefc kj
hgprhsj jshaurjfcrj mcetrjtjfj kj quh sh
hemjrajrê fh ctcrajr kjs prhstjmncehs gîfn-
mjs c phesncejrnjs jk trjljbjfcr jmmnfhetjfc
c quh mcetrjbc uej heihrghfjf prcihsncejk.
Jsç, tcfc trjljbjfcr quh rhjknmh jmtnvnfjfhs
quh ngpknquhe rnhsac pjrj su sjkuf ”y quh
sh hemuhetrhe mcethgpkjfcs he hk Jehxc

* Jlcajfc kjlcrjknstj jscmnjfc fhk Hstufnc T`nknppn, Trnhtcmjrrnzcsj, Ihrrhrc

Ihrrhrc FX & Xrçj. Jlcajfc pcr kj Tcetninmnj Xenvhrsn-
fjf Mjtýknmj fhk Thrò (TXMT). Mce hstufncs fh Gjhstrçj he \hkjmncehs Kjlcrjkhs fh kj TXMT. Mce fcmtcrjfc he Fhrhm`c
yXenvhrsn
Mnhemnjs Tckçtnmjs
Xenvhrsnfjf
fjf he kj Xenvhrsnfjf
Mcgpkuthesh fh GjfrnfEjmncejk Gjycr fh ]je Gjrmcs. Hstufncs fh Tcsarjfc he \hkjmncehs Kjlcrjkhs he kj
(XMG-Hspjúj).
** Jlcajfc kjlcrjknstj jscmnjfc fhk Hstufnc T`nknppn, Trnhtcmjrrnzcsj, Ihrrhrc FX & Xrçj. Jlcajfc pcr kj Xenvhrsnfjf Ejmnc-
ejk Gjycr fh ]je Gjrmcs. Mursj kj Gjhstrçj he Fhrhm`c Mcestntumncejk he kj Tcetninmnj Xenvhrsnfjf Mjtýknmj fhk Thrò.

=6  pp. =6-6< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]


8 fh fhk rhakjghetc fh kj Khy <91>4” fhlh
thehr kj mclhrturj fhk ]MV\, snhefc hsth
òktngc jfnmncejk jk ]haurc ]cmnjk he ]jkuf
(Hs]jkuf c uej HT]) c hk snsthgj phesncejrnc
he hk quh sh hemuhetrh nesmrntc (JIT u CET).
He hihmtc, hsth shaurc hs jfnmncejk y fh
muhetj hxmkusnvj fhk hgpkhjfcr, pcr kc
quh hk trjljbjfcr ec tnheh quh rhjknzjr
pjac jkauec pjrj su susmrnpmnýe y tjg-
pcmc tnheh quh rhjknzjr eneaòe tnpc fh
mcpjac j kj hgprhsj jshaurjfcrj pjrj
`jmhr hihmtnvjs sus jthemncehs gîfnmjs c
phesncejrnjs.
Jsç, ghfnjeth hk prhsheth jrtçmukc, jlcrfj-
rhgcs muêkhs sce kjs jmtnvnfjfhs quh hstêe
mcgprhefnfjs ljbc kj mclhrturj clknajtc-
rnj fhk ]MV\,
]M V\, muêkhs sce kjs prhstjmncehs quh
ctcraj y kj mcetrjtjmnýe fh îsth fh gjehrj
ijmuktjtnvj. Jsngnsgc, `hgcs mcesnfhrjfc
ehmhsjrnc fhsjrrckkjr kj mclhrturj fhk ]MV\
pjrj kcs prcihsncejkhs fhk phrncfnsgc, puhs
tjetc hstcs prcihsncejkhs mcgc sus hgpkhj-
fcrhs ”jk pjrhmhr” ec tnhehe mcecmngnhetc
fh quh hxnsth kj clknajmnýe khajk fh mcetjr
mce fnm`j mclhrturj, fjfc quh ec kc vnhehe
jpknmjefc. Tcr ctrc kjfc, ue thgj jmtujk y
fh nehkufnlkh fhsjrrckkc hs fhthrgnejr sn hk
]MV\ puhfh shr jmtnvjfc pjrj mjscs fh jmmn-
fheths cmurrnfcs he kj hbhmumnýe fhk trjljbc
rhgctc
ejmncejkfurjeth hk hstjfc
c sjentjrnj. fh hghrahemnj
Inejkgheth, jejknzjrh-
gcs kj heihrghfjf fhk mcrcejvnrus (MCYNF-
:>) mcgc heihrghfjf prcihsncejk y su rhmc-
ecmngnhetc fh hsth he euhstrj khanskjmnýe
mcgc tjk pjrj kcs shrvnfcrhs fh kj sjkuf, trj-
yhefc j mckjmnýe mýgc sh `j khanskjfc j
hstj heihrghfjf he Jgîrnmj Kjtnej y euhs-
trj prcpuhstj.
N. 󰂳ZXÎ JMVNY
JMVNYNFJFH]
NFJFH] H]VÊE MCG󰀧
T\HEFNFJ] LJBC KJ MCLH\VX\J
CLKNAJVC\NJ FHK ]MV\3
Tjrj fhthrgnejr kj clknajmnýe fh mcetrjtjr hk
]MV\, kc prnemnpjk shrê nfhetninmjr hk tnpc fh
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. =6-6<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   =8
NEIC\GH H]THMNJK
jmtnvnfjf quh rhjknzj kj hgprhsj, nefhphe-
fnhethgheth fh quh hstj shj c ec kj jmtnvn-
jm tnvn-
fjf prnemnpjk.
Jsç, pjrj hstjlkhmhr hk tnpc fh jmtnvnfjf quh
fhlh hstjr mulnhrtj pcr ]MV\, thehgcs quh
rhgntnrecs jk Jehxc E² 8 fhk \hakjghetc fh
kj Khy <91>4, jprcljfc ghfnjeth Fhmrhtc
]uprhgc E² 44>->1-]J, fcefh sh mcethg-
pkj ue knstjfc fh jmtnvnfjfhs mjkninmjfjs
mcgc rnhsacsjs, hetrh kjs mujkhs pcfhgcs
hemcetrjr kjs fh hxtrjmmnýe gnehrj, ijlrn-
mjmnýe fh prcfumtcs quçgnmcs, kngpnhzj,
sjkuf y ctrcs.
He kj ghfnfj he quh hstj knstj ec mce-
thgpkj kj tctjknfjf fh jmtnvnfjfhs fh
rnhsac nfhetninmjfjs j euhstrj rhjknfjf
ejmncejk,
ajefc ctrcghfnjeth
tnpc fh khyhs sh iuhrce
jmtnvnfjfhs, jarh-
mcgc hs
hk mjsc fh kcs phrncfnstjs c hk mjsc fh kj
Khy E´ =4608 ghfnjeth kj mujk sh nemcr-
pcrj jk phrscejk quh kjlcrj he hk gjethen-
gnhetc fhk crfhe pòlknmc y fh shaurnfjf
(]hrhejzac).
NN.. 󰂳ZXÎ T\H]VJMNCEH]
NN T\H]VJMNCEH] CVC\AJ
CVC\AJ HK
]MV\3
Fh mceicrgnfjf mce kc hstjlkhmnfc he kj
Khy E´ <91>4 y sus mcgpkhghetjrnjs, kjs
prhstjmncehs quh ctcraj hk ]MV\ sh fnvn-
fhe he fcs arjefhs arupcs2 kjs prhstj-
mncehs fh sjkuf y kjs prhstjmncehs hmceý-
gnmjs, mjfj uej mce rhakjs y ejturjkhzj
fnstnetjs.
:. Kjs prhstjmncehs fh sjkuf
Kjs prhstjmncehs fh sjkuf mulrhe kjs jthe-
mncehs gîfnmjs, kj rh`jlnkntjmnýe, jfjptjmnýe
kjlcrjk y kj hetrhaj fh jpjrjtcs fh prýthsns
y crtcpîfnmcs ehmhsjrncs jk jshaurjfc. Tjrj
quh kcs trjljbjfcrhs quh kjlcrhe he jmtn-
vnfjfhs fh rnhsac theaje fhrhm`c j hstjs
prhstjmncehs, hk hgpkhjfcr tnheh quh mce-
trjtjr ue shaurc fh ]MV\-]jkuf mce Hs]jkuf

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
c uej HT]. Hsth shaurc ec mulrh kcs sulsn-
fncs hmceýgnmcs quh sce pcr muhetj fhk
]haurc ]cmnjk fh ]jkuf.
Kcs jpcrths quhfje hxmkusnvjgheth j mjrac
fhk hgpkhjfcr (sne quh sh puhfje jsnaejr
mjrhemnjs c mcpjacs j mjrac fhk trjljbj-
fcr), kcs gnsgcs quh sce hstjlkhmnfcs fh
jmuhrfc mce kcs tjrnijrncs quh fhthrgneh
mjfj hetnfjf. Kjs rhtrnlumncehs j kjs HT] c
kjs mcgpjúçjs fh shaurcs fhlhe quhfjr
hstjlkhmnfjs knlrhgheth.
<. Kjs prhstjmncehs hmceýgnmjs
Kjs prhstjmncehs hmceýgnmjs gçengjs
quh hstjlkhmh kj Khy E´ <91>4, y sus ecr-
gjs mcgpkhghetjrnjs sce2 kjs nefhgen-
zjmncehs, kjs phesncehs fh nevjknfhz, kjs
phesncehs fh sclrhvnvhemnj y kcs ajstcs
fh shphknc. Hk tnpc fh prhstjmnýe quh sh kh
fî jk trjljbjfcr fhphefhrê fhk arjfc fh
ghecsmjlc quh suirj mcgc mceshmuhe-
mnj fhk jmmnfheth fh trjljbc c kj heihrgh-
fjf prcihsncejk.
Tjrj quh kcs trjljbjfcrhs quh kjlcrhe he
jmtnvnfjfhs fh rnhsac theaje fhrhm`c j
hstjs prhstjmncehs, hk hgpkhjfcr tnheh quh
mcetrjtjr ue shaurc fh ]MV\-Thesnýe mce
uej jshaurjfcrj c mce kj Cinmnej fh Ecr-
gjknzjmnýe Trhvnsncejk-CET jmtujefc mcgc
hgprhsj jshaurjfcrj.
NNN. 󰂳]H TXHFH MCEV\JV
MCEV\JVJ\ J\ HK ]MV\ FH
GJEH\J IJMXKVJVNYJ3
Kj rhspuhstj hs jinrgjtnvj. Jsç, fh hemcetrjr-
ecs jeth hk supuhstc he hk quh, phsh j mjknin-
mjr uej jmtnvnfjf mcgc uej fh jktc rnhsac,
y hstj ec sh hemuhetrh mcethgpkjfj he hk
Jehxc 8 fhk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 44>->1-V\,
ecsctrcs mcesnfhrjgcs quh hs rhmcghefj-
lkh mcetrjtjr j ijvcr fhk trjljbjfcr hk ]MV\,
hkkc j ine fh quh fnm`c shaurc puhfj jsu-
gnr kj mcetneahemnj he hk supuhstc fh mce-
inaurjrsh ue jmmnfheth fh trjljbc c heihr-
ghfjf prcihsncejk.
=9  pp. =6-6< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
Kj jushemnj fh ue mcetrjtc fhk
]MV\ òenmjgheth ahehrjrê rhs-
pcesjlnknfjf pjrj kcs mjscs he
kcs mujkhs kj jinknjmnýe j hsth mce-
 trjtc
 trjtc hs clknajtcrnj .
Jsç, kj mcetrjtjmnýe fhk ]MV\ j ijvcr fh kcs
trjljbjfcrhs quh rhjknmhe jmtnvnfjfhs fh
jktc rnhsac ec mcethgpkjfjs he hk Jehxc
8 fhk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 44>->1-V\ sh
hemuhetrj `jlnkntjfj he hk òktngc pêrrjic
fhk jrtçmukc 1 fh kjs Ecrgjs Vîmenmjs fhk
]MV\, he hk mujk sh shújkj quh2
  Kj Hetnfjf Hgpkhjfcrj puhfh cptjr
pcr hxthefhr hk shaurc mcgpkhghetjrnc
fh trjljbc fh rnhsac j kcs trjljbjfcrhs
quh ec theaje kj mjknfjf fh jshaurj-
fcs clknajtcrncs, he muyc mjsc kjs hetn-
fjfhs rhihrnfjs he hk jrtçmukc jethrncr ec
pcfrêe ehajrsh j ctcrajr kj mclhrturj
scknmntjfj.
Mjlh prhmnsjr quh kj jushemnj fh ue mce-
trjtc fhk ]MV\ òenmjgheth ahehrjrê rhs-
pcesjlnknfjf pjrj kcs mjscs he kcs mujkhs
kj jinknjmnýe j hsth mcetrjtc hs clknajtcrnj
(jmtnvnfjfhs mcethgpkjfjs he hk Jehxc
8 fhk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 44>->1.V\)? sne
hgljrac, su susmrnpmnýe ijmuktjtnvj rhfumh
hk rnhsac fh quh hk hgpkhjfcr jsugj
pjsnvcs pcr jmmnfheths fh trjljbc cmurrn-
fcs fhetrc fh kj hgprhsj c mce cmjsnc-
ehs fhk mugpkngnhetc fh kjs iuemncehs fhk
trjljbjfcr.
NY. 󰂳KC] T\CIH]NCEJKH] FHK TH\NC󰀧
FN]GC H]VÊE MXLNH\VC] TC\ HK
]MV\3
Kj Trhesj he hk hsmhejrnc fh kj pjefhgnj fhk
MCYNF-:>, sjkvc guy jnskjfjs hxmhpmncehs,

vnheh buajefc ue rck guy ngpcrtjeth he su
iuemnýe fh gjethehrecs neicrgjfcs sclrh
kj jmtujknfjf fh kj rhjknfjf phrujej y gue-
fnjk, neicrgêefcecs sclrh hk eòghrc fh
mcetjanjfcs, kj prclkhgêtnmj quh jircetj
euhstrc snsthgj fh sjkuf, hk hstjfc fh kcs
fnvhrscs kuajrhs jkrhfhfcr fhk pjçs, kcs cph-
rjtnvcs pcknmnjkhs quh sh vnhehe kkhvjefc j
mjlc pjrj fjr hihmtnvnfjf jk hstjfc fh hghr-
ahemnj ejmncejk y ctrcs jsphmtcs fh trjsmhe-
fhemnj fnjrnj.
Hs prhmnsjgheth he hk hbhrmnmnc fh sus iue-
mncehs quh kcs rhpcrthrcs fh kj Trhesj
`jlkjfj y hsmrntj hstêe he mcestjeth rnhsac,
`hm`c quh `j kkhvjfc j quh j kj ihm`j the-
ajgcs ectnmnjs fh ue phrncfnstj ijkkhmnfc
pcr hk MCYNF-:> y ue mjgjrýarjic mce hk
fnjaeýstnmc pcsntnvc
Jsç, pcr kjghetjlkh quhfhpjrhzmj,
hstj heihrghfjf.
pjrj kcs trj-
ljbjfcrhs fh prhesj, hk hstjr gês mhrmj j kj
ectnmnj ngpknmj hstjr gês mhrmj jk phknarc, ec
sckc fh mcetrjhr kj heihrghfjf fhk MCYNF-
:> quh ecs jaclnj, snec tjglnîe fh suirnr
jmmnfheths c heihrghfjfhs vnemukjfcs j su
trjljbc.
Jsç, he rjzýe jk negneheth rnhsac quh ngpknmj
kj kjlcr fh kj prhesj fh mjgpc, ghfnjeth
kj Khy E´ <040: he hk júc <44=, sh nemcr-
pcrý j hsth rulrc prcihsncejk mcgc uej
jmtnvnfjf
tjr mce uequh ehmhsjrnjgheth
]haurc fhlçj
Mcgpkhghetjrnc fhmce-
Vrj-
ljbc fh \nhsac (]MV\). Kj ecrgj hxprhsj-
gheth shújký quh2
  Kcs jinknjfcs rhaukjrhs c pcthstjtnvcs fhk
\îanghe Mcetrnlutnvc fh kj ]haurnfjf
]cmnjk he ]jkuf quh fhsjrrckkhe jmtnvn-
fjfhs mcgc prcihsncejk he phrncfnsgc
y mjgjrýarjics fh kj prhesj thkhvnsnvj,
rjfnjk y hsmrntj quh sh fhfnmje j kj nevhs-
tnajmnýe fh mjgpc quh ngpknquh rnhsac
pjrj su vnfj y sjkuf, tnhehe kj mclhrturj
jfnmncejk fhk ]haurc Mcgpkhghetjrnc
fh Vrjljbc fh \nhsac.
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. =6-6<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   =1
NEIC\GH H]THMNJK
Thsh j quh kcs prcihsncejkhs fh
phrncfnsgc fhlhe hstjr mulnhr-
 tcs mce hk ]MV\, `hgcs pcfnfc
jfvhrtnr quh he kcs `hm`cs ue
arje shmtcr fh hkkcs en snqunhrj
 tnhehe mcecmngnhetc fh quh khs
mcrrhspcefh kj mclhrturj fh hsth
shaurc .
Tcr hkkc, ec sckc kjs jmtnvnfjfhs fh rnhsac
mcethgpkjfjs he hk Jehxc 8 fhk Fhmrhtc
]uprhgc E´ 44>->1-]J (\hakjghetc fh
kj Khy fh Gcfhrenzjmnýe fh kj ]haurnfjf
]cmnjk fh ]jkuf), hetrh ctrjs, hstêe mcg-
prhefnfjs he hk ]MV\, snec quh pcr ecr-
gjs hsphmnjkhs sh `je nfc nemkuyhefc
ctrjs jmtnvnfjfhs, mcgc he hk mjsc fh kcs
prcihsncejkhs he phrncfnsgc y mjgjrýarj-
ics fh kj prhesj thkhvnsnvj, rjfnjk y hsmrntj
quh sh fhfnmje j kj nevhstnajmnýe fh
mjgpc, qunhehs jmtujkgheth sh hemuhe-
trje he kjs mjkkhs pcenhefc he rnhsac su
sjkuf jk hxpcehrsh j mcetrjhr kj heihrgh-
fjf fhk MCYNF-:>.
J`crj lnhe, phsh j quh kcs prcihsncej-
khs fh phrncfnsgc fhlhe hstjr mulnhrtcs
mce hk ]MV\, `hgcs pcfnfc jfvhrtnr quh
he kcs `hm`cs ue arje shmtcr fh hkkcs en
snqunhrj tnhehe mcecmngnhetc fh quh khs
mcrrhspcefh kj mclhrturj fh hsth shaurc,
hemcetrêefcsh sus hgpkhjfcrhs he ue
hsmhejrnc fh hvnfheth nemugpkngnhetc
fh prcthmmnýe fh sus trjljbjfcrhs, gês
jòe sn pcr sus kjlcrhs
kj lcrhs fh mjgpc sce gês
prcphescs j mcetrjhr kj heihrghfjf fhk
MCYNF-:>.

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
Y. 󰂳HK ]MV\ TXHFH ]H\ JMVNYJFC
JMVNYJFC
TJ\J MJ]C] FH JMMNFHEVH] CMX󰀧
\\NFC] HE KJ HBHMXMNÝE FHK V\J󰀧
LJBC \HGCVC \HJKNRJFC FX\JEVH
HK H]VJFC FH HGH\AHEMNJ EJMNC󰀧
EJK C ]JENVJ\NJ3
Euhstrj khanskjmnýe `j hethefnfc hk jmmn-
fheth fh trjljbc mcgc tcfc jquhk sumhsc
rhphetnec quh sclrhvheaj pcr mjusj c  c mce
cmjsnýe fhk trjljbc y quh prcfuzmj he hk trj-
ljbjfcr uej khsnýe craêenmj, uej phrturljmnýe
iuemncejk, uej nevjknfhz c kj guhrth. Jsç, sh `j
`hm`c îeijsns he quh hs tjglnîe jmmnfheth
fh trjljbc jquhk quh sh prcfumh furjeth
kj hbhmumnýe fh ýrfhehs fhk hgpkhjfcr,
c furjeth kj hbhmumnýe fh uej kjlcr ljbc su
jutcrnfjf, jue hemcetrêefcsh hk trjljbjfcr
iuhrj fhk kuajr y `crjs fh trjljbc .
 Vcfc `hm`c fjúcsc j kj sjkuf
 Vcfc
fhk trjljbjfcr prcfumnfc furjeth
kj hbhmumnýe fh kjs kjlcrhs hemc-
ghefjfjs pcr hk hgpkhjfcr,
nefhphefnhethgheth fhk hspj-
mnc içsnmc he hk quh sh hemuhetrh,
shrê
fh trjljbc .  mcgc jmmn-
fhethmcesnfhrjfc
He hsh shetnfc, tcfc `hm`c fjúcsc j kj
sjkuf fhk trjljbjfcr prcfumnfc furjeth kj
hbhmumnýe fh kjs kjlcrhs hemcghefjfjs
pcr hk hgpkhjfcr
hgpkhjfcr,, nefhphefnhethgheth
fhk hspjmnc içsnmc he hk quh sh hemuhetrh,
shrê mcesnfhrjfc mcgc jmmnfheth fh trj-
ljbc. J`crj lnhe, rhsphmtc jk mjsc hsph-
mçinmc fhk trjljbc rhgctc quh sh rhjknzj
furjeth hk hstjfc fh hghrahemnj ejmnc-
ejk, `jy qunhehs scstnhehe quh, fh cmurrnr
=0  pp. =6-6< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
ue snenhstrc, hsth shrçj rhspcesjlnknfjf
sckc fhk trjljbjfcr y ec fh kj hgprhsj?
sne hgljrac, ec mcgpjrtngcs hsj
cpnenýe.
J euhstrc hethefhr, mujefc hk jmmnfheth
cmurrj he kj hstrnmtj hbhmumnýe fh kjs ýrfh-
ehs fhk hgpkhjfcr, juequh hsth `hm`c sh
`jyj prcfumnfc he hk fcgnmnknc fhk trjljbj-
fcr,, sç sh pcfrê mcesnfhrjr jmmnfheth fh trj-
fcr
ljbc. Euhstrj cpnenýe tnheh susthetc he
hk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 4:4-<4<4-V\, quh
fhsjrrckkj fnspcsnmncehs pjrj hk trjljbc
rhgctc he hk ]hmtcr Trnvjfc, inaurj quh
hs rhaukjfj ghfnjeth Fhmrhtc fh Xrahe-
mnj E´ 4<9-<4<4, Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj quh
hstjlkhmh ghfnfjs hxmhpmncejkhs y thg-
pcrjkhs pjrj prhvhenr kj prcpjajmnýe fhk
MCYNF-:>. Jsç, sh prhmnsj
fcr fhlh ‛hsphmninmjr quh jhktrjvîs
hk mjejk hgpkhj-
fhk
mujk hk/ kj trjljbjfcr/j puhfj mcguen-
mjrkh sclrh kcs rnhsacs jfnmncejkhs quh
nfhetninquh y quh ec sh `jyje jfvhrtnfc
prhvnjgheth, c kcs jmmnfheths fh trjljbc
quh `ulnhrje cmurrnfc gnhetrjs sh rhjknmh
hk trjljbc rhgctc mce hk clbhtc fh quh hk/kj
hgpkhjfcr/j kh nefnquh kjs ghfnfjs‗
g hfnfjs‗..
Mcgc sh pcfrê jprhmnjr, fh uej nethrprh-
tjmnýe snsthgêtnmj fh kjs ecrgjs, jk fjrkh
kj cpmnýe jk trjljbjfcr fh quh hsphmninquh
kcs rnhsacs he kcs quhyshjk hemuhetrj kjlc-
rjefc rhgctjgheth fjrkh kj cpmnýe
fh mcguenmjr kcs jmmnfheths fh trjljbc
quh cmurrje furjeth kjs kjlcrhs rhgctjs
hbhmutjfjs furjeth hk hstjfc fh hghr-
ahemnj ejmncejk c sjentjrnj, hstê mcevjkn-
fjefc quh puhfhe hxnstnr rnhsacs y jmmn-
fheths quh jk cmurrnr gnhetrjs sh trjljbj
rhgctjgheth, shje mcesnfhrjfcs jmmn-
fheths fh trjljbc y, pcr hefh, mulnhrtcs
pcr hk ]MV\.
Tcr ctrc kjfc, hs ngpcrtjeth quh kjs hgprh-
sjs, thenhefc he muhetj hk prnemnpnc fh prh-
vhemnýe, hstjlkhmnfc he kj Khy E´ <>10=
(Khy fh ]haurnfjf y ]jkuf he hk Vrjljbc)

y sus gcfninmjtcrnjs, mugpkje mce sus
clknajmncehs fh neicrgjr j kcs trjljbj-
fcrhs sclrh kjs ghfnfjs y mcefnmncehs
fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc quh
fhlhe clshrvjrsh furjeth hk fhsjrrc-
kkc fhk trjljbc rhgctc y sh mugpkj mce
kjs fnrhmtnvjs hstjlkhmnfjs pcr hk Fhmrhtc
]uprhgc E´ 4:4-<4<4-V\. Jsç, kcs hgpkhj-
fcrhs fhlhe mugpknr mce n) Neicrgjr jk trj-
ljbjfcr j trjvîs fh scpcrth içsnmc c fnan-
tjk quh phrgntj fhbjr mcestjemnj fh su
fhlnfj mcguenmjmnýe, kjs ghfnfjs, mcefn-
mncehs y rhmcghefjmncehs fh shaurnfjf
y sjkuf he hk trjljbc quh
qu h fhlhrê clshrvjr
furjeth kj hbhmumnýe fhk trjljbc rhgctc,
nemkuyhefc jquhkkjs ghfnfjs quh hk trj-
ljbjfcr fhlh clshrvjr pjrj hkngnejr c
rhfumnr kcs rnhsacs gês irhmuheths he hk
hgpkhc fhk trjljbc rhgctc? y, nn) hsphmnin-
mjr hk mjejk j trjvîs fhk mujk hk trjljbjfcr
puhfj mcguenmjr jk hgpkhjfcr sclrh kcs
rnhsacs jfnmncejkhs quh nfhetninquh y quh
ec sh `jyje jfvhrtnfc prhvnjgheth, c kcs
jmmnfheths fh trjljbc quh `ulnhrje cmu-
rrnfc gnhetrjs sh rhjknmh hk trjljbc rhgctc
mce hk clbhtc fh quh hk hgpkhjfcr kh nefn-
quh kjs ghfnfjs phrtneheths j tcgjr.
 Ynemukjfc jk puetc jethrncr, sn hk jmmnfheth
jmm nfheth
sh fj mcgc mceshmuhemnj fh kj neclshr-
vjemnj fh kjs fnrhmtrnmhs hstjlkhmnfjs pcr
hk hgpkhjfcr, hsth hvhetc fjúcsc sh vhrçj
hxmkunfc fh kj prcthmmnýe fhk ]MV\, hkkc
fhlnfc j quh hk nemnsc m) fhk jrtçmukc < fh
kjs Ecrgjs Vîmenmjs yj jkufnfjs hstjlkhmhe
fh gjehrj hxprhsj quh ec mcestntuyh jmmn-
fheth fh trjljbc2 ‛Hk quh sh prcfuzmj mcgc
mceshmuhemnj fhk nemugpkngnhetc fhk trjlj-
 bjfcr fh uej crfhe
crfhe hsmrntj hsphmçinmj ngpjr-
ngpjr-
tnfj pcr hk hgpkhjfcr‗.
Inejkgheth, hs ngpcrtjeth mcesnfhrjr quh,
sn hk phrscejk quh rhjknzj trjljbc rhgctc
furjeth hk phrncfc quh furh hk hstjfc fh
hghrahemnj ejmncejk c sjentjrnj tnheh kj
mclhrturj fhk ]MV\, kj hemjrajfj fh jsugnr
kjs mcetneahemnjs fhrnvjfjs fhk jmmnfheth
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. =6-6<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   =>
NEIC\GH H]THMNJK
fh trjljbc shrê kj hgprhsj jshaurjfcrj mce
kj quh hk hgpkhjfcr theçj vnaheth hk mce-
trjtc fh ]MV\ jk gcghetc fh prcfumnrsh
fnm`c jmmnfheth fh trjljbc.
YN. 󰂳HK
]H\ MC\CEJYN\X]
MMJKNINMJFC
C\CEJYN\X] MCYNF󰀧:>
MCGC TXHFH
XEJ HEIH\󰀧
GHFJF T\CIH]NCEJK3
He euhstrj cpnenýe kj rhspuhstj hs jinrgj-
tnvj. Tjrj hkkc, hs prhmnsc thehr prhsheth quh
shaòe kjs Ecrgjs Vîmenmjs fhk ]MV\2 ‛(…)
sh hetnhefh mcgc heihrghfjf prcihsncejk
tcfc hstjfc pjtckýanmc phrgjeheth c thgpc-
rjk quh sclrhvnheh jk trjljbjfcr mcgc mce-
shmuhemnj fnrhmtj fh kj mkjsh fh trjljbc quh
fhshgphúj c fh ghfnc he quh sh `j vnstc
clknajfc j trjljbjr‗.
Jsç, pjrj quh sh mceinaurh uej heihrgh-
fjf prcihsncejk hk hkhghetc iuefjghe-
tjk hs kj mceinaurjmnýe fh ue ehxc mjusjk.
He hihmtc, hk Vrnluejk Mcestntumncejk he kj
]VM E´ <8:=-<441-TJ/VM prhmnsý quh pjrj
quh sh mceinaurh
m ceinaurh uej heihrghfjf prcihsnc-
ejk fhlh hxnstnr kj rhkjmnýe fh mjusj-hihmtc,
hetrh kjs jmtnvnfjfhs quh rhjknzj hk trjljbj-
fcr y kj heihrghfjf jkhajfj. Fh ec hxns-
tnr rhkjmnýe hetrh kjs iuemncehs rhjknzjfjs
pcr hk trjljbjfcr (hetnîefjsh pcr crfhe
hxprhsj fh su hgpkhjfcr) y kj heihrghfjf
jkhajfj, ec hstjgcs jeth uej heihrghfjf
prcihsncejk.
 Jeth kj rhjknzjmnýe   fh jmtnvn-
fjfhs quh ngpknmje uej hxpcsn-
mnýe j phrscejs mce hk mcrcej-
vnrus, pcr hk kuajr fcefh rhjknzje
sus kjlcrhs, pcfhgcs mjtjkcajr
 vêknfjgheth
 vêknfjghe th jk MCYNF-:> mcgc
heihrghfjf prcihsncejk .
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

Tcr hkkc, nefhphefnhethgheth fh quh YNN. HK \HMC ECM NGNH EVC KHA JK
uej heihrghfjf ec sh hemuhetrh mce- 󲀝HPT\H]C󲀝 FHK MCYNF󰀧:> MCGC
thgpkjfj he hk knstjfc hkjlcrjfc pcr hk HEIH\GHFJF T\CIH]NCEJK
Gnensthrnc fh ]jkuf, fh mcgprcljrsh kj
Mcgc kc `hgcs gjenihstjfc jethrncr-
hxnsthemnj fhk ehxc mjusjk,   sç pcfrhgcs
gheth, hk MCYNF-:> pcfrê shr mcesnfhrjfc
`jlkjr vêknfjgheth fh kj hxnsthemnj fh
uej heihrghfjf prcihsncejk, tjk hs jsç quh mcgc uej heihrghfjf cmupjmncejk snhgprh
quh sh jmrhfnth kj mceinaurjmnýe fhk ehxc
he kjs Ecrgjs Vîmenmjs fhk ]MV\ (Fhmrhtc
mjusjk. Ljbc hstj prhgnsj, kcs jmtujkhs neth-
]uprhgc E´ 44=->0-]J) sh prhmnsj he su
arjeths fhk Mcearhsc fh kj \hpòlknmj jprc-
jrtçmukc = quh2 ‛He mjsc quh uej heihr-
ljrce pcr uejengnfjf hk Trcyhmtc fh Khy
ghfjf ec jpjrhzmj he kj Vjlkj fh Heihr-
E´ 84>0/<4<4-M\, hk gnsgc quh shújký
ghfjfhs Trcihsncejkhs j quh sh rhinhrh
thxtujkgheth kc snaunheth2 ‛\hmceýmhsh
hk pjrêarjic jethrncr, phrc sh fhguhstrh
kj heihrghfjf mjusjfj pcr hk MCYNF-:>
quh hxnsth rhkjmnýe fh mjusjknfjf mce kj
mcgc uej heihrghfjf prcihsncejk fh kcs
mkjsh fh trjljbc quh fhshgphúj hk trjlj-
shrvnfcrhs fh kj sjkuf <‗.
 bjfcr
 bj fcr c hk jg
jglnh
lnhet
ethh he qu
quhh kjl
kjlcrj
crj,, sh
shrê
rê
rhmcecmnfj mcgc Heihrghfjf Trcihsncejk Jk rhsphmtc, sn lnhe hk rhmcecmngnhetc
(…)‗. hxprhsc fh hstj heihrghfjf hs ue sus-
He mceshmuhemnj, mcesnfhrjefc quh hk thetc vêknfc pjrj scknmntjr kjs prhstjmnc-
]MV\ tnheh mcgc clbhtc fjr mclhrturj ehs gîfnmjs y/c phesncejrnjs fhrnvjfjs
netharjk j kcs rnhsacs j kcs quh hk trjlj- fhk ]MV\, mcesnfhrjgcs quh kj tîmenmj
 bjfcr
 bjf cr sh hem
hemuhe
uhetrj
trj hxp
hxpuhs
uhstc
tc pcr kj kjl
kjlcr
cr khanskjtnvj usjfj pjrj hk rhmcecmngnhetc
quh rhjknzj, c mcgc kj ecrgj shújkj, hk fhk MCYNF-:> mcgc heihrghfjf cmupj-
ghfnc he hk quh sh `j vnstc ‛clknajfc j mncejk ec `j snfc kj jfhmujfj, fjfc quh
trjljbjr‗? pcfhgcs jinrgjr vêknfjgheth he kcs `hm`cs, su jpknmjmnýe, khbcs fh lrne-
quh jeth kj rhjknzjmnýe fh jmtnvnfjfhs quh fjr prcthmmnýe netharjk, hxmkunrçj j gum`js
ngpknmje uej hxpcsnmnýe j phrscejs mce hk phrscejs fhk lhehinmnc fhk ]MV\. Fh hsj
mcrcejvnrus MCYNF-:>, pcr hk kuajr fcefh gjehrj, ljbc kj rhfjmmnýe jmtujk fh kj
rhjknzje sus kjlcrhs, pcfhgcs mjtjkcajr ecrgj, sh pcfrçj jkhajr quh hk MCYNF-:>
vêknfjgheth jk MCYNF-:> mcgc heihrgh- òenmjgheth puhfh shr mcesnfhrjfc mcgc
fjf prcihsncejk. uej heihrghfjf
fh kcs cmupjmncejk
trjljbjfcrhs pjrj
fh kj sjkuf quhkcsjmrhfn-
mjscs
Inejkgheth, hs ngpcrtjeth prhmnsjr quh kj the hk ehxc mjusjk, fhsmjrtjefc su jpknmj-
CNV tjglnîe sh nemknej j mjkninmjr jk MCYNF-:> mnýe pjrj kcs fhgês trjljbjfcrhs (phrnc-
mcgc uej heihrghfjf cmupjmncejk, snhg- fnstjs, phrscejk fh shrhejzac, hetrh ctrcs),
prh quh hstj sh `jyj jfqunrnfc he jmtnvnfj- nefhphefnhethgheth fh kj mceinaurjmnýe c
fhs rhkjmncejfjs mce hk trjljbc:. ec fhk ehxc mjusjk.

: Hxtrjçfc fh2 `ttps2//ww

`ttps2//www.nkc.cra/wmgsp8/arcups/pulknm/---hf
w.nkc.cra/wmgsp8/arcups/pulknm/---hfSecrg/---ecrg
Secrg/---ecrghs/fcmughets/
hs/fcmughets/pulknmjtnce/wmgsS1=
pulknmjtnce/wmgsS1=>>=>.
>>=>.

< pfi 
Mce ihm`j :0 fh buenc fhk <4<4, ue fçj jeths fh mnhrrh fhk prhsheth eòghrc, sh pulknmý kj Khy E´ =:4<8, j trjvîs fhk mujk
sh mcesnfhrý jk MCYNF-:> mcgc heihrghfjf prcihsncejk
prcihsncejk fh kcs shrvnfcrhs fh kj sjkuf.

64  pp. =6-6< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

 

NEIC\GH H]THMNJK

He hsh shetnfc, hs ngpcrtjeth rhsjktjr quh he Kjtnecjgîrnmj kj rhaukjmnýe vnemukjfj j hsth

jsphmtc tjglnîe `j thenfc fnihrhemnjs gjrmjfjs, tjk mcgc snethtnzjgcs he hk snaunheth
mujfrc2

MCYNF-:> HE KJVNEC
KJVNECJGÎ\NMJ
JGÎ\NMJ

Kj ]uphrnethefhemnj fh ]haurnfjf ]cmnjk `j fhthrgnejfc quh kjs fheuemnjs nefnvnfujkhs fh

M@NKH heihrghfjf prcihsncejk (FNHT) quh `ulnhrhe snfc prhshetjfjs mce cmjsnýe fhk MCYNF-:>, ec
Fnmtjghe ::<6-<4<4 pcfrêe shr mjkninmjfjs mcgc fh crnahe kjlcrjk. He kcs mjscs quh sç sh pufnhrh hstjlkhmhr kj trjzj-
lnknfjf fhk mcetjanc fh mcrcejvn
mcrcejvnrus,
rus, pcfrê shr mcesnfhrjfj uej heihrghfjf kjlcrjk.

J\AHEVNEJ Kj heihrghfjf MCYNF-:> sh mcesnfhrjrê prhsuetnvjgheth

prhsuetnvjgheth uej heihrghfjf fh mjrêmthr prcih-
Fhmrhtc =91/<4<4 sncejk ”ec knstjfj” pjrj trjljbjfcrhs quh rhjknmhe jmtnvnfjfhs hshemnjkhs.

HMXJFC\ Fhthrgnej quh kj heihrghfjf mcrcejvnrus (MCYNF-:>) ec mcestntuyh ue jmmnfheth fh trjljbc

\hsckumnýe GFV <4<4-4<< c heihrghfjf prcihsncejk he vnrtuf fh quh kj gnsgj iuh rhmcecmnfj mcgc pjefhgnj pcr kj
CG]<.

L\J]NK Hk mcrcejvnrus MCYNF-:> ec hs mcesnfhrjfc uej heihrghfjf prcihsncejk,

prcihsncejk, hxmhptc sn sh jmrhfntj
Ghfnfj Trcvnscrnj ><1 hk ehxc mjusjk=.

MCKCGLNJ \hmcecmh hk MCYNF-:> mcgc heihrghfjf kjlcrjk fnrhmtj, rhsphmtc fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs fhk
Fhmrhtc 8=0 fh <4<4 shmtcr sjkuf, nemkuyhefc jk phrscejk jfgnenstrjtnvc.
jfgnenstrjtnvc.

Mcgc sh pcfrê jprhmnjr, fh kj rhaukjmnýe mcgpjrjmnýe mce kcs fhgês crfhejgnhetcs

fhk MCYNF-:> mcgc heihrghfjf prcihsncejk
he Jgîrnmj Kjtnej, thehgcs trhs thefhemnjs2
n) ]h cptj pcr prhsugnr jk MCYNF-:> mcgc
heihrghfjf prcihsncejk pjrj mjscs fhk phr-
scejk gîfnmc c jfgnenstrjtnvc quh trjljbhe
he `cspntjkhs? nn) sh hstjlkhmh quh sckc pcfrê
shr mcesnfhrjfj heihrghfjf prcihsncejk
pjrj mjscs mcgprcljfcs, hetnîefjsh ljbc
kj thcrçj fhk ehxc mjusjk? y, nnn) sh rhmcecmh
jk MCYNF-:> mcgc uej heihrghfjf cmupj-
mncejk pjrj hk mjsc fh trjljbjfcrhs fh jmtn-
vnfjfhs hshemnjkhs (hetnîefjsh, ec sckc hk
phrscejk fh kj sjkuf).=6
J`crj lnhe, j pjrtnr fhk jeêknsns fh kj ecrgj-
tnvj hxpuhstj, sh pcfrê jprhmnjr quh hk Trc-
yhmtc fh Khy E´ 84>0/<4<4-M\, jprcljfc
pcr hk Mcearhsc, rhsuktj ghecs prcthmtcr he
vnaheths fh Jgîrnmj Kjtnej quh `hgcs trjçfc
j mckjmnýe, pcr kcs snaunheths iuefjghetcs2
  Fh kj rhfjmmnýe fh kj ecrgj, sh jfvnhrth
quh hk MCYNF-:> sckc sh pcfrçj mcesnfh-
rjr heihrghfjf prcihsncejk pjrj hk mjsc
fh kcs shrvnfcrhs fh kj sjkuf, snhefc hstj
su kngntjmnýe prnemnpjk.
  Kj ecrgj ec hstjlkhmh kj pcsnlnknfjf
fh prhsuemnýe  fhk MCYNF-:> mcgc uej
heihrghfjf prcihsncejk, pcr kc quh, jue
pjrj kcs mjscs fh kcs prcihsnce
prcihsncejkhs
jkhs fh kj
sjkuf, hk ehxc mjusjk fhlh shr ehmhsj-
rnjgheth jmrhfntjfc.
  Kj ecrgj he eneauej fh sus fnspcsn-
mncehs fhkngntj quî ctrjs jmtnvnfjfhs

= Mce kj \hsckumnýe
\hsckumnýe 4<= fhk <> fh jlrnk fh <4<4 sh
sh hstjlkhmh
hstjlkhmh uej hxmhpmnýe2
hxmhpmnýe2 ‛]jkvc he kcs mjscs he kcs quh
quh sh puhfj
puhfj mcg-
prcljr fh icrgj mnhetçinmj c pcr gîtcfcs jfhmujfcs j kjs mcefnmncehs y j kjs prêmtnmjs ejmncejkhs, ue vçemukc fnrhmtc
hetrh kj hxpcsnmnýe j jaheths lnckýanmcs quh rhsukth fh kjs jmtnvnfjfhs kjlcrjkhs mcetrjçfjs pcr hk trjljbjfcr".
6 Hsth fnspcsntnvc iuh fhbjfc he susphesc pcr hk ]uprhgc Vrnluejk Ihfhrjk (]VI), puhs sh mcesnfhrý quh hrj nrrjzcejlkh hxn-
anr kj mcgprcljmnýe fhk ehxc mjusjk j kcs trjljbjfcrhs.

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. =6-6<

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   6:

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
kjlcrjkhs hstêe hxpuhstjs j hsth rnhsac.
Xej cgnsnýe quh fhbj he fhsprcthmmnýe.
J`crj lnhe, phsh j kcs fhihmtcs hstjlkhmn-  
fcs he kj ecrgj jejknzjfj he hsth puetc, hs
ngpcrtjeth fhbjr he mkjrc quh kj gnsgj ec
ghrgj en fhbj sne hihmtc kc hstjlkhmnfc he
hk jrtçmukc = fhk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 44=-
>0-]J, pcr kc quh fh jmrhfntjrsh fh gjehrj
ih`jmnheth hk ehxc mjusjk hetrh hk MCYNF-:>
y kj jmtnvnfjf ”fh jktc rnhsac” jkhajfj pcr hk
trjljbjfcr, fnm`j heihrghfjf fhk MCYNF-:>
sç mjkninmjrçj mcgc cmupjmncejk.  
Inejkgheth, mcesnfhrjgcs quh uej prc-
puhstj gês jmhrtjfj `jlrçj snfc rhmcecmhr
jk MCYNF-:> mcgc uej heihrghfjf prhsue-
tnvjgheth prcihsncejk pjrj kcs prcihsncejkhs
fh kj sjkuf y jfgnenstrjtnvcs quh trjljbje
he mcetjmtc fnrhmtc mce kcs pjmnheths mce-
tjanjfcs pcr hk MCYNF-:>. Fh hsj gjehrj,
fnm`c shmtcr fh prcihsncejkhs ec thefrçj
kj mjraj fh jmrhfntjr hk ehxc mjusjk. J`crj
lnhe, j fnihrhemnj fh hkkcs, mujkqunhr ctrc
arupc fh trjljbjfcrhs (fnstnetcs j kcs fhk  
shmtcr sjkuf) quh pjfhmhe kj heihrghfjf
fhk MCYNF-:> sç thefrçj quh jmrhfntjr ehmh-
sjrnjgheth hk ehxc mjusjk.
MCEMKX]NCEH]
  Hk ]MV\ijmuktjtnvj,
gjehrj puhfh shr mcetrjtjfc
kc mujk fh
jyufj j prc-
thahr kj sjkuf fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs y rhfu-
mnr hk rnhsac fh quh hk hgpkhjfcr puhfj
jsugnr pjsnvcs pcr jmmnfheths fh trj-
ljbc cmurrnfcs fhetrc fh kj hgprhsj c
mce cmjsncehs fhk mugpkngnhetc fh kjs
iuemncehs fhk trjljbjfcr.
  Hk ]MV\ ec sh vnheh mcetrjtjefc j ijvcr
fh kcs phrncfnstjs y mjgjrýarjics quh
rhjknzje nevhstnajmnýe fh mjgpc mce-
icrgh j kc prhvnstc he kj Khy E´ <040:,
pcr kc quh, jeth ue jmmnfheth fh trjljbc
c heihrghfjf cmupjmncejk fh hstcs
trjljbjfcrhs, sh vhrçje kngntjfcs pjrj
6<  pp. =6-6< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
jmmhfhr j kjs prhstjmncehs gîfnmjs y
phesncejrnjs.
Furjeth hk hstjfc fh hghrahemnj ejmnc-
ejk c sjentjrnj, mujefc hk jmmnfheth cmu-
rrj he kj hbhmumnýe fh kjs ýrfhehs fhk
hgpkhjfcr,, juequh hsth `hm`c sh `jyj
hgpkhjfcr
prcfumnfc he hk fcgnmnknc fhk trjljbj-
fcr, sç sh pcfrê mcesnfhrjr jmmnfheth fh
trjljbc, hemcetrêefcsh ljbc hk êglntc
fhk ]MV\.
\hsphmtc fhk MCYNF-:>, scgcs fh kj cpn-
enýe fh quh ec sckc fhlhrçj shr mcesnfh-
rjfc uej heihrghfjf prcihsncejk pjrj kcs
fhk shmtcr sjkuf, mceicrgh jk prcyhmtc fh
khy jprcljfc pcr hk Mcearhsc fh kj \hpò-
lknmj (Trcyhmtc fh Khy E´ 84>0/<4<4-M\),
snec quh hk MCYNF-:> puhfh shr vêknfj-
gheth mcesnfhrjfc mcgc heihrghfjf
prcihsncejk pjrj ctrc tnpc fh jmtnvnfjfhs,
hkkc snhgprh quh sh jmrhfnth kj mceinaurj-
mnýe fhk ehxc mjusjk.
Hk Trcyhmtc fh Khy E´ 84>0/<4<4-M\
jprcljfc pcr hk Mcearhsc fh kj \hpò-
lknmj ec hstjlkhmh kj pcsnlnknfjf fh prh-
suemnýe fhk MCYNF-:> mcgc uej heihr-
ghfjf prcihsncejk, pcr kc quh, jue
pjrj kcs mjscs fh kcs prcihsnc
prcihsncejkhs
ejkhs fh kj
sjkuf, hk ehxc mjusjk fhlh shr ehmhsj-
rnjgheth jmrhfntjfc.
quh uej prcpuhstj Jsç,jmhrtjfj
gês mcesnfhrjgcs
`jlrçj
snfc rhmcecmhr jk MCYNF-:> mcgc uej
heihrghfjf prhsuetnvjgheth prcih-
sncejk pjrj kcs prcihsncejkhs fh kj sjkuf
y jfgnenstrjtnvcs quh trjljbje he mce-
tjmtc fnrhmtc mce kcs pjmnheths mcetj-
anjfcs pcr hk MCYNF-:>. Fh hsj gjehrj,
fnm`c shmtcr fh prcihsncejkhs ec the-
frçj kj mjraj fh jmrhfntjr hk ehxc mjusjk.
J`crj lnhe, j fnihrhemnj fh hkkcs, mujk-
qunhr ctrc arupc fh trjljbjfcrhs (fnstne-
tcs j kcs fhk shmtcr sjkuf) quh pjfhmhe
kj heihrghfjf fhk MCYNF-:> sç thefrçje
quh jmrhfntjr ehmhsjrnjgheth hk ehxc
mjusjk.
 

]CKXMNCEH]

KJLC\JKH]
]N]VHGJ NEVHA\JK FH NEIC\GJMNÝE TJ\J BHIH] FH \HMX\]C]
@XGJEC], J]H]C\H] KHAJKH], JFGNEN]V\JFC\H] ^ AH\HEVH]

]HMVC\
T\NYJFC

XEJ TXLKNMJMNÝE FHK A\XTC

 

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH] TJ\J HK

]HMVC\ T\NYJFC

³Muêk hs kj sntujmnýe fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs

mcgprhefnfcs fhetrc fhk arupc fh rnhsac
jeth kj jpknmjmnýe fh kj susphesnýe phrihmtj
fh kjlcrhs3
nshkkj Mhkhsth GJVC] JTCKNE*
Anshkkj
 A
Kuns Bhsòs LJKFHÝE LHFÝE**
‛Xe rjyc fh sck hs suinmnheth
 pjrj j`uyhetjr
j`uyhetjr gum`js
gum`js scglrjs‗ 
]je Irjemnsmc fh Jsçs

Kcs jutcrhs mcesnfhrje quh kj vnahemnj fh uej knmhemnj mce acmh fh rhguehrjmncehs mcg-
phesjlkh fhstnejfj jk arupc fh trjljbjfcrhs vukehrjlkhs sh subhtj j ue gjefjtc ngphrjtnvc
y hk mujk fhlhrê gjethehrsh furjeth hk fhsjrrckkc fhk prhsheth hstjfc fh hghrahemnj? puhs
kj ngpkhghetjmnýe fh uej susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs prhvnstj he hk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj
E´ 4=0-<4<4 sh subhtjrê j kjs ajrjetçjs hstjlkhmnfjs he hk jrtçmukc 6.1 fhk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc
E´ :690 y hk jrtçmukc <4.< fhk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4<9-<4<4 y kcs mujkhs tnhehe uej ejturjkhzj
phrgjeheth `jstj hk rhstjlkhmngnhetc fh su sjkuf.
He hsh shetnfc, mcesnfhrjefc quh kjs ghfnfjs jfcptjfjs he hk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 4::-<4<4-
 V\ ajrjetnzj kj mcetneunfjf fh kj phrmhpmnýe fh kj rhguehrjmnýe,
rhguehrjmnýe, kj phrgjehemnj fh kjs rhgu-
ehrjmncehs fhetrc fh hsth shmtcr vukehrjlkh sh susthetjrê ghfnjeth uej nethrprhtjmnýe
nethrprhtjmnýe snsthgê-
tnmj fh kjs ecrgjs quh phrgntj gjycrhs ajrjetçjs jk trjljbjfcr, mceicrgh j kj jpknmjmnýe fh kcs
prnemnpncs fh rjzcejlnknfjf h nethrprhtjmn
nethrprhtjmnýe
ýe gês lhehinmncsj jk trjljbjfcr.

TJKJL\J] MKJYH2 Vrjljbjfcrhs / Arupc fh rnhsac / ]usphe- N. MCEMHTVC AHEH\JK

snýe phrihmtj / Knmhemnj mce acmh / Mcgphesjmnýe.
Xec fh kcs prnemnpjkhs nemcevhenheths
\hmnlnfc 2  4:/49/<4<4 jfcptjfcs ghfnjeth kj ngpkhghetjmnýe
Jprcljfc 2  :9/49/<4<4 fh kj susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs prh-
vnstc he hk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4=0-<4<

* Jlcajfj pcr kj Xenvhrsnfjf Ejmncejk Gjycr fh ]je Gjrmcs. \hkjtcrj fh kj Cmtjvj ]jkj Kjlcrjk Thrgjeheth fh kj Mcrth
]uphrncr fh Bustnmnj fh Kngj, harhsjfj fh kj Gjhstrçj mce ghemnýe he Fhrhm`c fhk Vrjljbc y kj ]haurnfjf ]cmnjk pcr
kj gnsgj mjsj fh hstufncs he hk júc <4:>.
** Jlcajfc pcr kj Xenvhrsnfjf Ejmncejk Gjycr fh ]je Gjrmcs. Jsnstheth fh vcmjk fh kj Cmtjvj ]jkj Kjlcrjk Thrgjeheth
fh kj Mcrth ]uphrncr fh Bustnmnj fh Kngj, hxjsnstheth fh buhz fhk ]hauefc Buzajfc Mcestntumncejk Vrjesntcrnc fh kj Mcrth
]uphrncr fh fh
gnsgj mjsj Bustnmnj fh Kngj,
hstufncs he hkharhsjfc
júc <4:0.fh kj Gjhstrçj mce ghemnýe he Fhrhm`c fhk Vrjljbc y kj ]haurnfjf ]cmnjk pcr kj
Kjs cpnencehs vhrtnfjs he hk prhsheth thxtc ec vnemukje j kjs fhmnsncehs jfcptjfjs pcr kj Cmtjvj ]jkj Kjlcrjk Thrgjeheth
fh kj Mcrth ]uphrncr fh Bustnmnj fh Kngj.

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 68-8=

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   68

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
`j snfc kj sntujmnýe fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs jfs-
mrntcs j ue arupc fh rnhsac (pcr hfjf, pcr
pjfhmhr hk MCYNF-:> c thehr uej heihrgh-
fjf mrýenmj prh hxnstheth), pcr mujetc fh
uej prngnahenj jsnaejmnýe fh uej knmhemnj
mcerhaukjfc
lkh acmh fh herhguehrjmncehs mcgphesj-
hk jrtçmukc 6.1 fhk Fhmrhtc
Khanskjtnvc E´ :690 jsç mcgc hk jrtçmukc <4.<
fhk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4<9-<4<4? sne
hgljrac, mce kj hetrjfj he vnahemnj fhk
Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4=0-<4<4 sh pjsý j
ue euhvc knglc burçfnmc, puhs jeth kj pcsn-
lnknfjf fh hgpkhjr uej susphesnýe phr-
ihmtj j tcfc shmtcr prcfumtnvc, sh hslczý
mnhrtj pcsnlnknfjf fh quh kj gnsgj tjg-
lnîe shj jpknmjfj `jstj hk shmtcr vukehrj-
lkh, he mujetc kj gnsgj shrçj vêknfj mce
ljsh he uej sckj nethrprhtjmnýe knthrjk fh
kj gnsgj.
J`crj lnhe, jeth jquhkkj pcsnlnknfjf ecrgj-
tnvj fh hgpkhjr kj susphesnýe phrihmtj he
tcfcs kcs shmtcrhs prcfumtnvcs, pcsthrncr-
gheth hk Tcfhr Hbhmutnvc pulknmý hk rhakj-
ghetc fhk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4=0-<4<4
he fcefh sh rhauký he icrgj ahehrjk kj
vnahemnj fhk fhrhm`c j uej rhguehrjmnýe
fhetrc fhk shmtcr vukehrjlkh mce rhkjmnýe j
kj hfjf y kcs ijmtcrhs mkçenmcs, mceicrgh j kj
jpknmjmnýe fh kj Vhrmhrj Fnspcsnmnýe Mcg-
pkhghetjrnj Inejk fhk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc
E´ 4::-<4<4- V\.
He hkkc, jeth kj fujknfjf fh quh jquhkkcs trj-
ljbjfcrhs fh rnhsac puhfje jmmhfhr j mce-
vhencs prnvjfcs fh rhfummnýe fh rhguehrj-
mncehs, jmmhsc j kjs vjmjmncehs, kj rhfummnýe
fh kj bcrejfj kjlcrjk c ghfnfjs jkthrejs quh
sh ajrjetnmhe kj mcetneunfjf fh kj rhgu-
ehrjmnýe, mceicrgh j kj vnahemnj gçengj
fhk fhrhm`c iuefjghetjk fh kj rhguehrj-
mnýe? mcesnfhrjgcs quh kj prhvjkhemnj fhk
fhrhm`c j kj rhguehrjmnýe he icrgj mce-
 buetj j kj gês
prhtjmnýe jpknmjmnýe fhk jkprnemnpnc
ijvcrjlkh fhfhthr-
trjljbjfcr, nethr-
gnejrê quh kj ghfnfj gês jfhmujfj pjrj
69  pp. 68-8= • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
ajrjetnzjr kj prcthmmnýe j kcs trjljbjfcrhs
fh rnhsac shrê kj knmhemnj mce acmh fh rhgu-
ehrjmncehs mcgphesjlkh, puhs ”j phsjr fh
quh sh jfgnth kj pcsnlnknfjf fh uej ehac-
mnjmnýe prnvjfj” sh pcfrê jfgntnr kj prh-
vjkhemnj fhj fnm`j
mceicrgh susphesnýe ngphrihmtj,
uej nethrprhtjmnýe snsthgê-
tnmj fhk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4<9-<4<4,
hk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ :690, hk Fhmrhtc
]uprhgc E´ 4::-<4<4 y kj \hsckumnýe Gnens-
thrnjk E´ 41<-<4<4-V\
Tcr tjk gctnvc, mce kj inejknfjf fh susthe-
tjr kj mcestntumncejknfjf fh kj prhvjkhemnj
fh kj knmhemnj mce acmh fh rhguehrjmnc-
ehs mcgphesjlkh fhetrc fh kcs trjljbj-
fcrhs fhk arupc fh rnhsac, prhvnjgheth
fhsjrrckkjrhgcs kcs fhrhm`cs iuefjghe-
tjkhs
tjk j rhkjmncejfcs jk fhrhm`c
kj rhguehrjmnýe iuefjghe-
jsç mcgc jk fhrh-
m`c j kj knlhrtjf fh hgprhsj, he fcefh
sh pcfrê jprhmnjr quh kcs jmuhrfcs prnvj-
fcs (rhfummnýe fh rhguehrjmncehs, mcg-
phesjmnýe mce vjmjmncehs, rhfummnýe fh
kj bcrejfj kjlcrjk) ec pcfrêe sustntunr kj
knmhemnj mce acmh fh rhguehrjmncehs
mcgphesjlkh, pcr mujetc mcesnfhrjgcs
quh hk tnpc fh susphesnýe ngphrihmtj sh
ajrjetnzjrê ghfnjeth kj mcetneunfjf fhk
Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4<9-<4<4 y hk
Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ :690.
NN. HKHGHEVC] MCE]VNVXMNCEJKH]
:. Hk fhrhm`c mcestntumncejk j kj
rhguehrjmnýe
Hk fhrhm`c j kj rhguehrjmnýe rhmcecmnfc
he hk jrtçmukc <6 fh kj Mcestntumnýe Tckçtnmj
fhk Thrò ajrjetnzj quh tcfc trjljbjfcr, sne
fnstnemnýe, jmmhfj jk fhrhm`c fh phrmnlnr
uej rhtrnlumnýe he vnrtuf fhk trjljbc c shr-
vnmnc rhjknzjfc pjrj ue hgpkhjfcr, puhs, hk
prhsheth fhrhm`c pcshh uej ejturjkhzj jkn-
ghetjrnj,
hk fhrhm`cjk jthehr uejkjhstrhm`j
kj vnfj, naujkfjfrhkjmnýe mce
y kj fnaen-
fjf fh kj phrscej `ugjej (Ehvhs, <44:,

p. <6)? pcr hkkc, kj phrmhpmnýe fh kj rhgueh-
rjmnýe jfqunrnhrh fnvhrsjs mceshmuhemnjs c
hihmtcs pjrj hk fhsjrrckkc netharjk fh kj phr-
scej `ugjej.
K j rhguehrjmnýe   tjglnîe
ngpknmj uej gcfhkc fh mcgph-
tntnvnfjf, he tjetc sh gjeninhstj
mcgc ue nemhetnvc pjrj jtrjhr y
rht hehr phrscejk nfýehc .
rhthehr
Fh hstj gjehrj, ikuyh fhk prnemnpnc pcr hk
mujk ejfnh sh hemcetrjrê clknajfc j prhstjr
trjljbc sne rhtrnlumnýe c sne su knlrh mceshe-
tngnhetc (mcgc he tcfc rîanghe kjlcrjk),
puhs kj rhguehrjmnýe mcgc tjk mcestntuyh
uej mcetrjprhstjmnýe pcr kcs shrvnmncs fhk
trjljbjfcr (sjkvc ue mjsc icrtuntc c fh iuhrzj
gjycr, he fcefh hs vêknfj kj jpknmjmnýe fh
uej knmhemnj), jk shr fh knlrh fnspcsnmnýe, y
thehr ue mjrêmthr mkjrjgheth jknghetjrnc, he
fcefh su pjac thefrê prncrnfjf sclrh mujk-
qunhr ctrj clknajmnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr, mce-
icrgh jk gjefjtc rhmcecmnfc he hk jrtçmukc
<= y hk shauefc pêrrjic fhk jrtçmukc <6 fh kj
Mcestntumnýe Tckçtnmj fhk Thrò. Mce hkkc, kj
rhguehrjmnýe tjglnîe ngpknmj uej gcfhkc
fh mcgphtntnvnfjf, he tjetc sh gjeninhstj
mcgc ue nemhetnvc pjrj jtrjhr y rhthehr phr-
scejk nfýehc.
He hihmtc, kj prcpnj fcmtrnej kjlcrjk `j prh-
mnsjfc quh kj rhguehrjmnýe, c sjkjrnc, pcfrê
shr fhinenfj mcgc tcfj prhstjmnýe quh hk
hgpkhjfcr fhlj jk trjljbjfcr mcgc mcesh-
muhemnj fh kj rhkjmnýe fh trjljbc he icrgj
phrgjeheth, hk mujk pcfrê shr vjkcrjfj j
trjvîs fh fnvhrscs hkhghetcs tjkhs mcgc hk
tnhgpc, kj uenfjf fh prcfummnýe, su vnemu-
kjtcrnhfjf fnrhmtj (lceninmjmncehs c nemhe-
tnvcs) c su rhkjmnýe nefnrhmtj (vjmjmncehs,
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 68-8=
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   61
MCEV\JVJMNÝE KJLC\JK
arjtninmjmncehs, MV], htm.)? he fcefh su
gcfjknfjf fh prhstjmnýe sh subhtjrê j kj
vnahemnj fh kj rhkjmnýe fh trjljbc c hk rhmc-
ecmngnhetc bufnmnjk fh kj gnsgj, he fcefh
tjk fhmkjrjmnýe rhanrê kj hinmjmnj fhk pjac fh
rhguehrjmnýe
c jlcejfc he pcr hk phrncfc
icrgj ecmceicrgh
fngneutj, kjlcrjfc
j kj jpknmjmnýe fhk prnemnpnc fh prngjmçj fh
kj rhjknfjf.
Tjrj hkkc, hk ýrajec fh mcetrck fh kj mcestntu-
mnýe rhinhrh, j trjvîs fh kj shethemnj rhmjçfj
he hk Hxp. E´ 44<4-<4:<-T:/VM, quh hk fhrh-
m`c j kj rhguehrjmnýe2
  Ikuyh fhk prnemnpnc fh quh ejfnh hstê
clknajfc j prhstjr trjljbc sne rhtrn-
lumnýe c sne su knlrh mceshetngnhetc,
mcestntuyh uej mcetrjprhstjmnýe pcr kcs
shrvnmncs fhk trjljbjfcr? hs fh knlrh fns-
pcsnmnýe pcr pjrth fh hsth òktngc? tnheh
mjrêmthr jknghetjrnc y su pjac tnheh
prncrnfjf sclrh mujkqunhr ctrj clknaj-
mnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr (jrtçmukcs <= ne ineh
y shauefc pêrrjic fhk jrtçmukc <6 fh kj
Mcestntumnýe). Kj rhguehrjmnýe tjg-
lnîe ngpknmj uej gcfhkc fh mcgph-
tntnvnfjf, he tjetc sh gjeninhstj mcgc
ue nemhetnvc pjrj jtrjhr y rhthehr phr-
scejk nfýehc (...) He mujetc j kcs mce-
mhptcs quh mceicrgje kj rhguehrj-
mnýe, hk jrtçmukc : fhk Mcevhenc :44 fh
kj CNV, \hkjtnvc j kj Naujkfjf fh \hgu-
ehrjmnýe hetrh kj Gjec fh Clrj Gjs-
muknej y kj Gjec
G jec fh Clrj Ihghenej pcr
ue Vrjljbc fh Naujk Yjkcr
Yjkcr,, fhlnfjgheth
rjtninmjfc y susmrntc pcr hk Thrò, `j shúj-
kjfc quh kj rhguehrjmnýe mcgprhefh
hk sjkjrnc c suhkfc crfnejrnc, lêsnmc c
gçengc, y mujkqunhr ctrc hgckughetc
he fnehrc c he hsphmnh pjajfcs pcr hk
hgpkhjfcr,, fnrhmtj c nefnrhmtjgheth, jk
hgpkhjfcr
trjljbjfcr, he mcemhptc fhk hgpkhc fh
hsth òktngc, rhikhbjefc uej mcemhpmnýe
tctjknzjfcrj fh kj rhguehrjmnýe hstjlkh-
mnfc he kj Mcestntumnýe.
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

<. Hk fhrhm`c j kj knlhrtjf fh mcetrjtjmnýe
Hk nemnsc :6) fhk jrtçmukc < y hk jrtçmukc 9< fh
kj Mcestntumnýe Tckçtnmj fhk Thrò hstjlkhmhe
quh tcfc mnufjfjec tnheh fhrhm`c j mce-
trjtjr mce inehs kçmntcs, snhgprh quh ec mce-
mcesnfhrjfc quh kcs jmuhrfcs hetrh prnvj-
fcs pcfrêe shr hinmjmhs y phrgjeheths he
hk tnhgpc, pcr mujetc kj hxphfnmnýe fh ecr-
gjs pcsthrncrhs ec pcfrê shr gcfninmjfj c
kngntjfj? `jstj kj pcsnlnknfjf fh quh kcs mce-

trjvheaj khyhs fh crfhe pòlknmc? pjrj hkkc, trjtcs prnvjfcs

euhstrc snsthgj burçfnmc `j fhthrgnejfc
quh kj knlhrtjf mcetrjmtujk hs kj ajrjetçj
fh tcfcs mnufjfjec j ahstjr sus rhkjmncehs
pjrtnmukjrhs y pjtrngcenjkhs (Kjefj, <4:0, p.
:60). Jsngnsgc, hk prhsheth fhrhm`c ec sckc
heakclj j uej jgpknj knlhrtjf fh mcetrjtj-
mnýe, pcr mujetc tjglnîe vnjlnknzj kj mcnemn-
fhemnj fh vckuetjfhs pjrj pcfhr clthehr
lhehinmncs hmceýgnmcs y ec hmceýgnmcs :.
K j fcmtrnej
jfvnhrth quh kj  mcestntumncejk
knlhrtjf mce-
trjmtujk hs ue fhrhm`c rhkjmnc-
ejkk, pcr mujetc he su hbhrmnmnc kcs
ej
pjrtnmukjrhs nethrmjglnje fnvhr-
scs fhrhm`cs .
Fh hstj gjehrj, kj fcmtrnej mcestntumncejk
jfvnhrth quh kj knlhrtjf mcetrjmtujk hs ue
fhrhm`c rhkjmncejk<, pcr mujetc he su hbhr-
mnmnc kcs pjrtnmukjrhs nethrmjglnje fnvhr-
scs fhrhm`cs (tjkhs mcgc hk fhrhm`c rhjk,
scmnhtjrnc, kjlcrjk, htm.) (Kjefj, <4:0, p. :60)
y fhetrc fh su jmuhrfc, sh pcfrêe jfqun-
rnr fnvhrscs fhrhm`cs. J`crj lnhe, fhe-
trc fh su hinmjmnj, euhstrj Mjrtj Gjaej `j
Mcetrjtcs - Khy=sh
. puhfje mcevhrtnr he kcs
Tjrj hkkc, j trjvîs fh kcs Hxphfnheths
E´ <:08-<44<-JJ/VM y E´ 1==>-<449.TJ/VM,
hk Vrnluejk Mcestntumncejk mcesnfhrý quh kj
knlhrtjf mcetrjmtujk sh rhkjmncej mce fcs
hkhghetcs, tjkhs mcgc kj knlhrtjf fh mce-
trjtjr y kj knlhrtjf fh mceinaurjmnýe nethrej,
ghfnjeth hk mujk2
  (...) Hk fhrhm`c j kj knlrh mcetrjtjmnýe
sh mcemnlh mcgc hk jmuhrfc c mce-
vhemnýe fh vckuetjfhs hetrh fcs c
gês phrscejs ejturjkhs y/c burçfnmjs
pjrj mrhjr, rhaukjr, gcfninmjr c hxtne-
aunr uej rhkjmnýe burçfnmj fh mjrêmthr
pjtrngcenjk. Fnm`c vnemukc, irutc fh kj
mcemhetrjmnýe fh vckuetjfhs, fhlh
vhrsjr sclrh lnhehs c nethrhshs quh
pcshje jprhmnjmnýe hmceýgnmj, the-
aje inehs kçmntcs y ec mcetrjvheaje
khyhs fh crfhe pòlknmc.
Jsngnsgc, mceicrgh j kc hstjlkhmnfc he
hk Hxp. E´ 4:648-<4:4-TJ/VM, kj knlhrtjf fh
mcetrjtjmnýe y kj knlhrtjf mcetrjmtujk sh `je
prhmnsjfc he kcs snaunheths tîrgnecs2
  (…) Kcs jrtçmukcs <, nemnsc :6) y 9< fh kj
Mcestntumnýe sh iuefjghetj he hk prne-
mnpnc fh jutcecgçj fh kj vckuetjf, hk
quh j su vhz tnheh ue fclkh mcethenfc2

: He tîrgnecs
tîrgnecs fhk jutcr \ulnc (:>>>)
(:>>>) kj knlhrtjf mcetrjmtujk tjglnîe sh scstnheh
scstnheh he ue jmuhrfc
jmuhrfc fh vckuetjrn
vckuetjrncs
cs pjrj
pjrj aheh-
rjr uej mcevhemnýe sclrh mujkqunhrj fh kjs gjthrnjs quh rhsukthe kçmntjs pjrj hk fhrhm`c.
< Tjrj Hspneczj (<448) kj jutcecgçj prnvjfj, mceicrgh j kj vnahemnj fhk ehacmnc burçfnmc, phrgnth kj mrhjmnýe fh ecrgjs
quh sh prcfumhe pcr kjs rhkjmncehs burçfnmjs sclrh su clbhtc, phrc ec mrhj ecrgjs burçfnmjs, kcs mujkhs tnhehe ctrj hinmj-
mnj scmnjk, pcr mujetc kjs ecrgjs subhtjs j kcs mcetrjtcs sckc tnhehe hinmjmnj hetrh pjrths.
= Hk jrtçmukc 9< fh kj Mcestntumnýe Tckçtnmj
Tckçtnmj fhk Thrò `j ajrjetnzjfc kj mcetneunfjf fh kcs Mcetrjtcs ” Khy c kcs subhtcs j kj
hstjlnknfjf burçfnmj, he fcefh kcs jmuhrfcs prnvjfcs (gês quh tcfc he gjthrnj trnlutjrnj) ec pcfrêe shr gcfninmjfcs c
kngntjfcs pcr ecrgjs ngphrjtnvjs c subhtjs j ue crfhe pòlknmc mceicrgh j kj sjmrjknfjf fh tjkhs mcetrjtcs.

60 pp. 68-8= • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 |

 0  pp. 68 8= N]]E :>>9 =419 BXENC <4<4 E :84   ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
j) Kj knlhrtjf fh mcetrjtjr, tjglnîe kkj-
gjfj knlhrtjf fh mcemkusnýe, quh hs kj
ijmuktjf fh fhmnfnr mýgc, muêefc y mce
qunîe sh mcetrjtj? y l) Kj knlhrtjf mce-
trjmtujk, quh hs kj ijmuktjf fh fhmnfnr, fh
mcgòe
trjtc (…)jmuhrfc, hk mcethenfc fhk mce-
]ne hgljrac, sn lnhe hs vhrfjf quh euhstrc
snsthgj burçfnmc ctcraj uej jgpknj ajgj
fh pcsnlnknfjfhs j trjvîs fh kj susmrnpmnýe
fh mcetrjtcs, kcs jmuhrfcs prnvjfcs pcfrêe
shr fhmkjrjfcs eukcs c hstjr subhtc j uej
nevjknfhz sn sh jprhmnj quh su mcethenfc
jthetj mcetrj hk crfhe pòlknmc y kjs luh-
ejs mcstuglrhs? kjs mujkhs sh pcfrêe hvj-
kujr ghfnjeth kjs rhakjs fh kj rjzcejlnknfjf
y kj prcpcrmncejknf
prcpcrmncejknfjf.
jf.
NNN. 󰂳MXÊK H] HK TJ\ÊGHV\C MCE]VNVX󰀧
MCE]VNVX󰀧
MNCEJK TJ\J TCFH\ H]VJLKHMH\
XE C\FHE TÒLKNMC3
]n thehgcs prhsheth quh ue crfhe pòlknmc
hs ue mcemhptc quh puhfh mcestrunrsh j
trjvîs fh uej mjkninmjmnýe burçfnmj rhkjmnc-
ejfj mce kj mcknsnýe fh fhrhm`cs mcestntu-
mncejkhs nevckumrjfcs he ue mjsc he mce-
mrhtc c kj mcetneunfjf fh su vnahemnj, gjs
ec sckc he kjs ecrgjs crfnejrnjs subhtjs j
ue gjefjtc ngphrjtnvc? sh puhfh jprhmnjr
quh, fh tjkhs mcemhptcs,
tnr clbhtnvjgheth ec sh pcfrê
kj jfgnsnýe jfvhr-
fh jmuhrfcs
prnvjfcs c nethrprhtjmncehs quh vukehrhe
ikjarjethgheth hk mcemhptc netharjk fhk
crfhe pòlknmc. Tjrj hkkc, mce kj inejknfjf fh
cirhmhr ue kçgnth pjkpjlkh jk crfhe pòlknmc,
hk mujk puhfj mnrmuesmrnlnrsh fhetrc fh hstj
mjusjk, mcesnfhrjgcs quh ue jeêknsns rhkj-
mncejfc sclrh hk envhk fh rhstrnmmnýe fh
fhrhm`cs y kcs subhtcs j ecrgjs ngphrjtn-
vjs, phrgntnrê uej mjkninmjmnýe burçfnmj sclrh
6 Tcr mcesnaunheth
mcesnaunheth,, ecs jf`hrngcs j kj pcsturj jsugnfj pcr hk mcestntumn
inmjmnýe fh ue crfhe pòlknmc sh rhanrê pcr kcs lnhehs burçfnmcs quh kc prcthahe, he fcefh hk pjmtc hvjkujfc ec khsncej
jquhk gçengc nefnsphesjlkh pjrj hk hbhrmnmnc fh ue fhrhm`c.
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 68-8=
MCEV\JVJMNÝE KJLC\JK
kj vjknfhz fh kj hxmkusnýe fh jmuhrfcs prnvj-
fcs c kj fhthrgnejmný
fhthrgnejmnýe e uenkjthrjk fh kj sus-
phesnýe phrihmtj he hstjs mnrmuestjemnjs.
]n lnhe hs vhrfjf quh ue fhrh-
m`c puhfh shr fnspuhstc pcr
kcs pjrtnmukjrhs fhlhgcs thehr
prhsheth quh uej rheuemnj  j
su tntukjrnfjf  c kj mcetrjvhe-
mnýe j kjs ecrgjs ngphrjtnvjs
sh hemuhetrj prcsmrntj   pcr hk
Fhrhm`c fhk Vrjljbc .
He hsh shetnfc, mceicrgh j ue prngnah-
enc envhk fh rhstrnmmnýe jk gcghetc fh
hvjkujr kjs trjesjmmncehs pjmtjfjs mce-
icrgh jk fhlhr fh fnspcsnmnýe prnvjfc,
pcfrhgcs jprhmnjr quh kj mcetrjvhemnýe
pcfrçj mcemrhtjrsh j trjvîs fh kj mcetneun-
fjf fh fhrhm`cs gçengcs nefnsphesjlkhs
c subhtc j ecrgjs ngphrjtnvjs quh fhthr-
gneje ue envhk fh prcthmmnýe sclrh ue
fhrhm`c mcestntumncejk hsphmçinmc 6? pcr
mcesnaunheth, sn lnhe hs vhrfjf quh ue
fhrhm`c puhfh shr fnspuhstc pcr kcs pjr-
tnmukjrhs j trjvîs fh kj hgnsnýe fh fnvhrscs
mcetrjtcs, tjglnîe fhlhgcs thehr prh-
sheth quh uej rheuemnj j su tntukjrnfjf c
kj mcetrjvhemnýe j kjs ecrgjs ngphrjtnvjs
sh hemuhetrje prcsmrntjs pcr hk Fhrhm`c
fhk Vrjljbc, jk prc`nlnrsh kj pcsnlnknfjf fh
quh hk trjljbjfcr puhfj rheuemnjr c fns-
pcehr vckuetjrnjgheth j sus fhrhm`cs, he
hsth mjsc, jk fhrhm`c j uej rhguehrjmnýe
j phsjr fh su sntujmnýe fh rnhsac.
mcestntumncejknstj
cejknstj Kjefj (<4:0)
(<4:0) qunhe
qunhe jinrgj quh kj nfhetn-
 ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH] 
KJLC\JKH]  E :84 BXENC <4<4 N]]E :>>9 =419 pp. 68 8=
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
NY. 󰂳KJ ]NVXJMNÝE
]NVXJMNÝE FH KC] V\JLJBJ
V\JLJBJFC󰀧 FC󰀧
\H] FH \NH]AC TCF\Ê MCEFNMNC󰀧
EJ\ KJ ]X]THE]NÝE TH\IHMVJ3
]n mcesnfhrjgcs quh hk jrtçmukc 6.1 fhk
Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc Eª :690 (rhkjmncejfc
mce hk envhk fh prcthmmnýe fh kjs phrsc-
ejs mce fnsmjpjmnfjf) y hk jrtçmukc <4.< fhk
Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4<9-<4<4 ajrje-
tnzje kj phrmhpmnýe fh uej rhguehrjmnýe
j kcs trjljbjfcrhs jfsmrntcs j ue envhk fh
rnhsac pcr hfjf c hstjfc mkçenmc, pcfrhgcs
jprhmnjr quh kj mcetneunfjf fh su phrmhp-
mnýe hstjrê subhtj j ue gjefjtc ngphrjtnvc
quh ajrjetnmh uej mcefnmnýe fh ue arupc
he sugj vukehrjlnknfjf y hk mujk sh pcfrê
fhthrgnejr mceicrgh j ue tnpc fh nethrprh-
tjmnýe fh mjrêmthr snsthgêtnmc.
Jsngnsgc, sn lnhe hs vhrfjf quh kj Vhr-
mhrj Fnspcsnmnýe Mcgpkhghetjrnj Inejk fhk
Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 4::-<4<4-V\ `j fhthr-
gnejfc quh kcs trjljbjfcrhs subhtcs j ue
arupc vukehrjlkh tjglnîe puhfje jmmhfhr
j fnvhrscs envhkhs fh jmuhrfc pjrj pcfhr
ajrjetnzjr hk fhrhm`c j kj rhguehrjmnýe
(rhfummnýe fh rhguehrjmncehs, mcgphesj-
mnýe fh vjmjmncehs, rhfummnýe fh kj bcrejfj)
mce hk clbhtc fh hvntjr kj jpknmjmnýe fh uej
susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs, hstjlkhmnfj
he hk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4=0-<4<4, mce-
snfhrjgcs quh tjkhsjjmuhrfcs
jejknzjrsh mceicrgh thefrêe
kj vnahemnj quh
fh ecrgjs
ngphrjtnvjs y hk crfhe pòlknmc he hsth mjsc
he mcemrhtc.
Mce hkkc, sn hk mcemhptc fh crfhe pòlknmc hs
guy jgpknc h nefhthrgnejfc he fcefh su
clbhtc shrê ajrjetnzjr kj mcetneunfjf fh ue
mcebuetc fh vjkcrhs, prnemnpncs y pjutjs pjrj
ajrjetnzjr kj mchxnsthemnj fh sus mnufjfj-
ecs8? phrc hk gnsgc ec shrê suinmnheth pjrj
pcfhr jprhmnjr hk trjskjfc fh kj susphesnýe
8 Kc`gje (:>00) hstngj quh hk crfhe pòlknmc sh subhtj j pjrêghtrcs aheîrnmcs, hk mujk hs kj mcemcrfje
ec sckjgheth ecrgjtnvc, snec tjglnîe nfhckýanmc, puhs hk gnsgc sh subhtj j ecrgjs ngphrjtnvjs.
 6>
phrihmtj jk shmtcr fh phrscejk vukehrjlkh,
pcr mujetc mcesnfhrjgcs quh kj prhvjkhe-
mnj fh kj knmhemnj mce acmh fh rhguehrjmnc-
ehs mcgphesjlkh sh fhthrgnejrê j trjvîs
fh ecrgjs mce gjefjtcs ngphrjtnvc.
Fhetrc fh kj auçj fh jpknmjmnýe
fhk trjljbc rhgct
rhgctc c hemcetrjgcs
kj fnrhmtnvj pcr kj mujk kcs trjlj-
 bjfcr
 bj hs jfsmrntcs j ue arupc fh
fcrhs
rnhsac fhlhrêe jmmhfhr ehmh-
sjrnjgheth j uej knmhemnj mce
acmh fh rhguehrjmncehs mcg-
phesjlkh `jstj kj furjmnýe fhk
phrncfc fh hghrahemnj sjen-
tjrnj .
Jsngnsgc, sn kj vjknfhz fh kcs mcetrjtcs prn-
vjfcs sh puhfh mnrmuesmrnlnr mceicrgh j ue
envhk fh rhstrnmmnýe fh fhrhm`cs (tjk mcgc
kc `hgcs shújkjfc he kcs supuhstcs fh kj
rhfummnýe fh kj rhguehrjmnýe mceicrgh
j kj fnsgneumnýe fh uej bcrejfj c kj mcg-
phesjmnýe fh vjmjmncehs) pcr ajrjetnzjr kj
mcetneunfjf fh kj rhguehrjmnýe he ghecr
ghfnfj (tjk mcgc kc jfgnth hk Fhmrhtc
]uprhgc E´ 4::-<4<4)? mcesnfhrjgcs quh
”mce ljsh he kj jpknmjmnýe fhk mcemhptc fh
crfhe pòlknmc” tjglnîe sh pcfrê jfgntnr kj
prhvjkhemnj fh ue fhrhm`c j trjvîs fhk gje-
fjtc fh ecrgjs ngphrjtnvjs y ue envhk fh
prcthmmnýe hsphmnjk quh pcshhe kcs trjljbj-
fcrhs subhtcs j ue rnhsac pcr heihrghfjf c
su sntujmnýe mkçenmj (mceicrgh j ue shetnfc
jgpknc), j phsjr fh quh sh `jyj ijmuktjfc
mcemcrfjemnj
mnj mce ue snsthgj
|
 84  pp. 68 8= • N]]E :>>9 =419 • BXENC <4<4 E :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

MCEV\JVJMNÝE KJLC\JK

jk trjljbjfcr pjrj pjmtjr kj fnspcsnmnýe fh hk gjefjtc mcethenfc he hk Fhmrhtc Khanskj-

fnm`cs fhrhm`cs, puhs kcs hihmtcs fh kjs ecr- tnvc E´ :690 jsç mcgc hk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahe-
gjs ngphrjtnvjs (juequh ec subhth jkauej mnj E´ 4<9-<4<4, jk ajrjetnzjr uej prcthmmnýe
mjusjk fh euknfjf fh pjmtc he mcetrjrnc fh hsphmnjk fhetrc fh hsth hstjfc fh hghrahe-
gjehrj hxprhsj) mcekkhvjrêe quh kj pcsnlnkn- mnj y sne quh sh jfgntj jkauej pcsnlnknfjf fh

fjf fh jfgntnr he
shj nevjknfjfj uejmjfj
fnspcsnmnýe
mjsc. fh fhrhm`cs
He hsh shetnfc, sn lnhe hk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahe-
mnj E´ 4=0-<4<4 ec kngntj kj pcsnlnknfjf fh
hgpkhjr uej susphesnýe phrihmtj j tjkhs trj-
ljbjfcrhs subhtcs j ue envhk fh rnhsac, mce-
snfhrjgcs quh kj fhthrgnejmnýe fhk jrtçmukc
6.1 fhk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ :690 sclrh
kj prhvjkhemnj fh kj knmhemnj mce acmh fh
rhguehrjmncehs mcgphesjlkh jk phrscejk
mce fnsmjpjmnfjf, ecs ajrjetnzjrê quh hk
phrscejk fh rnhsac ec pcfrê shr subhtc j uej
susphesnýe
mnýe gjthrnjkphrihmtj, pcr mujetc
ngpcsnlnkntjrê su mcefn-
quh puhfje rhj-
knzjr ue trjljbc hihmtnvc y hk mujk sh pcfrçj
jkjrajr mce pcsthrncrnfjf jk khvjetjgnhetc
fhk hstjfc fh hghrahemnj. He hsh shetnfc,
sn kj Vhrmhrj Fnspcsnmnýe Mcgpkhghetjrnj
Inejk fhk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 4::-<4<4-V\,
\hakjghetc fhk FX E´ 4=0-<4<4, `j phrgn-
tnfc quh tjkhs trjljbjfcrhs puhfje jmcrfjr
icrgjs fh mcgphesjmnýe subhtjs j jmuhrfcs
prnvjfcs 9 ghfnjeth jmtcs fh fnspcsnmnýe,
mcesnfhrjgcs quh kj knmhemnj mce acmh fh
rhguehrjmncehs sh gjethefrê vnaheth pcr
fhmnsnýe pcr pjrth fhk trjljbjfcr.
Gês jòe sn jfvhrtngcs quh ue euhvc hkh-
ghetc fh gjefjtc ngphrjtnvc kc hemce-
trjgcs he kj \hsckumnýe Gnensthrnjk
E´ 41<-<4<4.V\, puhs fhetrc fh kj auçj fh
jpknmjmnýe fhk trjljbc rhgctc hemcetrjgcs
kj fnrhmtnvj pcr hk mujk kcs trjljbjfcrhs jfs-
mrntcs j ue arupc fh rnhsac pcr hfjf c ijm-
tcr mkçenmc fhlhrêe jmmhfhr ehmhsjrnjgheth
j uej knmhemnj mce acmh fh rhguehrjmncehs
mcgphesjlkh `jstj kj furjmnýe fhk phrncfc
fh hghrahemnj sjentjrnj. Jsç, mcesnfhrjgcs
quh hxnsthe hkhghetcs suinmnheths pjrj mce-
snfhrjr quh kj jsnaejmnýe fh uej knmhemnj
mce acmh fh rhguehrjmncehs mcgphesj-
lkh hs ue gjefjtc fh crfhe pòlknmc y quh
ec jfgnth ue pjmtc he mcetrjrnc.
]n lnhe pcfrçj `jlhr uej fufj sclrh hk envhk
fh ngpkhghetjmnýe quh phrgntnrê kj jpknmj-
mnýe fh mcetrjtcs prnvjfcs j trjvîs fh kj sckj
rhvnsnýe fhk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4=0-
<4<4, phrc ”mceicrgh j kj jpknmjmnýe fhk
ne fulnc prc cphrjrnc1” hstngjgcs quh mce-
icrgh j kj vnahemnj fhk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc

9 Tjrj hk mcestntumnc
mcestntumncejknstj
ejknstj Kjefj (<4:0), kj nfhetninmjmnýe fh ue crfhe pòlknmc sh rhanrê pcr kcs lnhehs burçfnmcs quh kc prc-
thahe, he fcefh hk pjmtc hvjkujfc ec khsncej jquhk gçengc nefnsphesjlkh pjrj hk hbhrmnmnc fh ue fhrhm`c.
1 Hk prnemnpnc fhecgnejfc ne fulnc prc cphrjrnc ajrjetnzj quh he mjsc fh fufj c mceiknmtc sclrh kj nethrprhtjmnýe fh uej
ecrgj c ue mcebuetc fh ecrgjs, sh fhstneh hk envhk fh nethrprhtjmnýe
nethrprhtjmnýe he lhehinmnc fh kj pjrth trjljbjfcrj? he hsh she-
tnfc, ec mcgpjrtngcs kj pcsnmnýe pcr kj mujk hk prhsheth prnemnpnc sckjgheth shj jpknmjlkh jk envhk fh nethrprhtjmnýe fh
uej sckj ecrgj jnskjfj fh su mcethxtc, pcr mujetc mcesnfhrjgcs quh kcs gnsgcs fhlhrêe subhtjrsh j ue mceiknmtc ecr-
gjtnvc hetrh vjrnjs ecrgjs.
  Mce rjzýe hk gjhstrc \hefýe Yêsquhz (<441) fhthrgnej quh kj fufj fhlh ijvcrhmhr jk trjljbjfcr he mujkqunhr sntujmnýe,
subhtj j fcs c gês ecrgjs fh shetnfc fnstnetc c rhanfj pcr uej ecrgj csmurj c jeinlckýanmj, fhetrc fh ue mceiknmtc fh
ecrgjs? pcr hkkc, hk prhsheth prnemnpnc sh hemuhetrj rhmcecmnfc he hk nemnsc =) fhk jrtçmukc <9 fh euhstrj Mcestntumnýe Tckç-
tnmj fhk Thrò he hk mujk sh fhlh rhsphtjr uej nethrprhtjmnýe ijvcrjlkh jk trjljbjfcr he hk mjsc fh fufj nesjkvjlkh sclrh hk
shetnfc fh kj ecrgj.
  Tcr hkkc, j trjvîs fhk Hxp. Eª 440-<448-JN/
440-<448-JN/VM
VM hk Vrnluejk `j shújkjfc quh hk prnemnpnc fhecgne jfc ne fulnc prc cphrjrnc 
fhecgnejfc
ajrjetnzj quh ‛(…) Euhstrj Mcestntumnýe hxnah kj nethrprhtjmnýe ijvcrjlkh jk trjljbjfcr he mjsc fh fufj nesjkvjlkh sclrh
hk shetnfc fh uej ecrgj, vjkh fhmnr quh sh jmrhfnth quh j phsjr fh kcs jpcrths fh kjs iuheths fh nethrprhtjmnýe, kj ecrgj
fhvnheh nefulntjlkhgheth he ue mcethenfc nemnhrtc h nefhthrgnejfc (…)‗.

|
 KJLC\JKH] | E
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]  :84 BXENC <4<4 N]]E :>>9 =419 pp. 68 8=
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
E´ 4::-<4<4 y kj \hsckumnýe Gnensthrnjk  
E´ 41<-<4<4-V\, sh jprhmnj uej mkjrj kçehj
fh ngpkhghetjmnýe fh uej knmhemnj mce
acmh fh rhguehrjmncehs subhtc j ue gje-
fjtc ngphrjtnvc, pcr mujetc kj jfnmnýe fhk
yjrtçmukc 6.1 fhk
hk jrtçmukc Fhmrhtc
<4.< Khanskjtnvc
fhk Fhmrhtc E´ :690
fh Xrahemnj
E´ 4<9-<4<4 mcekkhvj ehmhsjrnjgheth quh
tjkhs jmuhrfcs shje nevjknfjfcs pcr kj
prhvjkhemnj fh kj knmhemnj mce acmh fh
rhguehrjmncehs he hsth shmtcr vukehrj-
lkh y hk mujk sh pcfrê hxthefhr gês jkkê  
fhk khvjetjgnhetc fhk prhsheth hstjfc
fh hghrahemnj sjentjrnj, jk shr ue òenmc
ghmjensgc clbhtnvc pcr hk mujk sh pcfrê
jfvhrtnr kj suphrjmnýe fh ue arupc fh
rnhsac ghfnjeth hk ghbcrjgnhetc rhjk he
kj sjkuf fhk trjljbjfcr.
Tcr kc quh, sh pcfrê clshrvjr quh kj jprc-
ljmnýe prnvjfj fh uej mcgphesjmnýe rhfu-
mnfj c kj jmhptjmnýe fh kj hkngnejmnýe fh kj
prcpnj knmhemnj kkhvjrçje j kj pcsnlnknfjf fh
quh hk trjljbjfcr cpth knlrhgheth pcr kj
suprhsnýe tctjk fh sus fhrhm`cs j tcfcs kcs  
envhkhs sne kj jfvhrthemnj fh kj vnahemnj fh
uej ecrgj ngphrjtnvj, jk thehr hk fhrhm`c
fh cptjr pcr kj knmhemnj rhguehrjfj fh kcs
fçjs jsnaejfcs `jstj su rhmuphrjmnýe tctjk
fh su mcefnmnýe içsnmj.
MCEMKX]NCEH]
  Hk jrtçmukc <6 fh kj Mcestntumnýe Tckçtnmj
fhk Thrò ajrjetnzj quh tcfc trjljbjfcr,
sne fnstnemnýe, jmmhfj jk fhrhm`c fh phr-
mnlnr uej rhtrnlumnýe he vnrtuf fhk trj-
ljbc (mceicrgh j kj bcrejfj kjlcrjfj)
c shrvnmnc rhjknzjfc pjrj ue hgpkhj-
fcr, puhs, hk prhsheth fhrhm`c pcshh
uej ejturjkhzj jknghetjrnj, jk thehr uej
hstrhm`j rhkjmnýe mce hk fhrhm`c j kj  
vnfj, kj naujkfjf y kj fnaenfjf fh kj phr-
scej `ugjej? pcr hkkc, kj phrmhpmnýe
fh kj rhguehrjmnýe jfqunrnhrh fnvhrsjs
mceshmuhemnjs c hihmtcs pjrj hk fhsj-
rrckkc netharjk fh kj phrscej `ugjej.
 8:
Hk nemnsc :6) fhk jrtçmukc < y hk jrtçmukc 9<
fh kj Mcestntumnýe Tckçtnmj fhk Thrò hstj-
lkhmhe quh tcfc mnufjfjec tnheh fhrh-
m`c j mcetrjtjr mce inehs kçmntcs, snhg-
prh quh ec mcetrjvheaj khyhs fh crfhe
pòlknmc?
fnmc `j pjrj hkkc, euhstrc
fhthrgnejfc quhsnsthgj burç-
kj knlhrtjf
mcetrjmtujk hs kj ajrjetçj fh tcfc mnu-
fjfjec j ahstjr sus rhkjmncehs pjrtnmu-
kjrhs y pjtrngcenjkhs.
]n pjrtngcs fh quh hk crfhe pòlknmc
hs ue mcebuetc fh vjkcrhs, prnemnpncs
y pjutjs fh mcgpcrtjgnhetc, muyc
prcpýsntc hs kj mceshrvjmnýe fh kj mch-
xnsthemnj hetrh kcs mnufjfjecs, jquhkkcs
vjkcrhs gçengcs nefnsphesjlkhs pjrj hk
hstjlkhmngnhetc fhk Hstjfc pjrj kj mce-
vnvhemnj pjmçinmjquh
fjf? sh jprhmnj y jrgýenmj
fh tjkhs fh kj scmnh-
mcemhptcs
ec sh pcfrê jfvhrtnr clbhtnvjgheth sn kj
jfgnsnýe fh jmuhrfcs prnvjfcs pcfrê
jthetjr mcetrj ue crfhe pòlknmc.
Mcesnfhrjefc quh hk jrtçmukc 6.1 fhk
Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ :690 (rhkjmnc-
ejfc mce hk envhk fh prcthmmnýe fh
kjs phrscejs mce fnsmjpjmnfjf) y hk
jrtçmukc <4.< fhk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj
E´ 4<9-<4<4 ajrjetnzje kj phrmhpmnýe
fh uej rhguehrjmnýe j kcs trjljbjfc-
rhs
hfjfjfsmrntcs
c hstjfcj mkçenmc,
ue envhk fh rnhsacjprh-
pcfrhgcs pcr
mnjr quh kj mcetneunfjf fh su phrmhp-
mnýe hstjrê subhtj j ue gjefjtc ngph-
rjtnvc quh ajrjetnmh uej mcefnmnýe fh
ue arupc he sugj vukehrjlnknfjf y hk
mujk sh pcfrê fhthrgnejr mceicrgh j
ue tnpc fh nethrprhtjmnýe fh mjrêmthr
snsthgêtnmc.
Kj prhvjkhemnj fh ue fhrhm`c j trjvîs
fhk gjefjtc pcr ecrgjs ngphrjtnvjs
y ue envhk fh prcthmmnýe hsphmnjk quh
pcshhe kcs trjljbjfcrhs subhtcs j ue
rnhsac pcr heihrghfjf c su sntujmnýe
mkçenmj (mceicrgh j ue shetnfc jgpknc)
 8<  pp. 68-8= • N]]E :>>9 =419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
suphrjrê kj pcsnlnknfjf fh vjknfjr jmuhr-
fcs prnvjfcs ghfnjeth jmtcs fh fnspcsn-
mnýe (j phsjr fh quh sh `jyj ijmuktjfc
ijmuktj fc jk
trjljbjfcr pjrj pjmtjr kj fnspcsnmnýe fh
fnm`cs fhrhm`cs), puhs kcs hihmtcs fh kjs
ecrgjs ngphrjtnvjs
jkauej mjusjk (juequh
fh euknfjf fh ec subhth
pjmtc he
mcetrjrnc fh gjehrj hxprhsj) mcekkh-
vjrêe quh kj pcsnlnknfjf fh jfgntnr uej
fnspcsnmnýe fh fhrhm`cs shj nevjknfjfj
he mjfj mjsc.
  ]n lnhe hk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4=0-
<4<4 ec kngntj kj pcsnlnknfjf fh hgpkhjr
uej susphesnýe phrihmtj j tjkhs trjljbj-
fcrhs subhtcs j ue envhk fh rnhsac, mce-
snfhrjgcs quh hk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc
E´ 4::-<4<4 , kj \hsckumnýe Gnensthrnjk
E´ 41<-<4<4-V\,
Fhmrhtc KhanskjtnvchkE´jrtçmukc
Khanskjtnvc :690 y hk 6.1 fhk
jr tçmukc
jrtçmukc
<4.< fhk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj
E´ 4<9-<4<4 mcekkhvje ehmhsjrnjgheth
quh tjkhs jmuhrfcs shje nevjknfjfcs pcr
kj prhvjkhemnj fh kj knmhemnj mce acmh
fh rhguehrjmncehs he hsth shmtcr
MCEV\JVJMNÝE KJLC\JK
vukehrjlkh y hk mujk sh pcfrê hxthefhr
gês jkkê jk khvjetjgnhetc fhk prhsheth
hstjfc fh hghrahemnj sjentjrnj.
\HIH\HEMNJ] LNLKNCA\ÊINMJ]
Hspneczj Hspneczj, B. (<448). Kcs prnemnpncs mcethenfcs
he hk Vçtukc Trhkngnejr fhk Mýfnac Mnvnk Thrujec fh
:>06 ” Jeêknsns fcmtrnejrnc, khanskjtnvc y Burnspru-
fhemnjk . Kngj2 Icefc Hfntcrnjk fh kj Tcetninmnj Xen-
vhrsnfjf Mjtýknmj fhk Thrò.
Kjefj Jrrcyc, M. (<4:0). Kj Mcestntumn
Mcestntumncejknzjmnýe
cejknzjmnýe fhk
Fhrhm`c. Hk mjsc fhk Thrò. Kngj2 Tjkhstrj.
Kc`gje Kumj Fh Vhej, A. (:>00). \hicrgj fhk Vçtukc
Trhkngnejr fhk Mýfnac Mnvnk, \hicrgj fhk Mýfnac
Mnvnk Thrujec. Fcmtrnej y Trcpuhstjs . Kngj2 NEFHB.
Ehvhs Gubnmj, B. (<44:). Knlhrtjf fh trjljbc, fhrhm`c
jk trjljbc
\hvnstj y fhrhm`c
Fhrhm`c fh hstjlnknfjf
y ]cmnhfjf  he hk trjljbc.
 (:1), <6-<9.
 (:1),
\hefýe Yêsquhz, B. (<441). Fhrhm`c fhk Vrjljbc ” Vhc-
rçj Ahehrjk N (<ª hfnmnýe). Kngj2 Arnbkhy.
\ulnc Mcrrhj G. (:>>>). Hstufncs fh kj Mcestntumnýe Tckç-
tnmj fhk Thrò. Kngj2 Icefc Hfntcrnjk fh kj Tcetninmnj
Xenvhrsnfjf Mjtýknmj fhk Thrò.
 KJLC\JKH] | E
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]  :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9 =419 • pp. 68-8=  8=
 

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH] TJ\J HK

]HMVC\ T\NYJFC

Kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs kjlcrjkhs

*
Xej tjrhj nemcemkus
nemcemkusjj  
Gnauhk I. MJEH]]J GCEVHBC**
Kuns GHEFCRJ KHACJ]***

Kcs jutcrhs jejknzje kcs jkmjemhs fh kj Khy fh Gcfjknfjfhs Icrgjtnvjs Kjlcrjkhs y pkjethje
uej prcpuhstj fh rhicrgj mcesnfhrjefc kcs snaunheths jsphmtcs2 Trnghrc, hstjlkhmhr quh kjs
gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs tnhehe ue mjrêmthr kjlcrjk, pcr kc quh fhlh fhrcajrsh kj rhaukjmnýe
quh kc hxmkuyh. ]hauefc, jshaurjr kj insmjknzjmnýe hstjtjk sclrh kcs mcetrjtcs y hk gcentcrhc fh
kcs pkjehs fh jprhefnzjbh y mjpjmntjmnýe tjetc he kcs mhetrcs fh jprhefnzjbh y kjs hgprhsjs.
 Vhrmhrc
 Vhrmhrc,, clknajr j kcs mhetrcs fh icrgjmnýe he su nevckumrjgnhet
nevckumrjgnhetcc he hk mcetrck fh kcs pkjehs fh

jprhefnzjbh y mjpjmntjmnýe.

TJKJL\J] MKJYH2 Gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs / Kjlcrjknzj- kj jktj tjsj fh fhshgpkhc fh kcs bývhehs ”y

mnýe / Mcetrck hstjtjk / Mhetrc fh icrgjmnýe prcihsncejk.
\hmnlnfc 2  =4/48/<4<4
Jprcljfc 2  :0/49/<4<4
NEV\CFXMMNÝE
Hk Tkje Ejmncejk fh Mcgphtntnvnfjf y Trc-
fumtnvnfjf jprcljfc pcr hk Fhmrhtc
]uprhgc E´ <=1-<4:>-HI pkjethj mcgc su
qunetj ghfnfj prnemnpjk fhetrc fhk Clbhtnvc
Trncrntjrnc 8:2 kj ghbcrj fhk gjrmc khajk fh
kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs, mcesnfhrjefc
quh vnheh mrhmnhefc scsthenfjgheth”, hk
jktc çefnmh fh kj nejfhmujmnýe prcihsncejk
fh hsh arupc fh phrscejs, y hk hsmjsc usc
fh kj Khy fh Gcfjknfjfhs Icrgjtnvjs Kjlc-
rjkhs pcr kjs hgprhsjs.
Fh hsth gcfc, hk Tkje Ejmncejk jlrh hk
fhljth sclrh kj rhicrgj fh kj rhihrnfj Khy.
]ne hgljrac, hsh fhljth fhlh jshetjrsh
sclrh kj nfhetninmjmnýe fh kjs mjusjs fhk irj-
mjsc fh su jpknmjmnýe. Ec ljstj uej khm-
turj khajk quh fh gjehrj jlstrjmtj jlcrfh
hk hgpkhc buvhenk phrujec snec vnheh

* Xej prnghrj vhrsnýe iuh fhsjrrckkjfj pjrj hk Trcyhmtc Jkacfýe mce Vrjljbc Fhmheth (AKC/:6/68/L\J
(AKC/:6/68/L\J ” Mccphrjmnýe
]ur-]ur pjrj kj prcgcmnýe fhk trjljbc fhmheth he kcs pjçshs prcfumtcrhs fh jkacfýe he Êirnmj y Jgîrnmj Kjtnej), ngpkh-
ghetjfc pcr kj Crajenzjmnýe Nethrejmncejk fhk Vrjljbc (CNV) y pcr kj Jahemnj Lrjsnkhúj fh Mccphrjmnýe (JLM)
(JLM ) fhk Gnens-
thrnc fh \hkjmncehs Hxthrncrhs fh Lrjsnk mce rhmurscs fhk Nestntutc Lrjsnkhúc fhk Jkacfýe (NLJ).
** Jlcajfc y scmnýkcac pcr kj Tcetninmnj Xenvhrsnfjf Mjtýknmj fhk Thrò. Fcmtcr he Fhrhm`c pcr kj Xenvhrsnfjf Mjrkcs NNN fh
Gjfrnf. Trcihscr uenvhrsntjrnc y mcesuktcr nethrejmncejk.
*** Jlcajfc pcr kj Tcetninmnj Xenvhrsnfjf Mjtýknmj fhk Thrò. Gjaçsthr he \hkjmncehs Nefustrnjkhs
Nefustrnjkh s y fh Hgpkhc pcr kj Xenvhrsn-
fjf fh Vurçe y hk Mhetrc Nethrejmncejk fh Icrgjmnýe fh kj Crajenzjmnýe Nethrejmncejk fhk Vrjljbc.
: Hk Clbhtnvc Hstrjtîanmc 8 pkjethj mrhjr kjs mcefnmnce
mcefnmncehs
hs pjrj ue ghrmjfc kjlcrjk fneêgnmc y mcgphtntnvc pjrj kj ahehrj-
mnýe fh hgpkhc fnaec.
 86  pp. 86-1< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
jmcgpjújfj mce hk rhspjkfc fhk jeêknsns
scmncburçfnmc fh kj jpknmjmnýe fh kj Khy.
Hk prhsheth trjljbc lusmj jpcrtjr j hsh
fhljth fhsfh kj mcglnejmnýe fh kj neicrgj-
mnýe hstjfçstnmj y hk hxjghe burçfnmc sclrh
kj ecrgj. Tjrj hkkc hstê fnvnfnfc he trhs shm-
s hm-
mncehs. He prnghr kuajr, prcpcehgcs uej
khmturj sclrh kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs
kjlcrjkhs fhsfh hk gjrmc mcestntumncejk. He
shauefc kuajr, jejknzjgcs kj jpknmjmnýe fh
kj Khy pcenhefc hk îeijsns he kjs fhinmnhe-
mnjs rhaukjfcrjs nfhetninmjfjs mce kcs fjtcs
hstjfçstnmcs y sus mcetrjfnmmncehs. He thrmhr
kuajr, pkjethjgcs aruhsjgheth kjs prnemn-
pjkhs prcpuhstjs pjrj ghbcrjr kj rhicrgj
fh kj Khy.
N. MCE]VNVXMNÝE, IC\GJMNÝE T\CIH󰀧
]NCEJK ^ V\JLJBC
Tjrtngcs fhsfh uej hetrjfj mcestntumncejk
fh kc icrgjtnvc he hk guefc fhk trjljbc.
Hxnsthe shghbjezjs ectcrnjs he kj mcemhp-
tujmnýe fh kj icrgjmnýe prcihsncejk fhetrc
fh kcs fhrhm`cs iuefjghetjkhs he hk trjljbc
quh sh jfvnhrthe he kjs ecrgjs quh prhcr-
fheje kj khanskjmnýe phrujej. Kj icrgjmnýe
prcihsncejk puhfh shr mcemhlnfj fhetrc fh
kj mjthacrçj fh kcs ‛fhrhm`cs iuefjghetj-
khs‗, jk thehr ue mcethenfc ngpknmjfc he kcs
fhrhm`cs jk trjljbc y j kj hfumjmnýe, rhmc-
ecmnfcs jglcs he kjs mjrtjs mcestntumncej-
khs mntjfjs.
He kj Mcestntumnýe Tckçtnmj fhk Thrò fh :>>=
hemcetrjgcs quh kj hfumjmnýe tnheh mcgc
inejknfjf hk ‛fhsjrrckkc netharjk fh kj phr-
scej `ugjej‗ (jrtçmukc :=), rhmcecmnîefcsh
hxpkçmntjgheth quh kj hfumjmnýe ‛prhpjrj
‛prhpjrj
pjrj kj vnfj y hk trjljbc y icghetj kj scknfj-
rnfjf‗ (jrtçmukc :6). Vjglnîe sh pkjethj kj
ngpcrtjemnj fh quh kj hfumjmnýe jfhmujfj
shj ngpjrtnfj sne quh kjs kngntjmncehs hmc-
eýgnmjs, ghetjkhs c içsnmjs shje ngphfn-
ghetcs (jrtçmukc :9). Heuemnjtnvjgheth sh
rhmcecmh tjglnîe quh hk Hstjfc prcguhvh
MCEV\JVJMNÝE KJLC\JK
hk prcarhsc scmnjk y hmceýgnmc j trjvîs
fh pckçtnmjs fh hfumjmnýe pjrj hk trjljbc
(jrtçmukc <=), kc quh sh neshrtj fhetrc fhk
gcfhkc heuemnjfc fh ‛Hmcecgçj ]cmnjk fh
Ghrmjfc‗ quh tnheh fhetrc fh sus prnemnpj-
khs êrhjs fh(jrtçmukc
hfumjmnýe jmtujmnýe,
80). prhmnsjgheth, j kj
Fh hstj gjehrj, hk fhrhm`c j kj icrgj-
mnýe rhmjh he kj hsihrj fh clknajmncehs fhk
Hstjfc, phrc ec puhfh jactjrsh fh ene-
auej icrgj he kjs prhstjmncehs hstjtjkhs.
Mcgcqunhrj quh sh trjtj fh ue fhrhm`c
quh hemuhetrj shetnfc fhetrc fhk guefc
fhk trjljbc, kjs clknajmncehs quh hsth fhrh-
m`c supceh, tjglnîe kh mcrrhspcefhe j
kcs hgprhsjrncs y kcs mhetrcs fh icrgjmnýe,
quh jsughe kj pcsnmnýe burçfnmj fh ‛subh-
tcs
m`c2clknajfcs‗
hk bcvhe quhirheth jk tntukjr
ehmhsntj fh fh hsth fhrh-
kj icrgjmnýe,
yj ec prhvnj snec mchtêehj j su nemcrpcrj-
mnýe jk trjljbc.
He Thrò, kj Khy <08:0, Khy sclrh gcfjknfj-
fhs icrgjtnvjs kjlcrjkhs (he jfhkjeth, KGIK)
hstjlkhmh uej shrnh fh prnemnpncs fh kcs prc-
mhscs icrgjtnvcs2 n) kj mcgprhesnýe, pcr pjrth
fhk lhehinmnjrnc fhk prcmhsc icrgjtnvc, fhk
ghfnc scmnjk y kjlcrjk? nn) hk trjtc he naujkfjf
y sne fnsmrngnejmnýe? y nnn) kj jfhmujmnýe y utn-
knfjf prêmtnmj fh kj icrgjmnýe ngpjrtnfj he
kjs hgprhsjs. J su vhz, hk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc
E´ 441-<448-V\ hs hk \hakjghetc fh kj Khy
(he jfhkjeth, \KGIK) quh prhmnsj uej shrnh
fh rhaukjmncehs he kj gjthrnj.
Kjs pcsnmncehs sulbhtnvjs fh qunhehs cmu-
pje hk kuajr fh ‛jmrhhfcr‗ fh icrgjmnýe prc-
ihsncejk (hk bcvhe quh lusmj nemcrpcrjrsh jk
ghrmjfc fh trjljbc) y kj fh fhufcrhs fh icr-
gjmnýe prcihsncejk (kj hgprhsj y hk mhetrc
fh icrgjmnýe, he fnstnetj ghfnfj) icrgje
ue tnpc fh vçemukc burçfnmc muyc hkhghetc
hshemnjk hs, quî fufj mjlh, hk icrgjtnvc. Ec
puhfh, pcr hkkc, mceiuefnrsh j hstj icrgj fh
vnemukjmnýe mce kj ghrj prhstjmnýe phrsc-
ejk fh shrvnmncs pcr kj quh uej fh kjs pjrths
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 86-1<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   88
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

pceh j fnspcsnmnýe fh kj ctrj su jmtnvnfjf   Khy =48:< sclrh nestntutc y hsmuhkjs fh

pjrj ue ine hmceýgnmc fhthrgnejfc. Hstj hfumjmnýe suphrncr.
fnstnemnýe hs mkjvh puhs gnhetrjs quh he hk
prnghr mjsc sh hemuhetrj hk hkhghetc icr-   Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc :=18 sclrh kj gcfn-
gjtnvc mcgc ijmtcr hshemnjk, he hk ctrc sh inmjmnýe fh kj Khy Ahehrjk fh Hfumjmnýe

mjrhmh
quh hetctjkgheth
kj icrgjmnýefhprcihsncejk
hsj inejknfjf. Gnhetrjs
suhkh hxns-   Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc :=10 sclrh hk mhrtn-
inmjfc òenmc kjlcrjk pjrj bývhehs.
tnr uej rhkjmnýe trnpjrtntj, he kj prhstjmnýe fh
shrvnmncs purj y sngpkh sh suhkhe trjljr rhkj-   Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc 44=-<440-V\ sclrh kjs
mncehs lnkjthrjkhs.  bcrejfjs gêxngjs fh gcfjknfjfhs icr-
gjtnvjs rhaukjfjs pcr kj Khy <08:0 jsç
Tcr hscs gctnvcs, kj rhaukjmnýe fh kj icrgj- mcgc fh kjs prêmtnmjs
prêmtnm js prhprcihsncejkhs
mnýe prcihsncejk fhlh shr kc suinmnhethgheth fh fhrhm`c y fh nethrejfc he mnhemnjs
mkjrj jk hstjlkhmhr kcs clbhtcs fh uec y ctrc fh kj sjkuf.
tnpc fh nestntumnýe. Tcr hbhgpkc, fhsfh hk
puetc fh vnstj fhk Fhrhm`c mcetrjmtujk, kj   Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc 4:6-<4:0
4:6-<4:0-V\
-V\ quh
‛mjusj‗ fhk mcetrjtc mhkhlrjfc hetrh kjs pjr- jpruhlj hk \hakjghetc fhk Fhmrhtc
ths fhlhrçj hslczjr mkjrjgheth kjs fnghe- Khanskjtnvc :=10 sclrh hk mhrtninmjfc
sncehs
fhe shricrgjtnvjs y prcfumtnvjs,
scskjyjfjs sne sjmrninmjrquh
mceechkkc
puh-
kj òenmc kjlcrjk pjrj bývhehs.
vhrjmnfjf fhk shetnfc prêmtnmc quh tnhehe   \hsckumnýe Gnensthrnjk 49>-<441-V\ (fh
kcs mcevhencs fh icrgjmnýe he hk ghrmjfc ihm`j :8 fh gjrzc fh <441), quh jprclý
fh trjljbc. kj ecrgj ‛Fnmtje fnspcsnmncehs mcgpkh-
ghetjrnjs pjrj hk rhanstrc fh pkjehs y
NN. HK GJ\MC EC\GJ
EC\GJVNYCVNYC FH KJ IC\󰀧 prcarjgjs, y jpruhlje gcfhkcs y icr-
GJMNÝE T\CIH]NCEJK HE HK TH\Ò gjtcs sclrh gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs
kjlcrjkhs‗.
Kjs ecrgjs sclrh gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtn-
vjs tnhehe uej jktj fnsphrsnýe. Xej rhvnsnýe   \hsckumnýe Gnensthrnjk :91-<4:4-V\ (fh
mcgpkhtj fh kjs ecrgjs jpknmjlkhs j kjs ihm`j :> fh buknc fh <4:4), quh jprclý
gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs phrujejs nemkuyh, kj ecrgj ‛Jpruhlje knstjfc fh cmupj-
 buet
 buetc
shrnhcfh
mce kj prcp
prcpnj
ecrgjs nj KGI
KGIKK y hk \GI
mcgpkhghetjrnjs2 \GIK,
K, uej mncehs lêsnmjs y cphrjtnvjs ” gcfjknfjf
icrgjtnvj kjlcrjk fh mjpjmntjmnýe kjlc-
  Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc 44<->1-V\ quh rjk buvhenk‗.
jprclý hk Vhxtc Òenmc Crfhejfc fhk
Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc 1<0, Khy fh Icrgj-   \hsckumnýe Fnrhmtcrjk 488-<4:6-
mnýe y Trcgcmnýe Kjlcrjk. GVTH/=/:> (fh ihm`j <> fh jacstc
fh <4:6), quh jprclý hk ‛Mjtêkcac
  Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc 44:->9-V\ quh jprclý ejmncejk fh phrinkhs cmupjmncejkhs
hk \hakjghetc fh kj Khy fh Icghetc jk (mujkninmjmncehs)‗.
Hgpkhc.
  \hsckumnýe Gnensthrnjk 4:1-<4:9-V\ (fh
  Fhmrhtc Khy <4:8: quh fnmtje kjs ecr- ihm`j : fh ihlrhrc fh <4:9), quh jprclý
gjs pjrj rhaukjr hk Jprhefnzjbh he hk hk ‛Tkje fh jmtujmnýe fh mjpjmntjmnýe
]hmtcr Nefustrnj y Mcghrmnc quh sh mce- fujk pjrj kj ghbcrj fh kj hgpkhjlnknfjf,
trckj j trjvîs fhk ]hejtn. j trjvîs fh kj mjpjmntjmnýe fujk‗.
fujk‗.
 89  pp. 86-1< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

MCEV\JVJMNÝE KJLC\JK

  \hsckumnýe Gnensthrnjk Ec <48-<4::- ngpjmtc quh tnheh he hk guefc fhk trjljbc

 V\,, qu
 V\ quhh jpr
jprclý
clý kj Fnr
Fnrhm
hmtnv
tnvjj Ah
Ahehr
ehrjk
jk phrujec. He hk arêinmc : sh guhstrj fnm`j
Ec :-<4::-GVTH/=/:> ‛Mjejknzjmnýe hvckumnýe hetrh hk <4:= jk <4:0 mceicrgh
fh Mcevhencs fh Gcfjknfjfhs Icr- j kj neicrgjmnýe pulknmjfj pcr hk Gnensth-
gjtnvjs Kjlcrjkhs `jmnj hk ]nsthgj fh rnc fh Vrjljbc.
Nesphmmncehs‗. Kc prnghrc quh kkjgj kj jthemnýe hs hk mrh-
Kjs ecrgjs sclrh icrgjmnýe prcihsncejk he mngnhetc scsthenfc fh phrscejs quh pjrtn-
hk Thrò hxmkuyhe hxpkçmntjgheth j hsth sha- mnpje he jkauej gcfjknfjf icrgjtnvj kjlc-
ghetc fh kj pclkjmnýe hmceýgnmjgheth rjk, jsç hetrh <4:= y <4:0 sh nemrhghetý su
jmtnvj fh kj jpknmjmnýe fh kj khanskjmnýe kjlc-
pjrtnmnpjmnýe he 6> %, hs fhmnr, he kcs òktn-
rjk. Jsç, sh `j rhaukjfc ue hstjtutc tctjk-
gcs 1 júcs fhk phrncfc jejknzjfc sh nemcr-
gheth prcpnc pjrj hstj mjthacrçj fh prhs-
pcrjrce fnhz gnk euhvcs bývhehs. Hstc sna-
tjfcrhs fh shrvnmncs.
eninmj quh mjfj vhz gês phrujecs hstjrêe
\hsuktj ngpcrtjeth ghfnr kj hvckumnýe fh kj nevckumrjfcs he gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs
pclkjmnýe buvhenk nevckumrjfj he kcs òktngcs kjlcrjkhs, rhsjktjefc, mce hkkc, kj ngpcrtje-
júcs he jkauej gcfjknfjf fh icrgjmnýe mnj fh kj quh aczj he uej pckçtnmj kjlcrjk fh
kjlcrjk, fh gcfc quh pcfjgcs hvjkujr hk hgpkhc buvhenk.

Arêinmc : Thrò2 Hvckumnýe fh kj Gcfjknfjf

G cfjknfjf Icrgjtnvj
Icrgjtnvj Kjlcrjk he hk shmtcr prnvjfc <4:=-<4:0

Trcghfnc jeujk fh gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs kjlcrjkhs he hk

shmtcr prnvjfc <4:=-<4:0
64.444
=4.444
<4.444
:4.444
4
<4:= <4:6 <4:8 <4:9 <4:1 <4:0
Iuheth 2 Jeujrncs hstjfçstnmcs fhk Gnensthrnc fh Vrjljbc (<4:=-<4:0)
Hkjlcrjmnýe 2 Gnauhk I. Mjehssj Gcethbc

]n lnhe kj hvckumnýe fhk mrhmngnhetc scs-
thenfc fhk usc fh gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtn-
vjs kjlcrjkhs hs snaeninmjtnvj, hsth rhsuktjfc
fhlh shr mcgpjrjfc mce kj iuhrzj kjlcrjk
 buvhenkk (bývhehs cmupj
 buvhen cmupjfcs
fcs y fhshgpkh
fhshgpkhjfcs),
jfcs),
kc quh phrgnth ghfnr su ngpjmtc sclrh kj
pclkjmnýe j kj quh sh prhthefh lhehinmnjr.
Tjrj hkkc sh mcgpjrj he hk mujfrc : kj pclkj-
mnýe hmceýgnmjgheth jmtnvj fh kcs bývhehs  
hetrh kcs :6 j <> júcs fh hfjf (he prnemnpnc,
hk uenvhrsc fh bývhehs quh puhfh jmcahrsh
j jkauej gcfjknfjf icrgjtnvj kjlcrjk) y kj
hvckumnýe fhk prcghfnc jeujk fh kcs bývh-
ehs rhanstrjfcs he gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs
kjlcrjkhs.
Mceicrgh jk mujfrc kj snaeninmjemnj hs pclrç-
sngj. ]n lnhe hk mrhmngnhetc scsthenfc fh kcs
bývhehs he gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs kjlcrj-
khs hs rhkhvjeth. ]ne hgljrac, mujefc sh kh
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 86-1<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   81
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

mcgpjrj mce hk uenvhrsc fh bývhehs fh kj ctrc kjfc, quh kj gcfjknfjf icrgjtnvj kjlc-
pclkjmnýe hmceýgnmjgheth jmtnvj hetrh rjk sh `j mhkhlrjfc mceicrgh j khy.
:6 j <> júcs fh hfjf, jphejs rhprhshetje
hetrh hk 4.8 % jk 4.9 % he kcs òktngcs júcs.
Hstc fhectj quh kj `uhkkj fh kjs gcfjknfj-
fhs icrgjtnvjs
Hstjfc phrujeckjlcrjkhs ngpuksjfj
sclrh hk hgpkhc pcr hs
buvhenk hk ]n lnhe hk bývhehs
mrhmngnhetc   scsth-
enfc fh kcs he gcfjkn-
hsmjsj. Kc quh pkjethj su rhicrgukjmnýe sn
prhthefh rhspcefhr j uej pckçtnmj kjlcrjk fjfhs icrgjtnvjs kjlcrjkhs hs
fh hgpkhc quh sh heicquh fh gjehrj prn- rhkhvjeth, mujefc sh kh mcg-
vnkhanjfj sclrh fnm`c arupc htjrnc.
pjrj mce hk uenvhrsc fh  bývh-
]n lnhe hstcs pcrmhetjbhs nefnmje uej hsmjsj ehs fh kj pclkjmnýe hmceýgn-
pjrtnmnpjmnýe fhetrc fhk ghrmjfc fh trj-
ljbc, hs bustc rhmcecmhr quh sh rhinhrh j mjgheth jmtnvj  hetrh :6 j <>
kcs mcevhencs fh gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs júcs fh hfjf, jphejs rhprh-
hihmtnvjgheth rhanstrjfcs jeth kj jutcrn-
fjf, kc quh fh ijmtc rhprhshetj ue fclkh ink-
shetje hetrh hk 4.8 % jk 4.9 %
trc fh khajknfjf.
hgprhsj Tcr ue
phrthehmh kjfc, supceh
jk shmtcr icrgjk? quh kj
y, pcr he kcs òktngcs júcs .

Mujfrc : Thrò2 Mcgpjrjmnýe hetrh THJ fh :6 j <> júcs fh hfjf y bývhehs he gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs kjlcrjkhs
(<4:6-<4:0)
Nefnmjfcrhs <4:6 <4:8 <4:9 <4:1 <4:0
THJ fh :6 j <> júcs fh hfjf 8¶<90,=44 8¶:=>,>44 8¶:99,844 8¶:00,>44 8¶:80,944
Bývhehs he gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs <8,869 <8,>96 <9,8>1 <0,<=6 =4,41:
kjlcrjkhs
Iuheth2 NEHN y GVTH
Hkjlcrjmnýe2 Gnauhk I. Mjehssj Gcethbc

He <4:9 kj Jutcrnfjf Ejmncejk fhk ]hrvn-
mnc Mnvnk (he jfhkjeth, ]hrvnr) shújký quh
hk eòghrc fh lhehinmnjrncs fh kjs gcfj-
knfjfhs icrgjtnvjs fhmkjrjfcs he pkjenkkj
hrj fh jk ghecs trhnetj y trhs gnk phrsc-
ejs fhmkjrjfcs he kj pkjenkkj hkhmtrýenmj
fhk Gnensthrnc fh Vrjljbc y Trcgcmnýe fhk
Hgpkhc (he jfhkjeth, GVTH) j envhk ejmnc-
ejk, he kcs shmtcrhs pòlknmc y prnvjfc
pr nvjfc icr-
gjk. Ec clstjeth, ]hrvnr rhmcecmh quh
hstc puhfh hxprhsjr ue sulrrhanstrc fh
fnm`js gcfjknfjfhs, puhs hs sjlnfc quh
kj pclkjmnýe tctjk fh pcthemnjkhs lhehin-
mnjrncs fh hsh tnpc fh mcetrjtjmnýe hs fh jk
ghecs fcsmnhetcs vhnetnòe gnk phrscejs, yj
quh kj rhjknzjmnýe fh prêmtnmjs prhprcihsnc-
ejkhs mcestntuyh ue rhqunsntc hxnanfc pcr
kjs uenvhrsnfjfhs phrujejs pjrj kj clthe-
mnýe fhk arjfc jmjfîgnmc fh ljm`nkkhr<. He
ctrjs pjkjlrjs, tjgpcmc rhsuktj snaeninmj-
tnvc pjrj hk arupc fh bývhehs uenvhrsntj-
rncs c fh nestntutcs suphrncrhs.

< Mir. ]H\YN\ (<4:9). Fhsjiçcs fh kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs kjlcrjkhs

kjlcrjkhs he hk Thrò. Kngj2 ]hrvnr, p.:.
 80  pp. 86-1< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

MCEV\JVJMNÝE KJLC\JK

Kj KGIK y su \GIK rhaukje snhth tnpcs fh
mcetrjtcs pjrj kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs
icrgjmnýe prcihsncejk,
prcihsncejk, thenhefc tcfcs hkkcs
pjrtnmnpjmnýe fnvhrsj fhetrc fh kj fnstrnlu-
mnýe hsh pcrmhetjbh. He hk mujfrc < sh fns-
trnluyh kjs gcfjknfjfhs
rjkhs rhanstrjfjs icrgjtnvjs
he kj pkjenkkj kjlc-
hkhmtrýenmj
fhk GVTH fh kcs júcs <4:= y <4:8, juequh
thenhefc prhsheth quh kcs mcetrjtcs rhans-
trjfcs fh <4:8 nemkuyhe j sus prýrrcajs,
pcr kc quh kjs mnirjs ec puhfhe shr fnrhmtj-
gheth mcgpjrjfjs. Fhetrc fh hstjs snhth
mjthacrçjs mcetrjmtujkhs nemkuyh jk jprhe-
fnzjbh quh sh mhkhlrj mce hk ]hrvnmnc Ejmnc-
ejk fh Jfnhstrjgnhetc he Vrjljbc Nefus-
trnjk (]hejtn), kj hetnfjf pòlknmj rhspcesjlkh
he prcpcrmncejr icrgjmnýe prcihsncejk y
mjpjmntjmnýe j kcs trjljbjfcrhs fh kjs jmtn-
vnfjfhs prcfumtnvjs mcesnfhrjfjs fhetrc
fhk rulrc fh kjs nefustrnjs gjeuijmturhrjs y
jmtnvnfjfhs nefustrnjkhs fh nestjkjmnýe, rhpj-
rjmnýe y gjethengnhetc.
 Vhenhef c prhs
 Vhenhefc prhsheth
heth kc shú
shújkj
jkjfc,
fc, clsh
clshrv
rvj-
j-
gcs quh kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs mce
gjycr snaeninmjemnj sce kjs prêmtnmjs prh-
prcihsncejkhs y kjs prêmtnmjs prcihsncejkhs,
jgljs rhprhshetje kj neghesj gjycrçj (ec
ghecs fhk 04 %). Gnhetrjs quh kjs fhgês
gcfjknfjfhs tnhehe hsmjsj rhprhshetjtnvn-
fjf. ]ckc hstc mcefumh j pcstukjr quh fhlh
pkjethjrsh uej prciuefj gcfninmjmnýe he kj
rhaukjmnýe fh kcs mcetrjtcs, yj shj rhfumnîe-
fckcs c gcfninmêefckcs sustjemnjkgheth.

Mujfrc < Thrò2 Fnstrnlumnýe fh kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs kjlcrjkhs shaòe mcetrjtc <4:=-<4:8
Gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs Mcevhencs rhanstrjfcs <4:= Mcevhencs rhanstrjfcs <4:8=
Trêmtnmjs prh prcihsncejkhs ::,<:0 =8,<6<
Trêmtnmjs prcihsncejkhs 8,=84 <4.0=>
Jprhefnzjbh mce prhfcgnenc he kj hgprhsj <,41> :,084
Mjpjmntjmnýe kjlcrjk buvhenk 0<1 <,>8>
Tjsjetçj he kj hgprhsj ::> 61
\hneshrmnýe kjlcrjk := :6
Fcmheth mce mcevhenc fh pjsjetçj :4 8
VCVJK <4.:10 94.849

Iuheth
Hkjlcrjmnýe
Hkjlcrjmn ýe 22 Mujfrcs
Gnauhk I.(<4:92 0:)Gcethbc
Mjehssj y ]H\YN\ (<4492 <)

 Vjgln îe =hsth mujfrc puhfh hxpknmjrecs

 Vjglnîe
kjs gcvnknzjmncehs fh kcs bývhehs mcetrj kj
kkjgjfj ‛Khy Tukpçe‗. \hmcrfhgcs quh kjs
gcvnknzjmncehs prcvnenhrce gjsnvjgheth
fhsfh kcs bývhehs uenvhrsntjrncs y fh nestn-
tutcs suphrncrhs quh susmrnlhe kcs mcetrj-
tcs fh prêmtnmjs prhprcihsncejkhs y prcihsnc-
ejkhs, rhsphmtnvjgheth. Kj rhihrnfj ecrgj sh
pkjethý mcgc clbhtnvc ijmnkntjr hk jmmhsc fhk
hgpkhc fh kcs bývhehs jk ghrmjfc fh trj-
ljbc, mcesnfhrjefc quh su ijktj fh hxphrnhe-
mnj y `jlnknfjfhs ec rhsuktjlj jtrjmtnvj he
su mcetrjtjmnýe. Tcr supuhstc, uej pckçtnmj
kjlcrjk fh prcgcmnýe fhk hgpkhc fhlh mce-
snfhrjr hk hsmhejrnc fhk ghrmjfc kjlcrjk y kjs
fninmuktjfhs quh suirhe kcs fnstnetcs arupcs
pjrj mceshaunr ue hgpkhc fhmheth. Thrc
he hk mjsc fh kj Khy fhk \îanghe Kjlcrjk

= Kcs mcevhencs rhanstrjfcs nemkuyhe sus prýrrcajs, kc quh hxpknmj quh kjs mnirjs mcgpjrjfjs he hk mujfrc sh trnpknquhe.
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 86-1<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   8>
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
Buvhenk fhrcajfj sh jfcptý mcgc mrnth-
rnc prckceajr thgpcrjkgheth kcs mcetrjtcs
fh prêmtnmjs (prhprci
(prhprcihsncejkhs
hsncejkhs y prcihsncej-
khs) y ikhxnlnknzjr kj mcetrjtjmnýe, kc quh trjs-
kumh ue sngpkh jljrjtjgnhetc fh kcs mcstcs
kjlcrjkhs pjrjsneprcgcvhr
kcs bývhehs, kj he
heicmjrsh mcetrjtjmnýe fh
kcs jsphmtcs
hstrumturjkhs fh kj ijktj fh hgpkhc buvhenk.
Kcs bývhehs nethrprhtjrce quh kj Khy lus-
mjlj phrheenzjr uej sntujmnýe burçfnmj quh
fh pcr sç rhm`jzjlje, pcr kc quh kjs gcvnkn-
zjmncehs tuvnhrce mcgc clbhtnvc kj fhrcaj-
mnýe fh kj ecrgj, kc quh mcesnaunhrce jeth
kj scrprhsj fh kcs hgprhsjrncs y kcs pckçtnmcs.
Tcr hxthesnýe, hk rhm`jzc fh kj Khy Tukpçe
hvnfhemnj quh tjgpcmc kj jmtujk rhaukjmnýe
fh kj KGIK he sus fcs gcfjknfjfhs prhfc-
gnejeths rhmnlh hk lhehpkêmntc fhk arupc
lhehinmnjfc ”kcs bývhehs”. Hstc ecs kkhvj j
jejknzjr j kj prcpnj rhaukjmnýe fh kjs gcfj-
knfjfhs icrgjtnvjs kjlcrjkhs.
Hk khanskjfcr phrujec `j mcesn-
fhrjfc quh kj prhshemnj fhk hkh-
ghetc icrgjtnvc hxmkuyh fh pcr
sç kj jpknmjmnýe fh kj khanskjmnýe
gjtnvjs, he
kjlcrjk snekjs gcfjknfjfhs
gjycr  icr- 
 arjfujmnýe
 arjfujmnýe
en rhmcecmngnhetc  fh pcsnlkhs
‛zcejs arnshs‗ .
:. Hk hkhghetc icrgjtnvc mcgc ijmtcr hxmku-
yheth fh kj rhkjmnýe fh trjljbc
Kj khanskjmnýe kjlcrjk sh jpknmj jkkç fcefh sh
vhrninmj kj hxnsthemnj fh ue mcetrjtc fh trj-
ljbc, hk gnsgc quh sh puhfh fhinenr mcgc
ue mcetrjtc-rhjknfjf. Kj sntujmnýe burçfnmj
mjkninmjfj he hk Fhrhm`c phrujec mcgc
uej rhkjmnýe fh trjljbc hs jquhkkj he kj quh
mcemurrhe trhs hkhghetcs hshemnjkhs2 uej
prhstjmnýe phrscejk, uej rhguehrjmnýe y ”
iuefjghetjkgheth”
iuefjghetjkghe th” kj hxnsthemnj fh sulcr-
fnejmnýe burçfnmj c fhphefhemnj fhk pcfhr
fh fnrhmmnýe rhsphmtc fh kj mcetrjpjrth
mcetrjmtujk.
Ec clstjeth, hk khanskjfcr phrujec `j mce-
snfhrjfc quh kj prhshemnj fhk hkhghetc icr-
gjtnvc hxmkuyh fh pcr sç kj jpknmjmnýe fh
kj khanskjmnýe kjlcrjk he kjs gcfjknfjfhs
icrgjtnvjs, sne gjycr arjfujmnýe en rhmc-
ecmngnhetc fh pcsnlkhs ‛zcejs arnshs‗. Jsç,
jk rhvnsjrsh kj KGIK, sh clshrvj quh jkau-
ejs gcfjknfjfhs tnpninmjfjs mcethgpkje jk
`hm`c fh quh ue mhetrc fh icrgjmnýe prc-
ihsncejk hxnbj kj rhjknzjmnýe fh fhthrgnejfj
gcfjknfjf icrgjtnvj mcgc bustninmjeth fh
kj hxnsthemnj fh kj rhkjmnýe mcetrjmtujk fh
icrgjmnýe.
J ine fh jpuetjkjr hsh mrnthrnc rhaukjtcrnc, sh
clshrvj he kj KGIK y he sus ecrgjs rhakj-
ghetjrnjs quh `jy ue hvnfheth hsiuhrzc fhk
khanskjfcr pcr hvntjr mjkninmjr fhthrgnejfcs
hkhghetcs fhk vçemukc burçfnmc rhsuktjeth
fh kj prhstjmnýe fh shrvnmncs ljbc kcs tîrgn-
ecs utnknzjfcs he kj rhkjmnýe fh trjljbc. Jsç,
sh `jmh rhihrhemnj j kj rhtrnlumnýe pjajfj
mcgc ‛sulvhemnýe‗ he vhz fh ‛rhguehrj-
mnýe‗? kj ‛sulvhemnýe jfnmncejk‗ sustntuyh j
kjs ‛arjtninmjmncehs
‛arjtninmjmncehs khajkhs‗ (juequh kj cpcr-
tuenfjf fh pjac vjrçj, jgljs mcgpjrthe kj
mjrjmthrçstnmj fh shr ue lhehinmnc ctcrajfc
shghstrjkgheth hqunvjkheth jk gcetc fh kj
rhtrnlumnýe ghesujk)? kjs ‛vjmjmncehs‗ sce kkj-
gjfjs ghrjgheth ‛fhsmjesc‗ (y sh rhmcec-
mhe he uej iýrgukj rhfumnfj mce rhsphmtc
j kj khanskjmnýe kjlcrjk mcgòe)? y kj ‛bcrejfj
fh trjljbc‗ sh fhecgnej he kj KGIK mcgc
‛bcrejfj icrgjtnvj‗.
Tjrj jkauecs jejknstjs fh kj khanskjmnýe
phrujej, kj hxmkusnýe kjlcrjk hstê jpjrhbjfj
mce kj mrhjmnýe fh mnhrtcs tnpcs fh gcfjkn-
fjfhs icrgjtnvjs quh hstjrçje fhsvnrtujfjs
fhsfh su icrgukjmnýe he hk thxtc ecrgjtnvc.
ecrgjtn vc.
 94  pp. 86-1< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

MCEV\JVJMNÝE KJLC\JK

 Vjk shrçj
 Vjk shrçj hk
hk mjsc
mjsc fh kj rhneshr
rhneshrmnýe
mnýe kjlcr
kjlcrjk
jk (jrtç-
(jrtç- hk hkhghetc icrgjtnvc pcfrçj bustninmjr ue
mukc <> y snaunheths fh kj KGIK), fcefh sh mcetrjtc thgpcrjk, muyj vnahemnj shj mce-
clshrvj quh su êglntc clbhtnvc hstê icmj- aruheth mce kj furjmnýe fhk pkje hsphmçinmc
knzjfc he kcs fhshgpkhjfcs gjycrhs fh 68 fh icrgjmnýe quh puhfj mcethgpkjrsh pjrj
júcs. Tjrj Jrmh Crtnz (<440), hstj gcfjknfjf hk mjsc he mcemrhtc.
mjrhmh
kcs ctrcsfhktnpcs
hkhghetc icrgjtnvc
rhmcecmnfcs fhkKGIK,
he kj rhstcpcr
fh
kc quh su bustninmjmnýe fhetrc fh kj mjthac-
rçj fh kcs mcetrjtcs icrgjtnvcs hs nescsthen- Mcesnfhrjefc kjs `hrrjgnhe-
Mcesnfhrjefc
lkh. He hsh shetnfc, sh `j fhstjmjfc quh hk tjs  mcetrjmtujkhs quh kj khans-
hihmtc hxmkuyheth fh kj khanskjmnýe kjlcrjk
puhfh shr gjk utnknzjfc ljbc uej supuhstj kjmnýe kjlcrjk phrujej ctcraj
‛rhneshrmnýe kjlcrjk‗ quh, pjrjfýbnmjgheth, j kcs hgpkhjfcrhs, sh puhfh
rhsuktj he uej rhkjmnýe mcetrjmtujk fhsprc-
vnstj fh kcs lhehinmncs fh kj khanskjmnýe kjlc-
mcesnfhrjr quh hk hkhg
hkhghetc
hetc icr-
icr-
rjk. ]ne hgljrac, hstj inaurj pcfrçj hemce- gjtnvc pcfrçj bustninmjr ue mce-
trjrsh susthetjfj
sus thetjfj he kcs ‛mjstnacs
‛mjstnacs sjkjrnjkhs‗
s jkjrnjkhs‗ y  trjt
 trjtc
c thgp
hgpcr
crjk
jk, muy
muyjj vnahemnj shj
`jstj kj hstnagjtnzjmnýe scmnjk quh puhfhe
suirnr kcs trjljbjfcrhs muyjs mjpjmnfjfhs mcearuheth mce kj furjmnýe fhk
hsphmçinmjs sh `je fhsjrrckkjfc he puhstcs pkje  hsphmçinmc fh icrgjmnýe
fh trjljbc jfsmrntcs j fhthrgnejfjs jmtnvn-
fjfhs hmceýgnmjs quh hxphrnghetje phrnc-
quh puhfj mcethgpkjrsh pjrj
fcs fh mrnsns (^jgjfj y Mêrfhejs, <44>, p. hk mjsc he mcemrhtc .
=:1). Hk fhspkjzjgnhetc fh hstjs phrscejs
j euhvcs hgpkhcs pcfrçj ngpknmjr kj ehmh-
snfjf fh uej euhvj icrgjmnýe prcihsncejk
quh puhfj ngpjmtjr pcsntnvjgheth he kcs ]ne hgljrac, ec puhfh fhbjr fh rhmcec-
nearhscs clthenfcs trjs hk fhshgpkhc. mhrsh quh hk hihmtc fh hstj rhaukjmnýe he hk
ghrmjfc phrujec `j ahehrjfc ue nemhetnvc
Ec ecs pjrhmh, vnstjs hstjs vêknfjs clshr- pjrj quh kjs hgprhsjs y hk prcpnc Hstjfc6 sh
vjmncehs, quh kj fnghesnýe kjlcrjk y kj icr- snrvje fh gjec fh clrj nehxphrtj, gum`js
gjtnvj shje nrrhmcemnknjlkhs. Jk mcetrjrnc, vhmhs sne jtrnlunr uej rhjk ngpcrtjemnj jk hkh-
rhsuktj hvnfheth quh kj htjpj icrgjtnvj ghetc icrgjtnvc. ]h gjetnhehe jsç kjs clbh-
puhfh fhsjrrckkjrsh he hk gjrmc fh kj rhkj- mncehs quh fhsfh kj hgnsnýe fh kj KGIK y
mnýe kjlcrjk sne fhgjsnjfcs nemcevhenheths2 su \hakjghetc sh `je pkjethjfc sclrh kj
snhgprh kj pjrth hgpkhjfcrj pcfrê hbhrmn- vhrfjfhrj nethemnýe fhk khanskjfcr y fh sus
tjr kj ijmuktjf fnrhmtrnz pjrj pcfhr jfcptjr hihmtcs fnstjeths j ue aheunec icghetc fhk
kjs fhmnsncehs quh rhsukthe ehmhsjrnjs pjrj hgpkhc y fh kj mjpjmntjmnýe kjlcrjk (Vc
( Vcyjgj
yjgj
crajenzjr, insmjknzjr c (he jkaòe mjsc) sje- Gnyjausuou, <440, p. ::9). Hsth heicquh ecr-
mncejr kcs nemugpkngnhetcs. He hsh shetnfc, gjtnvc tnheh hihmtcs prêmtnmcs guy mkjrcs.
mcesnfhrjefc kjs `hrrjgnhetjs mcetrjmtuj- Tcr hbhgpkc, jejknzjefc kjs hstjfçstnmjs
khs quh kj khanskjmnýe kjlcrjk phrujej ctcraj kjlcrjkhs fh <4:=, kcs prjmtnmjeths tuvnhrce,
j kcs hgpkhjfcrhs, sh puhfh mcesnfhrjr quh he prcghfnc, uec fh kcs nearhscs kjlcrjkhs

6 Hk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ :64: rhaukj

rhaukj hk \îanghe Hsphmnjk fh kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs fh shrvnmncs he hk shmtcr pòlknmc.
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 86-1<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   9:
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
gês ljbcs fhk nearhsc kjlcrjk ghesujk prc-
ghfnc fh 1:8 sckhs, cmupjefc buetc mce
kjs trjljbjfcrjs fhk `cajr hk pheòktngc phk-
fjúc he mcgpjrjmnýe mce hk prcghfnc fh
kj pclkjmnýe hmceýgnmjgheth jmtnvj cmu-
8
pjfj quh quh
prhsheth iuh fhkj :48= sckhs . @jygçengj
rhguehrjmnýe quh thehr
he
<4:= iuh fh 184 sckhs, mce kc quh hk nearhsc
prcghfnc fh kcs prjmtnmjeths iuh neihrncr j
hsh pnsc sjkjrnjk.
Fh ctrc kjfc, hk hkhghetc icrgjtnvc he kj
KGIK y hk \KGIK ec jpjrhmh jpjrhbjfc mce
ue fhrhm`c fh prhihrhemnj fh kcs lhehin-
mnjrncs fh fnm`j icrgj fh mcetrjtjmnýe. Kj
ijktj fh hsj prhvnsnýe khajk rhsuktj ue puetc
he mcetrj he kj vjkcrjmnýe fh hstj ecrgj-
tnvj mcgc `hrrjgnhetj pjrj kj nemcrpcrj-
mnýe
tjfjskjlcrjk fh kjs phrscejs
ljbc gcfjknfjfhs quh sce mcetrj-
icrgjtnvjs, yj quh
ec hxnsth ue ghmjensgc rhaukjtcrnc quh jk
ghecs ijvcrhzmj su pjrtnmnpjmnýe he mce-
murscs pcr vjmjeths he kjs gnsgjs hgprh-
sjs fcefh prhstjrce shrvnmncs.
He ahehrjk, hxnsth uej phrmhpmnýe ijvc-
rjlkh he hk trjskjfc pjukjtnec c arjfujk
fh kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs `jmnj hk
rîanghe kjlcrjk mcgòe. Ec clstjeth, sh
hetnhefh quh fnm`c hsmhejrnc pcfrçj jmj-
ljr mce kj hihmtnvnfjf fh kjs jethfnm`js
icrgjs fh mcetrjtjmnýe fh bývhehs he
icrgjmnýe, jk jújfnrsh j tjkhs mcetrjtcs
gês lhehinmncs, kc quh `jrçj ghecs jtrjm-
tnvc hk mcetjr mce hsh phrscejk (yj quh ec
pcshhrçje tcfjs kjs mcgphthemnjs fhshj-
lkhs, he mcgpjrjmnýe fh jquhk gês jetn-
auc). He tcfc mjsc, sh puhfh pkjethjr
quh kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs pcfrçje
thehr ue jkmjemh fnstnetc, pcr hbhgpkc,
mce euhvcs prcyhmtcs ecrgjtnvcs quh
lusmje rhaukjr hk hgpkhc buvhenk, sne mjhr
he rhaukjmncehs sngnkjrhs j kj Khy Tukpçe.
8 Mir. Mujfrcs Kuquh (<4:9, p. 89).
<. Kj rhkjtnvj fhsrhaukjmnýe fh kcs pjrêgh-
trcs fh kc icrgjtnvc
En kj KGIK en hk \KGIK mcethgpkje pjrê-
ghtrcs quh jmkjrhe kj furjmnýe fh kj icr-
gjmnýe fhetrc fh kj bcrejfj quh sh puhfh
kkhajr j mugpknr. Ec sh clshrvje pcrmhetj-
 bhs fhk tnhgp
tnhgpcc tctj
tctjkk fh kj bcrej
bcrejfj
fj quh sh
rhinhrje snqunhrj fh gjehrj suahrnfj. Jsn-
gnsgc, tjgpcmc hxnsth uej rhakjghetjmnýe
fh kcs mcetrckhs, hvjkujmncehs, suphrvnsnýe y
rhtrcjknghetjmnýe quh fhlhrçj hxnstnr fhetrc
fh uej rhkjmnýe icrgjtnvj.
Hk prclkhgj fh hsth gcfhkc hs quh ngpnfh
ue mcetrck phrgjeheth fhetrc fh kj gnsgj
hgprhsj, quh puhfj vjknfjr kcs prcarhscs
fhk bcvhe fhetrc fh kjs htjpjs icrgjtnvjs.
]ne clknajmncehs mkjrjs he gjthrnj icrgj-
tnvj pjrj hk mhetrc prcfumtnvc quh jklhraj
jk bcvhe he icrgjmnýe, rhsuktj fniçmnk supc-
ehr quh puhfj nethrncrnzjrsh jkaòe nemhetnvc
rhjk pjrj ajrjetnzjr quh kj icrgjmnýe theaj
mcetrckhs fh mjknfjf y quh jfgntj jfhmuj-
mncehs pjrj jthefhr ehmhsnfjfhs hsphmnjkhs
fh pjrth fh kcs lhehinmnjrncs fh kjs gcfjkn-
fjfhs icrgjtnvjs.
Kj KGIK mceiçj hsth pjphk fh mcetrck j kcs
mhetrcs fh icrgjmnýe, juequh tjgpcmc
hstêe mkjrjs kjs sjemncehs quh pufnhrje
rhmnlnr pcr hk nemugpkngnhetc c fhinmnheth
mugpkngnhetc fh kj rhspcesjlnknfjf fh vhrn-
inmjr quh kj gcfjknfjf icrgjtnvj mugpkj,
hihmtnvjgheth, mce hsj inejknfjf y quh ec
hsmcefj uej rhkjmnýe fh trjljbc sne mcstcs
kjlcrjkhs. Vjgpcmc
Vjgpcmc sh mcecmh neicrgjmnýe
hstjfçstnmj quh phrgntj mcecmhr kj nemnfhe-
mnj fh kj insmjknzjmnýe kjlcrjk he kjs gcfjkn-
fjfhs icrgjtnvjs c sn sh `je ngpuhstc sje-
mncehs jfgnenstrjtnvjs pcr neirjmmncehs j
kj KGIK, kc quh sh tnheh rhanstrjfc sce hk
eòghrc fh nesphmmncehs jeujkhs rhjknzjfjs
pcr mjpjmntjmnýe y gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs.
 9<  pp. 86-1< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
\hsuktj fniçmnk jshaurjr kj hihm-
tnvnfjf y hk mugpkngnhetc fh kcs
fhrhm`cs   he kjs gcfjknfjfhs
icrgjtnvjs , tcfj vhz quh kcs
mhetrcs fh icrgjmnýe ”jmtc-
rhs mkjvh pjrj kj hinmjmnj fh fnm`c
prcpýsntc” ec gjeninhstje gjycr
nethrîs he fhsjrrckkjr hsth tnpc
fh jmmncehs .
He hk ghbcr fh kcs mjscs, hsth gcfhkc
khajk phrgnth quh sh hbhrmnth ue mcetrck
hx pcst   quh fniçmnkgheth puhfh jljrmjr
hk prcpnc mhetrc fh icrgjmnýe. Juequh
kj khy prhvî quh kjs hetnfjfhs hfumjtn-
vjs fhlhe hbhrmhr uej kjlcr fh insmjknzj-
mnýe jmtnvj quh ajrjetnmh kj hihmtnvnfjf
fh kcs fhrhm`cs fh kcs lhehinmnjrncs fh
hstjs gcfjknfjfhs, kj pjrtnmnpjmnýe rhjk fh
fnm`cs mhetrcs icrgjtnvcs gum`js vhmhs
sh kngntj jk mugpkngnhetc fh kcs rhqunsn-
tcs icrgjkhs (susmrnpmnýe fh kcs prcarj-
gjs fh mjpjmntjmnýe y suphrvnsnýe fh kjs
hgprhsjs). Tcr hkkc, he kj ahehrjknfjf fh
kcs mjscs, mcrrhspcefh j kj Jutcrnfjf fh
 Vrj ljbc
 Vrjlj bc ne
neth
thrr vh
vhen
enrr he hs
hstc
tcss mj
mjsc
scss mc
mcgc
gc
insmjknzjfcr. Kc mnhrtc hs quh rhsuktj fniç-
mnk jshaurjr kj hihmtnvnfjf y hk mugpkn-
gnhetc fh kcs fhrhm`cs he kjs gcfjknfj-
fhs icrgjtnvjs, tcfj vhz quh kcs mhetrcs
fh icrgjmnýe ”jmtcrhs mkjvh pjrj kj hin-
mjmnj fh fnm`c prcpýsntc” ec gjeninhs-
tje gjycr nethrîs he fhsjrrckkjr hsth tnpc
fh jmmncehs.
9 Hetrh tjkhs ctrcs fhrhm`cs, mntjgcs mcgc hbhgpkcs j kj hxthesnýe fhk fhlhr burçfnmc fh prhvhemnýe, ngpuhstc pcr kj Khy
E´ <>01=, Khy fh ]haurnfjf y ]jkuf he hk Vrjljbc? y kj prcthmmnýe fnsphesjfj `jmnj kcs bývhehs mcetrjtjfcs ljbc gcfjkn-
fjfhs icrgjtnvjs j trjvîs fh kj Khy E´ <1>6<, Khy fh Trhvhemnýe y ]jemnýe fhk @cstnajgnhetc ]hxujk, muhrpc ecrgjtnvc
quh kcs mcesnfhrj gnhglrcs fh ue ‛arupc vukehrjlkh‗ irheth jk jmcsc shxujk.
MCEV\JVJMNÝE KJLC\JK
=. Trnemnpjkhs fhrhm`cs hsphmçinmcs fh kcs
lhehinmnjrncs fh gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs
Kj khanskjmnýe phrujej crfhej quh kcs
hgprhsjrncs c kjs hetnfjfhs hstjtjkhs subh-
tjs jk rîanghe kjlcrjk fh kj jmtnvnfjf prn-
vjfj quh mhkhlrhe mcevhencs fh icrgjmnýe
fhlhe mugpknr mce uej shrnh fh prhstjmnc-
ehs pcr gjefjtc khajk. Jquç ghemncej-
rhgcs j jquhkkcs fhrhm`cs fh mcethenfc
hsphmçinmc jpknmjlkhs jk rîanghe quh vhen-
gcs mcghetjefc, sne fhbjr fh kjfc jk `hm`c
fh quh kj prhstjmnýe fh shrvnmncs fh kcs bývh-
bývh -
ehs he gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs fhetrc fh
uenfjfhs prcfumtnvjs kcs mcevnhrth tjg-
lnîe he tntukjrhs fh uej shrnh fh fhrhm`cs
fh mjrêmthr ahehrjk9.
=.:. Kj kngntjmnýe fh kj bcrejfj icrgjtnvj
Kj KGIK hstjlkhmh fnvhrscs pjrêghtrcs pjrj
kjs gcfjknfjfhs tnpninmjfjs, snhefc hk tcph
gêxngc fh kj bcrejfj sngnkjr jk rîanghe
ahehrjk, hs fhmnr, 0 `crjs fnjrnjs c 60 shgj-
ejkhs? sjkvc hk mjsc fhk jprhefnzjbh mce prh-
fcgnenc he kj hgprhsj y kcs mcevhencs fh
prêmtnmjs prh prcihsncejkhs (9 `crjs fnjrnjs
c =4 shgjejkhs). He hk mjsc fh kcs mcevh-
encs fh pjsjetçj mce hstufnjeths fh òktngcs
arjfcs fh hfumjmnýe shmuefjrnj, kh mcrrhs-
pcefh jk Gnensthrnc fh Hfumjmnýe hstjlkh-
mhr hk kçgnth jpknmjlkh.
Nenmnjkgheth, pcr hihmtc fhk jrtçmukc 8< fh
kj KGIK sh mcesnfhrý quh hk hxmhsc jk `crj-
rnc `jlntujk fh kj hgprhsj, jsç mcgc kj bcr-
ejfj he `crjrnc ecmturec sne jutcrnzjmnýe
jfgnenstrjtnvj supceçje icrgjs fh nemug-
pkngnhetc quh ec mceinaurjlje ue phrbunmnc
arjvh mcetrj hk lhehinmnjrnc. ]ne hgljrac, kj
fjmnýe fhk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 44=-<440-
 V\ sje
sjemnc
mnceý
eý mce eukn
euknfjf
fjf jk mcev
mcevhenc
henc fh
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 86-1<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   9=
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs mujefc sh fhthr-
gneh hk hxmhsc he kj bcrejfj (nemkusnvh sn
mcemurrnhsh hk mceshetngnhetc fhk lhehin-
mnjrnc fh kj icrgjmnýe).
Tcr hsh gctnvc, hk hxmhsc he kj bcrejfj fh
kcs lhehinmnjrncs fh gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs
`j snfc clbhtc fh muhstncejgnhetcs he kj
vçj burnsfnmmncejk. Nemkusnvh, hk Vrnluejk Mces-
tntumncejk phrujec `j rhsuhktc nefnmjefc
quh kj hvnfhemnj fh trjljbc pcr hemngj fh
fnm`c tnhgpc jmrhfntj kj fhsejturjknzjmnýe
fh kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs.1
=.<.
=.<. Gcetc gçengc fh kj rhtrn
rhtrnlumnýe
lumnýe
phrmnlnfj
Hk mrnthrnc ahehrjk hs kj hqunpjrjmnýe mce kj
rhguehrjmnýe gçengj, kc quh sh mcefnmncej
j quh hk lhehinmnjrnc fhk mcevhenc mugpkj
mce kj bcrejfj gêxngj prhvnstj he kj khy.
Kj furjmnýe neihrncr fh kj bcrejfj gctnvj hk
pjac fh uej sulvhemnýe prcpcrmncejk.
Ec clstjeth, sh jprhmnj quh sh prhvîe rhakjs
hsphmnjkhs pjrj kcs mjscs fh pjsjetçj fh
hstufnjeths fh hfumjmnýe shmuefjrnj (ec
ghecs fhk 8 % fh kj rhguehrjmnýe gçengj)
y kjs fhgês icrgjs fh pjsjetçjs, fcefh
kj sulvhemnýe jkmjezj hk =4 %. Jsngnsgc,
kj rhneshrmnýe kjlcrjk hs rhtrnlunfj mce ec
ghecs fh fcs rhguehrjmncehs gçengjs.
=.=. Kngntjmnýe fhk pkjzc fh furjmnýe fhk mce-
vhenc fh icrgjmnýe
Kj KGIK hstjlkhmh kçgnths thgpcrjkhs pjrj
hk usc fh kcs mcevhencs fh gcfjknfjfhs
icrgjtnvjs. Jsç, he jkauecs mjscs sh inbj ue
pkjzc hsphmninmjfc (pcr hbhgpkc2 ue júc
mcgc tcph gêxngc pjrj kj prêmtnmj prcih-
sncejk, sjkvc quh hk mhetrc hfumjtnvc hxnbj
ue pkjzc gjycr? y ue júc prcrrcajlkh j
ue júc gês, he hk mjsc fhk mcevhenc fh
1 Mir. V\NLXEJK MCE]VNVXM
MCE]VNVXMNCEJK
NCEJK FHK TH\Ò. ]VM <1<8-<4::
<1<8-<4::-T
-TJ/VM
jmtujknzjmnýe pjrj kj rhneshrmnýe kjlcrjk)
c fhthrgnejfc ljbc pjrêghtrcs rjzcej-
lkhs. Fnm`cs pjrêghtrcs lnhe puhfhe shr
jgpkncs, mcgc cmurrh mce kj furjmnýe prc-
pcrmncejk fh kj prêmtnmj prh prcihsncejk mce
rhsphmtc
envhk fh kjj kj furjmnýe fh
mjkninmjmnýe fh kjkjicrgjmnýe
cmupjmnýe?y hk
c
puhfhe hstjr fhkngntjfcs ljbc pkjzcs gês c
ghecs fhthrgnejfcs. Hstc òktngc cmurrh he
kj mjpjmntjmnýe kjlcrjk buvhenk, quh ngpceh
pkjzcs ec gjycrhs j shns ghshs pjrj kjlcrhs
pcmc mcgpkhbjs (prcrrcajlkhs j shns ghshs
jfnmncejkhs) c `jstj vhnetnmujtrc ghshs he hk
mjsc fh kjlcrhs gês mjkninmjfjs y mcgpkhbjs.
=.6. Kngntjmnýe fh kj hfjf gçengj pjrj
shr lhehinmnjrnc fh kcs mcevhencs fh
icrgjmnýe
Hk khanskjfcr phrujec rhmcecmh quh kjs
fnvhrsjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs hstêe
crnhetjfjs j fnvhrscs arupcs htjrncs, hkh-
ghetc quh puhfh c ec mcglnejrsh mce kcs
hstufncs quh sh `jyje mursjfc pjrj mcein-
aurjr kcs rhqunsntcs jpknmjlkhs j mjfj uec fh
hstcs tnpcs fh mcevhenc. Jsç, pcr hbhgpkc,
he hk mjsc fh kcs mcevhencs fh icrgjmnýe
sh prhvî quh kcs lhehinmnjrncs fhlhe `jlhr
mugpknfc jk ghecs kcs :6 júcs y `jlhr
suphrjfc kcs hstufncs
hst ufncs prngjrncs. He hk ‛mce-
‛mce-
vhenc fh pjsjetçj‗,
pjsjetçj‗, he mjglnc, sh
s h hxnah quh
hk
sh lhehinmnjrnc
hemuhetrh hetheaj :6 júcs
kcs òktngcs c gês
arjfcs fhkyenvhk
quh
fh hfumjmnýe shmuefjrnj. Gnhetrjs quh he
kj mjpjmntjmnýe kjlcrjk buvhenk sh hxnah quh
kcs lhehinmnjrncs theaje hetrh :9 y <= júcs y
quh hkkcs ec `jyje mukgnejfc kj hfumjmnýe
lêsnmj, c quh, `jlnîefckj thrgnejfc, ec
sh snaje hstufncs tîmenmcs c uenvhrsntjrncs.
\hsphmtc fhk jprhefnzjbh mce prhfcgnenc
he hk mhetrc fh icrgjmnýe prcihsncejk (prêm-
tnmjs prhprcihsncejkhs y prcihsncejkhs) ec
J/VM fh :< fh buenc fh <4:=, Mcesnfhrjef
Mcesnfhrjefcc :4.
 96  pp. 86-1< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

MCEV\JVJMNÝE KJLC\JK

sh inbj uej hfjf gçengj en gêxngj, shúj- fh kj jmtujknzjmnýe pjrj kj rhneshrmnýe kjlc-
kêefcsh òenmjgheth quh fnm`js gcfjknfj- rjk ec shj gjycr jk <4 % fhk tctjk fhk phrsc-
fhs mcrrhspcefhe, rhsphmtnvjgheth, j hstu- ejk fhk êrhj u cmupjmnýe hsphmçinmj en jk :4
fnjeths furjeth su icrgjmnýe c j harhsjfcs. % fhk tctjk fh hgpkhjfcs fnrhmtcs.

=.8. Tcrmhetjb
Tcrmhetjbhh gêxngc fh lhehinmnjrncs
Kj KGIK `j prhvnstc quh kjs hgprhsjs mce
gês fh fnhz trjljbjfcrhs puhfje susmrnlnr
fh fcs j gês mcevhencs fh ‛mjpjmntjmnýe
kjlcrjk buvhenk‗, thenîefcsh jk tcph fh <4 %
fh lhehinmnjrncs mcgc gêxngc fhetrc fhk
êrhj y cmupjmnýe hsphmçinmj. Hsj gnsgj prc-
pcrmnýe hs kj gêxngj jutcrnzjfj rhsphmtc
fhk eòghrc tctjk fh trjljbjfcrhs fnrhmtcs
fh kj hgprhsj.0 ]n, he mjglnc, kj hgprhsj
sckjgheth tnheh trhs j :4 trjljbjfcrhs, kj
khy prhvî quh sckjgheth pcfrê susmrnlnrsh
ue mcevhenc ljbc hsj gcfjknfjf.
Kj prêmtnmj  burnsfnmmncejk hvn-
fhemnj hk hxthefnfc usc fh kjs
gcfjknfjfhs  icrgjtnvjs  mce
hk ine fh jljrjtjr kcs mcstcs fhk
phrscejk .
Xej
vhencrhaukjmnýe sngnkjrkjlcrjk,
fh rhneshrmnýe sh prhvî
hk pjrj
gnsgchk mce-
quh
sckc puhfh susmrnlnrsh mce uej phrscej sn
hs quh kj hgprhsj muhetj mce gês fh trhs
trjljbjfcrhs y ghecs fh :4. He mjsc fh
hgprhsjs mce gjycr eòghrc fh phrscejk,
sh hxnah quh hk eòghrc fh kcs lhehinmnjrncs
=.9. Ghfnfjs fh gcfjknfjfhs
khetc fh kjs prhvhemnýe fhk usc irjufu-
icrgjtnvjs
Fhsfh hk puetc fh vnstj rhaukjtcrnc, hxnsthe
prhvnsncehs quh jpuetje j hvntjr hk usc irju-
fukhetc fh kcs ghmjensgcs rhmcecmnfcs he
kj khy. Jsç, sh clshrvj quh he jkauecs mjscs
sh rhaukje prc`nlnmncehs jlsckutjs fh mce-
trjtjr j ue hxtrjljbjfcr ljbc uej gcfjknfjf
icrgjtnvj. He ctrcs mjscs, hsj prc`nlnmnýe
sckjgheth rnah furjeth ue phrncfc fhthrgn-
ejfc (ue júc fhsfh hk mhsh, pjrj kj rhneshr-
mnýe). ]ne hgljrac, he hk icefc, kj phrscej
he
fjficrgjmnýe
icrgjtnvjquh mcesnfhrh
mhkhlrjfj quhfhsejturj-
hstuvc kj gcfjkn-
knzjfj pcfrê jmmhfhr j kj bustnmnj kjlcrjk pjrj
muhstncejr fnm`j vnemukjmnýe.
]ne hgljrac, kj prêmtnmj burnsfnmmncejk hvn-
fhemnj hk hxthefnfc usc fh kjs gcfjknfjfhs
icrgjtnvjs mce hk ine fh jljrjtjr kcs mcstcs
fhk phrscejk. He kj burnsprufhemnj mcestntu-
mncejk sh `j jinrgjfc hk mcemhptc pcr hk
mujk kj jsnaejmnýe fh iuemncehs fnstnetjs
j kjs mcethenfjs he hk pkje icrgjtnvc fhk
lhehinmnjrnc fh uej gcfjknfjf icrgjtnvj,
kc
ehsquh puhfh cmurrnr
jfnmncejkhs rhsphmtc fh
j kjs mcethenfjs he iuemnc-
hk pkje
fh icrgjmnýe>? iuemncehs fh fufcsj mjknfjf
icrgjtnvj? c nemkusc, kj jsnaejmnýe fh iue-
mncehs fh sustntumnýe fh ctrcs trjljbjfcrhs
muycs vçemukcs hetrjlje he susphesnýe (pcr
vjmjmncehs u ctrcs gctnvcs):4.

0 Mceicrgh mce hk jrtçmukc :1 fh kj KGIK, hk pcrmhetjbh

pcrmhetjbh fh <4 % puhfh nemrhghetjr
nemrhghetjrsh
sh he ue :4 % jfnmncejk,
jfnmncejk, snhgprh
snhgprh quh
kjs phrscejs jfnmncejkhs shje bývhehs mce fnsmjpjmnfjf c bývhehs gjfrhs mce rhspcesjlnknfjfhs ijgnknjrhs.
> He hsh shetnfc, hk Vrnluejk Mcestntumncej
Mcestntumncejkk phrujec `j rhsuhktc trjtjefc j supuhstjs mukgnejmncehs fh mcetrjtcs icrgjtn-
vcs
phrcmcgc fhspnfcs jrlntrjrncs,
quh rhjknzjlje crfhejefc
kjlcrhs fnstnetjs kj rhpcsnmnýejsnaejfjs”
j kjs nenmnjkgheth fh fhgjefjeths quh `jlçje
hstjlkhmnîefcsh susmrntcfh
mcetrjtcs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs
trjljbc j pkjzc nefhthr-”
gnejfc. Jsç, puhfh mcesuktjrsh kj ]VM 0<1-<4::-TJ/VM fh <: fh buenc fh <4::, Mcesnfhrjefcs = j 9.
:4 Mir. ]VM 8<61-<4::-TJ/VM
8<61-<4::-TJ/VM fh = fh jlrnk fh <4:<, Mcesnfhrjef
Mcesnfhrjefcscs 6 y 8.
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 86-1<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   98
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
Hk gêxngc netîrprhth fh kj Mcestntumnýe he
Thrò tjglnîe sh `j prceuemnjfc he mjscs
fh rhmcetrjtjmnýe fh hxtrjljbjfcrhs ljbc
gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs. He tjkhs mjscs,
sh `j jejknzjfc hk mjrêmthr fh kjs kjlcrhs
rhjknzjfjs,
prhstjfcs ljbcmcgpjrêefcsh
ue mcetrjtcj fhkcs trjljbc
shrvnmncsy
kcs prhstjfcs ljbc uej gcfjknfjf icrgj-
tnvj::. Hk rjzcejgnhetc nevhrsc tjglnîe `j
snfc hxpuhstc, fh tjk icrgj quh mujefc sh
`j jfvhrtnfc quh kcs shrvnmncs prhstjfcs
furjeth kj vnahemnj fh ue mcevhenc icrgj-
tnvc y uej pcsthrncr rhkjmnýe kjlcrjk hrje sus-
s us-
tjemnjkgheth kjs gnsgjs, sh `j mcesnfhrjfc
jk prnghr trjgc mcetrjmtujk mcgc uej rhkj-
mnýe fh trjljbc:<.
Kcs hxmhscs phrgjeheths y lnhe mcecmnfcs
fh kj bcrejfj
prcihsncejk
prcihsnce jk he fh phrscejs
mnhrtjs ljbc icrgjmnýe
jmtnvnfjfhs hmceýgn-
mjs (hstufncs fh jlcajfcs y he hk êglntc fh
kj sjkuf) gctnvý j quh sh hgntj hk Fhmrhtc
]uprhgc E´ 44=-<440-V\, muyc jrtçmukc :
mjkninmj mcgc supuhstc fh fhsejturjknzjmnýe
fhk mcetrjtc fh gcfjknfjf icrgjtnvj, sje-
mnceêefcsh j hsth hxmhsc mcgc supuhstc
fh irjufh y jtrnluyîefcsh jk vçemukc kjlcrjk
kj mjrjmthrçstnmj fh ue mcetrjtc fh trjljbc.
6. Trcsmrnpmnýe fhk irjufh he kjs gcfjknfj-
fhs icrgjtnvjs
HK khanskjfcr phrujec rhmcecmh quh kjs
gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs puhfhe shr gjk
utnknzjfjs pjrj fnsirjzjr rhkjmncehs fh trj-
ljbc hemulnhrtjs. He hsj ghfnfj, sh sje-
mncej mce kj euknfjf fh kcs mcevhencs susmrn-
susmr n-
tcs y hk hemjusjgnhetc fhk vçemukc burçfnmc
j uej rhkjmnýe fh trjljbc j pkjzc nefhthrgn-
ejfc j kcs snaunheths supuhstcs, sne phrbun-
mnc fh kjs guktjs jfgnenstrjtnvjs quh puh-
fje ngpcehrsh (nemnscs : j 1 fhk jrtçmukc 8:
fh kj KGIK)2
:: Mir. ]VM 449-<441-TJ/VM fh =: fh jacstc fh <44>, Mcesnfhrjefcs = j 9.
:< Mir. ]VM ::91-<4:<
::91-<4:<-T
-TJ/VM
J/VM fh 8 fh hehrc fh <4:<, Mcesnfhrjefc =.=.6.
  Kj nehxnsthemnj fhk mcevhenc fh gcfj-
knfjf icrgjtnvj fhlnfjgheth susmrntc.
  Kj ijktj fh mjpjmntjmnýe he kj cmupjmnýe
hsphmçinmj y/c hk fhsjrrckkc fh jmtnvnfj-
fhs fhk lhehinmnjrnc jbhejs j kj fh kcs
hstufncs tîmenmcs c prcihsncejkhs hstj-
lkhmnfcs he hk mcevhenc.
  Kj mcetneujmnýe fh kj gcfjknfjf icrgj-
tnvj fhspuîs fh kj ihm`j fh vhemngnhetc
hstnpukjfc he hk rhsphmtnvc mcevhenc
c fh su prýrrcaj c sn hxmhfh hk pkjzc
gêxngc hstjlkhmnfc pcr kj Khy.
  Nemkunr mcgc lhehinmnjrnc fh jkauej fh
kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs j kjs phrsc-
ejs quh theaje rhkjmnýe kjlcrjk mce kj
hgprhsj mcetrjtjeth, he icrgj fnrhmtj
c j trjvîs fh mujkqunhr icrgj fh nethr-
ghfnjmnýe kjlcrjk, sjkvc quh sh nemcr-
pcrh j uej jmtnvnfjf
jm tnvnfjf fnihrheth.
  Kj prhshetjmnýe fh fcmughetjmnýe
ijksj jeth kj Jutcrnfjf Jfgnenstrjtnvj
fh Vrjljbc pjrj jmcahrsh jk nemrhghetc
pcrmhetujk jfnmncejk, j quh sh rhinhrhe
kcs jrtçmukcs :1 y =< c pjrj jmcahrsh j
ctrc tnpc fh lhehinmncs quh kj Khy c su
\hakjghetc hstnpukh.
  Kj hxnsthemnj fh sngukjmnýe c irjufh j kj
Khy quh fhthrgneh kj fhsejturjknzjmnýe
fh kj gcfjknfjf icrgjtnvj.
  Hk hxmhsc he kcs pcrmhetjbhs kngntjtnvcs
mcrrhspcefnheths.
Jk prhvhrsh quh shje îstjs y ec ctrjs kjs
mcefumtjs quh gctnvje hk trjtjgnhetc fh
kj rhkjmnýe burçfnmj mcgc ue vçemukc kjlcrjk
fnsirjzjfc, kjs mceshmuhemnjs fhk irjufh fhk
jmtc mhkhlrjfc ec sh hxtnhefhe j ctrjs icr-
gjs fh nemugpkngnhetc. Hk prcpnc khanskjfcr
 99  pp. 86-1< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

MCEV\JVJMNÝE KJLC\JK

`j prhmnsjfc, pcr hbhgpkc, quh en kj ijktj  bcrejfj fh trjljbc

trjljbc ec
ec hs ue tnhgpc
tnhgpc fh
fh nejm-
fh pjac fh kj sulvhemnýe hmceýgnmj en hk tnvnfjf, snec ue tnhgpc fh icrgjmnýe, hstc
hxmhsc sclrh kcs tcphs fh bcrejfj en kj ijktj
i jktj hs, ue tnhgpc prcfumtnvc scmnjk y hmceýgn-
fh mclhrturj fh shaurcs en kj hetrhaj fh mjgheth‗ (Ljklçe <4492 ==:). Fh hsj gjehrj,
kj mhrtninmjmnýe pcr kjs jmtnvnfjfhs fhsjrrc- gês quh uej neirjmmnýe fh kj ecrgj kngntj-
kkjfjs
tcs fhsupcehe, rhsphmtnvjgheth,
fhsejturjknzjmnýe supuhs-
(jrtçmukc 8< fh kj tnvj
tnhehsclrh kj bcrejfj
rjnajglrh icrgjtnvj,
he hk hstj sjemnýe
prcpnc iuefjghetc
KGIK). fh kj KGIK y kj prcgcmnýe fh kj icrgjmnýe
pjrj hk hgpkhc.

Kj prhstjmnýe fh shrvnmncs he 8. Kj nethrvhemnýe jfgnenstrjtnvj he kjs

prhstjmncehs fh shrvnmncs ljbc gcfjkn-
hxmhsc sclrh kj  bc
 bcre
rejf
jfj
j icr- fjfhs icrgjtnvjs
gjtnvj puhfh jmjrrhjr kj eukn- Kj iuemnýe gês ngpcrtjeth quh kj Jfgnens-
fjf fhk mcetrjtc fh icrgjmnýe  trjmnýe fhk Vrjljbc
Vrjljbc hbhrmh he hstj gjthrnj hs
mhkhlrjfc,, rhmcefumnîefcsh he
mhkhlrjfc kj fh icrgukjr y fhsjrrckkjr kcs nestrughe-
tcs fh pckçtnmj y knehjgnhetcs quh prcguh-
 tjk supuhst
supuhstcc j ue mcetrjtc fh vhe kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs. Hstj iue-
trjljbc . mnýe hstê fhetrc fh kj mcgphthemnj fh kj
Fnrhmmnýe Ahehrjk fh Icrgjmnýe Trcihsnc-
ejk y Mjpjmntjmnýe Kjlcrjk, ue ýrajec fh
Mcgc sh `j ghemncejfc jethrncrgheth, kj kçehj fhk Ynmhgnensthrnc fh Hgpkhc fhk GVTH.
prhstjmnýe fh shrvnmncs he hxmhsc sclrh kj Hk GVTH nethrvnheh j trjvîs fh mjpjmntjmnc-
 bcrejfj icrgjtnvj
icrgjtnvj puhfh
puhfh jmjrrhjr
jmjrrhjr kj euknfjf ehs fh mcrtj furjmnýe cirhmnfjs j kj pclkj-
fhk mcetrjtc fh icrgjmnýe mhkhlrjfc, rhmce- mnýe pjrj kj ghbcrj fh sus mcgphthemnjs,
fumnîefcsh he tjk supuhstc j ue mcetrjtc ijmnkntjefc su neshrmnýe he hk trjljbc. Jsç,
fh trjljbc. Hstj sjemnýe fhguhstrj quh pjrj he kj hbhmumnýe fh prcarjgjs pnkctc, sh `j
kj khanskjmnýe phrujej hsth nemugpkngnhetc netrcfumnfc ue heicquh fujk quh sh iuefj-
fj guhstrj fhk fhsnethrîs fh kj hgprhsj pcr ghetj he hk ‛heicquh pcr mcgphthemnjs‗
jfhmujr kj prcfummnýe jk hsquhgj icrgj-
tnvc prhsuetjgheth jmcrfjfc. Hk tnhgpc fh fh kjhkmjpjmntjmnýe
khs, y mce rhsuktjfcs
gnsgc quh rhsuktj mcearuhethpjrmnj-
mce
trjljbc sh hemuhetrj vnemukjfc, hetcemhs, kjs pckçtnmjs gês rhmnheths fhk ]hmtcr Hfu-
j kj vjknfhz prcpnj fhk mcetrjtc fh icrgj- mjmnýe fhk pjçs.
mnýe prcihsncejk, sjemnceêefcsh mcgc mce-
fumtj irjufukhetj j kj neirjmmnýe fh kjs ecr- Tcr ctrc kjfc, hs hk ]nsthgj fh nesphmmnýe
gjs quh rhaukje kcs gêxngcs fh bcrejfj. fhk trjljbc hk hemjrajfc fh hstjlkhmhr kcs
Kj mcearuhemnj fh hstj sjemnýe mce hk rhstc pcsnlkhs nemugpkngnhetcs j kjs ecrgjs quh
fh prhvnsncehs he kj KGIK `j snfc hstjlkh- prcthahe j kcs lhehinmnjrncs fh kjs gcfj-
mnfj jk sulrjyjrsh quh ‛hk
‛hk tnhgpc iuhrj fh kj knfjfhs icrgjtnvjs:=. ]clrh hk pjrtnmukjr, kj

:= Kj ijmuktjf insmjknzjfcrj hs hbhrmnfj he hk Thrò pcr fcs hetnfjfhs. Tcr ue kjfc, kj ]uphrnethefhemnj Ejmncejk fh Insmjkn-
zjmnýe Kjlcrjk (]uejink), jutcrnfjf
jutcrnfjf mhetrjk he iuemncehs fhsfh hk júc <4:6, quh jmtòj he kjs rhancehs fhk pjçs fcefh yj
hstê ngpkhghetjfj. Tcr ctrc kjfc, kcs aclnhrecs rhancejkhs, mce ijmuktjfhs rhsnfujkhs (jkauejs gnmrchgprhsjs y tcfcs
kcs hgpkhjfcrhs fcefh kj ]uejink tcfjvçj ec `j ngpkhghetjfc uej nethefhemnj rhancejk).
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 86-1<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   91
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
\hsckumnýe Gnensthrnjk E´ :64-<4:=-V\,
:64-<4: =-V\, fhk :<
fh jacstc fh <4:=, jprclý hk Trctcmckc fh
Jmtujmnýe Nesphmtnvj he Gjthrnj fh Gcfj-
knfjfhs Icrgjtnvjs Kjlcrjkhs, hk gnsgc quh
mcethgpký uej shrnh fh knehjgnhetcs pjrj
mjuthkjr kcs fhrhm`cs
trjtjfjs ljbc fh kjs phrscejs
fnm`cs mcevhencs :6
. mce-
Fh fhthmtjrsh nemugpkngnhetcs j kjs ecr-
gjs quh hstjlkhmhe kcs fhrhm`cs fh kcs
lhehinmnjrncs fh kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtn-
vjs c sntujmncehs fh usc irjufukhetc fh tjk
icrgj fh mcetrjtjmnýe, sh nenmnjrçj ue prc-
mhfngnhetc sjemncejfcr j trjvîs fhk mujk
pcfrçj ngpcehrsh uej guktj jfgnenstrjtnvj
(sne phrbunmnc fh kj tuthkj burnsfnmmncejk quh
pcfrçj jmtnvjr hk prhstjfcr fh shrvnmncs).
He
tjs kj
hevçj jfgnenstrjtnvj,
hk \hakjghetc fhkjs guktjs
kj Khy prhvns-
<0049, Khy
Ahehrjk fh Nesphmmnýe fhk Vrjljbc (jprc-
ljfc pcr hk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ :>-<449-
 V\) tnhehe
tnhehe pcr
pcr clbhtc
clbhtc hk fhsnemhetn
fhsnemhetnvjr
vjr gjkjs
gjkjs
prêmtnmjs fh kcs hgpkhjfcrhs, hstjlkhmnîe-
fcsh kj arjfujmnýe fh kjs guktjs shaòe hk
tnpc fh hgpkhjfcr (fnstneaunîefcsh hetrh
gnmrchgprhsjs, phquhújs hgprhsjs y hk
rhstc fh hgprhsjs) y fh jmuhrfc mce kj mjkn-
inmjmnýe quh kjs ecrgjs hihmtòje sclrh kj
nethesnfjf fh kjs neirjmmncehs (khvhs, arjvhs
y guy arjvhs).
Jsç, hk \hakjghetc fh kj Khy Ahehrjk fh
Nesphmmnýe fhk Vrjljbc tnpninmj mcgc ijktjs
jfgnenstrjtnvjs puenlkhs j kjs snaunheths2
j) Hk nemugpkngnhetc fh fhlhrhs icrgj-
khs c fcmughetjkhs sh mcesnfhrj mcgc
‛neirjmmnýe khvh‗ snhgprh quh ec hstîe
tnpninmjfcs mcgc neirjmmncehs arjvhs c
guy arjvhs (jrtçmukc =0). ]ce hbhgpkcs
quh hsth muhrpc ecrgjtnvc prcpceh j
:6 Fnm`c prctcmckc mcetnheh uej shrnh fh pjutjs quh nemnfhe he jsphmtcs icrgjkhs y ec sh rhinhrhe
pkngnhetc fh kcs jsphmtcs icrgjtnvcs. Vje sckc sh `jmh jkusnýe j kj mcearuhemnj hetrh kj cmupjmnýe prhvnstj he hk mcevh-
enc susmrntc mce kjs jmtnvnfjfhs j fhsjrrckkjrsh pcr hk lhehinmnjrnc fh kj gcfjknfjf icrgjtnvj.
kj ijktj fh rhanstrcs hsphmnjkhs fh gcfj-
knfjfhs icrgjtnvjs fhlnfjgheth jutc-
rnzjfcs pcr kj jutcrnfjf mcgphtheth
(jrtçmukc =>.:)? hxmhfhr kcs kçgnths fh
mcetrjtjmnýe khajkgheth prhvnstcs (jrtç-
mukc =>.=)?
gjthrnj fhnemugpknr
icrgjmnýe kjs(jrtçmukc
clknajmncehs he
=>.6)? ec
prcpcrmncejr kjs ijmnknfjfhs pjrj quh
hk lhehinmnjrnc fh kjs gcfjknfjfhs icr-
gjtnvjs sh jinknh j ue snsthgj phesncej-
rnc (jrtçmukc =>.8)? ec hgntnr kcs neicrghs
rhquhrnfcs pcr hk mhetrc fh icrgjmnýe
prcihsncejk (jrtçmukc =>.9)? ec ctcrajr hk
mhrtninmjfc rhsphmtnvc (jrtçmukc =>.1)? c
hk ec prhshetjr j kj Jutcrnfjf hk pkje c
prcarjgj mcrrhspcefnheth fhetrc fh
kcs pkjzcs y mce kcs rhqunsntcs hstjlkhmn-
fcs (jrtçmukc =>.0).
l) ]h mcesnfhrj
mcesnfhrj mcgc uej ijktj ‛guy arjvh‗
kj ijktj fh rhanstrc fh phrscejk mcetrj-
tjfc ljbc gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs kjlc-
rjkhs (jrtçmukc <8.<4).
m) ]h mcesnfhrj mcgc neirjmmnýe ‛guy
arjvh‗ kj ijktj fh pjac çetharc y cpcr-
tuec fh kj sulvhemnýe y lhehinmncs fhrn-
vjfcs (jrtçmukc 64.:)? hk nemugpkngnhetc
fh kjs ecrgjs rhihrnfjs jk tnhgpc fh
trjljbc (jrtçmukc 64.<)? kj ec mclhrturj
fh heihrghfjfhs c jmmnfheths fh trj-
ljbc quh puhfhe suirnr kcs lhehinmnj-
rncs fh kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs, jsç
mcgc hk ec jsugnr hk mcstc fh kjs mce-
tneahemnjs pcr ijktj fh jshaurjgnhetc
(jrtçmukc 64.= y 64.6)? kj prhshetjmnýe fh
fcmughetjmnýe ijksj pjrj jmcahrsh jk
nemrhghetc fh kcs kçgnths fh mcetrjtj-
mnýe (jrtçmukc 64.8)? kj ijktj fh ue pkje c
prcarjgj mcrrhspcefnheth j kj gcfj-
knfjf icrgjtnvj ljbc kj mujk sh mcetrjtj
rhinhrhe j kj insmjknzjmnýe fhk mug-
 90  pp. 86-1< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
j kcs lhehinmnjrncs (jrtçmukc 64.9)? hk usc
irjufukhetc fh kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgj-
tnvjs (jrtçmukc 64.1)? kj ijktj fh mhkhlrj-
mnýe fh mcevhencs fh gcfjknfjfhs icr-
gjtnvjs pcr hsmrntc y mce kcs rhqunsntcs
prhvnstcs
tnac içsnmc(jrtçmukc 64.0) (jrtçmukc
y `ugnkkjeth y hk usc fh mjs-
64.>).
]jktj j kj vnstj quh kj nesphm-
mnýe fhk trjljbc ec hs mjpjz fh
sjemncejr   hk nemugpkngnhetc
fhk pkje c prcarjgj, ljstjefc
quh hk hgprhsjrnc prhsheth kj
fcmughetjmnýe phrtneheth j ine
fh quh sh mcesnfhrh sjtnsihm`j   hxnsthemnj fh prclkhgjs gês jmumnjeths,
hstj clknajmnýe .
 Vrjs hstj rhvnsnýe fh kjs mcefumtjs sjemnc-
ejfjs rhsphmtc fh kj prhstjmnýe fh shrvnmncs
ljbc gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs, sjktj j kj vnstj
quh kj nesphmmnýe fhk trjljbc ec hs mjpjz
fh sjemncejr hk nemugpkngnhetc fhk pkje c
prcarjgj, ljstjefc quh hk hgprhsjrnc prh-
sheth kj fcmughetjmnýe phrtneheth j ine fh
quh sh mcesnfhrh sjtnsihm`j hstj clknajmnýe.
\hsuktj, hetcemhs, mrntnmjlkh quh ue jsphmtc
tje hshemnjk mcgc hs kj mjpjmntjmnýe fhetrc
fh kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs quhfh iuhrj
fhk êglntc fh tuthkj quh sh ngpjrth fhsfh
hk mcetrck jfgnenstrjtnvc.
Jfnmncejkgheth, kc nefnmjfc hvnfhemnj quh
hk vhrfjfhrc îeijsns hxnstheth pjrj kj ecrgj-
tnvj fh nesphmmncehs sh hemuhetrj he hk mug-
pkngnhetc fh kjs clknajmncehs fh kjs hgprh-
sjs, rhihrnfjs j kcs lhehinmncs prcpncs fh kjs
gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs (‛sulvhemncehs‗
(‛sulvhemncehs‗,, kçgn-
ths j kj bcrejfj, htmîthrj). Hstc ec `jmh snec
rhicrzjr kjs scsphm`js sclrh hk vhrfjfhrc
clbhtnvc c îeijsns hxnstheth fhtrês fh hstj
ecrgjtnvj, yj quh kjs ecrgjs sjemncejfcrjs
MCEV\JVJMNÝE KJLC\JK
pjrhmhe prnvnkhanjr hk mcetrck sclrh hk pjac
fh kcs lhehinmncs c kj kngntjmnýe fh kj bcrejfj,
pcr hemngj fhk prcmkjgjfc hkhghetc icrgj-
tnvc, quh lnhe pcfrçj insmjknzjrsh he snehranj
mce kcs mhetrcs fh icrgjmnýe.
Ctrj fh kjs iuemncehs quh rhjknzj kj ]uej-
ink, mcgc heth rhmtcr fhk ]nsthgj fh Nesphm-
N esphm-
mnýe phrujec hs hk fh fniuefnr kcs fhrhm`cs
kjlcrjkhs y kj ecrgjtnvj. He hsh shetnfc, sh
rhpcrtj quh su Nethefhemnj Ejmncejk fh Trh-
vhemnýe y Jshscrçj `j hihmtujfc m`jrkjs fh
fniusnýe fh kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs he
uenvhrsnfjfhs h nestntutcs fhk pjçs (quh,
(q uh, fhe-
trc fh kj KGIK, sce kcs mhetrcs fh icrgjmnýe
pcr hxmhkhemnj)? sne hgljrac, sh rhmcecmh
quh hsth thgj tnheh uej rhkhvjemnj ghecr
fhetrc fh kjs rhkjmncehs kjlcrjkhs, fjfj kj
mcgc sce kj neicrgjknfjf kjlcrjk y kjs jihm-
tjmncehs j fhrhm`cs iuefjghetjkhs quh sh
vnemukje j fnm`j sntujmnýe.
NNN. T\CTXH]VJ
T\CTX H]VJ FH GHBC\J FH KJ KH^
FH GCFJKNFJFH] IC\GJVNYJ]
KJLC\JKH] FH TH\Ò
Ecs pjrhmh quh hxnsthe trhs arjefhs jsphm-
tcs quh rhqunhrh jlcrfjrsh pjrj kj rhicrgj
fh kj KGIK. He prnghr kuajr, hstjlkhmhr quh
kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs tnhehe ue mjrêm-
thr kjlcrjk, pcr kc quh fhlh fhrcajrsh kj
rhaukjmnýe quh kc hxmkuyh. He shauefc kuajr,
jshaurjr kj insmjknzjmnýe hstjtjk sclrh kcs
mcetrjtcs y hk gcentcrhc fh kcs pkjehs fh
jprhefnzjbh y mjpjmntjmnýe tjetc he kcs mhe-
trcs fh jprhefnzjbh y kjs hgprhsjs. He thrmhr
kuajr, clknajr j kcs mhetrcs fh icrgjmnýe he
su nevckumrjgnhetc he hk mcetrck fh kcs pkj-
ehs fh jprhefnzjbh y mjpjmntjmnýe.
:. Kj ehmhsjrnj
ehmhsjrnj ‛kjlcrjknzjmnýe‗ fh kjs
gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs y su mcetrck
jfgnenstrjtnvc
Hs prhmnsc rhmcrfjr quh kj Mcestntumnýe Tckç-
tnmj fhk Thrò hstjlkhmh, he su jrtçmukc <<,
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 86-1<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   9>
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
quh2 ‛Hk trjljbc hs ue fhlhr y ue fhrhm`c.
Hs ljsh fhk lnhehstjr scmnjk y ghfnc fh rhj-
knzjmnýe fh uej phrscej‗. Jsngnsgc, he su
jrtçmukc <1, hstjlkhmh quh2 ‛Kj khy ctcraj jk
trjljbjfcr jfhmujfj prcthmmnýe mcetrj hk
fhspnfc jrlntrjrnc‗.
snfc rhphtnfc Hsth susthetc,
pcr hk Vrnluejk quh `j
Mcestntumncejk
phrujec jk jejknzjr mjscs he kcs quh sh `j
fhthrgnejfc kj fhsejturjknzjmnýe fh mnhrtj
gcfjknfjf icrgjtnvj, fhlh rhsmjtjrsh pjrj
uej hvjkujmnýe akcljk fh hstj icrgj fh
mcetrjtjmnýe.
]nhefc hk mcetrjtc fh icrgjmnýe he Thrò
uec quh sh fhineh pcr kj prhstjmnýe fh shrvn-
mncs y quh sh neshrtj fh icrgj fhmnfnfj fhe-
trc fh kj ijmuktjf fnrhmtrnz fhk hgprhsjrnc, hk
trjtjgnhetc kjlcrjk fh hstj icrgj fh vnemu-
kjmnýe hs mcemhptujkgheth scsthenlkh y iêm-
tnmjgheth vhrninmjlkh.
]nhefc hk mcetrjtc fh icrgj-
mnýe he Thrò uec quh sh fhineh
pcr kj prhstjmnýe fh shrvnmncs  ljfj pcr hk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ :<69, hk
 y quh
quh sh neshrtj fh icrgj fhmn-
fnfj fhetrc fh kj ijmuktjf fnrhm-
trnz fhk  fh
hgprhsjrnc, hk trjtjgnhetc
kjlcrjk hstj icrgj fh vnemu-
kjmnýe hs mcemhptujkghet
mcemhptujkgheth h scs-
thenlkh y iêmtnmjgheth vhrninmj-
lkh .
Hstj hxthesnýe fhk Fhrhm`c fhk Vrjljbc `jmnj
kjs rhkjmncehs icrgjtnvjs puhfh shr netrc-
fumnfj he kj jahefj fh fnsmusnýe pckçtnmj
fhk pjçs j pjrtnr fh kj mceicrgjmnýe fh uej
jahefj hkjlcrjfj mce pjrtnmnpjmnýe fhk
aclnhrec phrujec, arhgncs hgprhsjrnjkhs
fnvhrscs y crajenzjmncehs fh bývhehs, kcs
gnsgcs quh `je fhgcstrjfc ue arje fnej-
gnsgc he rhmnheths fhljths mcyueturjkhs
sclrh kjs rhicrgjs fh kj khanskjmnýe kjlcrjk.
Jsngnsgc, gnhetrjs quh kj KGIK gjetheaj
uej hxmkusnýe, hk crfhejgnhetc burçfnmc
phrujec gjethefrê ue pjrêghtrc ljbc
fh prcthmmnýe kjlcrjk quh pcfrçj shrvnr fh
susthetc pjrj euhvjs thefhemnjs rhicrgns-
tjs quh jmtujkgheth yj lusmje rhfumnr kcs
hstêefjrhs fh tuthkj quh kj khanskjmnýe hstj-
lkhmh ljbc hk prhthxtc fh nemrhghetjr hk
hgpkhc icrgjk.
<. Hk mcetrck hstjtjk sclrh kcs mcetrjtcs
icrgjtnvcs
Hk jmtujk hsquhgj phrujec fhkhaj hk mce-
trck fh kcs pkjehs fh jprhefnzjbh y mjpjmntj-
mnýe j kjs hgprhsjs, kc quh rhsuktj ue prc-
lkhgj fh mjrj j kj hinmjmnj fh hstjs ecrgjs
(sjkvc quh, jeth kj vnckjmnýe fh jkaòe fhrh-
m`c, hk lhehinmnjrnc icrgukh uej fheuemnj
jeth hk snsthgj fh nesphmmnýe fhk trjljbc,
supuhstc gês lnhe jtçpnmc).
Mce kj sngpkninmjmnýe jfgnenstrjtnvj jprc-
mcetrck icrgjk hx jeth  (rhanstrc fh kcs mce-
vhencs icrgjtnvcs jeth kj jutcrnfjf jfgn-
enstrjtnvj) `j fhsjpjrhmnfc, gutêefcsh j
ue snsthgjgcghetc
hetcemhs fh fhmkjrjmnýe neicrgêtnmj.
fh rhvnsjr Hs
kjs icrgjs
fh icrtjkhmhr y ecrgjknzjr hk mcetrck hx pcst
quh hbhrmh kj jfgnenstrjmnýe fhk trjljbc j
trjvîs fh kj nesphmmnýe kjlcrjk. He hsh she-
tnfc, fh kj gjec mce kj hxthesnýe
hxth esnýe fh kj khans-
kjmnýe kjlcrjk j kjs rhkjmncehs fh icrgjmnýe
prcihsncejk,
prcih sncejk, kjs jutcrnfjfhs quh nethrvnhehe
he hk ]nsthgj fh Nesphmmnýe fhk Vrjljbc (kj
]uejink, hk GVTH y kcs aclnhrecs rhancejkhs)
pcfrçje vhrsh gês nemhetnvjfjs j hbhrmhr
uej suphrvnsnýe gês phrgjeheth y vnsnlkh
sclrh hsth êglntc. Fh hsj gjehrj, euhvj
ecrgjtnvj sclrh hsth thgj pcfrçj inbjr mcgc
clknajmnýe shmtcrnjk hk hstjlkhmhr ue eòghrc
fhthrgnejfc fh cphrjtnvcs fh insmjknzjmnýe
 14  pp. 86-1< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
fh kjs rhkjmncehs fh hgpkhc icrgjtnvc, he
mccrfnejmnýe mce ctrjs hetnfjfhs.
Hs pcsnlkh nfhetninmjr he kj hxphrnhemnj fh kj
nesphmmnýe fhk trjljbc fhk Lrjsnk j icrgjs fh
crajenzjmnýe hihmtnvjs quh, mce fnejgnsgc
y mcgpcsnmnýe pkurjk, phrgntj jmmhfhr j ue
mcetrck rhjk fh kcs mcethenfcs y jpknmjmnýe
fh kcs rhsphmtnvcs pkjehs fh icrgjmnýe. He
ue hsquhgj fh insmjknzjmnýe hkhmtrýenmj, pcr
hbhgpkc, arupcs fh trjljbc jf `cm  mceicr-
gjfcs pcr rhprhshetjeths fh kj Nethefhe-
mnj fh Nethknahemnj Nesphmtcrj fh kj ]uejink
y ctrcs fh shmtcrhs vnemukjfcs (Gnensthrnc
fh Hfumjmnýe, Gnensthrnc fh kj Trcfummnýe,
htmîthrj) pcfrçje jrrnljr j icrgjs mcemrh-
tjs fh jlcrfjbh fh kjs prclkhgêtnmjs quh
sh fhlhe suphrjr mce uej icrgjmnýe prc-
ihsncejk jfhmujfj y sclrh kj quh sh hbhrzj
ue mcetrck hinmnheth (prhvhetnvc y rhjmtnvc).
=. Hk nevckumrjgnhetc fh kcs mhetrcs fh
icrgjmnýe
Hk jmtujk hsquhgj phrujec fhkhaj hk mce-
trck fh kcs pkjehs fh jprhefnzjbh y mjpj-
mntjmnýe j kcs mhetrcs fh icrgjmnýe y j kjs
hgprhsjs, kc quh rhsuktj ue prclkhgj fh
mjrj j kj hinmjmnj fh kjs ecrgjs fh icrgj-
mnýe y kcs pkjehs fh jfnhstrjgnhetc rhsphm-
tnvcs (sjkvc quh, jeth kj vnckjmnýe fh jkaòe
fhrhm`c,
mnj jeth hkhksnsthgj
lhehinmnjrnc icrgukh uej
fh nesphmmnýe fhk fheue-
trjljbc,
supuhstc gês lnhe jtçpnmc).
Tcr hkkc, fhlhe sulrjyjrsh hxphrnhemnjs
mcgc kjs fh kj Cinmnej fh Trêmtnmjs Trh prc-
ihsncejkhs y ]hmnarj-Fhrhm`c fh kj Tcetninmnj
Xenvhrsnfjf Mjtýknmj fhk Thrò. Hstj fhphe-
fhemnj sh hemjraj fh hihmtujr shaungnhetc
j kj icrgjmnýe mcgpkhghetjrnj fh kcs hstu-
fnjeths fh kj Ijmuktjf fh Fhrhm`c fh hsj
nestntumnýe prnvjfj, kc quh sh kkhvj j mjlc
he fnvhrsjs hetnfjfhs y crajenzjmncehs fhk
pjçs. Hk crnahe fhfh
kj nfhetninmjmnýe hstj cinmnej
uej mcrrhspcefh
prclkhgêtnmj hsph-j
mçinmj2 he hk Thrò, kj mjrrhrj fh Fhrhm`c hs
MCEV\JVJMNÝE KJLC\JK
uej fh kjs quh prhshetj sntujmncehs fh jihm-
tjmnýe fh fhrhm`cs gês ahehrjknzjfjs he hk
êglntc fh kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs (kngn-
tjmnýe fh bcrejfj, pjac çetharc fh kj rhtrn-
lumnýe, hetrh ctrcs). Jeth hkkc, fnm`j cinmnej
hstjlkhmh icrgjs fhfh
mce kcs lhehinmnjrncs mcguenmjmnýe fnrhmtj
kjs gcfjknfjfhs icr-
gjtnvjs fh tjk mjsj fh hstufncs, hgntnhefc
pcsthrncrgheth neicrghs phrnýfnmcs sclrh kj
sntujmnýe fh kcs hstufnjeths fh Fhrhm`c fh
kj ghemncejfj uenvhrsnfjf he sus rhsphmtn-
vcs mhetrcs fh jfnhstrjgnhetc.
Hsth prcmhfhr pcfrçj phrihmtjgheth vhrsh
jrtnmukjfc mce hk jmtujr fh kj jutcrnfjf
jfgnenstrjtnvj fh trjljbc. ]ne hgljrac, hs
prhmnsc quh kj ecrgjtnvj ahehrh kcs nemhe-
tnvcs y prhvnsncehs ehmhsjrnjs pjrj rhpknmjr
hstj fneêgnmj y ahehrjknzjrkj he tcfcs kcs
êglntcs fcefh kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs
shje utnknzjfjs.
MCEMKX]NÝE
Xej pckçtnmj kjlcrjk fh prcgcmnýe fhk
hgpkhc buvhenk fhlh pkjethjrsh sclrh trhs
pnkjrhs2 hk rhsphtc fh kcs fhrhm`cs iuefj-
ghetjkhs fh kcs bývhehs trjljbjfcrhs (hk trj-
ljbc fhmheth), hk nemrhghetc fh kj prcfum-
tnvnfjf y hk nemhetnvc fh kj mcetrjtjmnýe fh
kcs bývhehs. Kj rhicrgj netharjk fh kj Khy fh
Gcfjknfjfhs
ngpkhghetjrshIcrgjtnvjs
fh gjehrjKjlcrjkhs
jrgcencsjpuhfh
sclrh
kj ljsh fh hstcs trhs pnkjrhs. Ec hxnsth mce-
trjfnmmnýe hetrh hkkjs, pcr hk mcetrjrnc, `jy
uej hvnfheth mcgpkhghetjrnhfjf.
Hk Hstjfc phrujec ec puhfh hsmufjrsh he
quh kcs mcstcs hmceýgnmcs fh su ngpkh-
ghetjmnýe ngpnfhe su gjthrnjknzjmnýe. Hstc
shrçj mceshrvjr kj vnsnýe hrrýehj sclrh hk
hgpkhc buvhenk. Ec hs ue mcstc hmceýgnmc
snec uej nevhrsnýe he kcs bývhehs phrujecs.
Tcr hkkc, kj rhicrgj khajk fhlh vhenr jmcg-
pjújfj mce rhmurscs pjrj kcs mhetrcs fh icr-
gjmnýe hstjtjk, hk Gnensthrnc fh Vrjljbc y kj
]uejink, fh gcfc quh sh puhfj ajrjetnzjr
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 86-1<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   1:
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
quh kcs pkjehs fh jprhefnzjbh y fh mjpjmn-
tjmnýe fh kj icrgjmnýe kjlcrjk sh mugpkje.
Jsngnsgc, kcs hgprhsjrncs phrujecs fhlhe
gcfninmjr hk mrnthrnc nestrughetjk fh quh hk
jprhefnzjbh kjlcrjk fh kcs bývhehs he sus
hgprhsjs hs ue mcstc hmceýgnmc y quh
sckc mce su jljrjtjgnhetc c su sulvhemnýe
rhsuktj rhetjlkh. ]ne fufj, `jy quh pkjethjr
lhehinmncs trnlutjrncs he ijvcr fh kjs hgprh-
sjs quh sh nevckumrhe he kj mcetrjtjmnýe fh
 bývhehs, phrc hscs lhehinmncs fhlhe vhenr
jmcgpjújfcs mce hk mcgprcgnsc hgprh-
sjrnjk he ajrjetnzjr hk jprhefnzjbh kjlcrjk.
 
Hk rhmnheth trêanmc ijkkhmngnhetc fh kcs fcs
 bývhehs trjljbjfcrhs fhlh
fhlh fhrrnljr hk gurc
gurc
ghetjk quh mcesnfhrj jk hgpkhc buvhenk he
uej mjraj
puhfhe shrhmceýgnmj. Kj pckçtnmj
ghfnfjs jnskjfjs kjlcrjkjeth
y rhjmtnvjs ec
mjfj trjahfnj quh sh prhsheth he hk guefc
fhk trjljbc phrujec.
\HIH\HEMNJ] LNLKNCA\ÊINMJ]
Jrmh Crtnz, H. (<440). Fhrhm`c Nefnvnfujk fhk Vrjljbc. 
Kngj2 Tjkhstrj Hfntcrhs.
Mujfrcs Kuquh, I. (<4:9). ]ntujmnýe fhk ghrmjfc fh
trjljbc y mcstcs kjlcrjkhs he hk Thrò. Kjlcrhg 
(:1), 68-0>.
]hrvnr (<4:9). Fhsjiçcs fh kjs gcfjknfjfhs icrgjtnvjs
kjlcrjkhs he hk Thrò. Kngj2 ]hrvnr.
Vcyjgj Gnyj
Gnyjausuou,
ausuou, B. (<440
(<440).). Kcs mcetrjtcs fh trj-
ljbc y ctrjs nestntumncehs fh Fhrhm`c Kjlcrjk. Kngj2
Ajmhtj Burçfnmj.
^jgjfj, A. y Mêrfhejs, G. (<44>). Trclkhgêtnmj fh
kj rhneshrmnýe kjlcrjk he hk Thrò. Kjlcrhg (>),
=::-==<.
 1<  pp. 86-1< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH] TJ\J HK

]HMVC\ T\NYJFC

³Zuî hs kj susphesnýe phrihmtj

fh kjlcrhs y mýgc trjgntjrkj3
Jejkç ]`n`cgjrj GC\NKKC YNKKJYNMH
YNKK JYNMHEMNC*
EMNC*

Hk clbhtnvc fhk prhsheth neicrgh hs hxpknmjr kc quh ngpknmj uej ‛susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs‗
y prhmnsjr hk trjtjgnhetc quh kh fj kj euhvj ecrgjtnvj hgntnfj pcr hk Hstjfc jeth kj kum`j mcetrj
hk MCYNF-:>, muhstnýe sugjgheth rhkhvjeth pcr kjs mceshmuhemnjs quh thefrçj su nemcrrhmtj
ngpkhghetjmnýe, kj quh ec sckc ngpknmjrçj kj vukehrjmnýe fh fhrhm`cs fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs sc-
ghtnfcs j fnm`j inaurj, snec tjglnîe uej ijktj jfgnenstrjtnvj pjsnlkh fh sjemnýe. Kjghetjlkh-
gheth, kj ecrgjtnvj hgntnfj pcr hk Hstjfc he gjthrnj kjlcrjk ec `j snfc kc suinmnhethgheth mkjrj
y snsthgêtnmj, kc quh ahehrj fufjs he trjljbjfcrhs y hgpkhjfcrhs? y, pcr tjetc, fhsprcthmmnýe.

TJKJL\J] MKJYH2 ]usphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs / Hstjfc
fh hghrahemnj ejmncejk / Hghrahemnj sjentjrnj / MCYNF-:> /
Insmjknzjmnýe kjlcrjk / Knmhemnj mce acmh fh `jlhr / Vrjljbc rh-
gctc / Mjsc icrtuntc c iuhrzj gjycr.
\hmnlnfc 2  <4/48/<4<4
Jprcljfc 2  :8/49/<4<4
NEV\CFXMMNÝE
Kj kum`j mcetrj hk MCYNF-:> `j ahehrjfc
ue sneeòghrc fh jihmtjmncehs he hk pjçs
fh rhkhvjemnj hmceýgnmj, inejemnhrj, kjlc-
rjk, hetrh ctrjs? kc quh `j clknajfc jk Hstjfc
j tcgjr jmmncehs neghfnjtjs thefnheths j
fjr sckumnýe j kcs prnemnpjkhs prclkhgjs quh
`j ahehrjfc hk jnskjgnhetc scmnjk clknajtc-
rnc y hghrahemnj sjentjrnj fhmkjrjfcs j`crj
`jstj hk prýxngc <6 fh gjyc : y > fh buenc<,
rhsphmtnvjgheth.
Kjs ghfnfjs jsugnfjs pcr hk Hstjfc, pcr
kc ghecs he gjthrnj kjlcrjk, `je nenmnjfc
mce hk rhmcecmngnhetc jk hgpkhjfcr fh kj
ijmuktjf fh ngpkhghetjr hk thkhtrjljbc uen-
kjthrjkgheth, mcetneujfc mce kj clknajmnýe
fh ctcrajr uej knmhemnj mce acmh fh `jlhr
subhtj j mcgphesjmnýe y, inejkgheth `j
fhshglcmjfc he kj rhaukjmnýe euhvj fh
uej inaurj quh yj sh hemcetrjlj rhmcanfj
he euhstrj khanskjmnýe, j trjvîs fhk Fhmrhtc
]uprhgc E´ 44=->1-V\, Vhxtc Òenmc Crfh-
ejfc fhk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ 1<0, Khy fh
Trcfumtnvnfjf y Mcgphtntnvnfjf Kjlcrjk, he
jfhkjeth KTMK.

* Jshscrj he gjthrnj kjlcrjk fh ]ckumncehs Kjlcrjkhs y Mcetjfcrhs & Hgprhsjs.

: Fhmkjrjfj ghfnjeth hk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 466-<4<4-T
466-<4<4-TMG,
MG, Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc quh fhmkjrj Hstjfc fh Hghrahemnj Ejmnc-
ejk pcr kjs arjvhs mnrmuestjemnjs quh jihmtje kj vnfj fh kj Ejmnýe j mceshmuhemnj fhk lrcth fhk MCYNF-:>? y jgpknjfj
ghfnjeth Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 40=-<4<4-TMG.
< Fhmkjrjfj ghfnjeth hk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 440-<4<4-]J, Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc quh fhmkjrj he Hghrahemnj ]jentjrnj j
envhk ejmncejk pcr hk pkjzc fh ecvhetj (>4) fçjs mjkhefjrnc y fnmtj ghfnfjs fh prhvhemnýe y mcetrck fhk MCYNF-:>, y sus
prýrrcajs.
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 1=-0=
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   1=
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

Jeth kj euhvj ecrgjtnvj, hgpkhjfcrhs y phrihmtj h ngphrihmtj=. Kj susphesnýe phr-

trjljbjfcrhs fhlhe mcecmhr hk trjtjgnhetc
hsphmnjk quh sh kh fj j fnm`j inaurj he hk
gjrmc fh kj mrnsns ejmncejk, pjrj hihmtcs fh
jmtujr jmcrfh j kj gnsgj sne vukehrjmnýe fh
lnhe burçfnmc jkauec.
N. 󰂳ZXÎ H] KJ ]X]THE]NÝE TH\IHMVJ
FH KJLC\H]3
:. Fhinenmnýe
Kj susphesnýe fhk mcetrjtc fh trjljbc
c fh kjlcrhs puhfh shr fh fcs tnpcs2
ihmtj fh kjlcrhs hs kj inaurj burçfnmj pcr
kj mujk sh susphefh kj clknajmnýe fhk trj-
ljbjfcr fh kjlcrjr y fhk hgpkhjfcr fh
pjajr rhguehrjmnýe. Hs kkjgjfj phrihmtj
pcrquh
fh jgljsshpjrths
susphefhe kjs clknajmncehs
fh kj rhkjmnýe kjlcrjk, kc
quh ec sumhfh he hk mjsc fh kj susphe-
snýe ngphrihmtj6, he kj quh sn lnhe hk trj-
ljbjfcr ec sh hemuhetrj clknajfc j kjlc-
rjr, hk hgpkhjfcr gjetnheh kj clknajmnýe
fh rhguehrjr. Mce su jpknmjmnýe ec sh
hxtneauh hk vçemukc, snec quh sh gjetnheh.

  Vrjljbjfcr2 Ec hstê   Vrjljbjfcr2 Ec hstê

clknajfc j kjlcrjr. clknajfc j kjlcrjr.
]usphesnýe
phrihmtj ]usphesnýe
ngphrihmtj
fh kjlcrhs   Hgpkhjfcr2 Ec hstê fh kjlcrhs   Hgpkhjfcr2 ]ç hstê
clknajfc j rhgueh- clknajfc j rhgueh-
rjr. rjr.

<. Mceshmuhem
Mceshmuhemnjs
njs fh kj susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs
Kj susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs tnheh nemnfhemnj fnrhmtj he kcs lhehinmncs scmnjkhs fhk
snaunheth gcfc2

NEA\H]C FH KC] FÇJ] FH ]X]THE]NÝE TH\IHMVJ FH KJLC\H] JK MÊKMXKC FH LHEHINMNC]

Lhehinmnc scmnjk ]Ç EC Ljsh ecrgjtnvj

Yjmjmncehs − Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ 1:=, jrtçmukc :<, knthrjk a).

Mcgphesjmnýe pcr Vnhgpc fh ]hrvnmncs − Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 44:->1-V\, jrtçmukc 0.

Arjtninmjmncehs crfnejrnjs − Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 448-<44<-V\, jrtçmukc <.

Tjrtnmnpjmnýe he utnknfjfhs − Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 44>->0-V\, jrtçmukc 6.

=6

= Jrtçmukc :: fh kj KTMK.
6 Jkauecs hbhgpkcs fh susphesnýe ngphrihmtj fh kjlcrhs hs kj knmhemnj pcr pjthrenfjf, kcs <4 prnghrcs fçjs fh fhsmjesc
gîfnmc y mujkqunhr ctrj knmhemnj ctcrajfj jk trjljbjfcr mce acmh fh rhguehrjmncehs.
 16  pp. 1=-0= • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

MCEV\JVJMNÝE KJLC\JK

hgntj ecrgjs quh ajrjetnmhe ue hqunknlrnc

Kj susphesnýe phrihmtj fh
kjlcrhs hs kj inaurj  burçfnmj pcr
kj mujk sh   kj
susphefh clknaj-
mnýe fhk trjljbj
trjljbjfcr
fcr fh kjlcrjr  y j kj tctjknfjf
fhk hgpkhjfcr fh pjajr rhgu-
ehrjmnýe .
Mjlh prhmnsjr quh tjgpcmc hxnsth clknajmnýe
fhk jpcrth j Hs]jkuf8, JIT9 u CET1 rhsphmtc
fh kcs fçjs fh susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs,
puhs ec hxnsth rhguehrjmnýe sclrh kj quh sh
hihmtòh hk mêkmukc. Ec clstjeth, he hk mjsc fh
kcs jpcrths fhk ]haurc Ynfj Khy y fhk ]MV\, kj
clknajmnýe fh jpcrth fhphefhrê fh kcs tîrgn-
ecs mcetrjmtujkhs fh kcs gnsgcs.
NN. ]X]THE]NÝE
]X]THE ]NÝE TH\IH TH\IHMVJ
MVJ FH KJLC󰀧
\H] TC\ MJ]C IC\VXNVC C IXH\RJ
GJ^C\
Hstj inaurj yj hxnstçj jethrncrgheth he kj
khanskjmnýe kjlcrjk, hsphmçinmjgheth he hk
knthrjk k) fhk jrtçmukc :< fh kj KTMK, hk mujk
hstjlkhmh mcgc mjusj fh kj susphesnýe
fhk mcetrjtc fh trjljbc hk mjsc icrtuntc y
kj iuhrzj gjycr, knthrjk quh pcfrçj `jlhr
snfc utnknzjfc pcr kjs hgprhsjs pjrj fhmn-
fnr susphefhr kcs mcetrjtcs fh trjljbc. Ec
clstjeth, kj sntujmnýe hsphmnjk he kj quh sh
hemuhetrj hk pjçs rhquhrçj quh hk Aclnhrec
jfhmujfc hetrh jgljs pjrths fh kj rhkj-
mnýe kjlcrjk? yj quh jpknmjr nefnsmrngnejfj-
gheth kj mjusj rhaukjfj he hk jrtçmukc :8 fh
kj KTMK mcgc mjsc icrtuntc c iuhrzj gjycr
pcfçj fhbjr hefh
fhsjgpjrc, prêmtnmjgheth,
trjljbjfcrhs, qunhehs he
hstjs mnrmuestjemnjs ec pcfrçje hemcetrjr
ue ghfnc fh sulsnsthemnj fnihrheth
fnihrheth..
Jeth hkkc, kjs hgprhsjs sh vnhrce clknajfjs
jk rhmcecmngnhetc fh uej knmhemnj mce acmh
fh `jlhr subhtj j mcgphesjmnýe sn khs hrj
ngpcsnlkh kj jpknmjmnýe fhk trjljbc rhgctc0, kj
quh iuh jmcgpjújfj fh ghfnfjs j ijvcr fh
hgpkhjfcrhs (sulsnfnc =8 % y \hjmtnvj Thrò)
y fh kj knlhrjmnýe fh kcs icefcs quh mceshr-
vjlje kcs trjljbjfcrhs (MV], JIT) hetrh ctrjs.
]ne hgljrac, mce kj hgnsnýe fhk Fhmrhtc fh
Xrahemnj E´ 4=0-<4<4> sh fj pcsnlnknfjf j kjs
hgprhsjs fh jmcahrsh j kj susphesnýe phr-
ihmtj fh kjlcrhs kuhac fh jactjr kjs ghfnfjs
quh rhsukthe ehmhsjrnjs pjrj kj vnahemnj fhk
vçemukc kjlcrjk y kj phrmhpmnýe fh rhguehrj-
mncehs. Hk gnsgc quh iuh rhakjghetjfc pcr
hk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 4::-<4<4-V\:4, hk mujk
hstjlkhmh vjrnjs prhmnsncehs quh fhlnhrce shr
mcethgpkjfjs he hk fhmrhtc fh urahemnj, pcr
kc ghecs fh gjehrj aheîrnmj::.
³Hs hk MCYNF-:> uej sntujmnýe quh puhfh
shr mjtjkcajfj mcgc mjsc icrtuntc c iuhrzj
gjycr3 Tcr sus mjrjmthrçstnmjs, mcesnfhrjgcs
quh sç. Ec clstjeth, kj sntujmnýe fh hvnfheth
vukehrjlnknfjf y kj mrnsns ejmncejk hxnahe quh
hk Aclnhrec pkjethh ecrgjs hxmhpmncejkhs

8 Jrtçmukc 9 fh kj Khy E´ <91>4, Khy fh Gcfhrenzjmnýe

Gcfhrenzjmnýe fh kj
kj ]haurnfjf ]cmnjk he ]jkuf.
]jkuf.
9 Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 486->1-HI, jrtçmukc =4.
1 Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 4:6-16-V\, jrtçmukc 0.
0 Jrtçmukc <9 fhk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4<>-<4<4.
> Fh ihm`j :6 fh jlrnk fhk <4<4.
:4 Fh ihm`j <: fh jlrnk fhk <4<4.
:: @hgcs snfc thstnacs
thstnacs fh kj ngpkhghetjmnýe fh uej ecrgj nemcgpkhtj, kj mujk clknajrê j kjs hgprhsjs quh yj `jlçje mcgu-
enmjfc kj susphesnýe j kj Jutcrnfjf Jfgnenstrjtnvj fh Vrjljbc j vhrninmjr sn mugpkhe mce kcs euhvcs rhqunsntcs pkjethj-
fcs pcr kj ecrgj. Fnm`j sntujmnýe ngprcvnsjfj ec sckc phrbufnmj j kj hgprhsj, snec tjglnîe jk trjljbjfcr, pcr kj nemnfhe-
mnj fh kj susphesnýe phrihmtj he hk pjac fh sus rhguehrjmncehs.
rhguehrjmncehs.
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 1=-0=
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   18
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

quh phrgntje kj ghecr jihmtjmnýe fh kcs
fhrhm`cs h nethrhshs fh kcs mnufjfjecs, jsç
hs mcgc sh `je nemcrpcrjfc, juequh kngn-
tjfjgheth, kjs ghfnfjs kjlcrjkhs jpknmjlkhs
he hk gjrmc fh kj hghrahemnj.
Mjlh prhmnsjr quh Jrmh (<440) sclrh hk mjsc
icrtuntc y kj iuhrzj gjycr shújkj kc snaunheth2
  Hstcs `hm`cs `je snfc rhkjmncejfcs mce
iheýghecs ejturjkhs fh hihmtcs mjtjs-
trýinmcs, mjsc nemhefncs, thrrhgctcs,
hrupmncehs vckmêenmjs, neuefjmncehs,
htm. (...) ]ne hgljrac, tjglnîe `jy quh
sugjr j hstcs supuhstcs kcs jmtcs fh
jutcrnfjfhs aulhrejtnvjs, quh tnhehe
kcs gnsgcs hihmtcs. Tcr hbhgpkc, kj fhmn-
snýe fh ue Hstjfc fh prc`nlnr hk hsphm-
têmukc tjurnec pcr
j sus prnemnpncs mcesnfhrjrkc
y vjkcrhs. Jquçmcetrjrnc
`jy uej
fhmnsnýe tcgjfj pcr ue heth hxthrec j
kjs pjrths fhk mcetrjtc quh tnheh mjrêm-
thr ngprhvnsnlkh h nehvntjlkh. (p. 890)
Hk MCYNF-:> `j hxnstnfc, fh jmuhrfc j kcs
neicrghs, fhsfh inehs fhk júc pjsjfc, kc quh
`j vhenfc jihmtjefc j ue mcebuetc fh pjç-
shs quh sh `je vnstc clknajfcs j jsugnr kjs
ghfnfjs kjlcrjkhs, hmceýgnmjs y trnlutj-
rnjs ehmhsjrnjs pjrj `jmhrkh irheth. ]n lnhe
hs mkjrc quh hstj pjefhgnj mceinaurjrçj,
aheîrnmjgheth, mcgc uej sntujmnýe fh
mjsc icrtuntc c iuhrzj gjycr pjrj kjs hgprh-
sjs, tjglnîe hs mnhrtc quh ahehrj fhljth kj
fhthrgnejmnýe fh kj mjthacrçj ljbc kj quh
sh hemuhetrj,
snfhrjr puhs fhlhgcs
quh kj mceshmuhemnj fhtjglnîe mce-
su hxnsthemnj
hs kj fhmkjrjmnýe fhk hstjfc fh hghrahemnj
ejmncejk y hghrahemnj sjentjrnj? ec clstjeth,
euhstrj khanskjmnýe kjlcrjk ec pkjethj ue trj-
tjgnhetc fnihrheth pjrj jgljs mjthacrçjs.
NNN. MÝGC JTKNMJ\ KJ ]X]THE]NÝE TH\󰀧
IHMVJ FH KJLC\H]
:. Yhrninquh hstjr mcgprhefnfc he jkauej
fh kjs mjusjkhs fh kj ecrgj
Kj hgprhsj puhfh jpknmjr kj susphesnýe
phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs sn ec puhfh ngpkhghe-
tjr kj gcfjknfjf fh 
fh trjljbc rhgctc c kj knmhe-
mnj mce acmh fh `jlhr, snhgprh y mujefc jmrh-
fnth hemcetrjrsh he 
he jkauec fh kcs snaunheths
supuhstcs2
:.:. Ngpcsnlnknfjf pcr kj ejturjkhzj fh kjs
kjlcrhs
Tjrj hstjr mcgprhefnfc he hk prhsheth
supuhstc fhlhe mcesnfhrjrsh kcs snaunhe-
ths inktrcs2
:<

E´ Inktrcs c mcefMCEFNMNCEH]
nmncehs TJ\J H]VJ\
H]VJ\ MCGT\HEFNFC ]upuhstHE c heHKhT\NGH\
k quh sh ]XTXH]VC
mceinaurj
Ngpcsnlnknfjf fh jpknmjr Mujefc hs ngpcsnlkh su jpknmjmnýe pcr rhquhrnr kj prhshemnj fhk trjljbjfcr fh icrgj
: trjljbc rhgctc pcr
rhgctc pcr kj ej- nefnsphesjlkh
nefnsphesjlkh,, pcr kj utnknzjmnýe fh `hrrjgnhetjs c gjqunejrnjs quh sckc puhfhe cphrjr he
turjkhzj fh kjs jmtnvnfjfhs hk mhetrc fh kjlcrhs, u ctrjs quh rhsukthe ne`hrheths j kjs mjrjmthrçstnmjs fhk shrvnmnc
shr vnmnc mcetrjtjfc.
Mujefc hs ngpcsnlkh n) Mujefc kj bcrejfj fhk hgpkhjfcr muheth mce fnstnetcs turecs quh
mujefc ec rhsukth mulrhe su jmtnvnfjf mcetneuj j kc kjrac fh kjs <6 `crjs fhk fçj.
rjzcejlkh kj mcg- nn) Mujefc, pcr kj ejturjkhzj rnhsacsj fh kjs jmtnvnfjfhs, kj
Ngpcsnlnknfjf fh jpkn- phesjmnýe
phesjmnýe fhk  fhk tnhg- hxthesnýe fhk `crjrnc puhfj pcehr he rnhsac kj shaurnfjf y
mjr knmhemnj mce acmh pc fhbjfc fh kjlcrjr sjkuf fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs.
<
mcgphesjlkh pcr
mcgphesjlkh  pcr kj ej- he jthemnýe j mjusjs nnn) Mujefc hk `crjrnc fh jthemnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr sh subhth j
turjkhzj fh kjs jmtnvnfjfhs clbhtnvjs vnemukjfjs rhstrnmmncehs hstjlkhmnfjs pcr khyhs u ctrjs fnspcsnmncehs
j kj prhstjmnýe, hetrh ecrgjtnvjs c jfgnenstrjtnv
jfgnenstrjtnvjs.js.
:<
kjs quh thehgcs, fh nv) Ctrjs sntujmncehs quh gjeninhstjgheth
gjeninhstjgheth hsmjphe jk mcetrckmcetrck
icrgj heuemnjtnvj2 fh kjs pjrths.

:< Jrtçmukc =.: fhk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 4::-<4<4-V\.

 19  pp. 1=-0= • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

MCEV\JVJMNÝE KJLC\JK

Mjlh prhmnsjr quh fhlhrê jmrhfntjrsh mjfj sçethsns, sh fhlh prcljr kj ngpcsnlnknfjf fh
uej fh kjs mcefnmncehs jeth kj Jutcrnfjf kj jpknmjmnýe fh kj knmhemnj mce acmh fh `jmhr
Jfgnenstrjtnvj fh trjljbc mce kj fcmughe- subhtj j mcgphesjmnýe pcr ec rhsuktjr rjzcej-
tjmnýe phrtneheth. He hsth supuhstc, he lkh kj mcgphesjmnýe.
:.<. Ngpcsnlnknfjf pcr hk envhk fh jihmtjmnýe hmceýgnmj
]XTXH]VC] HE KC] ZXH ]H MCEINAX\J MCEFNMNCEH] TJ\J H]VJ\ MCGT\HEFNFC MCGT\HEFNFC HE HK T\NGH\ ]XTXH]VC:=
]upuhstc ]upuhstc he hk quh sh mceinaurj He sçethsns:6
]n kj ghfnfj sh jfcptj he jlrnk2 He kj Gyph
Mujefc hk rjtnc rhsuktjeth fh fnvnfnr kjs rhguehrjmncehs fh - Hs jpknmjlkh mujefc2 FnihrhemnjFnihrhemnj 5 9
Hgpk h j - tcfcs kcs trjljbjfcrhs fhmkjrjfcs he kj Tkjenkkj Hkhmtrýenmj p.p.
f c r h s fhk hgpkhjfcr hetrh su envhk fh vhetjs mcrrhspcefnheth jk - Ec hs jpknmjlkh mujefc2 mujefc2 Fnihrhemnj
Fnihrhemnj ≦
muyjs jm- ghs fh gjrzc, mcgpjrjfc mce hk rjtnc fhk gnsgc ghs fhk 9 p.p.
tnvnfjfhs júc jethrncr, rhanstrj he hk ghs fh gjrzc <4<4 ue nemrhghetc He kj ec Gyph
s h h e - gjycr j 9 puetcs pcrmhetujkhs pjrj hk mjsc fh gnmrc y ph- - Hs jpknmjlkh mujefc2 Fnihrhemnj 5 := p.p.
muhetrje quhújs hgprhsjs, y j := puetcs pcrmhetujkhs pjrj hk mjsc fh - Ec hs jpknmjlkh mujefc2 mujefc2 Fnihrhemnj
Fnihrhemnj ≦
phrgntn- ghfnjejs y arjefhs hgprhsjs. := p.p.
J
fjs fh shr ]n kj ghfnfj sh jfcptj fh gjyc he jfhkjeth2 He kj Gyph
rhjknzjfjs Mujefc hk rjtnc rhsuktjeth fh fnvnfnr kjs rhguehrjmncehs fh - Hs jpknmjlkh mujefc2 Fnihrhemnj 5 :< p.p.
f ur j e t h tcfcs kcs trjljbjfcrhs fhmkjrjfcs he kj Tkjenkkj Hkhmtrýenmj - Ec hs jpknmjlkh mujefc2mujefc2 Fnihrhemnj
Fnihrhemnj ≦
hk Hstjfc fhk hgpkhjfcr hetrh su envhk fh vhetjs mcrrhspcefnheth jk :< p.p.
fh Hghr- ghs prhvnc he hk quh jfcptj kj ghfnfj, mcgpjrjfc mce hk He kj ec Gyph
ahemnj rjtnc fhk gnsgc ghs fhk júc jethrncr, rhanstrj he fnm`c ghs - Hs jpknmjlkh mujefc2 Fnihrhemnj 5 <9 p.p.
Ejmncejk prhvnc ue nemrhghetc gjycr j :< puetcs pcrmhetujkhs pjrj - Ec hs jpknmjlkh mujefc2 mujefc2 Fnihrhemnj
Fnihrhemnj ≦
hk mjsc fh gnmrc y phquhújs hgprhsjs, y fh <9 puetcs pcr- <9 p.p.
mhetujkhs pjrj hk mjsc fh ghfnjejs y arjefhs hgprhsjs.
]n kj ghfnfj sh jfcptj he jlrnk2 He kj Gyph
Hgpk h j - Mujefc hk rjtnc rhsuktjeth fh fnvnfnr kjs rhguehrjmncehs fh - Hs jpknmjlkh mujefc2 Fnihrhemnj 5 6 p.p.
f c r h s tcfcs kcs trjljbjfcrhs fhmkjrjfcs he kj Tkjenkkj Hkhmtrýenmj - Ec hs jpknmjlkh mujefc2 mujefc2 Fnihrhemnj
Fnihrhemnj ≦
muyjs jm- fhk hgpkhjfcr hetrh su envhk fh vhetjs mcrrhspcefnheth jk 6 p.p.
tnvnfjfhs ghs fh gjrzc, mcgpjrjfc mce hk rjtnc fhk gnsgc ghs fhk He kj ec Gyph
ec sh he- júc jethrncr, rhanstrj he hk ghs fh gjrzc <4<4 ue nemrhghetc - Hs jpknmjlkh mujefc2 Fnihrhemnj Fnihrhemnj 5 ::
muhetrje gjycr j 6 puetcs pcrmhetujkhs pjrj hk mjsc fh gnmrc y ph- p.p.
phrgntn- quhújs hgprhsjs, y j :: puetcs pcrmhetujkhs pjrj hk mjsc fh - Ec hs jpknmjlkh mujefc2
mujefc2 Fnihrhemnj
Fnihrhemnj ≦
fjs fh shr ghfnjejs y arjefhs hgprhsjs. :: p.p.
L rhjknzj- ]n kj ghfnfj sh jfcptj fh gjyc he jfhkjeth2 He kj Gyph
fjs, tctjk Mujefc hk rjtnc rhsuktjeth fh fnvnfnr kjs rhguehrjmncehs fh - Hs jpknmjlkh mujefc2 Fnihrhemnj 5 0 p.p.
c pjrmnjk- tcfcs kcs trjljbjfcrhs fhmkjrjfcs he kj Tkjenkkj Hkhmtrýenmj - Ec hs jpknmjlkh mujefc2 Fnihrhemnj ≦
gheth, fhk hgpkhjfcr hetrh su envhk fh vhetjs mcrrhspcefnheth jk 0 p.p.
f ur j e t hghs prhvnc he hk quh jfcptj kj ghfnfj, mcgpjrjfc mce hk
hk Hstjfc rjtnc fhk gnsgc ghs fhk júc jethrncr, rhanstrj he fnm`c ghs
fh Hghr- prhvnc ue nemrhghetc gjycr j cm`c (0) puetcs pcrmhetujkhs He kj ec Gyph
ahemnj pjrj hk mjsc fh gnmrc y phquhújs hgprhsjs, y fh vhnetnfýs - Hs jpknmjlkh mujefc2 Fnihrhemnj 5 << p.p.
Ejmncejk (<<) puetcs pcrmhetujkhs pjrj hk mjsc fh ghfnjejs y arjefhs - Ec hs jpknmjlkh mujefc2 mujefc2 Fnihrhemnj
Fnihrhemnj ≦
hgprhsjs. << p.p.
M He hk mjsc
mjsc fh quh
quh kjs vhetjs
vhetjs fhk ghs prhvn
prhvncc j kj jfcpmn
jfcpmnýe
ýe fh kj
kj ghfnfj
ghfnfj shje naujk j mhrc
mhrc,, hk hgpkhjfc
hgpkhjfcrr sç pcfrê
pcfrê jpknmjr
jpknmjr kj
kj ghfnfj.
ghfnfj.
ECVJ2 ]n hk hgpkhjfcr tuvnhrj ghecs fh ue júc fh iuemncejgnhetc2
Tjrj hihmtc fh kcs supuhstcs J y L, he kuajr fh mcgpjrjr mce hk rjtnc fhk gnsgc ghs fhk júc jethrncr,
:=:6 jethrncr, kj mcgpjrjmnýe sh rhjknzj
he iuemnýe jk rjtnc prcghfnc ghesujk fh vhetjs fh kcs prnghrcs = ghshs fh iuemncejgnhetc.

:= Jrtçmukc =.< fhk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 4::-<4<4-

4::-<4<4-V\.
V\.
:6 Jehxc fhk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 4::-<4<4-
4::-<4<4-V\.
V\.
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 1=-0=
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   11
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

kjs hgprhsjs pjrj hk mugpkngnhetc fh sus

Kj susphesnýe phrihmtj  fh
kjlcrhs, pcr sus mceshmuhemnjs,
hs uej arjvh ghfnfj quh fhs-
jgpjrj fh gjehrj fnrhmtj jk trj-
ljbjfcr? pcr kc quh, sh rhqunhrh
kj jfcpmnýe  fh mujkqunhr ctrc
ghmjensgc  quh ngpnfj kkhajr  ehrjmnýe lrutj fh `jstj ]/ :844 ghesujkhs).
j kj gnsgj .
Jfhgês fh mcesnfhrjr kjs rhakjs pjrj hemce-
trjrsh he jkauec fh kcs fcs supuhstcs rhih-
rnfcs, sn kjfhk
sulsnfnc hgprhsj
=8 % fh`jkjsnfc lhehinmnjrnj
pkjenkkj
fh rhgueh-
rjmncehs ctcrajfc pcr hk Hstjfc ghfnjeth
hk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4==-<4<4:8, kj
mujk hstjlj fnrnanfj j shrvnr mcgc jpcyc j
clknajmncehs pjrj mce sus trjljbjfcrhs, hstj
fhlhrê vhrninmjr mugpknr mce jkauejs rhakjs
jfnmncejkhs pjrj jmcahrsh j kj susphesnýe
phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs. Mjlh rhmcrfjr quh hsth
sulsnfnc sh ctcraý he hk ghs fh jlrnk, sclrh
kj ljsh fh kj hvjkujmnýe fh kj pkjenkkj fh
hehrc fhk <4<4, nfhetninmêefcsh j kcs trjljbj-
fcrhs quh fjrçje kuajr jk ctcrajgnhetc fhk
rhihrnfc sulsnfnc (jquhkkcs mce uej rhgu-
Kc rhihrnfc sh hemuhetrj pkjsgjfc he hk
Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 4:<-<4<4-V\:9, hk mujk
jprclý euhvjs rhakjs pjrj kj prcmhfhemnj
fhk jmcangnhetc fh uej hgprhsj j kj sus-
phesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs. Jsç, kj Jutcrn-
fjf Nesphmtnvj fh Vrjljbc hvjkujrê hk mjsc
fhk
fhk hgpkhjfcr quh phrmnlh jkaòe sulsnfnc
fh crnahe pòlknmc ctcrajfc he hk gjrmc
fh kj Hghrahemnj ]jentjrnj, mceicrgh j kc
snaunheth rhakjs2

\HAKJ] JTKNMJLKH] TJ\J KJ] HGT\H]J] ZXH \HMNLNH\CE HK ]XL]NFNC FHK =8% FH KJ TKJENKKJ

Gh s \hakj Trhmnsncehs

He hk ghs he quh hk hgpkhjfcr phr- - ]h jpknmj nefhphefnhethghet

mnlh hk sulsnfnc, kj susphesnýe phr-
He hk ghs ihmtj fh kjlcrhs ec puhfh mcg-
fh jlrnk prhefhr j kcs trjljbjfcrhs pcr
kcs mujkhs hk hgpkhjfcr phrmnlh
sulsnfnc.
hk sulsnfnc.
Jk ngpcrth fh kjs rhguehrjmncehs
fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs sh fhlh fhs-
mcetjr kc phrmnlnfc pcr hk hg-
He hk ghs pkhjfcr he hk ghs fh jlrnk pcr
fh gjyc sulsnfnc, pjrj hihm-
mcemhptc fh sulsnfnc,
tcs fh mjkmukjr kcs rjtncs y vhrninmjr sn
mcrrhspcefh c ec kj susphesnýe he
:8:9
  hk ghs fh gjyc.
nefhphefnhethghethh fh kj mjusjk
mjusjk nevcmjfj
nevcmjfj (pcr kj
kj ejturjkh-
zj fh kjs kjlcrhs c pcr kj jihmtjmnýe hmceýgnmj).
- Kj Jutcrnfjf Jfgnenstrjtnvj
Jfgnenstrjtnvj fh Vrjlj
Vrjljbcbc hxpnfh rhsckumnýe
rhsckumnýe prhmnsje-
fc, fh mcrrhspcefhr,
mcrrhspcefhr, quh kj ghfnfj fh susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlc-
rhs ec jpknmj j kcs trjljbjfcrhs pcr kcs mujkhs hk hgpkhjfcr phrmnlh hk
sulsnfnc, furjeth hk ghs he quh sh phrmnlh hk gnsgc.
- ]h jpknmj sn kj mjusjk fh susphesnýe hstê rhihrnfj jk envhk fh jihmtjmnýe
hmceýgnmj.
- Kj cphrjmnýe hs kj gnsgj jethrncrgheth shújkjfj (Gjsj (Gjsj sjkjrnjk/En-
vhk fh vhetjs), phrc fhlhrê fhsmcetjrsh hk gcetc fhk sulsnfnc2 (Gjsj
]jkjrnjk-]ulsnfnc)/Envhkk fh vhetjs.
]jkjrnjk-]ulsnfnc)/Envh
- Mjlh rhmcrfjr quh hk fhsmuhetc fhlh mcethgpkjrsh he kj iýrgukj,
pcrquh hk ghs fh hvjkujmnýe pjrj fhthrgnejr kj jihmtjmnýe hmceýgn-
mj hs hk ghs jethrncr jk jmcangnhetc fh kj ghfnfj, hs fhmnr jlrnk.

:8 ‛Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj quh hstjlkhmh ghfnfjs pjrj rhfumnr hk ngpjmtc he kj hmcecg

hmcecgçjçj phrujej, fh kjs fnspcsnmncehs fh
prhvhemnýe hstjlkhmnfjs he kj fhmkjrjtcrnj fh Hstjfc fh Hghrahemnj Ejmncejk jeth kcs rnhsacs fh prcpjajmnýe pcr hk
MCYNF-:>‗, fh ihm`j <1 fh gjrzc fhk <4<4.
:9 ‛Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc quh hstjlkhmh fnspcsnmncehs mcgpkhghetjrnjs jk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj
Xrahemnj E´ 4=0-<4<4, Fhmrhtc fh Xrahe-
Xrahe-
mnj quh hstjlkhmh ghfnfjs mcgpkhghetjrnjs pjrj gntnajr kcs hihmtcs hmceýgnmcs mjusjfc s j kcs trjljbjfcrhs y hgpkhj-
fcrhs jeth hk Mcvnf-:> y ctrjs ghfnfjs, y jfnmncejkhs jk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 4::-<4<4-V\, Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc quh hstjlkhmh
ecrgjs mcgpkhghetjrnjs pjrj kj jpknmjmnýe fhk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4=0-<4<4‗, fh ihm`j =4 fh jlrnk fhk <4<4.
 10  pp. 1=-0= • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

MCEV\JVJMNÝE KJLC\JK

<. Yhrninquh `jlhr jactjfc kjs ghfnfjs
jkthrejtnvjs
Jeths fh cptjr pcr kj susphesnýe phrihmtj,
fhlhrê jsugnr kjs ghfnfjs jkthrejtnvjs
quh rhsukthe ehmhsjrnjs pjrj gjethehr kj
vnahemnj fhk vçemukc kjlcrjk y kj phrmhpmnýe
fh rhguehrjmncehs, prnvnkhanjefc hk fnê-
kcac mce kcs trjljbjfcrhs? jsç mcgc mcetjr
mce kj fcmughetjmnýe quh jmrhfnth `jlhr
jfcptjfc c lusmjfc jfcptjr fnm`js vçjs.
Mjlh rhmcrfjr quh kj susphesnýe phrihmtj
fh kjlcrhs, pcr sus mceshmuhemnjs, hs uej
arjvh ghfnfj quh fhsjgpjrj fh gjehrj
fnrhmtj jk trjljbjfcr? pcr kc quh sh rhqunhrh
kj jfcpmnýe fh mujkqunhr ctrc ghmjensgc
quh ngpnfj kkhajr j kj gnsgj.

GHFNFJ] JKVH\EJVNYJ] J JTKNMJ\

- Ctcrajr hk
hk fhsmjesc vjmjmncejk jfqunrnfc y phefnheth fh acmh.
acmh.

- Jmcrfjr
Jmcrfjr,, ghfnjeth scpcrth içsnmc c vnrtujk, hk jfhkjetc fh vjmjmncehs.

- Jmcrfjr,
Jmcrfjr, ghfnjeth scpcrth içsnmc c vnrtujk, kj rhfummnýe
rhfummnýe fh kj bcrejfj kjlcrjk fnjrnj c shgjejk,
shgjejk, mce kj rhfummnýe prcpcrmnc-
prcpcrmnc-
ejk fh kj rhguehrjmnýe:1.

- Jmcrfjr
Jmcrfjr,, ghfnjeth scpcrth içsnmc
içsnmc c vnrtujk, kj rhfummnýe
rhfummnýe fh kj rhguehrjmnýe
rhguehrjmnýe:0.

- Jfcptjr ctrjs ghfnfjs rhaukjfjs pcr hk gjrmc khajk vnaheth, snhgprh quh phrgntje hk mugpkngnhetc fhk clbhtnvc fhk
Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E² 4=0-<4<4.

Tjrj kj jpknmjmnýe fh hstjs ghfnfjs, prhvnj-

gheth, hk hgpkhjfcr fhlh neicrgjr j kj craj- Ljstj kj mcguenmjmnýe fh kj
enzjmnýe snefnmjk c, he su fhihmtc, j kcs rhprh-
shetjeths fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs hkhanfcs c j kcs susphesnýe phrihmtj j kj Jut
 Jutc-
c-
trjljbjfcrhs jihmtjfcs, kcs gctnvcs fh su jfcp- rnfjf Jfgnenstrjtnvj   fh Vrj-
mnýe, j ine fh lusmjr ehacmnjr pjrj sjtnsijmhr hk
nethrîs fh jgljs pjrths, fhlnhefc fhbjrsh mces- ljbc pjrj quh kj fhmnsnýe fh kj
tjemnj fh kj rhgnsnýe fh neicrgjmnýe y fh kj mce- hgprhsj surtj hihmt cs? ec cls-
hihmtcs
vcmjtcrnj j ehacmnjmnýe. Jsngnsgc, kj jpknmjmnýe  tjeth
 tjeth, hstê
hstê subhtj j pcsthrncr ins-
fh kjs ghfnfjs rhihrnfjs ec puhfh jihmtjr fhrh-
m`cs iuefjghetjkhs fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs (knlhr- mjknzjmnýe .
tjf snefnmjk y trjtc ec fnsmrngnejtcrnc).
:1:0

:1 Tjrj tjk hihmtc, sh mcesnfhrj hk mrnthrnc fh vjkcr `crj fhinenfc he hk jrtçmukc :< fhk Vhxtc Òenmc Crfhejfc fhk Fhmrhtc
Khanskjtnvc E´ 086, Khy fh Bcrejfj fh Vrjljbc, @crjrnc y Vrjljbc he ]clrhtnhgpc, jprcljfc pcr Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc
E´ 441-<44<-V\.
:0 Fnm`j rhfummnýe
rhfummnýe mceshesujfj
mceshesujfj fhlh aujrfjr
aujrfjr prcpcrmn
prcpcrmncejknfjf
cejknfjf mce kjs mjusjs
mjusjs quh kj
kj gctnvje.
gctnvje. He eneaòe mjsc, puhfh
puhfh
jmcrfjrsh kj rhfummnýe fh kj rhguehrjmnýe pcr fhljbc fh kj \hguehrjmnýe Gçengj Yntjk (\GY).
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 1=-0=
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   1>
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

=. \hjknmh hk trêgnth jeth kj Jutcrnfjf kj prhsuemnýe fh vjknfhz fh kj fhmkjrjmnýe

Jfgnenstrjtnvj fh Vrjlj
Vrjljbc
bc y fh kj fcmughetjmnýe prhshetjfj pcr kj
hgprhsj. Ec clstjeth, kj Jutcrnfjf Nesphm-
Fh jmuhrfc j kc nefnmjfc pcr kj ecrgj- tnvj fh Vrjljbc rhjknzjrê vhrninmjmncehs pcsth-
tnvj, ljstjrçj kj mcguenmjmnýe j kj Jutcrn- rncrhs pjrj hihmtcs fh kj hgnsnýe fh kj rhsc-
fjf Jfgnenstrjtnvj
fhmnsnýe fh Vrjljbc
fh kj hgprhsj pjrj quh
surtj pkhecs kj
hihm- kumnýe quh rjtninmjrçj c fhmkjrjrçj kj euknfjf
fh kj susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs fhmn-
tcs? pcr kc quh, ecs hemcetrjrçjgcs jeth fnfj pcr kj hgprhsj.

V\ÊGNVH TJ\J KJ JTKNMJMNÝE FH KJ ]X]THE]NÝE TH\IHMVJ

E´ TJ]C T\HMN]NCEH]

Hk hgpkhjfcr fhlh mcguenmjr prhvnjgheth,

prhvnjgheth, fh gjehrj içsnmj c utnknzjefc kcs ghfncs
Mcguenmjmnýe j
: neicrgêtnmcs mcrrhspcefnheths, kj fhmnsnýe fh
fhmnsnýe fh susphesnýe phrihmtj j kcs trjljbjfcrh
trjljbjfcrhss 
kcs trjljbjfcrhs
jihmtjfcs y, fh hxnstnr, j sus rhprhshetjeths hkhanfcs.

Hk hgpkhjfcr prhshetj kj mcguenmjmnýe fh susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs, mcgc gêxngc

susphesnýe,, òenmjgheth j trjvîs fh kj pkjtjicr-
`jstj hk fçj snaunheth fh jfcptjfj kj susphesnýe
Mcguenmjmnýe
gj vnrtujk fhk Gnensthrnc fh Vrjljbc y Trcgcmnýe fhk Hgpkhc, shaòe hk icrgjtc jehxc jk Fh-
< j kj Jutcrnfjf mrhtc fh Xrahemnj E² 4=0-<4<4, jfbuetjefc mujkqunhr fcmughetc quh hstngh mcevhenheth j
Jfgnenstrjtnvj fh
ine fh rhspjkfjr su mcguenmjmnýe. Jsngnsgc,
Jsngnsgc, fhlhrê shújkjr su mcrrhc hkhmtrýenmc,
hkhmtrýenmc, jsç mcgc
Vrjljbc (JJV)
hk fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs mcgprhefnfcs y, fh shr hk mjsc, hk fh sus rhprhshetjeths pjrj quh kj
JJV ectninquh kjs rhsckumncehs h nemnfheths.

Kj Jutcrnfjf Nesphmtnvj fh Vrjljbc rhjknzj kj vhrninmjmnýe fh `hm`cs he ue pkjzc ec gj-

ycr j =4 fçjs `êlnkhs fh prhshetjfj kj mcguenmjmnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr.
hgpkhjfcr .
Kj Jutcrnfjf Jfgnenstrjtnvj fh Vrjljbc hxpnfh
Vrjljbc hxpnfh rhsckumnýe fhetrc fh kcs 1 fçjs `êlnkhs
snaunheths,, mcetjfcs j pjrtnr fh kj òktngj jmtujmnýe nesphmtnvj, pufnhefc rjtninmjr c fhbjr
snaunheths
Yhrninmjmnýe pcsth- sne hihmtc kj susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs. Jsngnsgc,
Jsngnsgc, cphrj hk snkhemnc jfgnenstrjtnvc pcsn-
=
rncr y vjknfjmnýe tnvc sckc mujefc kj Jutcrnfjf Jfgnenstrjtnvj fh Vrjljbc ec hgnth prceuemnjgn
prceuemnjgnhetc
hetc hxprhsc
fhetrc fhk pkjzc prhvnstc y, mcesnfhrjefc kc hstjlkhmnfc he hk jrtçmukc :>>.: fhk Fhmrhtc
]uprhgc E² 446-<4:>-BX]9.
Mcetrj kj rhsckumnýe hgntnfj mjlh rhmursc fh rhmcesnfhrjmnýe y/c fh jphkjmnýe1, shaòe
mcrrhspcefj.

NY. T\HMN]NCEH] JFNMNCEJKH] TJ\J hgprhsjs quh `jyje snfc lhehinmnjfjs

HK JMCANGNHEVC J KJ ]X]THE]NÝE
TH\IHMVJ FH KJLC\H]
  Kj susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs puhfh
shr jpknmjfj fhsfh hk :8 fh jlrnk fhk <4<4
`jstj hk > fh buknc fhk <4<4, sjkvc quh
hxnstj ecrgj quh hstjlkhzmj kj prýrrcaj
fhk phrncfc fh hghrahemnj sjentjrnj.  
  Kj susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs ec hs
ehmhsjrnjgheth nemcgpjtnlkh
tnvj Thrò y hk sulsnfnc fhk =8 %mce
fh kj\hjm-
pkj-
enkkj, puhs kj ecrgj ec hxmkuyh j kjs
mce jgljs ijmnknfjfhs ctcrajfjs pcr hk
Hstjfc. Ec clstjeth, kj hgprhsj fhlhrê
prcljr hstjr he kcs supuhstcs quh `jln-
kntje kj susphesnýe y `jlhr jfcptjfc kjs
ghfnfjs jkthrejtnvjs jeth kj Jutcrnfjf
Jfgnenstrjtnvj fh Vrjljbc.
]n hk hgpkhjfcr mcguenmý kj susphe-
snýe phrihmtj hetrh hk :8 y hk <: fh jlrnk
fhk <4<4, muhetj mce 8 fçjs `êlnkhs,
mcetjfcs fhsfh su
inrgjr c jfhmujr pjrj mce-
hk <<mcguenmjmnýe
fh jlrnk, pjrj  j kc
fnspuhstc he kj prhsheth ecrgj, shaòe
 04  pp. 1=-0= • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

MCEV\JVJMNÝE KJLC\JK

mcrrhspcefj. Vjkhs jmtcs fhlhrêe shr
rhjknzjfcs j trjvîs fh kj pkjtjicrgj vnr-
tujk quh hk Gnensthrnc fh Vrjljbc fhlh
`jlnkntjr. Hk pkjzc pjrj kj insmjknzjmnýe
pcsthrncr, he hstcs mjscs, sh mcgputj j
pjrtnr fhk fçj snaunheth fh hihmtujfj kj
jfhmujmnýe c mceinrgjmnýe.
  ]n pcsthrncrgheth j kj susphesnýe phr-
ihmtj fh kjlcrhs hs pcsnlkh kj jpknmjmnýe
fh uej ghfnfj jkthrejtnvj ghecs arjvcsj,
hk hgpkhjfcr puhfh fhbjr sne hihmtc,
tctjk c pjrmnjkgheth, kj susphesnýe,
fhlnhefc mcguenmjrkc fhetrc fhk fçj
`êlnk snaunheth ghfnjeth kj pkjtjicrgj
fhk Gnensthrnc fh Vrjljbc.
Y. INEJKH]
JKAXEJ] MCE]NFH\JMNCEH]
Hk euhvc prcmhfngnhetc pkjethjfc pcr hk
Aclnhrec vnheh ahehrjefc ue sneeòghrc
fh fufjs rhsphmtc j kcs mrnthrncs quh sh
tcgjrêe pjrj kj mjkninmjmnýe fh kcs jmtcs
fh kjs hgprhsjs rhsphmtc fh sus trjljbjfc-
rhs. Hrj ehmhsjrnj kj hgnsnýe fh ecrgjtnvj
hsphmçinmj jmcrfh mce kj prcthmmnýe fh kcs
mcetrjtcs fh trjljbc? ec clstjeth, pjrhmh
ngprcvnsjfj kj gjehrj he quh kj ecrgj-
tnvj vnheh snhefc hgntnfj, kc quh ec sh
s h mce-
fnmh mce kj ehmhsnfjf fh ajrjetnzjr prhfnm-
tnlnknfjf fh kcs jmtcs fh kj jfgnenstrjmnýe? y,
pcr tjetc, ec ajrjetnzj shaurnfjf burçfnmj, kj
gnsgj quh hs ehmhsjrnj pjrj kj hgprhsj y
hk trjljbjfcr. ]ne prhfnmtnlnknfjf hk trjljbj-
fcr ec mcecmh sus fhrhm`cs y kj hgprhsj
ec nfhetninmj sus clknajmncehs fh gjehrj
mkjrj, kc quh fj kuajr j uej shrnh fh jluscs.
³Muêkhs sce kjs mjrjmthrçstnmjs fh kj susphe-
snýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs mcethgpkjfjs he hk
jrtçmukc :8 fh kj KTMK y fh kjs prhvnstjs he hk
jrtçmukc =.< fhk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4=0-
<4<43 Yhjgcs2

]X]THE]NÝE TH\IHMVJ FH KJLC\H]2 MCGTJ\JMNÝE EC\GJVNYJ

M\NVH\NC He hk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 44=->1-V\ He hk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4=0-<4<4-V\

Ejturjkhzj fh kj Hs hk gjrmc ecrgjtnvc ahehrjk

ahehrjk.. Hs hk gjrmc ecrgjtnvc hxmhpmncejk
hxmhpmncejk,, gctnvjfc pcr
ecrgj hk MCYNF-:>.

Ynahemnj fh kj Kj susphesnýe puhfh shr jpknmjfj he mujk- Kj susphesnýe puhfh shr jpknmjfj `jstj =4 fçjs mj-

ghfnfj gcghetc.
qunhr gcghetc. khefjrnc fhspuîs , hs fhfhmnr,
fhspuîs fh
ahemnj sjentjrnj,
sjentjrnj kj mukgnejmnýe fh kj hk
pcr j`crj, `jstj hghr-
> fh
 buknc fhk <4<4.

Tkjzc gêxngc fh kj fçjs mjjkhefjrnc

>4 fçjs m Ec tnheh ue pkjzc gêxngc, snec quh fhphefh fh kj
ghfnfj ghfnfj (> fh buknc fhk <4<4).
vnahemnj fh kj ghfnfj (>

Gcghetc he quh Fhsfh hk gcghetc gnsgc fh kj fhmnsnýe Fhsfh hk gcghetc gnsgc fh kj fhmnsnýe fhk hg-
surth hihmtcs fhk hgpkhjfcr
hgpkhjfcr.. pkhjfcr.

Trhsupuhstcs pjrj @jlhr ctcrajfc, fh shr pcsnlkh,

pcsnlkh, vjmj-
su jpknmjmnýe phefnheths  c jetnmnpjfjs
mncehs phefnheths  jetnmnpjfjs,, y
jfcptjr ctrjs ghfnfjs quh
ghfnfjs quh rjzcejlkh-
gheth hvnthe jarjvjr kj sntujmnýe fh kcs
trjljbjfcrhs.
@jlhr jactjfc kjs ghfnfjs jkthrejtnvjs fh
jkthrejtnvjs fh ctcr-
ajgnhetc fh vjmjmncehs phefnheths,
phefnheths, vjmjmncehs
rhfummnýe fh bcrejfj y rhguehrjmnc-
jetnmnpjfjs, rhfummnýe fh
ehs, rhfummnýe fh rhguehrjmncehs u
rhguehrjmncehs u ctrcs.

\hqunsntcs pjrj su Mcguenmjmnýe neghfnjtj j kj Jutcrnfjf Mcguenmjmnýe j kj Jutcrnfjf Jfgnenstrjtnvj fh Vrj-

jpknmjmnýe Jfgnenstrjtnvjj fh Vrjl
Jfgnenstrjtnv Vrjljbc
jbc fh gjehrj içsnmj. ljbc ghfnjeth kj pkjtjicrgj vnrtujk `jlnkntjfj `jstj
ue fçj fhspuîs fh jfcptjfj kj fhmnsnýe.
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 1=-0=
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   0:
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

Jmrhfntjmnýe fh uej mjusj aheîrnmj fh Ngpcsnlnknfjf pcr kj ejturjkhzj fh kjs kjlcrhs? c, pcr
Mjusjs quh bustnin-
mjsc icrtuntc c iuhrzj gjycr
gjycr.. hk envhk fh jihmtjmnýe hmceýgnmj pkjethjfcs pcr kj
mje kj susphesnýe
ecrgj.

Yhrninmjmnýe fh Yhrninmjmnýe fhetrc fh kcs 9 fçjs pcsthrnc- Yhrninmjmnýe fhetrc fh kcs =4 fçjs `êlnkhs pcsthrnc-
kj khajknfjf fh kj rhs j kj mcguenmjmnýe. rhs j kj mcguenmjmnýe.
susphesnýe
]n sh mcgpruhlj kj nehxnsthemnj c ngprc- Hgnsnýe fh uej rhsckumnýe, fhetrc fh kcs 1 fçjs `ê-
\hsckumnýe fh rjtnin- mhfhemnj fh kj mjusj nevcmjfj, sh hgntnrê  pcsthrncrhs jk òktngc jmtc nesphmtnvc, quh rj-
lnkhs pcsthrncrhs
lnkhs
mjmnýe c fhmkjrj- uej rhsckumnýe quh crfheh hk rhnenmnc fh tninmj c fhmkjrj eukj kj susphesnýe? c, jpknmjmnýe fhk
mnýe fh euknfjf kjlcrhs fhetrc fh kcs < fçjs fh
fçjs fh rhjknzjfj kj snkhemnc jfgnenstrjtnvc pcsntnvc.
vnsntj nesphmtnvj.

Neghfnjtj rhjeufjmnýe fh kjs kjlcrhs,
pjac fh kjs rhguehrjmncehs fhbjfjs fh
Mceshmuhemnjs phrmnlnr y rhmcecmngnhetc fh kcs fçjs mcgc
fh su nefhlnfj hihmtnvjgheth kjlcrjfcs pjrj tcfc mêkmukc
jpknmjmnýe fh lhehinmnc scmnjk.
Neghfnjtj rhjeufjmnýe fh kjs kjlcrhs, pjac fh kjs
rhguehrjmncehs
rhguehrjmnce hs fhbjfjs fh phrmnlnr? rhmcecmngnh
rhmcecmngnhetc
etc
fh kcs fçjs mcgc hihmtnvjgheth kjlcrjfcs pjrj tcfc
mêkmukc fh lhehinmnc scmnjk? ngpcsnmnýe fh uej guktj
XNV ? y, mcguenmjmnýe jk Gnensth-
fh hetrh 8 y :4 XNV?
Tòlknmc pjrj kj nethrpcsnmnýe fh kj jmmnýe phejk
rnc Tòlknmc pjrj
mcrrhspcefnheth.

he gjthrnj kjlcrjk y j kj prcthmmnýe fh kcs

Kj jpknmjmnýe fhk snkhemnc jfgn-
enstrjtnvc pcsntnvc pjrj kj jprc-
ljmnýe fh hsth tnpc fh prcmh-
fngnhetcs rhsuktj muhstncejlkh,
puhs ngpnfh  quh sh vjkcrh sn
hxnsth vukehrjmnýe fh kcs fhrh-
m`cs kjlcrjkhs  y fhk mugpkn-
gnhetc fh kjs clknajmncehs fh
kjs hg
hgprhsjs .
Kuhac fh uej lrhvh rhvnsnýe fh kj ecrgjtnvj
jpknmjlkh pjrj jglcs mjscs fh susphesnýe
phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs, fhlhgcs jectjr jkau-
ejs clshrvjmncehs rhsphmtc fh kj ecrgjtnvj
hsphmçinmj hgntnfj pcr hk Hstjfc2 n) Kj hgn-
snýe fh ue rhakjghetc quh shújkj rhqunsntcs
y prcmhfngnhetcs uej shgjej fhspuîs fh
`jlhr phrgntnfc j kjs hgprhsjs kj susphe-
snýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs hs ue mkjrc ackph
j kj prhfnmtnlnknfjf fh kjs mceshmuhemnjs
fh kcs jmtcs quh rhjknmhe kcs hgpkhjfcrhs
fhrhm`cs fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs? nn) kj jpknmjmnýe
fhk snkhemnc jfgnenstrjtnvc pcsntnvc pjrj kj
jprcljmnýe fh hsth tnpc fh prcmhfngnhe-
tcs rhsuktj muhstncejlkh, puhs ngpnfh quh sh
vjkcrh sn hxnsth vukehrjmnýe fh kcs fhrhm`cs
kjlcrjkhs fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs y fhk mugpkn-
gnhetc fh kjs clknajmncehs fh kjs hgprh-
sjs, fjefc pjsh j fnvhrsjs jrlntrjrnhfjfhs?
nnn) rhsuktj muhstncejlkh hk pkjzc fjfc pjrj
kjs vhrninmjmncehs, puhs pcsnlkhgheth pjshe
gês fh =4 fçjs he quh hk trjljbjfcr ec the-
frê susthetc jkauec pjrj sulsnstnr he uej
sntujmnýe mrçtnmj mcgc kj jmtujk y he quh kj
hgprhsj quhfjrê sne mhrthzj fh kj khajkn-
fjf fh kj ghfnfj jfcptjfj? nv) rhsuktj fniç-
mnk mcgprhefhr quh kj ecrgjtnvj hgntnfj
lusmj prcthahr j hgprhsjs y trjljbjfcrhs
he su mcebuetc, tcfj vhz quh kjs kngntjmnc-
ehs fhk mcethxtc y kjs fhinmnhemnjs fhk sns-
thgj fh insmjknzjmnýe he gjthrnj kjlcrjk ec
`je snfc sckumncejfjs, snec quh sh jaufn-
zje he ue mcethxtc mcgc hk jmtujk? y, v) kj
ecrgj y jkauecs fh kcs mrnthrncs quh pkje-
thj puhfhe rhsuktjr tje jgpkncs quh ngpn-
fhe quh su jpknmjmnýe sh jfhmujfj y shj
 0<  pp. 1=-0= • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
utnknzjfj he fhsghfrc fhk trjljbjfcr y he
phrbunmnc fh kj hgprhsj.
Xrah kj pulknmjmnýe fh ue prctcmckc quh
phrgntj gjycr mkjrnfjf fh kcs mrnthrncs fh
hvjkujmnýe quh shrêefh
rnfjf Jfgnenstrjtnvj tcgjfcs
Vrjljbc,pcr kj Jutc-
hk mujk lus-
quh supknr kcs vjmçcs quh jòe fhbje kjs ecr-
gjs hgntnfjs. Hs ehmhsjrnc quh hk Hstjfc
ajrjetnmh kj tctjknfjf fh kjs insmjknzjmncehs y
kj ueninmjmnýe fh mrnthrncs, kc quh ec suhkh shr
mcgòe he euhstrc snsthgj burçfnmc.
Inejkgheth, hs pcsnlkh fnsmutnr sclrh kcs iue-
fjghetcs burçfnmc-scmnjkhs
burçfnmc-scmnjkhs fh kj ecrgj y su
hihmtnvnfjf pjrj ajrjetnzjr kj prcthmmnýe fh
kcs mnufjfjecs. Kjghetjlkhgheth, kj rhau-
kjmnýe kjlcrjk snauh snhefc hgntnfj jkhbjfj
fh kj rhjknfjf?
iknmtcs pcr kc quh, sne fufj,
pcr su ngpkhghetjmnýe kcsfhbje
ec sh mce-
hsphrjr.
MCEMKX]NCEH]
  Kj susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs hs
uej inaurj yj rhmcanfj he kj khanskjmnýe
ahehrjk, phrc quh rhquhrçj fh uej rhau-
kjmnýe hsphmçinmj jeth kj kum`j hgprhe-
fnfj mcetrj hk MCYNF-:>.
  Kj susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs rhau-
kjfj pcr hk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4=0-
<4<4 hs jpknmjlkh, mcgc ghfnfj hxmhp-
mncejk, jeth kj sntujmnýe fh hstjfc fh
hghrahemnj ejmncejk y hghrahemnj
sjentjrnj pcr kjs quh vnheh jtrjvhsjefc
hk pjçs, he mcebuetc mce hk Fhmrhtc
]uprhgc E´ 4::-<4<4-V\, sh `j hgntnfc
pjrj hstjlkhmhr kjs mjusjkhs hsphmnjkhs
y prcmhfngnhetcs quh `jlnkntjrçje j kjs
hgprhsjs j jpknmjr kj susphesnýe phr-
ihmtj. Kj hgnsnýe fh fnm`j ecrgjtnvj hrj
ngpcrtjeth pjrj ngphfnr kj jpknmjmnýe
fh inaurjs gês arjvcsjs? ec clstjeth,
kj
heijktj fh mkjrnfjf y kj
kj ngpkhghetjmnýe ngprcvnsjmnýe
vnheh ahehrjefc
vjmçcs sugjgheth mrntnmjlkhs.
MCEV\JVJMNÝE KJLC\JK
  Tjrj jpknmjr kj susphesnýe phrihmtj
fhlhrçj2 n) Yhrninmjr hstjr mcgprhe-
fnfc he jkauej fh kjs mjusjkhs fh kj
ecrgj? nn) `jlhr jactjfc kjs ghfn-
fjs jkthrejtnvjs? y, nnn) rhjknzjr hk trê-
gnth jeth kj Jutcrnfjf Jfgnenstrjtnvj
fh Vrjljbc. Jsngnsgc, hk prcmhfn-
gnhetc pjrj trjgntjr kj susphesnýe
phrihmtj jeth kj Jutcrnfjf Jfgnens-
trjtnvj fh Vrjljbc mcgprhefh2 n) Kj
mcguenmjmnýe j kcs trjljbjfcrhs?
nn) kj mcguenmjmnýe j kj Jutcrnfjf
Jfgnenstrjtnvj fh Vrjljbc? y, nnn) vhrn-
inmjmnýe pcsthrncr y vjknfjmnýe fh kj
ghfnfj pcr pjrth fh kjs jutcrnfjfhs
mcrrhspcefnheths.
  Hk `jlhr rhmnlnfc hk sulsnfnc fhk =8 %
ctcrajfc pcr hk Hstjfc ahehrj quh kjs
hgprhsjs theaje jkauejs rhakjs jfn-
mncejkhs mcgc hk ec pcfhr ngpkhghe-
tjr kj susphesnýe fh kjlcrhs he hk ghs
fh jlrnk rhsphmtc j kcs trjljbjfcrhs quh
ahehrjrce hk sulsnfnc, jsç mcgc hk quh
hsth gcetc pjajfc j kcs trjljbjfcrhs
ec puhfj shr tcgjfc pjrj hk mêkmukc fh
kcs rjtncs.
  Hxnsthe jòe vjrncs vjmçcs he kj ecrgj
quh ngpnfhe quh `jyj mhrthzj fh kj
sntujmnýe
ljbjfcrhsquh fhlhrêe
y kjs jircetjr
hgprhsjs. kcs trj-
Kj jpknmj-
mnýe fh uej ghfnfj tje arjvcsj mcgc
hstj hs muhstncejlkh y fhlh shr rhvn-
sjfj munfjfcsjgheth mce kjs hgprh-
sjs sn sh cptj pcr kj gnsgj, gês jòe
mujefc mjfj shgjej sjkhe euhvjs ecr-
gjs c prhmnsncehs quh ec mcjfyuvje j
kj shaurnfjf fhk trjljbjfcr en hk fh kj
hgprhsj.
\HIH\HEMNJ LNLKNCA\ÊINMJ
Jrmh Crtnz, H. (<440). Fhrhm`c nefnvnfujk fhk trjljbc
he hk Thrò. Fhsjiçcs y fhinmnhemnjs.  Kngj2 Tjkhstrj
Hfntcrhs.
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 1=-0=
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   0=
 

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH] TJ\J HK

]HMVC\ T\NYJFC

Mcevhencs nethrejmncejkhs fh shaurnfjf

scmnjk y MCYNF-:>
T. Bjvnhr \C^KH IKC\H]*

Kj gcvnknfjf kjlcrjk nethrejmncejk fh trjljbjfcrhs sh `j vnstc jihmtjfj pcr kj pjefhgnj fhk

MCYNF-:>, fhlnfc j kjs ghfnfjs fh mnhrrh fh ircethrjs tjetc jîrhjs mcgc thrrhstrhs pjrj hk ne-
arhsc fh phrscejs j kcs pjçshs quh `je fhmkjrjfc hk hstjfc fh hghrahemnj. Kcs mcevhencs fh
shaurnfjf scmnjk rhspcefhe j ue hsquhgj fnshújfc pjrj hetcrecs kjlcrjkhs fh icrgjknfjf quh
he scmnhfjfhs mce jktcs çefnmhs fh neicrgjknfjf ec rhsuktje shr nestrughetcs quh jgpkçhe kj
mclhrturj fh shaurnfjf scmnjk. Kj shaurnfjf scmnjk rhqunhrh jfjptjrsh pjrj hstjr j kj jkturj fhk
iheýghec
iheýghe c fh kj akcljknzjmnýe y gcvnknfjf kjlcrjk.

TJKJL\J] MKJYH2 MCYNF-:> / ]haurnfjf ]cmnjk / Mce-
vhencs Nethrejmncejkhs fh ]haurnfjf ]cmnjk / Fhrhm`c
nethrejmncejk fh kj shaurnfjf scmnjk.
\hmnlnfc 2  <>/48/<4<4
Jprcljfc 2  :1/49/<4<4
NEV\CFXMMNÝE
 Kj pjefhgnj fhk mcrcejvnrus MCYNF-:> `j
Kj
fhgcstrjfc kj vukehrjlnknfjf fh kcs sns-
thgjs fh shaurnfjf scmnjk y fh prcthm-
mnýe scmnjk fh fnvhrscs pjçshs jihmtjfcs,
mce ghfnfjs pòlknmjs nesuinmnheths he hk
êglntc fh kj shaurnfjf scmnjk he sjkuf:, prh-
vnsncejk< y fh prcthmmnýe scmnjk= he euhstrc
pjçs, he hk nethetc fh lrnefjr ue gçengc fh
nearhscs hmceýgnmcs j uej pclkjmnýe prh-
fcgnejethgheth neicrgjk jihmtjfj hmc-
eýgnmjgheth pcr kj mujrhethej qunhehs
gum`js vhmhs vukehrje hk jnskjgnhetc scmnjk
ngpuhstc mce hk rnhsac negneheth fh mcetj-
anc pjrj pcfhr ahehrjr nearhscs.
Ec fhsmjrtjgcs kj mjpjmnfjf fh ahs-
tnýe y fhecfjfcs hsiuhrzcs pcr pjrth fhk
Aclnhrec he kj ngpkhghetjmnýe fh ghfn-
fjs j tcfc envhk mce hk ine fh irhejr hk
ngpjmtc fhk MCYNF-:> he kj pclkjmnýe y
he kj hmceýgnmj. Ec clstjeth, kjs ghfnfjs
fh prcthmmnýe scmnjk y fh shaurnfjf scmnjk
`je rhsuktjfc mkjrjgheth nesuinmnheths y
fhvhkjfcrjs fh uej uraheth ehmhsnfjf fh
rhicrgj y rhpcthemnjmnýe fhk snsthgj fh

* Jlcajfc pcr kj Xenvhrsnfjf fh ]je Gjrtçe fh Tcrrhs. ]hauefj hsphmnjknfjf fh Fhrhm`c fhk Vrjljbc y kj ]haurnfjf ]cmnjk
pcr kj TXMT
: ]ulsnfnc hxmhpmncejk pcr nemjpjmnfjf thgpcrjk pjrj trjljbjfcrhs mcetjanjfcs pcr MCYNF-:> mce nearhscs `jstj ]/ <644,
j mjrac fh Hs]jkuf pcr kcs prnghrcs <4 fçjs fh nemjpjmnfjf quh kh mcrrhspcefhe jk hgpkhjfcr y inejemnjfc mce trjesih-
rhemnjs fhk Hstjfc.
< Ecs rhihrngcs
rhihrngcs j kjs fnspcsnmncehs quh phrgnthe hk rhtnrc fh `jstj ]/ <444 fh kcs icefcs fh kjs MNM he hk ]nsthgj Trnvjfc
fh Thesncehs y j kj ec rhthemnýe fhk jpcrth prhvnsncejk mcrrhspcefnheth j kcs ghshs fh jlrnk y gjyc, ljbc mnhrtcs pjrê-
ghtrcs c mcefnmncehs.
= He jkusnýe j kcs Lcecs2 ‛Nefhphe
‛Nefhphefnheth‗
fnheth‗,, ‛\urjk‗, ‛^cghquhfch
‛^cghquhfchemjsj‗
emjsj‗ y ‛Lcec Ijgnknjr
Ijgnknjr Xenvhrsjk‗.
Xenvhrsjk‗.
 06  pp. 06->< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

]HAX\NFJF ]CMNJK

shaurnfjf scmnjk y fh sjkuf he euhstrc pjçs, mjçfj he kcs nearhscs fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs y he
rhsphmtnvjgheth. hsphmnjk, kj fhsprcthmmnýe scmnjk.
Kcs trjljbjfcrhs sce ue shmtcr fh kj pclkj- Kcs snsthgjs fh prcthmmnýe scmnjk y fh shau-
mnýe quh sh `j vnstc jihmtjfc pcr kcs hihm- rnfjf scmnjk he kcs pjçshs `je snfc scghtnfcs

tcs
mjfc y ghfnfjs fh hstj pjefhgnj. Heneicrgjk,
kjlcrjk prhfcgnejethgheth ue ghr- jfnstnetj,
pruhlj mcesnfhrjefc
y su mjpjmnfjf fh rhspuhstj
hk arjfc fh `j sn fc
snfc
gjfu-
fh jktj rctjmnýe kjlcrjk, nearhscs ljbcs, mce rhz fh fnm`cs snsthgjs. He jquhkkcs snsthgjs
gjycrçj fh gnmrc y phquhújs hgprhsjs gjfurcs, kj shaurnfjf scmnjk `j pcfnfc rhs-
neicrgjkhs y uej ljbj mclhrturj prhvnsncejk, pcefhr ijvcrjlkhgheth? pcr hk mcetrjrnc,
kjs ghfnfjs fh mcrth kjlcrjk y fh shaurnfjf ctrcs snsthgjs fh shaurnfjf scmnjk ec `je
scmnjk fhmrhtjfjs pjrj irhejr hk mcetjanc pcfnfc fjr uej jfhmujfj rhspuhstj irheth
fhk MCYNF-:> phsh j kjs ecrgjs prcthmtc- jk fhshgpkhc, kj neicrgjknfjf, ijktj fh nearh-
rjs fnmtjfjs pjrj prhshrvjr kcs hgpkhcs y scs y uej fhinmnheth prhstjmnýe fh shrvnmncs
kjs rhguehrjmncehs6, `je jihmtjfc kcs nearh- fh sjkuf j kjs pclkjmncehs jihmtjfjs, snhefc
scs y kj prcthmmnýe fh hstcs trjljbjfcrhs ehmhsjrnj kj neyhmmnýe fh fnehrc pcr pjrth fhk
irheth j hstcs rnhsacs jscmnjfcs mce kj pje- Hstjfc pjrj pjknjr kcs hihmtcs fh hstjs mrnsns.
fhgnj (pîrfnfj fh nearhscs, heihrghfjf,
guhrth, rnhsacs supuhstjgheth mulnhrtcs Hk rhtcscmnjk
rnfjf hetcemhs pjrj
fh kcs kcs snsthgjs
Hstjfcs fh shau-
rhqunhrh hstjr
pcr kj shaurnfjf scmnjk).
j kj jkturj fh hstcs jmcethmngnhetcs j ine
Fh jmuhrfc mce rhmnheths pulknmjmncehs, fh lrnefjr rhspuhstjs hihmtnvjs quh mulrje
hk 6< % fh kcs phrujecs shújký quh sh hstcs rnhsacs mce prhstjmncehs jfhmujfjs.
`je quhfjfc sne trjljbc c ec hstêe phrmn-
lnhefc nearhscs pcr kc quh hrj su trjljbc8. N. KJ ]HAX\N
]HAX\NFJFFJF ]CMNJK MCGC XE
Fh jmuhrfc mce NT]C]9, hk gjycr prclkhgj FH\HM@C IXEFJGHEVJK
quh `j jihmtjfc j kj pclkjmnýe hs kj rhfum-
mnýe fh sus nearhscs hmceýgnmcs, sugjfj j Jkcesc y Vcrtuhrc (:>>8, p. =0) fhinehe j kj
kj nejfhmujfj rhspuhstj fhk snsthgj. shaurnfjf scmnjk mcgc jquhk

Hk mrhmngnhetc rêpnfc fh kj nethrmcehxnýe h   mcebuetc netharjfc fh ghfnfjs pòlkn-

nethrmjglnc fh lnhehs
ghrmjfcs j envhk y shrvnmncs
akcljk, `jmh gum`c hetrhgês
kcs mjs fh crfhejmnýe
scknfjrnfjf fh ue snsthgj
pjrj kj prhvhemnýe fh
y rhgh-
rêpnfj kj prcpjajmnýe fh mrnsns inejemnhrjs, hmc- fnc fh rnhsacs phrscejkhs ghfnjeth
eýgnmjs y fh pjefhgnjs akcljkhs mcgc kj prhstjmncehs nefnvnfujknzjfjs y hmc-
quh jmtujkgheth jtrjvhsjgcs j mceshmuhe- eýgnmjgheth hvjkujlkhs‗
hvjkujlkhs‗,, jarhajefc
mnj fhk mcrcejvnrus MCYNF-:>, mce ue thrrnlkh quh, tjkhs ghfnfjs ‛sh hemjgneje
ngpjmtc he kjs rhkjmncehs kjlcrjkhs, he hk trj- `jmnj kj prcthmmnýe ahehrjk fh tcfcs
ljbc nefhphefnheth, ahehrjefc fhshgpkhc, kcs rhsnfheths mcetrj kjs sntujmncehs

6 J trjvîs fhk ctcrajgnhetc fh knmhemnj mce acmh fh `jlhr subhtjs j mcgphes

mcgphesjmnýe
jmnýe y ctrjs quh tnhefje j kj prhshrvjmnýe
fhk hgpkhc y kjs rhguehrjmncehs, fh jmuhrfc mce hk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4<9-<4<4 y 4=0-<4<4, pjrj pcsthrncrgheth

8 fhlnfc
Hk j kj prêmtnmj
Mcghrmnc. ‛Hk 6<%rhnthrjfj fh kjshstêe
fh phrujecs hgprhsjs rhaukjr
sne trjljbc kj susphesnýe
c yj ec phrmnlhephrihmtj
nearhscsfhj kjlcrhs.
mjusj fh kj mujrhethej pcr hk mcrcejvn-
rus‗. Jrtçmukc pulknmjfc he kj hfnmnýe fnantjk fhk <:.46.<4<4.
9 NT]C]. ‛Hemuhstj Ejmncejk Xrljej Gjyc <4<4 - Hk MCYNF :>‗ :>‗.. `ttps2//w
`ttps2//www.npscs.mcg
ww.npscs.mcg/snths/fhiju
/snths/fhijukt/inkhs/mt/
kt/inkhs/mt/ehws/fc
ehws/fcmu-
mu-
ghets/<4<4-48/hemuhstjSejmncejk
ghets/<4<4-48/hemuhs tjSejmncejkSurljejSgjyc
SurljejSgjycS<4<4S-ShkSmcv
S<4<4S-ShkSmcvnfS:>S4.pfi 
nfS:>S4.pfi 
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 06-><
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   08
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

fh ehmhsnfjf, ajrjetnzjefc ue envhk fniçmnkhs fh jircetjr y quh kh prnvje fh kj

gçengc fh rhetjs‗1. mjpjmnfjf fh hbhrmhr pkhejgheth sus fhrh-
m`cs y mjpjmnfjfhs:<.
Kj ]haurnfjf ]cmnjk hs rhmcecmnfj mcgc
fhrhm`c `ugjec he fnstnetcs nestrughe-
Hk fhrhm`c iuefjghetjk j kj shaurnfjf
tcs nethrejmncejkhs
jghrnmjec, j trjvîs fhk êglntc
fh kj uenvhrsjk
Fhmkjrjmnýe Xen-y scmnjk, fh jmuhrfc mce Ejvjrrc (<44<),
rhvnsth uej shrnh fh mjrjmthrçstnmjs quh, pjrj
vhrsjk fh kcs Fhrhm`cs @ugjecs0, fhk Tjmtc
hihmtcs fhk prhsheth jrtçmukc sckc heuemnj-
Nethrejmncejk fh kcs Fhrhm`cs Hmceýgn-
rhgcs jkauejs, mce kj inejknfjf fh rhikhbjr
mcs, ]cmnjkhs y Mukturjkhs>, fh kj Fhmkjrj-
hk arjfc fh mcgpkhbnfjf quh rhvnsth hsth
mnýe Jghrnmjej fh kcs Fhrhm`cs y Fhlh-
fhrhm`c iuefjghetjk quh icrgj pjrth fh
rhs fhk @cglrh:4 y hk Trctcmckc jfnmncejk j
kcs fhrhm`cs `ugjecs fh shauefj aheh-
kj Mcevhemnýe Jghrnmjej sclrh Fhrhm`cs
rjmnýe, kjs mujkhs j mcetneujmnýe fhtjkkjgcs2
@ugjecs he gjthrnj fh Fhrhm`cs Hmceý-
gnmcs, ]cmnjkhs y Mukturjkhs (Trctcmckc fh   ]h trjtj fh ue fhrhm`c ne`hrheth j tcfc
]je ]jkvjfcr)::. shr `ugjec, j su fnaenfjf.
  Hs ue fhrhm`c uenvhrsjk.

  Hs ue fhrhm`c iuefjghetjk.
Kj ]haurnfjf ]cmnjk hs rhmc-   Hs ue fhrhm`c (sulbhtnvc), ec uej ecrgj
prcarjgêtnmj.
ecmnfj mcgc fhrhm`c `ugjec 
  Hk lnhe burçfnmc ne`hrheth hs kj
he fnstnetcs nestrughetcs nethr- shaurnfjf.
ejmncejkhs fhk êglntc uenvhrsjk    Hs ue fhrhm`c nefnvnfujk fh mjrêmthr
 y jghrnmjec . scmnjk.
  H s ue f h r h m` c f h e jtur jk h zj
prhstjmncejk.
]u rjzýe fh shr sh bustninmj he kj ehmhsnfjf
fh ajrjetnzjr kj fnaenfjf fh tcfj phrscej   Kjs prhstjmncehs prhthefhe sjtns-
mujefc sh hemuhetrj he mnrmuestjemnjs ijmhr uej shrnh fh ehmhsnfjfhs

1 Nlçf.
0 ‛Jrtçmukc :<.- Vcfj phrscej, mcgc gnhglrc fh kj scmnhfjf, tnheh fhrhm`c j kj shaurnfjf scmnjk y j clthehr, ghfnjeth
hk hsiuhrzc ejmncejk y kj mccphrjmnýe nethrejmncejk, `jlnfj muhetj fh kj crajenzjmnýe y kcs rhmurscs fh mjfj Hstjfc, kj
sjtnsijmmnýe fh kcs fhrhm`cs hmceýgnmcs, scmnjkhs y mukturjkhs, nefnsphesjlkhs j su fnaenfjf y jk knlrh fhsjrrckkc fh su
phrscejknfjf‗.
> ‛Jrtçmukc >.- Kcs
Kcs Hstjfcs Tjrths he hk prhsheth Tjmtc
Tjmtc rhmcecmhe
rhmcecmhe hk fhrhm`c fh tcfj phrscej j kj shaurnfjf scmnjk, nemkusc
jk shaurc scmnjk.‗
:4 ‛Jrtçmukc PYN. Vcfj phrscej tnheh fhrhm`c j kj shaurnfjf scmnjk quh kh prcthbj mcetrj kjs mceshmuh
mceshmuhemnjs
emnjs fh kj fhscmupj-
mnýe, fh kj vhbhz y fh kj nemjpjmnfjf quh, prcvhenheth fh mujkqunhr ctrj mjusj jbhej j su vckuetjf, kj ngpcsnlnknth içsnmj c
ghetjkgheth pjrj clthehr kcs ghfncs fh sulsnsthemnj‗.
:: ‛Jrtçmukc >.- Fhrhm`c j kj shaurnfjf scmnjk
:. Vcfj phrscej tnheh fhrhm`c j kj shaurnfjf scmnjk quh kj prcthbj mcetrj kjs mceshmuhemnjs fh kj vhbhz y fh kj nemjpjmn-

fjfguhrth
fh quh kj fhk
ngpcsnlnknth içsnmjkjsc prhstjmncehs
lhehinmnjrnc, ghetjkghethfhpjrj clthehrscmnjk
shaurnfjf kcs ghfncs pjrj kkhvjrj sus
shrêe jpknmjfjs uejfhphefnheths‗.
vnfj fnaej y fhmcrcsj. He mjsc
:< Mcgntî fh Fhrhm`cs Hmceýgnmcs, ]cmnjkhs y Mukturjkhs. Clshrvjmnýe Ahehrjk E² :>2 Hk fhrhm`c j kj shaurnfjf scmnjk (jrtç-
mukc > fhk Tjmtc Nethrejmncejk fh fhrhm`cs Hmceýgnmcs, ]cmnjkhs y Mukturjkhs), =>² phrçcfc fh shsncehs, <441, H/M.:</
AM/:> fhk 6 fh ihlrhrc fh <440.
 09  pp. 06->< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
quh sh mcesnfhrje nehkufnlkhs pjrj hk
fhsjrrckkc fh uej vnfj fnaej.
  Hs ue fhrhm`c hxnanlkh irheth jk Hstjfc.
Jsç, hk fhrhm`cmcgc
trj pkjsgjfc j kj shaurnfjf
fhrhm`cscmnjk sh hemuhe-
iuefjghetjk he
hk jrtçmukc :4 fh kj ecrgj suprhgj, hk mujk
fnspceh quh2 ‛Hk Hstjfc rhmcecmh hk fhrhm`c
uenvhrsjk y prcarhsnvc fh tcfj phrscej j kj
shaurnfjf scmnjk, pjrj su prcthmmnýe irheth
j kjs mcetneahemnjs quh prhmnsh kj khy y pjrj
kj hkhvjmnýe fh su mjknfjf fh vnfj‗, ajrjetn-
zjefc hk knlrh jmmhsc j kjs prhstjmncehs fh
jmuhrfc mce hk jrtçmukc ::, quh shújkj quh2 ‛Hk
Hstjfc ajrjetnzj hk knlrh jmmhsc j prhstjmncehs
fh sjkuf y j phesncehs, j trjvîs fh hetnfjfhs
pòlknmjs, prnvjfjs c gnxtjs. ]uphrvnsj su hinmjz
iuemncejgnhetc‗.
NN. AKCLJKNRJMNÝE ^ ]HAX\NFJF
]CMNJK, LNECGNC NEHKXFNLKH
Kj gcvnknfjf kjlcrjk j envhk nethrejmncejk hs
ue iheýghec mrhmnheth y uej fh kjs gjen-
ihstjmncehs fh kj akcljknzjmnýe hmceýgnmj.
Kjs hgprhsjs vje gês jkkê fh kjs irceth-
rjs fh sus pjçshs hstjlkhmnhefc he jkauecs
mjscs inknjkhs c jknjezjs mce ctrjs hgprh-
sjs trjesejmncejkhs j envhk guefnjk, sntuj-
mnýe quh gum`js vhmhs ngpknmj hk fhspkj-
zjgnhetc thgpcrjk fh trjljbjfcrhs fh ue
pjçs j ctrc.
 Yhaj (<4:6) rhjkn
rhjknzj
zj uej
uej jmhrtjfj
jmhrtjfj fhsmrnpmn
fhsmrnpmnýe
ýe
fh hsth iheýghec2
  He kj jmtujknfjf, kj ngpcrtjemnj fh kcs
gcvngnhetcs nethrejmncejkhs fh trjlj-
 bjfcrhss hs ue iheýghe
 bjfcrh iheýghecc hvnfheth.
hvnfheth. Hetrh
kcs hkhghetcs quh `je ijvcrhmnfc hk
nemrhghetc fh fnm`cs fhspkjzjgnhe-
tcs jfhgês fh kj akcljknzjmnýe fhstjmj
hk rhmcecmngnhetc fh kj knlrh mnrmukj-
mnýe fh trjljbjfcrhs… Fnm`cs fhspkj-
zjgnhetcs sh prcfumhe fh uej hgprhsj
j ctrcs pjçshs quh puhfhe thehr hk
]HAX\NFJF ]CMNJK
mjrêmthr thgpcrjk c phrgjeheth, mce
hk ine fh hetrh ctrjs gctnvjmncehs fh
prhstjr shrvnmncs j ctrjs hgprhsjs jsc-
mnjfjs c ec, nenmnjr ue prcmhsc fh hstj-
lkhmngnhetc he ctrc pjçs, hxpjtrnjmnýe
fh trjljbjfcrhs fh hgprhsjs guktnej-
mncejkhs j sus inknjkhs hxtrjebhrjs c hk fhs-
pkjzjgnhetc thgpcrjk fh trjljbjfcrhs
he hk gjrmc fh kj hbhmumnýe fh mcetrj-
tcs fh prhstjmnýe fh shrvnmncs trjesej-
mncejkhs. (p. :<)
Hk iheýghec fh kj akcljknzjmnýe hmceýgnmj
`j trjçfc mcgc mceshmuhemnj uej vcrêaneh
fh fhsjrrckkc fh kjs rhkjmncehs mcghrmnjkhs y
fh mcehxncehs guefnjkhs j arjefhs hsmjkjs
hetrh kcs ghrmjfcs j envhk guefnjk, quh mjfj
fçj sh mrhje euhvjs icrgjs fh mcghrmnc, lnh-
ehs y shrvnmncs quh sce rêpnfjgheth hxpcr-
tjfcs fh ue kuajr j ctrc fhk pkjehtj ijvcrh-
mnfc pcr hk fhsjrrckkc fh euhvjs thmeckcaçjs
he tcfcs kcs shmtcrhs fh kj nefustrnj y kj
hvckumnýe fh kcs ghfncs fh mcguenmjmnýe
jmtujkhs.
Hk mrhmngnhetc fh kj nethrmcehxný
nethrmcehxnýe
e h nethrmjg-
lnc fh lnhehs y shrvnmncs hetrh kcs ghrmjfcs
j envhk akcljk, `jmh gum`c gês rêpnfj kj prc-
pjajmnýe fh mrnsns inejemnhrjs, hmceýgnmjs y
fh pjefhgnjs akcljkhs mcgc kj quh jmtujk-
gheth
ejvnrus jtrjvhsjgcs j mceshmuhemnj
MCYNF-:>, mce fhk mcrc-
ue thrrnlkh ngpjmtc quh
tnheh he kjs rhkjmncehs kjlcrjkhs, he hk trjljbc
nefhphefnheth,
nefhphefnh eth, ahehrjefc fhshgpkhc, mjçfj
he kcs nearhscs fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs y he hsph-
mnjk, kj fhsprcthmmný
fhsprcthmmnýe
e scmnjk.
Kcs snsthgjs fh prcthmmnýe scmnjk y fh shau-
rnfjf scmnjk he kcs pjçshs `je snfc scghtn-
fcs j pruhlj y su mjpjmnfjf fh rhspuhstj
`j snfc fnstnetj, mcesnfhrjefc hk arjfc fh
gjfurhz fh fnm`cs snsthgjs.
He jquhkkcs snsthgjs gjfurcs, kj shaurnfjf
scmnjk `j pcfnfc rhspcefhr ijvcrjlkhgheth?
pcr hk mcetrjrnc, ctrcs snsthgjs fh shaurn-
fjf scmnjk ec `je pcfnfc fjr uej jfhmujfj
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 06-><
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   01
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
rhspuhstj irheth jk fhshgpkhc, kj neicrgjkn-
fjf, ijktj fh nearhscs y uej fhinmnheth prhs-
tjmnýe fh shrvnmncs fh sjkuf j kjs pclkjmnc-
ehs jihmtjfjs, snhefc ehmhsjrnj kj neyhmmnýe
fh fnehrc pcr pjrth fhk Hstjfc pjrj pjknjr
kcs hihmtcs fh hstjs mrnsns.
Kj akcljknzjmnýe y kcs hihmtcs
quh mjusj he kjs scmnhfjfhs
fhgjefje uej gjycr y ghbcr
prcthmmnýe scmnjk fh kj pclkj-
mnýe, fhlh snaeninmjr hk fnshúc fh
snsthgjs fh prcthmmnýe scmnjk
jfhmujfcs pj pjrrj kj pcl
pclkjkjmn
mnýe
ýe .
Hk rhtc pjrj kcs snsthgjs fh shaurnfjf scmnjk fh
kcs Hstjfcs mcesnsth he hstjr j kj jkturj fh hstcs
jmcethmngnhetcs. ]h rhqunhrh fh ue snsthgj fh
shaurnfjf scmnjk cpcrtuec, hinmnheth y hinmjz j
ine fh lrnefjr rhspuhstjs quh mulrje hstcs rnhs-
acs mce prhstjmncehs jfhmujfjs quh lrnefhe
mjknfjf fh vnfj j kj pclkjmnýe.
Kj akcljknzjmnýe y kcs hihmtcs quh mjusj
he kjs scmnhfjfhs fhgjefje uej gjycr
y ghbcr prcthmmnýe scmnjk fh kj pclkjmnýe,
fhlh snaeninmjr hk fnshúc fh snsthgjs fh prc-
thmmnýe scmnjk jfhmujfcs pjrj kj pclkjmnýe.
Mcestntuyh ue lnecgnc nehkufnlkh y uec fh
kcs puetcs fh jahefj prncrntjrncs fh hsth
Aclnhrec y fh kcs vhenfhrcs.
Kcs iheýghecs gnarjtcrncs `je thenfc
ngpjmtc he euhstrc yj mcgpknmjfc ghr-
mjfc kjlcrjk, sh `j vnstc nemrhghetjfc he
kcs òktngcs júcs mce kj gnarjmnýe gjsnvj
fh trjljbjfcrhs hxtrjebhrcs, qunhehs he su
gjycrçj sh nemcrpcrje jk ghrmjfc kjlcrjk
neicrgjk, he kj lòsquhfj fh mcefnmncehs
gçengjs pjrj kj sulsnsthemnj
kj mrnsns hmceýgnmj y scmnjk fhhsmjpjefc fh
sus pjçshs fh
crnahe, sne jmmhsc j kjs prhstjmncehs quh kj
shaurnfjf scmnjk cirhmh.
Tcr ctrj pjrth, kjs hgprhsjs trjesejmncej-
khs fhspkjzje trjljbjfcrhs mcestjethgheth,
qunhehs sh nemcrpcrje he sus euhvcs puhs-
tcs fh trjljbc ulnmjfcs he hgprhsjs inknjkhs
fh kcs pjçshs fh fhstnec.
Hsth arupc fh trjljbjfcrhs sh nemcrpcrj
ljbc mnhrtjs mcefnmncehs pjrtnmukjrhs he ue
mcethxtc fh icrgjknfjf y mugpkngnhetc fh
kj khanskjmnýe kjlcrjk y fh shaurnfjf scmnjk.
Kj jmtujk mrnsns fhk MCYNF-:> jihmtj j jglcs
arupcs, prnvjefc fh nearhscs, jmmhsc j shrvn-
mncs lêsnmcs fh sjkuf, snhefc kcs prnghrcs
kcs gês jihmtjfcs fhlnfc j kjs mcefnmncehs
fh neicrgjknfjf y prhmjrnhfjf kjlcrjk, mjrhe-
ths fh jmmhsc j kj prcthmmnýe scmnjk.
Ghefnzjljk y Ourmzye (<4:1, p. 60) hxpknmje
quh kjjeth
scmnjk nethrejmncejknzjmnýe fh kj shaurnfjf
kcs fhsjiçcs fh kj akcljknzjmnýe sh
nestntuyh mcgc ue prcmhsc he hk quh kjs ecr-
gjs fh shaurnfjf scmnjk lrnefje prcthmmnýe
gês jkkê fh sus ircethrjs arjmnjs j kcs mcevh-
encs lnkjthrjkhs c guktnkjthrjkhs fh shaurnfjf
scmnjk y sh hstjlkhmhe, jsngnsgc, ecrgjs fh
jpknmjmnýe nethrejmncejk mce hk clbhtnvc fh
jgpknjr kj mclhrturj fh kj shaurnfjf scmnjk.
]ne hgljrac, fhsfh hstj ýptnmj, ecs prhauetj-
gcs sn rhjkgheth hs pcsnlkh jgpknjr kj mclhr-
turj fh kj shaurnfjf scmnjk pjrj hsth shmtcr fh
trjljbjfcrhs. Ecs pkjethj, jfhgês, kj snaunheth
nethrrcajeth2
nethrrcaje th2 ³Muêk hs hk rck fh kcs nestrughetcs
nethrejmncejkhs he kj prcthmmnýe fhk trjljbjfcr
he tnhgpcs fh mrnsns hmceýgnmjs y pjefhgnjs
mcgc kjs quh jtrjvnhsj euhstrj scmnhfjf3 Trh-
vnjgheth, fhlhgcs mcgprhefhr kj ejturjkhzj
fh hstcs nestrughetcs.
NNN.. M C E Y H E N C ] F H ] H A X \ N F J F
NNN
]CMNJK MCGC NE]V\XGHEVC] FH
MCC\FNEJMNÝE
Kcs mcevhencs lnkjthrjkhs c guktnkjthrjkhs
fh shaurnfjf
tcs fh ajrjetçjscmnjk mcestntuyhe
y hxthesnýe fh kcsnestrughe-
fhrhm`cs
scmnjkhs y kjlcrjkhs hetrh fcs c gês pjçshs,
ijmnkntje kj mccrfnejmnýe fh kjs khanskjmncehs
 00  pp. 06->< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
fh shaurnfjf scmnjk y phrgnthe hetrh
ctrcs lhehinmncs2 n) quh ue gnsgc nefnvn-
fuc quh `j mcetrnlunfc j fnihrheths sns-
thgjs fh shaurnfjf scmnjk j kc kjrac fh
su vnfj kjlcrjk, jmmhfj j kjs prhstjmncehs
quh kj shaurnfjf scmnjk fh fnm`cs pjç-
shs kh cirhmhe fh jmuhrfc mce sus khans-
kjmncehs y nn) hstjlkhmhr hxmhpmncehs j kj
rhakj ahehrjk fh mctnzjmnýe he hk thrrn-
tcrnc he hk quh sh kjlcrj, pcsnlnkntjefc
fh gjehrj thgpcrjk kj mcetneunfjf fh
kjs mctnzjmncehs j kj shaurnfjf scmnjk
fhk pjçs fhsfh hk mujk hk trjljbjfcr iuh
fhspkjzjfc.
Euhstrc pjçs `j susmrntc mcevhencs lnkjth-
rjkhs fh shaurnfjf scmnjk mce kcs snaunhe-
ths pjçshs2 Jrahetnej, Mjejfê, Mcrhj,
M`nkh, Hmujfcr, Hspjúj, Xruaujy. Kcs mntj-
fcs mcevhencs sh hemuhetrje vnaheths.
Jsngnsgc, hk Thrò susmrnlný he hk júc <441
hk Mcevhenc Guktnkjthrjk Nlhrcjghrnmjec
fh ]haurnfjf ]cmnjk (MGN]]), hk mujk mce-
 buet
 bu etjg
jgheheth
th mc
mcee su Jm
Jmuh
uhrfrfc
c fh Jp
Jpknknmj
mj--
mnýe sh hemuhetrje vnaheths fhsfh hk <4
fh cmtulrh fhk <4:9. Hk MGN]] hstê vnaheth
he Jrahetnej, Lcknvnj, M`nkh, Hmujfcr, Lrjsnk,
Lcknvnj, Thrò, Tjrjaujy, Hk ]jkvjfcr, Hspjúj,
Xruaujy y Tcrtuajk.
Hstcs nestrughetcs nethrejmncejkhs sh nemcr-
pcrje jk crfhejgnhetc burçfnmc ejmncejk
kuhac fh pjsjr pcr ue prcmhsc fh phrihmmnc-
ejgnhetc nethrec quh thrgnej pcr su pulkn-
mjmnýe y puhstj he vnahemnj. Ec mrhje euh-
vjs prhstjmncehs en gcfninmje kcs rhqunsntcs
pjrj hk jmmhsc j kjs prhstjmncehs.
]h nespnrje he prnemnpncs mcgc kj naujkfjf
fh trjtc, kj fhthrgnejmnýe fh uej òenmj
khanskjmnýe jpknmjlkh, kj tctjknzjmnýe fh phrnc-
fcs fh shaurc, mceshrvjmnýe fh fhrhm`cs
jfqunrnfcs, mckjlcrjmnýe jfgnenstrjtnvj,
:= Mcgc he hk mjsc fh kcs mcevhencs susmrntcs mce Jrahetnej, Hspjúj, Hmujfcr y M`nkh, mce fhthrgnejfj
]HAX\NFJF ]CMNJK
hetrh ctrcs. ]ce, he hshemnj, nestrughe-
tcs fh mccrfnejmnýe fh kjs khanskjmncehs fh
shaurnfjf scmnjk fh kcs pjçshs quh nethrvnh-
ehe he su susmrnpmnýe y quh gjycrgheth
mcetnhehe fnspcsnmncehs pjrj hk jmmhsc
j phesncehs fh bulnkjmnýe, sclrhvnvhemnj,
nevjknfhz y ajstcs fh shphknc y he pcmjs
cmjsncehs prhvî hk jmmhsc j prhstjmncehs
sjentjrnjs:=.
Kcs mcevhencs lnkjthrjkhs c guk-
 tnkjthrjkhs fh shaurnfjf scmnjk
mcestntuyhe nestrughetcs   fh
ajrjetçj y hxthesnýe fh kcs fhrh-
m`cs scmnjkhs y kjlcrjkhs hetrh
fcs c gês pjçshs .
Xe jsphmtc j tcgjr he muhetj mcesnsth
he quh, jk shr nestrughetcs fh mccrfn-
ejmnýe, kjs prhstjmncehs quh sh nemkuyhe
nemk uyhe
he su êglntc fh jpknmjmnýe gjthrnjk rhs-
pcefhe jk snsthgj fh shaurnfjf scmnjk
fh kcs pjçshs quh nethrvnhehe mcgc
pjrth, mcgc pcr hbhgpkc, kjs jsnaejmnc-
ehs ijgnknjrhs y fh gjthrenfjf nemkunfjs
he hk êglntc fh jpknmjmnýe gjthrnjk fhk
Mcevhenc Lnkjthrjk susmrntc mce Hspjúj
jfnmncejkhs kjs prhstjmncehs pcr vhbhz,
sclrhvnvhemnj h nevjknfhz, j fnihrhemnj
fh kjs prhstjmncehs fh bulnkjmnýe, nevj-
knfhz, sclrhvnvhemnj y ajstcs fh shph-
knc nemkunfcs pcr hk Thrò. He hk mujfrc
snaunheth, sh puhfh jprhmnjr ue knstjfc
fh kcs mcevhencs lnkjthrjk y guktnkjth-
rjk quh `je snfc susmrntcs pcr hk Thrò y
vnaheths2
fhthrgnejfjss pjrtnmukjrnfj
pjrtnmukjrnfjfhs.
fhs.
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 06-><
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   0>
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

   c    k    h    s    j    r   -   -    e

   r    c    s   -   -    j
   h    k
  -     k
   h
   e    h    s     f
   j    r    c
   j    p
   e
   h    h    h
    i
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   j    c
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   j    m    n    r    g     f
   a    ç    m    g    h
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   h
   c    j
    k    p    s    p   -
  -   -
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   r    j    m    e    n    r    c
   h    p
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    k  .
   c    j     f    h    j
   r   -   -    h    h    p    e    t     i
   e    e    c     ý
   j    j  .     n    e
   u    n
   c    j   -
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   s    s     f    c    m    e     k    p   -
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   c
   j    c
   v    k
   h    j    t    j    m   -   -     b    h    j    y    n
   r     ç
   s     n
    ý    r
    n     f    t
    n    h    n
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    ]    t     f   -
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   j
   m    u    h
    k     t    j    h    j    m    c
   c    s
   c
   e    p
   r    j    r     n
   e    r    h    s    u
    k   -
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  -     l    e    h    j    e    c     b
   j    s    p    j    h
   j
    t    s    h    t    s    v   h     f    h
   r    j   -
  -   -
  -    j    c     f    s    j    t     l    k
   h    j    k
   r
    n    j    g
   m
   j    r
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   h    g    n    s   -   -    r     n
    t    h    r    h    h
   e    e    j    e    p    s     T    h   -
  -   -
  -    s    e    u    b    j
   r    j    f    p    k     t
   h    c     k     n    e    c    h    )
    n
    n     f   -   -    h    ý
   h    i     n     f    f    u     t    j    c
   e    m    J    h    t
    n    a   -   -    m    s    j    s
   g    m    h    g   c   r     t    e    s    s   -
  -   -
  -     f    c    j    h    c    h    h    f    e
    f    n
   c    j    m
   j    r     f    t    h    c    j
    n    h   -   -    s    r     k    h    n    s    s     f    f    j    n
   h
    M     t     J    m    t    e   -
  -   -
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   s    h
   e    m    k    h
   s     i    c    r
   s     f
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   r    c    f
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   e    c
   s     n
   c    s
   j
   m    t   -
  -   -
  -     t
   e    f
   s     k
   h    a
   h     n
   c
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   e    r
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   h    c    n
   r
   e    p     ý
   e
   m    f
   r     i
   u    z
   a
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   s    r    g     k     n     n
   c    k    j    n   -   -    h    r    c
   j    a    h    j    h    j
   s    e    h    j    h
    k
   h
   r    s    h     t    s   -
  -   -
  -     f    j    k
    n     f    j     t
   s    u    p    s
 .     f    s
    n    h    k    u    j    k
   s    m    k
   j    j    u    e     T    e    p    s    e   -   -    m    h    r    h    m     f    a    J    j    p
    n    s
    K    m    a
   h    c     )    h    h    h    c
   r     n   -
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  - 
  -
  -
  -     m    c    r    h    g
   h    h    m    j    h    k     k    h
      `    J    r    m     n    p    ]     T    s     J    g   p     T    f    t    e     J    f    k     H    p    f

  -    s
   j    s    h
   r
   h    j
   e    e    n
   a     k      −    x    x    x    x      −      −    x
    n    c    n
   s    n
    J   m    g
   j
    i

  -    s
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    t
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   s    e    f      −    x    x    x    x    x      −    x
   h    c    î
   r     n
    T    m    g

  -
   r
    X    h    f
    t    j
     −    x    x    x    x      −      −    x
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    n
    H     G   e
    T
    K    s
    H    j
    t
    \    r    s    c
    C    h
    n    c     n
    t     k
   h
   s    f    h      −      −      −      −      −      −      −      −
    T     l    j    p
    ]
    C    u
   m
   s     A     ]   h
    V
    N    h
    \    e   -
    M    c
    n    c
   e    h    b
    ]    m    h    f    j
    X    j
    t     f
    n    s    l    x    x    x    x    x      −      −     K      −
    ]    s    m    h    j     J
    ]    h    m    t    r     \
    H    r
    T     J     t     H
    V     V
    E     J
    H     K
    N
    A   -    s
    n     J     J     V
    N    v    h     M
    N     T     K
    Y
    K    r     t
   h
   e
    \
     Î      −      −      −      −      −      −
    C
    \      −
    X
    G      −
    J
    N     l    n
   h     G     X
    M    c    v     H     C
    ]     J     N
    C     E
    ]     H
    F     Y
    J   -     E
    F     n
    k    z     C
    N    j    h      −      −      −      −      −      −      −     M      −
    \    v    f
    X    e
    N
    A
    H
    ]
    H    z
    F    h
    b
    ]    h      −      −      −      −      −      −      −      −
    C
    N     Y
    E
    H
    Y   -
    E    j
  -    s    h
   e    h
   s     C
    C     l    h
   r    p    t     E     N     C     C     N     N     C     N     N
    M    j    c    h    e     /     ]     E     E     ]     ]     E     ]     ]
   h
   r     f    f    n     N
   j    e    f
    V    b     ]
    n

   s
  -     t
   j    s    h    j    s    s    s    s    s    s    s    s
   r    a    h
   s    h    h    h
   s    h
   s    h
   s    h
   s    h
   s
   u
    t    h    e    c    h    s    s    h    h    h    h    h
   h
   r     f    n    r
   r    h    h
   h    s    f    g    g    g    g    g    g    g    g
   h
    l   r    e     ý
   r     <     9     <     <     <     <
    T     :     =     =     =     :     :     :     :
   c    c    h
   m    f    p
   h    j    h
    f    b
   j    f
   c    l    s    s    s    s    s    s    s    s    s
   c     k    h    h    h    h    h    h    h    h
    f   j
   r     f    j
    n    s
   h    s    s    s
   h
   s
   h
   s
   h
   s
   h
   s
   h
   c    t
    n    m    h    h
   r    h    j
   z     n
   e    g    g    g    g    g    g    g    g
   h    j     N     <     9     0     <     9     <
    T    f    k     :     =     =     =     6     :     =     :
   p

   e     :     8     =     1     >     6     8     9

   h     :     4     :     :     :     :     4     :
   j    r     4
    <
    4
    <
    4
    <
    4
    <
    4
    <
    4
    <
    4
    <
    4
    <
    f   c
   a     /     /     /     /     /     /     /     /
   j    n     1     0     0     =     =     =     8     4
   r
    t    v     4
    /     4
    /     4
    /     4
    /     4
    /     4
    /     4
    /     :
    /
   e     9     =     0     :     :     :     :     4
    H     4     <     <     4     4     4     =     <

  -    h     k   -

   e    t
   j
   e    r     ê    j    y    c    j
    n    r    h    h    f
   j    k
    n    c    j    j    h    g    f    f
   e    t
   c    e     t    h
    k     f     f    h    u     ú    h    k    c    n    j
    n
   m    j    e     n    j    j    r    a    j    j    j
   v    n    c    e    r    m
   s    t    h     `    u    e    c    u    p     t    r    j    u    c
    ç     M    j    s    e    k
   j    j
   r    a
   r    m
    H     M     M
   r
    X     H    m    a
   c    u    h    n    h
    ]
    T    t     J     M    G    l
    N    r     ]
 >4  pp. 06->< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
Xej gnrjfj j kj neicrgjmnýe mcethenfj
ut suprj fhguhstrj quh kj hstrumturj y hk
mcethenfc fh ue nestrughetc nethrejmnc-
ejk fh shaurnfjf scmnjk fh hstj ejturjkhzj sh
hemuhetrje fnshújfcs pjrj hetcrecs kjlc-
rjkhs icrgjkhs, ue hetcrec nfhjk he tîrgnecs
fh shaurnfjf scmnjk? sne hgljrac, ec rhsuktj
he jlsckutc nfhjk mujefc hsth gnsgc nestru-
ghetc nethrejmncejk sh nemcrpcrj jk crfh-
ejgnhetc burçfnmc fh ue pjçs mce ue jktc
pcrmhetjbh fh neicrgjknfjf kjlcrjk:6 mcgc
hk euhstrc, he hk quh sckc = fh mjfj :4 phr-
scejs pcfrêe jmmhfhr j uej phesnýe fh
 bulnkjmn
 buln kjmnýe,
ýe, shj he hk ]nst
]nsthgj
hgj Ejmn
Ejmncejk
cejk fh
Thesncehs (]ET) c he hk ]nsthgj Trnvjfc fh
Thesncehs (]TT).
Xe shmtcr ngpcrtjeth fh trjljbjfcrhs kc
mcestntuyhe jquhkkcs trjljbjfcrhs hxtrje-
 bhrc s fhspk
 bhrcs fh spkjzj
jzjfcs
fcs he hk
h k Thrò pcr pjr
pjrth
th fh
fh
hgprhsjs trjesejmncejkhs c pcr muhetj
prcpnj pjrj kj rhjknzjmnýe fh fhthrgn-
ejfc tnpc fh jmtnvnfjf y pjrj qunhehs
hk Fhrhm`c Nethrejmncejk fh ]haurnfjf
]cmnjk ljbc hk jgpjrc fh kcs mcevhencs
fh shaurnfjf scmnjk susmrntcs mce euhstrc
pjçs, mcetneòje thgpcrjkgheth mctnzjefc
j kj shaurnfjf scmnjk fh sus rhsphmtnvcs
pjçshs.
Ec clstjeth, jprhmnjgcs quh kj prcthmmnýe
quh lrnefje hstcs nestrughetcs nethrejmnc-
ejkhs j ijvcr fh hstjs phrscejs furjeth uej
mcyueturj mcgc kj jmtujk rhsuktj shr pcmc
hihmtnvj, fhlnfc j kj ejturjkhzj fh nestru-
ghetc fh mccrfnejmnýe fh kj quh csthetje.
Ec sh trjtj he jlsckutc fh rhstjr gîrntcs
jk ngpcrtjeth rck quh mugpkhe kcs mcevh-
encs fh shaurnfjf scmnjk mcgc nestrughe-
tcs fh mccrfnejmnýe y fh jmmhsc j kjs prhs-
tjmncehs pcr pjrth fh trjljbjfcrhs y fh sus
:6 Fnjrnc Ahstnýe. Neicrgjknfjf kjlcrjk fh Thrò ljbý jphejs ue puetc pcrmhetujk hk <4:> y kkhaý j 1<%. Hfnmnýe Fnantjk fhk
:>.4:.<4<4.
]HAX\NFJF ]CMNJK
lhehinmnjrncs, snec fh rhmjkmjr kj ehmhsnfjf
fh jfjptjr sus fnspcsnmncehs fh tjk gcfc
quh phrgntje nemrhghetjr kj mclhrturj fh
shaurnfjf scmnjk he kcs pjçshs he kcs quh sh
hemuhetrje vnaheths.
Fhlnfc j kcs hihmtcs fh kj mrnsns fhk MCYNF-
:>, gum`cs trjljbjfcrhs hxtrjebhrcs `je
snfc rhpjtrnjfcs j sus pjçshs fh crnahe y
ctrcs sh `je vnstc he kj clknajmnýe fh phr-
gjehmhr. Ec rhsuktj fhsmjlhkkjfc rhmcghe-
fjr quh kcs pjçshs quh sh vnemukhe ljbc kjs
rhakjs fh ue mcevhenc fh shaurnfjf scmnjk
ehacmnhe fnspcsnmncehs quh he mjsc fh mrn-
sns hmceýgnmjs c fh pjefhgnj, mcethg-
pkhe ghfnfjs mcgc kj susphesnýe fhk trjes-
mursc fhk phrncfc nenmnjk fh fhspkjzjgnhetc
y jmcangnhetc j kj shaurnfjf scmnjk fh pjçs
fh crnahe he tjetc furh hk hstjfc fh hghr-
ahemnj y kj prýrrcaj jutcgêtnmj fh jquh-
kkcs phrncfcs fh scghtngnhetc vhemnfcs, j
gcfc fh hbhgpkc.
Mcgc sh puhfh jprhmnjr, kcs aclnhrecs fh
turec tnhehe j trjvîs fhk fhrhm`c nethrej-
mncejk j kj shaurnfjf scmnjk hk rhtc hecrgh
fh jvjezjr j kj pjr quh kj akcljknzjmnýe y
jfjptjrsh mcestjethgheth furjeth phrnc-
fcs fh mrnsns y pjefhgnjs nemrhghetjefc
mce hkkc kj mclhrturj he prcthmmnýe y shau-
rnfjf scmnjk
MCEMKX]NCEH]
  Kj pjefhgnj fhk mcrcejvnrus MCYNF-:>
`j fhgcstrjfc kj vukehrjlnknfjf fh kcs
snsthgjs fh shaurnfjf scmnjk y fh prc-
thmmnýe scmnjk fh fnvhrscs pjçshs jihmtj-
fcs, mce ghfnfjs pòlknmjs nesuinmnheths
he hk êglntc fh kj shaurnfjf scmnjk he
sjkuf, prhvnsncejk y fh prcthmmnýe scmnjk
he euhstrc pjçs
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. 06-><
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   >:
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
  Kj akcljknzjmný
akcljknzjmnýe
e y kcs hihmtcs quh mjusj
he kjs scmnhfjfhs fhgjefje uej gjycr
y ghbcr prcthmmnýe scmnjk fh kj pclkj-
mnýe, fhlh snaeninmjr hk fnshúc fh sns-
thgjs fh prcthmmnýe scmnjk jfhmujfcs
pjrj kj pclkjmnýe. Mcestntuyh ue lnec-
gnc nehkufnlkh y uec fh kcs puetcs fh
jahefj prncrntjrncs fh hsth Aclnhrec y
fh kcs vhenfhrcs.
  Kcs mcevhencs nethrejmncejkhs fh shau-
rnfjf scmnjk, he tjetc nestrughetcs fh
mccrfnejmnýe quh icrgje pjrth fhk
Fhrhm`c Nethrejmncejk fh ]haurnfjf
]cmnjk, sh hemuhetrje mcefnmncejfcs
j kj khanskjmnýe prcpnj fhk snsthgj fh
shaurnfjf scmnjk fhk pjçs quh `j susmrntc
hk nestrughetc.
  Kj hstrumturj y hk mcethenfc fh ue nes-
trughetc nethrejmncejk fh shaurnfjf
scmnjk fh hstj ejturjkhzj sh hemuhetrje
fnshújfcs pjrj hetcrecs kjlcrjkhs icr-
gjkhs, ue hetcrec nfhjk he tîrgnecs
fh shaurnfjf scmnjk? sne hgljrac, ec
rhsuktj he jlsckutc nfhjk mujefc hsth
gnsgc nestrughetc nethrejmncejk sh
nemcrpcrj jk crfhejgnhetc burçfnmc fh
ue pjçs mce ue jktc pcrmhetjbh fh neicr-
gjknfjf kjlcrjk
  Kcs mcevhencs susmrntcs pcr hk Thrò
fhlnfc j quh mcetnhehe fnspcsnmncehs
fh mccrfnejmnýe pjrj hk ctcrajgnhetc
fh prhstjmncehs fh bulnkjmnýe, nevjknfhz,
sclrhvnvhemnj y ajstcs fh shphknc. ec
mcestntuyhe ghmjensgcs hinmjmhs fh
prcthmmnýe irheth j hsmhejrncs fh mrnsns
y fh pjefhgnj mcgc kcs jmtujkhs he
kcs quh sh lusmj kj prhshrvjmnýe fh kcs
hgpkhcs y kcs nearhscs fh kj pclkjmnýe.
  Ec rhsuktj fhsmjlhkkjfc suahrnr quh
kcs pjçshs ehacmnhe fnspcsnmncehs quh
mcetheaje lhehinmncs he mjsc fh mrn-
sns hmceýgnmjs c fh pjefhgnj tjkhs
mcgc fh y susphesnýe fhk trjesmursc
fhk phrncfc nenmnjk fh fhspkjzjgnhetc
y jmcangnhetc j kj shaurnfjf scmnjk fh
pjçs fh crnahe c kj prýrrcaj jutcgêtnmj
fh jquhkkcs phrncfcs vhemnfcs
\HIH\HEMNJ] LNLKNCA\ÊINMJ]
Jkcesc Ckhj, G. y Vcrtuhrc Tkjzj, B. (:>>8).  Nestntumncehs
fh kj ]haurnfjf ]cmnjk. Gjfrnf2 Mnvntjs.
Ghefnzêljk Lhrgòfhz, A. y Ourmzye Ynkkjkclcs, T.
(<4:1). Jpueths sclrh hk Fhrhm`c Nethrejmncejk
fh kj ]haurnfjf ]cmnjk y su rhkjmnýe mce Jgî-
rnmj Kjtnej. \hvnstj Kjtnecjghrnmjej fh Fhrhm`c
]cmnjk (<8), =1-14.
Ejvjrrc Ijkkjs, \. (<44<). Hk fhrhm`c iuefjghetjk j
kj shaurnfjf scmnjk, pjphk fhk hstjfc y prnemn-
pncs quh neicrgje kj pckçtnmj hstjtjk he shaurn-
fjf scmnjk. \hvnstjs fh Mnhemnjs Jfgnenstrjtnvjs y
Inejemnhrjs
Inejemnhr ] cmnjk. \hmuphrjfc fh
js fh kj ]haurnfjf ]cmnjk.
`ttps2//www.smnhkc.sj.mr/smnhkc.p`p3smrnpt7smnS
jrtthxt&pnf7]:64>-:<8><44<444:4444<#j:.
Yhaj Lcrrhac, I. (<4:6). \îanghe Insmjk fh kcs Fhs-
pkjzjgnhetcs Nethrejmncejkhs fh Vrjljbjfcrhs.
 Jhkh (=:9), :<-:>.
 ><  pp. 06->< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH] TJ\J HK

]HMVC\ T\NYJFC

Jeêknsns fhk snsthgj fh ahstnýe fh shaurnfjf

y sjkuf he hk trjljbc y su jpknmjmnýe irheth
jk MCYNF-:>
Hsthp`jey C\FÝÚHR TCKJEMC*

He hk prhsheth trjljbc sh hxpceh y jejknzj hk ]nsthgj fh Ahstnýe fh ]haurnfjf y ]jkuf he hk

 Vrjljbc
 Vrjlj bc prhshetêefckc
prhshetêefckc mcgc gîtcfc
gîtcfc mkjvh
mkjvh y vjkncsc
vjkncsc he uej
uej crajenzjmnýe
crajenzjmnýe quh phrgnth gjehbjr
gjehbjr
y trjtjr sntujmncehs fh phknarc y rnhsac fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs he hk fhshgphúc fh sus iuemncehs. ]h
vhrninmj quh ghfnjeth kj jpknmjmnýe fhk gnsgc sh rhfumh kj cmurrhemnj fh nemnfheths
nemnfheths,, jmmnfheths
y/c heihrghfjfhs fh trjljbc. Ljbc hsj kçehj, sh hxpknmje kcs hkhghetcs quh netharje su hstrum-
turj rhmcecmnhefc mcgc pnhzj iuefjghetjk fhk gnsgc j kjs ghfnfjs fh prhvhemn prhvhemnýe
ýe fh rnhsacs
quh ijmnkntje y prcpnmnje kj ghbcrj fh kjs mcefnmncehs kjlcrjkhs, kc quh j su vhz ijvcrhmh clthehr
y aczjr fh ue jglnheth kjlcrjk shaurc.

TJKJL\J] MKJYH2  ]nsthgj fh Ahstnýe fh ]haurnfjf y
]jkuf he hk trjljbc / Thknarc fh rnhsac nemnfheth / Jmmn-
fheth / Heihrghfjf fh trjljbc / Ghfnfjs fh prhvhemnýe
fh rnhsacs / Mcefnmncehs kjlcrjkhs / Jglnheth kjlcrjk
shaurc.
\hmnlnfc 2  4:/49/<4<4
Jprcljfc 2  :4/49/<4<4
NEV\CFXMMNÝE  
NEV\CFXMMNÝE
Hsth trjljbc tnheh pcr inejknfjf hxpcehr kj
ngpcrtjemnj fh kj ngpkhghetjmnýe y hbh-
mumnýe fhk snsthgj fh ahstnýe fh shau-
rnfjf sjkuf he hk trjljbc, he jfhkjeth
hk ]A]]V, hk quh tnheh mcgc hkhghetc
iuefjghetjk kj prhvhemnýe fh rnhsacs
kjlcrjkhs.
Ljbc hstj kçehj, vjgcs j prhshetjr kj inejkn-
fjf fhk ]A]]V, hxpcehr kcs prnemnpncs fhk
]A]]V fnrhmtrnmhs quh phrgnthe mcgprhe-
fhr h nethrprhtjr kjs nestntumncehs y ecrgjs
he gjthrnj fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf mcgc kjs
Khy E´ <>10=, Khy fh ]haurnfjf y ]jkuf he
hk Vrjljbc (K]]V), su \hakjghetc, Fhmrhtc
]uprhgc E² 448-<4:<-V\, jsç mcgc ctrjs
ecrgjs fh kj gjthrnj c mcgpkhghetjrnjs
j hkkjs.
Jsç tjglnîe, vjgcs j hxpknmjr kc quh ngpknmj
kj pkjeninmjmnýe fhk ]A]]V y su hstrumturj
netharjfj pcr kj pckçtnmj fh ]haurnfjf y
]jkuf he hk Vrjljbc, kj crajenzjmnýe fhk ]ns-
thgj fh ]haurnfjf y ]jkuf he hk trjljbc, kj
pkjeninmjmnýe fh kj ghbcrj fh kj shaurnfjf

* Jlcajfj mce hsphmnjknfjffjf he Fhrhm`c Mcrpcrjtnvc

Mcrpcrjtnvc pcr kj Xenvhrsnfjf fh ]je Gjrtçe fh Tcrrhs. Gjaçsthr he Fhrhm`c fh kj
Hgprhsj pcr kj Tcetninmnj Xenvhrsnfjf Mjtýknmj
mj fhk Thrò. Jshscrj khajk. @j kjlcrjfc he hk shmtcr pòlknmc y prnvjfc. Jmtujkgheth
sh fhshgphúj mcgc jlcajfj mcrpcrjtnvj he hk shmtcr prnvjfc. Tjrjkhkjgheth, `j fhsjrrckkjfc kjlcr fcmheth he kj Xenvhrsnfjf
]je Gjrtne fh Tcrrhs he kcs murscs fh2 Mcetrjtcs Vçpnmcs, Mcetrjtcs Jtçpnmcs y Fhrhm`c Mcemursjk. Jethrncrgheth, `j fhsjrrc-
kkjfc kjlcr fcmheth he kj Xenvhrsnfjf Trnvjfj ]je Buje Ljutnstj he hk mursc fh Fhrhm`c Mcestntumncejk y Fhrhm`cs @ugjecs.
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. >=-::4
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   >=
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
y sjkuf he hk trjljbc, jsç mcgc kjs ghfn-
fjs fh mcetrck fh rnhsacs, kj hvjkujmnýe fhk
]A]]V y kjs ghfnfjs fh ghbcrjs jpknmjlkhs
jk ]A]]V.
Naujkgheth,
gjehrj he kjvjgcs j trjtjr
quh hsth jihmtjjkjkMCYNF-:> y kj
]A]]V y inejk-
gheth prhshetjrhgcs kcs lhehinmncs quh sh
cltnhehe jk hbhmutjr hk ]A]]V.
J`crj lnhe, hk ]A]]V hs guy ngpcrtjeth yj
quh prcthah jk gjycr vjkcr fh kj scmnhfjf,
kj phrscej `ugjej, y kcs fhrhm`cs netrçesh-
mcs iuefjghetjkhs fh hkkj2 kj vnfj y kj sjkuf.
He hsh shetnfc, sh rhmcecmh kj rhkhvjemnj fh
kjs ecrgjs he gjthrnj fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf
sjku f
he hk trjljbc yj quh prcthahe j hstcs lnhehs
 burçfnmc
 burç fnmcs,
s, fhln
fhlnîefcs
îefcshh mces
mcesnfhrj
nfhrjrr jfhg
jfhgêsês
quh he kc quh j sjkuf rhinhrh hstj jkmjezj
tjetc j kj sjkuf içsnmj mcgc ghetjk fh kcs
trjljbjfcrhs.
He kj jmtujknfjf, hk jvjemh fh kj thmeckcaçj,
kjs euhvjs icrgjs fh trjljbc y hk fnejgnsgc
fh kj hmcecgçj `je ahehrjfc hk nethrîs y
pjrtnmnpjmnýe fh kcs hgpkhjfcrhs y trjljbj-
fcrhs he fnvhrscs mjgpcs quh khs phrgnthe
uej gjycr mcgphtntnvnfjf he hk ghrmjfc y
he kj scmnhfjf he ahehrjk. He hsh shetnfc,
sh vnhehe ngpkhghetjefc euhvcs gîtc-
fcs y prcmhscs fh prcfummnýe quh phrgn-
the clthehr mcgc rhsuktjfc uej gjycr hin-
mnhemnj he kj prcfummnýe fh prcfumtcs y
shrvnmncs.
Mcgc mceshmuhemnj fh hkkc, sh hvnfhemnj kj
prhshemnj fh euhvjs mcefnmncehs fh trjljbc
quh trjhe mcesnac kj hxpcsnmnýe fh kcs trj-
ljbjfcrhs j fnvhrscs euhvcs tnpcs fh rnhsacs
kjlcrjkhs. Hs he hk gjrmc fh hsth hsmhejrnc
quh hk hgpkhjfcr fhlh nfhetninmjr hstcs rnhs-
acs kjlcrjkhs y, j pjrtnr fh hkkc, jfcptjr kjs
ghfnfjs prhvhetnvjs quh kh phrgntje rhfu-
mnr kcs phknarcs y rnhsacs mce kcs quh mcevn-
vhe kcs trjljbjfcrhs he hk fhshgphúc fh
sus iuemncehs.
He hsh crfhe fh nfhjs, sh jejknzj kj rhihrnfj
K]]V y su \hakjghetc, hxpknmjefc muêkhs
sce kjs clknajmncehs quh tnheh hk hgpkhjfcr
pjrj ajrjetnzjr kj prcthmmnýe fh kj shaurnfjf
y sjkuf fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs.
Inejkgheth, sh trjtje rhmcghefjmncehs
j mcesnfhrjr pjrj kj ngpkhghetjmnýe fhk
]A]]V y kjs mcemkusncehs j kjs quh sh jrrn-
lje mcgc rhsuktjfc fhk jeêknsns hihmtujfc
he hk prhsheth trjljbc.
N. J]THMVC] AHEH\JK
AHEH\JKH]
H] FHK ]N]VHGJ
FH AH]VNÝE FH ]HAX\NFJF ^ ]JKXF
HE HK V\JLJBC
:. Trnemnpncs
Kcs prnemnpncs fhk ]A]]V sce fnrhmtrnmhs y
knehjgnhetcs quh phrgnthe mcgprhefhr,
nethrprhtjr y jpknmjr kj K]]V, y sh hemuhetrje
rhaukjfcs he hk jrtçmukc :02
  ‛Hk ]nsthgj fh Ahstnýe fh kj ]haurnfjf y
]jkuf he hk Vrjljbc sh rnah pcr kcs snaunhe-
ths prnemnpncs2
j) Jshaurjr ue mcgprcgnsc
mcgprcgnsc vnsnlkh fhk
fhk
hgpkhjfcr mce kj sjkuf y shaurnfjf
fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs.
l) Kcarjr mc`hrhemnj hetrh kc quh sh
pkjeninmj y kc quh sh rhjknzj.
m) Trcphefhr jk ghbcrjgnhetc mcetn-
euc, j trjvîs fh uej ghtcfckcaçj
quh kc ajrjetnmh.
f) Ghbcrjr kj jutchstngj y icghetjr hk
trjljbc he hqunpc j ine fh nemhetnvjr
kj mccphrjmnýe fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs.
h) Icghetjr kj mukturj fh kj prhvhe-
mnýe fh kcs rnhsacs kjlcrjkhs pjrj quh
tcfj kj crajenzjmnýe nethrncrnmh kcs
mcemhptcs fh prhvhemnýe y prcjmtn-
vnfjf, prcgcvnhefc mcgpcrtjgnhe-
tcs shaurcs.
 >6  pp. >=-::4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
i ) Mrhjr cpcrtuenfjfhs pjrj jkhetjr uej
hgpjtçj fhk hgpkhjfcr `jmnj kcs trj-
ljbjfcrhs y vnmhvhrsj.
a) Jshaurjr kj hxnsthemnj fh ghfncs fh
rhtrcjknghetjmnýe
fcrhs jk hgpkhjfcr fhsfh kcs trjljbj-y
he shaurnfjf
sjkuf he hk trjljbc.
`) Fnspcehr fh ghmjensgcs fh rhmcec-
rhmcec-
mngnhetc jk phrscejk prcjmtnvc neth-
rhsjfc he hk ghbcrjgnhetc mcetneuc
fh kj shaurnfjf y sjkuf kjlcrjk.
n) Hvjkujr kcs prnemnpjkhs rnhsacs quh
puhfje cmjsncejr kcs gjycrhs phr-
 bunm
 bu nmnc
ncss j kj sj
sjku
kuf
f y sh
shau
aurnrnfj
fjff fh
kcs trjljbjfcrhs, jk hgpkhjfcr y
ctrcs.
 b) Icghetjr y rhsphtjr kj pjrtnmnpjmnýe
fh kjs crajenzjmncehs snefnmjkhs ”c,
he fhihmtc fh hstjs, kj fh kcs rhprh-
shetjeths fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs” he kjs
fhmnsncehs sclrh kj shaurnfjf y sjkuf
he hk trjljbc‗.
<. Fhinenmnýe
J mcetneujmnýe, fhinengcs quh sh puhfh
hethefhr mcgc hk ]nsthgj fh Ahstnýe fh
]haurnfjf y ]jkuf he hk Vrjljbc2
  Hk ]nsthgj fh Ahstnýe fh ]haurnfjf y
]jkuf he hk Vrjljbc, hs ue gîtcfc neth-
arjfc pcr prnemnpncs, ecrgjs h nestntu-
mncehs sclrh kj gjthrnj fh ]haurnfjf
y ]jkuf he hk Vrjljbc quh he mcebuetc
phrgnthe nfhetninmjr, hvjkujr y ghbcrjr kj
prhvhemnýe fh kcs rnhsacs prhsheths he
hk hetcrec kjlcrjk j hihmtcs fh mcetrc-
kjrkcs y jsç pcfhr rhfumnr kcs nemnfheths,
jmmnfheths c heihrghfjfhs fh trjljbc,
jsç mcgc hvntjrkcs.
Mcgc
clbhtnvcnefnmjgcs
fhk ]A]]Vhehshkrhfumnr
pêrrjickcs
jethrncr hk
nemnfhe-
ths, jmmnfheths y heihrghfjfhs fh trjljbc.
Ljbc hsth crfhe fh nfhjs, vjgcs j lrnefjr
]HAX\NFJF ^ ]JKXF HE HK V\JLJBC
kcs mcemhptcs fh hstcs trhs ngpcrtjeths
sumhscs2   jmmnfheth, heihrghfjf h nemnfheth
sumhscs2
fh trjljbc fh jmuhrfc j kc fnspuhstc pcr hk
\hakjghetc fh kj K]]V, Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc
E´ 448-<4:<-V\, he jfhkjeth \K]]V.
<.:. Jmmnfheth2 Vcfc sumhsc rhphetnec quh
sclrhvheaj pcr mjusj c mce cmjsnýe
fhk trjljbc y quh prcfuzmj he hk trj-
ljbjfcr uej khsnýe craêenmj, uej phr-
turljmnýe iuemncejk, uej nevjknfhz c kj
guhrth. Hs tjglnîe jmmnfheth fh trj-
ljbc jquhk quh sh prcfumh furjeth kj
hbhmumnýe fh ýrfhehs fhk hgpkhjfcr, c
furjeth kj hbhmumnýe fh uej kjlcr ljbc
su jutcrnfjf, y jue iuhrj fhk kuajr y
`crjs fh trjljbc.
  Hk rhakjghetc
sninmj fh kj K]]V,
kcs jmmnfheths fh jtrjljbc
su vhz mkj-
fh
jmuhrfc j su arjvhfjf fh kj snaunheth
icrgj2
<.:.:. Jmmnfheth Khvh2   ]umhsc muyj
khsnýe, rhsuktjfc fh kj hvjkuj-
mnýe gîfnmj, quh ahehrj he
hk jmmnfhetjfc ue fhsmjesc
lrhvh mce rhtcrec gêxngc
jk fçj snaunheth j sus kjlcrhs
`jlntujkhs.
<.:.<. Jmmnfheth
muyj khsnýe,Nemjpjmntjeth2
rhsuktjfc fh]umhsc
kj hvj-
kujmnýe gîfnmj, fj kuajr j fhs-
mjesc, jushemnj bustninmjfj jk trj-
ljbc y trjtjgnhetc. Tjrj inehs
hstjfçstnmcs, ec sh tcgjrê he
muhetj hk fçj fh cmurrnfc hk
jmmnfheth.
  Tcr ctrj pjrth, shaòe hk arjfc fh
nemjpjmnfjf kcs jmmnfheths fh
trjljbc puhfhe shr2
- Vctjk thgpc rjk2   mujefc kj
thgpcrjk2
khsnýe ahehrj he hk jmmnfhe-
tjfc kj ngpcsnlnknfjf fh utnkn-
zjr su crajensgc? sh ctcrajrê
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. >=-::4
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   >8
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
trjtjgnhetc gîfnmc `jstj su
pkhej rhmuphrjmnýe.
- Tjrmnjk phrgjeheth2 mujefc kj
khsnýe ahehrj kj pîrfnfj pjr-
mnjk
c fhfh
kjsue gnhglrcfhk
iuemncehs u gnsgc.
ýrajec
- Vctjk phrgjeheth
phrgjeheth22 mujefc kj
khsnýe ahehrj kj pîrfnfj jej-
týgnmj c iuemncejk tctjk fh ue
gnhglrc u ýrajec? c fh kjs
iuemncehs fhk gnsgc. ]h mce-
snfhrj j pjrtnr fh kj pîrfnfj
fhk fhfc ghúnquh.
<.:.=. Jmmnfheth gcrtjk2  ]umhsc muyjs
khsncehs prcfumhe kj guhrth fhk
trjljbjfcr.
tnmcs Tjrj hihmtcs kj
fhlh mcesnfhrjrsh hstjfçs-
ihm`j
fhk fhmhsc.
  Tcr ctrc kjfc, hk gnsgc muhrpc ecrgj-
tnvc fhineh kj heihrghfjf fh trjljbc fh
kj snaunheth icrgj2
<.<. Heihrghfjf prcihsncejk u cmupjmncejk2  phrscejkhs fhk trjljbjfcr quh kjs fhsjrrckkj
Hs uej heihrghfjf mcetrjçfj mcgc
rhsuktjfc fh kj hxpcsnmnýe j ijmtcrhs
fh rnhsac rhkjmncejfjs jk trjljbc.
  Jsç tjglnîe kj ecrgj ecs lrnefj hk mce-
mhptc fh nemnfheth fh trjljbc2
<.=. Nemnfheth2 ]umhsc jmjhmnfc he hk mursc fhk
trjljbc c he rhkjmnýe mce hk trjljbc, he hk
quh kj phrscej jihmtjfj ec suirh khsncehs
mcrpcrjkhs, c he hk quh îstjs sýkc rhqunh-
rhe munfjfcs fh prnghrcs juxnkncs.
  Nemnfheth phknarcsc2 Vcfc sumhsc pcthe-
mnjkgheth rnhsacsc quh pufnhrj mjusjr
khsncehs c heihrghfjfhs j kjs phrscejs
he su trjljbc c j kj pclkjmnýe.
=. Kj inejknfjf fhk ]A]]V
Kj inejknfjf fhk snsthgj fh ahstnýe fh shau-
rnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc hs kj fh hbhmutjr
ue pkje quh mcethgpkh ghfnfjs fh rhfum-
mnýe fh rnhsac kjlcrjkhs y mcgprcghtj
tjetc jk hgpkhjfcr mcgc j kcs trjljbjfc-
rhs he hk mugpknghetc fh kjs tjrhjs quh
mcrrhspcefhe j mjfj uec he îk, pkjsgjfjs
j ine fh rhjknzjr luhejs prêmtnmjs he gjth-
rnj fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc aheh-
rjefc jsç ue hetcrec kjlcrjk shaurc.
Kj inejknfjf   fhk snsthgj fh
ahstnýe  fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf
he hk trjljbc hs kj fh hbhmutjr u
 ue
e
pkje quh mcethgp
mcethgpkh kh ghfnfjs fh
rhfummnýe fh rnhsac kjlcrjkhs .
Tjrj kj hkjlcrjmnýe fhk ]A]]V hs ehmhsj-
rnc rhjknzjr uej hvjkujmnýe rhsphmtc j mjfj
puhstc fh trjljbc fh kj hgprhsj he tcfc
envhk. Fh hstj gjehrj sh jejknzje kjs iuemnc-
ehs fhk puhstc fh trjljbc, kjs mcefnmncehs
y kjs mcefnmncehs fhk kuajr he kjs quh hk trj-
ljbjfcr sh fhshevuhkvh. Kcs rhsuktjfcs fh
hstj hvjkujmnýe sce jejknzjfcs mceicrgh
j kc fnspuhstc pcr kj K]]V y fhgês ecrgjs
sclrh kj gjthrnj
mcefnmncehs j hihmtcs fh ghbcrjr kjs
fh trjljbc.
6. Tkjeninmjmnýe fhk ]A]]V
He kj jmtujknfjf sh hvnfhemnj quh he kjs
jmtnvnfjfhs, iuemncehs, gîtcfcs y prcmhscs
quh sh fhsjrrckkje he kjs hgprhsjs hstêe
prhsheths fnvhrscs rnhsacs muyj ejturjkhzj
fhphefh fhk tnpc fh jmtnvnfjf hmceýgnmj
quh rhjknmh. Mcgc mceshmuhemnj fh hkkc
ejmh kj ehmhsnfjf fh hvjkujr kcs rnhsacs
hxnstheths he hk mhetrc fh trjljbc y, j pjrtnr
fh hkkc, sh ahehrj kj clknajmnýe fhk hgpkhj-
fcr fh pkjeninmjr ghfnfjs fh prhvhemnýe
quh phrgntje rhfumnr y he kj ghfnfj fh kc
pcsnlkh hkngnejr kcs rnhsacs kjlcrjkhs.
 >9  pp. >=-::4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
J`crj lnhe, kj pkjeninmjmnýe fhk ]A]]V `jmh
pcsnlkh quh hk hgpkhjfcr puhfj mugpknr
mce kj K]]V, su rhakjghetc y fhgês ecrgjs
sclrh kj gjthrnj c mcgpkhghetjrnjs j hkkj, kc
quh trjh mcesnac kj ghbcrj fh kjs mcefnmnc-
ehs fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf fh kcs trjljbjfc-
rhs he sus mhetrcs fh trjljbc `jmnhefc quh
kcs prcmhscs prcfumtnvcs shje gês shaurcs.
\hsphmtc j kcs clbhtnvcs fh kj pkjeninmjmnýe
fhk ]A]]V hk jrtçmukc => fh kj K]]V shújkj kc
snaunheth2
  ‛Kcs clbhtnvcs fh kj pkjeninmjmnýe fhk
]nsthgj fh Ahstnýe fh kj ]haurnfjf
y ]jkuf he hk Vrjljbc sh mhetrje he hk
kcarc fh rhsuktjfcs hsphmçinmcs, rhjknstjs
y pcsnlkhs fh jpknmjr pcr kj hgprhsj. Kj
ahstnýe fh kcs rnhsacs mcgprhefh2
j) Ghfnfjs fh nfhetninmjmnýe, prhvhe-
mnýe y mcetrck.
l) Kj ghbcrj mcetneuj fh kcs prcmh-
scs, kj ahstnýe fhk mjglnc, kj prhpj-
rjmnýe y rhspuhstj j sntujmncehs fh
hghrahemnj.
m) Kjs jfqunsnmncehs y mcetrjtjmncehs.
f) Hk envhk fh pjrtnmnpjmnýe fh kcs trjlj-
 bjfcrhs y su mjpjmntjmnýe‗.
mjpjmntjmnýe‗.
Hk mugpkngnhetc fh hstcs clbhtnvcs `jmh
pcsnlkh quh hk ]A]]V shj hxntcsc y pjrj kkh-
ajr j hstj ghtj sh rhqunhrh fhk mcgprcgnsc
tjetc fhk hgpkhjfcr mcgc fh kcs trjljbjfc-
rhs, qunhehs he mcebuetc mce ctrcs jmtcrhs
quh ghemncejrhgcs gês jfhkjeth, mug-
pknhefc mce sus fhlhrhs y clknajmncehs he
gjthrnj fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf `jmhe pcsnlkh
rhjknzjr hstcs prcpýsntcs.
8. Hstrumturj
Hstrumtur j fhk ]nsthgj fh Ahstnýe fh
]haurnfjf y ]jkuf he hk Vrjljbc
Hk snsthgj fh ahstnýe fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf
he hk trjljbc sh hemuhetrj mceicrgjfc
m ceicrgjfc pcr
kcs snaunheths hkhghetcs2
]HAX\NFJF ^ ]JKXF HE HK V\JLJBC
8.:. Tckçtnmj he gjthrnj fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf
he hk trjljbc y pjrtnmnpjmnýe fh kcs
trjljbjfcrhs
Kj hkjlcrjmnýe fh kj pckçtnmj fh shaurnfjf y
sjkuf he hk trjljbc hstê çetngjgheth knajfj
jk snsthgj fh prcfummnýe fhk mhetrc fh trj-
ljbc. Ljbc hstj kçehj fh phesjgnhetc, sh
fhlh thehr he muhetj quh hk hgpkhjfcr
lusmj gjxngnzjr hk usc fhk mjpntjk `ugjec,
`hrrjgnhetjs y gjthrnjkhs quh pcshh pjrj
hkjlcrjr kj ghbcr y gjycr mjetnfjf fh lnh-
ehs y/c shrvnmncs pcsnlkhs. He hsh shetnfc, hk
hgpkhjfcr jejknzj mjfj puhstc fh trjljbc
mce hk ine fh nfhetninmjr kcs rnhsacs hxnsthe-
ths he îk, mce hk prcpýsntc fh ngpkhghetjr
kjs ghfnfjs prhvhetnvjs quh rhfuzmje c hkn-
gnehe hscs rnhsacs kjlcrjkhs, mcesnfhrjefc
tjglnîe kj rhspcesjlnknfjf
pcr ec prcmurjr quh
en ajrjetnzjr ueîkhetcrec
jsugh
kjlcrjk shaurc pjrj sus trjljbjfcrhs.
Tcr hstjs rjzcehs hk hgpkhjfcr hs hk hemjr-
ajfc fh hkjlcrjr kj Tckçtnmj fh ]haurnfjf y
]jkuf he hk Vrjljbc, he jfhkjeth kj T]]V, he
mugpkngnhetc fh kcs prnemnpncs y kjs ecrgjs
sclrh kj gjthrnj. Hstj T]]V hs hxpuhstj j kcs
trjljbjfcrhs j hihmtcs fh quh puhfje rhvn-
sjrkj, jejknzjrkj y rhjknzjr mujkqunhr clshrvj-
mnýe? y, fh shr hk mjsc, prcpcehr quh hstj sh
gcfninquh c netharh mujkqunhr jsphmtc cgn-
tnfj he hkkj. He hsth òktngc puetc, sh hvnfhe-
mnj kj ngpcrtjemnj fh kj pjrtnmnpjmnýe fh kcs
trjljbjfcrhs he kj T]]V yj quh su hxphrnhe-
mnj y mcecmngnhetcs he kcs fnvhrscs puhstcs
fh trjljbc kcs `jmh pnhzj mkjvh pjrj quh j
trjvîs fh sus rhmcghefjmncehs y clshrvj-
mncehs sh kcarh phrihmmncejr kj gnsgj.
Kcs jutcrhs ]êem`hz, Ynkkjkclcs y Mnrubjec
(<441) shújkje kc snaunheth sclrh kj pckçtnmj
fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf2
  Xej pckçtnmj hinmjz fh prhvhemnýe fh
rnhsacs kjlcrjkhs he kj hgprhsj mcetrn-
luyh j uej ghbcr ahstnýe fh kj gnsgj,
jpcrtjefc y `jmnhefc gês hinmnheths kcs
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. >=-::4
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   >1
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
rhmurscs `ugjecs y gjthrnjkhs, rhfu-
mnhefc mcsths fh tcfc tnpc (sclrh tcfc
pcr pîrfnfjs mce cmjsnýe fh nemnfheths,
jmmnfheths, jlshetnsgc, hrrcrhs...) y sjk-
vjaujrfjefc rhspcesjlnknfjfhs khajkhs.
Hs mcevhenheth quh fh gcfc jmcrfh
mce kjs mjrjmthrçstnmjs fh kj hgprhsj
c hetnfjf sh fnshúh y hxprhsh kj pckç-
tnmj hgprhsjrnjk he gjthrnj prhvhetnvj
he icrgj fh prnemnpncs, fnrhmtrnmhs y mrn-
thrncs j shr clshrvjfcs pjrj kj mcesh-
mumnýe fh sus inehs, h nemkusc netharêe-
fckj he kj fhinenmnýe fh kcs clbhtnvcs
hshemnjkhs fh kj gnsgj. Hs guy mcevh-
enheth quh tcfc hkkc hstî mcethenfc
ljbc kj icrgj fh fhmkjrjmncehs hsmrntjs
y shj gjethenfc fh icrgj mcetneujfj
y rhecvjfj ghfnjeth ue snsthgj jfh-
mujfc fh mcguenmjmnýe nethrej. (p. <0)
Kj pckçtnmj fhk ]A]]V sh hemuhetrj rhaukjfj
he kj K]]V he hk jrtçmukc <<, gnhetrjs quh kj
pjrtnmnpjmnýe fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs he hkkj sh
rhaukj he kcs jrtçmukcs <6 y <8 fhk gnsgc
muhrpc ecrgjtnvc.
8.<. Crajenzjmnýe
Kj crajenzjmnýe fhk snsthgj fh shaurnfjf
y sjkuf he hk trjljbc hs rhspcesjlnknfjf fhk
hgpkhjfcr qunhe jsugh kj kjlcr fh fhsjrrc-
kkjr,
tjfcs pcehr he hbhmumnýe
fhk ]A]]V. y hvjkujr
Hstjs tjrhjs kcs rhsuk-
tjglnîe puh-
fhe shr fhkhajfjs pcr hk hgpkhjfcr j ijvcr
fh ue rhprhshetjeth, j ine fh quh su rhprh-
shetjeth fhshevuhkvj hstjs iuemncehs y
cstheth kj jutcrnfjf ehmhsjrnj pjrj jfcptjr
kjs ghfnfjs nefnsphesjlkhs pjrj hbhmutjrkjs
y mugpknr mce hkkjs he kc quh mcrrhspcefj.
He hsth puetc hs ngpcrtjeth kc quh shújkj
Mckkjfc (<440) he mujetc jk prcmhsc fh
crajenzjr2
  Hk prcmhsc
ghecs, fh htjpjs2
fh trhs crajenzjr prhmnsj, jk
fhthrgnejmnýe
fh iuemncehs quh sh `je fh fhsjrrc-
kkjr? hkhmmnýe fh kjs phrscejs pjrj quh
jsugje fnm`js iuemncehs y hstjlkhmn-
gnhetc fh crfhe bhrêrqunmc hetrh hkkjs.
Jsç, kj crajenzjmnýe prhvhetnvj pcfrçj
fhinenrsh2 mcgc hk mcebuetc fh rhkjmnc-
ehs y phrscejs quh netharjfjs he kj
hstrumturj crajenzjtnvj fh kj hgprhsj
vje j jshaurjr hk mugpkngnhetc fh kcs
clbhtnvcs ahehrjkhs y kjs pckçtnmjs quh jk
hihmtc sh `jyje shújkjfc pcr kj fnrhm-
mnýe fh kj hgprhsj, jsç mcgc tcfjs kjs
jmtnvnfjfhs rhkjmncejfjs mce kj iuemnýe
prhvhetnvj. (p. ::8)
He hsth crfhe fh nfhjs, mjlh mcesnfhrjr quh
hk jrtçmukc <9 fh kj K]]V hstjlkhmh quh2
  Kcs hgpkhjfcrhs puhfhe susmrnln
susmrnlnrr mce-
trjtcs fh kcmjmnýe fh shrvnmncs mce thr-
mhrcs,
pjrj kj rhaukjfcs pcr hk Mýfnacgcen-
ahstnýe, ngpkhghetjmnýe, Mnvnk,
tcrhc y mugpkngnhetc fh kjs fnspcsn-
mncehs khajkhs y rhakjghetjrnjs sclrh
shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc, fh mce-
icrgnfjf mce kj Khy <><68 y hk Fhmrhtc
Khanskjtnvc :4=0.
Icrgj pjrth fh kjs clknaj-
mncehs   fhk quh
hgpkhjfcr inbjr kjs
iuemncehs fhlh fhsjrrc-
kkjr hk trjljbjfcr he su puhstc
fh trjljbc y, he vnrtuf fh hkkc,
fhthrgnej
fht hrgnej kcs fhlhrhs y clknaj-
mncehs fhk hgpkhjfc he gjth-
rnj fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk
 trjljbc .
Icrgj pjrth fh kjs clknajmncehs fhk hgpkhj-
fcr inbjr muêkhs sce kjs iuemncehs quh fhlh
fhsjrrckkjr hk trjljbjfcr he su puhstc fh
 >0  pp. >=-::4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
trjljbc y? he vnrtuf fh hkkc, îk fhthrgnej kcs
fhlhrhs y clknajmncehs quh fhlh jsugnr hk
hgpkhjfc he gjthrnj fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf
he hk trjljbc. He hsh shetnfc, hk hgpkhjfcr
prcarjgj kjs mjpjmntjmncehs y hetrhejgnhe-
tcs quh tnheh quh kkhvjr hk trjljbjfcr, fhe-
trc fh kj bcrejfj kjlcrjk, j ine fh fhsjrrckkjr
sus iuemncehs, fhlhrhs y clknajmncehs mce
hinmnhemnj fh jmuhrfc j kc hstjlkhmnfc pcr
hk hgpkhjfcr.
Ctrj fh kjs clknajmncehs fhk hgpkhjfcr hs
kj fh ngpkhghetjr, prhshrvjr y mustcfnjr kcs
rhanstrcs y fcmughetjmnýe fhk ]A]]V kcs
quh puhfhe shr kkhvjfcs fh gjehrj içsnmj
c hkhmtrýenmj. He kc quh rhinhrh j kj fcmu-
ghetjmnýe quh fhlh hx`nlnr hk hgpkhjfcr
rhsphmtc fhk ]A]]V hk jrtçmukc =< fhk \K]]V
shújkj quh hs kj snaunheth2
j) Kj pckçtnmj y clbhtnvcs he gjthrnj fh
shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc.
l) Hk \hakjghetc Nethrec fh ]haurnfjf y
]jkuf he hk Vrjljbc.
m) Kj nfhetninmjmnýe fh phknarcs, hvjkujmnýe
fh rnhsacs y sus ghfnfjs fh mcetrck.
f) Hk gjpj fh rnhsac.
h) Kj pkjeninmjmnýe fh kj jmtnvnfjf
prhvhetnvj.
i ) Hk Trcarjgj Jeujk fh ]haurnfjf y ]jkuf
he hk Vrjljbc.
Hs hsth puetc mjlh rhsjktjr quh kj fcmughe-
tjmnýe mcethenfj he kcs knthrjkhs j) y m) fhlh
shr vnsnlkhgheth hx`nlnfj fhetrc fhk mhetrc
fh trjljbc, sne phrbunmncs fh ctrj rhquhrnfj
pcr ecrgjs shmtcrnjkhs.
Tcr ctrj pjrth, rhsphmtc j kcs rhanstrcs fhk
]A]]V hstcs rhsphtje hk fhrhm`c fh mcein-
fhemnjknfjf y fhlhe
y j fnspcsnmnýe fh kcsfh hstjr jmtujknzjfcs
trjljbjfcrhs y fh kj
jutcrnfjf mcgphtheth. Hk \K]]V, he su jrtç-
mukc ==, fnspceh muêkhs sce kcs rhanstrcs
]HAX\NFJF ^ ]JKXF HE HK V\JLJBC
clknajtcrncs quh hk hgpkhjfcr tnheh quh
pcehr he iuemncejgnhetc2
  Jrtçmukc ==.- Kcs rhanstrcs clknajtcrncs fhk
]nsthgj fh Ahstnýe fh ]haurnfjf y ]jkuf
he hk Vrjljbc sce2
j) \hanstrc fh jmmnfheths fh trjljbc,
heihrghfjfhs cmupjmncejkhs, nemn-
fheths phknarcscs y ctrcs nemnfheths,
he hk quh fhlhe mcestjr kj nevhstnaj-
mnýe y kjs ghfnfjs mcrrhmtnvjs.
l) \hanstrc fh hxêghehs gîfnmcs
cmupjmncejkhs.
m) \hanstrc fhk gcentcrhc fh jahe-
ths içsnmcs, quçgnmcs, lnckýanmcs,
psnmcscmnjkhs y ijmtcrhs fh rnhsac
fnshraceýgnmcs.
f) \hanstrc fh nesphmmncehs
nesphmmncehs nethrejs fh
shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc.
h) \hanstrc fh hstjfçstnmjs fh shaurnfjf
y sjkuf.
i ) \hanstrc fh hqunpcs fh shaurnfjf c
hghrahemnj.
a) \hanstrc fh nefummnýe, mjpjmntj-
mnýe, hetrhejgnhetc y sngukjmrcs fh
hghrahemnj.
`) \hanstrc fh jufntcrçjs.
Kcs rhanstrcs j quh sh rhinhrh hk pêrrjic
jethrncr fhlhrêe mcethehr kj neicrgjmnýe
gçengj hstjlkhmnfj he kcs icrgjtcs quh
jpruhlj hk Gnensthrnc fh Vrjljbc y Trc-
gcmnýe fhk Hgpkhc ghfnjeth \hsckumnýe
Gnensthrnjk.
Kcs rhanstrcs ghemncejfcs fhlhe shr mce-
shrvjfcs pcr fnstnetcs phrncfcs fh jmuhrfc
jheihrghfjfhs
su rhkhvjemnj. cmupjmncejkhs
He hsh shetnfc,fhlh
hk rhanstrc fh
shr mce-
shrvjfc pcr <4 júcs pcsthrncrhs jk sumhsc,
kcs rhanstrcs fh jmmnfheths fh trjljbc h
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. >=-::4
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   >>
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
nemnfheths phknarcscs pcr :4 júcs pcsth-
rncrhs jk sumhsc y kcs fhgês rhanstrcs pcr 8
júcs pcsthrncrhs jk sumhsc? hstc he mugpkn-
gnhetc pcr kc rhaukjfc pcr hk jrtçmukc =8
fhk \K]]V.
Tjrth iuefjghetjk fhk ]A]]V hs hk Mcgntî
fh ]haurnfjf y ]jkuf c hk suphrvnscr fh ]hau-
]h au-
rnfjf y ]jkuf.
Hk \K]]V fhineh jk Mcgntî fh ]haurnfjf y
]jkuf  mcgc hk ýrajec lnpjrtntc y pjrntjrnc
mcestntunfc pcr rhprhshetjeths fhk hgpkhj-
fcr y fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs, mce kjs ijmuktjfhs
i jmuktjfhs
y clknajmncehs prhvnstjs pcr kj khanskjmnýe
y kj prêmtnmj ejmncejk, fhstnejfc j kj mce-
suktj rhaukjr y phrnýfnmj fh kjs jmtujmnc-
ehs fhk hgpkhjfcr he gjthrnj fh prhvhe-
mnýe fh rnhsacs.
Kj mceicrgjmnýe  fhk Mcgntî  fh jmuhrfc j kc fnspuhstc pcr hk jrtçmukc
fh ]haurnfjf y ]jkuf sh fj he
iuemnýe fh kj mjetnfjf fh trj-
ljbjfcrhs mce kcs quh muhetj
hk hgpkhjfcr .
Tcr ctrc kjfc, hk gnsgc muhrpc ecrgjtnvc
lrnefj hk mcemhptc fhk suphrvnscr fh ]hau-
rnfjf y ]jkuf he hk Vrjljbc  mcgc trjljbjfcr
mjpjmntjfc y fhsnaejfc pcr kcs trjljbjfc-
rhs, he kjs hgprhsjs, crajenzjmncehs, nestn-
tumncehs c hetnfjfhs pòlknmjs, nemkunfjs kjs
iuhrzjs jrgjfjs y pcknmnjkhs mce ghecs fh
<4 trjljbjfcrhs.
Kj mceicrgjmnýe fhk Mcgntî fh ]haurnfjf
y ]jkuf, he jfhkjeth hk M]]V, sh fj he iue-
mnýe fh kj mjetnfjf fh trjljbjfcrhs mce
kcs quh muhetj hk hgpkhjfcr, fh gjehrj
quh hk hgpkhjfcr quh theaj vhneth c gês
trjljbjfcrhs fhlh icrgjr ue M]]V, hk quh
shrê netharjfc pcr rhprhshetjeths fh kcs
trjljbjfcrhs y fhk hgpkhjfcr he ue gnsgc
eòghrc. Kj mjetnfjf fh netharjeths shrê fh
jmuhrfc j kj mjetnfjf tctjk fh trjljbjfcrhs
ec pufnhefc thehr ghecs fh 6 en gês fh
:< gnhglrcs. Hk eòghrc fh trjljbjfcrhs
quh netharje hk M]]V hstê rhaukjfc pcr hk
jrtçmukc 6= fhk \]]V.
Tcr ctrj pjrth, hk hgpkhjfcr quh muhetj mce
ghecs fh <4 trjljbjfcrhs fhlh mcestntunr j
ue suphrvnscr fh ]haurnfjf y ]jkuf he hk trj-
ljbc. Hk M]]V sh hemuhetrj rhaukjfc pcr hk
jrtçmukc <> fh kj K]]V gnhetrjs quh hk suphr-
vnscr fh ]haurnfjf y ]jkuf he hk trjljbc sh
hemuhetrj ecrgjfc pcr hk jrtçmukc =4 fhk
gnsgc muhrpc ecrgjtnvc.
Hk M]]V, c he su fhihmtc hk suphrvnscr fh
]haurnfjf y ]jkuf he hk trjljbc, shrê hkh-
anfc ghfnjeth ue prcmhsc hkhmtcrjk pcr kcs
trjljbjfcrhs y thefrê ue phrncfc fh gje-
fjtc hetrh : y < júcs mcgc gêxngc, hsth
9< fhk \]]V.
Kjs iuemncehs fhk M]]V sh hemuhetrje shúj-
kjfjs he hk jrtçmukc 6< fhk \K]]V y sce kjs
snaunheths2
j) Mcecmhr kcs fcmughetcs h neicrghs
rhkjtnvcs j kjs mcefnmncehs fh trjljbc
quh shje ehmhsjrncs pjrj hk mugpkn-
gnhetc fh sus iuemncehs, jsç mcgc kcs
prcmhfheths
prcmhfheths fh kj jmtnvnfjf fhk shrvnmnc
fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc.
l) Jprcljr hk \hakjghe
\hakjghetc tc Nethr
Nethrec
ec fh
]haurnfjf y ]jkuf fhk hgpkhjfcr
hgpkhjfcr..
m) Jprcljr hk Trcarjgj Jeujk fh ]haurn-
fjf y ]jkuf he hk Vrjljbc.
Vrjljbc.
f) Mcecmhr y jprcljr kj Trcarjgjmnýe
Jeujk fhk ]hrvnmnc fh ]haurnfjf y ]jkuf
he hk Vrjljbc.
h) Tjrtnmnpjr he kj hkjlcrjmnýe, jprcljmnýe,
puhstj he prêmtnmj y hvjkujmnýe fh kjs
 :44  pp. >=-::4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

]HAX\NFJF ^ ]JKXF HE HK V\JLJBC

pckçtnmjs, pkjehs y prcarjgjs fh prcgc- trjljbc, hgntnhefc kjs rhmcghefjmnc-

mnýe fh kj shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trj- ehs rhsphmtnvjs pjrj hvntjr kj rhphtnmnýe
ljbc, fh kj prhvhemnýe fh jmmnfheths y fh hstcs.
heihrghfjfhs cmupjmncejkhs.
g) Yhrninmjr hk mugpkngnhetc y hinmjmnj fh
i ) Jprcljr hk pkje jeujk
fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs fh mjpjmntjmnýe
sclrh shaurnfjf y sus rhmcghefjmncehs
rhphtnmnýe pjrj yhvntjr
fh kcs jmmnfheths kj
kj cmu-
sjkuf he hk trjljbc. rrhemnj fh heihrghfjfhs prcihsncejkhs.
prcihsncejkhs.
a) Trcgcvhr quh tcfcs kcs euhvcs trjljbj- e) @jmhr rhmcghefjm
rhmcghefjmncehs
ncehs jprcpnjfj
jprcpnjfjss
fcrhs rhmnlje uej jfhmujfj icrgjmnýe, pjrj hk ghbcrjgnhetc fh kjs mcefnmnc-
nestrummnýe y crnhetjmnýe sclrh prhvhe- ehs y hk ghfnc jglnheth fh trjljbc,
mnýe fh rnhsacs. vhkjr pcrquh sh kkhvhe j mjlc kjs ghfn-
fjs jfcptjfjs y hxjgnejr su hinmnhemnj.
`) Ynankjr hk mugpkngnhetc fh kj khanskj-
mnýe, kjs ecrgjs nethrejs y kjs hsph- c) Jejknzjr y hgntnr neicrghs fh kjs hstj-
hstj-
mninmjmncehs tîmenmjs fhk trjljbc rhkj- fçstnmjs fh kcs nemnfheths, jmmnfheths
mncejfjs mce kj shaurnfjf y sjkuf he y heihrghfjfhs cmupjmncejkhs cmurrn-

hk kuajrNethrec
ghetc fh trjljbc? jsç mcgc,y hk
fh ]haurnfjf \hakj-
]jkuf he yfjs he hk kuajr
hvjkujmnýe fh trjljbc,
fhlhe t rjljbc, muyc rhanstrc
shr mcestjethgheth
hk Vrjljbc. jmtujknzjfcs pcr kj uenfjf craêenmj
fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc fhk
n) Jshaurjr quh kcs trjljbjfcrhs mceczmje hgpkhjfcr.
kcs rhakjghetcs, nestrummncehs, hsph-
mninmjmncehs tîmenmjs fh trjljbc, jvnscs p) Mckjlcrjr mce kcs shrvn
shrvnmncs
mncs gîfnmcs y
y fhgês gjthrnjkhs hsmrntcs c arêinmcs fh prnghrcs juxnkncs.
rhkjtnvcs j kj prhvhemnýe fh kcs rnhsacs
he hk kuajr fh trjljbc. q) ]uphrvnsjr kcs shrvnmncs fh shaurnfjf y
sjkuf he hk trjljbc y kj jsnsthemnj y jsh-
 b) Trcgcvhr hk mcgprcgnsc, kj mckjlcrj- scrjgnhetc jk hgpkhjfcr y jk trjljbjfcr.
mnýe y kj pjrtnmnpjmnýe jmtnvj fh tcfcs
kcs trjljbjfcrhs he kj prhvhemnýe fh kcs r) \hpcrtjr j kj gêxngj jutcrnfjf fhk
rnhsacs fhk trjljbc, ghfnjeth kj mcgu- hgpkhjfcr kj snaunheth neicrgjmnýe2
enmjmnýe hinmjz, kj pjrtnmnpjmnýe fh kcs r.:) Hk jmmnfheth gcrtjk c hk nemnfheth
trjljbjfcrhs he kj sckumnýe fh kcs prc- phknarcsc, fh gjehrj neghfnjtj.
lkhgjs fh shaurnfjf, kj nefummnýe, kj
mjpjmntjmnýe, hk hetrhejgnhetc, mcemur- r.<) Kj nevhstnajmnýe fh mjfj jmmnfheth
scs, sngukjmrcs, hetrh ctrcs. gcrtjk y ghfnfjs mcrrhmtnvjs jfcp-
tjfjs fhetrc fh kcs fnhz fçjs fh
o) \hjknzjr nesphmmncehs phrnýfnmjs he kjs cmurrnfc.
êrhjs jfgnenstrjtnvjs, êrhjs cphrjtnvjs,
nestjkjmncehs, gjqunejrnj y hqunpcs, j r.=
.=)) Kjs hstjfçstnm
hstjfçstnmjs
js trnghstrjkh
trnghstrjkhss fh
ine fh rhicrzjr kj ahstnýe prhvhetnvj. jmmnfheths, nemnfheths y heihrgh-
fjfhs cmupjmncejkhs.
k) Mcesnfhrjr kjs mnrmuestjemnjs h nevhstn-
ajr kjs mjusjs fh tcfcs kcs nemnfheths, r.6
.6)) Kjs jmtnvnfjfhs trnghstrjkhs fhk
jmmnfheths y fh kjs heihrghfjfhs cmu- Mcgntî fh ]haurnfjf y ]jkuf he hk
pjmncejkhs quh cmurrje he hk kuajr fh  Vrjljbc.
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. >=-::4
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :4:
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
s) Kkhvjr he hk Knlrc fh Jmtjs hk mcetrck fhk
mugpkngnhetc fh kcs jmuhrfcs.
t) \huenrsh ghesujkgheth he icrgj crfn-
ejrnj pjrj jejknzjr y hvjkujr hk jvjemh
fh kcs clbhtnvcs
arjgj hstjlkhmnfcs
jeujk, y he he hk prc-
icrgj hxtrjcrfnejrnj
pjrj jejknzjr jmmnfheths quh rhvnstje
arjvhfjf c mujefc kjs mnrmuestjemnjs
kc hxnbje.
Kjs jmtnvnfjfhs fhk M]]V sh rhjknzje he mccr-
fnejmnýe mce hk ]hrvnmnc fh ]haurnfjf y ]jkuf
he hk Vrjljbc, he jfhkjeth 
jfhkjeth hk ]]]V, mceicrgh
j kc hstjlkhmnfc pcr hk jrtçmukc 68 fhk \K]]V.
Hk ]]]V mcetrnluyh jk munfjfc fh kj shaurn-
fjf y sjkuf fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs y sh hemjraj
fh ngpkhghetjr hk prcmhfngnhetc fh vnan-
kjemnj fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf fh kcs gnsgcs.
Ljbc hstj kçehj, kj \hsckumnýe Gnensthrnjk
E´ =:<-<4::-GNE]J he hk puetc 9.= fhk
fcmughetc tîmenmc fhineh hk prcmh-
fngnhetc fh vnankjemnj fh kj snaunheth
gjehrj2
  Kj vnankjemnj fh kj sjkuf fh kcs trjljbj-
fcrhs hs hk prcmhsc fh rhmckhmmnýe fh
neicrgjmnýe y jeêknsns snsthgêtnmc quh
jljrmj tcfjs kjs hvjkujmnceh
hvjkujmncehss ehmhsj-
rnjs pjrj prcthahr kj sjkuf fh kcs trj-
ljbjfcrhs, mce hk clbhtnvc fh fhthmtjr
kcs prclkhgjs fh sjkuf rhkjmncejfjs
mce hk trjljbc y mcetrckjr kcs ijmtc-
rhs fh rnhsacs y prhvhenr kcs fjúcs j
kj sjkuf fhk trjljbjfcr,
trjljb jfcr, fhlh shr rhjkn-
zjfj pcr hk Gîfnmc Cmupjmncejk, ljbc
kj rhspcesjlnknfjf fhk hgpkhjfcr, fh
jmuhrfc j kj ecrgjtnvnfjf vnaheth fhk
GVTH.
Tcr ctrc kjfc, he kc quh rhinhrh j kcs hxêgh-
ehs gîfnmcs cmupjmncejkhs prjmtnmjfcs j
kcs trjljbjfcrhs, hstcs sh rhjknzje he hbhrmn-
mnc fh kj kjlcr fhKcs
kcs trjljbjfcrhs. vnankjemnj fh kj
rhsuktjfcs fhsjkuf fh
kcs gns-
gcs sce mceinfhemnjkhs y phrgnthe j kcs
hgpkhjfcrhs mcecmhr hk hstjfc fh sjkuf
fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs y he vnrtuf fh hkkc tcgjr
ghfnfjs prhvhetnvjs quh prcthbje kj sjkuf y
kj vnfj fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs.
Inejkgheth, hs ngpcrtjeth
\hakjghetc Nethrec ghemncejr
fh ]haurnfjf jk
y ]jkuf he
hk Vrjljbc, he jfhkjeth hk \N]]V, quh hs ue
nestrughetc fh ahstnýe quh tnheh quh shr
hkjlcrjfc he tjetc hk hgpkhjfcr muheth
mce <4 c gês trjljbjfcrhs. Tjrj kj hkjlc-
rjmnýe fhk \N]]V hs ehmhsjrnc quh hk mceth-
enfc fhk gnsgc muheth mcgc gçengc mce
kj snaunheth neicrgjmnýe rhmcanfj mce hk jrtç-
mukc 16 fhk \K]]V2
j) Clbhtnvcs y jkmjemhs.
l) Knfhrjzac,
shaurnfjf ymcgprcgnsc
mcgprcgnscs
sjkuf. s y kj pckçtnmj fh
m) Jtrnlumncehs y clknajmncehs fhk hgpkhj-
fcr, fh kcs suphrvnscrhs, fhk mcgntî fh
shaurnfjf y sjkuf, fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs
y fh kcs hgpkhjfcrhs quh khs lrnefje
shrvnmncs sn kjs `ulnhrj.
f) Hstêefjrhs fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf he kjs
cphrjmncehs.
h) Hstêefjrhs fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf he kcs
shrvnmncs y jmtnvnfjfhs mcehxjs.
i ) Trhp
Trhpjrjmnýe
jrjmnýe y rhspuhstj j hghrahemnjs.
Kj fniusnýe fh fhk \N]]V hs clknajmnýe fhk
hgpkhjfcr y fhlh rhanstrjrsh kj hetrhaj fhk
gnsgc fh gjehrj içsnmj c fnantjk ljbc mjrac.
Hk hgpkhjfcr tnheh kj gnsgj clknajmnýe fh
fniusnýe he mjsc fh quh hxnstj uej gcfnin-
mjtcrnj fhk \N]]V. Hstj clknajmnýe jljrmj j kcs
trjljbjfcrhs2 he pkjenkkj, pcr nethrghfnjmnýe,
pcr thrmhrnzjmnýe, he gcfjknfjf icrgjtnvj y
j tcfcs muycs shrvnmncs sh prhsthe phrgj-
ehethgheth c thgpcrjkgheth he kjs nestj-
kjmncehs fhk hgpkhjfcr.
trj rhaukjfc Hk \N]]V
pcr hk jrtçmukc sh kj
=1 fh hemuhe-
K]]V y
kcs jrtçmukcs 16 y 18 fhk \K]]V.
 :4<  pp. >=-::4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

]HAX\NFJF ^ ]JKXF HE HK V\JLJBC

8.=. Tkjeninmjmnýe fh kj ghbcrj fh kj ]jkuf y
]haurnfjf he hk Vrjljbc
Kj pkjeninmjmnýe ngpknmj rhjknzjr ue mrc-
ecarjgj fhk mcebuetc fh jmtnvnfjfhs y
jmmncehs quh sh vje j fhsjrrckkjr y jfcptjr
he hk trjsmursc fhk júc. He hsth pkje sh nfhe-
tninmje kcs clbhtnvcs pcr jkmjezjr, kj icrgj y
hk tnhgpc pjrj jkmjezjrkcs jfhgês fhk prh-
supuhstc ehmhsjrnc pjrj hbhmutjrkc y tcfcs
kcs ghfncs ehmhsjrncs pjrj mugpknrkc.
 J pjrtnr fh kj nfhetninmjmnýe fh
kcs rnhsacs kjlcrjkhs sh fhthrgn-
eje kjs ghfnfjs fh mcetrck fh
rnhsacs quh phrgntje kj rhfum-
mnýe fh kcs gnsgcs .
rnhsacs sh hemuhetrj rhaukjfj pcr kcs jrtç-
mukcs 11 y 10 fhk \K]]V.
8.=.:. Kjs ghfnfjs fh mcetrck fh rnhsacs sce
kjs snaunheths2
  Kj hkngnejmnýe fhk phknarc y rnhsac
  Vrjs `jlhrsh nfhetninmjfc hk phknarc c
rnhsac jk quh hstê hxpuhstc hk trjljbj-
fcr he hk fhshgphúc fh sus iuemnc-
ehs sh fhbj sne hihmtc kj jmtnvnfjf quh
ahehrj hsh rnhsac.
  Hbhgpkc2 Hk jkgjmhejgnhetc fh fcmu-
ghetcs he hstjeths he jkturj.
  Hvnfhemnjfc hk phknarc fh mjçfj fh kcs
fcmughetcs ahehrjefc fjúc jk trj-
ljbjfcr pcr ackph, sh fhbj sne hihmtc hk
jkgjmhejgnhetc fh fcmughetcs he
hsh hspjmnc.

  Kj sustntumnýe fhk ijmtcr fh rnhsac

J`crj lnhe, hstj pkjeninmjmnýe tnheh mcgc
puetc fh pjrtnfj kj nfhetninmjmnýe fh kcs rnhs-  
acs j kcs quh sh hemuhetrje hxpuhstcs kcs
trjljbjfcrhs he mjfj uec fh kcs puhstcs fh
trjljbc quh hxnstje he tcfcs kcs envhkhs fh  
 bhrjrquçj quh netharje hk mhetrc fh trjljbc.
Hstcs sh jejknzje he vnrtuf fh kjs mjrjmthrçs-
tnmjs prcpnjs fh kjs kjlcrhs quh sh fhsjrrc-
kkje, jsç mcgc j kjs pjrtnmukjrnfjfhs fh mjfj  
uec fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs quh sh fhshevuhk-
vhe he hkkcs.
 
J pjrtnr fh kj nfhetninmjmnýe fh kcs rnhsacs
kjlcrjkhs sh fhthrgneje kjs ghfnfjs fh mce-
trck fh rnhsacs quh phrgntje kj rhfummnýe
fh kcs gnsgcs nestjurjefc mnemc envhkhs fh
ghfnfjs fh mcetrck quh sh jpknmje he crfhe
fh jmuhrfc j kj pcsnlnknfjf fhk hgpkhjfcr
fh jfcptjrkjs. J hstj ijsh sh kh fhecgnej  
hvjkujmnýe nenmnjk fh rnhsacs c kçehj ljsh
y hk rhsuktjfc fh kj gnsgj phrgnth quh hk
hgpkhjfcr puhfj tcgjr fhmnsncehs sclrh
kj hbhmumnýe fhk ]A]]V, jsç mcgc ngpkhghe-  
tjr ghbcrjs he îk. Kj hvjkujmnýe nenmnjk fh
Nfhetninmjfc hk ijmtcr fh rnhsac hsth sh
mjglnj pcr ctrc nestrughetc c ghfnc.
Hbhgpkc2 Xej `hrrjgnhetj quh puhfj
ahehrjr hk rnhsac fh mcrth furjeth su
gjenpukjmnýe. ]h jfqunhrh ctrj quh ec
ahehrh hsh rnhsac.
Hbhmutjr ghfnfjs tîmenmjs c fh fnshúc fh
neahenhrçj j ine fh rhfumnr hk rnhsac
Yhrninmjfc hk rnhsac fh jtrjpjgnhetc c
gutnkjmnýe fh kj gjec fhk trjljbjfcr jk
gjenclrjr uej gjqunejrnj, sh fnshúj ue
ngpkhghetc quh sh jfjpth j kj gjqun-
ejrnj y quh hvnth hk mcetjmtc fnrhmtc mce
kj gjec fhk trjljbjfcr.
Gnengnzjr phknarcs y rnhsacs jk hbhmutjr
prcmhfngnhetcs jfgnenstrjtnvcs quh phr-
gntje mcetrckjrkcs
Jk mcecmhr hk phknarc c rnhsac jk quh hstê
hxpuhstc hk trjljbjfcr sh ngpkhghetje
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. >=-::4
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :4=
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
jmmncehs pjrj rhfumnr hstcs phknarcs c
rnhsacs.
  Hbhgpkcs2
j) ]h kkhvje j mjlc mjpjmntjmncehs quh
heshúhe jk trjljbjfcr mcgc rhjknzjr
kj jmtnvnfjf he kj quh hxnstj rnhsac, sh
vhrninmj quh hk trjljbjfcr `jyj jprhe-
fnfc kj icrgj fh rhjknzjr kj jmtnvnfjf y
sh suphrvnsj quh kj jpknmjmnýe fh hsh
mcecmngnhetc pcr pjrth fhk trjljbj-
fcr shj hk mcrrhmtc.
l) ]h mckcmj shújknzjmncehs quh hvnfhe-
mnhe hk rnhsac c phknarcsnfjf fh ue
êrhj c fh uej jmtnvnfjf quh pceaje
he jkhrtj y jthemnýe fh hkkcs j kcs
trjljbjfcrhs.
  Tcfrçje pcehr ue mjrthk quh nefnquh2
THKNA\C JK
JKVC
VC YCKVJBH.
YCKVJBH.
  Xtnknzjr hqunpcs fh prcthmmnýe phrscejk
pjrj hk fhshgphúc fh tjrhjs rnhsacsjs
  Hk usc fh hstcs hqunpcs phrgnth quh
hk trjljbjfcr sh hemuhetrh prcthanfc
jk gjenpukjr jkauej `hrrjgnhetj c
gêqunej c jk rhjknzjr jkauej jmtnvnfjf
quh kc pceaj he rnhsac.
  Hbhgpkc2
:. Hk usc fh aujeths pjrj gjenpukjr
sustjemnjs quçgnmjs quh puhfje
ahehrjr ue fjúc fhrgjtckýanmc.  
<. Hk usc fh rhspnrjfcrhs pjrj gjenpu-
kjr sustjemnjs týxnmjs, c pcr hstjr c
jtrjvhsjr ue jglnheth he hk quh sh
puhfj rhspnrjr c sh rhspnrh ajshs c
sustjemnjs mcetjgnejeths.
  Hs ngpcrtjeth shújkjr quh hstj òktngj
ghfnfj fh mcetrck fhlh shr jpknmjfj j
gjehrj fh mcgpkhghetc fh kjs jethrncrhs.
  Kjs ghfnfjs fh mcetrck hxpuhstjs phr-
mhetrc fh trjljbc jsç mcgc hk pkje fh
shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc.
9. Hvjkujmnýe y jufntcrçj
Kj
fh hvjkujmnýe sh rhjknzj
kcs nemnfheths, he vnrtuf
jmmnfheths fhk jeêknsns
c heihrghfj-
fhs fh trjljbc kc quh phrgnth nfhetninmjr hk
crnahe fh kcs gnsgcs y jsç pcfhr fnshújr kjs
ghfnfjs quh sh jfcptjrêe j ine fh rhfumnr hk
rnhsac c sn hs pcsnlkh hkngnejrkc mce kj inejkn-
fjf fh quh ec jmcethzmje euhvjgheth. Tcr
ctrj pjrth, hs ehmhsjrnc quh sh rhjknmhe jufn-
tcrçjs j ine fh quh sh fhthrgneh sn hk pkje fh
shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc tnheh rhsuktj-
fcs pcsntnvcs y hinmnheths.
Kj jufntcrçj sh rhjknzj pcr ue jufntcr
nefhphefnheth jutcrnzjfc h nesmrntc he
hk rhanstrc fh jufntcrhs jutcrnzjfcs pjrj
kj hvjkujmnýe phrnýfnmj fhk ]A]]V. Kcs
hgpkhjfcrhs quh rhjknzje jmtnvnfjfhs fh
rnhsacs fhlhe rhjknzjr jufntcrçjs mjfj fcs
júcs, gnhetrjs quh kcs quh fhsjrrckkje
jmtnvnfjfhs sne rnhsac kjs rhjknzjrêe mjfj
trhs júcs.
He hk mjsc fhk hgpkhjfcr quh theaj `jstj
fnhz trjljbjfcrhs y ec sh hemuhetrh he hk
rulrc mkjsninmjfc mcgc jmtnvnfjfhs fh jktc
rnhsac, sckc fhlhrê rhjknzjr jufntcrçj he tjetc
uej nesphmmnýe fh trjljbc jsç kc crfheh, hstc
he mugpkngnhetc fh kc fnspuhstc pcr hk jrtç-
mukc :8 fhk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 4:6-<4:=-
V\, \hakjghetc fhk \hanstrc fh Jufntcrhs
jutcrnzjfcs pjrj kj hvjkujmnýe phrnýfnmj fhk
]nsthgj fh Ahstnýe fh kj ]haurnfjf y ]jkuf
he hk Vrjljbc.
Kj jufntcrçj tnheh ue rck iuefjghetjk
he hk snsthgj fh ahstnýe fh shaurnfjf y
sjkuf he hk trjljbc yj quh he vnrtuf fh hkkj
sh mcestjtj quh kjs ghfnfjs fh mcetrck
fh
pkjernhsacs
mce kj kjlcrjkhs
Khy, hstîehstjlkhmnfjs mug-
snhefc hbhmutjfjs
mcrrhmtjgheth y shje hinmnheths (Ocrlje,
 gnthe hkjlcrjr hk gjpj fh rnhsacs fhk
:46  pp. >=-::4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
Tjrj rhjknzjr kj ghbcrj fhk sns-
 thgj fh ahstnýe fh shaurnfjf
ysjrnc
sjkuf  he hkkjtrjljbc
 rhjknzjr hs ehmh-
suphrvnsnýe  fh
kj hbhmumnýe fhk gnsgc, hstc hs
pcsnlkh j pjrtnr fhk jeêknsns  fh
kjs nevhstnajmncehs rhjknzjfjs y
fh kjs jufntcrçjs prjmtnmjfjs .
Kcs rhsuktjfcs fh kjs jufntcrnjs y fh kjs
nevhstnajmncehs phrgnthe quh hk hgpkhj-
fcr
c, fhpuhfj jkmjezjrquh
shr ehmhsjrnc, kcs gcfninquh
clbhtnvcs fhk ]A]]V
kj pckçtnmj
c kcs clbhtnvcs fhk ]A]]V. He hsh shetnfc, hk
rhsuktjfc fh kcs gnsgcs fhlh shr neicrgjfc
jk M]]V, j kcs trjljbjfcrhs y j kjs crajenzj-
mncehs snefnmjkhs, he mjsc fh quh hxnstje,
hstc he mugpkngnhetc fh kc fnspuhstc pcr
hk jrtçmukc 66 fh kj K]]V.
1. Ghfnfjs fh rhjknzjmnýe fh ghbcrjs
Kcs ]A]]V sh hemuhetrje hemjuzjfcs j rhj-
knzjr mcetneujgheth ghbcrjs he sus prcmhfn-
gnhetcs y j jpknmjr kjs gnsgjs. Hstjs ghbcrjs
sh fnvnfhe hetrh clknajtcrnjs y vckuetjrnjs
(@hfkuef, <4:6). Tcr clknajtcrnjs ecs rhih-
rngcs j kjs nestntunfjs pcr Khy y pcr vckue-
tjrnjs j jquhkkjs quh sce tcgjfjs pcr hk
hgpkhjfcr fh gjehrj ijmuktjtnvj shaòe sus
ehmhsnfjfhs.
Tjrj rhjknzjr kj ghbcrj fhk snsthgj fh ahstnýe
fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc hs ehmhsj-
rnc rhjknzjr kj suphrvnsnýe fh kj hbhmumnýe fhk
gnsgc, hstc hs pcsnlkh j pjrtnr fhk jeêknsns fh
kjs nevhstnajmncehs rhjknzjfjs y fh kjs jufntc-
rçjs
inmj prjmtnmjfjs. He vnrtuf
kc quh `ulnhrj fh hkkjs,
ahehrjfc kcs sh gcfn-
fhihmtcs
jfvhrtnfcs y sh mcethgpkjrêe kjs rhmcghe-
fjmncehs rhmnlnfjs pcr hk jufntcr, mcgntî c
<4:8).
]HAX\NFJF ^ ]JKXF HE HK V\JLJBC
trjljbjfcr. Kj rhvnsnýe fhk ]A]]V sh hihmtòj
mcgc gçengc uej vhz jk júc mcesnfhrjefc
kjs ehmhsnfjfhs y kcs rnhsacs hxnstheths he hk
mhetrc fh trjljbc, hstc mceicrgh j kc hstj-
lkhmnfc pcr hk jrtçmukc >4 fhk \K]]V.
Hs ngpcrtjeth ghemncejr quh kj puhstj
he gjrm`j fhk ]A]]V sh rhjknzj he mugpkn-
gnhetc fh kj ecrgjtnvj ejmncejk sclrh kj
gjthrnj fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc,
snhefc quh hk îxntc fhk gnsgc clhfhmhrê
j kj gjehrj he kjs quh kcs hgpkhjfcrhs y
kcs trjljbjfcrhs kc hbhmuthe fh jmuhrfc j
su sjlhr y j kj luhej mcguenmjmnýe quh
hxnstj hetrh kcs trjljbjfcrhs y kcs hgpkhj-
fcrhs (Irnmo, <4::).
NN. KJ T\H]HEMNJ FHK MCYNF󰀧:> HE HK
GXEFC ^ HE HK ]A]]V
Tjrj nenmnjr hsth thgj vjgcs j fhinenr hk
mcrcejvnrus, fh jmuhrfc j kc hstjlkhmnfc
pcr kj Crajenzjmnýe Guefnjk fh kj ]jkuf, he
jfhkjeth CG].
Kj CG] fhineh jk mcrcejvnrus fh kj snaunheth
gjehrj2
  Kcs mcrcejvn
mcrcejvnrus
rus (McY) sce uej jgpknj
ijgnknj fh vnrus quh puhfhe mjusjr
fnvhrsjs jihmmncehs, fhsfh hk rhsirnjfc
mcgòe
vhs, mcgc`jstj heihrghfjfhs
cmurrh gês arj-
mce hk mcrcejvnrus
mjusjeth fhk sçefrcgh rhspnrjtcrnc fh
Crnheth Ghfnc (GH\]-McY) y hk quh cmj-
sncej hk sçefrcgh rhspnrjtcrnc jaufc
shvhrc (]\J]-McY). Xe euhvc mcrcej-
vnrus hs uej euhvj mhpj
m hpj fh mcrcejvnrus
quh ec sh `jlçj hemcetrjfc jeths he
hk shr `ugjec. Kcs mcrcejvnrus sh puh-
fhe mcetjanjr fh kcs jengjkhs j kjs phr-
scejs (trjesgnsnýe zcceýtnmj). (…) Jfh-
gês, sh sjlh quh `jy ctrcs mcrcejvnrus
mnrmukjefc hetrh jengjkhs, quh tcfjvçj
ec `je neihmtjfc jk shr `ugjec.
Hsjs neihmmncehs suhkhe mursjr mce inhlrh
y sçetcgjs rhspnrjtcrncs (tcs y fnsehj c
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. >=-::4
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :48
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
fninmuktjf pjrj rhspnrjr). He kcs mjscs gês
arjvhs, puhfhe mjusjr ehugceçj, sçefrcgh
rhspnrjtcrnc jaufc shvhrc, nesuinmnhemnj rhejk
h, nemkusc, kj guhrth. (Crajenzjmnýe Guefnjk
fh kj ]jkuf, <4<4)
Hk mcrcejvnrus c MCYNF-:> hs uej heihr-
ghfjf quh jihmtj jmtujkgheth j kj gjyc-
rçj fh pjçshs fhk guefc. Hk :< fh fnmnhg-
lrh fh <4:> kj Mcgnsnýe Guenmnpjk fh
]jkuf fh Qu`je, he kj \hpòlknmj
\hpòlknm j Tcpukjr
fh M`nej, pulknmý hk rhanstrc fh <1 mjscs
`ugjecs mce ehugceçj vnrjk snhefc quh
1 fh hkkcs sh hemcetrjlje he hstjfc mrç-
tnmc, shgjejs gês tjrfh sh fhecgneý
hsth gjk heihrghfjf pcr mcrcejvnrus
<4:>, MCYNF-:> ahehrjfj pcr hk vnrus
]J\]-McY-<.
  Kjs prnghrjs shgjejs fhk <4<4 hk
guefc mcghezý j rhpcrtjr fnvhrscs
mjscs fh MCYNF-:> clshrvêefcsh quh
kj khtjknfjf fh kj heihrghfjf jkmjezjlj
hetrh hk < % y = % mcestjtêefcsh quh hk
:4 % fh kcs neihmtjfcs suirçje ue hstjfc
mrçtnmc fh sjkuf. Tcsthrncrgheth, jkau-
ecs pjçshs rhpcrtjrce mjscs fh MCYNF-
:>, kc quh ahehrý quh hk =4 fh hehrc fh
<4<4 kj CG] kc fhmkjrjrj mcgc hghr-
ahemnj fh sjkuf pòlknmj nethrejmncejk,
jkhrtj guefnjk quh ahehrj quh kjs jutc-
rnfjfhs fh kcs pjçshs tcghe kjs jmmncehs
ehmhsjrnjs pjrj prhvhenr kj heihrgh-
fjf, hbhmutjr ghfnfjs fh vnankjemnj, prc-
tcmckcs fh fnjaeýstnmcs y prctcmckcs
fh shaurnfjf pjrj gjehbjr y trjtjr jk
pjmnheth.
Hk :: fh gjrzc fh <4<4 kj CG] fhmkjrý jk
MCYNF-:> mcgc pjefhgnj. He hsh shetnfc,
kjs jutcrnfjfhs fh kcs pjçshs jihmtjfcs `je
scknmntjfc y mcetneòje scknmntjefc neicr-
gjmnýe y rhmcghefjmncehs j kj \hpòlknmj
Tcpukjr fh M`nej,
`je suirnfc jsç mcgcmce
hstj pjefhgnj ctrcsjethrncrnfjf
pjçshs quh
pjrj eutrnrsh fh kjs hxphrnhemnjs fh hstcs
jk mcgljtnr hk MCYNF-:>. He hsth crfhe fh
nfhjs, \cfrçauhz-Gcrjkhs ht jk. jinrgje kc
snaunheth2
(…) Kjs nestntumncehs aulhrejghetjkhs y
ec aulhrejghetjkhs fhlhe hstjr ngpkh-
ghetjefc prcmhscs
trckhs fh rnhsac. fh prhpjrjmnýe
He tcfc y mce-
mjsc, kj mjraj quh
ngpcefrê hstj heihrghfjf rhspnrjtcrnj vnrjk,
sh jújfh j kj fh kjs fhgês htnckcaçjs, jsç
mcgc fh kjs mjusjeths fh inhlrh, hsphmnjk-
gheth he Jgîrnmj Kjtnej, hk mjsc fhk fhe-
auh y fh ctrjs hpnfhgnjs rhhghraheths
mcgc hk sjrjgpnýe. ]h fhlhe hstjlkhmhr
pckçtnmjs rhkhvjeths, mcgc kj rhjknzjmnýe fh
ue luhe trnjbh jk pjmnheth fhsfh su nearhsc
j kjs nestntumncehs fh sjkuf, quh phrgntj ue
jlcrfjbh cpcrtuec fhk pjmnheth
(\cfrçauhz-Gcrjkhs, ht jk. (<4<4)
\hsuktj ehmhsjrn c quh kjs
hgprhsjs gcfninquhe y jfh-
muhe sus nestrughetcs fh ahs-
tnýe, jsç mcgc tcfjs su jmtnvn-
fjfhs, gîtcfcs y prcmhscs fh
prcfummnýe j ine fh mugpknr mce
kjs ghfnfjs prhvhetnvjs quh
mcetrnluyje j rhfumnr hk rnhsac
fh mcetjanc fhk MCYNF-:> .
He hsth hsmhejrnc he hk quh vhrninmjgcs
fnjrnjgheth hk nemrhghetc fh neihmtjfcs
y ijkkhmnfcs vçmtngjs fhk MCYNF-:>, fhlh-
gcs tcgjr he muhetj quh hk vnrus ec tnheh
murj y? pcr kc tjetc, òenmjgheth sh puhfhe
tcgjr ghfnfjs
hk mcetjanc mcgcprhvhetnvjs j ine fh scmnjk,
hk fnstjemnjgnhetc hvntjr
hk usc fh gjsmjrnkkjs, hk mnhrrh fh kcmjkhs
mcghrmnjkhs y fnstnetcs tnpcs fh hgprhsjs,
 mcghrmnjkhs y fnstnetcs tnpcs fh hgprhsjs,
:49  pp. >=-::4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
kj rhstrnmmnýe fh knlhrtjf fh trêesntc, htm., yj
quh tcfjs hstjs ghfnfjs tnhehe mcgc clbh-
tnvc prcthahr kj vnfj y kj sjkuf fh tcfcs.
Tcr ctrc kjfc, hs iuefjghetjk pcehrecs j
phesjr
phrscejs³mýgc
j sussh gjehbjrê
mhetrcs hk rhtcrec
fh trjljbc fh fh
kuhac kjs
quh vhezj hk phrncfc fh hstjfc fh hghr-
ahemnj3 ³Zuî ghfnfjs fh mcethemnýe mce-
trj hstj heihrghfjf sh tnhehe quh jfcp-
tjr pjrj rhfumnr hk rnhsac fh mcetjanc3 Ljbc
hstj kçehj fh phesjgnhetc, Lhejvnfhs (<4<4)
shújkj kc snaunheth2
  Hk inejk fh kj pjefhgnj, mce hk ghecr
eòghrc fh ijkkhmnfcs, sckc shrê pcsn-
lkh sn kj prhvhemnýe fh rnhsacs kjlcrj-
khs iuemncej. Ec sckc pjrj kj ahstnýe fh
kcs hqunpcs fh prcthmmnýe nefnvnfujk
(HTN), tjglnîe, y jòe gês ngpcrtjeth,
he kj gcentcrnzjmnýe fh kcs hihmtcs fh
kcs rnhsacs psnmcscmnjkhs irutc fh kcs
mjglncs fh `crjrncs, hk thkhtrjljbc, htm.
sclrh kj sjkuf ghetjk y içsnmj fh kcs trj-
ljbjfcrhs. (p.:89)
He hsth crfhe fh nfhjs, hs ngpcrtjeth mce-
snfhrjr quh hk ]A]]V tnheh quh jfjptjrsh jk
MCYNF :>. Hs uej rhjknfjf quh sh `j fhs-
hemjfhejfc mce pcsthrncrnfjf j kj hkjlc-
rjmnýe fhk ]A]]V fhk júc <4<4 y, he hsh
shetnfc, rhsuktj ehmhsjrnc quh kjs hgprh-
sjs gcfninquhe y jfhmuhe sus nestrughe-
tcs fh ahstnýe, jsç mcgc tcfjs sus jmtnvn-
fjfhs, gîtcfcs y prcmhscs fh prcfummnýe
fh lnhehs y/c shrvnmncs j ine fh mugpknr mce
kjs ghfnfjs prhvhetnvjs quh mcetrnluyje j
rhfumnr hk rnhsac fh mcetjanc fhk MCYNF-:>.
Fh hstj gjehrj, surah kj ehmhsnfjf fh jfjp-
tjr kcs fcmughetcs fh ahstnýe fhk ]A]]V jk
rnhsac fh mcetjanc fh MCYNF-:>. Hstcs sh
hemuhetrje rhaukjfcs he hk jrtçmukc =< fh
kj K]]V y sh fhtjkkje j mcetneujmnýe2
j) Kj pckçtnmj y clbhtnvcs he gjthrnj fh
shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc.
]HAX\NFJF ^ ]JKXF HE HK V\JLJBC
l) Hk \hakjghetc Nethrec fh ]haurnfjf y
]jkuf he hk Vrjljbc.
m) Kj nfhetninmjmnýe fh phknarcs, hvjkujmnýe
fh rnhsacs y sus ghfnfjs fh mcetrck.
f) Hk gjpj fh rnhsac.
h) Kj pkjeninmjmnýe fh kj jmtnvnfjf
prhvhetnvj.
i ) Hk Trcarjgj Jeujk fh ]haurnfjf y ]jkuf
he hk Vrjljbc.
Tcr ctrc kjfc, mjlh tcgjr he muhetj kc
fnspuhstc pcr kj K]]V he su jrtçmukc 60 y
snaunheths pjrj mcgljtnr hk rnhsac fh mce-
tjanc fhk MCYNF-:>2
  Jrtçmukc 60. \ck fhk hgpkhjfcr
  Hk   hgpkhjfcr hbhrmh ue inrgh knfhrjzac
Hk
y gjeninhstj su rhspjkfc j kjs jmtnvnfj-
fhs fh su hgprhsj he gjthrnj fh shau-
jsngnsgc,  
rnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc? jsngnsgc, 
fhlh hstjr mcgprcghtnfc j ine fh prc-
vhhr y gjethehr ue jglnheth fh trj-
ljbc shaurc y sjkufjlkh he mcemcrfje-
mnj mce kjs ghbcrhs prêmtnmjs y mce hk
mugpkngnhetc fh kjs ecrgjs fh shaurn-
fjf y sjkuf he hk trjljbc.
He
fhk hsth jrtçmukc
rck fhk sh jprhmnj
hgpkhjfcr kj rhaukjmnýe
fhthrgnejefc su
mcgprcgnsc mce prcvhhr y gjethehr ue
jglnheth shaurc y sjkufjlkh, kc quh sjlh-
gcs quh he hstj mcyueturj fh pjefhgnj
shrê uej tjrhj mcestjeth pjrj hk hgpkhjfcr.
hgpkhjfcr.
  Jrtçmukc 6>. Clknajmncehs fhk hgpkhjfcr
  Hk hgpkhjfcr, hetrh ctrjs, tnheh kjs
snaunheths clknajmncehs2
j) Ajrjetnzjr kj shaurnfjf y kj sjkuf fh
kcs trjljbjfcrhs
fh tcfcs he hk rhkjmncejfcs
kcs jsphmtcs fhshgphúc
mce su kjlcr, he hk mhetrc fh trjljbc

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. >=-::4
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :41
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
l) Fhsjrrckkjr jmmncehs phrgjeheths
mce hk ine fh phrihmmncejr kcs envhkhs
fh prcthmmnýe hxnstheths.
m) Nfhetninmjr kjs gcfninmjmncehs quh
puhfje fjrsh
fh trjljbc he kjs mcefnmncehs
y fnspcehr kc ehmhsjrnc
pjrj kj jfcpmnýe fh ghfnfjs fh
prhvhemnýe fh kcs rnhsacs kjlcrjkhs
 (…).
He hihmtc, mcgc mcghetêljgcs jethrncr-
gheth, hs clknajmnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr ajrje-
tnzjr ue jglnheth sjkufjlkh y shaurc pjrj
tcfcs kcs trjljbjfcrhs, jsç mcgc nfhetninmjr
kjs gcfninmjmncehs ehmhsjrnjs j ngpkhghetjr
he kjs mcefnmncehs fh trjljbc. He hsth mjsc,
rhsuktj mkjrc quh sh thefrêe quh jfjptjr
euhvjs ghfnfjs prhvhetnvjs pjrj hk fhsj-
rrckkc fh kjs iuemncehs y tjrhjs fh kcs trjlj-
 bjfcrhs pjrj rhfumnr
rhfumnr kj
kj pcsnlnknfjf
pcsnlnknfjf fh mcetj-
anc fhk MCYNF-:>.
  Jrtçmukc 84. Ghfnfjs fh prhvhemnýe ijmuk-
tjfjs jk hgpkhjfcr
  Hk hgpkhjfcr jpknmj kjs snaunheths
ghfnfjs fh prhvhemnýe fh kcs rnhsacs
kjlcrjkhs2
j) Ahstncejr kcs rnhsacs, sne hxmhpmnýe,
hkngneêefckcs
mjefc snsthgjshe fhsumcetrck
crnahej yjquh-
jpkn-
kkcs quh ec sh puhfje hkngnejr.
l) Hk fnshúc fh kcs puhstcs fh trjljbc,
jglnheths fh trjljbc, kj shkhmmnýe
fh hqunpcs y gîtcfcs fh trjljbc, kj
jtheujmnýe fhk trjljbc gceýtcec y
rhphtntnvc, tcfcs hstcs fhlhe hstjr
crnhetjfcs j ajrjetnzjr kj sjkuf y
shaurnfjf fhk trjljbjfcr.
m) Hkngnejr kjs sntujmncehs y jaheths
phknarcscs he hk mhetrc fh trjljbc c
mce cmjsnýe fhk gnsgc y, sn ec iuhrj
pcsnlkh, sustntunrkjs pcr ctrjs quh
hetrjúhe ghecr phknarc. (…)
c mce cmjsnýe fhk gnsgc.
f) Netharjr kcs pkjehs y prcarjgjs fh
prhvhemnýe
prhvhemný e fh rnhsacs kjlcrjkhs j kcs
euhvcs mcecmngnhetcs fh kjs mnhe-
mnjs, thmeckcaçjs, ghfnc jglnheth,
crajenzjmnýe fhk trjljbc y hvjkujmnýe
fh fhshgphúc he ljsh j mcefnmnc-
ehs fh trjljbc.
He hsth mjsc, sh hvnfhemnj kj ehmhsnfjf fh
rhjknzjr ue euhvc jeêknsns y hvjkujmnýe fh
tcfcs kcs çthgs hxpuhstcs he hk pêrrjic
jethrncr j ine fh jfhmujrkcs j kj jmtujk rhjkn-
fjf pjrj ngpkhghetjr euhvjs ghfnfjs fh
mcetrck fh rnhsac fh mcetjanc.
Tcr ctrc kjfc, hs ngpcrtjeth mcesnfhrjr
quh hk fhlhr fh prhvhemnýe fhk hgpkhj-
fcr, rhaukjfc pcr hk jrtçmukc 86 fh kj K]]V,
sh rhinhrh j tcfjs kjs jmtnvnfjfhs quh fhsj-
rrckkh hk trjljbjfcr he mugpkngnhetc fh kjs
ýrfhehs fh su hgpkhjfcr ljbc su jutcrn-
fjf nemkuyhefc jmtnvnfjfhs quh rhqunhrje
su fhspkjzjgnhetc iuhrj fhk mhetrc fh trj-
ljbc y fhk `crjrnc fh trjljbc.
Hk MCYNF-:>   hs ue jaheth
lnckýanmc? pcr tjetc,
tjetc, icrgj pjrth
fh
quhkcs  fhlh thehr he 
jaheths mcetjgnejeths
hk hgpkhjfcr
muhetj mcgc ijmtcr fh rnhsac 
he su hgprhsj. .
Jsç tjglnîe, sh fhlh ghemncejr quh hk
hgpkhjfcr tnheh kj clknajmnýe fh prhvhr
quh kj hxpcsnmnýe j jaheths lnckýanmcs,
hetrh ctrcs, ec prcvcquh fjúcs j kj sjkuf
fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs he hk mhetrc fh trjljbc.
He hsth mjsc hk MCYNF-:> hs ue jaheth lnc-
kýanmc? pcr tjetc, icrgj pjrth fh kcs jahe-
ths mcetjgnejeths quh hk hgpkhjfcr fhlh
thehr he muhetj mcgc ijmtcr fh rnhsac he
 :40  pp. >=-::4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
su hgprhsj. Hstj clknajmnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr
sh hemuhetrj rhmcanfj he hk jrtçmukc 89 fh
kj K]]V.
He jfnmnýe j hkkc, hk hgpkhjfcr fhlh fhsj-
rrckkjr kj hvjkujmnýe
hstcs fhlhe fh kcs rnhacs
shr jmtujknzjfcs mcgckjlcrjkhs,
gçengc
uej vhz jk júc c mujefc mjglnhe kjs mce-
fnmncehs kjlcrjkhs c sh prcfuzmje fjúcs
j kj sjkuf c netharnfjf fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs.
He hsth crfhe fh nfhjs, sh hvnfhemnj quh hk
hgpkhjfcr tnheh quh nfhetninmjr muêkhs sce
kcs phknarcs y/c rnhsacs quh aujrfhe rhkj-
mnýe mce hk ghfnc jglnheth kjlcrjk, he hsth
mjsc hk MCYNF-:>, hstc fh jmuhrfc j kc fns-
puhstc pcr hk jrtçmukc 81 fh kj K]]V.
Kuhac fhk jeêknsns hihmtujfc, sh mcemkuyh
quh hk MCYNF-:> ec sh puhfh hvntjr? pcr
kc tjetc, òenmjgheth quhfj jk hgpkhjfcr
jfcptjr kjs ghfnfjs prhvhetnvjs quh rhfuz-
mje hk rnhsac fh mcetjanc. He hsh shetnfc,
he jfnmnýe j kjs ghfnfjs fh mcetrck jfgn-
enstrjtnvjs quh hk hgpkhjfcr fhlh jfcptjr
hs ehmhsjrnc quh hsth lrnefh j sus trjljbj-
fcrhs hqunpcs fh prcthmmnýe phrscejk, he
jfhkjeth HTT, quh khs phrgntj prcthahrsh.
Kcs HTT quh jfqunhrj hk hgpkhjfcr fhlhe
mcetjr mce mhrtninmjmnýe fh ecrgj tîmenmj:  trck rhihrheths j kcs HTT2 hetrhaj j kcs trj-
pjrj ajrjetnzjr quh rhjkgheth prcthahe j
kcs trjljbjfcrhs.
Hk mcstc fh kcs HTT fhlh shr jsugnfc pcr
hk hgpkhjfcr, shaòe kc rhaukjfc pcr hk jrtç-
mukc 9< fh kj K]]V. Hk hgpkhjfcr jfhgês fh
lrnefjr kcs HTT j sus trjljbjfcrhs tnheh quh
lrnefjr kjs mjpjmntjmncehs ehmhsjrnjs pjrj
quh kcs trjljbjfcrhs jprhefje j utnknzjrkcs
y j mceshrvjrkcs he luhe hstjfc. Hs ngpcr-
tjeth quh sh rhjknmh kj suphrvnsnýe fhk mug-
pkngnhetc fhk usc mcrrhmtc fh kcs HTT pjrj
: ³Zuî hs uej ecrgj tîmenmj phrujej3 ]ce fcmughetcs
fcmughetcs quh hstjlkhmhe kjs hsphmninmjmn
kj hstjefjrnzjmnýe fh kcs prcfumtcs, prcmhscs y shrvnmncs. Nestntutc Ejmncejk fh Mjknfjf. \hmuphrjfc fh2 `ttps2//www.nej-
]HAX\NFJF ^ ]JKXF HE HK V\JLJBC
hvntjr hk rnhsac j su mcetjanc, jsç mcgc kj
mceshrvjmnýe fh kcs gnsgcs.
Inejkgheth, lrnefjgcs jkauejs rhmcghe-
fjmncehs he gjthrnj fh ghfnfjs fh mce-
trck fh rnhsac
jpknmjr he susquh kcs hgpkhjfcrhs
hgprhsjs. puhfhe
Trnghrc, nenmnjrh-
gcs pcr kjs ghfnfjs fh mcetrck fh neah-
enhrçj mcesnfhrjefc trhs jkthrejtnvjs2 j)
kj nestjkjmnýe fh mjlnejs fh fhsneihmmnýe
quh rcmçje j kcs trjljbjfcrhs uej sustje-
mnj fhsneihmtjeth prhvnjgheth jk nearhsc jk
mhetrc fh trjljbc, jsç mcgc j kj sjknfj fhk
gnsgc, l) nestjkjmnýe fh hqunpcs fh kjvj-
gjecs quh hstîe mhrmjecs j kcs trjljbj-
fcrhs y m) kj jfqunsnmnýe fh thrgýghtrcs
neirjrrcbcs.
He shauefc kuajr, mcesnfhrjrhgcs ghfn-
fjs fh mcetrck jfgnenstrjtnvc2 j) Hkjlcrjmnýe
fhk pkje fh trjljbc shaurc, l) m`jrkj neicr-
gjtnvj sclrh hk MCYNF-:>, m) mjpjmntjmnýe
sclrh usc y mceshrvjmnýe fh HTTHTT,, f) gcfnin-
mjmnýe fh gjpj fh rnhsac, h) euhvj shújkn-
zjmnýe quh clknauh kj kngpnhzj fh gjecs y
hk usc fh HTT.
He thrmhr kuajr, hstêe kjs ghfnfjs fh mce-
ljbjfcrhs fh gjsmjrnkkjs, usc fh jkmc`ck he
ahk, aujeths, prcthmtcrhs ijmnjkhs, htm., fh
jmuhrfc j kjs jmtnvnfjfhs quh fhsjrrckkh hk
trjljbjfcr he hk hbhrmnmnc fh sus iuemncehs.
NNN. LHEHINMNC] FH KJ HBHMXMNÝE FHK
]N]VHGJ FH ]HAX\NFJF ^ ]JKXF HE
HK V\JLJBC
He vnrtuf fh kjs mcesnfhrjmncehs hxpuhstjs
j kc kjrac fhk prhsheth trjljbc mcestjtjgcs
quh hk ]A]]V phrgnth2
hsphmninmjmncehs
cehs c rhqunsnt
rhqunsntcs
cs fh mjknfjf pjrj
 mjk.acl.ph/prnemnpjk/mjthacrnj/qsketp
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. >=-::4
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :4>
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
  Mcetjr mce ue kuajr fh trjljbc shaurc
  Netharjr hk mcgprcgnsc fhk hgpkhjfcr
y trjljbjfcrhs pjrj mugpknr mce kjs iue-
mncehs quh mcrrhspcefhe j mjfj uec
  \hfumnr hk rnhsac fh nemnfheths, jmmnfhe-
ths c heihrghfjfhs fh trjljbc
  \hjknzjr jufntcrçjs quh phrgntje mcec-
mhr kcs rhsuktjfcs fh kj hbhmumnýe fhk sns-
thgj fh ahstnýe fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf
he hk trjljbc h neicrgjrsh sclrh kjs rhmc-
ghefjmncehs ehmhsjrnjs pjrj ghbcrjrkc.
MCEMKX]NCEH]
  Hk hgpkhjfcr he mugpkngnhetc fhk
]A]]V tnheh fnvhrsjs clknajmncehs2 prh-
vhenr kcs rnhsacs kjlcrjkhs, neicrgjr fh
kcs gnsgcs y fhk \N]]V j sus trjljbjfc-
rhs, suphrvnsjr hk mugpkngnhetc fh kcs
trjljbjfcrhs fh kjs ghfnfjs fh mcetrck
hstjlkhmnfjs, hetrh ctrcs, snhefc quh kj
mcgprcljmnýe fhk nemugpknhefc fh
hstjs clknajmncehs ngpknmjrê uej sje-
mnýe pjrj îk pcr pjrth fh kj jutcrnfjf
jfgnenstrjtnvj, ]uejink. Jsngnsgc, hk
nemugpkngnhetc fh kjs ecrgjs fhk \N]]V
ngpknmjrê kjs sjemncehs quh mcrrhspce-
fje j kcs trjljbjfcrhs.
  Hs guy ngpcrtjet
ngpcrtjethh mcetjr mce ue sns-
thgj fh ahstnýe fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf
he hk trjljbc yj quh hk gnsgc phrgnth
prhvhenr rnhsacs kjlcrjkhs hvntjefc jsç
kj cmurrhemnj fh nemnfheths, jmmnfheths
fh trjljbc, jsç mcgc fh heihrghfjfhs
fh trjljbc. Jfhgês, he vnrtuf fhk gcen-
tcrhc fhk gnsgc sh `jmh pcsnlkh quh
sh ngpkhghethe ghbcrjs quh j su vhz
ahehrje ue hetcrec kjlcrjk mce ghbc-
rhs mcefnmncehs fh trjljbc prcthanhefc
jsç kj sjkuf y kj vnfj fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs
y tjglnîe ahehrje he kcs trjljbjfcrhs
shaurnfjf y sjtnsijmmnýe jk sjlhr quh
sus hgpkhjfcrhs hstêe jfcptjefc kjs
ghfnfjs ehmhsjrnjs pjrj prcthahrkcs.
\HIH\HEMNJ] LNLKNCA\ÊINMJ]
Lhejvnfhs, I. (<4<4). Kj sjkuf fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs y kj
MCYNF-:>. Gjfrnf2 Hfntcrnjk Jrm` Trhv \nhsacs
Kjlcr.
Mckkjfc, ]. (<440). Trhvhemnýe fh rnhsacs kjlcrjkhs2
Trnemnpncs y gjrmc ecrgjtnvc. \hvnstj fh Fnrhm-
mnýe y Jfgnenstrjmnýe fh Hgprhsjs (:8).
Irnmo, O. (<4::). Qcrohr neikuhemh ce vckuetjry C@]
gjejahghet systhgs”J rhvnhw ci nts hefs jef
ghjes. ]jihty ]mnhemh, (1).
@hfkuef, I. (<4:6). V`h rhkjtnces`np lhtwhhe t`h
ngpkhghetjtnce ci vckuetjry Invh-]tjr cmmupj-
tncejk `hjkt` jef sjihty gjejahghet systhg
jef t`h nemnfhemh ci ijtjk jef phrgjehetky fns-
jlknea nebury. ]jihty ]mnhemh, 9=.
Ocrlje, R. (<4:8). Jppknmjtnce ci t`h GH\NV survhy ne
t`h guktn-mrnthrnj qujknty jsshssghet ci cmmu-
pjtncejk `hjkt` jef sjihty gjejahghet. Nethr-
ejtncejk bcurejk ci Cmmupjtncejk sjihty jef hrac-
ecgnms, <:(=).
Crajenzjmnýe Guefnjk fh kj ]jkuf. (<4<4). Mcrcejvnrus.
@hjkt` Vcpnms. \hmuphrjfc fh2 `ttps2//www.w`c.
`ttps2//ww w.w`c.
net/hs/`hjkt`-tcpnms/mcrcejvnrus
]êem`hz, Ê., Ynkkjkclcs, I.,
I., y Mnrubjec, J. (<441). Gjeujk
fh ahstnýe fh kj prhvhemnýe fh rnhsacs kjlcrjkhs.
Gjfrnf2 Hfntcrnjk Irhgjp.
\cfrçauhz-Gcrjkhs,
\cfrçauhz-Gcrjkhs, ht. jk. (<4<4). Trhpjrjmnýe y mce-
trck fh kj heihrghfjf pcr mcrcejvnrus <4:>
(MCYNF-:>) he Jgîrnmj Kjtnej. \hmuphrjfc fh2
`ttp2//86.=>.>0.:98/nefhx.p`p/JGT/jrtnmkh/
vnhw/>4>
 ::4  pp. >=-::4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH] TJ\J HK

]HMVC\ T\NYJFC

Hk jfvhengnhetc fh kj h󰀧 bustnmnj kjlcrjk <.4

\nmjrfc  
MC\\JKH] GHKAJ\HBC*

Hk jutcr jfvnhrth hk ngpjmtc quh thefrê hk jfvhengnhetc fh kj h-bustnmnj he kcs prcmhscs kjlc-
rjkhs fh kj EKTV, h nfhetninmj kcs jmtcs prcmhsjkhs quh sh vhrêe trjstcmjfcs fhlnfc j su fnantj-
knzjmnýe y ecs prcpceh hk prctcmckc he kj jmtujmnýe vnrtujk fh kjs jufnhemnjs, kc quh ngpknmjrê
euhvjs `jlnknfjfhs pjrj kcs jlcajfcs y buhmhs he hk mjsh gjejahghet , j`crj he hstrjfc y
hxphfnheth hkhmtrýenmcs, y jeuemnj quh tjk fhsgjthrnjknzjmnýe prcmhsjk y mcehmtnvnfjf pcr
nethreht he hk jmmhsc j kj bustnmnj, tjglnîe trjhrê hk hstufnc burçfnmc vnrtujk..
vnr tujk..

TJKJL\J] MKJYH2  h-bustnmnj / Vrjljbc rhgctc / Jufnhe- hk mceinejgnhetc fcgnmnknjrnc y kj negcvnkn-

mnjs bufnmnjkhs vnrtujkhs / Trcmhscs fnantjkhs.
\hmnlnfc 2  <:/48/<4<4
Jprcljfc 2  48/49/<4<4
NEV\CFXMMNÝE
Hk Tcfhr Bufnmnjk (TB) fhk Thrò jvjezjlj
arjfujkgheth he su nearhsc j kj hrj fnan-
tjk, jk mcgpês fhk pjukjtnec mjglnc muktu-
rjk fh kcs cphrjfcrhs fhk snsthgj fh bustn-
mnj, ghfnjeth kcs prcmhscs pcr jufnhemnjs
he kjlcrjk, phejk y kj crjknfjf mnvnk he uej
crajenzjmnýe gcfukjr, hk hxphfnheth bufn-
mnjk hkhmtrýenmc (HBH), ectninmjmncehs y rhgj-
ths pcr Nethreht, hetrh ctrcs prcfumtcs neicr-
gêtnmcs. @jstj quh nearhsý kj pjefhgnj
fhk MCYNF-:>, ue vnrus fhsmcecmnfc fh hkh-
vjfj mcetjancsnfjf y khtjknfjf, sne murj en
vjmuej, fh arje nemhrtnfuglrh he su hvcku-
mnýe, y quh pcr hk gcghetc sh mcetrckj mce
hk jnskjgnhetc scmnjk, kj kngpnhzj y kj prcthm-
mnýe fh HTT, clknajefc jk Hstjfc phrujec j
fhmrhtjr hk hstjfc fh hghrahemnj ejmncejk,
zjmnýe scmnjk, fhsfh hk :9 fh gjrzc `jstj hk
<6 fh gjyc fh <4<4.
]h prcecstnmj quh hk euhvc mcrcejvnrus mju-
sjrê uej gcrtjefjf ec pcmc snaeninmjtnvj
he kjs Jgîrnmjs, iheýghec fh mrnsns sjentj-
rnj euemj jeths vnstc fhsfh quh kcs hurc-
phcs mckcenzjrce hk euhvc guefc, y kcs
puhlkcs crnanejrncs suirnhrce hk hxthrgnenc
fh gnkkcehs fh ejtnvcs j mjusj fh kj vnruhkj,
hetrh ctrjs heihrghfjfhs fhsmcecmnfjs
pjrj hkkcs. Jfhgês, sh prhvî quh kj neihm-
mnýe shaunrê prcpjaêefcsh
sh hemuhetrh `jstj quh
kj vjmuej sjkvjfcrj, ec
kc quh
prcljlkhgheth fhgcrjrê ec ghecs fh ue
júc, gnhetrjs tjetc hk snsthgj fh sjkuf he
hk Thrò sh fhljtnrê hetrh hk mckjpsc y rhspn-
rcs fh jknvnc.
He tjk frjgêtnmc hsmhejrnc, he quh hk jnskj-
gnhetc scmnjk shrê kj pjutj pcr luhe tnhgpc,
hk snsthgj fh bustnmnj rhnenmnj kj prhstjmnýe
fh sus shrvnmncs j kj mnufjfjeçj, hgphrc,
jmhkhrjefc hk prcmhsc fh mcestrummnýe fh

* Jlcajfc pcr kj XEIY. Buhz suphrncr tntukjr y prhsnfheth fh kj ]jkj Gnxtj Fhsmhetrjk
Fhsmhetrjknzjfj
nzjfj fh Vjrgj fh kj Mcrth ]uphrncr
fh Bueçe (sgftjrgj.lkcaspct.mcg). Tulknmj pjrth fh sus shethemnjs, hxpcsnmncehs y jrtçmukcs he kjs rhfhs scmnjkhs (rnmjr-
 fcmcrrjkhsghkajrhbc.lkcaspct.mcg).
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :::-:=<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :::
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
kj bustnmnj hkhmtrýenmj (h-bustnmnj <.4), snhefc
j`crj hk trjljbc rhgctc, hk HBH, kjs jufnhe-
mnjs vnrtujkhs, hetrh ctrcs, kcs ghfncs thm-
eckýanmcs fh neicrgjmnýe y mcguenmjmnýe
(VNM) pjrj ajrjetnzjr hk jmmhsc j kj tuthkj
 burnsfnmmncejk, y jfhgês, mcetrnluyh jk fns-
tjemnjgnhetc scmnjk tje ehmhsjrnc pjrj gnen-
gnzjr kcs mcetjancs, he kj ‛euhvj ecrgjkn-
fjf‗ quh hgphzjgcs j vnvnr.
Hs pcr hkkc quh, hk Aclnhrec pulknmý hk
Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ :848, he muyc jrtç-
mukc <, jutcrnzý `jstj hk =: fh fnmnhglrh
fh <4<4, j
  kjs hetnfjfhs pòlknmjs j ngpkhghetjr
kjs ghfnfjs thgpcrjkhs hxmhpmncej-
khs quh rhsukthe phrtneheths pjrj hvn-
tjr hk rnhsac fh mcetjanc fh MCYNF-:>
y kj prcthmmnýe fhk phrscejk j su mjrac.
Fnm`js ghfnfjs puhfhe mcesnstnr, (…)
j) \hjknzjr trjljbc rhgctc,
rhgctc, he kcs mjscs
quh iuhrj pcsnlkh.
Fh naujk gcfc, kj \hsckumnýe Jfgnenstrj-
tnvj (\J) E´ :<>-<4<4-MH-TB gcfninmjfj pcr
kj \J E´:69-<4<4-MH-TB jprclý hk prctcmckc
fh ‛Ghfnfjs fh rhjmtnvjmnýe fh kcs ýrajecs
 burnsfnmmncejkhs y jfgnenstrjtnvcs fhk Tcfhr
Bufnmnjk, pcsthrncr jk khvjetjgnhetc fhk jnskj-
gnhetc scmnjk clknajtcrnc…‗, y he su jrtçmukc
8.0.l) hstjlkhmh quh2
  Kcs ýrajecs burnsfnmmncejkhs rhjknzj-
rêe kjs jufnhemnjs fh icrgj vnrtujk,
`jmnhefc usc fh kj thmeckcaçj `jln-
kntjfj pcr hk ýrajec fh aclnhrec
fhk Tcfhr Bufnmnjk, jshaurjefc hk
hstrnmtc mugpkngnhetc fhk fhrhm`c
fh fhihesj? sh hstjlkhmhrê ue prctc-
mckc pjrj jufnhemnjs ‛ce
‛ce kneh ‗ (Kc fhs-
tjmjfc hs euhstrc). Gês jfhkjeth, he
su jrtçmukc 9.:.m) sh ngpkjetj he hk
 bufnmn
 buf nmnjk
jk hk trj
trjljb
ljbc
c rhgc
rhgctc,tc, puhs
puhs,, jk
vckvhr jk trjljbc sh fjrê prhihrhemnj2
jk thkhtrjljbc c trjljbc j fnstjemnj.
]clrh hk fhspjm`c bufnmnjk rhgctc, kj
Mcrth fh Kngj guy lnhe kc rhaukj he kj \J
E´   444:1<-<4<4-T-M]BKN-TB, y quh he su
E´
jrtçmukc : fhmkjrj2
  fh
fhkprncrnfjf hshemnjk
trjljbc rhgctc hekjtcfjs
ngpkhghetjmnýe
kjs hsphmnj-
knfjfhs burnsfnmmncejkhs y êrhjs jfgnens-
trjtnvjs fh kj Mcrth ]uphrncr fh Bustnmnj
fh Kngj. J tjk hihmtc, tcfcs kcs ýrajecs
fh jpcyc jfgnenstrjtnvc y kcs ýrajecs
 burnsfnmmncejkhs fhfnmjrêe hk hsiuhrzc y
rhmurscs ehmhsjrncs y fnspcenlkhs j ine
fh mcemrhtjr, he hk gês lrhvh pkjzc, kj
jfjptjmnýe fh kj crajenzjmnýe y iuemnc-
ejgnhetc nestntumncejkhs, pjrj kj prhstj-
mnýe fhk shrvnmnc fh bustnmnj ljbc fnm`j
euhvj gcfjknfjf fh trjljbc.
Hetcemhs, hk rhtcrec j kjs kjlcrhs he hk Bufn-
mnjk pcsmujrhethej, pcr kc ghecs he kc quh
rhstj fhk prhsheth júc, ngpknmjrê ec sckc
gcfninmjmncehs he kj prhstjmnýe fhk shrvnmnc
fh kcs buhmhs y kj jthemnýe jk pòlknmc, fhlnfc
jk trjljbc rhgctc quh rhjknzjrêe jquhkkcs
quh sh hemuhetrhe he kcs arupcs fh rnhsac,
snec tjglnîe he kcs prcmhscs rhanfcs pcr
kj Khy E´ <>6>1, Euhvj Khy Trcmhsjk fhk Vrj-
ljbc (EKTV
(EKTV).).
Hstjs neecvjmncehs prcmhsjkhs fhlhgcs
jfvhrtnrkjs fhsfh j`crj, j ine fh quh kcs
jlcajfcs y kcs buhmhs vjyje nfhjefc su
ghbcr jmtujmnýe vnrtujk, y he hk ghbcr fh kcs
mjscs rhaukjrkjs he hk prctcmckc mcrrhspce-
fnheth, j kj kuz fh kcs euhvcs prnemnpncs fh
kj h-bustnmnj.
He sugj, hs prcpýsntc fh hsth jrtçmukc nfhe-
tninmjr kj neikuhemnj fh fnm`cs prnemnpncs he hk
prcmhsc bufnmnjk rhgctc, prcpcehr ue prc-
tcmckc fh jufnhemnjs vnrtujkhs, puetujknzjr
kcs mjglncs he kjs jmtujmncehs bufnmnjkhs,
fhlnfc j kj fhsgjthrnjknzjmnýe rhphetnej
y jmhkhrjfj fhk prcmhsc kjlcrjk, jejknzjr kj
rhkjtnvnzjmnýe fhk prnemnpnc fh neghfnjmnýe,
kj vjkcrjmnýe fh kj pruhlj hkhmtrýenmj, y quh
 ::<  pp. :::-:=< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
hsphrjgcs shj fh utnknfjf pjrj kcs khmtcrhs
fh hstj prhstnancsj rhvnstj.
N. HK FH\HM@C @XGJEC FH JMMH]C J
NEVH\EHV
Hk Mceshbc fh Fhrhm`cs @ugjecs fh kjs
Ejmncehs Xenfjs, he su =< phrncfc fh shsnc-
ehs fhk <1 fh buenc fh <4:9,
< 4:9, jmcrfý2
8. Jinrgj tjglnîe kj ngpcrtjemnj fh
quh sh jpknquh ue heicquh ljsjfc
he kcs fhrhm`cs `ugjecs pjrj ijmn-
kntjr y jgpknjr hk jmmhsc j Nethreht
y scknmntj j tcfcs kcs Hstjfcs quh
`jaje pcsnlkh pcr mhrrjr kjs gòktnpkhs
icrgjs fh kj lrhm`j fnantjk, jsngnsgc,
he su jmuhrfc :<2 Hx`crtj j tcfcs kcs
Hstjfcs j quh mcesnfhrhe
fjf fh icrgukjr, ghfnjethkjprcmhscs
pcsnlnkn-
trjespjrheths h nemkusnvcs mce kj pjr-
tnmnpjmnýe fh tcfcs kcs nethrhsjfc
nethrhsjfcs,
s, y
jfcptjr pckçtnmjs pòlknmjs ejmncejkhs
rhkjtnvjs j Nethreht quh theaje mcgc
clbhtnvc lêsnmc hk jmmhsc y fnsiruth
uenvhrsjk fh kcs fhrhm`cs `ugjecs.:
Hk hbhrmnmnc fh hsth fhrhm`c, he kj jmtuj-
knfjf, `j mjusjfc quh kj rhf fh rhfhs sh
mcevnhrtj he ue ghfnc gjsnvc fh nethrjm-
mnýe scmnjk y, pcr hefh, `j ngpjmtjfc he kjs
rhkjmncehs hetrh kcs mnufjfjecs y fh hstcs
mce hk Hstjfc, he kc quh sh `j vhenfc j kkj-
gjr kj scmnhfjf fh kj neicrgjmnýe y fhk mcec-
mngnhetc , pcr kc quh jpjrhmh he hk Thrò hk
Aclnhrec Fnantjk, y ghfnjeth hk F. Kha. :6:<
(:=.4>.<4:0) sh hstjlkhmný
  hk gjrmc fh aclhrejezj…pjrj kj jfh-
mujfj ahstnýe fh kj nfhetnfjf fnantjk,
shrvnmncs fnantjkhs, jrqunthmturj fnantjk,
nethrcphrjlnknfjf, shaurnfjf fnantjk y
: He2 `ttps2//jp
`ttps2//jp.c`m`r.
.c`m`r.cra/fcmughets/]/@\M/fSrhsSfhm/JS@\MS<4SK:
cra/fcmughets/]/@\M/fSrhsSfhm/JS@\MS<4SK:=.pfi  =.pfi
< Mcevhrsjtcrnc
Mcevhrsjt crnc Nethrejmncejk
Nethrejmncejk sclrh jfgnenstrjmn
jfgnenstrjmnýe
ýe fh bustnmnj y vnrtujknfjf.
T\CMH]JK KJLC\JK
fjtcs, jsç mcgc hk rîanghe burçfnmc jpkn-
mjlkh jk usc trjesvhrsjk fh thmeckcaçjs
fnantjkhs he kj fnantjknzjmnýe fh prcmh-
scs y prhstjmnýe fh shrvnmncs fnantjkhs
pcr pjrth fh kjs hetnfjfhs fh kj Jfgn-
enstrjmnýe Tòlknmj he kcs trhs envhkhs fh
aclnhrec. (Jrt. :)
Hk TB,
TB, pcr su pjrth, he kc quh vj fhk prhsheth
snakc, mcghezý prcarhsnvjgheth j gnarjr
kcs prcmhscs jfgnenstrjtnvcs y bufnmnjkhs j
kjs pkjtjicrgjs fnantjkhs mcehmtjfjs jk Nethr-
eht, j ine fh quh hk fhrhm`c fh jmmhsc j kj
 bustnmnj shj pcsnlkh tjglnîe j trjvîs fh kjs
rhfhs scmnjkhs.
NN. T\NEMNTNC] FH KJ H󰀧BX]VNMNJ  <.4 ^
]X] TH\NIÎ\NMC], HE XE HEVC\EC
FH MNLH\]HAX\NFJF
]haòe hk gjanstrjfc lrjsnkhúc M`jvhs
Bòencr, kjs ijshs pcr kjs mujkhs `j fnsmu-
rrnfc kj hvckumnýe neicrgêtnmj fh kj jfgn-
enstrjmnýe fh bustnmnj, sce2 :) Ictc prcmhsc
(h-bustnmnj  :.4), usc fh kjs mcgputjfcrjs
mcgc prcmhsjfcr fh thxtcs, hsmjehc fh
kcs hxphfnheths y su jrm`nvc he uej rhf
nethrej? <) hk h-prcmhsc (h-bustnmnj <.4), j pjrtnr
fhk HBH kcs jmtcs prcmhsjkhs sce jutcgjtn-
zjfcs y ec jsç kjs fhmnsncehs bufnmnjkhs? =) NJ
hknahemnj
prcmhscjrtninmnjk
(h-bustnmnj
sh  =.4)?
jpknmjhstc
jk hs, quh kj hkhm-
prcmhsc neth-
trýenmc, ghfnjeth ue êrlck fh fhmnsncehs
kngntjfc ljbc hk mcetrck fhk prcarjgjfcr,
he hetcrecs mhrrjfcs? 6) N prcmhsc (h-bustn-
mnj 6.4), c prcmhsc nethknaheth mcehmtjfc jk
Nethreht y jk guefc? y, 8) Lna fjtj prcmhsc
(h-bustnmnj 8.4), kc quh phrgnth ngpjrtnr bus-
tnmnj ghfnjeth pjtrcehs jkacrçtgnmcs thkh-
gêtnmcs.< ]naunhefc hstj prcpuhstj tjxceý-
gnmj, hk Thrò hstê he kj h-bustnmnj <.4.
 
vnrtujknfjf. J gneutcs
gneutcs =9264, he2 `ttps2//www.ycutulh
`ttps2//www.ycutulh..
 mcg/wjtm`3v7\o-jKYqKH80&t7<0=1s&plbrhkcjf7:4
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :::-:=<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   ::=
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
]clrh hstc òktngc, jprhmnjgcs fcs arjfcs
fh jvjemh he kj rhsckumnýe fh mceiknmtcs
ghfnjeth kj NJ? uec, hs quh hk usc nethkn-
aheth fh kj ljsh fh fjtcs hs ue jsnstheth
pjrj hk buhz he kj tcgj fh fhmnsnýe? y ctrc,
he su ijsh gês kcarjfj shrçj kj tcgj fh kj
fhmnsnýe jutcgjtnzjfj, j trjvîs fh ue buhz
vnrtujk quh rhsuhkvj kj nemhrtnfuglrh c mce-
iknmtc burçfnmc he kçehj, y sh hsphrj quh he
hk iuturc sh rhmurrj j hstj gcfjknfjf rclc-
tnzjfj fh ngpjrtnr bustnmnj pjrj kcs mjscs
iêmnkhs c mcguehs, pcr kc ghecs he uej
prnghrj nestjemnj, mcgc yj hstê sumhfnhefc
he pjçshs mcgc M`nej y Hstcenj, fcefh kjs
pjrths puhfhe scghthrsh knlrh, neicrgjfj
y vêknfjgheth j hstj icrgj jkthrejtnvj y
rêpnfj fh sckumnýe fh mceiknmtcs, sne phr-
 bunmnc quh kjrhmurrnr
vnjfj pcfrê pjrth quh
jethsh
uemcesnfhrh
trnluejk fhjarj-
buh-
mhs `ugjecs.
Tcr kc fhgês, kj NJ jyufj j quh kcs usuj-
rncs (kntnajeths y jlcajfcs) fhk snsthgj fh
 bustnmnj hvjkòhe fh gcfc cinmnjk kj prcaec-
sns fh kj sckumnýe quh hk buhz rclct fjrê j
sus mjscs bufnmnjkhs, cirhmnîefckh jkthrejtn-
vjs fh sckumnýe u cpmncehs fnspcenlkhs j
hkhanr he kj suphrjmnýe fhk mceiknmtc. Hstc
mcetrnlunrê j quh kjs pjrths lusquhe jutc-
mcgpcehr kj mcetrcvhrsnj, puhs, sjlrêe
jeth muêk
pcrpcfrçj shr hk prcljlkh rhsuktjfc
hx
sn cptje kj vçj bufnmnjk. Jfnmncejkgheth,
kcs mnufjfjecs pcfrêe rhmurrnr j hsth shrvn-
mnc, ec ehmhsjrnjgheth pcrquh hstîe neghr-
scs he ue mceiknmtc burçfnmc, snec prhmnsj-
gheth pjrj hvntjrkc, yj quh mce uej ghbcr
neicrgjmnýe hstcs pcfrêe tcgjr kj ghbcr
fhmnsnýe.
He mujetc j kcs prnemnpncs quh iuefjghetje
kj h-bustnmnj, M`jvhs Bòencr suanhrh2
snhth euhvcs prnemnpncs, quh hstêe hvnfhe-
thgheth mcehmtjfcs mce kcs prnemnpncs trj-
fnmncejkhs fhk prcmhsc, phrc quh fhsfh kjs
euhvjs phrsphmtnvjs pcsnlnkntjfjs pcr hk
euhvc ghfnug, jkzje ue sjktc muêetnmc, c
suirhe uej tcrsnýe tcpckýanmj quh kcs fnih-
rhemnje fh kj phrsphmtnvj trjfnmncejk. He kj
jmtujk ijsh fh fhsjrrckkc fh euhstrj nevhs-
tnajmnýe, pcfhgcs prhshetjr hk snaunheth
hkhemc2 hk prnemnpnc fh kj negjthrnjknfjf? fh
kj mcehxnýe? fh kj nethrghfnjknfjf? fh kj neth-
rjmmnýe? prnemnpnc fh kj `çphr-rhjknfjf? prnemn-
pnc fh kj nestjetjehnfjf y, pcr òktngc, prnemn-
pnc fh kj fhsthrrntcrnjknzjmnýe. (M`jvhs, <4:8)
Tcr su pjrth, kj Mcgnsnýe Hurcphj he su pkje
fh jmmnýe <4:9-<4<4 sclrh kj jfgnenstrjmnýe
hkhmtrýenmj= he kj XH, mcesnfhrý kcs prnemn-
pncs snaunheths2
  Yhrsnýe fnantjk pcr fhihmtc2 cirhmhr shrvn-
mncs he icrgj fnantjk mcgc cpmnýe prh-
ihrnfj j trjvîs fh ue òenmc puetc fh
mcetjmtc.
  Trnemnpnc fh sckc uej vhz2 ajrjetnzjefc
quh kcs mnufjfjecs y kjs hgprhsjs ijmn-
kntje kj gnsgj neicrgjmnýe j uej jfgn-
enstrjmnýe pòlknmj uej sckj vhz.
  Netharjfcrhs y jmmhsnlkhs2 shrvnmncs pòlkn-
mcs fnantjkhs quh shje netharjfcrhs
kjs ehmhsnfj-y
tcghe he mcesnfhrjmnýe
fhs fnihrheths, mcgc jquhkkjs fh kjs
phrscejs mce fnsmjpjmnfjf.
  Jlnhrtcs y trjespjrhet
trjespjrheths2
hs2  crajensgcs
pòlknmcs quh mcgpjrtje neicrgjmnýe y
fjtcs hetrh hkkcs, y mnufjfjecs y hgprh-
sjs quh theaje jmmhsc j sus prcpncs
fjtcs, mckjlcrjefc mce kjs hgprhsjs y
ctrcs he hk fnshúc fhk shrvnmnc.
 = He2 `ttps2//hur
`ttps2//hur-khx.hur
-khx.hurcpj.hu/khajk
cpj.hu/khajk-mcethet/H]/VPV/3urn7KH
-mcethet/H]/VPV/3urn7KHAN]]XG%=J6=4:0>9
AN]]XG%=J6=4:0>9

::6  pp. :::-:=< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

T\CMH]JK KJLC\JK

  Vrjesircethrnzcs2 mce shrvnmncs pòlknmcs

fnantjkhs quh hstîe fnspcenlkhs gês jkkê
fh kjs ircethrjs ejmncejkhs, hvntjefc kj
irjaghetjmnýe y ajrjetnzjefc kj gcvnkn-
fjf fhetrc fhk ghrmjfc òenmc fh kj XH.
  Nethrcphrjtnvcs2 mce shrvnmncs fnshújfcs
pjrj iuemncejr sne fnsmcetneunfjfhs he
tcfc hk ghrmjfc òenmc y hetrh kjs fns-
tnetjs crajenzjmncehs.
  ]haurcs y injlkhs2   mce nenmnjtnvjs quh
vjyje gês jkkê fh kngntjrsh j mugpknr
mce kj khanskjmnýe sclrh kj prcthmmnýe
fh fjtcs, kj prnvjmnfjf y kj shaurnfjf
neicrgêtnmj.
Tjrj ]ugjrnj (<4<4), kc quh rhsuktjrçj jpknmj-
lkh pjrj hk HBH,
kcs fcmughetcs hkhmtrýenmcs ljsjfcs he
hstjs euhvjs thmeckcaçjs tnhehe mcgc prne-
mnpjkhs mjrjmthrçstnmjs2
:. Negjthrnjknfjf
<. Nethrjmtnvnfjf
=. Nethrmcehxnýe
6. Nestjetjehnfjf
8. Hkhvjfcs pjrêghtrcs fh mjknfjf fh ngj-
ahe y scenfc
9. Fnantjknzjmnýe
1. Gjycr neikuhemnj sclrh kcs prcmhscs quh
kcs prcfumtcs y phehtrjmnýe he tcfcs
kcs shmtcrhs
0. Neecvjmnýe
>. Vhe
Vhefhemnj
fhemnj `jmnj kj jutcgjtnzjmnýe
:4. Fnvhrsnfjf
 Vcfj phrscej tnheh fhrhm`c 
 Vcfj
jk jmmhsc j kj  bustnmn
 bustnmnj
j vnr tujk,
vnrtujk
 y jk sug
sugnenenstrc
nstrc fh kcs ghfghfncsncs
neicrgêtnmcs quh kh ajrjetnmhe
kj jmmhsnlnknfjf j kj mcguenmj-
mnýe, pjrtnmnpjmnýe  y hk hbhrmn-
mnc fh kcs fhrhm`cs j kj tuthkj
 burnsfnmmncejk hihmtnvj y fhlnfc
prcmhsc   he scpcrth hkhmtrý-
enmc .
j) Mcehmtnvnfjf. Vcfj phrscej tnheh fhrh-
m`c jk jmmhsc j kj bustnmnj vnrtujk, y jk
sugnenstrc fh kcs ghfncs neicrgêtnmcs
quh kh ajrjetnmhe kj jmmhsnlnknfjf j kj
mcguenmjmnýe, pjrtnmnpjmnýe y hk hbhr-
mnmnc fh kcs fhrhm`cs j kj tuthkj burns-
fnmmncejk hihmtnvj y fhlnfc prcmhsc he
scpcrth hkhmtrýenmc.
l) Mcemhetrjmnýe prcmhsjk fnantjk.
m) Hmcecgçj y mhkhrnfj
mhkhrnfjff   he hk usc fhk
Nethreht.
f) Nethrghfnjknfjf. Nethrjmmnýe y rhanstrc
fh vjrncs ghfncs fh jufnc y vçfhc
neicrgêtnmcs, he kj icrgjmnýe fhk
hxphfnheth bufnmnjk hkhmtrýenmc. Jk fhmnr
fh M`jvhs (<4:8)2
  J prnghrj vnstj, hk prcmhsc hkhmtrý-
enmc ngpcrtjrçj sckc hk pjsjbh fh ue
ghfnc fh mcguenmjmnýe ”pjphk” j
ctrc, hk ghfnc hkhmtrýenmc. Thrc kj
negjthrnjknfjf fhk prcmhsc hkhmtrý-

Tuhs lnhe,
tjglnîe, pjrj ecsctrcs
pcfhgcs kkjgjrkckjh-prcmhsc  quh,
h-bustnmnj, hs ue enmc ec shhehstjlnknzj
ueçvcmc, uej icrgjhe ue ghfnc
òenmj fh
euhvc mcemhptc quh sh mcestruyh sclrh kj mcguenmjmnýe h neicrgjmnýe, yj quh
 ljsh fh kcs prnemnpncs snaunheths2
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :::-:=<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   ::8
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
phrgnth quh kcs rhanstrcs he kcs jutcs
vnrtujkhs trjsmnhefje hk kheaujbh
hsmrntc, jarhajefc scenfcs, ngêah-
ehs y `jstj ngêahehs-scenfcs he
gcvngnhetc.
h) Juthetnmnfjf. Kcs ghfncs utnknzjfcs pjrj
kj rhjknzjmnýe fh kjs jufnhemnjs vnrtujkhs
y jmtujmncehs bufnmnjkhs fhlhe ajrje-
tnzjr kj nfhetnfjf fh kjs pjrths nethrvn-
enheths, hk fhrhm`c fh fhihesj y infhkn-
fjf fh kcs fcmughetcs hsmjehjfcs, y
fh kj rhprcfummnýe fh kc rhanstrjfc he
jufnc y vçfhc.
i) Nestjetjehnfjf. Hk snsthgj neicrgêtnmc
fhlh phrgntnr, he tnhgpc rhjk, kj
snguktjehnfjf fh kj pulknmnfjf y
jmtujmncehs prcmhsjkhs he kçehj.
a) ]haurnfjf he kj prhshrvjmnýe fh fjtcs
shesnlkhs y rhshrvj (mnlhrshaurnfjf).
`) Vrjespjrhemnj thmeckýanmj y fh fniusnýe
pòlknmj he rhfhs.
n) Hxtrjthrrntcrnjknfjf. Ngpknmj suphrjr kj
clknajtcrnhfjf fhk rjfnc urljec, yj
quh ec shrê ehmhsjrnc fcgnmnknjr he
uej mnufjf fhthrgnejfj, pjrj prcfumnr
jmtujmncehs prcmhsjkhs c pjrtnmnpjr he
kj Jufnhemnj
eninmj, Bufnmnjk
puhs, gum`c gêsYnrtujk
quh kj(JBY ^, sna-
ghrj). trjes-
^,
pcsnmnýe içsnmj fh thrrntcrncs y mnrmues-
mrnpmncehs burnsfnmmncejkhs…, snaeninmj kj
ikunfhz fh kj hihmtnvnfjf fh kcs fhrhm`cs,
quh ec puhfh gês shr mcethenfj shemnkkj-
gheth pcr kjs kngntjmncehs gjthrnjkhs fhk
hspjmnc içsnmc. Kj kceaj gjeus fhk buhz,
fhsgjthrnjknzjfj, sh vuhkvh gês hxthesj
y mcehmtjfj6.
 b) Nethrcphrjlnknfjf. Kj netharjmnýe fh kcs
snsthgjs neicrgêtnmcs fh kjs fnstnetjs
hk gnkjarc mnhetçinmc fh kj neicrgêtnmj
nestntumncehs pòlknmjs y prnvjfjs, j ine
fh ijmnkntjr kjs cphrjmncehs he kçehj
fhsfh vjrnjs pkjtjicrgjs he nethr-
eht, nethrmjglnc fh neicrgjmnýe nes-
tjetêehj, he hk gjrmc fhk Aclnhrec
Fnantjk.
Hstcs euhvcs prnemnpncs fh kj h-bustnmnj, quh
sh jarhaje j kcs prnemnpncs prcmhsjkhs trjfn-
mncejkhs, pcfrêe neikunr he kj jmtnvnfjf burns-
fnmmncejk, snhgprh quh sh muheth mce kcs
ghfncs phrniîrnmcs nestrughetjkhs
nestrughetjkhs fh kjs VNM
y HBH, y shaòe kj hxphrnhemnj fhk TB he su utn-
knzjmnýe, trjh kjs vhetjbjs snaunheths2
 Yhetjbjs nethrejs2
  Trcpcrmnceje hinmnhemnj, hinmjmnj, mhkh-
rnfjf
shj heysu
mjknfjf heburnsfnmmncejk
jsphmtc hk trjljbc bufnmnjk
mcgc
jfgnenstrjtnvc?
  Thrgnth jrm`nvjr, trjtjr y trjesgntnr ue
gjycr vckughe fh fjtcs j arje vhkcmn-
fjf y j ghecr mcstc?
  Ghbcr gctnvjmnýe fh kjs rhsckumncehs
arjmnjs jk jmmhsc vnrtujk fhk gjanstrjfc
j kj neicrgjmnýe fh kj khanskjmnýe (]TNB),
 burnspruf
 burn sprufhemnj
hemnj he kcs rhpcsn
rhpcsntcrn
tcrncs
cs vnr-
tujkhs fhk TB y VM, y kj clthemnýe fh kj
fcmtrnej burçfnmj fnspcenlkh he kjs rhfhs,
rhkhvjeth pjrj kcs mjscs quh theaj quh
rhsckvhr.. Gêxngh sn hstcs prcmhscs j`crj
rhsckvhr
hstêe fctjfcs fh Nethknahemnj Jrtninmnjk,
kc quh phrgnth jk gjanstrjfc rhjknzjr
ce kneh mcesuktjs burçfnmjs j kj ljsh fh
fjtcs fh khanskjmnýe, burnsprufhemnj,
fcmtrnej y su shkhmmnýe vhkcz pcr thgjs
c pjkjlrjs mkjvhs fh kj gjthrnj mcesuk-
tjfj. Kc quh phrgnth jk buhz thehr kj
neicrgjmnýe shkhmmncejfj j ine fh gctn-
vjr sus fhmnsncehs bufnmnjkhs, jsngnsgc,
he ue iuturc hk snsthgj fh lna fjtj  kh
 6 Nlnf. s/e
::9  pp. :::-:=< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
puhfh cirhmhr prcpuhstjs fh fhmnsnýe
pjrj ghbcr rhsckvhr mjscs mcemrhtcs.
  Mjpjmntjmnýe j fnstjemnj, rhvnstjs vnrtuj-
khs y fniusnýe fh trjljbcs fh nevhstnaj-
mnýe he hetcrecs vnrtujkhs.
  Jmmhsc fh kcs gjanstrjfcs j mhetrcs fh
fcmughetjmnýe vnrtujkhs?
  Ghbcr fnstrnlumnýe y mcetrck fhk trjljbc
fhk phrscejk fh jpcyc? y
  Ghbcrj mujetntjtnvj y mujkntjtnvj fhk trj-
tjgnhetc fh kj neicrgjmnýe.
 Yhetjbjs hxthrejs2
  Ijmnkntj hk jmmhsc vnrtujk fh kcs bustnmnj-
lkhs j kcs fhk
mcesuktj ýrajecs
HBH heburnsfnmmncejkhs
kçehj? y j kj
  \jpnfhz fh kcs prcmhscs?
  \hfummnýe fh pkjzcs?
  Hihmtnvnfjf he kj hbhmumnýe fh kjs rhsc-  
kumncehs inrghs?
  Cptngnzjr kcs rhmurscs phrsnaunhefc
uej gjycr hinmnhemnj, he lhehinmnc fhk
usujrnc?
   Vrjespjrhemnj fh kj jfgnenstrjmnýe
 bustnmnj gcentcrhjefc fh
nethrej y hxthr-
ejgheth kcs prcmhscs y rhsuktjfcs?
  Bustnmnj fh prcxngnfjf mce hk mnufjfjec
y mce tcfcs kcs jaheths quh trjljbje he
kj jfgnenstrjmnýe fh bustnmnj?
  Nethrcphrjlnknfjf fh kcs snsthgjs neicr-
gêtnmcs usjfcs pcr kcs jaheths y jahe-
mnjs fhk snsthgj fh bustnmnj, j ine fh jrtn-
mukjr hk nethrmjglnc fh neicrgjmnýe y
8 \hmuphrjfc fh ;`ttp2//hbh
;`ttp2//hbh.ph/wps/wmg/mceehmt/m:66=
.ph/wps/wmg/mceehmt/m:66=i446<:>i=jhj8mfi1
i446<:>i=jhj8mfi1l=lh>:l80i/\hak
T\CMH]JK KJLC\JK
mckjlcrjmnýe he kj prhstjmnýe fhk shrvn-
mnc j kj mnufjfjeçj.
Kjs jmtujmncehs quh rhjknzje
kjs pjrths y hk buhz sh aujrfje
he jrm`nvcs hkhmtrýenmcs, kc
quh mcetrnluyh j quh su mce-
suktj pcr ghfncs neicrgêtnmcs 
shj gês êank, trjespjrheth y
shaurc .
Hstcs lhehinmncs quh trjhe kjs VNM he kj h-bus-
tnmnj, sh mcgpkhghetje mce hk HBH,
H BH, j`crj fh
nearhsc gjsnvc he kcs gýfukcs fh bustnmnj
kjlcrjk, puhs, hs hk mjglnc fhk icrgjtc fh
pjphk pcr hk hkhmtrýenmc he kj icrgjmnýe fh
kj mjrphtj fh ue mjsc fhthrgnejfc he shfh
bufnmnjk, fh gjehrj
gjehrj quh,
quh, kjs
kjs jmtujmncehs
jmtujmncehs quh
rhjknzje kjs pjrths y hk buhz sh aujrfje he
jrm`nvcs hkhmtrýenmcs, kc quh mcetrnluyh j
quh su mcesuktj pcr ghfncs neicrgêtnmcs
shj gês êank, trjespjrheth y shaurc, phrgn-
tnhefc quh kjs pjrths prcmhsjkhs puhfje
jmmhfhr j su mcesuktj fhsfh sus fcgnmnkncs
c fh mujkqunhr ctrc puetc ahcarêinmc pcr
gês fnstjeth quh shj fhk ýrajec burnsfnm-
mncejk quh mcecmh hk mjsc.
]clrh hk pjrtnmukjr, he hk Thrò sh jprclý hk
\hakjghetc fhk HBH ghfnjeth kj \hsckumnýe
Jfgnenstrjtnvj E´ <<0-<4:1-MH-TB, he muyc
jrtçmukc 6 shújkj quh2 ‛Hs kj ahstnýe fhk prc-
mhsc bufnmnjk, sus jmtujmncehs y kcs shrvnmncs
quh lrnefj, j trjvîs fh ghfncs hkhmtrýen-
mcs shaurcs‗8.
l=lh>:l80i/\hakjghetcSHBH.pfi
jghetcSHBH.pfi3GCF7J
3GCF7J
 BTH\H]&MJM@HNF7m:66=i446<:>i=j
BTH\H]&MJM@HNF7m:66=i446<:>i=jhj8mfi1l=lh>:
hj8mfi1l=lh>:l80i5
l80i5

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :::-:=<

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   ::1
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

Fh hsth gcfc, tjk fhinenmnýe heakclj su
phrsphmtnvj nethrej y fnghesnýe hxthrej, yj
quh kj ahstnýe fhk prcmhsc bufnmnjk ec sckc
hs hk jrm`nvc fh sus jmtujmncehs he icrgjtc
vnrtujk, snec tjglnîe hk shrvnmnc fh lrnefjr
neicrgjmnýe j kjs pjrths y phrscejs jutcrnzj-
fjs, j ine fh quh puhfje tcgjr kjs fhmnsnc-
ehs quh mcrrhspcefje fh jmuhrfc jk hstjfc
prcmhsjk. Vjglnîe,
Vjglnîe, uec fh kcs shrvnmncs
shr vnmncs quh
kj pkjtjicrgj vnrtujk fhlh ajrjetnzjr hs kj
furjlnknfjf, juthetnmnfjf, susthetjlnknfjf
y khanlnknfjf he hk tnhgpc fh kcs jmtujfcs
 bufnmnjkhs,
 bufnmnj khs, gêxngh sn hstcs jòe mcetneòj
mcetneòje e
prcfumnhefc hihmtcs burçfnmcs.
Mjlh jarhajr quh hk ]nsthgj Neicrgêtnmc
Bufnmnjk (]NB), hk HBH, kjs ectninmjmncehs thkh-
gêtnmjs (]NECH) y kj ghsj fh pjrths hkhm-
trýenmj (GTH), hetrh ctrcs prcfumtcs neicr-
gêtnmcs, sce kcs jvjemhs gês snaeninmjtnvcs
he kj gcfhrenzjmnýe fh kj jfgnenstrjmnýe
fh bustnmnj, yj quh ec sckc `jmhe rhjknfjf
kcs prnemnpncs fh kj h-bustnmnj, snec tjglnîe
mcetrnlunrêe ”mcgc `hgcs fnm`c” jk fns-
tjemnjgnhetc scmnjk furjeth kj hghrahe-
mnj sjentjrnj.
 Vcfcs hstcs phrni
 Vcfcs phrniîrnmcs
îrnmcs fh kj
kj h-bustnmnj fhlhe
rhsaujrfjrsh y lrnefjr shaurnfjf j kcs cph-
rjfcrhs fhk snsthgj fh bustnmnj, puhs, rhsuktj
iuefjghetjk quh hk usujrnc theaj uej rhkj-
mnýe fh mceinjezj mce kjs VNM, hk HBH, GTH,
arjmnjs j quh kj shaurnfjf fh kcs fjtcs h
neicrgjmnýe prcpcrmncejfj hstjrêe fhln-
fjgheth prcthanfcs fh jtjquhs fh vnrus,
`jmohc y scitwjrh gjknaecs, quh jihmthe kj
rhshrvj y hk fhlnfc usc fh kj neicrgjmnýe
phrscejk y rhkjtnvj jk mjsc bufnmnjk quh sh
jkgjmhej he hk ]NB.
Fh j`ç, kj ngpcrtjemnj fh kj rhaukjmnýe ecr-
gjtnvj, ghfnfjs tîmenmjs y crajenzjtnvjs he
hk usc fh kjs VNM he kj jfgnenstrjmnýe fh bus-
tnmnj, j ine fh hstjlkhmhr
sjlnknfjfhs, prctcmckcs,
prhvhemncehs, rhspce-y
shaurnfjfhs
iuhrths sjemncehs he kj ahstnýe fh kcs fjtcs
pjrths fjfjs he ue mjsc bufnmnjk mcemrhtc,
y su pcsnlkh vukehrjmnýe. Tuhs, j hkkjs khs
jsnsth hk fhrhm`c j kj prcthmmnýe fh fjtcs
phrscejkhs.
]clrh hk pjrtnmukjr, hk jrtçmukc <.9 fh kj Mces-
tntumnýe mcesjarj tjk fhrhm`c iuefjghe-
tjk, j sjlhr2 ‛Vcfj phrscej tnheh fhrhm`c2 J
quh kcs shrvnmncs neicrgêtnmcs, mcgputjrnzj-
fcs c ec, pòlknmcs c prnvjfcs, ec sugnens-
trhe neicrgjmncehs quh jihmthe kj netngnfjf
phrscejk y ijgnknjr‗
ijgnknjr‗..
Hk jrtçmukc 9:, eughrjk <, fhk Mýfnac Trc-
mhsjk Mcestntumncejk fhk Thrò `j rhmcanfc
uej fhinenmnýe gês jgpknj fhk rhihrnfc
fhrhm`c2
  Vcfj phrscej puhfh jmufnr jk _prcmhsc
fh `êlhjs fjtjW pjrj mcecmhr, jmtujkn-
zjr, nemkunr y suprngnr c rhmtninmjr kj neicr-
gjmnýe c fjtcs rhihrnfcs j su phrscej
quh sh hemuhetrhe jkgjmhejfcs c
rhanstrjfcs he icrgj gjeujk, ghmêenmj
c neicrgêtnmj, he jrm`nvcs, ljemcs fh
fjtcs c rhanstrcs fh hetnfjfhs pòlknmjs
c fh nestntumncehs prnvjfjs quh lrnefhe
shrvnmnc c jmmhsc j thrmhrcs. Jsngnsgc,
j `jmhr suprngnr c ngphfnr quh sh sugn-
enstrhe fjtcs c neicrgjmncehs fh mjrêm-
thr shesnlkh c prnvjfc quh jihmthe fhrh-
m`cs mcestntumncejkhs.
 Vcfj phrscej  tnheh fhrhm`c
 Vcfj
j kj prcthmmnýe  fh sus fjtcs
phrscejkhs rhanstrjfcs he ue
prcmhsc bufnmnjk, jsngnsgc, j kj
rhshrvj fh kj ngjahe phrscejk
 inkgjfj c rhanstrjfj he jufnc y
vnfhc he jquhkkcs prcmhscs pcr
jufnhemnjs crjkhs .
 phrscejkhs h neicrgjmnýe shesnlkh fh kjs
::0  pp. :::-:=< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
Kj Khy E² <>1==, Khy fh Trcthmmnýe fh
Fjtcs Thrscejkhs, hstjlkhmh kcs fhrh-
m`cs quh mcrrhspcefhe j su tntukjr, vjkh
fhmnr, rhaukj kcs supuhstcs prcthanfcs
pcr hk fhrhm`c j kj jutcfhthrgnejmnýe
neicrgjtnvj.
Tcr su pjrth, hk VM hstjlkhmný quh2
  _hWk fhrhm`c j kj jutcfhthrgnejm
jutcfhthrgnejmnýe nýe
neicrgjtnvj mcesnsth he kj shrnh fh ijmuk-
tjfhs quh tnheh tcfj phrscej pjrj hbhr-
mhr mcetrck sclrh kj neicrgjmnýe phr-
scejk quh kh mcemnhreh, mcethenfj he
rhanstrcs yj shje pòlknmcs, prnvjfcs c
neicrgêtnmcs, j ine fh heirhetjr kjs pcsn-
lkhs hxtrjkngntjmncehs fh kcs gnsgcs. ]h
hemuhetrj hstrhm`jgheth knajfc j ue
mcetrck sclrh kj neicrgjmnýe, mcgc uej
jutcfhthrgnejmnýe fh kj vnfj çetngj,
fh kj hsihrj phrscejk. Ghfnjeth kj jutc-
fhthrgnejmnýe neicrgjtnvj sh lusmj
prcthahr j kj phrscej he sç gnsgj, ec
òenmjgheth he kcs fhrhm`cs quh mce-
mnhrehe j su hsihrj phrscejkçsngj, snec
j kj phrscej he kj tctjknfjf fh êglntcs?
pcr tjetc, ec puhfh nfhetninmjrsh mce
hk fhrhm`c j kj netngnfjf, phrscejk c
ijgnknjr, yj quh gnhetrjs îsth prcthah hk
fhrhm`c j kj vnfj prnvjfj, hk fhrhm`c j
kj jutcfhthrgnejmnýe neicrgjtnvj lusmj
ajrjetnzjr kj ijmuktjf fh tcfc nefnvn-
fuc fh pcfhr prhshrvjrkj hbhrmnhefc
ue mcetrck he hk rhanstrc, usc y rhvh-
kjmnýe fh kcs fjtcs quh kh mcemnhrehe
(…). He hsth crfhe fh nfhjs, hk fhrh-
m`c j kj jutcfhthrgnejmnýe neicrgj-
tnvj prcthah jk tntukjr fhk gnsgc irheth
j pcsnlkhs jluscs c rnhsacs fhrnvj-
fcs fh kj utnknzjmnýe fh kcs fjtcs, lrne-
fjefc jk tntukjr jihmtjfc kj pcsnlnknfjf
fh kcarjr kj hxmkusnýe fh kcs fjtcs quh
mcesnfhrj ‛shesnlkhs‗ y quh ec fhlhe
shr clbhtc
jsç mcgc kh fh fniusnýe
ctcraj en fh fh
kj ijmuktjf rhanstrc?
pcfhr
cpcehrsh j kj trjesgnsnýe y fniusnýe fh
T\CMH]JK KJLC\JK
kcs gnsgcs (]VM 461=>-<441-T@F/VM,
461=>-<441-T@F/VM, ii.
 bb. <-6 y 4169-<4:4-T@F/VM, i. b. 6).
Hetcemhs, tcfj phrscej tnheh fhrhm`c j kj
prcthmmnýe fh sus fjtcs phrscejkhs rhans-
trjfcs he ue prcmhsc bufnmnjk, jsngnsgc, j
kj rhshrvj fh kj ngjahe phrscejk inkgjfj
c rhanstrjfj he jufnc y vnfhc he jquhkkcs
prcmhscs pcr jufnhemnjs crjkhs, fh gjehrj
quh, hstj neicrgjmnýe ec puhfj fnvukajrsh
sne su jutcrnzjmnýe c kj fhk buhz quh mcecmh
fhk prcmhsc.
Hs pcr hkkc quh, jmtujkgheth kj ahstnýe fh
kcs fjtcs phrscejkhs he hk snsthgj neicr-
gêtnmc, HBH y tcfj jmtujmnýe hkhmtrýenmj
quh sh jkgjmheh he shfh bufnmnjk, fhlhe
shr prcthanfjs, he mujetc j kj rhshrvj fh
kcs ecglrhs, fhmkjrjmncehs quh rhvhkhe
mnhrtjs cpnencehs quh puhfhe shr clbhtc
fh fnsmrngnejmnýe c jihmtjrkh jòe gês
su sntujmnýe fh hsphmnjk vukehrjlnknfjf,
mcgc jmtujkgheth sumhfh mce kcs ecg-
lrhs fh kcs ghecrhs.
He mceshmuhemnj, mcrrhspcefh jk TB hstj-
lkhmhr kcs prctcmckcs y kcs prcmhfngnhetcs
jfgnenstrjtnvcs y burnsfnmmncejkhs quh mun-
fhe kj rhshrvj, mujefc jsç mcrrhspcefj, fh
kj fjtj quh hstî he hk êglntc fhk fhrhm`c j
kj jutcfhthrgnejmnýe neicrgjtnvj fhk usuj-
rnc fhk snsthgj fh bustnmnj, qunhe fhlnfj-
gheth neicrgjfc y fh gcfc knlrh jfcpth
kjs fhmnsncehs quh mcrrhspcefje, y he hk
mjsc fhk Bufnmnjk fh cinmnc jmtujr pjrj su
hinmjmnj y fhlnfj prcthmmnýe, puhs, nemkusc
`jstj kj burnsprufhemnj fhlh hkngnejr kcs
ecglrhs fh kjs pjrths jk gcghetc fh su
pulknmjmnýe.
NNN. HVJT
HVJTJ
J TC]V
TC]VXKJVC\NJ
XKJVC\NJ
:. Ghsj fh Tjrths Hkhmtrýenmj (GTH)
Mcgc sh sjlh,
he kjs Mcrths fhhkKngj,
HBH vheçj
Kngj trjgntêefcsh
Ecrth, Yhetj-
enkkj, Mjbjgjrmj y Vjmej, j`crj òktngc, sh
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :::-:=<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   ::>
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
`j fnspuhstc pcr \J E´ :6<-<4<4-MH-TB su
jgpknjmnýe he hk êrhj kjlcrjk, j kjs Mcrths
]uphrncrhs fh Bustnmnj fh Jrhqunpj, Musmc,
Mjkkjc, Bueçe y Kngj ]ur. He kjs Mcrths quh
rnah hk HBH pkhejgheth ec `jlrê gjycr fnin-
muktjf pjrj jfhmujr kcs prcmhscs kjlcrj-
khs jk thkhfhspjm`c bufnmnjk y kjs jufnhemnjs
vnrtujkhs.
]ne hgljrac, pjrj jquhkkcs Fnstrntcs Bufnmnj-
khs quh trjgntje fnm`cs prcmhscs ghfnjeth
hxphfnheths he scpcrth fh pjphk, sn rhsuktj
ehmhsjrnc su jfhmujmnýe jk icrgjtc vnrtujk,
y pjrj hkkc kj \J E´ :==-<4<4-MH-TB, jprclý
hk ‛Trctcmckc pjrj hk Xsc fh kj Ghsj fh Tjr-
ths Hkhmtrýenmj fhk Tcfhr Bufnmnjk y Fnantj-
knzjmnýe c Hsmjehc fh Hxphfnheths Içsnmcs,
pjrj hk Thrçcfc fh \hnenmnc fh Jmtnvnfjfhs‗,
he muyc jehxc hstjlkhmný hk knehjgnhetc
snaunheth2
  Kuhac fh khvjetjfc hk jnskjgnhetc
scmnjk clknajtcrnc, y furjeth hk
phrncfc fh kj Hghrahemnj ]jentjrnj
fnspuhstj pcr kj prhshemnj fh kj pje-
fhgnj…, kj Ghsj fh Tjrths Hkhmtrý-
enmj (GTH) fhk Tcfhr Bufnmnjk, pcfrê
shr usjfj mcgc vçj fh jmmhsc pjrj kj
rhgnsnýe fh fhgjefjs y hsmrntcs fnrn-
anfcs j kcs prcmhscs bufnmnjkhs ljbc hk
trêgnth fh kcs Hxphfnheths Bufnmnjkhs
Hkhmtrýenmc - HBH- mcgc pjrj shr fnrn-
anfcs j kcs prcmhscs trjgntjfcs he kcs
hxphfnheths içsnmcs (he pjphk) - ec HBH?
jsç mcgc fjr mcefnmncehs pjrj hk trj-
ljbc j fnstjemnj fh kcs buhmhs y juxn-
knjrhs burnsfnmmncejkhs9.
He mceshmuhemnj, kjs fhgjefjs, ghfnfjs
mjuthkjrhs y fhgês hsmrntcs he kcs prcmhscs
91 \hmuphrjfc fh ;`ttps2//nga.k
;`ttps2//nga.kpfhrhm`c.ph/w
]hgnejrnc crajenzjfc pfhrhm`c.ph/wp-mcethe
pcr kj ]ul Mcgnsnýe fhp-mcethet/upkcjfs/
t/upkcjfs/<4<4/48/
Mjpjmntjmnýe
fh Vjrgj
fh ;`ttps2//www.ijmhlcco.mcg/1==6>99<449>90</vnfhcs/<9=
ijmhlcco.mcg/1==6>99<449>90</vnfhcs/<9=9>908:=6>18=5
0 \hmuphrjfc fh ; `ttps2//kpfh
`ttps2//kpfhrhm`c.ph/mcr
rhm`c.ph/mcrth-kngj-ghsj
th-kngj-ghsj-pjrths-hkhm
-pjrths-hkhmtrcenmj-rhmnlnrj-hsmr
trjgntjfcs shaòe kjs rhakjs fh kj EKTV,
shje c ec he hk HBH, shrêe rhgntnfjs fhsfh
kj mjsnkkj hkhmtrýenmj fhk jlcajfc c kj jlc-
ajfj j kj GTH, j pjrtnr fhk =4 fh gjyc he
tcfjs kjs Mcrths ]uphrncrhs he kjs quh rnah
kj EKTV, shaòe jeuemnjrj hk Buhz ]uprhgc
Kjgj (<4<4), j gneutcs :2:82=4 fh su Mce-
ihrhemnj vnrtujk ‛Kj thmeckcaçj neicrgêtnmj
jpknmjfj j kj bustnmnj he tnhgpcs fh Mcvnf
:>‗1 Tcr su pjrth, kj Mcrth ]uphrncr fh Kngj,
ectnmnj2
  Fhsfh `cy :0 fh gjyc hetrj he iue-
mncejgnhetc kj ghsj fh pjrths hkhm-
trýenmj fh kj Mcrth fh Kngj, pjrj tcfjs
kjs hsphmnjknfjfhs ec phejkhs he kjs
quh ec hstê vnaheth hk Hxphfnheth Bufn-
mnjk Hkhmtrýenmc ” HBH, snec quh trjgntje
kcs prcmhscs he hxphfnheths içsnmcs2 prc-
mhscs mnvnkhs, kjlcrjkhs, fh ijgnknj, mcestn-
tumncejkhs, mcethemncsc jfgnenstrjtnvc,
hetrh ctrcs0.
Tjrj hk mjsc, fh prhshetjmnýe fh fnm`cs
hsmrntcs jk hxphfnheth içsnmc ”ec HBH”, yj
ec shrê ehmhsjrnc jphrscejrsh j kj ghsj
fh pjrths trjfnmncejk, yj quh clknajtc-
rnjgheth hk jlcajfc kc `jrê fh gcfc
rhgctc, shaòe prhvî hk eughrjk : fhk
rhihrnfc prctcmckc, pjrj hkkc fhlhrê nearh-
sjr j su mjsnkkj hkhmtrýenmj ”fh ec thehr
ahehrjr uej”, kuhac mjrajr fnm`cs fcmu-
ghetcs y sus jehxcs hsmjehjfcs he icr-
gjtc TFI, ljbc su rhspcesjlnknfjf he
mujetc j su juthetnmnfjf, y hevnjrkc j kj
GTH, quh yj jpjrhmh he kj k j pêanej Qhl fhk
TB, he kj vhetjej ‛]nsthgj fh ectninmjmnc-
ehs hkhmtrýenmjs‗
hk hmtrýenmjs‗,, vhjgcs2
vhjgcs 2
<4<4/48/\J-444:==
\J-444:==-<4<4-MH-TB-jehxc-K
fhk <>/46/<
<>/46/<4 -<4<4-MH-TB-jehxc-KT
4 Ijmhlcco fh Bustnmnj VY.T.pfi5
\hmuphrjfc
9>908:=6>18=5
trcenmj-rhmnlnrj-hsmrntcs-kuehs-fc
ntcs-kuehs-fcgneac-<
gneac-<6-`crjs/5
6-`crjs/5
 :<4  pp. :::-:=< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
<. ]usmrnpmnýe fh kj fhgjefj y scknmntuf fh
ghfnfj mjuthkjr
He mujetc j kj inrgj fhk fhgjefjeth he
fnm`cs fcmughetcs, j`crj sh fniuefh he
kjs rhfhs fh jpknmjtnvcs pjrj nemkunrkcs he
icrgjtc TFI, he su fhihmtc, hk jlcajfc
pcfrê phfnrkh quh kh hevçh uej ictc fh su
inrgj tcgjfj mce hk mhkukjr, y kuhac phajrkc
he kcs hsmrntcs hkhmtrýenmcs quh jutcrnzj,
fh hsth gcfc sh hvntj kj vnsntj prhshemnjk.
Hgphrc, sn jquhk pcrtj FEN hkhmtrýenmc y kc
susmrnlh mce inrgj hkhmtrýenmj, hetcemhs,
sh j`crrj hsth trêgnth, yj quh2 ‛Hstcs fcmu-
ghetcs shrêe mcesnfhrjfcs mcgc crnanej-
khs y ec rhquhrnrêe fh uej pcsthrncr mceinr-
gjmnýe‗ (Eughrjk =.j.)? mnhrtjgheth, ljstjrê
kj inrgj fhk jlcajfc, mujefc nethrvnheh he
mjknfjf fh rhprhshetjeth prcmhsjk, jpcfh-
rjfc c mcgc pjrth prcmhsjk.
J`crj lnhe, fnm`cs fcmughetcs hsmjehj-
fcs prhshetjfcs he kj GTH, ‛fhlhrêe shr
clbhtc fh rjtninmjmnýe phrscejk jeth hk buz-
ajfc, pcr kj pjrth c su jlcajfc jk inejknzjr hk
phrncfc fh hghrahemnj? c jeths, mujefc jsç
kc fnspceaj hk buhz, he jthemnýe j kj ehmh-
snfjf fhk jvjemh fhk prcmhsc‗ (Eughrjk =.l,
T\CMH]JK KJLC\JK
pêrrjic inejk). He hsth òktngc mjsc, hk ghe-
mncejfc Buhz ]uprhgc prcpusc j gneutcs
86264 quh2
  hk buhz pcfrçj ec hsphrjr quh sh khvjeth
kj hghrahemnj sjentjrnj, pjrj vhr kj mce-
inrgjmnýe fh hstcs fcmughetcs, y
pcfrçj mcevcmjr j kj pjrth j uej vnfhc
mceihrhemnj pjrj quh mceinrgh sn kcs
fcmughetcs hsmjehjfcs sce c ec
jutîetnmcs, sn hs jsç hstj sh arjlj y sh
muhkaj jk snsthgj.>
Naujk prcmhfhr pcfrçj shr pjrj khajknzjr kj
inrgj fhk bustnmnjlkh jeth hk shmrhtjrnc fh
sjkj
jmtjcvnrtujk.
hsphmnjknstj khajk, u ctcrajr pcfhr pcr
Ec clstjeth, kc jethrncr, fhlhrê thehrsh
guy prhsheth kj clknajmnýe snaunheth2
  Vrjtêefcsh fh fhgjefjs, kcs crnanejkhs
fh kcs tçtukcs hbhmutnvcs c mujkqunhr ctrc
fcmughetc icrgjk c gjthrnjk, quh shj
clbhtc fh kj fhgjefj c fhk prcmhsc,
phrgjehmhrêe he pcfhr fh kj pjrth
quh kc prhshetý hsmjehjfc? y, fhlhrêe
shr prhshetjfcs jk Buzajfc, jk prnghr
 > Nlnf.
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :::-:=<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :<:
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
rhquhrngnhetc fhk Buhz, ljbc rhspcesj-
lnknfjf (=.j, pêrrjic inejk).  
 
Xrah kj ecrgj jutcrntjtnvj fh
nethrcphrjlnknfjf  mce kj ]uejt,
pjrj mcecmhr kcs mcrrhcs hkhm-
 trýenmcs fh kjs phrscejs burç-
fnmjs shaòe su \XM, tjk mcgc
 thehgcs
 theh gcs mce kjs pkjenkkjs hkhm-
trýenmjs .
=. Hgpkjzjgnhetc jk fhgjefjfc
He kc mcemhrenheth j kj ectninmjmnýe fhk
fhgjefjfc, scgcs fh kj cpnenýe, sn hk
jmtcr mcecmh su mcrrhc hkhmtrýenmc c
eòghrc fh mhkukjr mce shrvnmnc fh ghe-
sjbhrçj pcr jpknmjtnvc, pcfrê nefnmjrkc he
su fhgjefj j ine fh ectninmjr kj rhsckumnýe
jfgnscrnj snhgprh quh sh cltheaj jmush
fh rhmnlc, fh kc mcetrjrnc, sh kh thefrê
quh ectninmjr fh gcfc trjfnmncejk.
trjfnm ncejk. Fh j`ç
quh, urah kj ecrgj jutcrntjtnvj fh neth-
rcphrjlnknfjf mce kj ]uejt, pjrj mcecmhr
kcs mcrrhcs hkhmtrýenmcs fh kjs phrscejs  
 bu rçfn
 burç fnmj
mjss sh
shaò
aòe
e su \X
\XM,
M, tj
tjkk mc
mcgc
gc th
theh
eh--
gcs mce kjs pkjenkkjs hkhmtrýenmjs, mce hk
clbhtc fh hevnjr j fnm`js fnrhmmncehs kjs
ectninmjmncehs hkhmtrýenmjs fhk hgpkjzj-
gnhetc mce kj fhgjefj, j kjs hgprhsjs
fhgjefjfjs, y thehrkcs pcr lnhe ectnin-
mjfcs pcr hsth ghfnc.
Hk rhmcrfjfc burnstj Tjsmc (<4:=) mujefc
vnsntý Vjrgj
Vjrgj mcgc hxpcsntcr
hxpcsntcr,, ghshs jeths fh
su fhsjpjrnmnýe içsnmj, ghemnceý quh fhlh-
rçj gcfninmjrsh kj Khy Ahehrjk fh ]cmnhfjfhs
pjrj hstjlkhmhr kj clknajmnýe khajk fh nemkunr
hk mcrrhc hkhmtrýenmc mcrpcrjtnvc he kj mces-
tntumnýe scmnjk fh kjs hgprhsjs.
]clrh hsth pjrtnmukjr, hk buhz ]uprhgc Cgjr
Vckhfc
V ckhfc he su hxpcsn
hxpcsnmnýe
mnýe ‛Jufnh
Jufnhemnjs
emnjs Bufnmnj
Bufnmnj--
khs Ynrtujkhs2 prclkhgjs y sckumncehs‗, he hk
gneutc =:2=4 fhstjmý quh hk buhz kjlcrjk, he
vnrtuf fh su rck prctjaýenmc he hk fhsjrrc-
kkc h ngpuksc fhk prcmhsc, yj quh nethrprhtj
kcs rhqunsntcs y prhsupuhstcs prcmhsjkhs he
shetnfc ijvcrjlkh j kj mcetneunfjf fhk prc-
mhsc, mceicrgh neicrgj hk jrtçmukc NNN fhk VT
fh kj EKTV, furjeth kj hghrahemnj sjentjrnj,
pcfrê mcesnfhrjr quh2
  hk fhgjefjeth prcpcrmnceh hk mcrrhc
hkhmtrýenmc fcefh hgpkjzjr jk fhgje-
fjfc…, shrçj guy ngpcrtjeth quh he kj
fhgjefj sh nefnquh tjk fnrhmmnýe c mjsn-
kkj hkhmtrýenmj quh sh `ulnhrj utnknzjfc
he ctrcs prcmhscs kjlcrjkhs, c kj pêanej
whl fh kj hgprhsj quh mcetheaj hk
mcrrhc hkhmtrýenmc fh mcetjmtc…, pjrj
hk hgpkjzjgnhetc fh kj pjrth fhgje-
fjfj fh gjehrj vnrtujk…sne quh shj
ehmhsjrnc he içsnmc. (V
( Vckhfc, <4<4)
6. Trhshetjmnýe fh kj mcethstjmnýe fh kj
fhgjefj
]clrh kj mcethstjmnýe fh kj fhgjefj he kj
EKTV, nefnmj su jrtçmukc 6=.= kc snaunheth2 He
mjsc fh `jlhrsh sckumncejfc pjrmnjkgheth
hk mceiknmtc, c ec `jlhrsh sckumncejfc, hk
buhz prhmnsj
prhmnsj kjs prhthesncehs
prhthesncehs quh sce gjth-
rnj fh bunmnc? rhqunhrh jk fhgjefjfc pjrj
quh prhsheth, he hk jmtc, hk hsmrntc fh mce-
thstjmnýe y sus jehxcs? hetrhaj uej mcpnj jk
fhgjefjeth? y inbj fçj y `crj pjrj kj jufnhe-
mnj fh buzajgnhetc, _…W
Hstj fnspcsnmnýe prcmhsjk, rhsphmtc j kj cpcr-
tuenfjf he kj hetrhaj fh kj mcethstjmnýe fh
kj fhgjefj, mujefc hk buhz `j jfvhrtnfc j
kjs pjrths he hk jfgnscrnc fh jpknmjr hk buz-
ajgnhetc jetnmnpjfc, rhsuktj necphrjeth,
yj quh kuhac fh irjmjsjfj kj mcemnknjmnýe,
kj pjrth fhgjefjfj quh sh hemuhetrj he
su fcgnmnknc, pcr hbhgpkc, sh fhgcrjrê he
hevnjr su mcethstjmnýe hsmjehjfj j kj GTH,
 hevnjr su mcethstjmnýe hsmjehjfj j kj GTH,
:<<  pp. :::-:=< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
pjrj kuhac hk buhz rhhevnjr uej mcpnj hkhm-
trýenmj jk fhgjefjeth y j su jlcajfc, qunh-
ehs rhmnîe pcfrêe hstufnjrkc.
Tcr hkkc, scgcs fhk mrnthrnc quh, ec clstjeth
quh sh trjth fh ue prcmhsc crfnejrnc kjlc-
rjk, he kj rhsckumnýe quh jfgnth kj fhgjefj,
inbj ihm`j pjrj kj jufnhemnj fh mcemnknjmnýe
y jeuemnj kj pcsnlnknfjf fh jetnmnpjr hk buz-
ajgnhetc, jfhgês, he hxtrhgc gctnvjfc
y shújkjefc tjk necphrjemnj he hk mjsc fh
rhsckvhr kj mcetrcvhrsnj he uej sckj jufnhe-
mnj, y prhinrnhefc ue prcmhfngnhetc êank j
kj kuz fh kcs prnemnpncs fh hmcecgçj, mhkhrn-
fjf, hkjstnmnfjf y mcemhetrjmnýe fh jmtcs, j
kj rçanfj icrgjknfjf prcmhsjk, pcr kc ghecs
gnhetrjs furh kj hghrahemnj sjentjrnj, ctcr-
ajrkh j kj hgpkjzjfj ue pkjzc bufnmnjk rjzc-
ejlkh quh sh mugpknrçj fçjs jeths fh kj
jufnhemnj fh mcemnknjmnýe, y quh mcesnstnrçj
he quh kj pjrth fhgjefjfj prhsheth pcr
GTH su mcethstjmnýe j kj fhgjefj, mce kc
quh phrgntnrçj quh neghfnjtjgheth hk hsph-
mnjknstj khajk mcrrj trjskjfc fh kj gnsgj jk
fhgjefjeth, quhfjefc hxphfntj kj mjusj
pjrj quh puhfj kkhvjrsh j mjlc kj jufnhe-
mnj fh mcemnknjmnýe, inbjmnýe fh prhthesnc-
ehs, jmtujmnýe fh ghfncs prcljtcrncs y buz-
ajgnhetc jetnmnpjfc, phsh j quh sh trjth
fhk prcmhsc crfnejrnc kjlcrjk quh mcekkhvj
fcs jufnhemnjs.
Jfnmncejkgheth, fhlhgcs fhstjmjr quh kj
prêmtnmj bufnmnjk jmceshbj quh hs ghbcr pjrj
kjs pjrths quh hstîe pkhejgheth neicrgj-
fjs fh sus thcrçjs fhk mjsc, pjrj jengjrsh j
mcemnknjr, arjmnjs j quh tcfjs kjs mjrtjs hstêe
puhstjs sclrh kj ghsj, kc quh khs phrgnth kj
prcaecsns fhk rhsuktjfc.
Fh naujk mrnthrnc hs hk buhz Vckhfc (<4<4),
jprhmnhgcs2
  (…) sh `j suphrjfc he kj bufnmjturj
hsh mrnthrnc icrgjknstj fh quh hk hsmrntc
fh mcethstjmnýe fhlh shr hetrhajfc
T\CMH]JK KJLC\JK
mcemnknjmnýe, nemkusc jkauecs mcesn-
fhrje ue ihtnm`nsgc khajk, pcr kc quh
fhlhrçj gcfninmjrsh kj EKTV, pjrj quh
`jyj ue pjsc prhvnc fh hetrhaj fhk
hsmrntc fh mcethstjmnýe, pjrj quh hk
fhgjefjeth tcgh mcecmngnhetc. Jsç,
uej suhrth fh kc quh sumhfh he hk prc-
mhsc jlrhvnjfc kjlcrjk, quh sh prhshetj
tjk hsmrntc jeths fh kj mcemnknjmnýe (…)
y sh puhfh mcrrhr trjskjfc jk fhgje-
fjeth. Ecsctrcs mcesnfhrjgcs quh, ec
`jy eneaòe ngphfnghetc khajk, y ec
hs ehmhsjrnc uej gcfninmjmnýe khans-
kjtnvj. @jy quh fhstjmjr kj iuemnýe fhk
 buhz fnrhmtc
fnrhmtcrr fhk prcmhsc, sn ec hxnsth
eneauej jihmtjmnýe jk fhrhm`c fh kjs
pjrths, hetcemhs, hs pcsnlkh quh hk buhz
tcgh
clbhtcfhmnsncehs, prhmnsjgheth,
fh kj hetrhaj mce hk
fh kj mcethstjmnýe
jeths fh kj mcemnknjmnýe, kh phrgntnrê prc-
pcehr iýrgukjs mcemnknjtcrnjs jtrjmtnvjs
j kjs pjrths. He mceshmuhemnj, hs ehmhsj-
rnc sclrhtcfc he kj prhsheth mnrmuestje-
mnj, quh hk buhz puhfj jfcptjr ue mce-
 buetc fh fhmnsncehs.
NY. HVJTJ]
HVJTJ] FH MCEMNK
MCEMNKNJMNÝE,
NJMNÝE, T\CL
T\CLJJVC󰀧
\NJ ^ \H]CKXVNYJ
:. Trctcmckc fh jufnhemnjs vnrtujkhs
Kuhac fh kkhvjr j mjlc fcs hemuhetrcs vnr-
tujkhs nethrnestntumncejk fh Vjrgj, mce kj pjr-
tnmnpjmnýe fh kcs buhmhs, insmjkhs y jlcajfcs,
`hgcs mcesnfhrjfc hk Trctcmckc fh Jufnhe-
mnjs Bufnmnjkhs Ynrtujkhs, muyc jethprcyhmtc
prhvî kc snaunheth2
Clbhtnvc2
j) Clbhtnvc trjesntcrnc.  Hvntjr kj jakcgh-
rjmnýe fh kjs phrscejs he kjs shfhs
 bufn
 bu fnmn
mnjk
jkhs,
hs, mu
munf
nfjr
jr hk fn
fnst
stje
jemn
mnjg
jgnh
nhetc
etc
scmnjk hetrh kcs cphrjfcrhs fhk snsthgj
fh bustnmnj, y fh îstcs mce kcs usuj-
rncs fhk shrvnmnc pòlknmc bufnmnjk, jmhkh-
rjefc su nearhsc j kj fnantjknzjmnýe fh
 jk fhgjefjeth uej vhz irjmjsjfj kj
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :::-:=<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :<=
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
kcs prcmhscs y jk trjljbc rhgctc, j ine
fh jgnecrjr jk gêxngc hk mcetjanc fhk
MCYNF-:>, prcthanhefc hk fhrhm`c j kj
sjkuf he kj jfgnenstrjmnýe fh bustnmnj y
he hk trjljbc fh kcs buhmhs, jlcajfcs,
trjljbjfcrhs y kntnajeths, hsphmnjkgheth
j kcs mckhmtnvcs vukehrjlkhs, furjeth hk
tnhgpc quh furh kj pjefhgnj.
l) Clbhtnvc phrgjeheth. Kcs jvjemhs quh
hk snsthgj fh bustnmnj kcarh he kj fnan-
tjknzjmnýe fh kcs prcmhscs pcr jufnhe-
mnjs, hk hxphfnheth bufnmnjk hkhmtrýenmc,
kjs jmtujmncehs bufnmnjkhs vnrtujkhs y
tcfc jquhkkc quh lhehinmnh jk shrvnmnc
fh ngpjrtnmnýe fh bustnmnj hkhmtrýenmj, y
mcetrnluyj j kj hinmjmnj fh kj tuthkj burns-
fnmmncejk y hk fhlnfc prcmhsc, fhlhrêe
mcescknfjrsh he ecrgjtnvj phrgjeheth
he euhstrcs mýfnacs prcmhsjkhs.
Ghfnfjs fh prhvhemnýe2
Tjrj hk Tcfhr Bufnmnjk
j) Ijmnkntjr j kcs jlcajfcs neicrgjeths kj
rhvnsnýe fhk hxphfnheth quh shrê gjth-
rnj fh vnstj he kj Jufnhemnj Bufnmnjk Ynr-
tujk (JBY),
(JBY ), pjrj muyc hihmtc
hihmtc sh kh nefnmjrê
ue eòghrc thkhiýenmc mhkukjr pjrj quh
ghfnjeth uej vnfhc kkjgjfj jmmhfj
j su rhvnsnýe, hk hemjrajfc quh rhmnlj
kj kkjgjfj, kuhac fh ulnmjfc hk hxph-
fnheth, fnrnanrê kj mêgjrj `jmnj kcs ickncs
quh hk jlcajfc fhshh rhvnsjr, jsngnsgc,
pcfrê tcgjr ictcarjiçj y hevnjrkh fh
jquhkkcs quh fhshh mcesuktjr mce gês
fhtjkkh.
l) Kcs ýrajecs burnsfnmmncejkhs `jlnkntj-
rêe mcgputjfcrjs pjrj kjs pjrths y sus
jlcajfcs quh ec theaje mcehmtnvnfjf
pcr nethreht, pjrj quh puhfje nearhsjr
jmcgputjfcrj
kj JBY. Jsç tjglnîe, sh `jlnkntjrê
mce jmmhsc j nethrehtuej
he
hk Hstjlkhmngnhetc Thejk fh Vjrgj pjrj
m) Kcs vnankjeths clshrvjrêe hk prctcmckc
fh lncshaurnfjf fh kjs phrscejs quh
nearhshe j utnknzjr kjs mcgputjfcrjs
fh jmmhsc j kj jufnhemnj bufnmnjk vnrtujk
(JBY).
f) Kngpnhzj fh kcs hqunpcs y hspjmncs
kuhac fh utnknzjfcs pcr kjs pjrths u
ctrcs cphrjfcrhs fhk snsthgj fh bustnmnj.
h) Mjpjmntjr j kcs jlcajfcs y j kjs pjrths
he hk usc fh kj pkjtjicrgj2 Accakh @je-
acuts Ghht .
Tjrj kcs insmjkhs, kjs pjrths, jlcajfcs, thstn-
acs, phrntcs u ctrcs cphrjfcrhs
j) Ljbjr j sus mcgputjfcrjs, kjptcp, tjlkh-
tjs c mhkukjrhs,
acuts hk jpknmjtnvc
Ghht , y hstufnjr Accakh @je-
sus iuemncehs.
l) Ahehrjr uej muhetj fh mcrrhc Agjnk,
jfnmncejk j kj Mjsnkkj Hkhmtrýenmj.
m) Jf`hrnrsh j kj pêanej whl c rhf scmnjk
fhk ýrajec burnsfnmmncejk.
f) ]usmrnlnrsh jk lkca fh kj ]jkj Gnxtj fh
 Vjrgj he2 sgftjrgj.lkcaspct.mcg
Tjrj kcs Mckhancs y Jscmnjmncehs fh Jlcajfcs,
sh khs suanhrh2
j) Mjpjmntjr he hk usc fh `hrrjgnhetjs
neicrgêtnmjs y jmmhsc j nethreht j sus
jarhgnjfcs.
l) Ijmnkntjr y ahstncejr kçehjs fh inejemnj-
gnhetc pjrj kj mcgprj fh hqunpcs fh
mýgputc y mcehxnýe j nethreht.
m) Trcpcrmncejr mjlnejs fh nethreht pjrj
sus jarhgnjfcs.
Trcmhfngnhetc
Trcmhfngnhetc j shaunr he kj JBY2
J BY2
j) Kcs jlcajfcs jky ýrajec
rêe mcguenmjr kjs pjrths fhlh-
burnsfnmmnc-
ejk su mcrrhc Agjnk, eòghrc fh mhku-
 usc fh kcs nethrecs mcevcmjfcs j kj JBY.
J BY.
:<6  pp. :::-:=< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
y thstnacs quh kkhvhe j kj JBY. Fh naujk
gcfc kcs insmjkhs, fhihescrhs fh cinmnc
u ctrj phrscej jutcrnzjfj pjrj pjrtnmn-
pjr he kj JBY.
He mjsc quh jkaòe jlcajfc,
 bustnmnjlk
 bust h u ctrj phrscej jutcrn-
nmnjlkh
zjfj j pjrtnmnpjr he kj jufnhe-
mnj
mn j  bufnmnjk vnrtujk sh fhsmc-
ehmth  jmmnfhetjkgheth c pcr
sjturjmnýe fh kj rhf, pcfrê mce-
tneujr he kj jufnhemnj j trjvîs
fh uej vnfhc kkjgjfj .
l) Tjrj jquhkkjs pjrths y jlcajfcs quh ec
muhethe mce jmmhsc j nethreht, sh fnrnan-
rêe jk ýrajec burnsfnmmncejk, nearhsjefc
ue mujrtc fh `crj jeths fhk nenmnc fh kj
JBY.
m) Nearhsjr jk mcrrhc Agjnk y pnmjr kj fnrhm-
mnýe hkhmtrýenmj (kneo) hevnjfj, pjrj
uenrsh j kj JBY,
J BY, he kj `crj nefnmjfj.
f) Kjs pjrths y sus jlcajfcs quh utnkn-
mhe thkîicecs mhkukjrhs pjrj uenrsh j kj
JBY, fhlhrêe jmtnvjr hk inktrc fh kkjgj-
fjs, pjrj hvntjr quh nearhshe kkjgjfjs
thkhiýenmjs he hk gcghetc quh hstêe
mcehmtjfcs, yj quh fh ec `jmhrkc h
nearhsjr uej kkjgjfj, mjusjrê quh sh
fhsmcehmthe fh kj JBY cmjsncejefc  
su susphesnýe `jstj quh euhvjgheth
kcarhe rhnearhsjr.
h) Kuhac fh `jmhrsh prhsheth he kj JBY,
jpjajr
vçfhc, y su gnmrýicec
sýkc gês echkjsç
jmtnvjrkc mujefc hk
buhz
quh mcefumh hk fhljth kh mhfj hk usc
kjr, jsngnsgc, fh sus phrntcs fh pjrth
T\CMH]JK KJLC\JK
i ) Kjs pjrths y sus jlcajfcs ec pcfrêe
jushetjrsh fh kj JBY, sjkvc mjscs guy
uraheths jutcrnzjfcs pcr hk buhz c
Fnrhmtcr fh fhljths, pcr lrhvh tîrgnec,
mjsc mcetrjrnc gctnvjrêe kj susphesnýe
fh kj jufnhemnj y kj mcevcmjtcrnj j uej
euhvj ihm`j, sne phrbunmnc fh `jmhr hihm-
tnvc hk jphrmnlngnhetc mujefc ec hxnstj
mjusj bustninmjfj.
a) He kjs jufnhemnjs fh mcemnknjmnýe, kjs
pjrths y hk Buhz pcfrêe jlrnr ctrj vhe-
tjej h nenmnjr uej vnfhc mceihrhemnj mce
hk gnsgc jpknmjtnvc Accakh u ctrc fns-
tnetc fh usc arjtuntc (Rccg, Bntsn ghht,
htm.) pjrj tjk ine, kuhac pcfrêe rhtcrejr
j kj vhetjej fh kj jufnhemnj vnrtujk cin-
mnjk?
ths uehetnhgpc
su fhihmtc, mcemhfhr
pjrj quh j kjsvnfhc
ghfnjeth pjr-
kkjgjfjs gòktnpkhs (Q`jtsJpp) c mcgu-
enmjmnýe thkhiýenmj hetrh hkkjs, puhfje
pcehrsh fh jmuhrfc he uej iýrgukj
fh mcemnknjmnýe c kj ngpcsnlnknfjf fh kj
gnsgj, kc quh mcguenmjrêe jk buhz.
`) He kj
kj nethrvhemnýe
nethrvhemnýe crjk fh kjskjs pjrths y
sus jlcajfcs, `jmhrkc fh gjehrj mce-
mrhtj y lrhvh, j ine fh munfjr hk mcesugc
m cesugc
fh fjtcs y hk usc fh kjs rhfhs.
n) Kcs buhmhs suphrncrhs pcfrêe utnknzjr
ctrj vhetjej mce hk gnsgc jpknmjtnvc, c
uej kkjgjfj trnpjrtntj pjrj fhknlhrjr kj
fhmnsnýe inejk he prnvjfc sne nethrrug-
pnr kj JBY, c fhljtnr kj mjusj he pòlknmc
he lhehinmnc fh kj trjespjrhemnj y mhkh-
rnfjf he kj mcemkusnýe fh kj jufnhemnj.
b) Hk fhsjrrckkc fh kj JBY shrê lrhvh y mce-
mnsc, ec pcr hkkc vjmnjr fh mcethenfc hk
fhrhm`c fh fhihesj y hk prnemnpnc fh
mcetrjfnmmnýe.
o) Mce hxmhpmnýe
vjfjs, fh kjs jufnhemnjs
kcs mnufjfjecs quh fhshherhshr-
pjr-
tnmnpjr mcgc pòlknmc he kjs JBY,
J BY, pcfrêe
pcfrêe
 fh kj pjkjlrj.
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :::-:=<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :<8
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
jsnstheth fh jufnhemnjs c shmrhtjrnc fh
sjkj, qunhe he su cpcrtuenfjf khs mcgu-
enmjrê kj fnrhmmnýe hkhmtrýenmj (kneo) pjrj
uenrsh j kj JBY, hgphrc, jk nearhsjr j hkkj
sh khs gjethefrê sus gnmrýicecs snkhe-
mnjfcs, y sýkc pcfrêe vhrkj.
k) Vjetc he hk pcrtjk fhk TB, mcrrhspce-
fnheth j kj Mcrth ]uphrncr fh Bustnmnj
fh Bueçe (M]BBX), jsç mcgc he kj rhf
scmnjk fh mjfj ýrajec burnsfnmmncejk, sn
kc tuvnhrh, sh pulknmjrêe pjrj mcecmn-
gnhetc fh kj mnufjfjeçj kjs tjlkjs mce
kj prcarjgjmnýe fh kjs jufnhemnjs, sne
phrbunmnc fh kj ectninmjmnýe hkhmtrýenmj
rhaukjr he kj mjsnkkj fhk jlcajfc j trj-
vîs fhk ]NECH, shaòe kj Jahefj Bufnmnjk
Hkhmtrýenmj.
g) Kj JBY sh trjesgntnrê he snguktêehc he
kj rhf scmnjk fh kj M]BBX, mce hxmhpmnýe
fh kjs jufnhemnjs rhshrvjfjs.
e) He mjsc quh jkaòe jlcajfc, bustnmn
bustnmnj-
j-
lkh u ctrj phrscej jutcrnzjfj j pjrtnmn-
pjr he kj JBY sh fhsmcehmth jmmnfhetjk-
gheth c pcr sjturjmnýe fh kj rhf, pcfrê
mcetneujr he kj jufnhemnj j trjvîs fh
uej vnfhc kkjgjfj.
c) Kjs pjrths y sus jlcajfcs pcfrêe clth-
ehr uej mcpnj fh kj JBY, ghfnjeth su
hevçc jk mcrrhc hkhmtrýenmc, prhvnj jutc-
rnzjmnýe fhk ýrajec burnsfnmmncejk.
\hmcghefjmncehs prcmhsjkhs jfnmncejkhs
j) He tcfcs kcs prcmhscs pcr jufnhemnjs
vnrtujkhs, he kjs quh shj pcsnlkh jpknmjr
hk buzajgnhetc jetnmnpjfc, kuhac fh
hstufnjr y mjkninmjr kj fhgjefj, jfvhrtnr j
kjs pjrths he kj rhsckumnýe quh mcevcmj
:4 Hk nevhstnajfcr Jklhrt Gh`rjlnje fhsmcgpusc he pcrmhetjbhs hk ngpjmtc fh ue ghesjbh2 1% hs vhrljk, =0% vcmjk (tcec,
gjtnmhs y ctrjs mjrjmthrçstnmjs) y ue 88% shújkhs y ahstcs. Hk mcgpceheth vhrljk sh utnknzj pjrj mcguenmjr neicrgjmnýe
scknmntjrkc jk mcrrhc hkhmtrýenmc fhk
j kj prnghrj jufnhemnj, sclrh kj prcljln-
knfjf fh hgntnr kj fhmnsnýe fh kj shethe-
mnj, uej vhz mcemkunfj hstj, fh gjehrj
quh hk mjsc sh rhsuhkvj he uej sckj
jufnhemnj, j`crrjefc mcstcs, tnhgpc y
usc fh rhfhs. Tjrj tjk hihmtc, kj ecrgj
prcmhsjk quh jutcrnzj hk buzajgnhetc
jetnmnpjfc fhlh nethrprhtjrsh he hk she-
tnfc fh jkmjezjr kj mcemhetrjmnýe fh
kj jmtujmnýe fh pruhljs he kj prnghrj
jufnhemnj.
l) He kjs fnknahemnjs iuhrj fhk buzajfc (Hb.
Hgljrac mce shmuhstrc fh lnhehs, fhs-
jkcbcs, rhpcsnmnýe he hk trjljbc, nesphm-
mncehs bufnmnjkhs, htm.), pcfrê pjrtnmnpjr
hk iuemncejrnc bufnmnjk c hk buhz fh gcfc
vnrtujk, j trjvîs fh uej vnfhckkjgjfj
quh kj pjrth nethrhsjfj he su jmtujmnýe
puhfj ijmnkntjr c, tjglnîe, mce hk hqunpc
prhstjfc pcr jquhkkcs. Jfhgês, hk buhz
pcfrê crfhejr j kj pjrth nethrhsjfj, j
su muhetj, mcstc y rnhac, hk usc fh vh`ç-
mukc jîrhc j mcetrck rhgctc (Frce) sn
rhqunhrh uej vnstj pjecrêgnmj fh kj
fnknahemnj.
<. \hkjtnvnzjmnýe fhk prnemnpnc fh
neghfnjmnýe
He hihmtc, kjs jufnhemnjs bufnmnjkhs vnrtuj-
khs ec mcetrnluyhe j kj pkhej rhjknzjmnýe fh
kj neghfnjmnýe, yj quh j trjvîs fh kj vnfhc
mceihrhemnj,
mceihrh emnj, clshrvjr j kjs pjrths y sus jlc-
ajfcs he rhmujfrcs quh heicmje hk rcstrc
fh kj phrscej, mce kjs kngntjmncehs j kj vnstj
fhk buhz c hk mckhanjfc quh tnheh hk ghfnc
vnrtujk, kh rhstj hinmjmnj j hsth prnemnpnc,
`jlnfj muhetj quh kj mcguenmjmnýe ahs-
tujk:4 fh tcfj phrscej mcestntuyh ue 88 %
 fhk tctjk trjesgnsnlkh. Thsh j hkkc, j euhstrc
 y hk ec vhrljk pjrj mcguenmjr hstjfcs y jmtntufhs phrscejkhs. Hsth nevhstnajfcr,…, jinrgj quh he uej mcevhrsjmnýe
mjrj j mjrj hk mcgpceheth vhrljk hs ue =8% y gês fhk 98% hs mcguenmjmnýe ec vhrljk. \hmuphrjfc fh ;`ttps2//www.
;`ttps2//www.

:<9  pp. :::-:=< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

T\CMH]JK KJLC\JK

mrnthrnc kj neghfnjmnýe ghfnjtnzjfj (Kjrj, <4:>, rhshújfcs prnemnpncs fh crjknfjf, neghfnj-

p. 60) jpruhlj hk mcetrck fh prcpcrmncejknfjf, mnýe y mcetrjfnmmnýe‗ (Kjrj, <4:>, p. 68).
yj quh ec `jy ctrc gcfc ghbcr, quh hk cirh-
mnfc pcr hk Accakh `jeacuts ghht, he îpcmj
fh mcrcejvnrus. Gctnvc pcr hk mujk, hs ngph-
rncsc h nehkufnlkh kj mrhjmnýe fh ue prcarjgj Hs ghehsthr snsthgjtnzjr   hk
hsphmnjkgheth hkjlcrjfc pjrj trjesgntnr kjs
jufnhemnjs bufnmnjkhs vnrtujkhs. hkhemc fh ghfncs prcljtcrncs 
quh sh puhfhe clthehr j trj-
Tcr ctrc kjfc, mjlh rhmcrfjr quh, hstj mrçtnmj
tjglnîe sh `jmçj mujefc kcs buhmhs suph-  vîs fh kj nevhstnajmnýe thmec-
rncrhs jk vnsujknzjr y cçr kj jufnhemnj arjljfj kýanmj quh rhjknzj kj pjrth neth-
he prnghrj nestjemnj, pjrj rhsckvhr kj jphkj-
mnýe, sh clbhtjlj kj ijktj fh neghfnjmnýe, sne
rhsjfj h
 he
e jmrhfntjr kcs `hm`cs
hgljrac, hs pcsnlkh quh hk Mckhanjfc jej- quh hxpcefrê he su fhgjefj 
knmh j trjvîs fh ue ghfnc hkhmtrýenmc uej c mcethstjmnýe .
fhmkjrjmnýe fh pjrth, mjrhc c thstngcenjk, y
kjs fhgês jmtujmncehs quh sh prcfubhrce
jeth hk buhz fh nestjemnj.
]clrh hk pjrtnmukjr, he euhstrc jrtçmukc netn- =. Kj pruhlj hkhmtrýenmj
tukjfc ‛Kj vjkcrjmnýe fh kj pruhlj he hk prc- Kj pruhlj hkhmtrýenmj tçpnmj he hk prcmhsc
mhsc kjlcrjk‗, fhmçjgcs2 kjlcrjk fh kj EKTV hs kj pkjenkkj hkhmtrýenmj,
tjglnîe he kj mjsuçstnmj bufnmnjk `hgcs vnstc
  Hxnsth kj cpnenýe hrrjfj quh hk mckhanjfc
pruhljs fh hsth tnpc quh, prhthefhe jmrhfn-
suphrncr ec pcfrê vjkcrjr kjs pruhljs
tjr kj nemcefumtj tjetc fhk hgpkhjfcr mcgc
mcgc kc `nzc hk buhz fh prnghrj nestje-
fhk trjljbjfcr, clthenfjs fh arjljmncehs he
mnj fhlnfc j kj neghfnjmnýe y crjknfjf
vnfhc mceihrhemnjs, ictcs y mcevhrsjmncehs
he su jmtujmnýe. ]ne hgljrac kcs buh-
he m`jt fh Q`jtsJpp c mjpturjs fh pjetj-
mhs suphrncrhs tjglnîe mcetjrêe mce kj
kkjs he kjs rhfhs scmnjkhs, hetrh ctrcs. Tcr kc
ijmnknfjf fh rhprcfumnr hk jufnc y vnfhc
fh kj jufnhemnj òenmj c fh buzajgnhetc, quh
ghfncshs ghehsthr
prcljtcrncssnsthgjtnzjr hk hkhemc
quh sh puhfhe fh
clth-
mkjrc hstê mce kjs kngntjmncehs tîmen-
ehr j trjvîs fh kj nevhstnajmnýe thmeckýanmj
mjs, phrc pcfrêe vnsujknzjr y jprhmnjr hk
quh rhjknzj kj pjrth nethrhsjfj he jmrhfntjr
fhljth prcljtcrnc. (Mcrrjkhs, <4:0)
kcs `hm`cs quh hxpcefrê he su fhgjefj c
J`crj lnhe, hs arjtc mcecmhr quh kj ]hethe- mcethstjmnýe, snhgprh quh suphrhe hk mce-
mnj E´ >4/<4:0 fhk :> fh ihlrhrc fh <4:0 fhk trck fh knmntuf, hstjs sce2
 Vrnluejk ]uprhgc Hspjúck, tjglnîe jrrnlj
j kj gnsgj mcemkusnýe, jk hstjlkhmhr quh   Nethrmhptjmnýe fh kjs mcguenmjmncehs
kj shauefj nestjemnj bufnmnjk2 ‛puhfh vjkc- thkhiýenmjs y thkhgêtnmjs2
rjr…kj pruhlj prjmtnmjfj he hk jmtc fhk bun-
mnc, ghfnjeth kj vnsujknzjmnýe y jufnmnýe - Arjljmn cehs fh mcevhrsj
mcevhrsjmncehs
mncehs
fh kj arjljmnýe, sne quh hkkc vukehrh kcs thkhiýenmjs.
 prctcmckc.cra/scmnjk/mcevhrsjr-`jlkjr/mcguenmjmnce-ec-vhrljk-kj-ngpcrtjemnj-fh-kcs-ahstcs-n.`tgk5
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :::-:=<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :<1
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
- Mjpturj fh tcfc tnpc fh fcmughe-
tcs hkhmtrýenmcs, hb. Ghesjbhs ]G],
h-gjnk, fjtcs AT], hsmjehcs, icrgj-
tcs, ictcarjiçjs, vnfhcs, htm.
- Fhthemnýe y jphrturj fh kj mcrrhs-
pcefhemnj hsmrntj thkharêinmj.
  Mjptjmnýe, arjljmnýe fh mcguenmjmnc-
ehs crjkhs h ngêahehs ghfnjeth kj utnkn-
zjmnýe fh fnspcsntnvcs hkhmtrýenmcs2
- Arjljmnýe ghfnjeth vh`çmukc jîrhc
ec trnpukjfc
trnpukj fc (YJEV)
( YJEV) c ‛fr
‛frce‗
ce‗ he hspj-
mncs pòlknmcs y jlnhrtcs, j mcetrck
rhgctc c fh prcarjgjmnýe jutcgê-
tnmj (Nethknahemnj jrtninmnjk).
- Fnspcsntnvcs fh hsmum`js y inkgjmnýe
he hspjmncs mhrrjfcs.
  Fnspcsntnvcs hkhmtrýenmcs fh shaun-
gnhetc, kcmjknzjmnýe y mjptjmnýe fh
ngêahehs2
- Fnspcsntnvcs hkhmtrýenmcs fh
ahckcmjknzjmnýe.
- Jaheth hemulnhrtc he Nethreht.
  \hanstrc fh fnspcsntnvcs fh jkgjmhej-
gnhetc gjsnvc fh neicrgjmnýe2
- Xsc fh vnrus hspçj pjrj hk mcetrck c hk
gjehbc rhgctc fhk hqunpc neicrgê-
tnmc fhk nevhstnajfc.
- Clthemnýe fhk rhanstrc `nstýrnmc
fh kjs pêanejs whl jlnhrtjs y fh
pulknmjmncehs.
- Nemjutjmnýe
Nemjutj mnýe fh fnsmcs furcs, X]L u
ctrcs jkgjmhejgnhetcs neicrgêtnmcs.
Hs fhmnr, hstjs nevhstnajmncehs he kj rhmces-
trummnýe fh kcs `hm`cs, prcfumhe ghfncs
fh pruhlj fcmughetjkhs he scpcrth neicr-
gêtnmc quh jkufh hk jrtçmukc <=6 fhk Mýfnac
trjfnmncejk fh pjphk ngpknmjlj su nemcr-
pcrjmnýe he fnsmcs (FYF), fnspcsntnvcs fh
jkgjmhejgnhetc (X]L) c ghgcrnjs hxthr-
ejs, he mjglnc, mce hk HBH sh jrm`nvjrêe he
hk gnsgc rhpcsntcrnc hkhmtrýenmc fhk ]NB, fh
gjehrj quh shrê pcsnlkh su vnsujknzjmnýe y,
pcr hefh, su vjkcrjmnýe fhsfh ue crfhej-
fcr rhgctc pcr pjrth fhk buhz, y tjglnîe
kcs jlcajfcs fh kjs pjrths pcfrêe jmmhfhr
fhsfh sus mcgputjfcrjs phrscejkhs j ine fh
prhpjrjr sus fhihesjs.
6. Buzajgnhetc jetnmnpjfc
Mcgc fhmçjgcs, rhsuktj fh ngpcrtjemnj kj
mjkninmjmnýe fh kj fhgjefj pjrj quh hk buhz
hstjlkhzmj kj prcaecsns fh buzajgnhetc jetn-
mnpjfc, y fh hsth gcfc shethemnjr he uej
sckj jufnhemnj, ec clstjeth quh hk prcmhsc
shj hk crfnejrnc kjlcrjk. He muyc mjsc, hk buhz
pcfrê nethrrcajr j kjs pjrths, rhsckvhr kjs
hxmhpmncehs, sustjemnjr muhstncehs prclj-
tcrnjs, inbjr kjs prhthesncehs, jmtujr pruhljs
y hgntnr su ijkkc, j ine fh hvntjr uej shauefj
jufnhemnj.
Tjrj hkkc, hk gjanstrjfc fhlh jetnmnpjr j
kjs pjrths kj pcsnlnknfjf fh rhsckvhr hk mjsc
mce buzajgnhetc jetnmnpjfc. Hs gês, hk jlc-
ajfc fhk trjljbjfcr he uej fhgjefj ‛neth-
‛neth-
knaheth‗ (Vckhfc) puhfh prcpcehrkh jk buhz
quh jetnmnph hk buzajgnhetc jthefnhefc j
quh sh trjtj fh ue ‛mjsc iêmnk‗ (Jtnhezj), yj
quh `j snfc fhinenfc he burnsprufhemnj uen-
icrgh pcr kjs jktjs mcrths, c hxnsth mrnthrnc
 burnsprufhemnjk
 burnsprufhe mnjk inbjfc pcr ue Tkhec Ejmnc-
ejk c ]uprhgc, htm.
Kc ngpcrtjeth hs quh kj mcetrjpjrth hstî
jfvhrtnfj y puhfj prhpjrjr su fhihesj. Fh
hsth gcfc, mcgprhefnhefc hk mjrêmthr nes-
trughetjk fhk prcmhsc y sne mjhr he icrgj-
knsgcs nesustjemnjkhs (Mjstnkkc Khýe), j`crrj-
gcs tnhgpc, mcstcs y fjtcs, ec sjturjgcs
kjs rhfhs y jmhkhrjgcs kj rhsckumnýe fh kcs
prcmhscs, gêxngh sn sh hsphrj hk fhshg-
 Trcmhsjk Mnvnk, y quh he hk hxphfnheth
:<0  pp. :::-:=< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
fh fcs ghshs y, pcr kc fhgês, sh prhvî hk
nearhsc fh euhvcs mceiknmtcs kjlcrjkhs j rjçz
fhk mceinejgnhetc fcgnmnknjrnc.
Fh naujk cpnenýe, iuh hk buhz jrhqunphúc Mjr-
kcs Tckjemc jk ghemncejr he su hxpcsnmnýe
‛Kj Crjknfjf Mnvnk Ynrtujk‗ j gneutcs :2<0264,
quh hk buzajfcr kuhac fh hvjkujr hk gjthrnjk
prcljtcrnc fhk jmtcr, y jk gcghetc fh mntjr
j kjs pjrths j kj jufnhemnj prhkngnejr puhfh
nefnmjr he su rhsckumnýe2 ‛sh khs prhvnheh…
quh hk buzajgnhetc sh vj jetnmnpjr, y sul-
shmuhethgheth2 he kj jufnhemnj sh jmtòj
kj pruhlj…hk buhz prhsmnefh fh kj thstngc-
enjk… y, (hgnth) shethemnj‗::.
Kj EKTV he su jrtçmukc 6=.=, pêrrjic inejk,
rhaukj hk buzajgnhetc jetnmnpjfc, j
sjlhr2
  ]n hk buhz jfvnhrth, `jyj `jlnfc c ec
mcethstjmnýe, quh kj muhstnýe fhljtnfj
hs sckc fh fhrhm`c, c quh snhefc tjg-
lnîe fh `hm`c ec `jy ehmhsnfjf fh
jmtujr ghfnc prcljtcrnc jkauec, scknmntj
j kcs jlcajfcs prhsheths hxpcehr sus
jkhajtcs, j muyc tîrgnec, c he ue kjpsc
ec gjycr fh shshetj (94) gneutcs, fnmtj
hk ijkkc fh su shethemnj.
J hstcs supuhstcs, fhlhgcs jarhajr hk hstj-
lkhmnfc he hk Tkhec Burnsfnmmncejk Ejmncejk
Kjlcrjk <4:6, Vhgj
Vhgj E´ =, quh jmcrfý2
  hk buhz sh hemuhetrj pkhejgheth `jln-
kntjfc pjrj fhmnfnr hk buzajgnhetc jetn-
mnpjfc uej vhz prcfumnfc ue supuhstc
fh rhlhkfçj jutcgêtnmj, sjkvc, quh he
icrgj hxprhsj y gctnvjfj gjeninhsth
he kj jufnhemnj quh kcs `hm`cs hxpuhs-
tcs he kj fhgjefj ec kh prcfumhe mce-
vnmmnýe, mce kc mujk prcshaunrê mce kj
jufnhemnj?
ljksh fh kjs mjusjs jmugukjfjs he gês
T\CMH]JK KJLC\JK
He rjzýe j quh, kj rhlhkfçj prcfumh kj prh-
suemnýe rhkjtnvj fh kj vhrjmnfjf fh kcs
`hm`cs hxpuhstcs he kj fhgjefj, shaòe
prhvî hk jrtçmukc 69: fhk Mýfnac Trcmhsjk
Mnvnk, fh jpknmjmnýe supkhtcrnj.
]clrh hstj nestntumnýe, kj buhzj Jyvjr (<4:>)
mcemkuyh he kj fhinenmnýe snaunheth2
  Hk Buzajgnhetc jetnmnpjfc sh nespnrj he
prnemnpncs mcgc kcs fh mhkhrnfjf, hmc-
ecgçj, fnrhmmnýe fhk prcmhsc, mcemhe-
trjmnýe y crjknfjf, quh sh mcemhetrje he
kj htjpj fh kj jufnhemnj fh mcemnknjmnýe
y phrgnthe quh hk buhz tcgh uej fhmn-
snýe gctnvjfj j hihmtc fh rhsckvhr hk
mceiknmtc prcpuhstc pcr kjs pjrths, prhs-
mnefnhefc fh kj rhjknzjmnýe fh kj jufnhe-
mnj fh buzajgnhetc, kc quh phrgnth ue
prcmhsc êank y mîkhrh, jfcptjefc uej
fhmnsnýe cpcrtuej. (p. =6)
Ejfj ngpnfh quh hk   buhz,
hxmhpmncejkgheth, jmtòh jkauej
pruhlj  quh rhsukth fh mjpntjk
ngpcrtjemnj  pjrj rhsckvhr   kj
Kntns ghfnjeth buz
 buzajgnh
ajgnhet
etc
c jet
jetn-
n-
mnpjfc, snhgprh quh kjs pjrths
puhfje hbhrmhr hk fhrhm`c fh
fhihesj y hk mcetrjfnmtcrnc .
Ghfnjeth kj \J <40-<4:8-MH-TB, sh jprclý
hk ‛Trctcmckc fh jmtujmnýe he Jufnhemnjs
fh Mcemnknjmnýe y Buzajgnhetc jetnmnpjfc‗,
he muyc eughrjk 0, prnghr pêrrjic, rhaukj2
 :: Nlnf., he2 ;`ttps2//www.i
;`ttps2//www.ijmhlcco.mcg/p`ctc/3
jmhlcco.mcg/p`ctc/3ilnf788=>0=8808
ilnf788=>0=88084644<&sht7pml
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :::-:=<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :<>
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
‛Hk buhz rhjknzjrê ue buzajgnhetc jetnmnpjfc
mujefc `jyj `jlnfc c ec mcethstjmnýe fh
kj fhgjefj, jfvnhrtj quh kj muhstnýe fhlj-
tnfj hs sckc fh fhrhm`c c quh snhefc fh
`hm`c ec `jyj ehmhsnfjf fh jmtujr ghfnc
prcljtcrnc jkauec‗.
Mce rhkjmnýe j kj rhakj rhihrnfj j quh, hk buz-
ajgnhetc jetnmnpjfc mjlh mujefc ec hs
ehmhsjrnj jmtujmnýe prcljtcrnj, he jquh-
kkcs mjscs he quh kj mcetrcvhrsnj vhrsj sclrh
muhstncehs fh `hm`c, fhlh nethrprhtjrsh
jk neikubc fhk prnemnpnc fhk buhz fnrhmtcr fhk
prcmhsc, he hsh shetnfc, hk Tkhec burnsfnmmnc-  
ejk jeths mntjfc rhjknzý ue fhlnfc fnsmhren-
gnhetc sclrh su shetnfc y jkmjemh ecrgj-
tnvc, j sjlhr2
  (…) hk buhz sç   hstê ijmuktjfc   pcr hk
jrtçmukc 6= fh kj EKTV pjrj fhmnfnr ec
jmtujr kj pruhlj cirhmnfj pcr jgljs
pjrths he kj fhgjefj y mcethstjmnýe,
puhs fh ec jfgntnr tjk pcsnlnknfjf, hk
 buzajg
 buz ajgnhet
nhetc
c jet
jetnmn
nmnpjf
pjfcc shr
shrçj
çj vnr
vnrtuj
tujk-k-
gheth ngpcsnlkh? he rnacr, pcfhgcs
jinrgjr quh buzajr jetnmnpjfjgheth
supceh prhmnsjgheth hkkc2 hgntnr she-
themnj sne ehmhsnfjf fh jactjr kj ijsh
fhk buzajgnhetc, he hk mujk cmurrh kj
jmtujmnýe prcljtcrnj. Jsngnsgc, hs fh
shújkjr quh mujefc kj EKTV prhsmrnlh
uec fh kcs supuhstc fhk buzajgnhetc
jetnmnpjfc sh prcfumh mujefc snhefc
kj mcetrcvhrsnj sclrh `hm`cs, EC HPN]VJ
KJ EHMH]NFJF FH JMVXJ\ GHFNC T\C-
LJVC\NC JKAXEC, vnrtujkgheth hstê
jutcrnzjefc jk buhz, ec clstjeth hxns-
tnr ghfncs prcljtcrncs CI\HMNFC] pcr
kjs pjrths, J EC JMVXJ\K
JM VXJ\KC],
C], phrc pjrj
quh hstj fhmnsnýe shj vêknfj y khaçtngj,
fhlh hemcetrjrsh gctnvjfj?:<
:< Mcemkusncehs fhk Tkhec
Tkhec Burnsfnmmncejk
Burnsfnmmncejk Ejmncejk Kjlcrjk (EKTV) p. <4, \hmuphrjfc fh ;`ttps2//www.pb.
4644<&sht7pml.88=>0=1=:0=1=:05
.88=>0=1=:0=1=:05
Jfhgês, ejfj ngpnfh quh hk buhz, hxmhpmnc-
ejkgheth, jmtòh jkauej pruhlj quh rhsukth
fh mjpntjk ngpcrtjemnj pjrj rhsckvhr kj Kntns
ghfnjeth buzajgnhetc jetnmnpjfc, snhgprh
quh kjs pjrths puhfje hbhrmhr hk fhrhm`c
fh fhihesj y hk mcetrjfnmtcrnc, sne hgljrac,
tjk fhmnsnýe fhlh tjglnîe bustninmjrsh crjk-
gheth he kj jufnhemnj.
He hihmtc, furjeth kj prêmtnmj bufnmnjk `hgcs
vnstc quh, furjeth kj jufnhemnj mnhrtj pjrth
prcmhsjk cirhmh uej pruhlj, y sn hs fhmnsnvj
pjrj inbjr kcs `hm`cs, he ec pcmjs vhmhs hk
buhz mcgc hk mckha
mckhanjfc
njfc `j fhmnfnf
fhmnfnfcc jmtujrkc
jmtujrkc
jòe fh cinmnc, mujefc hrj ngprcmhfheth
mcgc pruhlj hxthgpcrêehj. Hs pcr hkkc
quh hk Tkhec Burnsfnmmncejk Ejmncejk Kjlc-
rjk (EKTV) fh <4:0, thgj <.: hstjlkhmný
quh2
  Fh gjehrj hxmhpmncejk, hs pcsnlkh
nemcrpcrjr y vjkcrjr ue ghfnc prclj-
tcrnc hxthgpcrêehc. Hk jrtçmukc <: fh
kj EKTV <>6>1 ec fhlh shr nethrprh-
tjfc fh uej gjehrj mhrrjfj y rhstrnm-
tnvj, puhs kc mcetrjrnc jihmtjrçj hk prnemn-
pnc fh vhrjmnfjf y kj bustnmnj quh fhlhe
prhvjkhmhr,, puhs hk prcmhsc ec hs ue ine
prhvjkhmhr
he sç gnsgc, snec ue nestrughetc pjrj
hk kcarc fh kcs inehs fh kj Jfgnenstrjmnýe
fh Bustnmnj.
Kc gnsgc pcfrê sumhfhr he kjs jufnhemnjs
vnrtujkhs, he muyc mjsc thefrê kj pjrth quh
kc cirhmh, sn hs uej nestrughetjk hevnjrkc pcr
hk ghfnc gês rêpnfc quh cirhzmj hk nethr-
eht, shj pcr ghesjbh j trjvîs fh jkaòe jpkn-
mjtnvc (Hb. Q`jtsJpp), pjrj quh tjglnîe pcr
hk gnsgc mcefumtc sh kh pceaj he mcecmn-
gnhetc j kj ctrj pjrth, y hk buzajfcr c mckh-
anjfc rhsuhkvj, snhgprh jsugnhefc hk jlc-
ajfc fhihescr kj rhspcesjlnknfjf fh su
;`ttps2//www.pb.acl.ph/wps/wmg/
acl.ph/wps/wmg/
 mceehmt/m1hhm:0461>h6i:llii1lif01i8mj6=h/fcm4=8><<<
mceehmt/m1hhm:0461>h6i:llii1lif01i8mj6=h/fcm4=8><<<4:94::8:68981.pfi
4:94::8:68981.pfi3GCF7JBTH\H]&MJM@H
>h6i:llii1lif01i8mj6=h5
:=4  pp. :::-:=< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
juthetnmnfjf, mjsc mcetrjrnc fhlhrê nearh-
sjrkc pcr kj GTH.
Inejkgheth, fhlhgcs fjr muhetj quh, jeths
fh kj pjefhgnj, yj hk buzajgnhetc jetnmn-
pjfc gcstrjlj îxntcs he hk Fnstrntc Bufnmnjk
fh Jrhqunpj, arjmnjs jk jmuhrfc fh kcs buhmhs
kjlcrjkhs fh prcgcvhr hstj gcfjknfjf fh
mcemkusnýe fhk prcmhsc, shaòe ecs neicrgj
kj buhzj Jyvjr (<4:>), vhjgcs2
  furjeth kcs phrncfcs <4:8 (:.:6 %) y
<4:9 (:.68 %), `ulc uej jpknmjmnýe
gçengj fh kcs buzajgnhetcs jetnmnpj-
fcs, phrc sh vh mkjrjgheth ue nemrh-
ghetc pjrj hk phrncfc <4:1 (1.60 %) fh
mjsn shns vhmhs he mcgpjrjmnýe jk júc
<4:9? pcr òktngc, pjrj shtnhglrh fhk
phrncfc <4:0, sh `j kcarjfc quh kcs Buz-
ajgnhetcs Jetnmnpjfcs he Trnghrj Nes-
tjemnj sh nemrhghethe he ue <8.89 % fhk
tctjk fh kj prcfummnýe fh kcs mnemc Buz-
ajfcs Kjlcrjkhs EKTV fh Jrhqunpj. (p.
==)
8. Ectninmjmnýe y hbhmumnýe fh kj shethemnj
Kj \J E´ 444:<>-<4<4-MH-TB jprclý hk prc-
tcmckc fh ‛Ghfnfjs fh rhjmtnvjmnýe fh kcs
ýrajecs burnsfnmmncejkhs y jfgnenstrjtn-
vcs fhk Tcfhr Bufnmnjk, pcsthrncr jk khvjetj-
gnhetc fhk jnskjgnhetc
y he su jrtçmukc scmnjk clknajtcrnc…‗,
8.0.m) hstjlkhmný kc snaunheth2
  Vcfjs kjs rhsckumncehs bufnmnjkhs, sne
hxmhpmnýe, mujkqunhrj shj kj hsphmnj-
knfjf c gjthrnj, shrêe ectninmjfjs he
kjs rhsphmtnvjs mjsnkkjs hkhmtrýenmjs,
sne phrbunmnc fh kj icrgj quh hxprhsj-
gheth shújkh kj khy. Hs clknajtcrnc hk
usc fhk ]nsthgj fh Ectninmjmncehs Hkhm-
trýenmjs ” ]NECH, jsç mcgc tjglnîe
kj Jahefj Bufnmnjk Hkhmtrýenmj, ljbc
rhspcesjlnknfjf.
Hetcemhs, jfnmncejkgheth j kj ectninmjmnýe
pcr hstrjfc, tjglnîe, sh ectninmjrêe kjs
3GCF7JBTH\H]&MJM@HNF7m1hhm:0461
NF7m1hhm:0461
T\CMH]JK KJLC\JK
shethemnjs he kjs mjsnkkjs hkhmtrýenmjs fh kcs
jlcajfcs fh kjs pjrths. Hkkc phrgntnrê quh
hstcs ec mcrrje hk rnhsac fh mcetjanc fhk
MCYNF-:>, pcr jsnstnr jk ýrajec burnsfnmmncejk
j clthehr he içsnmc fnm`js rhsckumncehs, snec
quh pcfrêe fjrsh pcr ectninmjfcs he su mjsn-
kkj, j ine fh prhshetjr sus rhmurscs ngpuaej-
tcrncs pcr kj GTH.
Tcr ctrj pjrth, he hk eughrjk 8.> fh fnm`j
\J, pjrj hk mjsc fh kj Mcrth ]uprhgj, `jstj
kj ecrgjknzjmnýe fh kj sntujmnýe scmnjk y sjen-
tjrnj he hk pjçs, `j crfhejfc quh2
  sh fnantjknzjrêe kcs hxphfnheths quh sh
hemuhetrje phefnheths fh mjkninmjmnýe
c fh rhjknzjmnýe fh kj vnstj fh icefc, rhj-
knzêefcsh kj vctjmnýe fh gjehrj vnrtujk,
fh jmuhrfc jk prctcmckc quh sh hstjlkh-
mhrê. Fnm`c ghmjensgc pcfrê rhpknmjrsh
pjrj kcs ýrajecs burnsfnmmncejkhs mckh-
anjfcs c he su mjsc rhjknzjr hk trjljbc
he fcgnmnknc mce hk trjskjfc fhk hxph-
fnheth y kj vctjmnýe vnrtujk.
Tcr mcesnaunheth, prcetjgheth, kc quh
sulnrê he mjsjmnýe j kj Mcrth ]uprhgj, shrêe
hxphfnheths fnantjknzjfcs, phrgntnhefc quh
hk hxphfnheth içsnmc rhtcreh jk buzajfc fh
crnahe, quhfjefc he hk ckvnfc hk trêgnth
fh icrgjr hk mujfhrenkkc fh hbhmumnýe fh kj
shethemnj quh jkufh hk jrtçmukc =0, prnghr
pêrrjic, fh kj EKTV.
  Inejkgheth, hs rhmcghefjlkh, ec rhj-
knzjr furjeth kj pjefhgnj kj fnknahemnj
prhshemnjk fh rhpcsnmnýe he hk trjljbc
fhk fhgjefjeth, hs prhihrnlkh quh hk
 buhz
 bu hz hst
hstjlk
jlkhzm
hzmjj `cr
`crjj y ihm
ihm`j
`j prh
prhmns
mnsjj
fh rhpcsnmnýe, mce kjs ghfnfjs lncsj-
entjrnjs y hqunpcs fh prcthmmnýe phr-
scejk (HTT), fh jmuhrfc jk prctcmckc
fh kj hgprhsj, jsngnsgc, fhlhrê inbjr
kcs
mjscjprhgncs y jphrmnlngnhetcs,
hk hgpkhjfcr nemugpkj mcehekj
rhnemcrpcrjmnýe.
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :::-:=<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :=:
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
MCEMKX]NÝE
Hk ngpjmtc fh kj fhsgjthrnjknzjmnýe fh kcs
prcmhscs kjlcrjkhs rhanfcs pcr kj EKTV, j kj
kuz fh kcs euhvcs prnemnpncs jeuemnjfcs, hk
nearhsc jmhkhrjfc
tjk, mce hk fhjufnhemnjs
usc fh kjs kj bustnmnj jvnrtujkhs,
kj hrj fnan-
hk
trjljbc rhgctc fh sus cphrjfcrh
cphrjfcrhs, s, ghfnjeth
hk thkhfhspjm`c bufnmnjk y kcs hstufncs burç-
fnmcs vnrtujkhs mcehmtjfc j kjs rhfhs scmnj-
khs, vje j gcfninmjr mnhrtcs jmtcs prcmhsjkhs,
trjesntcrnjgheth, gnhetrjs furh kj pjefhgnj
fhk MCYNF-:>, hgphrc, he gês fh kcs mjscs,
hstjs vnhehe j quhfjrsh, fhinentnvjgheth,
pcr su mcetrnlumnýe j kj cptngnzjmnýe fhk
fhrhm`c j kj tuthkj burnsfnmmncejk hihmtnvj y
hk fhlnfc prcmhsc. Kc quh ec sckc ngpknmjrê,
he su cpcrtuenfjf, gcfninmjmncehs sustje-
mnjkhs jk crfhejgnhetc prcmhsjk, snec tjg-
lnîe fhsjrrckkjr kjs ljshs pjrj pjsjr j uej
ijsh suphrncr `jmnj kj h-bustnmnj =.4.
Hs kj `crj fh quh kcs buhmhs,
bu hmhs, kcs jlcajfcs y
kcs usujrncs fhk shmtcr kjlcrjk y hgprhsjrnjk
jsugjgcs mce mrhjtnvnfjf, mccphrjmnýe y
jyufj gutuj hstcs rhtcs quh ecs ngpceh kj
hghrahemnj ejmncejk, y shj kj cpcrtuenfjf
pjrj lrnefjr uej ghbcr bustnmnj j hgpkhjfc-
rhs y trjljbjfcrhs, pcr hk lnhe fhk Thrò.
\HIH\HEMNJ] LNLKNCA\ÊINMJ]
Jyvjr \ckfêe, V. (<4:>). Hk buzajgnhetc jetnmnpjfc
he kj Euhvj Khy Trcmhsjk fhk Vrjljbc. \hvnstj
Hsphmnjknzjfj EKTV, E´4: - buenc, HVNNEKTV . \hmu-
phrjfc fh ;`ttps2//stjtnm.khans.ph/wp-mcethet/
upkcjfs/<4:>/40/\hvnstj-Euhvj-Khy-Trcmhsjk-
fhk-Vrjljbc-Khans.phS.pfi5
M`jvhs Bòencr, B. (<4:8). Hk Hxphfnheth he \hf y Kj
Euhvj Vhcrçj
Vhcrçj Ahehrjk fhk Trcmhsc. He2 Lnlkncthmj
 Bufnmnjk Arjtuntj fh H Bustnmnj Kjtnecjgîrnmj. Lrj-
snk, <:/4=/<4:8. \hmuphrjfc fh ; `ttps2//hbus-
tnmnjkjtnecjghrnmj.wcrfprhss.mcg/<4:8/4=/<:/
hk-hxphfnheth-he-rhf-y-kj-euhvj-thcrnj-aheh-
rjk-fhk-prcmhsc-bcsh-hfujrfc-fh-rhshefh-m`j-
vhs-buencr/5
Mcrrjkhs Ghkajrhbc, \. (<4:0). Kj vjkcrjmnýe fh kj
pruhlj he hk prcmhsc kjlcrjk. He2 Khans.ph. \hmu-
phrjfc fh ;`ttps2//khans.ph/vjkcrjmnce-pruhlj-
prcmhsc-kjlcrjk-rnmjrfc-mcrrjkhs/5
Kjgj Gcrh, @. (<4<4). ]hgnejrnc crajenzjfc pcr kj
]ul Mcgnsnýe fh Mjpjmntjmnýe fh Vjrgj fhk
<>/46/<4 Ijmhlcco fh Bustnmnj VY. \hmuphrjfc fh
`ttps2//www.ijmhlcco.mcg/1==6>99<449>90</
vnfhcs/<9=9>908:=6>18=
Kjrj Fcgçeauhz, B. (<4:>). Kj utnknzjmnýe fh kjs thmec-
kcaçjs fh kj neicrgjmnýe y fh kj mcguenmjmnýe
pjrj kj ghbcrj fhk trjljbc fhk gjanstrjfc. Bjîe,
]htnhglrh/<4:>. Gýfukc 1 he hk Gêsthr prcpnc
fh kj Xenvhrsnfjf fh Bjîe, Hspjúj ‛Gjanstrjturj
mcethgpcrêehj2 Kj Bustnmnj he hk ]nakc PPN‗.
Gh`rjlnje, J. (<4:>). Mcguenmjmnýe ec vhrljk. Kj
ngpcrtjemnj fh kcs ahstcs (mce vçfhc). He2 Trctc-
mckc & Htnquhtj. Hspjúj, 4>/:</<4:>. \hmuphrjfc
fh ;`ttps2//www.prctcmckc.cra/scmnjk/mcevhr-
sjr-`jlkjr/mcguenmjmnce-ec-
sjr-`jlkjr/mcgu enmjmnce-ec-vhrljk-kj-ngpcr
vhrljk-kj-ngpcr--
tjemnj-fh-kcs-ahstcs-n.`tgk5
Tjsmc Mcsgýpckns, G. (<4:=). Mcghetjrncs j kj Euhvj
Khy Trcmhsjk fhk Vrjljbc . Vjrgj, :6/4>/<4:=.
\hmuphrjfc fh `ttps2//www.ycutulh.mcg/
wjtm`3v7cGH6u^gAwKX
]ugjrnj Lhejvheth, C. (<4<4). Euhvjs thmec-
kcaçjs y prcmhsc. He2 Nestntutc fh Mjpjmntj-
mnýe Burçfnmj, Kngj, :0/48/<4. \hmuphrjfc fh
;`ttps2//nmb.ph/<4<4/48/:0/euhvjs-thmeckc-
anjs-y-prcmhsc/3ilmknf7NwJ\<<m<4LCbTt4m-
=\Z=x1aQz>XIyzpQNl:=1Kf=GGHbSKK6Bx-
p`vraVvOpX5
 Vckhf c Vcrnl
 Vckhfc Vcrnlnc,
nc, C. (<4
(<4<4j
<4j).). ]hg
]hgnej
nejrnc
rnc craj
crajenz
enzjfc
jfc
pcr kj ]ul Mcgnsnýe fh Mjpjmntjmnýe fh Vjrgj,
40/48/<4. Ijmhlcco fh kj M]BBX, \hmuphrjfc
fh `ttps2//www.ijmhlcco.mcg/McrthBuene/
vnfhcs/:4>>41>96=0<8408
 Vckhfc Vcrnlnc,
 Vckhfc Vcrnlnc, C. (<4<4l). Jufnhemnjs
Jufnhemnjs Ynrtujkhs y Trc-
Trc-
mhsc Kjlcrjk \hgctc. He hk gneutc :24=244 fh kj
Mceihrhemnjj vnrtujk fhk 4:/48/<4 crajenzjfc pcr
Mceihrhemn
Ahcsh. \hmuphrjfc fh2; `ttps2//www.ycutulh.
mcg/wjtm`3v7rSxwljn1ZcN&t7<0>9s5
 :=<  pp. :::-:=< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH] TJ\J HK

]HMVC\ T\NYJFC

Kj khantngjmnýe prcmhsjk hsphmnjk quh rhaukj

kj Euhvj
Bjeehr J. KÝTHR Khy Trcmhsjk fhk Vrjljbc E² <>6>1
JYHEFJÚC*

Kj khantngjmnýe prcmhsjk hsphmnjk, quh rhaukj hk jrtçmukc

jr tçmukc > fh kj Euhvj Khy Trcmhsjk Hsphmnjk,
ejmh mcgc ue nestntutc quh rhsaujrfj hk `hm`c fh quh kjs pjrths fh kj rhkjmnýe gjthrnjk ec
snhgprh mcnemnfhe mce kjs pjrths fh kj rhkjmnýe prcmhsjk, yj shj mcgc fhgjefjeth (pjrth
jmtnvj) c mcgc fhgjefjfc (pjsnvj). He hsh shetnfc, sh puhfh mcesnfhrjr quh kj khantngjmnýe
prcmhsjk hs uej pcsnmnýe `jlnkntjeth pjrj icrgukjr uej prhthesnýe mcetrj jkaunhe, quh rjfn-
quh ehmhsjrnjgheth he kj jinrgjmnýe fh kj tntukjrnfjf fhk fhrhm`c sulbhtnvc gjthrnjk y he kj
ngputjmnýe fh kj clknajmnýe.

TJKJL\J] MKJYH2 Trcmhsc fhk trjljbc / Euhvj Khy Trc-
mhsjk / Khantngjmnýe prcmhsjk hsphmnjk / \hkjmnýe gjthrnjk
/ \hkjmnýe prcmhsjk.
\hmnlnfc 2  <=/48/<4<4
Jprcljfc 2  :1/49/<4<4
NEV\CFXMMNÝE
Xe mceiknmtc `ugjec hs uej sntujmnýe he
quh fcs nefnvnfucs c fcs arupcs fh nefn-
vnfucs mce nethrhshs mcetrjpuhstcs hetrje
he mceircetjmnýe, cpcsnmnýe c hgprhefhe
jmmncehs gutujgheth ehutrjknzjeths fh kjs
fhk ctrc nefnvnfuc c arupc, mce hk clbhtnvc
fh fjújr, hkngnejr j kj pjrth rnvjk y kcajr kj
mceshmumnýe fh kcs clbhtnvcs quh gctnvj-
rce fnm`j mceircetjmnýe.
Kj Euhvj Khy Trcmhsjk fhk Vrjljbc, hetrh
kjs vjrnjs ecvhfjfhs quh `j trjçfc mce-
snac jk fhsjrrckkc fhk prcmhsjk kjlcrjk he sns-
thgj burçfnmc phrujec, nemcrpcrj jk prcmhsc
kjlcrjk uej rhaukjmnýe hsphmnjk, sclrh kj khan-
tngjmnýe jmtnvj fh mnhrtcs arupcs fh phrsc-
ejs c subhtcs quh nethrvnhehe mcgc fhgje-
fjeth he fnm`c prcmhsc.
Hk jrtçmukc > fh kj EKTV mcemhfh uej
suhrth fh khantngjmnýe hsphmnjk pjrj prc-
gcvhr hk prcmhsc kjlcrjk j fhthrgnej-
fjs phrscejs c hetnfjfhs, he rjzýe fh
kc pjrtnmukjr y fh kj arjvhfjf fh kj jihm-
tjmnýe fh mnhrtcs fhrhm`cs fh crfhe
iuefjghetjk.
Kj khantngjmnýe hsphmnjk quh nemcrpcrj kj
Euhvj Khy Trcmhsjk Kjlcrjk snaeninmj quh,
pjrj hk nenmnc fh ue prcmhsc kjlcrjk, ec
ehmhsjrnjgheth fhlhrê jmmncejr hk gnsgc
jihmtjfc c kj phrscej quh hsth `jyj fhsna-
ejfc pjrj tjk hihmtc, snec quh jfhgês
pcfrê `jmhrkc uej crajenzjmnýe snefnmjk, hk
Gnensthrnc Tòlknmc mujefc theaj khantngn-
fjf, kj Fhihescrçj fhk Tuhlkc c mujkqunhr

* Jlcajfc, mce hstufncs

hstufncs fh Gjhstrçj he Fhrhm`c Mcestntumncejk y Fhrhm`cs @ugjecs, pcr
pcr kj Xenvhrsnfjf Ejmncejk fh Tnurj.
 Hsphmnjknstj bufnmnjk fh kj Mcrth ]uphrncr fh Bustnmnj fh Tnurj. Kj prhsheth nevhstnajmnýe burçfnmj vj fhfnmjfj j gn hspcsj
^hsly Kjlje y j gns `nbcs, Fykje Bhyoc y Knjg Yjsmc, pcr su nevjkcrjlkh jpcyc nemcefnmncejk..

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :==-:6>

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :==
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

jscmnjmnýe c nestntumnýe sne inehs fh kumrc nestntumnýe sne inehs fh kumrc fhfn-
quh rhòej mnhrtjs mcefnmncehs. mjfj j kj prcthmmnýe fh fhrhm`cs
iuefjghetjkhs mce sckvhemnj pjrj
He kj prhsheth nevhstnajmnýe sh jejknzj fnm`j jircetjr kj fhihesj j mrnthrnc fhk
khantngjmnýe hsphmnjk, prhmnsjefc jkauecs  buhz, kj Fhihescrçj fhk Tuhlkc c hk
jkmjemhs sclrh kj rhaukjmnýe quh mcetnheh Gnensthrnc Tòlknmc.
kj Euhvj Khy prcmhsjk Kjlcrjk.
>.<. Mujefc sh jihmthe kcs fhrhm`cs
N. KJ KHANVNGJMNÝE T\CMH]JK H]TH󰀧 fh knlhrtjf snefnmjk, ehacmnjmnýe
MNJK 󰀧 J\VÇMXKC > FH KJ EXHYJ KH^ mckhmtnvj, `uhkaj, j kj shaurnfjf y
T\CMH]JK FHK V\JLJBC sjkuf he hk trjljbc y, he ahehrjk,
mujefc sh jihmth ue fhrhm`c quh
Xej ecvhfjf quh ecs trjh kj euhvj Khy Trc- mcrrhspcefj j ue arupc c mjthac-
mhsjk fhk Vrjljbc hs mujefc sh hstjlkhmh uej rçj fh prhstjfcrhs fh shrvnmncs, puh-
khantngjmnýe hsphmnjk, rhsuktjefc fh arje fhe shr fhgjefjeths hk snefnmjtc,
ngpcrtjemnj jejknzjr kj inaurj fh kj khantngj- kcs rhprhshetjeths fh kcs trjljbjfc-
mnýe prcmhsjk hsphmnjk, quh hs fnihrheth j kj rhs, c mujkqunhr trjljbjfcr c prhstj-
rhprhshetjmnýe prcmhsjk. fcr fh shrvnmncs fhk êglntc.
Mujefc hk khanskjfcr sugnkký hk jrtçmukc >
mcgc ‛Khantngjmnýe hsphmnjk‗ sh hstê rhin-
rnhefc j kj tuthkj fh fhrhm`cs mckhmtnvcs c
fniuscs fh ejturjkhzj kjlcrjk. He fcmtrnej Kcs rhqunsntcs   quh fhlhe
mcgpjrjfj ec hstê fhinenfc sn he hstcs mugpknrsh pjrj quh hxnstj uej
mjscs sh hstê jeth uej `npýthsns fh khan-
tngjmnýe pjrj clrjr hxtrjcrfnejrnj c fh rhkjmnýe burçfnmc prcmhsjk vjknfj
rhprhshetjmnýe prcmhsjk khajk hsphmnjk c sce kcs kkjgjfcs prhsupuhstcs
mjkninmjfj. ]ne hgljrac, kc quh sç puhfh
quhfjr hstjlkhmnfc, thetjtnvjgheth, hs quh
prcmhsjkhs, hstc hs mcgphthe-
mcgp hthe-
sh hstjrê jeth ue mjsc fh khantngnfjf pjrj mnj fhk buhz, kj mjpjmnfjf fh
clrjr hxtrjcrfnejrnj mujefc qunhe jmtòj kjs pjrths y kcs rhqunsntcs fh kj
he ecglrh fh kj mkjsh c arupc icrgj pjrth fhgjefj .
tjglnîe fh hkkj. He kj ctrj `npýthsns shrê
ue mjsc fh rhprhshetjmnýe khajk mjkninmjfj.
Kjghetjlkhgheth, mceicrgh j kc rhaukjfc,
kj sugnkkj ec jyufj j fnsmhrenr fh quî sh
trjtj (Gcercy, <4:4, p. :<<). NN. KJ KHANVNGN
KHANVNGNFJF
FJF TJ\J CL\J\ HE KJ
EXHYJ KH^ T\CMH]JK FHK V\JLJBC
  Jrtçmukc >.- Khantngjmnýe prcmhsjk hsphmnjk
Kj khantngnfjf pjrj clrjr c khantngjmnýe
>.:. Kjs prhthesncehs fhrnvjfjs fh kj prcmhsjk hs uec fh kcs prhsupuhstcs prc-
jihmtjmnýe jk fhrhm`c j kj ec fnsmrn- mhsjkhs hshemnjkhs pjrj jmmhfhr jk prceue-
gnejmnýe he hk jmmhsc jk hgpkhc c mnjgnhetc sclrh hk icefc fhk jsuetc fhk
fhk quhlrjetjgnhetc fh kjs prc`n-  buhz kjlcrjk, quh ngpknmj quh kjs pjrths fh
lnmncehs fh trjljbc icrzcsc h neije- kj rhkjmnýe gjthrnjk mcnemnfhe mce kjs pjr-
tnk puhfhe shr icrgukjfjs pcr kcs ths fh kj rhkjmnýe prcmhsjk. Hs tjk su ngpcr-
 jihmtjfcs fnrhmtcs, uej crajen
zjmnýe snefnmjk, uej jscmnjmnýe c
:=6  pp. :==-:6> • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
He hihmtc kcs rhqunsntcs quh fhlhe mug-
pknrsh pjrj quh hxnstj uej rhkjmnýe burçfnmc
prcmhsjk vêknfj sce kcs kkjgjfcs prhsupuhs-
tcs prcmhsjkhs, hstc hs mcgphthemnj fhk buhz,
kj mjpjmnfjf fh kjs pjrths y kcs rhqunsntcs fh
kj fhgjefj. Hvnfhethgheth, su jushemnj
supceh quh hk prcmhsc ec puhfj shr nen-
mnjfc vêknfjgheth y, pcr hefh, ngpnfhe quh
sh fî ue prceuemnjgnhetc sclrh hk icefc
fh kj mcetrcvhrsnj he kj ghfnfj quh hkkc
sckc hs pcsnlkh quh cmurrj mujefc kj rhkj-
mnýe burçfnmc prcmhsjk hs khaçtngj. Jsç puhs,
kcs prhsupuhstcs prcmhsjkhs fhthrgneje hk
ejmngnhetc vêknfc fhk prcmhsc, su fhshe-
vckvngnhetc y su ecrgjk mukgnejmnýe mce
kj shethemnj (Fhvns, <44<, p. =:8). Hs ngpcr-
tjeth rhmjkmjr quh kj hxnahemnj fhk mugpkn-
gnhetc
jbhej jk fh kcs prhsupuhstcs
fhrhm`c prcmhsjkhs
fh jmmnýe quh hs
kh mcrrhs-
pcefh jk fhgjefjeth.
He mceshmuhemnj pcfhgcs jinrgjr quh kj
khantngnfjf pjrj clrjr supceh quh hs hk
prcpnc fhgjefjeth qunhe fhlh nevcmjr kj
tntukjrnfjf fhk fhrhm`c sulbhtnvc quh hstê
`jmnhefc vjkhr jeth hk ýrajec burnsfnmmnc-
ejk (Mcuturh, :>6<, p. <94).
He hsth hsmhejrnc kj khantngnfjf pjrj clrjr
sh mcestrnúh mcgc kj ehmhsnfjf ngphrncsj
fh
quhquh shj kj gnsgj
nethrpceaj phrscejbufnmnjk,
kj rhmkjgjmnýe jihmtjfj kj
prh-
mnsjgheth pcrquh hkkj hs kj khantngnfjf pjrj
tjk ine, ec pufnhefc he prnemnpnc shr ctrj j
quh `jaj vjkhr sus fhrhm`cs.
]nhefc jsç he hk êglntc fh kjs rhkjmncehs
kjlcrjkhs, thefrçj quh shr hk gnsgc trjljbj-
fcr c su rhprhshetjeth hk quh nethrpceaj kj
fhgjefj, ec clstjeth, `jlrê mjscs he quh
hkkc ec shrê pcsnlkh, puhs kjs mnrmuestjemnjs
fhk mjsc mcemrhtc y kj rnanfhz fh kj ecrgj
ngphfnrêe quh sh jmmhfj j kj bustnmnj. He
hstcs mjscs
fhr j kc quhhssumhfh
mkjrc quh kj rhjknfjf
he kj ecrgj fhlh jthe-
y sclrh kj
tjemnj quh he su jushemnj sh fhlh rhm`jzjr
kj fhgjefj.
T\CMH]JK KJLC\JK
K j khantngjmný e prcmhsjk
hsphmnjk ejmh mcgc ue nestntut
nestntutc
c
quh rhsaujrfj hk `hm`c fh quh
kjs pjrths fh kj rhkjmnýe gjth-
rnjk ec snhgprh mcnemnfhe mce
kjs pjrths fh kj rhkjmnýe prcmh-
sjk, yj shj mcgc fhgjefjeth
(pjrth jmtnvj) c mcgc fhgje-
fjfc (pjsnvj) .
Fhlnfc j hkkc hs quh hxmhpmncejkgheth
kj euhvj Khy Trcmhsjk fhk Vrjljbc `j rhau-
kjfc hk thgj fh kj khantngjmnýe hsphmnjk,
mce kj inejknfjf fh quh ec sh mcevjkn-
fhe en sh khantnghe he shetnfc kjtc kcs
jmtcs jrlntrjrncs y jlusnvcs quh
qu h pufnhrje
rhmjhr sclrh kjs phrscejs, prhmnsjefc quh
kj ecrgj nevcmjfj sckc `j prhvnstc jkau-
ejs, ljsêefcsh hshemnjkgheth he kj prc-
thmmnýe fh jquhkkjs phrscejs gês nefh-
ihesjs quh rhsukthe fh kj arjvhfjf fh kj
jihmtjmnýe y he hk ngpjmtc quh pufnhrj
thehr sclh jkaòe mckhmtnvc.
Kj khantngjmnýe prcmhsjk hsphmnjk ejmh
mcgc ue nestntutc quh rhsaujrfj hk `hm`c
fh quh kjs pjrths fh kj rhkjmnýe gjthrnjk ec
snhgprh mcnemnfhe mce kjs pjrths fh kj rhkj-
mnýe prcmhsjk, yj shj mcgc fhgjefjeth
(pjrth jmtnvj) c mcgc fhgjefjfc (pjsnvj).
He hsh shetnfc, sh puhfh mcesnfhrjr quh kj
khantngjmnýe prcmhsjk hs uej pcsnmnýe `jln-
kntjeth pjrj icrgukjr uej prhthesnýe mce-
trj jkaunhe, quh rjfnquh ehmhsjrnjgheth
he kj jinrgjmnýe fh kj tntukjrnfjf fhk fhrh-
m`c sulbhtnvc gjthrnjk y he kj ngputjmnýe
fh kj clknajmnýe.
 ljsh fh hkkc fhlh shr ikhxnlkh y hkêstnmj he
fhthrgnejfcs mjscs.
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :==-:6>
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :=8
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
prcmhsjk hxtrjcrfnejrnj, shújkjefc kc
snaunheth2
:. Khantngjmnýe prcmhsjk crfnejrnj
 
Hs
shr‛(…) kj quh
tntukjr mcrrhspcefh
fhk fhrhm`c j qunhe
sulbhtnvc y j jinrgj
qunhe
sh kh ngputj kj tntukjrnfjf fh kj clknajmnýe‗
(Xajz y ]cktju, <4:4, pp. =<1-==8). He hsth
mjsc hstjgcs irheth j uej rhprhshetjmnýe
prcmhsjk khajk, puhs sh hemuhetrj fhthrgn-
ejfj pcr hk crfhejgnhetc burçfnmc, he hsth
mjsc kj khy prcmhsjk.
<. Khantngjmnýe prcmhsjk hxtrjcrfnejrnj
Hs ‛(…)
‛(…) kj quh mcrrhspcefh j qunhe fhgjefj
sne jinrgjr kj tntukjrnfjf fhk fhrhm`c sulbh-
tnvc c j qunhe hs fhgjefjfc sne quh sh
kh ngputh kj tntukjrnfjf fh kj clknajmnýe,
snhefc kj khy kj quh mcemhfh kj khantngj-
mnýe‗ (Xajz y ]cktju, <4:4, pp. ===-==0). Jsç
pcr hbhgpkc hk jrtçmukc 94 fhk Mýfnac Trcmh-
sjk Mnvnk: phrgnth nenmnjr ue prcmhsc sne ehmh-
snfjf fh jmrhfntjr fhrhm`c prcpnc c neth-
rîs fnrhmtc he kj gjthrnj fnsmutnfj mujefc
kj khy kc phrgnth.
NNN. ]XTXH]VC] FH KHANVNGJMNÝE T\C󰀧
MH]JK H]THMNJK C HPV\JC\FNEJ\NJ
Fh jmuhrfc mce Gcethrc (:>>6), hxnsthe
fnstnetcs gctnvcs pcr kcs quh sh fnspceh kj
hxthesnýe fh kj khantngjmnýe gês jkkê fh kj
quh jinrgj hk tntukjr fhk fhrhm`c mcetrcvhr-
tnfc, mckhmtnvcs fniuscs h nethrhshs quh puh-
fhe shr mjkninmjfcs mcgc pòlknmcs, mjscs he
kcs quh ahehrjkgheth sh ctcraj khantngj-
mnýe jk Gnensthrnc Tòlknmc.
Hk supuhstc fh khantngjmnýe hxtrjcrfnejrnj
hstê rhihrnfc j kj rhprhshetjmnýe fh kcs neth-
rhshs fniuscs, puhs kj shethemnj fhinentnvj
: Jrtçmukc 94 fhk Mýfnac Trcmhsjk Mnvnk.- He hk mjsc prhvnstc he hk nemnsc 6. fhk jrtçmukc :<:> fhk Mýfnac Mnvnk y he kcs fhgês
He hsj kçehj pcfhgcs fnihrhemnjr hetrh khan
tngjmnýe prcmhsjk crfnejrnj y khantngjmnýe
quh fhmkjrh iuefjfj kj fhgjefj shrê clkn-
ajtcrnj jfhgês pjrj qunhehs ec `jyje pjr-
tnmnpjfc fhk prcmhsc, kc mujk mcestntuyh uej
hxmhpmnýe j kcs hihmtcs sulbhtnvcs fh kj mcsj
buzajfj.
Hethefnîefcsh pcr nethrhshs fniuscs jquh-
kkcs quh sh mjrjmthrnzje pcr quh mcrrhs-
pcefhe j uej shrnh fh phrscejs quh sh
hemuhetrje jlsckutjgheth nefhthrgnej-
fjs, ec hxnstnhefc hetrh hkkjs vçemukc burç-
fnmc jkauec.
NY. MJ]C] FH JIHMVJMNÝE J KC] FH\H󰀧
M@C] J EC ]H\ FN]M\NGNEJFC ^ J
KJ EC \HJKNRJMNÝE FHK V\JLJBC
IC\RC]C H NEIJEVNK 󰀧 J\VÇMXKC
J\VÇ MXKC >.:
FH KJ EKTV
Hk jrtçmukc > eughrjk >.: fh kj Euhvj Khy Trc-
mhsjk fhk Vrjljbc rhaukj sckc fcs supuhstcs
he vnrtuf fh kcs mujkhs prcmhfh kj khantngj-
mnýe hsphmnjk. Hk prnghrc fh hkkcs sh mcein-
aurj mce kj jihmtjmnýe fhk fhrhm`c j ec shr
fnsmrngnejfc he hk jmmhsc jk hgpkhc, gnhe-
trjs quh hk shauefc hstê rhihrnfc j kcs mjscs
fh quhlrjetjgnhetc fh kjs prc`nlnmncehs
fh trjljbc icrzcsc h neijetnk. Naujkgheth,
hstj ecrgj hstjlkhmh qunîehs puhfhe supknr
jk trjljbjfcr jihmtjfc he kj icrgukjmnýe fh
kj prhthesnýe j hihmtcs fh tuthkjr kcs fhrh-
m`cs vukehrjfcs.
J prncrn pcfhgcs ghemncejr quh kj ghemnc-
ejfj ecrgj mcetnheh vjrnjs fhinmnhemnjs? sne
hgljrac, mcesnfhrjgcs jprcpnjfc jejknzjr
hsth hxtrhgc fh kj ecrgj mce hk clbhtc fh
mcrrclcrjr c fhsmjrtjr hstj prhgnsj. He prn-
ghr kuajr, jejknzjrhgcs hk thgj fh kj fnsmrn-
gnejmnýe, kuhac kc rhihrheth jk trjljbc icr-
zcsc h neijetnk.
 quh kj khy phrgntj, uej phrscej puhfh nenmnjr ue prcmhsc c mcjfyuvjr j kj fhihesj fhk yj nenmnjfc mujefc theaj nethrîs
he su rhsuktjfc, sne ehmhsnfjf fh jmrhfntjr fhrhm`c prcpnc c nethrîs fnrhmtc he kj gjthrnj fnsmutnfj.
:=9  pp. :==-:6> • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
:. Hk fhrhm`c j ec shr fnsmrngnejfc y su
ngpknmjemnj he hk gjrmc fhk Fhrhm`c fhk
Vrjljbc
Hk fhrhm`c j ec shr fnsmrngnejfc c, vnstc fh
ctrc gcfc,
rhaukjfc hehkicrgj
fhrhm`c j kj naujkfjf,
hxprhsj `j snfc
he hk jrtçmukc <
nemnsc < fh euhstrj Mcestntumnýe Tckçtnmj, jsn-
gnsgc rhaukjfc fh icrgj hsphmçinmj he hk
nemnsc : fhk jrtçmukc <9 fhk gnsgc muhrpc
ecrgjtnvc.
:.:. Trnemnpnc fh naujkfjf fh trjtc y ec
fnsmrngnejmnýe
j) Fhinenmnýe
  Hk prnemnpnc fh naujkfjf fh trjtc y ec
fnsmrngnejmnýe `jmh rhihrhemnj j kj rhakj
fh ec fnsmrngnejmnýe he gjthrnj kjlc-
rjk, hk mujk hsphmçinmjgheth sh mcestn-
tuyh j pjrtnr fhk fhrhm`c iuefjghetjk
j kj naujkfjf jeth kj khy. Hsth prnemnpnc
jshaurj, he kc rhkjtnvc j kcs fhrhm`cs
kjlcrjkhs, kj naujkfjf fh cpcrtuenfjfhs
fh jmmhsc jk hgpkhc y fh trjtjgnhetc
furjeth hk hgpkhc. He hsth mcethxtc, kj
fnsmrngnejmnýe kjlcrjk sh prcfumh mjfj
vhz quh sh hsmcah c rhm`jzj j ue trj-
ljbjfcr pcr rjzýe fh su crnahe, shxc,
rjzj, mckcr, crnhetjmnýe shxujk, rhknanýe,
cpnenýe, mcefnmnýe hmceýgnmj, scmnjk,
nfncgj c fh mujkqunhr ctrj çefckh, sne
tcgjr he mcesnfhrjmnýe kcs gîrntcs
en kjs mjkninmjmncehs ehmhsjrnjs pjrj hk
puhstc fh trjljbc quh sh trjth.
l) Mrnthrncs burnsprufhemnjkhs
- ‛(...) Hk prnemnpnc fh naujkfjf, pkjs-
gjfc he kj Mcestntumnýe, ec sckc
hxnah, pjrj hk trjtjgnhetc fhsnaujk
he kj jpknmjmnýe fh kj khy j kjs phr-
scejs, quh kj inejknfjf khanskjtnvj shj
khaçtngj, snec quh kcs quh rhmnlje hk
trjtc fhsnaujk shje he vhrfjf fhs-
naujkhs? quh kcs fhrhm`cs phrscej-
T\CMH]JK KJLC\JK
psçqunmj y gcrjk, jk knlrh fhsjrrckkc y
lnhehstjr, jk `cecr y luhej rhputj-
mnýe, j kj vnfj he pjz, jk acmh fh ue
jglnheth jfhmujfc, jk fhsjrrckkc fh
kj vnfj y j ec shr vçmtngj fh vnckhe-
mnj en scghtnfc j trjtcs `ugnkkjeths,
sce fhrhm`cs mcestntumncejkhs jpkn-
mjlkhs j tcfc shr `ugjec, sne quh
nethrhsh su arjfc fh hfumjmnýe, sus
mcstuglrhs, su mcefumtj c su nfhe-
tnfjf mukturjk. He kc quh rhsphmtj j
hstcs fhrhm`cs iuefjghetjkhs, tcfjs
kjs phrscejs sce naujkhs, y ec fhlh
jfgntnrsh, he jkauejs phrscejs y he
ctrjs ec, kj vnckjmnýe fh hstcs fhrh-
m`cs (...)‗. (]VM Hxp. E² 44:0-:>>9-JN/ 
 VM).
- ‛(...) Hk fhrhm`c j kj naujkfjf supceh
trjtjr ‐naujk j kcs quh sce naujkhs„ y
‐fhsnaujk j kcs quh sce fhsnaujkhs„,
pjrtnhefc fh kj prhgnsj fh quh hs
pcsnlkh mcestjtjr quh he kcs `hm`cs
ec sce pcmjs kjs cmjsncehs he quh
ue fhthrgnejfc arupc fh nefnvn-
fucs sh hemuhetrj pcsthrajfc he hk
jmmhsc, he naujkfjf fh mcefnmncehs,
j kjs gnsgjs cpcrtuenfjfhs (...)‗. (]VM
Hxp. E² 4<9:-<44=- JJ/VM).
- ‛(...) Kj fnsmrngnejmnýe he gjthrnj
kjlcrjk jpjrhmh mujefc sh jihmtj jk
trjljbjfcr he sus mjrjmthrçstnmjs neej-
tjs mcgc shr `ugjec (kc prcpnc y
prnvjtnvc fh kj hsphmnh), c mujefc sh
vukehrj kj mkêusukj fh ec fnsmrngnej-
mnýe prhvnstj pcr kj Mcestntumnýe (...)‗.
(...)‗.
(]VM Hxp. E² 4440- <448-JN/VM)
- ‛(...) Kj fnsmrngnej
fnsmrngnejmnýe
mnýe vukehrj kj knlhr-
tjf fh kjs phrscejs pjrj mceshaunr
kj mkjsh fh trjljbc j kj quh jspnrje
(knlhrtjf fh trjljbc) y ghecsmjlj
kjs cpcrtuenfjfhs fh kcs `cglrhs
y gubhrhs fh fhsjrrckkjr su pcthe-
 khs j kj fnaenfjf, j kj netharnfjf içsnmj,
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :==-:6>
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :=1
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
iuemnýe fh sus gîrntcs (...)‗.
(...)‗. (]VM Hxp.
E² 446><<-<441-TJ).
- ‛(...) Kj fnsmrng
fnsmrngnejmnýe
nejmnýe puhfh shr
fnrhmtj c nefnrhmtj. Hs fnrhmtj mujefc
kjs ecrgjs burçfnmjs, kjs pckçtnmjs y, kcs
jmtcs fhk hgpkhjfcr, hxmkuyhe, fhs-
ijvcrhmhe c fje prhihrhemnj hxpkç-
mntjgheth j mnhrtcs trjljbjfcrhs
jthefnhefc j mjrjmthrçstnmjs mcgc
kj cpnenýe pckçtnmj, hk hstjfc mnvnk, hk
shxc, kj ejmncejknfjf, hk mckcr fh kj
pnhk c kj crnhetjmnýe shxujk, hetrh
ctrcs gctnvcs, sne tcgjr he muhetj
sus mujkninmjmncehs y hxphrnhemnj
kjlcrjk. (…) hs nefnrhmtj mujefc sh
fnsphesj ue trjtc fnihrhemnjfc j
mjthacrçjs hsphmçinmjs fh trjljbj-
fcrhs, trjfumnfj he ghecrhs prhs-
tjmncehs scmnjkhs c rhguehrjmncehs,
snhgprh quh hsth ec sh rhjknmh sclrh
ljshs clbhtnvjs y rjzcejlkhs (...)‗. (]VM
Hxp. E² 4898<-<441-TJ).
Kj fnsmrngnejmnýe he gjth-
rnj kjlcrjk jpjrhmh mujefc sh
jihmtj jk trjljbjfcr  he sus
mjrjmthrçstnmjs neejtjs mcgc
shr `ugjec  (kc prcpnc y prnvj-
 tnvc fh kj hsphmnh)
hsphmnh),, c mujefc sh
vukehrj kj mkêusukj fh ec fnsmrn-
gnejmnýe prhvnstj pcr kj Mces-
tntumnýe Tckçtnmj .
mnjk, j hihmtcs fh shr rhguehrjfcs he
:.<. Hk fhrhm`c j kj naujkfjf mcgc prnemnpnc
rhmtcr fh ue Hstjfc scmnjk y fhgcmrêtnmc
Hk prnemnpnc fh naujkfjf pkjsgjfc he kj
Mcestntumnýe Tckçtnmj ec sckc hxnah, pjrj hk
trjtjgnhetc fhsnaujk
khy j kjs phrscejs, quhhekjkjinejknfjf
jpknmjmnýe fh kj
khanskj-
tnvj shj khaçtngj, snec quh kcs quh rhmnlje
hk trjtc fhsnaujk shje he vhrfjf fhsnauj-
khs? quh kcs fhrhm`cs phrscejkhs j kj fnaen-
fjf, j kj netharnfjf içsnmj, psçqunmj
psçqunm j y gcrjk, jk
knlrh fhsjrrckkc y lnhehstjr, jk `cecr y luhej
rhputjmnýe, j kj vnfj he pjz, jk acmh fh ue
jglnheth jfhmujfc, jk fhsjrrckkc fh kj vnfj
y j ec shr vçmtngj fh vnckhemnj en scghtnfc
j trjtcs `ugnkkjeths, sce fhrhm`cs mcestntu-
mncejkhs jpknmjlkhs j tcfc shr `ugjec, sne
quh nethrhsh su arjfc fh hfumjmnýe, sus
mcstuglrhs, su mcefumtj c su nfhetnfjf
mukturjk. He kc quh rhsphmtj j hstcs fhrh-
m`cs iuefjghetjkhs, tcfjs kjs phrscejs sce
naujkhs, y ec fhlh jfgntnrsh, he jkauejs
phrscejs y he ctrjs kj vnckjmnýe fh hstcs
fhrhm`cs<.
Kj rhakj fh naujkfjf jshaurj, he kc rhkj-
tnvc j kcs fhrhm`cs kjlcrjkhs, kj naujkfjf
fh cpcrtuenfjfhs fh jmmhsc jk hgphrc
(…). Kj naujkfjf fh cpcrtuenfjfhs he
hstrnmtc, naujkfjf fh trjtc, clknaj j quh
kj mcefumtj, yj shj fhk hstjfc c fh kcs
pjrtnmukjrhs, he rhkjmnýe mce kjs jmtnvnfj-
fhs kjlcrjkhs, ec ahehrh uej fnihrhemnj-
mnýe ec rjzcejlkh y pcr hefh jrlntrjrnj. He
hsh shetnfc, kj fnsmrngnejmnýe he gjthrnj
kjlcrjk jpjrhmh mujefc sh jihmtj jk trjlj-
 bjfcr
 bjf cr he
h e sus
s us mjr
mjrjm
jmthr
thrçst
çstnmj
nmjss neejt
n eejtjs
js mcg
mcgcc
shr `ugjec (kc prcpnc y prnvjtnvc fh kj
hsphmnh), c mujefc sh vukehrj kj mkêusukj
fh ec fnsmrngnejmnýe prhvnstj pcr kj Mces-
tntumnýe Tckçtnmj=.
 < ]VM Hxp. E´ 44:0-:>>9
44:0-:>>9-JN/VM.
-JN/VM.
= ]VM Hxp E´ 4440-<448
4440-<448-JN/VM.
-JN/VM.
:=0  pp. :==-:6> • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
He purnfjf, pcfhgcs jprhmnjr quh hk Vrn-
luejk Mcestntumncejk `j hstjlkhmnfc quh hk
prnemnpnc fh naujkfjf sh mcestntuyh snguktê-
ehjgheth fh kj snaunheth gjehrj62
j)  Mcgc ue kçgnth pjrj kj jmtujmnýe
ecrgjtnvj, jfgnenstrjtnvj y burnsfnm-
mncejk fh kcs pcfhrhs pòlknmcs.
l) Mcgc ue ghmjensgc fh rhjmmnýe
 burçfnmj irheth jk `npctîtnmc usc jrln-
trjrnc fhk pcfhr
pcfhr..
m)  Mcgc ue ngphfnghetc pjrj pjrj hk hstj-
lkhmngnhetc fh sntujmncehs ljsjfjs
he mrnthrncs prc`nlnfcs (fnsmrngnej-
mnýe jthetjtcrnj j kj fnaenfjf fh kj
phrscej).
f) Mcgc uej hxprhsnýe fh fhgjefj
jk Hstjfc pjrj quh prcmhfj j rhgc-
vhr kcs clstêmukcs pckçtnmcs, scmnjkhs,  
 
hmceýgnmcs c mukturjkhs quh rhstrne-
ahe fh `hm`c kj naujkfjf hetrh kcs
`cglrhs.
Hk prnemnpnc fh naujkfjf sh mcemrhtnzj he
hk pkjec icrgjk ghfnjeth hk fhlhr hstjtjk
fh jlsthehrsh fh kj prcfummnýe khajk fh
fnihrhemnjs jrlntrjrnjs c mjprnm`csjs? y he
hk pkjec gjthrnjk jpjrhbj kj rhspcesjlnkn-
fjf fhk muhrpc pckçtnmc fh prcvhhr kjs ýptn-
gjs mcefnmncehs pjrj quh sh mceinaurh uej
snghtrçj fh cpcrtuenfjfhs pjrj tcfcs kcs
shrhs `ugjecs. He luhej muhetj, kj naujk-
fjf sh mceinaurj mcgc ue fhrhm`c iuefj-
ghetjk fh kj phrscej j ec suirnr fnsmrngnej-
fnsmr ngnej-
mnýe burçfnmj jkauej? hstc hs, j ec shr trjtjfj
fh gjehrj fnspjr rhsphmtc j qunhehs sh
hemuhetrhe he uej gnsgj sntujmnýe, sjkvc
quh hxnstj uej bustninmjmnýe clbhtnvj y rjzc-
ejlkh fh hsj fhshghbjezj fh trjtc8.
6 ]VM Hxp. E´ 4<9:-<44=
4<9:-<44=-JJ/VM.
-JJ/VM.
T\CMH]JK KJLC\JK
Inejkgheth euhstrc Vrnluejk Mcestntumncejk
`j shújkjfc quh kj naujkfjf sh hemuhetrj
rhsaujrfjfj mujefc sh jmrhfnth kj hxnsthe-
mnj fh kcs fcs rhqunsntcs snaunheths92
j) Tjrnfjf, uenicrgnfj
uenicrgnfjff y hxjmtn
hxjmtntuf
tuf fh
ctcrajgnhetc c rhmcecmngnhetc fh
fhrhm`cs jeth `hm`cs, supuhstcs c
jmcethmngnhetcs shghbjeths.
l) pjrnfjf, uenicrgnfjf y hxjmtntu
hxjmtntuff fh
trjtc c rhkjmnýe nethrsulbhtnvj, pjrj kjs
phrscejs subhtjs j nfîetnmjs mnrmuestje-
mnjs y mcefnmncehs.
He luhej muhetj, kj naujkfjf sh mceinaurj
mcgc ue fhrhm`c iuefjghetjk fh kj phr-
scej j ec suirnr fnsmrngnejmnýe burçfnmj
jkauej? hstc hs, j ec shr trjtjfj fh gjehrj
fnspjr rhsphmtc j qunhehs sh hemuhetrh
hemuhetrhee he
uej gnsgj sntujmnýe, sjkvc quh hxnstj uej
bustninmjmnýe
bustni nmjmnýe clbhtnvj y rjzcejlkh pjrj hsj
fnihrhemnj fh trjtc.
He hk shec fh kj rhkjmnýe
kjlcrjk kjs mcefnmncehs pjrj
jmmhfhr   j ue hgpkhc   y uej
 vhz mceshaunfc, pjrj jkmje-
zjr c shr prcgcvnfc j ue ghbcr
puhstc   fh trjljbc ec fhlhe
mcethehr rhstrnmmncehs  quh
ngpknquhe fnsmrngnejmnýe .
He vnrtuf fh kc mntjfc, quhfj mkjrc quh pjrj
quh sh mceinaurh kj vukehrjmnýe fhk prnemnpnc
 8 Çfhg.
9 ]VM Hxp. E´ <8:4-<44<
<8:4-<44<-JJ/VM.
-JJ/VM.
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :==-:6>
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :=>
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
fh naujkfjf, mcethenfc he kcs jrtçmukcs < y  
<9 fh kj Mcestntumnýe Tckçtnmj, ec sckc ljstj
quh kj inejknfjf fh kj khy shj nkhaçtngj, pcr ec
fhmnr fnsmrngnejfcrj, tjglnîe hs ehmhsjrnc
quh mcemurrj hk hkhghetc fh kj fnihrhemnj-
mnýe gjthrnjk, hs fhmnr, quh sh trjth he icrgj
fhsnaujk h naujkhs j kcs fhsnaujkhs.
He hk gjrmc khajk, kj naujkfjf ngpknmj quh
kjs cpcrtuenfjfhs fh jmmhsc y prcgcmnýe
fhetrc fhk hgpkhc shje bustjs y hquntjtnvjs
pjrj tcfcs kcs trjljbjfcrhs. He hsth crfhe
fh nfhjs, mcrrhspcefh prhmnsjr quh tcfc
hgpkhjfcr, yj shj hk Hstjfc c kcs pjrtnmu-
kjrhs, tnheh kj clknajmnýe fh ec fnsmrngnejr c
fh ec ahehrjr jmtcs fh fnihrhemnjmnýe sul-
 bhtnvj quh ngpnfje
ngpnfje quh kj phrsce
phrscejj fhk
fhk trjlj-
trjlj-
 bjfcr puhfj hbhrmhr knlrh y pkhejgheth sus
fhrhm`cs iuefjghetjkhs.
He mceshmuhemnj, fnrçjgcs quh he hk
shec fh kj rhkjmnýe kjlcrjk kjs mcefnmnc-
ehs pjrj jmmhfhr j ue hgpkhc y uej vhz
mceshaunfc, pjrj jkmjezjr c shr prcgc-
vnfc j ue ghbcr puhstc fh trjljbc, ec
fhlhe mcethehr rhstrnmmncehs quh ngpkn-
quhe fnsmrngnejmnýe, ec clstjeth, sç
pcfrê `jlhr fnihrhemnjmnýe, kj mujk pjrj
shr khaçtngj, fhlhrê ljsjrsh he mr nthrncs
clbhtnvcs y rjzcejlkhs.
Kj naujkfjf jfhgês fh shr ue fhrhm`c iue-
fjghetjk, mcestntuyh tjglnîe ue prnemn-
pnc rhmtcr fh kj crajenzjmnýe fhk Hstjfc
scmnjk y fhgcmrêtnmc y fh jmtujmnýe fh kcs
pcfhrhs pòlknmcs. Mcgc tjk mcgpcrtj quh
ec tcfj fhsnaujkfjf mcestntuyh ehmhsj-
rnjgheth uej fnsmrngnejmnýe, puhs ec sh
prhsmrnlh tcfc tnpc fh fnihrhemnj fh trjtc
he hk hbhrmnmnc fh kcs fhrhm`cs iuefjghe-
tjkhs, kj naujkfjf sckjgheth shrê vukehrjfj
mujefc hk trjtc fhsnaujk mjrhzmj fh uej
bustninmjmnýe clbhtnvj y rjzcejlkh
rjzcejlkh1. He vnrtuf
fh kc hxpuhstc sh puhfh hethefhr muêefc
ue fhthrgnejfc `hm`c rhsuktj shr fnsmrngn-
ejtcrnc, hk gnsgc quh fhlh shr rhm`jzjfc.
<. Hk fhrhm`c j ec rhjknzjr ue
ue trjljbc icr-
zcsc h neijetnk
He su Mcevhenc E² :>, kj Crajenzjmnýe Nethr-
ejmncejk Fhk Vrjljbc shújkj quh hk trjljbc
icrzcsc hs ‛tcfc trjljbc shrvnmnc hxnanfc j
ue nefnvnfuc ljbc kj jghejzj fh uej phej
mujkqunhrj y pjrj hk mujk fnm`c nefnvnfuc
ec sh cirhmh vckuetjrnjgheth‗. Fh kj gnsgj
gjehrj, he su Mcevhenc E² :48 `j nefnmjfc,
n efnmjfc,
‛quh ec sh puhfh rhmurrnr euemj jk trjljbc
icrzcsc mce inehs fh icghetc hmceýgnmc,
mcgc ghfnc fh hfumjmnýe pckçtnmj c mcgc
ghfnfj fh fnsmrngnejmnýe, fh fnsmnpknej he
hk trjljbc c fh mjstnajr pcr `jlhr pjrtnmn-
pjfc he `uhkajs‗.
Mcgc jinrgj kj prcpnj Crajenzjmnýe Nethr-
ejmncejk fhk Vrjljbc, hk trjljbc icrzcsc ec
puhfh hqunpjrjrsh sngpkhgheth mce sjkj-
rncs ljbcs c mce mcefnmncehs fh trjljbc
prhmjrnjs. Hk mcemhptc tjgpcmc jljrmj kjs
sntujmncehs fh ghrj ehmhsnfjf hmceýgnmj,
mcgc mujefc ue trjljbjfcr sh snheth nemj-
pjz fh fhbjr ue puhstc fh trjljbc fhlnfc
j kj ijktj rhjk c supuhstj fh jkthrejtnvjs fh
hgpkhc.
Hk trjljbc icrzcsc mcestntuyh uej arjvh vnc-
kjmnýe fh kcs fhrhm`cs `ugjecs y uej rhs-
trnmmnýe fh kj knlhrtjf phrscejk, shaòe kj
fhinenmnýe mcethenfj he kcs mcevhencs fh
kj CNV rhkjtnvcs j hsth thgj y he ctrcs nes-
trughetcs nethrejmncejkhs mcehxcs rhkjtn-
vcs j kj hsmkjvntuf, j kjs prêmtnmjs jeêkcajs
j kj hsmkjvntuf, j kj shrvnfuglrh pcr fhufjs
y j kj mcefnmnýe fh snhrvc0.
 1 ]VM Hxp. E´ 444<1-<44
444<1-<449-TN/VM.
9-TN/VM.
0 Ynfh ;www.cnt.cra.ph
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cptnce7mcgSmcethet&vnh
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:64  pp. :==-:6> • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
Tcr su pjrth hk trjljbc neijetnk ec ehmh-
sjrnjgheth hs icrzcsc, sne hgljrac, ec
fhlh rhjknzjrsh sjkvc mjscs hxmhpmncejkhs.
He hihmtc, ‛ec tcfjs kjs tjrhjs rhjknzjfjs
pcr kcs enúcs fhlhe mkjsninmjrsh mcgc trj-
ljbc neijetnk quh sh `j fh hkngnejr. Tcr kc
ahehrjk, kj pjrtnmnpjmnýe fh kcs enúcs c kcs
jfckhsmheths he trjljbcs quh ec jthetje
mcetrj su sjkuf y su fhsjrrckkc phrscejk en
nethrinhrhe mce su hsmckjrnzjmnýe sh mcesn-
fhrj pcsntnvj. Hetrh ctrjs jmtnvnfjfhs, mjlh
mntjr kj jyufj quh prhstje j sus pjfrhs he
hk `cajr, kj mckjlcrjmnýe he ue ehacmnc
ijgnknjr c kjs tjrhjs quh rhjknzje iuhrj fhk
`crjrnc hsmckjr c furjeth kjs vjmjmncehs
pjrj ajejr fnehrc fh lcksnkkc. Hsth tnpc fh
jmtnvnfjfhs sce prcvhm`csjs pjrj hk fhsj-
rrckkc fhkhs
ijgnknj, kcsprcpcrmnceje
phquhúcs y hkmjkninmjmncehs
lnhehstjr fh kjy
hxphrnhemnj y khs jyufj j prhpjrjrsh pjrj
shr gnhglrcs prcfumtnvcs fh kj scmnhfjf
he kj hfjf jfuktj‗
jfukt j‗>.
]clrh kj ljsh fh hkkc hs mhrthrc jinrgjr quh
jk trjljbc neijetnk sh kh fhineh ‛mcgc tcfc
trjljbc quh prnvj kcs enúcs fh su enúhz, su
pcthemnjk y su fnaenfjf y quh hs phrbufn-
mnjk pjrj su fhsjrrckkc içsnmc, ghetjk c gcrjk
fhk enúc h nethrinhrh mce su hsmckjrnzjmnýe
puhstc quh khs prnvj fh kj pcsnlnknfjf fh  
jsnstnr j mkjshs, khs clknaj j jljefcejr kj
hsmuhkj fh icrgj prhgjturj, c khs hxnah
mcglnejr hk hstufnc mce ue trjljbc phsjfc
y quh hgpkhj gum`c tnhgpc. He kjs icrgjs
gês hxtrhgjs fh trjljbc neijetnk, kcs enúcs
sce scghtnfcs j sntujmncehs fh hsmkjvntuf,
shpjrjfcs fh su ijgnknj, hxpuhstcs j arjvhs
phknarcs y heihrghfjfhs y/c jljefcejfcs
j su suhrth he kj mjkkh fh arjefhs mnufjfhs
(mce irhmuhemnj j uej hfjf guy thgprjej).
Muêefc mjkninmjr c ec fh trjljbc neijetnk, j
uej jmtnvnfjf hsphmçinmj fhphefhrê fh kj
7>0>&Nthgnf7>905.
nf7>905.
T\CMH]JK KJLC\JK
hfjf fhk enúc c fh kj enúj, hk tnpc fh trj-
ljbc he muhstnýe y kj mjetnfjf fh `crjs quh
kh fhfnmj, kjs mcefnmncehs he quh kc rhjknzj y
kcs clbhtnvcs quh phrsnauh mjfj pjçs. Kj rhs-
puhstj vjrçj fh ue pjçs j ctrc y hetrh uec y
ctrc shmtcr‗:4.
Mcgc sh puhfh jprhmnjr, sh trjtj fh fcs
supuhstcs fh sugj arjvhfjf y he fcefh kc
mjrjmthrçstnmc hs kj nefhihesnýe fh kjs phrsc-
ejs quh sce jlusjfjs he kj rhjknzjmnýe fhk
trjljbc icrzcsc c neijetnk. Tcr kc ahehrjk, kjs
phrscejs quh suirhe hsth tnpc fh vhbjmnýe
sce phrscejs quh tnhehe rhmurscs hmceý-
gnmcs guy ljbcs c mjsn eukcs y, jfhgês,
kjghetjlkhgheth sh trjtj fh phrscejs quh
ec tnhehe eneaòe mcecmngnhetc jmhrmj fh
muêkhs sce sus fhrhm`cs y ghecs jòe sjlhe
s jlhe
j qunîe rhmurrnr pjrj trjtjr fh heghefjr
hstj nebustnmnj.
Hstj hs kj bustninmjmnýe pcr kj quh mrhhgcs
quh mce gum`c jmnhrtc sh `j rhaukjfc uej
khantngjmnýe hsphmnjk pjrj quh uej crajen-
zjmnýe snefnmjk, uej jscmnjmnýe c nestntumnýe
sne inehs fh kumrc fhfnmjfj j kj prcthmmnýe
fh fhrhm`cs iuefjghetjkhs mce sckvhe-
mnj pjrj jircetjr kj fhihesj j mrnthrnc fhk
buhz, kj Fhihescrçj fhk Tuhlkc c hk Gnensth-
rnc Tòlknmc
fh kcs puhfje jmmncejr he rhhgpkjzc
jihmtjfcs.
Mcesnfhrc quh sh trjtj fh uej rhaukjmnýe
vnrtucsj he kj ghfnfj he quh sh ajrjetnzj kj
hinmjmnj y hk pkhec rhsphtc fh kcs fhrhm`cs
kjlcrjkhs, puhs mce hkkc sh ijmnkntj y pcsnln-
kntj quh fnstnetcs jmtcrhs, j phsjr fh ec shr
pjrth fh kj rhkjmnýe burçfnmj gjthrnjk, puhfje
tuthkjr kcs fhrhm`cs fh kjs phrscejs quh sh
hemuhetrje fhsjgpjrjfjs y jk gjrahe fh
kj khajknfjf.
 > Ynfh ;www.nkc.cr
;www.nkc.cra/nphm/ijmts/k
a/nphm/ijmts/kjea-hs/5
jea-hs/5
:4 Çfhg.
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :==-:6>
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :6:
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
Y. KC] M\NVH\N
M\NVH\NC]C] FH \JRCEJLNKNFJF ^
CLBHVNYNFJF I\HEVH J XE JMVC FH
FN]M\NGNEJMNÝE KJLC\JK
He hshemnj, kcs pjrêghtrcs prnemnpjkhs quh
ecs shrvnrêe pjrj mcecmhr sn hstjgcs irheth
j ue jmtc fnsmrngnejtcrnc sce2 kj clbhtnvnfjf
y kj rjzcejlnknfjf.
Kj rjzcejlnknfjf hs hk rhsuk-
tjfc  fh uej jfhmujfj rhkj-
mnýe kýanmc-jxnckýanmj hetrh kj
mnrmuestjemnj   gctnvjeth, hk
clbhtc   lusmjfc y hk ghfnc 
hgpkhjfc .
:. Kj rjzcejlnknfjf
He mujetc j su jpknmjmnýe he hk gjrmc fh kjs
rhkjmncehs fh trjljbc hk mrnthrnc fh rjzcej-
lnknfjf ngpknmj quh hk jmtc fhk hgpkhjfcr
fhlh gjethehr su bustninmjmnýe kýanmj y jxnc-
kýanmj he kcs sumhscs c mnrmuestjemnj hetrh
hk `hm`c jethmhfheth ahehrjfcr y hk `hm`c
mceshmuheth fhrnvjfc fh hsth. He mcesh-
muhemnj, kj rjzcejlnknfjf hs hk rhsuktjfc fh
uej jfhmujfj rhkjmnýe kýanmc-jxnckýanmj
hetrh kj mnrmuestjemnj gctnvjeth, hk clbhtc
lusmjfc y hk ghfnc hgpkhjfc (Êvjkcs, <4:4,
p. ::9).
<. Kj clbhtnvnfjf
Hk mrnthrnc fh clbhtnvnfjf, puhfh shr hethe-
fnfc mcgc kj mujknfjf fh kc clbhtnvc, fh
kj icrgj quh hs phrthehmnheth c rhkjtnvc jk
clbhtc he sç gnsgc, mce nefhphefhemnj fh
kj prcpnj gjehrj fh phesjr c fh shetnr::, he
ctrjs pjkjlrjs supceh kj vckuetjf fh vhr kjs
mcsjs mcgc sce y ec mcgc quhrhgcs quh
shje, pjrj kc quh hs ehmhsjrnc fhsprhefhrsh
fh tcfj jrlntrjrnhfjf, snerjzýe, pjrmnjknfjf,
y tcfc mrnthrnc quh gcfninquh kj rhjk hshe-
mnj fh kjs mcsjs.
Hk Vrnluejk Mcestntumncejk:< `j hstjlkhmnfc
quh kj fnsmrngnejmnýe sh puhfh prhshetjr he
hk êglntc kjlcrjk fh fcs gjehrjs2
j)  Mcgc ue jmtc fh fnihrhemnjmnýe jrln-
trjrnj jk gcghetc fh pcstukjr j ue
hgpkhc? y
l)  Mcgc jmtc fh fnihrhemnjmnýe jrlntrjrnj
furjeth kj rhkjmnýe kjlcrjk, prcgcmnc-
ehs, ctcrajgnhetc fh lhehinmncs, htm.
Mce rhsphmtc jk prnghr supuhstc, mjlh prh-
mnsjr quh ec sh trjtj he hstrnmtc fh ue jmtc
fnsmrngnejtcrnc he gjthrnj kjlcrjk, puhs kj
rhkjmnýe fh trjljbc jòe ec sh `j nenmnjfc
en mcescknfjfc. He hsth mjsc, kc quh sh prc-
thah hs kj naujkfjf fh cpcrtuenfjfhs pjrj
jmmhfhr jk hgpkhc, hs fhmnr quh ec sh hstj-
lkhzmje rhakjs jlsurfjs, rhstrnmmncehs h
ngphfnghetcs jrlntrjrncs, mce hk clbhtc fh
quh irheth j fcs naujkhs sh prhthefj ijvc-
rhmhr j uecs y phrbufnmjr j ctrcs. Hvnfheth-
gheth hkkc ec qunhrh fhmnr quh ue hgprhsj-
rnc ec puhfh hstjlkhmhr mnhrtjs mcefnmncehs
c rhqunsntcs pjrj jmmhfhr j ue hgpkhc
fhthrgnejfc, puhs hkkc sç shrê pcsnlkh he
kj ghfnfj he quh hstcs shje ngpuhstcs fh
gjehrj clbhtnvj y rjzcejlkh.
Mce rhkjmnýe jk shauefc mjsc, sce fnvhrscs
kcs supuhstcs quh puhfhe prhshetjrsh. He
hsth mjsc kc quh sh lusmj ec hs hvntjr kj prn-
vjmnýe fnsmrngnejtcrnj fh jmmhsc jk hgpkhc,
snec prcsmrnlnr quh yj he hk shec kjlcrjk ue
trjljbjfcr c ue arupc fh hgpkhjfcs sh
 :: www.rjh.hs
:< ]VM Hxp. E´ 46><<-<44
46><<-<441-TJ/VM.
1-TJ/VM.
:6<  pp. :==-:6> • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
vhje fnsgneunfcs he hk pkhec hbhrmnmnc fh
sus fhrhm`cs kjlcrjkhs mce rhkjmnýe j ctrc u
ctrcs, c shje jpjrtjfcs fh mnhrtcs fhrhm`cs
fh icrgj nebustninmjfj, jrlntrjrnj y sulbhtnvj,
fh tjk gcfc quh, he mcefnmncehs fh tctjk
rhsphtc j sus fhrhm`cs rhmcecmnfcs pcr kj
Mcestntumnýe y kj khy, sç khs mcrrhspcefnhshe
tjkhs fhrhm`cs.
J`crj lnhe, hk eughrjk >.: fhk jrtçmukc > fh
kj Euhvj Khy Trcmhsjk fhk Vrjljbc sckc `j  
`hm`c ghemnýe jk mjsc fh fnsmrngnejmnýe
he hk jmmhsc jk hgpkhc mcgc supuhstc pjrj
kj khantngjmnýe hsphmnjk y ec `j prhmnsjfc
ejfj sclrh kj fnsmrngnejmnýe he hk fhsjrrc-
kkc fh kj rhkjmnýe kjlcrjk.
Kj khantngjmnýe hsphmnjk sckc
prcmhfhrê mujefc sh prcfuzmj  Gnensthrnc Tòlknmc.
ue jmtc fh fnsmrngnejmnýe   he
hk jmmhsc jk hgpkhc, snhefc
quh sn hstjgcs jeth ue jmtc f  fh
h he su ecglrh. Kj ecrgj shújkj quh mujk-
fnsmrngnejmnýe fnihrheth j jquhk
 thefr
 thefrêê quh shr hk pr
prcpnc
cpnc trjljbj-
fcr qunhe fhlhrê jmmncejr pjrj
tuthkjr sus fhrhm`cs .
He mceshmuhemnj, sn kj nethemnýe fhk khanskj-
fcr hs kj fh prcthahr jk trjljbjfcr jeth kj
fnsmrngnejmnýe fh kj quh pufnhrj shr clbhtc,
ec hethefhgcs hk pcrquî ec sh `j fjfc
mjlnfj j hsth òktngc supuhstc, gêxngh sn
kj fnsmrngnejmnýe he hk jmmhsc mcgc he hk
fhsjrrckkc fh kj rhkjmnýe kjlcrjk hs naujk fh
rhprcm`jlkh
rhprcm`jl kh h nefnstnetjgheth fhlh lusmjr
hrrjfnmêrshkh.
He hsth crfhe fh nfhjs fhmngcs quh kj khan-
tngjmnýe hsphmnjk sckc prcmhfhrê mujefc
T\CMH]JK KJLC\JK
jeth ue jmtc fh fnsmrngnejmnýe fnihrheth j
jquhk thefrê quh shr hk prcpnc trjljbjfcr
qunhe fhlhrê jmmncejr pjrj tuthkjr sus fhrh-
m`cs, sjkvc quh sh trjth fh kjs rhakjs hsph-
mnjkhs mcethenfjs he hk Mýfnac Trcmhsjk Mnvnk.
YN. ]XBHVC] ZXH MXHEVJE MCE KJ KHAN󰀧
VNGNFJF H]THMNJK
Hk jrtçmukc >.: fh kj Euhvj Khy Trcmhsjk fhk
Vrjljbc `jmh ghemnýe fh qunhehs muhetje
mce khantngjmnýe hsphmnjk.
He hsth mjsc nefnmj quh puhfhe icrgukjr
prhthesnýe, jfhgês fh kcs jihmtjfcs fnrhm-
tcs, uej crajenzjmnýe snefnmjk, uej jscmnj-
mnýe c nestntumnýe sne inehs fh kumrc fhfnmjfj
j kj prcthmmnýe fh fhrhm`cs iuefjghetjkhs
iuefjghetjkhs
mce sckvhemnj pjrj jircetjr kj fhihesj j mrn-
thrnc fhk buhz, kj Fhihescrçj fhk Tuhlkc c hk
He hk prnghr mjsc, fhlh fhbjrsh he mkjrc quh
ec hs quh hk jihmtjfc fhlh phrthehmhr j
ue snefnmjtc pjrj quh hsth puhfj jmmncejr
qunhr crajenzjmnýe snefnmjk puhfh nethrvhenr
y rhprhshetjr jk trjljbjfcr jihmtjfc. ^ hkkc hs
kýanmc, puhs sn hk snefnmjtc fhihefnhrj sckc j
sus jinknjfcs hs guy prcljlkh quh ec hsth-
gcs jeth
gum`c kj rhjknzjmnýe
ghecs neijetnk. fh trjljbc icrzcsc y
Jeth hkkcs sh fhlh fhbjr he mkjrc quh hk
`hm`c fh quh he hk hstjtutc fhk snefnmjtc
ec hxnstj jkauej mkêusukj rhihrnfj j kj khantn-
gjmnýe hsphmnjk, ec supceh quh pcr hstc hk
snefnmjtc sh vj j vhr ngpcsnlnkntjfc fh jmmnc-
jmmnc -
ejr bufnmnjkgheth he vnrtuf fh kj khantngj-
mnýe hsphmnjk, puhs hsth fhrhm`c ijmuktjf
sh jfqunhrh ec pcr kc fnspuhstc he hk nes-
trughetc prnvjfc, snec pcr kc hstjlkhmnfc
he kj Khy E² <>6>1, he mceshmuhemnj, ejfj
pcfrçj ngphfnrkh j ue snefnmjtc quh rhmu-
rrj j kj khantngjmnýe hsphmnjk jkhajefc pjrj
 sh prcfuzmj ue jmtc fh fnsmrngnejmnýe he
hk jmmhsc jk hgpkhc, snhefc quh sn hstjgcs
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :==-:6>
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :6=
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
He hk shauefc mjsc, sh `jmh rhihrhemnj j
kjs jscmnjmncehs c nestntumncehs sne inehs fh
kumrc fhfnmjfjs j kj prcthmmnýe fh fhrhm`cs
iuefjghetjkhs? sne hgljrac, ec sckc ljstj
quh shje tjkhs, snec, jfhgês quh j mrnthrnc
fhk buhz muhethe mce sckvhemnj pjrj jircetjr
ji rcetjr
kj fhihesj. Kj ecrgj rhinhrh j kjs Crajenzj-
mncehs Ec Aulhrejghetjkhs (CEA), quh tnh-
ehe pcr inejknfjf kj fhihesj fh kcs fhrhm`cs
iuefjghetjkhs, pcr kc tjetc, jquhkkjs quh ec
theaje hsh ine ec pcfrçje jsugnr en trjgntjr
kjs mjusjs. Kc quh ecs kkjgj kj jthemnýe hs
quh sh hxnbj quh hstjs phrscejs burçfnmjs the-
aje sckvhemnj pjrj jircetjr hk prcmhsc. Jquç
mjlh prhmnsjr quh kj ecrgj ec `jmh ghe-
mnýe en sh fhineh quî tnpc fh sckvhemnj hs
kj hxnanfj, hgphrc hstngjgcs quh sh trjtj
fh uejjuequh
gnmj, fh mjrêmthr prnemnpjkgheth
ngpkçmntjgheth hmceý-
tjglnîe uej
fh mjrêmthr gcrjk y jfhgês mrhhgcs quh kj
prhsheth ecrgj ec fhlhrçj thehr tjk hxnahe-
mnj, yj quh fhlhrçj prngjr kj arjtunfjf fhk
prcmhsc pcr kj ejturjkhzj fh kj mjusj.
Kc pjrtnmukjr fh hstc hs quh sh fhbj he
gjecs fhk buhz kj fhthrgnejmnýe fh sn kjs
jscmnjmncehs c nestntumncehs sne inehs fh
kumrc fhfnmjfjs j kj prcthmmnýe fh fhrh-
m`cs iuefjghetjkhs muhetje mce kj sckvhe-
mnj ehmhsjrnj pjrj jircetjr kj mjusj.
He hk mjsc fh kj Fhihescrçj fhk Tuhlkc,
shaòe hk jrtçmukc : fh su khy craêenmj, kh
mcrrhspcefh fhihefhr kcs fhrhm`cs mces-
tntumncejkhs y iuefjghetjkhs fh kj phrscej
y fh kj mcguenfjf, y suphrvnsjr hk mugpkn-
gnhetc fh kcs fhlhrhs fh kj jfgnenstrj-
mnýe pòlknmj y kj prhstjmnýe fh kcs shrvnmncs
pòlknmcs. Hetcemhs kj Fhihescrçj fhk Tuhlkc
pcfrê nethrvhenr mujefc vhrninquh kj rhjknzj-
mnýe fh trjljbc icrzcsc y trjljbc neijetnk nkh-
ajk, ec sckc pjrj irhejr hk jlusc, snec pjrj
nethrpcehr kjs jmmncehs jfgnenstrjtnvjs y
 bufnmnjkhs phrtneheths
phrtneheths,, hsphmçinmjgheth
hsphmçinmjgheth pjrj
nenmnjr hk prcmhsc kjlcrjk pjrj quh sh rhnvne-
hkkc quh fnm`j crajenzjmnýe arhgnjk mjrhmh
fh ijmuktjfhs hstjtutjrnjs.
y pjrj quh sh mugpkje mce kjs clknajmncehs
kjlcrjkhs hstjlkhmnfjs pcr khy.
Inejkgheth, kj khantngnfjf hsphmnjk fhk Gnens-
Inejkgheth,
thrnc Tòlknmc, Gcethrc (:>>6) hgpkhj mcgc
pjrêghtrc kj jtrnlumnýe fh khantngnfjf jk
Gnensthrnc Tòlknmc, puhs tjk y mcgc kc shújkj
hk jrtçmukc : fh su Khy Craêenmj, jprcljfj
pcr hk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E² 48<2
  (…) quh hs ue crajensgc jutýecgc
fhk Hstjfc quh tnheh mcgc iuemncehs
prnemnpjkhs kj fhihesj fh kj khajknfjf,
kcs fhrhm`cs mnufjfjecs y kcs nethrhshs
pòlknmcs, kj rhprhshetjmnýe fh kj scmnh-
fjf he bunmnc, pjrj kcs hihmtcs fh fhihe-
fhr j kj ijgnknj, j kcs ghecrhs h nemj-
pjmhs y hk nethrîs scmnjk, jsç mcgc pjrj
vhkjr pcr kj gcrjk pòlknmj, kj phrshmu-
mnýe fhk fhkntc y kj rhpjrjmnýe mnvnk (…).
 Vjglnîe fhlh vhkjr pcr kj prhvhemnýe fhk
fhkntc fhetrc kjs kngntjmncehs quh rhsukthe
fh kj prhsheth khy y pcr kj nefhphefhemnj
fh kcs ýrajecs bufnmnjkhs y kj rhmtj jfgnens-
trjmnýe fh bustnmnj y kjs fhgês quh shújkje
euhstrj Mcestntumnýe Tckçtnmj y hk crfhej-
gnhetc burçfnmc fh kj ejmnýe.
He hsth shetnfc mjlh prhmnsjr quh kj kjlcr
fhk Gnensthrnc Tòlknmc ec sh kngntjrê sckc j
icrgukjr kj prhthesnýe he hk prcmhsc kjlcrjk,
snec tjglnîe j nenmnjr kjs jmmncehs phejkhs
mcrrhspcefnheths mcetrj qunhehs rhsukthe
rhspcesjlkhs pcr kj rhjknzjmnýe fhk trjljbc
icrzcsc c neijetnk y tcfcs jquhkkcs jmtcs tnpn-
inmjfcs mcgc fhkntcs.
YNN.. KJ F HIHE ]J FH
YNN F H KC] FH\H M@C]
MCKHMVNYC] 󰀧 J\VÇMXKC >.< FH KJ
EKTV
Kcs nethrhshs mckhmtnvcs sh mjrjmthrnzje pcr
shr jtrnlunlkhs j uej shrnh fh phrscejs, gês
c ghecs eughrcsjs, quh hstêe c puhfhe
hstjr fhthrgnejfjs hetrh kjs quh hxnsth ue
 fnquhe kcs fhrhm`cs kjlcrjkhs gjktrjtjfcs
:66  pp. :==-:6> • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
rhaukjfcs he hk eughrjk >.< fh kj Euhvj Khy
Trcmhsjk fhk Vrjljbc.
He kc quh jtjúh j kj mcgpjrh-
mhemnj fh kcs snefnmjtcs, hstcs
 thefrçje,
 thef rçje, jfhgê
jfhgêss fh rhprhshe-
tjmnýe khajk fh sus fnrnaheths y
jinknjfcs, khantngnfjf pjrj clrjr
rhsphmtc fh mujkqunhr vukehrj-
mnýe fh hsth fhrhm`c .
Mjlh `jmhr kj prhmnsnýe fh quh kcs fhrhm`cs
j kj knlhrtjf snefnmjk sce fhrhm`cs quh puh-
fhe thehr uej ijsh mckhmtnvj y ctrj nefnvn-
fujk? sne hgljrac, mcemcrfjefc kc shújkjfc
mce hk jrtçmukc 0 fh kj Euhvj Khy Trcmhsjk
Trcmhsjk fhk
 Vrjljbc, he kc quh jtjúh j kj mcgpjrhmhe-
mnj fh kcs snefnmjtcs, hstcs thefrçje, jfhgês
fh rhprhshetjmnýe khajk fh sus fnrnaheths y
jinknjfcs, khantngnfjf pjrj clrjr rhsphmtc
fh mujkqunhr vukehrjmnýe fh hsth fhrhm`c.
J gjycr jluefjgnhetc hk jrtçmukc 0.< fh kj
EKTV, hstjlkhmh quh2 ‛kcs snefnmjcs puhfhe
mcgpjrhmhr jk prcmhsc kjlcrjk he mjusj prc-
pnj, he fhihesj fh kcs fhrhm`cs mckhmtnvcs
y he fhihesj fh sus fnrnaheths y jinknjfcs‗.
jinknjfcs‗.
Hbhgpkc  fh hkkc thehgcs hk fhrhm`c j kj
`uhkaj, hk mujk hs ue fhrhm`c nefnvnfujk fh
hbhrmnmnc mckhmtnvc, pcr kc quh sh kh ctcraj
khantngjmnýe hsphmnjk jk snefnmjtc, hk fhrhm`c
j kj ehacmnjmnýe mckhmtnvj, quh sh hemuhetrj
fnrhmtjgheth knajfc jk fhrhm`c fh kcs sne-
fnmjtcs j icrgukjr fnvhrsjs phtnmncehs j kcs
hgpkhjfcrhs sne clstêmukcs (Ehvhs, <4:9, p.
>:), pcr kc quh su tntukjrnfjf fh mjfj uej fh
hkkjs shrçj mckhmtnvj.
vçemukc burçfnmc. Hs hk mjsc fh kcs supuhstcs
T\CMH]JK KJLC\JK
Jsngnsgc, kj shaurnfjf y sjkuf he hk trjlj-
fcr hs ue fhrhm`c quh ejmh mcgc mcesh-
muhemnj fhk fhrhm`c j kj netharnfjf içsnmj,
vnfj y sjkuf quh tnheh mjfj uec fh kcs
trjljbjfcrhs, pcr kc quh su tntukjrnfjf hs
nefnvnfujk.
He tcfcs kcs mjscs shújkjfcs tnheh khantn-
gnfjf pjrj clrjr jmtnvj hk snefnmjtc, kcs
rhprhshetjeths fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs c mujk-
qunhr trjljbjfcr c prhstjfcr fh shrvnmncs
fhk êglntc. Eýthsh quh hsth òktngc puetc
rhsuktj shr hk gês ecvhfcsc, ‛yj quh mujk-
qunhr trjljbjfcr c prhstjfcr fh shrvnmncs fhk
êglntc tjglnîe sh hemuhetrj khantngjfc
pjrj icrgukjr uej prhthesnýe he fhihesj
fh kcs fhrhm`cs mckhmtnvcs (kj gnsgj quh
icrgukjrnj hk snefnmjtc,
òenmj prhthesnýe)‗ (Xajzjky ]cktju,
trjtjrsh<4:4,
fh uej
pp.
==0-=64), pufnhefc ahehrjr mceshmuhemnjs
fnrhmtjs he kcs hihmtcs fh kj mcsj buzajfj, fh
gcfc quh, mce hstj rhaukjmnýe, pcr prnghrj
vhz he hk pjçs sh rhaukj kj pcsnlnknfjf fh
pkjethjr prhthesncehs y/c fhihesjs fh mujk-
qunhr fhrhm`c quh mcrrhspcefj j ue arupc
c mjthacrçj fh prhstjmnýe. ]ne hgljrac, su
rhjk fnghesnýe sh pcfrê fhthrgnejr mce kcs
knehjgnhetcs quh euhstrj burnsprufhemnj
fhsjrrckkh, fhlnfc j quh j kj ihm`j ec `hgcs
vnstc quh hsth tnpc fh jmtujmnýe sh prhsheth.
He hihmtc, hsth tnpc fh khantngjmnýe prcmhsjk
lusmj tuthkjr kcs fhrhm`cs mckhmtnvcs, fniu-
scs y kcs quh kj fcmtrnej `j fhecgnejfc
mcgc fhrhm`cs nefnvnfujkhs `cgcaîehcs,
mcemhptcs quh `je snfc fhsjrrckkjfcs pcr
euhstrc Vrnluejk Mcestntumncejk he kj she-
themnj rhmjçfj he hk Hxphfnheth E² 46010
” <440-TJ/VM:=.
  Kcs fhrhm`cs fniuscs.-   ]ce jquhkkcs
quh sh mjrjmthrnzje pcrquh mcrrhs-
pcefhe j uej shrnh fh phrscejs quh
 := Yhr jk rhsphmtc kj ]VM E´ 46010-<440-T
46010-<440-TJ/VM,
J/VM, pulknmjfj mce ihm`j <4 fh gjrzc fhk <44>.
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :==-:6>
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :68
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
sh hemuhetrje jlsckutjgheth nefh-
thrgnejfjs, ec hxnstnhefc hetrh hkkjs
vçemukc burçfnmc jkauec. He euhstrc
Fhrhm`c Kjlcrjk ec hxnsth jkaòe fhrh-
m`c quh puhfj shr mkjsninmjfc mcgc
tjk, puhs snhgprh sh trjtj fh fhrh-
m`cs, pcr kc ghecs, muyj tntukjrnfjf hs
fhthrgnejlkh.
  Kcs fhrhm`cs mckhmtnvcs.- ]ce kcs fhrh-
m`cs quh mcrrhspcefhe j uej shrnh fh
phrscejs, gês c ghecs eughrcsj, quh
hstêe c puhfhe hstjr fhthrgnejfjs. He
euhstrc Fhrhm`c Kjlcrjk hemcetrjgcs
mkjrcs hbhgpkcs mcgc hk fhrhm`c j kj
knlhrtjf snefnmjk he su ijsh mckhmtnvj.
  Kcs fhrhm`cs nefnvnfujkhs `cgcaîehcs.- 
]ce hethefnfcs mcgc hk mcebuetc fh
fhrhm`cs sulbhtnvcs nefnvnfujkhs uenfcs
pcr ue crnahe mcgòe fh kcs quh shje
tntukjrhs kcs gnhglrcs fh ue arupc fh
phrscejs. Jsç, pcr hbhgpkc, fh jmuhrfc
mce kjs fhinenmncehs prhmnsjfjs, jquç
pcfrçjgcs nemkunr jk fhrhm`c fh `uhkaj
y jk fhrhm`c j kj shaurnfjf scmnjk.
YNNN. KC] FH\HM@C] NEFNYNFXJKH]
@CGCAÎEHC] FHK J\VÇMXKC >.<
FH KJ EKTV ^ ]X YNEMXKJMNÝE MCE
HK J\VÇMXKC :0
Kcs fhrhm`cs nefnvnfujkhs `cgcaîehcs
(Anfn, <446) ‛sce kcs gnsgcs fhrhm`cs nefnvn-
fujkhs quh trjfnmncejkgheth `je snfc mcec-
mnfcs mcgc fhrhm`cs sulbhtnvcs‗ (p. 9:). Hs
fhmnr, sce kcs fhrhm`cs sulbhtnvcs quh trj-
fnmncejkgheth mcecmhgcs, phrc quh tnh-
ehe ue trjtjgnhetc mckhmtnvc he rjzýe fh
ue crnahe mcgòe. Tcr hkkc, sh fnmh quh sh
trjtj fh uej jlstrjmmnýe mrhjfj pcr mnhetçin-
mcs khajkhs heicmjfj he kjs ehmhsnfjfhs fh
uej scmnhfjf fh gjsjs (Anfn, <446, p. 9:).
Mcgc sh jprhmnj kj òenmj fnihrhemnj hstê
gnsgj EKTV, tjglnîe hstjgcs irheth j fhrh-
m`cs sulbhtnvcs nefnvnfujkhs, sckc quh he
hsh mjsc kj pcsnlnknfjf fh kkhvjr j ue sckc
prcmhsc vjrncs mjscs fh vukehrjmnýe fh kcs
fhrhm`cs quh sh shújkje he fnm`c jrtçmukc
vhefrê he rjzýe fh kj mcehxnfjf hetrh kjs
prhthesncehs.
He hstrnmtc, hethefhgcs quh sn hxnsth mceh-
xnfjf hetrh prhthesncehs hstj sh puhfh fjr,
prhmnsjgheth, pcrquh hstjs prhthesncehs
tnhehe ue crnahe mcgòe. Hs fhmnr, sh trjtjrê
hxjmtjgheth fh kj gnsgj fhinenmnýe quh
sh kh fj j kj mjthacrçj fhecgnejfj mcgc
fhrhm`cs nefnvnfujkhs `cgcaîehcs. Tcr
tjetc, kj pcsnlnknfjf fh kkhvjr tcfc j ue sckc
prcmhsc pjrj hvntjr shethemnjs mcetrjfnm-
tcrnjs ec hstê
rhjknfjf, hs kjhefnihrhemnj. Kj fnihrhemnj,
kj pcsnlnknfjf fh quh j uehe
sckc subhtc jihmtjfc sh kh ctcrauh khantngn-
fjf pjrj clrjr he tuthkj fh kcs fhrhm`cs fh
tcfcs kcs subhtcs jihmtjfcs.
Kcs fhrhm`cs nefnvnfujkhs
`cgcaîehcs sce kcs fhrhm`cs
sulbhtnvcs quh trjfnmncejkgheth
mcecmhgcs, phrc quh tnhehe
ue trjtjgnhetc mckhmtnvc  he
rjzýe fh ue crnahe mcgòe .
J`crj lnhe, hethefhgcs quh tcfcs kcs
mjscs fhk jrtçmukc >.< fh kj euhvj prcmh-
sjk fh trjljbc, he quh hsthgcs irheth j kj
mjthacrçj fh fhrhm`cs nefnvnfujkhs `cgc-
aîehcs hxnstnrê uej ehmhsjrnj vnemukjmnýe
mce hk Vrjljbc.
sjk fhk jrtçmukcKc
:0mcesnfhrjgcs
fh kj Euhvj Khy Trcmh-
jsç pcrquh
 he kj phrsphmtnvj prcmhsjk fhsfh kj quh sh
kcs rhaukj. He hk mjsc fhk jrtçmukc >.: fh kj
:69  pp. :==-:6> • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
arje gjycrçj fh kjs sntujmncehs, hstcs fhrh-
m`cs sce kcs quh sh fhrnvje fh uej fhec-
gnejfj jmmnýe mckhmtnvj pcr fjúcs nefn-
vnfujkhs (mkjss jmtnces icr fjgjahs ) (Anfn,
<446, p. 9:).
Jsngnsgc kj fhinenmnýe fh kcs fhrhm`cs nefn-
vnfujkhs `cgcaîehcs `j snfc hgpkhjfj
pcr euhstrc Vrnluejk Mcestntumncejk, hk mujk
`j shújkjfc he shethemnj rhmjçfj he hk
Hxphfnheth E² 46010-<440-TJ/VM, mntjefc
j Ihrrhr (<44=, p. :<) quh2
- ‛Kcs fhrhm`cs nefnvnfujkhs `cgcaî-
ehcs sh fnstneauhe fh kcs nethrhshs
suprjnefnvujkhs (fniuscs y mckhmtnvcs),
he quh jquhkkcs sce jutîetnmcs fhrh-
m`cs nefnvnfujkhs, prnvjtnvcs h nefns-
pcenlkhs pcr thrmhrcs, phrc quh puh-
fhe hxnstnr he eòghrc pkurjk y thehr
ue crnahe ijmtnmc mcgòe y ue mceth-
enfc sustjetnvc `cgcaîehc.
- Kj tuthkj mckhmtnvj fh kcs fhrhm`cs
hshemnjkgheth nefnvnfujkhs fhsmjesj
he fcs ectjs lêsnmjs2 j) ]u `cgc-
ahehnfjf jk thehr crnahe mcgòe, hs
fhmnr, jk prcfumnrsh fh uej gnsgj
iuheth c mjusj? y l) ]u fnvnsnlnknfjf,
jk rhprhshetjr he rhjknfjf fhrhm`cs
phrscejkhs quh puhfhe hbhrmhrsh fh
gjehrj nefnvnfujk, phrc hxnsth kj pcsn-
lnknfjf y mcevhenhemnj fh kj jmmnýe
mckhmtnvj, thenhefc rhsuktjfcs fhs-
naujkhs pjrj mjfj pjrtnmnpjeth‗
pjr tnmnpjeth‗..
Hsth òktngc supuhstc shújkj mce gjycr
fhtjkkh kc hstjlkhmnfc he hk jrtçmukc :0 fh kj
Euhvj Khy Trcmhsjk fhk Vrjljbc, quh rhaukj
ue supuhstc hsphmçinmc fh tuthkj fh fhrh-
m`cs nefnvnfujkhs `cgcaîehcs.
Hk jrtçmukc :0 fh kj EKTV hstjlkhmh he su nen-
mnc quh mujefc uej shethemnj fhmkjrh kj
hxnsthemnj fh jihmtjmnýe fh ue fhrhm`c, mce
mcethenfc pjtrngcenjk, quh mcrrhspcefh
kcs fhrhm`cs nefnvnfujkhs `cgcaîehcs sce
fnvnsnlkhs y prnemnpjkgheth pcrquh, he kj
T\CMH]JK KJLC\JK
shrvnmncs, mjfj uec fh kcs nefnvnfujkgheth
jihmtjfcs puhfh nenmnjr, sclrh kj ljsh fh
hstj shethemnj, prcmhscs nefnvnfujkhs fh
knqunfjmnýe fhk fhrhm`c rhmcecmnfc.
He mceshmuhemnj, kc quh hethefhgcs hs
quh he hk mjsc fhk jrtçmukc >.< kcs fhrhm`cs
shrêe nefnvnfujkhs `cgcaîehcs sn sce
fhrhm`cs pjtrngcenjkhs fh ue trjljbjfcr c
prhstjfcr fh shrvnmnc quh sh fhrnvje fh kj
jihmtjmnýe fh jkauec fh kcs fhrhm`cs ghe-
mncejfcs he hk jrtçmukc >.< fh kj EKTV (knlhr-
tjf snefnmjk, ehacmnjmnýe mckhmtnvj, `uhkaj,
sjkuf y shaurnfjf he hk trjljbc), c mcgc kc
fnmh hsh jrtçmukc, sh fhrnvhe he ahehrjk fh
kj jihmtjmnýe fh ue fhrhm`c fh ue arupc c
mjthacrçj.
He hscs mjscs, hk snefnmjtc, ue rhprhshetjeth
fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs c mujkqunhr trjljbjfcr
fhk arupc c mjthacrçj puhfhe fhgjefjr he
fhihesj fh tcfcs. J hstc sh rhinhrh kj phrs-
phmtnvj mckhmtnvj quh sh kh `j ctcrajfc he
hsth jrtçmukc fh kj EKTV jk prcmhsc kjlcrjk,
juequh hstj phrsphmtnvj hs mrntnmjfj pcrquh
sh puhfh mcesnfhrjr ue rnhsac quh ue sckc
gnhglrc fhk arupc sh jrrcauh kj fhihesj
fh tcfcs. Vjglnîe
Vjglnîe hs vhrfjf quh kj ngpcr-
tjemnj fh hsth jeêknsns rhikhbj quh kj khantn-
gnfjf pjrj clrjr he kcs prcmhscs mckhmtn-
vcs
quh jfqunhrh shetnfc
fhlh thehr mce hkmce kj snsthgjtnmnfjf
nestntutc fh kj mcsj
 buzajfj.
He mcemkusnýe, hethefhgcs kj vnemukjmnýe
fhk jrtçmukc >.< mce hk :0 fh kj EKTV, òenmj-
gheth rhkjmncejfj mce kcs mjscs fh fhrh-
m`cs nefnvnfujkhs `cgcaîehcs. Hs fhmnr,
supuhstcs he kcs quh ue sckc gnhglrc fhk
arupc c êglntc tnheh khantngnfjf pjrj nen-
mnjr ue prcmhsc quh theaj pcr clbhtc kj
tuthkj fh fhrhm`cs sulbhtnvcs nefnvnfuj-
khs fh tcfcs kcs gnhglrcs fh su arupc c
êglntc mce mcethenfc hmceýgnmc y fhrn-
vjfcs fh uej jihmtjmnýe mcgòe, phrc òen-
 j ue arupc c mjthacrçj fh prhstjfcrhs fh
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :==-:6>
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :61
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
fhmkjrjtnvj fhk fhrhm`c pjtrngcenjk fhk
arupc c êglntc.
MCEMKX]NCEH]
  Mcemkungcs euhstrj nevhstnajmnýe
fnmnhefc quh kj naujkfjf sh mceinaurj
mcgc ue fhrhm`c iuefjghetjk fh kj
phrscej j ec suirnr fnsmrngnejmnýe pcr
eneaòe gctnvc, j ec shr trjtjfj fh
gjehrj fnstnetj fh qunhehs tnhehe uej
gnsgj mcefnmnýe, sjkvc quh hxnstj uej
 bustninmjmnýe
 bustnin mjmnýe clbhtnvj y rjzcejlkh pjrj
hsj fnihrhemnj fh trjtc. Kj fnsmrngnej-
mnýe he gjthrnj kjlcrjk jpjrhmh mujefc
sh jihmtj jk trjljbjfcr he sus mjrjmthrçs-
m jrjmthrçs-
tnmjs neejtjs mcgc shr `ugjec.
  Kc ecvhfcsc quh trjh mcesnac kj Euhvj
Khy Trcmhsjk fhk Vrjljbc hs kj rhaukjmnýe
fh kj khantngjmnýe prcmhsjk hsphmnjk pjrj
mcgpjrhmhr jk prcmhsc kjlcrjk. Mcesnfh-
rjgcs quh rhsuktj shr fh sugj ngpcr-
tjemnj su rhaukjmnýe, pcr kj urahemnj, kj
arjvh jihmtjmnýe, kj nefhihesnýe fh kj
phrscejs jihmtjfjs y hk ngpjmtc quh
pufnhrj thehr sclrh jkaòe mckhmtnvc.
]h fhbj fh kjfc hk mcemhptc hstrnmtc fh
kj khantngnfjf pjrj clrjr pjrj phrgntnr
quh sh jmmnceh he ecglrh fh kj phr-
scej c arupc fh phrscejs quh sce vçm-
tngjs fh kj vukehrjmnýe gjeninhstj fh
sus fhrhm`cs.
  \hsuktj fh shr fh sugj ngpcrtjem
ngpcrtjemnj
nj
hstj rhaukjmnýe fh kj khantngnfjf hsph-
mnjk, pcr hk `hm`c fh quh kj ecrgj prc-
mhsjk `j hethefnfc inejkgheth quh ec
tcfcs kcs fhgjefjeths tnhehe kj gnsgj
ijmnknfjf pjrj jmmhfhr j kj bustnmnj he
jrjs fh kj rhmkjgjmnýe fh sus fhrh-
m`cs, thenhefc he muhetj quh hxnsth ue
ngpcrtjeth shmtcr fh kj pclkjmnýe pjrj
kj mujk hs mjsn ngpcsnlkh rhmurrnr j uej
mjgheth pufnhefc kcarjr uej shethemnj
jshscrçj khajk y, gum`c ghecs, nenmnjr
ue prcmhsc pjrj fhihefhr sus nethrhshs.
  Kj khantngjmnýe prcmhsjk hsphmnjk quh
rhaukj hk jrtçmukc > fh kj Euhvj Khy Trc-
mhsjk fhk Vrjljbc, jk mcjfyuvjr j kj prc-
thmmnýe fh fhrhm`cs mckhmtnvcs, tnheh
pcr inejknfjf hrrjfnmjr mujkqunhr ljrrhrj
icrgjk quh ec phrgntj ajrjetnzjr c shj
ue clstêmukc pjrj ajrjetnzjr kj prcthm-
mnýe fh kcs fhrhm`cs mckhmtnvcs, he mce-
m ce-
shmuhemnj, rhsuktj shr pcsntnvj kj rhaukj-
mnýe fh kj khantngnfjf hsphmnjk, puhstc
quh fhlnfc j hkkc sh pcfrêe tuthkjr fh
uej ghbcr gjehrj kcs fhrhm`cs sustje-
tnvcs kjlcrjkhs fh kjs phrscejs.
  Kj khantngjmnýe
rhaukj hk jrtçmukcprcmhsjk hsphmnjk,
> fh kj Euhvj quh
Khy Trc-
mhsjk Hsphmnjk, ejmh mcgc ue nestntutc
quh rhsaujrfj hk `hm`c fh quh kjs pjr-
ths fh kj rhkjmnýe gjthrnjk ec snhgprh
mcnemnfhe mce kjs pjrths fh kj rhkjmnýe
prcmhsjk, yj shj mcgc fhgjefjeth
(pjrth jmtnvj) c mcgc fhgjefjfc
(pjsnvj). He hsh shetnfc, sh puhfh mce-
snfhrjr quh kj khantngjmnýe prcmhsjk hs
uej pcsnmnýe `jlnkntjeth pjrj icrgu-
kjr uej prhthesnýe mcetrj jkaunhe quh
rjfnquh ehmhsjrnjgheth he kj jinrgj-
mnýe fh kj tntukjrnfjf fhk fhrhm`c sul-
 bhtnvc gjthrnjk y he kj ngputjmnýe fh kj
clknajmnýe.
\HIH\HEMNJ] LNLKNCA\ÊINMJ]
Jvjkcs Bjrj, C. (<4:4). Trhmhfheths fh clshrvjemnj clkn-
ajtcrnc y vnemukjeths he gjthrnj kjlcrjk. Jeêknsns,
mcghetjrncs y mrntnmj j kj burnsprufhemnj fh kj mcrth
mcr th
]uprhgj fh Bustnmnj fh kj \hpulknmj y fhk Vrnluejk
Mcestntumncejk. Kngj2 Burnstjs Hfntcrhs.
Mcuturh, H. (:>6<). Iuefjghetcs fhk Fhrhm`c Trcmhsjk
Mnvnk. Luhecs Jnrhs2 Jenmhtc Kýphz Hfntcr.
 :60  pp. :==-:6> • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
Fhvns Hm`jefçj, @. (<44<). Vhcrçj ahehrjk fhk prcmhsc.
mjlkh j tcfj mkjsh fh prcmhscs.  (=ª hfnmnýe).
 Jpknmjlkh
 Jpkn
Luhecs Jnrhs2 Hfntcrnjk Xenvhrsnfjf.
Ihrrhr Gjm-Arhacr,
Gjm-Arhacr, H. (<44=). Bunmnc fh jgpjrc h nethrîs
khaçtngc2 kj tuthkj fh kcs fhrhm`cs fniuscs y mckhmtn-
vcs. Gîxnmc F.I.2 Tcrròj.
Anfn, J. (<446). Kjs Jmmncehs Mckhmtnvjs y kj tuthkj fh kcs
fhrhm`cs fniuscs, mckhmtnvcs h nefnvnfujkhs he Lrj-
snk. Gîxnmc2 Nestntutc fh Nevhstnajmncehs Burçfn-
mjs, XEJG.
Gcercy Aêkvhz, B. (<4:4). Gjeujk fh kj Khy prcmhsjk fhk
Vrjljbc. Kngj2 Ajmhtj Burçfnmj.
T\CMH]JK KJLC\JK
Gcethrc Jrcmj, B. (:>>6). Kj khantngjmnýe he hk Mýfnac
Trcmhsjk Mnvnk fhk Thrò. Nux ht prjxns (<6), :- <1.
Ehvhs Gubnmj, B. (<4:9). Fhrhm`c Mckhmtnvc fh Vrjljbc.
Kngj2 Tjkhstrj.
Xajztngjmnýe
Cknvjrhz, G.
fh ykjs]cktju ]jkjzjr, ]. (<4:4).
crajenzjmncehs Kj khan-
snefnmjkhs he
hk gjrmc fh kj Euhvj Khy Trcmhsjk fhk Vrjljbc.
He \htcs fhk Fhrhm`c fhk Vrjljbc phrujec2 Euhvc
 prcmhsc kjlcrjk, rhaçghehs hsphmnjkhs
hsphmnjk hs y shaurnfjf
 y sjkuf he hk trjljbc. NY Mcearhsc Ejmncej
Ejmncejkk fh kj
]cmhnfjf Thrujej fh Fhrhm`c fhk Vrjljbc y kj ]hau-
rnfjf ]cmnjk ” ]TFV]], Muzmc.
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :==-:6>
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :6>
 

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH] TJ\J HK

]HMVC\ T\NYJFC

Kj ohecsns  phrujej
 phrujej puhstj he hvnfhemnj
pcr hk MCYNF-:> 
Khcpckfc AJGJ\\J YÇKM@HR*

Kj pjefhgnj fhk mcrcejvnrus `j puhstc he hvnfhemnj kj prciuefj mrnsns hmceýgnmj y scmnjk fhk
Thrò, j hsth `hm`c kh kkjgjgcs ohecsns. He hsth jrtçmukc hxjgnejgcs hk irjmjsc fh kjs pckçtnmjs
ehcknlhrjkhs he euhstrc pjçs? kuhac, j gjehrj fh mcgpjrjmnýe, trjtjgcs kjs ghfnfjs tcgjfjs
pcr ctrcs pjçshs irheth jk MCYNF-:> y, pcr òktngc, mcghetjgcs mrçtnmjgheth kjs ghfnfjs quh sh
hstêe tcgjefc (kjs prhvhetnvjs) y ctrjs quh fhlhrçje tcgjrsh, kjs hstrumturjkhs. 

TJKJL\J] MKJYH2  Ohecsns / Mcrcejvnrus / Ehcknlhrjknsgc / pcr hk tnhgpc. Hsc hs prhmnsjgheth kc quh
Ngpuhstcs / ]haurc scmnjk.
ecs fhguhstrj
jmtujk2 fhstjpj yeuhstrjs
ecs hercstrj kj pjefhgnj
gnshrnjs, euhstrcs
\hmnlnfc 2  :4/49/<4<4
jtrjscs mcgc scmnhfjf y euhstrjs fhsnaujk-
Jprcljfc 2  :9/49/<4<4
fjfhs gês prciuefjs.

NEV\CFXMMNÝE Tcr hkkc, he hk prhsheth jrtçmukc lusmj-

He hstcs òktngcs ghshs tcfc `j mjglnjfc
he hk guefc, euhstrc pjçs ec hs jbhec j kj
gjycr pjefhgnj quh jihmtj j kj `ugjenfjf2
gnkhs fh phrscejs ec sh jtrhvhe j sjknr fh sus
mjsjs pcr hk thgcr j shr mcetjanjfcs pcr hk
mcrcejvnrus, ctrjs kc `jmhe mce gnhfc y ctrjs
pcr mugpknr kj khy fh ‛mujrhethej‗. Hstc ecs
clknaj j mjglnjr euhstrj icrgj fh phesjr,
trjljbjr, rhkjmncejrecs, mcesugnr, prcfumnr? he
sugj, hstj pjefhgnj ecs clknaj j rhphesjr
hk iuemncejgnhetc fh euhstrjs scmnhfjfhs.
He hsth jrtçmukc, utnknzjgcs hk tîrgnec ohec-
sns quh prcvnheh fhk arnhac ohecs y snaeninmj
fhspcbc, rheuemnj y pîrfnfj fh jtrnlutcs
gcs nefjajr y hxpknmjr kjs mjusjs fh euhs-
trj hxphrnhemnj kjstngcsj fh irjmjscs he kj
pckçtnmj hmceýgnmj y scmnjk fh kjs òktngjs
fîmjfjs. Kc `jmhgcs he trhs jpjrtjfcs2 hk
prnghrc, tnheh hk prcpýsntc fh hxjgnejr hk
irjmjsc fh gês fh trhnetj júcs fh jpknmj-
mnýe fh pckçtnmjs ehcknlhrjkhs he euhstrc
pjçs? he hk shauefc, j gjehrj fh mcgpjrj-
mnýe, trjtjgcs kjs ghfnfjs insmjkhs y kjlcrj-
khs tcgjfjs pcr ctrcs pjçshs irheth jk s`cmo
fhk MCYNF-:>. Inejkgheth, jejknzjgcs kjs
ghfnfjs prhvhetnvjs quh sh hstêe tcgjefc
he hk Thrò y jquhkkjs ckvnfjfjs rhnthrjfj-
gheth j kc kjrac fh euhstrj `nstcrnj, kjs
hstrumturjkhs.

* Trcihscr y mccrfnejfcr fh kj gjhstrçj he Fhrhm`c fhk Vrjljbc y fh kj ]haurnfjf ]cmnjk he kj Ijmuktjf fh Fhrhm`c y Mnhe-
mnj Tckçtnmj fh kj Xenvhrsnfjf Ejmncejk Gjycr fh ]je Gjrmcs, gnhglrc fhk Nestntutc Xenvhrsntjrnc fh Nevhstnajmnýe he Hstu-
 fncs Kjtnecjghrnmjecs (NHKJV) fh kj Xenvhrsnfjf Jkmjkê fh @hejrhs fh Hspjúj, jutcr fh vjrncs knlrcs y jrtçmukcs he thgjs
rhkjmncejfcs mce hk trjljbc y kj shaurnfjf scmnjk.
  Mcetjmtc2 khcpckfc.ajg
khcpckfc.ajgjrrjDhfu.uj`
jrrjDhfu.uj`.hs.
.hs.
:84  pp. :84-:90 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • B XENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
N. HK I\JMJ]C FH KJ] TCKÇVN MJ]
EHCKNLH\JKH]
Mce kj pjefhgnj kcs ehcknlhrjkhs: ec fhlhe
shetnrsh jgnkjejfcs irheth j kj gjaentuf fh
kcs prclkhgjs hmceýgnmcs y scmnjkhs quh
`je sjknfc j ikcth hstcs òktngcs ghshs y quh
prcljlkhgheth sh rhmrufhzmje he kcs prýxn-
gcs júcs, tjk mcgc vhrhgcs gês jfhkjeth.
He hsth mcethxtc, mcevnheh rhmcrfjr su prc-
puhstj (phesjgnhetc) sngpkh2 fhbjf quh kcs
ghrmjfcs y kj knlrh nenmnjtnvj sckumncehe kcs
prclkhgjs.
\hmcrfhgcs   tjglnîe  hxprhsncehs mcgc
kjs snaunheths, quh tuvnhrce tjetj neikuhemnj
fhsfh inehs fh kcs cm`hetj2 ‛(…), kj nethrvhe-
mnýe hstjtjk he hk Thrò hs hxmhsnvj y ecmnvj.
(…), he hk ghbcr fh kcs mjscs, mcgpknmj kj
vnfj fh tcfcs‗  (Fh ]ctc,:>0>, =:4)? ‛hk ghr-
mjfc (…) hgphzý pcmc j pcmc j rhvhkjr j kj
mcemnhemnj nfhckýanmj sus vnrtufhs pcthemnj-
khs2 su mjpjmnfjf pjrj hstngukjr kj hinmnhemnj
prcfumtnvj y kj rhspcesjlnknfjf nefnvnfujk
h, nemkusc, pjrj nefumnr uej ghbcr rhfnstrn-
lumnýe scmnjk fh kj rnquhzj‗ (Fh Jkt`jus,
:>><, 86). Hstj pcsnmnýe, mcgc eòmkhc jrau-
ghetjk, shaòe kj mujk hk Hstjfc fhlh kngn-
tjr su jmmnýe c shr ehutrjk fh kjs pckçtnmjs
gjmrchmceýgnmjs,, hstc hs, he kj jsnaejmnýe
gjmrchmceýgnmjs
fh rhmurscs quh fhthrgnehe hk ghrmjfc?
hs kc quh sh vnheh jpknmjefc `jmh gês fh
trhnetj júcs he euhstrc pjçs, mce fnihrheths
aclnhrecs (Iubngcrn, Ajrmçj, Vckhfc, @ugjkj
y Oumzyeson)<.
]h fnbc, he tcfcs kcs tcecs, quh ue sns-
thgj hmceýgnmc jsç ahehrjrçj rnquhzj y
kj sjtnsijmmnýe fh kjs ehmhsnfjfhs scmnj-
khs, sh jraughetý quh hk Hstjfc ahehrj
: Hk tîrgnec ehcknlhrjk hs ue ehckcansg
ehckcansgcc quh phrgnth fjr j mcecmhr uej euhvj htjpj fhk knlhrjknsgc mcgc hk prcmhsc fh
`hahgceçj nfhckýanmj y pckçtnmj he hk phesjgnhetc pckçtnmc mcethgpcrêehc? he tîrgnecs hmceýgnmcs, sh fhlh j quh
sus ghfnfjs sh jprcxngje j kcs prhohyehsnjecs c knlhrjkhs.
FCMV\NEJ KJLC\JK
ajstcs ngprcfumtnvcs y sh pkjethý rhtcr-
ejr jk Hstjfc ajrjeth fhk knlrh ghrmjfc, sh
jraughetý tjglnîe quh, he kj ghfnfj quh
hk Hstjfc sh `jaj j ue kjfc, iuemncejrê kj
hmcecgçj. Fh j`ç quh sh jinrgjlj jkharh
h nrrhspcesjlkhgheth quh tcfcs kcs nefnvn-
fucs tnhehe kjs gnsgjs cpcrtuenfjfhs y su
fhstnec fhphefhrçj fh sus prcpncs gîrntcs.
Nemkusc, sh kkhaý j prc`nlnr jk Hstjfc fh kj
ijmuktjf fh pkjeninmjr kj hmcecgçj y sckc sh
kh rhmcecmný hk pjphk fh crnhetjfcr, shaòe
hk jrtçmukc 80 fh kj jmtujk Mcestntumnýe
phrujej fh :>>=2 ‛(…) hk Hstjfc crnhetj hk
fhsjrrckkc fhk pjçs, y jmtòj prnemnpjkgheth
he kjs êrhjs fh prcgcmnýe fh hgpkhc, sjkuf,
hfumjmnýe, shaurnfjf, shrvnmncs pòlknmcs h
neirjhstrumturj‗.
Nehxpknmjlkh he ctrjs rhjknfjfhs quh `je
kcarjfc fhsjrrckkc hmceýgnmc y scmnjk,
mcgc hs hk mjsc fh Hspjúj quh he hk jrtçmukc
:=: fh su Mcestntumnýe rhmcecmh hxprhsj-
gheth quh ‛hk Hstjfc, ghfnjeth khy, pcfrê
pkjeninmjr kj jmtnvnfjf hmceýgnmj ahehrjk‗,
inbêefcsh mcgc clbhtnvc kj jthemnýe j ‛kjs
ehmhsnfjfhs mckhmtnvjs, hqunknlrjr y jrgcen-
zjr hk fhsjrrckkc rhancejk y shmtcrnjk y hstngu-
kjr hk mrhmngnhetc fh kj rhetj y fh kj rnquhzj y
su gês bustj fnstrnlumnýe‗.
fnstrnlumnýe‗. Mce hsth jrtçmukc,
sh rhmcecmhe
ejfjs kjs fhgjefjs
j sjtnsijmhr scmnjkhs
kjs hxnahemnjs fhstn-
fh neirjhs-
trumturj y hqunpjgnhetcs scmnjkhs.
:. Hk arjfc fh kj mrnsns quh hk mcrcejvnrus
pceh he hvnfhemnj
Mcgc sjlhgcs, kj pjefhgnj `j jlnhrtc
hk thkýe y pcfhgcs vhr hk arjfc fh kj mrn-
sns scmnjk. Ljstj mce uej lrhvh gnrjfj j kjs
 < Trhsnfheths quh sh hemuhetrje prcmhsjfcs pcr mcrrupmnýe y ctrcs fhkntcs2 hk prnghrc, prhsc? hk shauefc, sh sunmnfý pcr
thgcr j shr fhthenfc? hk thrmhrc, mce prcmhsc fh hxtrjfnmnýe fh kcs HH. XX.? hk mujrtc, he bunmnc? y, hk òktngc, mce fhthemnýe
fcgnmnknjrnj.

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :84-:90

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :8:
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

mnirjs fh pclrhzj, hfumjmnýe, trjljbc y sjkuf mce hk `hm`c fh quh sce sclrh tcfc kcs
pjrj fjrecs muhetj fh euhstrc jtrjsc mcgc gês pclrhs kcs quh `jmhe usc fhk ]N].
scmnhfjf. He kçehjs ahehrjkhs=2
  \hkjmnýe hetrh kj neicrgjknfjf (y kj
  Hk <4.8 % fh kj pclkjmnýe hs pclrh he pclrhzj) y kj jinknjmnýe jk ]]]2 he kcs
tîrgnecs gcehtjrncs, fh kj mujk 6<.: % fhpjrtjghetcs mce tjsj fh hgpkhc
hs rurjk y :6.6 % urljej. neicrgjk gês jktj, ue ghecr pcrmhe-
tjbh fh su pclkjmnýe hstê jinknjfj jk ]]]-
  Kj tjsj fh hgpkhc neicrgjk hs fh Hs]jkuf? kc mujk hs mcesnstheth, yj quh,
1<.6 %, mjlh shújkjr quh kj neicrgjknfjf sckc kcs trjljbjfcrhs icrgjkhs sh lheh-
he hk Thrò hs iuefjghetjkgheth rurjk inmnje fh Hs]jkuf.
(>8.9 %) y urljej (98.1 %).
Mujfrc :
  Hk <6.6 % fh kj pclkjmnýe hstê jinknjfc jk Neicrgjknfjf, pclrhzj y jmmhsc j shaurc fh
fh
shaurc scmnjk fh sjkuf (Hs]jkuf) he su sjkuf he Thrò, <4:0
gjycrçj (<>.1 %) he kjs êrhjs urljejs y (%, shaòe fhpjrtjghetcs)
rurjk sckc hk 8.8 %. Vjsj fh Tc-
Jinknj- Jinknj-
hgpkhc lrhzj
  Hk 61.: % fh kj pclkjmnýe Fhpjrtjghetcs neicr- gceh- fcs fcs
jk shaurc netharjk fh sjkufhstê
(]N]) jinknjfc
y he su gjk tjrnj
]N] ]]]
gjycrçj (1>.6 %) sh hemuhetrje he kjs
@ujemjvhknmj >:.6 =6.9 0=.< :4.8
êrhjs rurjkhs urljejs y rurjk kkhaje jk
=0 %. Mjbjgjrmj 0>.= 6:.> 1=.0 >.0

Jpurçgjm 00.4 =6.9 1>.0 :<.6

J`crj lnhe, sn kcs fjtcs ghemncejfcs sh
fhsjarhaje pcr zcejs ahcarêinmjs hk pjec- Tuec 01.9 =6.9 81.= :<.8
rjgj mjglnj y sh jaufnzj tctjkgheth. Kj @uêeumc 01.= =6.9 14.< ::.=
rhjknfjf hmceýgnmj y scmnjk pceh fh gjen-
inhstc trhs rhkjmncehs (vhr mujfrc :)6. Jyjmum`c 01.: =6.9 19.1 ::.:

Jgjzcejs 08.6 =6.9 1<.: :=.:

  \hkjmnýe hetrh neicrgjknfjf y pclrhzj2
kcs gês pclrhs jklhraje kjs tjsjs fh ]je Gjrtçe 06.9 <=.: 99.1 :=.>
hgpkhc neicrgjk gês jktjs2 @ujemjvh- Bueçe 0=.8 <=.: 88.< :9.>
knmj, Mjbjgjrmj, Jpurçgjm, Tuec, @uê-
eumc, Jyjmum`c y Jgjzcejs. Kcrhtc 0:.0 =6.9 91.4 :8.:

Musmc 0:.9 <=.: 8>.: :9.4

  \hkjmnýe hetrh kj neicrgjknfjf (y kj
Tjsmc 04.> =6.9 8>.= <6.1
pclrhzj) y kj jinknjmnýe jk ]N]2 he kcs
fhpjrtjghetcs mce tjsj fh hgpkhc Êemjs` 04.= <=.: 80.: <:.:
neicrgjk gês jktj, kj pclkjmnýe he su
Tnurj 10.= <=.: 8=.1 <4.>
gjycrçj hstê jinknjfj jk ]N], mcesnstheth

= Fjtcs shaòe hk Nestntutc Ejmncejk fh Hstjfçstnmj h Neicrgêtnmj - Hemuhstj Ejmncejk fh @cajrhs pjrj hk júc <4:0, Thrò.
6 Fhlhgcs jarhajr hk fjtc fh kcs gjycrhs fh 94 júcs, mcgc kcs gês vukehrjlkhs jk mcrcejvnrus2 fh kj pclkjmnýe fh =<
 gnkkcehs hk := % hs jfuktc gjycr mce gês fh 94 júcs? pjrj hk <484 sh prcyhmtj quh kj pclkjmnýe fh 94 júcs j gês rhprh-
shetjrçj hk <6.> %, sclrhpjsjefc jsç j kj pclkjmnýe ghecr fh :8 júcs (:0.4 %)? hstj mnirj fhk jfuktc gjycr cmjsncejrê prh-
snýe insmjk fh ec hxnstnr shaurnfjf scmnjk.

:8<  pp. :84-:90 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

FCMV\NEJ KJLC\JK

Xmjyjkn 11.9 :<.9 86.6 :0.:

Jpurçgjm, Tjsmc y @ujemjvhknmj tnhehe
jmmhsc j nethreht. Fh gjehrj sngnkjr, ghecs
Gjfrh fh Fncs 19.< =.: 6>.1 :0.< fhk <4 % fh kcs `cajrhs tnhehe uej mcgpu-
Vuglhs 19.4 :<.9 81.0 <=.> tjfcrj he Tuec, Kcrhtc, @uêeumc, Jyjmu-
m`c, Mjbjgjrmj, @ujemjvhknmj y Jpurçgjm.
Vjmej 16.< :<.9 =<.8 <4.=  Yhr mujfrc <.
Kjgljyhquh 16.< :<.9 68.> <0.9
Mujfrc <2
Kj Knlhrtjf 1<.8 <=.: 66.: <1.> @cajrhs mce jmmhsc j nethreht mce jk ghecs uej
mcgputjfcrj, <4:0
Jrhqunpj 98.= :<.9 <0.6 =<.< (% tctjk fh `cajrhs, shaòe fhpjrtjghetcs)

Gcquhauj 96.6 :<.9 =0.1 =9.4 Jmmhsc j Jk ghecs uej

nethreht mcgputjfcrj
Nmj 9:.: =.: <6.9 64.> Fhpjrtjghetc
(% tctjk (% tctjk
`cajrhs)  `cajrhs)
Kngj 80.9 :<.9 =4.6 =<.8
Jgjzcejs :9.= <4.1
Ectj2 ]N]7]haurc Netharjk fh ]jkuf, ]]]7]haurc ]cmnjk
Ectj2 ]N]7]haurc
fh ]jkuf-Hs]jkuf. @hgcs hxmkunfc hk Mjkkjc, kj prcvnemnj Êemjs` :1.: <1.9
y rhanýe Kngj.
 Hkjlcrjmnýe prcpnj mce fjtcs fh Nestntutc Ej-
Iuheth2 Hkjlcrjmnýe
Iuheth2 Jpurçgjm 9.1 ::.9
mncejk fh Hstjfçstnmj h Neicrgêtnmj ”HEJ@C, <441-<4:0.
Jrhqunpj =8.4 6:.>

Tcr ctrc kjfc, he gjthrnj fh neirjhstrum- Jyjmum`c 1.< :8.:

turj he sjkuf, thehgcs mnirjs hsmjkcirnjeths Mjbjgjrmj >.= :=.6
irheth j uej pjefhgnj tje shvhrj2 ‛Hk pjçs
sckc muhetj mce 908 mjgjs he sus Xenfj- Musmc :=.> <8.:
fhs fh Munfjfcs Nethesnvcs fh kjs mujkhs, @ujemjvhknmj <.0 :<.4
he Kngj, >4% hstêe cmupjfjs y he prcvne-
@uêeumc >.< :1.=
mnj hk 14%. (…), kj rhspuhstj sjentjrnj j mjrac
fhk aclnhrec y kjs crajenzjmncehs fh sjkuf, Nmj ==.9 64.1
pjrth mce ue hecrgh fîinmnt, prcfumtc fh kj Bueçe <:.= <=.<
fhpkcrjlkh sntujmnýe
fhk pjçs. He hihmtc, fh jthemnýe
hstjgcs irhethfh kj sjkuf
j shrvnmncs Kj Knlhrtjf <6.1 =<.6
pòlknmcs fh sjkuf mcefhejfcs j mnhe júcs Kjgljyhquh <0.: =6.6
fh jljefcec…‗ (Kjzc, <4<4, p. 6).
Kngj 8:.0 84.9
He mujetc j kj hfumjmnýe, hstjgcs he ue Kcrhtc :>.= :0.:
pjçs he hk quh hk jmmhsc jk nethreht puhfh
Gjfrh fh Fncs <:.4 <1.0
shr ue kubc (sckc hk <>.0 % fh `cajrhs j envhk
ejmncejk) jk naujk quh thehr uej mcgputj- Gcquhauj =4.1 =1.>
fcrj (sckc hk ==.= % fh `cajrhs j envhk ejmnc-
ejmnc -
Tjsmc 9.6 <=.<
ejk). Hetcemhs, jprhefhr he tnhgpcs fh pje-
fhgnj he hk Thrò sh hstê mcevnrtnhefc he Tnurj <4.9 <<.>
tjrhj fniçmnk. Kj hfumjmnýe j fnstjemnj jau- Tuec >.< :>.0
fnzj kj arje fhsnaujkfjf he hk pjçs. Mujefc
fhsjarhajgcs hstjs mnirjs pcr fhpjrtj- ]je Gjrtçe  :66.=
 : <:.6
 ghetcs, ghecs fhk :4 % fh kcs `cajrhs
Vjmej  666.4
 6 61.:
he Mjbjgjrmj, @uêeumc, Tuec, Jyjmum`c,

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :84-:90

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :8=
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

Vuglhs <:.6 <>.0

He mujetc j kjs phesncehs fh kcs trj-
ljbjfcrhs, tjetc he hk snsthgj pòlknmc
Xmjyjkn :8.4 <=.9 mcgc he hk prnvjfc, kj mclhrturj mce-
Ectj2 @hgcs hxmkunfc hk Mjkkjc, kj prcvnemnj y rhanýe Kngj.
Ectj2 @hgcs trnlutnvj hs ljbj mce rhsphmtc j kj THJ,
Iuheth2 mcgc sh puhfh clshrvjr he hk snaunheth
 Hkjlcrjmnýe
ejk fh Hstjfçstnmj prcpnj mce fjtcsC,fhk
h Neicrgêtnmj-HEJ@
Neicrgêtnmj-HEJ@C, Nestntutc Ejmnc-
<441-<4:0. mujfrc =.

Mujfrc =
Mujfrc
\jtncs fh mclhrturj he kcs snsthgjs fh phesncehs (he %)

]nsthgj Nefnmjfcrhs <4:6 <4:8 <4:9 <4:1 <4:0

Jinknjfcs/THJ <6.6 <8.0 <9.< <9.6 <9.8

]ET
Mctnzjeths/THJ >.9 >.> >.9 >.= >.<

Jinknjfcs/THJ =6.> =9.: =1.: =0.6 64.<

]TT
Mctnzjeths/THJ :8.6 :8.1 :8.= :1.= :1.=

 GHI, mce fjtcs fhk NEHN, CET, ]L].

Iuheth2 GHI,
Iuheth2

Inejkgheth, sclrh hk ghrmjfc kjlcrjk, kc gês fh kj akcljknzjmnýe1 hmceýgnmj quh jihmtý

arjvh he hsth mcethxtc hs kj nehxnsthemnj hk iuemncejgnhetc
iuemncejgnhetc fh kcs Hstjfcs ejmncej-
tctjk fh ue shaurc fh fhshgpkhc c fh mujk- khs, kjs hgprhsjs y kcs snefnmjtcs? sh lusmý
qunhr icrgj fh prhstjmnýe pcr fhshgpkhc8  kj rhfummnýe fh kj nethrvhemnýe fhk Hstjfc
`j clknajfc j :91 gnk phrujecs quh vnvhe he mujetc j kc scmnjk y kj rhaukjmnýe fh kjs
he Kngj j rharhsjr j sus rhancehs hxpuksj- gjthrnjs hmceýgnmjs.
fcs pcr hk fhshgpkhc y hk MCYNF-:>9.

<. ³Mýgc hxpknmjr hscs fjtcs he uej ‛hmc-  J pjrtnr fh :>>< sh hejrlcký
ecgçj scmnjk fh ghrmjfc‗3 hk prnemnpnc fhk nefnvnfujknsgc 
Kcs fjtcs ghemncejfcs fhguhstrje kj fckc-  y kj ehajmnýe  jlsckutj fh kc
rcsj hxphrnhemnj fhk irjmjsc hstrhpntcsc fh scmnjk? hs fhmnr
fhmn r, sh mcesnfhrý
mcesn fhrý jk
kj pckçtnmj ehcknlhrjk, mce ue hkhvjfc mcstc
hmceýgnmc y scmnjk. He kcs >4 sh muhstnceý hk ghrmjfc mcgc jrtnmukjfcr fh
quh`jmhr
quh `jmhr hstjtjk, kj nebhrhemnj he kj sckumnýe kj vnfj scmnjk, fh kj hstjlnknfjf
fh prclkhgjs scmnjkhs, kjs pckçtnmjs rhfnstrn- gcehtjrnj y fh kcs prhmncs .
lutnvjs, htm. Hstc sh jarjvý mce hk iheýghec

8 Juequh hxnsth kj MV], fhecgnejfj pcr kj CNV ‛shaurc ngphrihmtc fh fhshgpkhc‗? phrc hstê tctjkgheth fhsejturjknzjfj
Juequh 

9 pcr kj mcestjeth
Iuheth2 knlhrjmnýe fh kcs icefcs pjrj hk usc guy fnstnetc j sus inehs.
Cbc pòlknmc.
 1 Kj akcljknzjmnýe
akcljknzjmnýe hs, sne
sne kuajr j fufj, hk arje
arje thgj fh kcs tnhgpcs quh mcrrhe.
mcrrhe. Mjsn tcfcs kcs
kcs êglntcs
êglntcs fhk quh`jmhr `ugjec
pjrhmnhrje ec sckc icrgjr pjrth nejgcvnlkh y mcestntutnvj fhk prcmhsc fh akcljknzjmnýe, snec, jfhgês, shr hk rhsuktjfc
fnrhmtc c nefnrhmtc fhk gnsgc‗ (Neicrgh fh kj CNV, :>>8, p. 8-<>).

:86  pp. :84-:90 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

FCMV\NEJ KJLC\JK

Jsç, j pjrtnr fh :>><, jk naujk quh kcs fhgês
pjçshs kjtnecjghrnmjecs, sh ngpkhghetý
hk ghrmjfc mcgc hk ghfnc ghfnc   nfýehc pjrj
kj sckumnýe fh kj mrnsns scmnchmceýgnmj fh
hetcemhs y hk mrhmngnhetc j kjrac pkjzc, kj
rhstntumnýe fh kcs supuhstcs
supuhstcs hqunknlrncs lêsn-
mcs y hk knlrh iuemncejgnhetc fh kj cihrtj-
fhgjefj. ]h hejrlcký hk prnemnpnc fhk nefn-
vnfujknsgc y kj ehajmnýe jlsckutj fh kc  kc  pjrj mjptjr kcs rhmurscs gcehtjrncs
scmnjk? hs fhmnr, sh mcesnfhrý jk ghrmjfc
mcgc jrtnmukjfcr fh kj vnfj scmnjk, fh kj hstj-
lnknfjf gcehtjrnj y fh kcs prhmncs.
Hscs nehsphrjfcs y hstrhpntcscs mjglncs
`je mhrrjfc tcfj pcsnlnknfjf fh ghbcrjr
kj sntujmnýe fh kcs pclrhs y fh kj scmnhfjf,
mce kc mujk sh rhcrajenzý
rhcr ajenzý pcr mcgpkhtc y
quh ec sce mcgpjtnlkhs mce hk Mcevhenc >0
fh kj CNV, quh fnspceh hk icghetc, pcr pjrth
fh kcs aclnhrecs, fh fhrhm`cs mckhmtnvcs.
Jsngnsgc, thehgcs kj prnvjtnzjmnýe fhk
shaurc scmnjk. Hstj rhicrgj fhk shaurc scmnjk
sh `nzc fh fcs icrgjs2 he phesncehs ljbc
hk prnemnpnc fhk jpcrth nefnvnfujk y prnvjfc
gc ehtjrncs fh kcs
trjljbjfcrhs, mce kj inejknfjf fh nevhrtnrkcs
he kj jfqunsnmnýe fh tçtukcs y vjkcrhs, y hk
pjac fh prhstjmncehs fh bulnkjmnýe y ctrcs
hvhetujkgheth fh nevjknfhz y sclrhvnvnhe-
ths? he hk shauefc mjsc, he gjthrnj fh sjkuf,
mcgc rhsuktjfc fh kj rhicrgj thehgcs j kjs
Hetnfjfhs
Hetnfj fhs Trhstjfcrjs fh ]jkuf (HT]) mcgc
‛hgprhsjs prnvjfjs‗.

rjfnmjkgheth kjs rhkjmncehs

mjs y sh nejuaurý scmnchmceýgn-
prhmnsjgheth uej euhvj
htjpj he fcefh hk pjrjfnagj hs hk ghr-
mjfc, kj mcgphthemnj
mcgphthemnj sne kçgnths y hk nefnvn-
Hk rhtc fh kj nemkusnýe scmnjk
fujknsgc? pjrj hkkc, he tîrgnecs nfhckýan- fhlh shr vnstc fh gjehrj neth-
mcs, sh muhstnceý fh icrgj rjfnmjk kj thcrçj arj k, hetcemhs hk fhsjiçc shrê
scmnjk gcfhrej y j kcs jutcrhs quh inbjrce
kcs prnemnpjkhs gjrmcs fh rhihrhemnj mcgc prcgcvhr pckçtnmjs rhfnstrn-
Gjrx, Furo`hng y Qhlhr0. lutnvjs  fnrnanfjs j suphrjr kj
He gjthrnj fh trjljbc, sh nestjurý kj thgpc- pclrhzj y kcarjr hk fhsjrrckkc 
rjknfjf fh kj rhkjmnýe kjlcrjk? hstc prcvcmý fh euhstrc pjçs, ljshs  iuefj-
kj prhmjrnhfjf fhk hgpkhc, hk jughetc fh
ghetjkhs fh tcfc mjglnc .
kj
quhnemhrtnfuglrh he kcs trjljbjfcrhs,
sh kcarý gcfninmjr hk rîanghe fhmce
mce-kc
trjtjmnýe>. Hstc ijvcrhmný hk fhlnkntjgnhetc
fhk gcfhkc fh mcetrjtc fh tnhgpc mcg- phesncehs  y sjkuf `je
Kjs prhstjmncehs fh phesncehs 
pkhtc y fh furjmnýe nefhthrgnejfj? hs fhmnr, kcarjfc rharhsjr j gjecs prnvjfjs fh aru-
kj fhsnetharjmnýe fh kj scmnhfjf sjkjrnjk:4. ^, pcs gcecpýknmcs quh iuhrce kjs rjzcehs
kc gês arjvh, jihmtý j kj crajenzjmnýe snefn- pjrj quh hk Hstjfc he kcs júcs 94 kjs mce-
mjk pcr hk usc fh mcetrjtcs thgpcrjkhs, kjs trckjrj. ]n lnhe `ulc ue gcghetc fh huicrnj
fnvhrsjs icrgjs
icrgjs fh nethrghfnjmnýe, usc fh he kcs quh fnrnanhrce kj prnvjtnzjmnýe, j`crj
mcetrjtcs ‛ec kjlcrjkhs‗, mce fnspcsnmncehs pcfhgcs clshrvjr prclkhgjs he hk snsthgj

0 Xe jeêknsns
jeêknsns fh kjs nf
nfhjs
hjs scmnckýanmjs
scmnckýanmjs fh kcs trhs jutcrhs puhfh vhrsh
vhrsh he kj clrj
clrj fh Jet`cey Anffhes, Mjpntjknsgc y kj
Anffhes,
gcfhrej thcrçj scmnjk, Hf. Nfhj uenvhrsntjrnj, Ljrmhkcej, :>>0.
 > Mcgc puhfh mcestjtjrsh he mujtrc pjçshs fh Jgîrnmj Kjtnej2 Jrahetnej, Mckcglnj, M`nkh y Thrò, he hk knlrc fh Yçmtcr Vco-
gje y Fjenhk Gjrtçehz (Hfntcrhs), Kj ikhxnlnknzjmnýe he hk gjrahe2 kj rhicrgj fhk mcetrjtc fh trjljbc, CNV, Kngj, :>>>.
:4 Jk rhsphmtc, vhr \clhrt Mjsthk, Khs ghtjgcrp`cshs fh kj quhstnce scmnjkh2
scmnjk h2 ueh m`rcenquh fu sjkjnrh , Hfntnces Ijyjr
Ijyjrf,
f, Tjrçs, :>>8.

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :84-:90

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :88
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

tjetc he phesncehs mcgc he sjkuf? he fhin-
entnvj, ec kcarjrce neshrtjrsh hinmjzgheth he
hk prcmhsc rhjk fh sckumnýe fh kcs prclkhgjs
shaurnfjf scmnjk.
fh kj shaurnfjf 
J`crj quh kj pjefhgnj fhk mcrcejvnrus ecs
vuhkvh j kj rhjknfjf, thehgcs quh mcesnfh-
rjr fhetrc fh tcfc pkjethjgnhetc fh mjg-
lnc hk thgj fh kj nemkusnýe scmnjk, mcgc guy
ehmhsjrnc y uraheth? he hstj phrsphmtnvj, hk
rhtc fh kj nemkusnýe scmnjk fhlh shr vnstc fh
gjehrj netharjk, hetcemhs hk fhsjiçc shrê
prcgcvhr pckçtnmjs rhfnstrnlutnvjs fnrnanfjs
j suphrjr kj pclrhzj y kcarjr hk fhsjrrckkc
fh euhstrc pjçs, ljshs iuefjghetjkhs fh
tcfc mjglnc. Tcr hkkc, rhsuktj mkjvh pkje-
thjr kj rhkjmnýe hetrh nemkusnýe scmnjk y rhkj-
mncehs fh naujkfjf?
tnfc hxtrhgc fh sckchs fhmnr, eckjhe
mcesnfhrjr hk she-
nemkusnýe
scmnjk mcgc kj pcsnlnknfjf burçfnmj fh mcg-
prjr y vhefhr he hk ghrmjfc, mcgc kc scs-
tnhehe kcs ehcknlhrjkhs:: quh snaeninmjrçj ue
vjmnjgnhetc îtnmc fh kjs rhkjmncehs scmnjkhs
y fhsmcecmngnhetc fh fhrhm`cs:<.
Tcr hkkc, pjrj kcarjr uej hstrumturj hmc-
eýgnmj y scmnjk quh theaj mcgc ljsh kj
naujkfjf y kj bustnmnj, sh ehmhsntje ec sckc
vckuetjf pckçtnmj snec vjkcrhs gcrjkhs, fh
rhmcecmhr quh tcfcs kcs mnufjfjecs sce
naujkhs he fhrhm`cs
tcfcs tnhehe nethrhshsyprcpncs,
clknajmncehs, quhy
khaçtngcs
ejturjkhs? mcgc hbhgpkc, thehgcs hk mjsc
fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs y hgprhsjrncs, he kj mntj
guy mcecmnfj fh ]gnt`2 ‛Ec hs fh kj lheh-
vckhemnj fhk mjrenmhrc, fhk mhrvhmhrc c fhk
pjejfhrc quh hsphrjgcs euhstrj mcgnfj,
snec fh kj mcesnfhrjmnýe quh hkkcs `jmhe fh
sus prcpncs nethrhshs. Jphkjgcs ec j su she-
tnfc `ugjentjrnc snec j su jgcr pcr hkkcs
gnsgcs …‗ (]gnt`, :119, :=).
Juequh hrrýehjgheth ]gnt` hs mcesn-
fhrjfc pcr gum`cs hk pjfrh fh kj ‛gjec
‛gjec
nevnsnlkh‗, hethefnfj sckc mcgc hacçsgc
y prnemnpnc lêsnmc fh kj hmcecgçj? pcr hk
mcetrjrnc, hsth pjfrh fh kj hmcecgçj ec
mcemhlçj hk iuemncejgnhetc fh kj hmc-
ecgçj y fhk ghrmjfc sne kj prhshemnj fh
vjkcrhs gcrjkhs. Ctrc hmcecgnstj fhstj-
mjfc mcgc Ohyehs, fhspuîs fh gês fh
snakc y ghfnc fh ]gnt`, hxprhsjlj quh ec
theçj eneaòe gctnvc pjrj jpjrtjrsh fh kjs
nestntumncehs iuefjghetjkhs fh kcs prne-
mnpncs îtnmcs.
NN. KJ] GHFNFJ] VCGJFJ] TC\ CV\C]
TJÇ]H] I\HEVH JK ]@CMO FHK
MCYNF󰀧:>
J fnihrhemnj fh kj Arje \hmhsnýe fhk <440 y
fhk <4::, he hstj mrnsns hk hgpkhc y kj prc-
fummnýe hstêe mjyhefc pcrquh quhrhgcs
quh kjs phrscejs sh quhfhe he mjsj. Kjs
ghfnfjs fh sjkuf pòlknmj pjrj jpkjejr kj
murvj ngpcehe arjefhs mcstcs hmceýgn-
mcs, mcgc pcfhgcs clshrvjr he hk arêinmc
:, quh rhfumhe nehvntjlkhgheth kj jmtnvnfjf
hmceýgnmj y fnsgneuyhe
fh kj hmcecgçj hk tjgjúc
(Gjrrce, <4<4) :=
. ahehrjk
Gum`cs hmcecgnstjs mcesnfhrje quh
hk ngpjmtc hmceýgnmc fh hstj mrnsns shrê
phrsnstheth? fh j`ç quh kj prncrnfjf fh kcs
aclnhrecs fhlh shr prcthahr j kjs phrsc-
ejs fh kcs mcstcs hmceýgnmcs y ajrjetnzjr

:: Tjrj hkkcs, ‛kj òenmj naujkfjf quh fhlhe fhihefhr kcs knlhrjkhs hs kj naujkfjf jeth kj khy y mcgc jmjljgcs fh fhinenr, phrc
he eneaòe mjsc uej naujkfjf he kcs rhsuktjfcs, quh hs fh rjçz nemcgpjtnlkh mce kj knlhrtjf y quh sh ljsj he ue mcemhptc
fh bustnmnj scmnjk hspurnc y ijksc‗ (@uhrtj, <446, p. <9:).
:< Zuh sh hxprhsje he hk nefnvnfujknsgc, nescknfjrnfjf y hxmkusnýe scmnjk, mcgc jmtntufhs c rhsuktjfcs ec îtnmcs c fh mceec-
tjmnýe îtnmj ehajtnvj? mcetrjrnjgheth ‛hs gcrjk tcfc kc quh mcestntuyh iuheth fh scknfjrnfjf, tcfc kc quh iuhrzj jk `cg-
 lrh j mcetjr mce ctrc…‗ (Hgnkh Furo`hng, Vhsns fcmtcrjk pulknmjfj he :0>=).
:= Fcejkf Gjrrce (<4<4). Gjmrchmcecgnm Tcknmy
Tcknmy ne t`h tngh ci MCYNF-:>, gjrzc :1, <4<4) `ttps2//www.tjxpcknmymhethr.cra/
tjxvcx/gjmrchmcecgnm-pckn
tjxvcx/gjmr chmcecgnm-pcknmy-tngh-MCYNF-:>
my-tngh-MCYNF-:>

:89  pp. :84-:90 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

FCMV\NEJ KJLC\JK

quh kj hmcecgçj hstî he mcefnmncehs fh ‛Hs hk tnhgpc fh sjmjr kj jrtnkkhrçj phsjfj? ec

rhmuphrjrsh rêpnfjgheth mujefc sh mce- hs hk gcghetc fh pckçtnmjs tçgnfjs, snec fh
theaj hk vnrus. @jmhr hstc rhquhrnrê uej rhs- `jmhr kc quh shj ehmhsjrnc, rêpnfc‗ (Ljkfwne
puhstj pckçtnmj guktnijmîtnmj y jglnmncsj2 y Qhfhr, <4<4, p. <):6.

A\ÊINMC :
MX\YJ FH MCEVJANC] MCYNF󰀧:> ^ \HMH]NÝE HMCEÝGNMJ

Iuheth2 \nm`jrf Ljkfwne y Lhjtrnmh Qhfhr fn Gjurc (<4<42 >).

:. Kj pckçtnmj insmjk, kj arje prctjacenstj:6 Gum`cs aclnhrecs rhjmmncejrce he hstj

He hstj mrnsns kj pckçtnmj insmjk fhlh shr kj quh
fhlh sjknr jk rhsmjth fh kj hmcecgçj pcr-
quh arje pjrth fhk s`cmo  hstê   hstê cmurrnhefc
he kj hmcecgçj rhjk, gnhetrjs quh kj pckç-
tnmj gcehtjrnj fhlh fhshgphújr ue pjphk
fh jpcyc, ajrjetnzjefc kj knqunfhz fhk sns-
thgj inejemnhrc:8.
kçehj, mcgc sh puhfh vhr he hk arêinmc <.
@cea Ocea hs hk quh gês ghfnfjs insmjkhs
`j ngpkhghetjfc, ue 6 % fh su TLN, shaunfc
fh Ntjknj, Hspjúj y hk \hnec Xenfc qunhehs
`je jeuemnjfc prcarjgjs fh jyufj hmceý-
gnmj (he su gjycrçj, mcefnmncejfjs j fhthr-
gnejfcs `cajrhs y hgprhsjs) quh hqunvj-
khe hk :.8 % fh sus TLN.

:6 \nm`jrf Ljkfwne y Lhjtrnmh Qhfhr

Qhfhr fn Gjurc (<4<4), ‛Netrcfum
‛Netrcfumtnce‗
tnce‗,, he \nm`jrf Ljkfwne jef Lhjtrnmh Qhfhr fn Gjurc (hfs.),
 Gntnajtnea t`h MCYNF Hmcecgnm Mrnsns2 Jmt Ijmt jef Fc Q`jthvhr Nt Vjohs, Ycx MHT\, p.<.
:8 \hmcrfhgcss quh, he kj mrnsns fhk <440, kcs ljemcs mhetrjkhs iuhrce kcs quh sjknhrce jk rhsmjth fh kj hmcecgçj. Kc gnsgc
\hmcrfhgc
cmurrný furjeth kj mrnsns fhk hurc he hk <4::? he kj mrnsns jmtujk, kj pckçtnmj gcehtjrnj hs nehihmtnvj.

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :84-:90

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :81
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

A\ÊINMC <
GHFNFJ] IN]MJKH] JEXEMNJFJ] 󰀠%TNL󰀮

Iuheth2 \nm`jrf Ljkfwne y Lhjtrnmh Qhfhr fn Gjurc (<4<42 :1).

<. Kj jyufj fnrhmtj j kcs gês jihmtjfcs Hs uej icrgj hihmtnvj fh pcehr fnehrc he
kjs gjecs fh kj gjycrçj fh kjs phrscejs
Gum`cs `cajrhs ec tnhehe hihmtnvc en rêpnfjgheth.
j`crrcs pjrj sclrhvnvnr kcs prýxngcs
ghshs sne uej jyufj hxthrej? jyufjr Ctrcs hmcecgnstjs, gês prhcmupjfcs pcr
hs hshemnjk pjrj hvntjr hk suirngnhetc hk mcstc y kj icmjknzjmnýe fh kjs trjesihrhe-
hxtrhgc y hk fjúc phrgjeheth he kj hmc- mnjs, jlcaje pcr quh hstjs shje fnrnanfjs
ecgçj. Thrc, sh `j fhljtnfc gum`c sclrh j kjs phrscejs rhjkgheth jihmtjfjs (`caj-
kj
ejsghbcr gjehrj
he hstcs fh jyufjr
gcghetcs j kjs phrsc-
fniçmnkhs mjusj- rhs
sh `jefh ljbcs nearhscs).
prhshetjfc mce Kcs
hstjprclkhgjs quh
prcpuhstj sce2
fcs pcr kj pjefhgnj. Jkauecs hmcecgns- (n) kj fninmuktjf fh nfhetninmjr j kcs vhrfjfh-
tjs (hetrh hkkcs Arha Gjeonw,
Gjeo nw, hxjshscr fhk rjgheth ehmhsntjfcs he tje mcrtc tnhgpc,
prhsnfheth Lus`) `je suahrnfc uej jmmnýe (nn) sn sh `jmh fh gjehrj ngphrihmtj, puhfh
sngpkh y rêpnfj2 trjesihrnr uej mjetnfjf inbj
inb j ec tcgjr he muhetj j jkauejs phrscejs rhjk-
j mjfj nefnvnfuc .:9
gheth ehmhsntjfjs, (nnn) hk prclkhgj fh kjs

:9 Kj prcpuhstj
prcpuhstj fh Gjeonw hs hevnjr
hevnjr j mjfj phrscej ue m`hquh pcr P fýkjrhs mjfj ghs furjeth
furjeth kcs prýxngcs E ghshs y
pcehr ue ngpuhstc jfnmncejk he <4<4, mce vhemngnhetc he jlrnk fh <4<: c tjk vhz rhpjrtnfc he vjrncs júcs, naujk j E *
P * ( ^<4<4 / ^<4:>), fcefh ^<4<4 hs hk nearhsc fh uej phrscej he <4<4 y ^<4:> hs hk nearhsc fh uej phrscej he <4:>.
Hk ngpuhstc jfnmncejk sh kngntjrçj j E * P. ]haòe hsth pkje, uej phrscej muyjs ajejemnjs mjhe j mhrc hsth júc gjetnheh
tcfcs kcs pjacs fhk shaurc scmnjk y ec pjaj hk ngpuhstc jfnmncejk. Xej phrscej muyjs ajejemnjs mjhe j kj gntjf gje-
 tnheh kj gntjf fh kcs pjacs y fhvuhkvh kj gntjf. Xej phrscej muyjs ajejemnjs sh gjetnhehe naujk (c jughetj) fhvuhkvh
tcfc. Yhr2 Arha Gjeonw,  J prcpcsjk Tjefhg nm  (gjrzc
prcpcs jk icr ]cmnjk Nesurjemh Furnea t`h Tjefhgnm   (gjrzc <=, <4<4)2 `ttp2//ar
`ttp2//arhagjeonw.l
hagjeonw.lkcas-
kcas-
pct.mcg/

:80  pp. :84-:90 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

FCMV\NEJ KJLC\JK

hxthrejknfjfhs (fnstcrsncehs he hk mcgpcr- He jkauecs pjçshs hurcphcs, nemkunfcs Jkh-

tjgnhetc fhk nefnvnfuc). gjenj, Justrnj, Hspjúj y ]unzj, phrgnthe uej
icrgj fh jpcyc lnhe icmjknzjfj2 jquhkkcs j
qunhehs hk lkcquhc khs ngpnfh trjljbjr, rhmn-

He mujetc j kcs trjljbjfcrhs  lhe hk 04 % fh su pcr

sh rhinhrh kj shaurnfjf scmnjk  phrgjehmhe ljbc mcetrjtc mce su hgpkhj-
hs hk nestrughetc gês hinmnheth  sh fhstneje j jyufjr j kj nejmtnvnfjf nevckue-
pjrj hvntjr  kcs hihmtcs fnstcr-
sncejfcrhs fh kjs ghfnfjs fh
hetrhaj fh jpcycs .
=. He mujetc j kcs trjljbjfcrhs
Tcfhgcs mcestjtjr
(mcgc he ctrcs) fh kjhe hsth gcghetc
`nstcrnj fh Hurcpj
y ctrcs pjçshs fhsjrrckkjfcs, he mujetc j
kcs trjljbjfcrhs sh rhinhrh, quh kj shaurn-
fjf scmnjk hs hk nestrughetc gês hinmnheth
pjrj hvntjr kcs hihmtcs fnstcrsncejfcrhs
fh kjs ghfnfjs fh hetrhaj fh jpcycs?
pcr hsc, he vjrncs pjçshs, sh jgpknjrce
kcs prcarjgjs fh rhfhs fh shaurnfjfhs
hxnstheths (Gjrrce, <4<4). Mcgc Gjeonw
(<4<4) jraughetj, kcs rhspcesjlkhs fh kj
pckçtnmj insmjk ec fhlhrçje mhetrjrsh he kj
fhgjefj jarhajfj snec he kj shaurnfjf
scmnjk. Tcr hbhgpkc, he Hstjfcs Xenfcs sh
`j jgpknjfc kj hkhanlnknfjf pjrj hk shaurc
fh fhshgpkhc, sh `j jughetjfc kj mje-
tnfjf fh lhehinmncs ($84 pcr shgjej jfn-
mncejk) y sh `je jgpknjfc prcarjgjs pjrj
kcs gês vukehrjlkhs, mcgc hk Trcarjgj
fh Jsnsthemnj Eutrnmncejk ]upkhghetjrnj
(]EJT, pcr sus snakjs he neakîs) (Iurgje,
<4<4, pp. :>:-:>9).
fh mcgphesjmnýe sjkjrnc ecrgjk he
fhshgpkhc icrgj
gnhetrjs
fcr. Kc quh ngpknmj quh kcs icefcs pòlknmcs
tjrnj fh jquhkkcs trjljbjfcrhs quh ec phr-
mnlhe eneaòe sjkjrnc, kc quh khs nemhetnvj j
pcehrsh he gjrm`j euhvjgheth tje prcetc
mcgc sh khvjeth hk lkcquhc :1. Hsphmçinmj-
gheth he Hspjúj sh kh mcecmh mcgc Hxph- Hxph -
fnheth fh \haukjmnýe Vhgpcrjk fh Hgpkhc
(H\VH):0 y sh fhineh mcgc uej prhstjmnýe
pcr fhshgpkhc quh sh phrmnlh trjs kj pîr-
fnfj nevckuetjrnj, fhinentnvj c thgpcrjk fh
ue hgpkhc, c trjs kj rhfummnýe fh kj bcrejfj
fnjrnj fh trjljbc.
Jgpknjr thgpcrjkgheth hk shaurc fh fh-
shgpkhc j kcs trjljbjfcrhs fhsphfnfcs y
j kcs fhshgpkhjfcs jknhetj j kj jmtnvnfjf
iuhrj fhk ghrmjfc jòe gês pcrquh rhfumh
hk mcstc rhkjtnvc (c prhmnc) fh pjrtnmnpjr he
fnm`js jmtnvnfjfhs (Fupcr, <4<4). Kjs hgprh-
sjs quh hxphrnghetje ijktj fh fhgjefj
pcfrçje fhsphfnr c susphefhr pjrth fh su
iuhrzj kjlcrjk, sjlnhefc quh kcs nearhscs fh
gum`cs fh hstcs trjljbjfcrhs sh mcgphe-
sjrçje mce lhehinmncs fhk shaurc fh fhshg-
pkhc (thgpcrjkgheth).
Hetcemhs, kngntjr kj furjmnýe fh kcs lhehin-
mncs fh fhshgpkhc hs guy vjkncsc pjrj ec
mrhjr nehinmnhemnjs jk kjrac pkjzc :>. ]haòe
hk hstufnc hstj pckçtnmj jlscrlhrçj he prc-
ghfnc hk <4 % fh kjs pîrfnfjs fh nearhscs

:1 Bhje-T`nknpph Lcejrfn, Gjrnus Lrûk`jrt, Bhje-Tnhr

Bhje-T`nknpph Bhje-Tnhrrh
rh Fjet`neh,
Fjet`neh, Hrnm Bcefhju,
Bcefhju, Fcgnenm \c`ehr (<4<4), V`h hmcecgnms ci
wjah mcgphesjtnce jef mcrcej kcjes2 Q`y jef `cw t`h stjth s`cukf lhjr gcst ci t`h hmcecgnm mcst ci t`h MCYNF kcm-
ofcwe, YCP MHT\ Tcknmy Tcrtjk . `ttps2//v
`ttps2//vcxhu.cra
cxhu.cra/jrtnmkh/hmcecgnm
/jrtnmkh/hmcecgnms-wjah-mcgphesjtnce-
s-wjah-mcgphesjtnce-jef-mcrcej-kcj
jef-mcrcej-kcjee
 :0 Yhr2`ttps2//www.shph.hs/@cgh]hph/Thrscejs/fnstrnlutnvj-prhstjmncehs/qunhrc-mclrjr-hk-pjrc/jihmtjfcH\H.`tgk
:> Yhr2 Gjt`njs Fckks (<4<4), Je Xehgpkcyghet \h-Nesurjemh ]m`hgh icr t`h Hurczceh3
MH]nic Qcronea Tjphrs 0<:>, Jprnk <4<4.
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :84-:90
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :8>
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
crnanejfjs pcr hk jughetc fhk fhshgpkhc?
pcr kc tjetc, prcpcrmncejrçj ue hihmtc fh
hstjlnknzjmnýe jfnmncejk hqunvjkheth j gês
fhk 84 % fhk hihmtc fh ue hsquhgj fh
shaurc
hurc. fh fhshgpkhc tçpnmc he kj zcej fhk
He mcemkusnýe, mcgljtnr kj mrnsns snaen-
inmj envhkhs fh fhufj, mcesnfhrjlkhgheth
gês jktcs he tcfcs kcs pjçshs? phrc, shaòe
Oruagje (<4<4), kjs hmcecgçjs jvjezjfjs
puhfhe hgprhefhr arjefhs nevhrsncehs
pòlknmjs inejemnjfjs mce fîinmnt fh icrgj
mcetneuj pcrquh jk pjrhmhr kj hmcecgçj
hstê he uej ‛trjgpj‗ fh knqunfhz. Tcr kc
tjetc, kj nevhrsnýe pòlknmj jfnmncejk thefrê
ue hihmtc guktnpknmjfcr, hkhvjefc hk TNL he
rhkjmnýe mce kc quh fh ctrc gcfc shrçj.
Thrc ³quî ecs heshúj kj `nstcrnj hmceýgnmj
sclrh icrgjs bustjs y hihmtnvjs fh knfnjr mce
hk sclrhhefhufjgnhetc pòlknmc3 Tcfhgcs
rhmcrfjr mýgc kcs aclnhrecs knfnjrce mce
kj fhufj pòlknmj gjsnvj jmugukjfj he hk
trjesmursc fh kj prnghrj gntjf fhk snakc <4.
He kuajr fh neikjr kj fhufj, mcgc kc `nzc
Irjemnj neghfnjtjgheth (mce tjsjs fh neikj-
mnýe jeujkhs fhk 84 % hetrh :>68 y :>60)
c mcgc hk \hnec Xenfc `nzc gês arjfujk-
gheth (sckc lcrrý su fhufj gjsnvj he kj
fîmjfj fh :>14
fcs fçantcs mcetcfj
furjeth tjsjsuej
fhfîmjfj),
neikjmnýeJkh-
fh
gjenj hstjlkhmný ngpuhstcs prcarhsnvcs j
kj rnquhzj.
Hstcs ngpuhstcs, quh sh jpknmjlje j kj
rnquhzj ehtj (tcfcs kcs jmtnvcs ehtcs fh
fhufjs), iuhrce thgpcrjkhs y jktjgheth prc-
arhsnvcs y jkkjejrce hk mjgnec pjrj hk gnkj-
arc hmceýgnmc jkhgêe fh kj pcsauhrrj<4.
Fh j`ç quh, he Hurcpj (jsç mcgc he ctrjs
pjrths fhk guefc) sh hstê prcpcenhefc kj
Hurczceh3 ]tjlnknznea
]tjlnknznea jef \hfnstrnlutnvh
\hfnstrnlutnvh Hiihmts,
mrhjmnýe fh ue ngpuhstc (thgpcrjk) prcarh-
snvc sclrh kj rnquhzj<:.
NNN. KJ] GHFNFJ] ZXH ]H H]VÊE
VCGJEFC
VCGJ\]H󰀮 HE 󰀠^HKCV\J]
TH\Ò ZXH FHLHE
Jeth kc ghemncejfc he hk puetc jethrncr,
pcfhgcs fhmnr quh kj sntujmnýe hs fnihrheth
he kcs pjçshs hghraheths y he fhsjrrckkc
pcrquh gum`cs fh hkkcs sh `je vnstc jihm-
tjfcs ec sckc pcr hk vnrus, snec tjglnîe pcr
kj mjçfj fh kcs prhmncs fh kjs gjthrnjs prngjs
(sn sce hxpcrtjfcrhs) y pcr arjefhs sjknfjs
fh mjpntjk. Jkauejs fh hstjs hmcecgçjs ec
tnhehe hk hspjmnc insmjk pjrj rhjmmncejr jeth
hstcs s`cmos y ehmhsntjrêe jyufj, he icrgj
fh sulvhemncehs
ctrcs pjrj mcgljtnr
s`cmos (Lkjem`jrf, <4<4). hk vnrus y j
Ehmhsntjgcs fh ghfnfjs
hstrumturjkhs  fh kjrac jknhetc
pjrj mcetrjrrhstjr tcfj kj mrn-
sns scmnjk quh kj pjefhgnj  `j
puhstc he hk tjphth .
He hk mjsc fh euhstrc pjçs, sn tuvnîrjgcs
ue gçengc fh nestntumncejknfjf y icrgjkn-
zjmnýe he euhstrj hmcecgçj (rhmcrfjr kjs
mnirjs gcstrjfjs he hk mujfrc :), kjs ghfnfjs
fh mcetneahemnj fh trjesihrhemnjs gceh-
tjrnjs j nefnvnfucs y hgprhsjs shrçje j su
vhz kj jgpknjmnýe fh kcs prcarjgjs yj hxns-
theths (mcgc kj shaurnfjf scmnjk, kjs mcg-
phesjmncehs j kcs trjljbjfcrhs y hk shaurc
 <4 @nmos ht jk. :>6:, Hnm`hearh
Hnm`hearhhe
he :>>4, @ua`hs :>>>.
<: Yhr2 Mjgnkkh Kjefjns, Hggjeuhk ]jhz, Ajlrnhk Rumgje (<4<4), J prcarhssnvh Hurcphje whjkt` tjx tc iuef t`h Hurcphje
MCYNF rhspcesh, YCP MHT\ Tcknmy Tcrtjk.

:94  pp. :84-:90 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

FCMV\NEJ KJLC\JK

jk fhshgpkhc). ]ne hgljrac, jk mjrhmhr fh
hscs nestrughetcs lêsnmcs he tcfj scmnh-
fjf, sh tuvnhrce quh tcgjr ghfnfjs negh-
fnjtjs c prhvhetnvjs. Thrc, mcevnheh rhmcrfjr
ctrjs prcvnemnjs) `jmnj sus mnufjfhs ejtj-
khs j pnh, hxpuksjfcs pcr hk fhshgpkhc y hk
MCYNF-:>. J`ç he ghfnc fh kj fnêspcrj hs
quh Hknzjlht` fh 8= júcs hxprhsý quh ‛gês
‛gês
<<

quh ehmhsntjgcs
fh kjrac fh ghfnfjs
jknhetc pjrj hstrumturjkhs
mcetrjrrhstjr tcfj kj thgc jk `jglrh
quh rhikhbj quh jk mcrcejvnrus‗
kj sntujmnýe , irjsh
scmnjk fh gnkkcehs
mrnsns scmnjk quh kj pjefhgnj `j puhstc he fh phrujecs quh ec hstêe netharjfcs jk sns-
hk tjphth. thgj icrgjk fh trjljbc, fh shaurcs, fh sjkuf
sjku f
y fh bustnmnj. Hstc clknaý jk aclnhrec j tcgjr
:. Ghfnfjs prhvhetnvjs2 ‛gês thgc jk `jg- ghfnfjs mcemrhtjs mhetrjknzjfjs he mcglj-
lrh quh jk mcrcejvnrus‗ tnr hk mcrcejvnrus y hk `jglrh.
Hk Aclnhrec, jphejs jpjrhmnhrce kjs prngh- Ec clstjeth, hk prclkhgj prnemnpjk he euhs-
rjs shújkhs fhk MCYNF-:>, tcgý uej shrnh fh trc pjçs hs mýgc kkhvjr rêpnfjgheth kcs ice-
ghfnfjs mcgc kj fhmkjrjmnýe fh hghrahe- fcs j kjs phrscejs y j kjs phquhújs hgprh-
mnj sjentjrnj j envhk ejmncejk, fh prhvhemnýe sjs quh kc ehmhsntje, jk ec hxnstnr uej gçengj
y mcetrck (Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 440-<4<4-]J icrgjknfjf h nestntumncehs quh snrvje mcgc
fhk :: fh gjrzc), tjglnîe sh susphefnhrce
kcs vuhkcs prcvhenheths fh Hurcpj y Jsnj, y mjejkhs fh fnstrnlumnýe.
ijktj fh neicrgjmnýe J hkkc
sclrh sh ehmhsntj
qunhe sugj kj
fhsfh hk thrrntcrnc ejmncejk `jmnj fnm`cs fhs- hk fnehrc? hetcemhs, kkhajr j qunhehs gês kc
tnecs (Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 440-<4<4-GVM ehmhsntje hs fniçmnk.
fhk := fh gjrzc), sh jprclý hk jnskjgnhetc
scmnjk clknajtcrnc pcr phrncfcs quh sh vje ± Tjrj jquhkkcs quh ec tnhehe ue trj-
hvjkujefc y pcsthrajefc? jfhgês, sh icrgý ljbc icrgjk, fhphefnheth y rhaukjr
ue mcgjefc fh cphrjmncehs pjrj `jmhr sh `j jprcljfc kj hetrhaj fh lcecs
irheth j kcs mjscs fh MCYNF-:> (\hsckumnýe hmceýgnmcs.
Gnensthrnjk E´ :88-<4<4-Gnesj fhk : fh jlrnk)
y fnjrnjgheth sh tcgje ghfnfjs hsphmçinmjs. ± He hk mjsc fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs icrgj-
khs, sh tcgjrce mujtrc ghfnfjs hsphmç-
]ne hgljrac, ec sh jvnzcrý quh mnhetcs inmjs2 hk trjljbc rhgctc c thkhtrjljbc<=,
fh ijgnknjs hstêe gnarjefc fhsfh Kngj (y kj knlhrjmnýe fh kcs icefcs fh kj MV]<6,

<< He2 ‛Kj furj trjvhsçj fh kcs gês pclrhs2 pjefhgnj y fhshgpkhc hxpuksje j gnkhs fh gnarjeths‗,
gnarjeths‗, Cbc Tòlknmc.`ttps2//c
Tòlknmc.`ttps2//cbc-
bc-
pulknmc.mcg/:109/fhspkjzjfcs-pcr-kj-pjefhgnj-kj-trjvhsnj-fh-kcs-gjs-pclrhs3ilmknf7NwJ\4V4-@gT1m\G0v]GmfkQ@N-
EX^fvlmR<9nt4L-:ZneBx8EEsgvHipMR:Stc
<= Hk thkhtrjljbc hstê rhaukjfc pcr kj Khy =44=9 fhk 6 fh buenc fh <4:=, quh rhmcecmh ‛mcgc uej gcfjknfjf hsphmnjk fh
shrvnmncs mjrjmthrnzjfj pcr kj utnknzjmnýe fh VNM, he kjs hetnfjfhs pòlknmjs y prnvjfjs, y prcgcvhr su fhsjrrckkc‗ (jrt.:). Thrc,
fhsfh hk <4:=, en kjs hgprhsjs prnvjfjs en kjs nestntumncehs pòlknmjs vjkcrjrce hsj gcfjknfjf fh trjljbc? pcr hk mcetrjrnc,
sh fhsfhúý su usc pcr hk sngpkh `hm`c fh ec quhrhr phrfhr hk pcfhr fh fnrnanr c mcetrckjr fnrhmtjgheth, fh gjehrj prh-
shemnjk j kcs trjljbjfcrhs. J`crj, ecs kjghetjgcs fh ec `jlhr jvjezjfc he kj prêmtnmj fh kjs thmeckcaçjs fnantjkhs pjrj
 hk usc mcrrhmtc y hinmjz fhk thkhtrjljbc.
<6 Tcr Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj 4==, fhk <1 fh gjrzc òktngc, sh jutcrnzý hk rhtnrc fh <,644 sckhs pcr uej sckj vhz fh kj MV], quh
hstê rhaukjfj pcr hk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc 984, muyc Vhxtc Òenmc Crfhejfc hs hk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc 44:->1-V\ fhk <1 fh
ihlrhrc fh :>>1.

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :84-:90

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :9:
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

kj susphesnýe phrihmtj fh kjlcrhs<8, kj uej inejknfjf prhvnsncejk mcetrj hk rnhsac fh

knlhrjmnýe fh kcs icefcs fh kjs JIT<9.
Mjlh shújkjr, quh hk Tcfhr Khanskjtnvc
fhkhaý jk Tcfhr Hbhmutnvc kj ijmuktjf fh
khanskjr he fnvhrsjs gjthrnjs. Jsç, he trjljbc2
‛8) mce kj inejknfjf fh ajrjetnzjr y insmjkn-
zjr kj prcthmmnýe fh kcs fhrhm`cs scmnjkhs
kjlcrjkhs fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs he hk gjrmc
fh kj hghrahemnj sjentjrnj mjusjfj pcr hk
MCYNF-:> (…)‗<1.
Kc mcrrhmtc hs quh hk Hstjfc  y gnmrchgprhsjs, kcs `cajrhs gcecpjrhe-
fhlhrçj jsugnr kj gjycr pjrth fh
kcs mcstcs fhk mcrcejvnrus quh
kj vhbhz, tctjkgheth fnihrheth j uej mrnsns pcr
kj pjefhgnj fhk mcrcejvnrus.
Kc mcrrhmtc hs quh hk Hstjfc fhlhrçj jsu-
gnr kj gjycr pjrth fh kcs mcstcs fhk mcrc-
ejvnrus quh suirhe kcs trjljbjfcrhs, ec sh
rhmcgnhefj uej mcgphesjmnýe fhk :44 %<0,
phrc sç kc suinmnheth pjrj hvntjr kj ijktj fh
nearhscs hmceýgnmcs? jfhgês, hstj ghfnfj
prhvhetnvj fhlh shr thgpcrjk y icmjknzjfj
he kcs arupcs gês vukehrjlkhs fh kj pclkj-
mnýe mcgc kcs trjljbjfcrhs fh kjs phquhújs
tjkhs, hk shmtcr neicrgjk, kcs fhshgpkhjfcs,
kj pclkjmnýe he pclrhzj y pclrhzj hxtrhgj,
kcs fnsmjpjmntjfcs, htm. ]ce pckçtnmjs quh

suirhe kcs trjljbjfcrhs, ec sh fhlhe jyufjr

thrjkhs fh j sclrhkkhvjr
kj pjefhgnj mcgckcskjfjúcs mckj-
pîrfnfj fh
rhmcgnhefj uej mcgphesjmnýe  trjljbc, hk mnhrrh fh hgprhsjs, kj heihrgh-
fhk :44 %, phrc sç kc suinmnheth   fjf, htm.

pjrj hvntjr kj ijktj  fh nearhscs  @jy quh jshaurjr quh kjs phrscejs theaje
hmceýgnmcs .
He jglcs mjscs, hxnsth gum`j ngprcvnsj-
mnýe y prclkhgjs he hk fnshúc fh kjs prc-
puhstjs. ]ne hgljrac, ec sckc sh nemug-
pkný kj ecrgj snec sh jihmtý shrnjgheth kc
pcmc quh sh `jlçj kcarjfc he hstcs júcs, he
mujetc jk fhpýsntc fh kcs hgpkhjfcrhs he
kjs MV] (snhefc netjeanlkhs mujtrc rhgueh-
rjmncehs) y kcs icefcs he kjs JIT quh tnheh
fnehrc fnspcenlkh gnhetrjs hstîe thgpcrjk-
gheth iuhrj fhk ghrmjfc kjlcrjk? he hihmtc,
gnkhs fh trjljbjfcrhs vhrêe mjhr sus nearh-
scs pcr kj rhfummnýe fh kjs `crjs fh trj-
ljbc, kcs phrgnscs, kjs vjmjmncehs icrzjfjs,
kj susphesnýe phrihmtj y kcs fhspnfcs? tjg-
lnîe, ctrcs quhfjrêe iuhrj fh kcs prcarjgjs
hsphmçinmcs
mnhrce c quhquh yj hxnsthe, quh sh hstjlkh-
sh hstjlkhmhrêe.
Xej pjefhgnj mcgc kj jmtujk jihmtj rhkjtn-
vjgheth gês j kcs jsjkjrnjfcs mce nearhscs

<8 Jprcljfj pcr hk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj 4=0, fhk :6 fh jlrnk òktngc, quh jutcrnzj kj susphesnýe fh kjlcrhs j sckc phfnfc fh
kcs hgpkhjfcrhs, sne gjycrhs rhqunsntcs y fh nemugpknrkcs mce guktjs gçengjs (F.]. 4::-<4<4-V\ fhk <: fh jlrnk òktngc).
Gum`cs kjlcrjknstjs y, sclrh tcfc, kcs trjljbjfcrhs tnpninmje j hstj ghfnj mcgc jlusc pcr kj mjrhemnj fh susthetc tîmenmc
quh jihmtj sckc j kcs trjljbjfcrhs y ec j kcs hgprhsjrncs en jk Hstjfc irheth j uej pjefhgnj.
<9 Kcs Fhmrhtcs fh Xrahemnj 4<9-<4<4 fhk :8 fh gjrzc, 4<>-<4<4 fhk <4 fh gjrzc, 4=6-<4<4 fhk : fh jlrnk y hk 4=0-<4<4 fhk
:6 fh jlrnk òktngc, hstjlkhmhe hk rhtnrc hxtrjcrfnejrnc fhk icefc fh phesncehs fhk ]nsthgj Trnvjfc fh Thesncehs pjrj gntn-
ajr kcs hihmtcs hmceýgnmcs fhk jnskjgnhetc scmnjk clknajtcrnc? jfhgês, sh prcgukaý pcr nesnsthemnj fhk Mcearhsc kj Khy
=:4:1 fhk =: fh jlrnk quh jprclý hk rhtnrc fh <8 % fh sus icefcs? pjrjkhkjgheth hk Hbhmutnvc jprclý pcr Fhmrhtc hk rhtnrc
 fh 8,444 sckhs. Nemkusc qunhehs tnhehe ghecs fh 6,=44 sckhs puhfhe rhtnrjr kj tctjknfjf.
<1 Khy =:4::, jprcljfc pcr hk Khanskjtnvc y prcgukajfc pcr hk Hbhmutnvc hk <1 fh gjrzc òktngc.
<0 ^j quh, pcfrçj prcvcmjr rnhsac gcrjk (gcrjk `jzjrf ).). Hk rhhgpkjzc tctjk fh sjkjrncs hkngnejrçj hk nemhetnvc pjrj lusmjr
hgpkhcs y rhfumnrçj hk nemhetnvc fh lusmjr c rharhsjr jk trjljbc uej vhz quh kj mujrhethej inejknmh.
:9<  pp. :84-:90 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
gês ljbcs quh jquhkkcs quh gês ajeje.
Nevhstnajmncehs rhmnheths, pjrj pjçshs fhsj-
rrckkjfcs, quh puhfhe jpknmjrsh j euhstrc
mjsc, guhstrje quh kcs trjljbjfcrhs mce
hfumjmnýe uenvhrsntjrnj
fh prcljlnknfjf tnhehe ue
fh thkhtrjljbjr? hs94 % gês
fhmnr, kcs
hgpkhjfcs quh puhfhe trjljbjr fhsfh mjsj
puhfhe heirhetjr ue ghecr rnhsac fh pîr-
fnfj fh hgpkhc? phrc, kcs trjljbjfcrhs fh
ljbcs nearhscs, quh tnhefhe j shr ghecs
hfumjfcs, tnhehe ghecs prcljlnknfjf fh
thkhtrjljbjr (Fupcr, <4<4).
Xej pjefhgnj mcgc kj jmtujk
jihmtj  rhkjtnvjgheth gês  gês
j kcs
jsjkjrnjfcs  mce nearhscs
ljbcs quh jquhkkcs quh gês
ajeje .
Fhlhgcs prcthahr kj mjpjmnfjf prcfumtnvj
fh euhstrj hmcecgçj pjrj quh puhfj rhmu-
phrjrsh uej vhz quh hk rnhsac fhk vnrus fns-
gneuyj. Kcs ljemcs fhlhe fhshgphújr hk
pjphk fh ajrjetnzjr hk luhe iuemncejgnhetc
fh kcs ghrmjfcs fh mrîfntc. Hs fhmnr, hs
hshemnjk prcpcrmncejrkhs suinmnheth hihmtnvc
pjrj sclrhvnvnr j kj mrnsns, pcrquh fhlnfc j
kj ljbj fhgjefj c jk mnhrrh icrzjfc, gum`js
phquhújs y ghfnjejs hgprhsjs tnhehe nesu-
inmnheths rhshrvjs he hihmtnvc pjrj sclrhvnvnr
uecs pcmcs ghshs.
Hstc rhqunhrh gjycr mrhjtnvnfjf, kcs prcarj-
gjs fh prîstjgcs j arje hsmjkj shrêe uej
pjrth ngpcrtjeth fh kj rhspuhstj, nemkunfjs
kjs ajrjetçjs aulhrejghetjkhs pjrmnjkhs c
FCMV\NEJ KJLC\JK
tctjkhs fh kcs prîstjgcs ctcrajfcs pcr kcs
ljemcs j kjs hgprhsjs pjrj gjethehrkcs he
mcefnmncehs fh hgpkhjr j phrscejs y sjknr
fh kj ljemjrrctj pjrj hstjr he mcefnmncehs
fh rhjeufjr
gneh kj jmtnvnfjf
kj pjefhgnj fhspuîs
(Iurgje, fhpp.
<4<4, quh:>:-
thr-
:>9). Hk \hnec Xenfc y Jkhgjenj, pcr hbhg-
pkc, `je netrcfumnfc euhvcs prîstjgcs pjrj
jquhkkjs hgprhsjs quh `je vnstc nethrrug-
pnfjs sus jmtnvnfjfhs<>.
Ajstjr tjetc mcgc shj ehmhsjrnc pjrj trj-
tjr kj neihmmnýe j`crj y fjr nemhetnvcs j kjs
hgprhsjs pjrj quh prcfuzmje pruhljs,
ghfnmjghetcs y vjmuejs, fh gcfc quh kj
pjefhgnj puhfj rhfumnrsh y gjethehrsh
ljbc mcetrck. Ec rhpjrjr he kcs ajstcs he
sjkuf hs kc rhmcghefjlkh? kjs pruhljs, kcs
snsthgjs `cspntjkjrncs, kj nevhstnajmnýe he
kjs uenvhrsnfjfhs sclrh kcs jetnvnrjkhs y kjs
vjmuejs c mujkqunhr hxphrnghetc mnhetç-
inmc quh sh ehmhsnthe fhlhe shr inejemnj-
fcs. ]hj mujk shj kj mcglnejmnýe fh trjesih-
rhemnj gcehtjrnj hkhanfj, hstj fhlh kkhvjrsh
j mjlc. Hk lrhvh rhpjsc fh kjs mnirjs quh
`hgcs shújkjfc jethrncrgheth ecs nefnmj
quh hs ghbcr hqunvcmjrsh he mujetc j hstj
ghfnfj he kuajr fh ec fjr ejfj c fjr guy
pcmc.
<. Kjs ghfnfjs hstrumturjkhs2 kjs gês ehmh-
sjrnjs y kjs gês ckvnfjfjs
Hstjs ghfnfjs hstrumturjkhs, ckvnfjfjs rhn-
thrjfjgheth he euhstrc pjçs, sce ghfnfjs
gês mcgpkhbjs pcr su jpknmjmnýe, mclhrturj
y pkjzc. Hsth tnpc fh pckçtnmjs fhlhe hetrjr
he kjs kçehjs fh rutj `jmnj kj mcestrummnýe fh
uej scmnhfjf fhsjrrckkjfj gçengjgheth.
Fhlngcs jprcvhm`jr (y tcfjvçj pcfhgcs)
kjs mnrmuestjemnjs hmceýgnmjs mcgc kjs quh
 <> Mcgc jeîmfctj, hk prcarjgj jkhgêe tntukjfc
tntukjfc ‛J prcthmtnvh s`nhkf icr hgpkcyhhs jef mcgpjenhs‗ nemkuyh ajrjetçjs fh
prîstjgc nkngntjfjs pjrj rhspjkfjr kj knqunfhz fh kjs hgprhsjs iuh mjkninmjfc pcr hk Gnenstrc fh Inejezjs jkhgêe mcgc
‛lna ljzccoj‗
ljzccoj‗..

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :84-:90

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :9=
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

tuvngcs fhsfh `jmh gês fh qunemh júcs hs pcsnlkh) jk snsthgj icrgjk, j kcs mjej-
y quh j`crj hk mcrcejvnrus ecs rhmuhrfj=4. khs y vçjs fhk Hstjfc (hstc ec ehmhsjrnj-
gheth qunhrh fhmnr mrhjr gês nestntumnc-
 Vcgjrê ue tnhgtnhgpcpc prcmh
prcmhsjr sjr kj gjaen
gjaentuf
tuf ehs c prcarjgjs). Fh tjk icrgj quh, jeth
fhk ngpjmtc hmceýgnmc fh kj mrnsns, phrc hs
neehajlkh quh jughetjrê kj fhsnaujkfjf mujkqunhr s`cmo hstîe
kcs nefnvnfucs  (trjesntcrnc
 (trjesntcrnc c phrgjeheth)
mulnhrtcs y hk Hstjfc
scmnjk h nehqunfjf. Tcr hkkc, ehmhsntjgcs pkj- òenmjgheth theaj quh jgpknjr fnm`cs
eninmjr pjrj sjknr fh kj mrnsns. Yckvjgcs jk jrtç- prcarjgjs pjrj `jmhr gês hihmtnvj su
mukc 80 fh kj jmtujk Mcestntumnýe phrujej kkhajfj.
fh :>>=, kj pjkjlrj crnhetjr puhfh utnknzjrsh
mcgc pkjeninmjr  quh hs sneýengc fh fnrnanr,   \hicrgj trnlutjrnj
aunjr y hemjgnejr (Mjljehkkjs, :>0:, 1:1).   Kcs ngpuhstcs sce pjrth fh uec fh kcs
]ckc jsç suphrjrçjgcs kjs ijkjmnjs y scinsgjs mjejkhs utnknzjfcs pcr kcs aclnhrecs pjrj
fhk vhrlc pkjeninmjr rhsphmtc j kj hmcecgçj. nethrvhenr he kj hmcecgçj. Kcs aclnhrecs
Fh kc mcetrjrnc ³mýgc suphrjr kcs arjvhs prc- jughetje kcs ngpuhstcs pjrj inejemnjr kcs
lkhgjs scmnjkhs quh kj pjefhgnj `j `hm`c lnhehs pòlknmcs y rhfnstrnlunr kcs nearhscs.
hvnfheths3 Bustjgheth kjs êrhjs quh rhqunh- Kcs ngpuhstcs mugpkhe fcs rckhs, fh hin-
rhe nevhrsnýe hmceýgnmj
kj hfumjmnýe, ”hkscmnjk”
kj shaurnfjf hgpkhc,scekj jquh-
sjkuf, mnhemnj (rhmjufjmnýe) y fh hqunfjf (prc-
arhsnvnfjf). ]ne hgljrac, he hk snsthgj
kkjs he fcefh kj pjefhgnj `j fhgcstrjfc kj insmjk phrujec ec sh puhfh `jlkjr fh hqun-
nemjpjmnfjf y kj crijefjf fhk Hstjfc. fjf sn sckc ue pcrmhetjbh gneòsmukc fh
Mcgc scmnhfjf fhlhgcs prhauetjrecs kj pclkjmnýe pjaj kcs ngpuhstcs (sclrh
³pcr quî y he quî ghfnfj fhphefh fhk tcfc, hk ngpuhstc j kj rhetj).
Hstjfc nethrvhenr3 ³mýgc rhspcefhr j kc   He hsh shetnfc, pjrj jughetjr kj rhmju-
uraheth sne ckvnfjrecs kc sustjemnjk, kj ngpkh- fjmnýe prcpcehgcs he prnghr kuajr kj
ghetjmnýe fh uej shaurnfjf scmnjk pjrj hxpjesnýe fh kj ljsh trnlutjrnj. Tjrj hkkc,
tcfcs3=:. Vjk vhz, ecs hemjgnejgcs `jmnj (j) sh fhlh kum`jr mcetrj kj hvjsnýe ins-
ue tnhgpc fh rhmcestrummnýe quh j su vhz mjk, mjlh shújkjr quh kcs gjycrhs hvj-
puhfh shr ue ojnrcs , ue tnhgpc prcpnmnc fh scrhs insmjkhs fh tcfc snsthgj trnlutj-
mjglnc. Tjrj hkkc, prcpcehgcs trhs ghfn-
fjs hstrumturjkhs2 rnc sce
jktjs. (l)kcs nefnvnfucs
hkngnejr tcfjsfhjquhkkjs
kjs rhetjs gês
fhfum-
mncehs y hxhemncehs neehmhsjrnjs quh
  Icrgjknzjmnýe he kuajr fh ijvcrhmhr j kcs quh ghecs
  Mce envhkhs fh neicrgjknfjf mcgc kcs tnhehe mcgpkhbnzje hk snsthgj y mrhje
shújkjfcs he hk mujfrc :, hs iuefjghetjk vçjs pjrj kj hkusnýe insmjk.
mhetrjrecs he kj icrgjknzjmnýe fh hgprh-   He shauefc kuajr, kum`jr mcetrj kj hku-
sjs h nefnvnfucs, y suphrjr kcs rhaçghehs snýe insmjk,   jquhkkcs nefnvnfucs y/c
kjlcrjkhs jetntîmenmcs fh kcs trjljbjfcrh
trjljbjfcrhs.
s. hgprhsjs quh sh jprcvhm`je fh kcs
Fhlhgcs netharjr j tcfj kj pclkjmnýe (sn jaubhrcs khajkhs fhk snsthgj pjrj pjajr
 =4 Ckvnfjgcs kc quh M`rnstneh Kjajrfh rhmcghefjlj
rhmcghefjlj mce irhmuhemnj mujefc hrj fnrhmtcrj ahrheth fhk IGN2 inx t`h rcci w`nkh
t`h sue wjs s`nenea‗ (‛jrrhakjr hk thm`c gnhetrjs lrnkkjlj hk sck‗).
=: Mcgc ecs clknaj hk Mcevhenc :4< fh kj CNV fh :>8<, sclrh ecrgjs gçengjs fh shaurnfjf scmnjk, inrgjfc y rjtninmjfc pcr
hk Hstjfc phrujec? jsngnsgc, kj \hmcghefjmnýe <4< fh kj CNV fhk <4:<
:96  pp. :84-:90 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
ghecs ngpuhstcs. He thrmhr kuajr, mrhjr
ue ngpuhstc prcarhsnvc sclrh kjs rhe-
tjs fhk mjpntjk. ]clrh su pcsnlkh hihmtc
he hk mrhmngnhetc hmceýgnmc, kj `nstc-
rnj
mnýecs guhstrj
gum`c gês quh
fhspuîs  phrkjmjpntj
hk TNLfh mrh-
]hauefj
Auhrrj Guefnjk sclrh tcfc he pjçshs
mcgc Jkhgjenj y Irjemnj fcefh kcs
s`cmos iuhrce hxtrhgjfjgheth fhvjs-
tjfcrhs y iuhrce kcs pjçshs quh inbjrce
ue ngpuhstc sclrh kjs rhetjs fhk mjpn-
tjk. Hstj iuhrth prcarhsnvnfjf insmjk mce-
trnluyý fh gjehrj ectjlkh j rhfumnr kjs
fhsnaujkfjfhs he hk snakc PP.
  Tcr hkkc, Tnohtty (<4:>) scstnheh quh kj
trnlutjmnýe puhfh shr euhvjgheth hk
arje nestrughetc pjrj `jmhr irheth j kj
fhsnaujkfjf scmnjk? phrc ec mujkqunhr
tnpc fh trnlutjmnýe snec uej trnlutjmnýe
prcarhsnvj.  He hsphmnjk, fh ue ngpuhstc
=<
FCMV\NEJ KJLC\JK
prcarhsnvc sclrh kjs rhetjs fhk mjpn-
tjk y sclrh kjs rhetjs fhk trjljbc puh-
fhe rhfumnr kj mrhmnheth fhsnaujkfjf, sne
fhsghrhmhr kjs pckçtnmjs y kcs prcarjgjs
=<
scmnjkhs . He hk
gcs jprhmnjr kj snaunheth
hvckumnýemujfrc pcfh-
y hk ngpjmtc
fh kj trnlutjmnýe prcarhsnvj
prc arhsnvj sclrh kj
rhetj (Tnohtty <4:>, 6>)2 ‛hk tnpc gjran-
ejk gêxngc fhk ngpuhstc sclrh kj rhetj
(jpknmjlkh j kjs rhetjs gês hkhvjfjs) he
Hstjfcs Xenfcs hetrh :>44 y :>=< hrj hk
<= pcr mnhetc, he prcghfnc, irheth jk 0:
pcr mnhetc hetrh :>=< y :>04 y hk => pcr
mnhetc hetrh :>04 y <4:0. He kcs gnsgcs
phrncfcs, hk tnpc gêxngc hs =4, 0> y 69
pcr mnhetc he hk \hnec Xenfc, :0, 80 y 84
pcr mnhetc he Jkhgjenj, y <=, 94 y 81 pcr
mnhetc he Irjemnj. He hihmtc, kj prcarhsn-
vnfjf insmjk iuh gêxngj j ghfnjfcs fhk
snakc PP, phrc pjrtnmukjrgheth he Hstj-
fcs Xenfcs y hk \hnec Xenfc‗.
 =< Kjs pckçtnmjs y prcarjgjs
prcarjgjs scmnjkhs ghbcrje, sne fufj, kj sntujmnýe fh pclrhzj y/c pclrhzj hxtrhgj he kj quh uej arje
prcpcrmnýe fh kj pclkjmnýe sh hemuhetrj neghrsj? hihmtnvjgheth, sce `hrrjgnhetjs mrumnjkhs pjrj jughetjr kjs pcsnlnkn-
fjfhs fh fhsjrrckkc fh hstj pclkjmnýe. ]ne hgljrac, hsth tnpc fh pckçtnmjs ec jihmtje j kj mcemhetrjmnýe fh kj rnquhzj? he
mceshmuhemnj, ec kcarje uej ghbcr rhfnstrnlumnýe fh kj rhetj y pcr hefh, ec rhfumhe kj fhsnaujkfjf.

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :84-:90

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :98
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

  Xej vhz quh sh kcarh hstc, pcfrhgcs
hetcemhs `jlkjr fh hqunfjf c prcarh-
snvnfjf he hk snsthgj
snsthg j phrujec. ³Zuî
ngpcrtjemnj tnheh sclrh kj fhsnaujkfjf
quh ecs clknaj j rhsphtjr kcs jmuhrfcs
hxprhsjfcs he kcs mcevhencs j envhk
guefnjk.

quh
snvc3ue
 == snsthgj trnlutjrnc shj prcarh-
 Hetcemhs, hs fhthrgnejeth quh
ue snsthgj trnlutjrnc he su mcebuetc shj
prcarhsnvc, pcrquh snaeninmj quh kj fns- Hk mcemhptc fh shaurnfjf
trnlumnýe fh kj rhetj pcsngpuhstcs hs
gjycr quh kj fnstrnlumnýe fh kj rhetj
scmnjk ec sh fhlh kngntjr j kjs
jeths fh ngpuhstcs pjrj kj pclkjmnýe prhstjmncehs scmnjkhs   pjrj
mce ghecs rhetj, mjsc nevhrsc pjrj kj jthgphrjr c suphrjr kjs ijkkjs 
pclkjmnýe mce gês rhetj.
fhk ghrmjfc snec shr ue nes-
  Zunhrh fhmnr quh `jy ue ‛hihmtc rhfnstrn- trughetc ehmhsjrnc pjrj mjfj
lutnvc‗ c, he ctrjs pjkjlrjs, quh kj fhsn-
aujkfjf he kj rhetj sh rhfumh pcst hk Hstjfc gcfhrec, quh rhsukth
pjac fh ngpuhstcs
trnlutjrnc sn y sckc
hs prcarhsnvc. sn hk snsthgj
Kuhac, kj prc- fh fhmnsncehs vjkcrjtnvjs iue-
arhsnvnfjf fh ue snsthgj insmjk hs hkh- fjghetjkhs mcgc sce kcs fhrh-
ghetjk fhlnfc j su mjpjmnfjf fh rhfns- m`cs `ugjecs .
trnlunr kj rhetj=6.
  Ngpkhghetjmnýe fh kj shaurnfjf scmnjk
  Hstj prcpuhstj hs jfgntnfj pcr tcfcs, Thrc ³muêk hs hk kuajr quh fhlh thehr he kj
juequh mce fnihrheths gjtnmhs y îeij- scmnhfjf y he hk Hstjfc3 \hspcefhr j hsj
sns=8. He hihmtc, kj shaurnfjf scmnjk mcgc prhauetj he uej scmnhfjf he phrgjeheth
nestrughetc fh pckçtnmj scmnjk y rhfns- mceircetjmnýe fh rhjknfjfhs y fhrhm`cs, y
trnlumnýe `j snfc prcgcvnfj fhsfh hk he ue mcethxtc fh ehmhsnfjfhs hmceýgn-

snakc PNP, `jlnhefc

scknfjmnýe j kc kjrac jkmjezjfc
fhk snakc PPsumcgc
mce- mjs fh kjeuhvj
fh uej gjycrçj fh kjkjpclkjmnýe,
ýptnmj2 rhqunhrh
mcesnfhrjmnýe fh
pjrjfnagj fhk guefc gcfhrec (Kht- euhvcs heicquhs he gjthrnj fh pckçtnmj
tnhrn, <446, >8). Kj mrhjmnýe fh kj CNV scmnjk puhfh shr jktjgheth snaeninmjtnvc y
(:>:>) mcestntuyý ue `ntc ngpcrtjeth he kjs rhikhxncehs quh vje pcr euhvcs mjgnecs
hsh clbhtnvc `nstýrnmc? jfhgês, scgcs quh vnemukje hk mrhmngnhetc mce kj aclhrej-
gnhglrcs fh fnm`j nestntumnýe guefnjk lnknfjf fhlhe shr hxpkcrjfjs.

== ]haòe Tnohtty y ]êhez kj fhinenmnýe ahehrjk fh prcarhsnvnfjf hs2 ‛ue snsthgj trnlutjrnc hs prcarhsnvc sn fhspuîs fhk pjac
fh ngpuhstcs, kj rhetj hstê gês hquntjtnvjgheth fnstrnlunfj quh jeths fhk pjac fh ngpuhstcs‗.
ngpuhstcs‗. ^ kj fhinenmnýe hstêefjr2
hstêefjr 2 ‛ue
snsthgj trnlutjrnc hs prcarhsnvc sn kj pjrtnmnpjmnýe fh kj rhetj pjajfj he ngpuhstcs jughetj mce kj rhetj‗ (‛@cw Trcarhs-
snvh ns t`h X.] Ihfhrjk Vjx ]ysthg3 J @nstcrnmjk jef Nethrejtncejk Thrsphmtnvh‗, Bcurejk ci Hmcecgnm Thrsphmtnvh - Yckugh

=6 <:,
HsthE²`hm`c
:, <441, p. = - <6).
sh puhfh mcrrclcrjr j trjvîs fh vjrncs çefnmhs mcgc kj murvj fh Kcrhez, hk çefnmh fh Anen y fh Mcemhetrjm
Mcemhetrjmnýe.
nýe.
 =8 Thrc, hs neehajlkh quh kjs scmnhfjfhs fhgcmrêtnmjs tnhefhe j clthehr, he ahehrjk, mnhrtcs envhkhs gçengcs fh lnhehstjr
quh he hk mjgpc fh kj shaurnfjf scmnjk sh trjfumhe he hk rhsphtc j prnemnpncs quh rhikhbje su mcemhpmnýe fh kcs fhrhm`cs
`ugjecs y fh kj fnaenfjf `ugjej.

:99  pp. :84-:90 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

FCMV\NEJ KJLC\JK

He hsh shetnfc, hk mcemhptc fh shaurnfjf scmnjk mcgc fhrhm`c `ugjec y pckçtnmj

scmnjk ec sh fhlh kngntjr j kjs prhstjmncehs scmnjk sh trjesicrgh he ue ht`cs ecrgjtnvc
scmnjkhs pjrj jthgphrjr c suphrjr kjs ijkkjs quh fhinej vjkcrhs h nfhjkhs. Mnhrtjgheth,
fhk ghrmjfc snec shr ue nestrughetc ehmh- `jy gum`c mjgnec quh rhmcrrhr
rhmcrrhr,, phrc tjg-

sjrnc pjrj mjfj Hstjfc

fh fhmnsncehs gcfhrec,
vjkcrjtnvjs quh rhsukth
iuefjghetjkhs
mcgc sce kcs fhrhm`cs `ugjecs =9. Hsth
mcemhptc hs guy ngpcrtjeth pcrquh kcs
fhrhm`cs `ugjecs puhfhe rhsuktjr jyufj
h ngpuksc pjrj kj ngpkhghetjmnýe fh kj
shaurnfjf scmnjk, he tjetc hstê rhmcecmnfj
y ajrjetnzjfj mcestntumncejkgheth
Jfhgês, puhfh shr hk gjrmc mcemhptujk
quh phrgnth mcestrunr uej pckçtnmj scmnjk
rhfnstrnlutnvj=1. Hk rhtc hetcemhs mcesnsth he
trjfumnr kcs iuefjghetcs îtnmcs fh kcs fhrh-
m`cs
auhe `ugjecs
ijmtnlnknfjfhej nestrughetcs quh ctcr-
euhstrjs pcsnmncehs he
kj fniçmnk fnsmusnýe sclrh hk iuturc fh kj pckç-
tnmj scmnjk. Kc fnm`c ngpknmj hstjlkhmhr hstrj-
thanjs y mcestrunr vnjlnknfjfhs pjrj rhsckvhr
kcs arjvhs prclkhgjs fh mclhrturj h nehqun-
fjfhs quh heirhetj hk thgj prhvnsncejk he
hk Thrò y `jmhrkc mce hinmjmnj, hinmnhemnj, scs-
thenlnknfjf y hqunfjf, quh sce kcs mrnthrncs
tçpnmcs quh `cy sh pkjethj kj pckçtnmj scmnjk
Clvnjgheth eneauec fh hstcs thgjs hs
iêmnk y rhqunhrh fh mcefnmncehs hsphmnj-
khs fh aclhrejlnknfjf, pjrtnmnpjmnýe mnu-
fjfjej y mrhmngnhetc hmceýgnmc. Hsphrh-
gcs quh hstj phrsphmtnvj fh kj shaurnfjf
lnîe
thehrgum`cs gntcs
he ahehrjk quh fhsvhkjr
envhkhs gçengcssnsh s hshaurn-
sh qunhrh
fjf scmnjk y hvntjr, he hk iuturc, kj mrnsns jmtujk
mcgc scmnhfjf muyj mceshmuhemnj ec hs
pcsnlkh prhvhr.
MCEMKX]NCEH]
 Vrjs hk irjmjsc fh kjs pckçtnmjs ehcknlhrjkhs,
mce gês fh =4 júcs fh jpknmjmnýe, kj rhjkn-
fjf sh `j vuhktc j ngpcehr=0. Hs nefufjlkh
quh suphrjr hsh irjmjsc rhqunhrh vckuetjf
pckçtnmj y gum`c hsiuhrzc fh kj mnufjfj-
eçj. ]hmjglnc
lkh hk puhfh jjinrgjr quh hs ngprhsmnefn-
uej scmnhfjf bustj fcefh
kj naujkfjf shj rhjk y ec sckc khajk. He hsj
fnghesnýe, kjs pckçtnmjs hstrumturjkhs sce
iuefjghetjkhs.
Fhlhgcs fnstneaunr kcs fhrhm`cs iuefj-
ghetjkhs scmnjkhs fh ctrcs fhrhm`cs quh hxn-
ahe uej jmtujmnýe fhk Hstjfc. Hk Hstjfc ec
puhfh shr jbhec j hsh rhmkjgc fh gum`js
fîmjfjs, hs uej muhstnýe fh hihmtnvnfjf,
ec fh bhrjrquçj fh kcs fhrhm`cs scmnjkhs,
yj quh kj mjknfjf fh kcs fhrhm`cs he aheh-
rjk ec sh hstê pcenhefc he fufj. ]h trjtj
fh hxjgnejr euhstrj rhjknfjf, fukmh y mruhk
mcgc fnrçj Bcrah Ljsjfrh, pjrj suphrjr kj

=9 \hmcrfhgc s kj Fhmkjrjmnýe Xenvhrsjk fh kcs Fhrhm`cs @ugjecs

\hmcrfhgcs @ugjecs22 ‛Vcfj phrscej, mcgc gnhglrc fh kj scmnhfjf, tnheh
fhrhm`c j kj shaurnfjf scmnjk‗ (jrt. <<).
=1 Fhlhgcs rhmcecmhr
rhmcecmhr quh hk Neicrgh Lhvhrnfah
Lhvhrnfah (:>6:),
(:>6:), he hk quh sh prcpceçj
prcpceçj sjmjr
sjmjr j Arje
Arje Lrhtjúj
Lrhtjúj fhk hgpclrhmngnhet
hgpclrhmngnhetcc
fh su pclkjmnýe quh hrj mceshmuhemnj fh kj NN Auhrrj Guefnjk, kj shaurnfjf scmnjk jfqunrný ue mcemhptc jòe gês jgpknc.
Kcs prcarjgjs fh jsnaejmncehs ijgnknjrhs, fh sjkuf pòlknmj, fh jsnsthemnj scmnjk, fh hgpkhc y ctrcs, fh mjrêmthr ec mcetrn-
lutnvc y inejemnjfc j trjvîs fhk insmc, pjsjrce j netharjr, buetc jk shaurc scmnjk, hk uenvhrsc fh pckçtnmjs fh shaurnfjf scmnjk.
Hstc òktngc rhvhkj he tcfj su fnghesnýe kj çetngj rhkjmnýe hetrh kj pckçtnmj fh fhsjrrckkc y kj fh shaurnfjf scmnjk.
=0 Jk rhsphmtc, hs nethrhsjeth hk rhmnheth trjljbc fh Yje Yhhe quh fhsjrrckkj uej vnsnýe ahehrjk fhk mcgpcrtjgnhetc fh kj
thcrçj gjmrchmceýgnmj he kcs òktngcs 64 júcs, ljbc hk suahstnvc tçtukc ³@je phrfnfc kcs gcfhkcs gjmrchmceýgnmcs su
mcehxnýe mce kj rhjknfjf hmceýgnmj3 Hk heicquh sh mhetrj he kjs prnemnpjkhs kçehjs fh phesjgnhetc y kj `nstcrnj fhtrês fh
 kcs gcfhkcs gês quh he kcs fhtjkkhs gjthgêtnmcs fh hstcs gcfhkcs. ]cstnheh quh kjs mrnsns `je snfc hk prnemnpjk gctcr fh
kcs mjglncs he kj thcrçj gjmrchmceýgnmj y quh kcs fhljths jmtujkhs fhspuîs shrêe hk mcgnhezc fh ue heicquh gês pku-
rjk fh kj gjmrchmcecgçj y, he pjrtnmukjr, fh kj rhkjmnýe hetrh hk fhsjrrckkc y kj rhjknfjf hmceýgnmj (Vcg Yje Yhhe, ‛@jvh
gjmrchmcgnm gcfhks kcst t`hnr mceehtnce wnt` hmcecgnm rhjknty3‗, MH]NIC Qcronea pjphrs E´ 0<89, jprnk <4<4).
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :84-:90
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :91
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
mrnsns hmceýgnmj fh kj gjycrçj, hk mcesu-
gnsgc fh pcmcs, kj nrrhspcesjlnknfjf scmnjk
y kj qunhlrj îtnmj mcgc scmnhfjf? he fhinen-
tnvj, pjrj suphrjr euhstrj ohecsns mcgc pjçs.
\HIH\HEMNJ] LNLKNCA\ÊINMJ]
Lkjem`jrf, C. (<4<4). ‛Q`jthvhr nt tjohs.‗ Ahttnea netc
t`h sphmninms ci insmjk pcknmy tc ina`t MCYNF-:>,
\hjktngh Hmcecgnm Nssuhs Qjtm`. `ttps2//www.
pnnh.mcg/lkcas/rhjktngh-hmcecgnm-nssuhs-
wjtm`/w`jthvhr-nt-tjohs-ahttnea-sphmninms-ins-
mjk-pcknmy-ina`t-mcvnf
Mjljehkkjs, A. (:>0:). Fnmmncejrnc Hemnmkcpîfnmc fh
Fhrhm`c Xsujk. Vcgc YNNN. Jrahetnej2 @hknjstjs.
Mjsthk, \. (:>>8). Khs ghtjgcrp`cshs fh kj quhstnce
scmnjkh2 ueh m`rcenquh fu sjkjnrh,  Tjrçs2 Hfntnces
Ijyjrf,.
Fh Jkt`jus, B. (:>><). Thrò2 ³pcr quî jvjezj hk knlhrj-
knsgc3 \hvnstj Thrinkhs Knlhrjkhs, Júc 9 (<>).
Fh ]ctc, @. (:>0>). Hk ctrc shefhrc (0ª hfnmnýe). Kngj2
Nestntutc Knlhrtjf y Fhgcmrjmnj.
Fckks, G. (<4<4) Je Xehgpkcyghet \h-Nesurjemh
]m`hgh icr t`h Hurczceh3 ]tjlnknznea jef \hfns-
\ hfns-
trnlutnvh Hiihmts. MH]nic Qcronea Tjphrs 0<:>, jprnk.
Fcejkf Gjrrce (<4<4). Gjmrchmcecgnm Tcknmy
ne t`h tngh ci MCYNF-:> . gjrzc :1, <4<4)
`ttps2//www.tjxpcknmymhethr.cra/tjxvcx/
gjmrchmcecgnm-pcknmy-tngh-MCYNF-:>
Fupcr, Lnkk. (<4<4). Tcssnlkh
Xejetnmnpjthf, Insmjk
jef ]hvhrh YntjkTcknmnhs icr \jth,
Cutlrhjos, Hmc-
ecgnm ]ypecpshs. `ttps2//rhshjrm`.stkcunsihf.cra/
pulknmjtnces/hmcecgnm-s
pulknmjtnces /hmcecgnm-syecpshs/<4<4/4=/:1/
yecpshs/<4<4/4=/:1/  
 
pcssnlkh-insmjk-pcknmnhs-icr-rjrh-uejetnmnpjthf-
jef-shvhrh-vnrjk-cutlrhjos
Iurgje, B. (<4<4). Trcthmtnea phcpkh ecw, `hkpnea t`h
hmcecgy rhlcuef kjthr. He \nm`jrf Ljkfwne jef
Lhjtrnmh Qhfhr fn Gjurc (hfs.), Gntnajtnea t`h
MCYNF Hmcecgnm Mrnsns2 Jmt Ijmt jef Fc Q`jthvhr
Nt Vjohs, Ycx MHT\, pp.:>:-:>9.
Arha Gjeonw,  J prcpcsjk icr ]cmnjk Nesurjemh Furnea
t`h Tjefhgnm  (gjrzc
 (gjrzc <=, <4<4)2
<4<4) 2 `ttp2//arhagje-
onw.lkcaspct.mcg/
@uhrtj fh ]ctc, B. (<446). Hstufncs fh Hmcecgçj Tckçtnmj. 
Gjfrnf2 Xenýe Hfntcrnjk.
Oruagje, T.T. (<4<4). V`h mjsh icr phrgjehet
p hrgjehet stngukus.
He Gntnajtnea t`h MCYNF Hmcecgnm Mrnsns2 Jmt Ijmt
jef Fc Q`jthvhr Nt Vjohs. Hfnthf ly \nm`jrf Ljkf-
wne jef Lhjtrnmh Qhfhr fn Gjurc, MHT\ Trhss,
pp. <:=-<:>.
Kjzc, C. (jlrnk fh <4<4). Tclrhzj akcljk, neicrgjknfjf
y hxmkusnýe he tnhgpcs fh kj MCYNF :>. \hvnstj
 Jkjefjr, Júc PPPY, (=91).
Khttnhrn, J. (<446). lhrtc, Kj Mnvnknzjmnýe he fhljth2 fh kjs
rhvckumncehs lurauhsjs jk ehcknlhrjknsgc. Luhecs
Jnrhs2 Trcghthc knlrcs.
Gntnajtnea t`h MCYNF Hmcecgnm Mrnsns2 Jmt Ijmt jef
Fc Q`jthvhr Nt Vjohs, Hfnthf ly \nm`jrf
\ nm`jrf Ljkfwne
jef Lhjtrnmh Qhfhr fn Gjurc, MHT\ Trhss (p. <).
Ejvjrrc, Y. (buknc fhk <4:=). Mjpntjk-trjljbc2 hk crnahe
fh kj mrnsns jmtujk. Kh Gcefh Fnpkcgjtnquh, Tjrçs.
Tnohtty V. (<4:>). Mjpntjk h nfhckcaçj. Ljrmhkcej2 Hfn-
mncehs Fhustc.
Ljkfwne, \., y Qhfhr fn Gjurc, L. (<4<4). Netrcfumtnce.
He \nm`jrf Ljkfwne jef Lhjtrnmh Qhfhr fn Gjurc
(hfs.), Gntnajtnea t`h MCYNF Hmcecgnm Mrnsns2 Jmt
Ijmt jef Fc Q`jthvhr Nt Vjohs, Ycx MHT\-
]gnt`,ciJ.t`h(:119).  Je Nequnry netc t`h Ejturh jef Mjushs
Qhjkt` ci Ejtnces, vck :, Kcefrhs.
Vcogje,
Vcogje, Y. y Gjrtçehz, F. (hfntcrhs)
(hfntcrhs) (:>>>). Kj ikhxnlnkn-
 zjmnýe he hk gjrahe2
gjrahe2 kj rhicrgj
rhicrgj fhk mcetrjtc fh trj-
ljbc2 Kngj2 CNV.
Yje Yhhe, V. (<4<4). @jvh gjmrchmcgnm gcfhks kcst
t`hnr mceehmtnce wnt` hmcecgnm rhjknty3 MH]NIC
Qcronea pjphrs (0<89).
 :90  pp. :84-:90 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH] TJ\J HK

]HMVC\ T\NYJFC

Hk fhrhm`c j kj netngnfjf mcgc kçgnth fhk pcfhr

fh fnrhmmnýe he kjs rhkjmncehs fh trjljbc
J prcpýsntc fhk usc fh thmeckcaçjs
thmeckcaçjs he tnhgpcs fh MCYNF󰀧:>
MCYNF 󰀧:>
Mîsjr Jkhbjefrc EÊBJ\ LHMH\\J*

Kjs rhkjmncehs fh trjljbc furjeth hk hstjfc fh hghrahemnj, fhmrhtjfc j prcpýsntc fh kj prcpj-

ajmnýe fhk MCYNF-:>, `je fhgcstrjfc quh kj jpknmjmnýe fh thmeckcaçjs pjrj kj prhstjmnýe fh
kjlcrhs hs uej ehmhsnfjf pjrj jircetjr kj pjrjknzjmnýe fhk trjljbc quh sh ahehrj mcgc mcesh-
muhemnj fh kjs ghfnfjs fh jnskjgnhetc clknajtcrnc fhmrhtjfjs pjrj hvntjr su mcetjanc. ]ne hg-
ljrac, hkkc `j kkhvjfc j quh kcs hgpkhjfcrhs fhlje jfcptjr euhvjs icrgjs pjrj kj jpknmjmnýe
fhk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe quh ecrgjtnvjgheth khs `j snfc ctcrajfc, kc quh he cmjsncehs y, fjfj
kj sntujmnýe sne prhmhfheths quh jircetjgcs, `j kkhajfc j vukehrjr, he kj prêmtnmj, hk fhrhm`c j
kj netngnfjf quh mcgc phrscejs mcrrhspcefh j kcs trjljbjfcrhs mujefc sh mcetrckj y insmjknzje
kjs kjlcrhs hihmtujfjs fh icrgj rhgctj. 

TJKJL\J] MKJYH2  Fhrhm`c Kjlcrjk / Fhrhm`c j kj netn- hstrhkkjs fh kc quh hs mcesnfhrjfc mcgc trj-
gnfjf / MCYNF-:> / Tcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe / Ghmjensgcs fh ljbc rhgctc.
vnankjemnj / Ghfncs thmeckýanmcs.
]ne hgljrac, hs mnhrtc tjglnîe quh hk usc
\hmnlnfc 2  4</48/<4<4 mjfj vhz gês ahehrjknzjfc fh hstjs euhvjs
Jprcljfc 2  4</49/<4<4
thmeckcaçjs `j kkhajfc j mcevhrtnrsh he uej
prhcmupjmnýe rjzcejlkh, pcr kj icrgj he
NEV\CFXMMNÝE quh kjs hgprhsjs `jmhe usc fh hstjs pjrj

Tjrj gum`cs, hk usc fh jpjrjtcs hkhmtrýen- mcetrckjrquh,

mcs mcgc mhkukjrhs, tjlkhts y kjptcps he kcs
òktngcs júcs, `j thrgnejfc pcr mcevhrtnrsh
he uej `hrrjgnhetj ehmhsjrnj pjrj kj prhs-
tjmnýe fh kjlcrhs he kcs mhetrcs fh trjljbc.
Mkjrc hbhgpkc fh hkkc `j snfc kj òktngj mrn-
sns ahehrjfj pcr hk MCYNF-:>, quh clknaý
j kcs hgpkhjfcrhs j jfjptjr kj icrgj fh
prhstjmnýe fh shrvnmncs ghfnjeth hk usc fh
fnm`js thmeckcaçjs, y quh `cy he fçj, `je
thrgnejfc pcr mcevhrtnrsh he kjs vhrfjfhrjs
 bjfcrhs, y insmjknzjr kjs kjlcrhs
he jkauecs mjscs,fh
vhekcsjghej-
jgtrjlj-
hej-
zjfcs hk fhrhm`c j kj netngnfjf quh mcgc
mnufjfjecs khs mcrrhspcefh.
He hihmtc, hk jvjemh thmeckýanmc jfhgês
fh `jlhr cptngnzjfc kjs kjlcrhs, `jmnhefc
quh kjs gnsgjs sh fhsjrrckkhe fh icrgj
gês rêpnfj y hinmnheth, pcr kjs ijmnknfjfhs
quh ctcraj pjrj kj prhstjmnýe fh shrvnmncs,
`j ahehrjfc tjglnîe quh kcs hgpkhjfc-
rhs, vjknîefcsh fh hkkc, `jaje usc fh sus
 Jlcajfc pcr kj Ijmuktjf fh Mnhemnjs Burçfnmjs y Tckçtnmjs fh kj Xenvhrsnfjf Mjtýknmj fh ]jetj Gjrçj (Jrhqunpj).
fh kj Gjhstrçj fh Fhrhm`c fh kj Hgprhsj pcr kj Hsmuhkj fh Ehacmncs Ehugjee - Vjmej y jmtujk hemjrajfc fhk êrhj kjlc-
rjk fhk hstufnc Nsgcfhs & Jlcajfcs - Jrhqunpj.
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :9>-:0<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :9>
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
`hrrjgnhetjs, ec sckc pjrj insmjknzjr kjs kjlc-
rhs fh sus mckjlcrjfcrhs, snec quh tjglnîe
pjrj mcetrckjrkcs nemkusc iuhrj fhk `crjrnc
fh trjljbc, jk jgpjrc fh kcs pcfhrhs fh
fnrhmmnýe
khs ctcraj ypjrj
mcetrck quh hk Fhrhm`c
kj jfgnenstrjmnýe fhk Kjlcrjk
trjljb c.
trjljbc.
Hsth `hm`c `j kkhvjfc mkjrjgheth j quh
shje mjfj vhz gês kcs mjscs he kcs quh kcs
trjljbjfcrhs, ljbc kj hxmusj fhk mcetrck fh
kj prhstjmnýe kjlcrjk, vhje vukehrjfj su netn-
gnfjf phrscejk? rjzýe pcr kc quh hk Fhrh-
m`c, fhsfh kj ýptnmj fhk Fhrhm`c Kjlcrjk h
nemkusc Mcestntumncejk, ec puhfh shr jbhec
jk ngpjmtc quh tjk sntujmnýe rhprhshetj he
kjs rhkjmncehs fh trjljbc.
Ljbc
lusmjrêhsthhxpkcrjr
hethefnfc, hk prhsheth
kjs fnvhrsjs icrgjshstufnc
he quh
kjs euhvjs thmeckcaçjs `je thrgnejfc pcr
trjfumnrsh he uej arjvh jirhetj jk fhrhm`c
j kj netngnfjf fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs, jsç mcgc
kcs kçgnths quh euhstrj prcpnj Mcestntumnýe
ngpceh pjrj hk hbhrmnmnc khaçtngc fh kcs
pcfhrhs prcpncs fhk hgpkhjfcr, tcgjefc
he mcesnfhrjmnýe kj hxphrnhemnj ahehrjfj
he kj jpknmjmnýe fh ghmjensgcs thmeckýan-
mcs furjeth hk hstjfc fh hghrahemnj fhmrh-
tjfc pcr kj prcpjajmnýe fhk MCYNF-:> he
euhstrc pjçs.
N. KC] FH\ HM@C ] IXEF JGHE VJ󰀧
KH] FHK V\JLJBJFC\ MCGC KÇGN󰀧
VH] JK TCFH\ FH FN\HMMNÝE FHK
HGTKHJFC\
Mce kj jpjrnmnýe fhk Hstjfc ]cmnjk fh Fhrh-
m`c y kj mceshmuheth mcestntumncejknzj-
mnýe fhk Fhrhm`c fhk Vrjljbc, sh icrbý kc
quh `cy mcecmhgcs mcgc fhrhm`cs iue-
fjghetjkhs kjlcrjkhs, kcs mujkhs, tjk y mcgc
kc nefnmj Gcehrhc, sce hk iuefjghetc y
kçgnth fhk Fhrhm`c fhk Vrjljbc, tjetc he su
iuemnýe `hthrýecgj (hstjtjk) mcgc jutý-
(Jrhqunpj). Gjhstrjefc
crfhejgnhetc burçfnmc kjlcrjk. (Mntjfc he
Lkjemjs, <4:9, pp.18-19).
Fh hstj icrgj, kj jpknmjmnýe fh tjkhs fhrh-
m`cs iuefjghetjkhs nemnfh he hk fhsjrrc-
kkc fh kjs rhkjmncehs kjlcrjkhs, jk mcevhrtnrsh
he vhrfjfhrcs kçgnths quh rhaukje kj pjrtnmn-
pjmnýe fhk Hstjfc y kcs supuhstcs sclrh kcs
quh kj nethrjmmnýe nethr prnvjfcs (trjljbjfcr-
hgprhsj) puhfh fhsjrrckkjrsh? kc quh mkjrj-
gheth supceh kj rhfummnýe fh kjs ijmuktj-
fhs fhk hgpkhjfcr he hk mcetrck hihmtnvc fh
sus trjljbjfcrhs y kj kngntjmnýe he kj jutcec-
gçj fh kj vckuetjf fh kjs pjrths, he mujetc
j kj ngpcsnlnknfjf fh fhsghbcrjr kcs fhrh-
m`cs quh mcestntumncejk y ecrgjtnvjgheth
kh sce rhmcecmnfcs jk trjljbjfcr.
Ljbc hsth hethefnfc, y he tjetc trjfnmncejk
y ecrgjtnvjgheth sh `j hstjlkhmnfc quh hk
hgpkhjfcr pcshh hk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe he
kj rhkjmnýe kjlcrjk, hs fhmnr, thehr kj ijmuktjf
fh hstjlkhmhr kj icrgj fh prhstjr y rhau-
kjr kcs shrvnmncs quh cirhmh, j mcetneujmnýe
hihmtujrhgcs ue lrhvh jeêknsns fh kcs jkmje-
mhs y kj vhrfjfhrj snaeninmjemnj fh fnm`c
pcfhr, pjrj fhgcstrjr mce hkkc, quh kj jpkn-
mjmnýe hihmtnvj fh kcs fhrhm`cs iuefjghe-
tjkhs he kjs rhkjmncehs fh trjljbc, thrgnej
pcr rhprhshetjr ue kçgnth hihmtnvc j kj nethr-
vhemnýe y hvhetujk vukehrjmnýe fh kcs fhrh-
m`cs quh mcgc mnufjfjecs mcrrhspcefhe
j kcs trjljbjfcrhs, pcr pjrth fhk hgpkhjfcr.
:. Hk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe
Tjrj hethefhr kcs jkmjemhs fhk pcfhr fh
fnrhmmnýe, `hgcs mcesnfhrjfc ngpcrtjeth
trjhr j mckjmnýe quh hk hgpkhjfcr aczj mce
ijmuktjfhs quh kh phrgnthe gcfninmjr, jfh-
mujr, rhaukjr,
rhaukjr, rhhgpkjzjr y hxtneaunr kjs rhkj-
mncehs fh trjljbc, fh mceicrgnfjf mce kj
knlhrtjf fh hgprhsj quh mcestntumncejk-
gheth kh hs rhmcecmnfj (Mir. Vcyjgj, <4<4,
 ecgj (jutcecgçj mckhmtnvj)? jk shr quh ec
sckc mrhje, snec quh tjglnîe hstrumturje
y fhkngntje kcs prnemnpncs y fhrhm`cs fhk
:14  pp. :9>-:0< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
vhrfjfhrjs hxprhsncehs fh kc quh snaeninmj
hk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe.
He hihmtc, pjrj jutcrhs mcgc Icvjeî (<4:8)
hk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe hs hethefnfc mcgc2
  _hk pcfhrW j pjrtnr fhk mujk sh ijmuktj jk
hgprhsjrnc he vnrtuf fhk hbhrmnmnc fh su
knlrh jmtnvnfjf hmceýgnmj pcfhr hgntnr
kjs nefnmjmncehs u ýrfhehs fh mýgc sh
kkhvjrê j mjlc kj rhjknzjmnýe fh kjs kjlc-
rhs y kjs iuemncehs fh kj hgprhsj. ]h trj-
tje fh jquhkkjs fhmnsncehs c fnrhmtrnmhs
quh jfcptj hk hgprhsjrnc c hgpkhjfcr
he mujetc jk gjehbc fh kj hgprhsj, fh
jkkç quh hk gnsgc jsugh kjs rhspcesjln-
knfjfhs mcgc bhih fh hgprhsj. (p. 8<)
Fh icrgj quh kc quh ctcraj hk pcfhr fh
fnrhmmnýe hs kj ijmuktjf jk hgpkhjfcr mcgc
vhrfjfhrc fnrhmtcr y rhspcesjlkh fh kj
hgprhsj, fh fnrnanr kjs jmtnvnfjfhs y icrgj
he quh sh hihmtujrêe kjs kjlcrhs pjrj kj mce-
shmumnýe fh sus inehs, phrgntnîefcshkh ins-
mjknzjr y sjemncejr mcgc mceshmuhemnj fh
fnm`j ijmuktjf j kcs trjljbjfcrhs j su mjrac.
]clrh hkkc, Ljrjssn hxprhsj quh he fnm`c
pcfhr sh rhmcecmhe trhs hkhghetcs2
  ue hkhghetc nenmnjk, hk gjefc? ue hkh-
ghetc furjfhrc, kj vnankjemnj, quh hs kj
jmtnvnfjf fh mcetrck quh snauh y jmcg-
pjúj jk gjefc y, inejkgheth, kj vhrninmj-
mnýe quh sustntuyh prêmtnmjgheth kj jth-
eujmnýe trjesntcrnj fh kj vnankjemnj y quh,
pcr kc tjetc, ec snhgprh hs fjfc hemce-
trjrkj.   (Mntjfc he @hreêefhz, :>>1,
p. 649).
Hkhghetcs quh mcesnfhrjgcs mcemurrhe
arjfujkgheth y fhsfh hk nenmnc fh tcfj rhkj-
mnýe ljbc sulcrfnejmnýe.
Kj prcpnj Khy fh Trcfumtnvnfjf y Mcgphtn-
p. <61)? y hs quh mcgc kc hvnfhemnjrhgcs
he kcs snaunheths pêrrjics, sce bustjgheth
hstjs jmmncehs kjs quh sh mcevnhrthe he
FCMV\NEJ KJLC\JK
he kj rhkjmnýe fh trjljbc, jk shújkjr hxprhsj-
gheth quh2
  Tcr kj sulcrfnejmnýe, hk trjljbjfcr
prhstj sus shrvnmncs ljbc fnrhmmnýe fh su
hgpkhjfcr, hk mujk tnheh ijmuktjfhs pjrj
ecrgjr rhakjghetjrnjgheth kjs kjlcrhs,
fnmtjr kjs ýrfhehs ehmhsjrnjs pjrj kj hbh-
mumnýe fh kjs gnsgjs, y sjemncejr fnsmn-
pknejrnjgheth, fhetrc fh kcs kçgnths fh
kj rjzcejlnknfjf, mujkqunhr neirjmmnýe c
nemugpkngnhetc fh kjs clknajmncehs j
mjrac fhk trjljbjfcr. (…).
Fh icrgj quh fnm`c jrtçmukc ec sckc phrgnth
fhgcstrjr kj vjknfhz fh kc hxprhsjfc `jstj
hk gcghetc, snec quh jfhgês phrgnth hvn-
fhemnjr kjs prnemnpjkhs ijmuktjfhs quh pcshh
hk hgpkhjfcr y quh fhrnvje fhk pcfhr aheî-
rnmc fh fnrhmmnýe2 kj ijmuktjf fh fnrnanr, insmj-
knzjr y sjemncejr j kcs trjljbjfcrhs.
]ne hgljrac, hs ngpcrtjeth prhmnsjr quh
fnm`c jrtçmukc shújkj hxprhsjgheth quh
fnm`js ijmuktjfhs pcshhe mcgc kçgnth kj
rjzcejlnknfjf, ec fhlnhefc nethrprhtjrsh
quh su jpknmjmnýe jkmjezj sckc j kj ijmuktjf
fnsmnpknejrnj, snec quh, he mjglnc, j mjfj
uej fh kjs ijmuktjfhs fhk hgpkhjfcr.
hgpkhjfcr.
He hihmtc, sh rhmcecmh quh kj rjzcejlnkn-
fjf he cmjsncehs jmtòj mcgc kçgnth fh kjs
ijmuktjfhs muyj jgpkntuf puhfh prhstjrsh
j kj jrlntrjrnhfjf, puhs sn lnhe ec hs pcsnlkh
quh kj ecrgj rhaukh kj fnrhmmnýe hbhrmnfj
pjrj hk mugpkngnhetc fh kcs clbhtnvcs hmc-
eýgnmcs fh mjfj hgprhsj, pcr thehr mjfj
uej fh hkkjs uej rhjknfjf fnstnetj he mujetc
j su ahstnýe? tjgpcmc hs pcsnlkh phrgn-
tnr en bustninmjr kj jrlntrjrnhfjf he hk hbhrmn-
mnc fh kjs ijmuktjfhs
i jmuktjfhs fhk hgpkhjfcr (Mir. Tkê,
:>>0, p. =18).
Jsç puhs, sn lnhe hk hgpkhjfcr puhfh hbhr-
mhr su pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe, insmjknzjmnýe y
 tnvnfjf Kjlcrjk (KTMK), he su jrtçmukc >, rhmc-
ecmh kj mcemurrhemnj fh fnm`cs hkhghetcs
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :9>-:0<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :1:
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
rjzcejlnknfjf jk shr quh hk snsthgj burçfnmc
prcsmrnlh kj pcsnlnknfjf fh jfcptjr fhmn-
sncehs jrlntrjrnjs, snhefc ehmhsjrnc j`crj
fhthrgnejr, j hihmtcs fhk prhsheth trjljbc
fh nevhstnajmnýe,
hvntjr muêkhshe
kj jrlntrjrnhfjf scehkkcshbhrmnmnc
kçgnths pjrj
fhk
pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe.
<. Kçgnths jk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe
 Vjk y mcgc sh `j fhsjrrckkjfc j kc kjrac fh
 Vjk
kcs òktngcs júcs, tjetc fcmtrnejrnj mcgc
ecrgjtnvjgheth, kj clhfnhemnj he kjs rhkj-
mncehs fh trjljbc hs hxnanlkh tje sckc irheth
j jquhkkjs ýrfhehs quh sh fnmthe pjrj hk
mugpkngnhetc fh kjs kjlcrhs, y ec, irheth
j sntujmncehs quh hxmhfje kjs ijmuktjfhs
pjrj kj rhaukjmnýe nethrej fh kjs jmtnvnfjfhs
fh kj hgprhsj? puhs, fh kc mcetrjrnc, pcfrê
`jmhrsh usc fhk nus rhsnsthefn   quh puhfh
hethefhrsh mcgc ue fhrhm`c quh ngpknmj kj
ijmuktjf fh ec jmjtjr ýrfhehs hgprhsjrnjkhs
nkçmntjs, vhbjtcrnjs, jrlntrjrnjs, quh mcgpcrthe
arjvh rnhsac c ngpknquhe jlusc fh fhrhm`c,
quh jihmthe fhrhm`cs nevnckjlkhs fhk trjlj-
 bjfcr c mcjrthe hk knlrh
knlrh fhsjrrckkc fh su phr-
phr-
scejknfjf (Mir. Acezêkhs, <440, p.:14).
]clrh hsth gnsgc fhrhm`c, Lkjemjs (<4:9)
rhinhrh quh hk hbhrmnmnc fhk pcfhr fh fnrhm-
mnýe quh trjsvjsh hk êglntc kjlcrjk fhk trj-
ljbjfcr y quh jtjúh j su vnfj phrscejk c
ijgnknjr, hs nkhaçtngc y phrgnth su jpknmjmnýe
(p.:4=)? fh icrgj quh hk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe
hemuhetrj sclrh kj ljsh fh kjs prcpnjs mce-
fnmncehs kjlcrjkhs hk kçgnth j kj nethrvhe-
mnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr pjrj kj jpknmjmnýe fh
ýrfhehs, nesphmmncehs y sjemncehs sclrh hk
trjljbjfcr, puhs fh nethrvhenr gês jkkê fhk
êglntc fh trjljbc, ecs hemcetrjgcs irheth
j ue jmtujr mnhrtjgheth nrrjzcejlkh y pcr
tjetc jrlntrjrnc.
]ne hgljrac, fnm`c kçgnth ec hs hk òenmc j
sjemnýe he hk êglntc kjlcrjk, fnm`j ijmuk-
tjf fhlh hihmtujrsh fhetrc fh kcs kçgnths fh
fnspceh pjrj hk rhsphtc fh kcs fhrhm`cs fh
kcs trjljbjfcrhs? snhefc hk prnemnpjk kçgnth kcs
fhrhm`cs iuefjghetjkhs fh hstcs òktngcs
he su mcefnmnýe fh trjljbjfcrhs, phrc tjg-
lnîe,
prcpnjfhMcestntumnýe
phrscejs y mnufjfjecs,
rhmcecmh kjjkhihmtnvnfjf
shr quh kj
fh kcs fhrhm`cs iuefjghetjkhs fhk trjljbj-
fcr he kjs rhkjmncehs fh trjljbc, pcr hxprh-
sjr quh2 ‛Eneauej rhkjmnýe kjlcrjk puhfh
kngntjr hk hbhrmnmnc fh kcs fhrhm`cs mcestn-
tumncejkhs, en fhsmcecmhr c rhljbjr kj fnaen-
fjf fhk trjljbjfcr‗.
Fnm`j sntujmnýe, jfhgês fh hemcetrjr su
iuefjghetc he kj Mcestntumnýe y kj fcm-
trnej, `j snfc rhmcecmnfj pcr hk prcpnc Vrn-
luejk Mcestntumncejk quh he kj shethemnj
rhmjçfj he hk Hxphfnheth E´ ::<6-<44:-
JJ/VM rhmcecmh kj hinmjmnj fh kcs fhrh-
m`cs iuefjghetjkhs hetrh pjrtnmukjrhs, y
gês prhmnsjgheth he kjs rhkjmncehs fh trj-
ljbc jk shújkjr quh2 ‛1. (…) ]n lnhe jquh-
kkj fnspceh fh pcthstjfhs hgprhsjrnjkhs
fh fnrhmmnýe y crajenzjmnýe y, mcestntuyh
jfhgês prcpnhfjf prnvjfj, jquhkkjs fhlhe
hbhrmhrsh mce hstrnmtc rhsphtc fh kcs fhrh-
m`cs mcestntumncejkhs fhk hgpkhjfc c
trjljbjfcr‗.
Fh hstj icrgj, y j fnihrhemnj fh kc quh jkau-
ecs hxprhsje, kcs kçgnths fhk pcfhr fh fnrhm-
mnýe sh hemuhetrje he kj prcpnj rhkjmnýe
kjlcrjk y kcs fhrhm`cs quh mcgc phrscejs y
trjljbjfcrhs mcrrhspcefhe j hstcs òktngcs,
ec snhefc pcsnlkh `jlkjr fh ue pcfhr nkngn-
tjfc fhk hgpkhjfcr susthetjfc he hk fhrh-
m`c j kj knlhrtjf fh hgprhsj, puhs mcgc
kc fhtjkkjrhgcs j mcetneujmnýe, sn lnhe sh
rhmcecmh quh hk hgpkhjfcr tnheh hk pcfhr
fh fnrnanr, mcetrckjr y ahstncejr kj hgprhsj
pjrj kj mceshmumnýe fh sus inehs, ue jeêknsns
fhstnejfc j pcefhrjr fhrhm`cs j kj kuz fh
kj
trjrMcestntumnýe Tckçtnmj,
quh hk rhsphtc thrgnej
fh kcs pcr fhgcs-
fhrhm`cs iuefj-
 tcgjr he muhetj, puhs hk pcfhr fh fnrhm
mnýe fhlh fhsjrrckkjrsh jfhgês fhetrc fhk
gjrmc quh hk prcpnc crfhejgnhetc burçfnmc
:1<  pp. :9>-:0< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
=. Kcs fhrhm`cs iuefjghetjkhs mcgc kçgn-
ths jk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe
 Vjk y mcgc kc hxprhsjgcs he kcs pêrrjics
prhmhfheths,, hs prcljlkh quh jkauecs mce-
prhmhfheths
snfhrhe quh, j pjrtnr fhk fhrhm`c j kj knlhrtjf
fh hgprhsj rhmcecmnfc he kj prcpnj Mcestn-
tumnýe, shj pcsnlkh hbhrmhr hk pcfhr fh fnrhm-
mnýe sne quh hxnstj ue kçgnth he su jpknmj-
mnýe, jk shr quh kcs kçgnths fh kcs fhrhm`cs
iuefjghetjkhs, he hsth mjsc kcs fh kcs trj-
ljbjfcrhs, sce pcsnlkhs sn kc quh sh lusmj hs
pcsnlnkntjr hk hbhrmnmnc fh ctrc fhrhm`c mces-
tntumncejk, mcgc kc hs bustjgheth hk fhrhm`c
j kj knlhrtjf fh hgprhsj.
]ne hgljrac, hs he fnm`js sntujmncehs he
kjs quh, tjk y mcgc kc nefnmj @ælhrkh, hk prne-
mnpnc fh prcpcrmncejknfjf hk quh phrgnth
rhsckvhr kcs mceiknmtcs quh pufnhrje suranr
hetrh lnhehs mcestntumncejkhs, fhlnhefc
hihmtujrsh pjrj hkkc, ue jeêknsns j kj kuz fh
kj Mcestntumnýe he su mcebuetc, pcr shr quh
kcs lnhehs burçfnmcs mcestntumncejkhs mcemu-
rrheths ec sh hemuhetrje he uej rhkjmnýe fh
suprj c sulcrfnejmnýe, quh phrgntj hxmkunr
uec pcr ctrc. (Mntjfc he Lkjemjs, <4:9,
pp. ::>-:<4).
He hk mjsc mcemrhtc, sç sh prcmhfh j hihm-
tujr fnm`j pcefhrjmnýe j pjrtnr fh kcs mrnth-
rncs fhinenfcs pcr hk prcpnc Vrnluejk Mces-
tntumncejk, hstc hs, kuhac fh ue bunmnc fh
nfcehnfjf, ehmhsnfjf y prcpcrmncejknfjf
he hk shetnfc kjtc:? hs ngpcsnlkh ehajr quh
kjs prêmtnmjs hgprhsjrnjkhs pjrj hk mcetrck
fh kjs kjlcrhs jfgntje kj trjesarhsnýe fh
fhrhm`cs iuefjghetjkhs quh mcgc phrsc-
ejs mcrrhspcefhe j kcs trjljbjfcrhs, jk shr
quh fh eneauej icrgj uej nethrvhemnýe he
hk êglntc prnvjfc fhk trjljbjfcr, pcr hbhg-
pkc, mcefumnrçj j kj mceshmumnýe fh ue ine
ghetjkhs he hk êglntc kjlcrjk ec puhfh
vhrsh jihmtjfc.
FCMV\NEJ KJLC\JK
khaçtngc (nfcehnfjf), shrçj hk òenmc ghfnc c
hk ghecs arjvcsc pjrj ajrjetnzjr ctrc fhrh-
m`c iuefjghetjk (ehmhsnfjf) c kjs vhetjbjs
fh tjk jihmtjmnýe suphrhe kjs fhsvhetjbjs fh
rhstrneanr kcs fhrhm`cs fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs
(prcpcrmncejknfjf).
Jsngnsgc, kj prcpnj Mcestntumnýe prc`çlh
quh kjs rhkjmncehs fh trjljbc kngnthe hk hbhr-
mnmnc fh kcs fhrhm`cs iuefjghetjkhs, fh
icrgj quh mce fnm`j fnspcsnmnýe sh prcs-
mrnlh mujkqunhr ghfnfj fhk hgpkhjfcr quh
puhfj jihmtjr kcs fhrhm`cs ne`hrheths fhk
trjljbjfcr he rjzýe fhk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe.
Jsç puhs, sn lnhe hk hgpkhjfcr pcshh kj ijmuk-
tjf fh fnrnanr, insmjknzjr y sjemncejr j kcs trj-
ljbjfcrhs, fnm`c pcfhr ec puhfh scskjyjr
kcs fhrhm`cs quh mcgc mnufjfjecs y trj-
ljbjfcrhs pcshhe hstcs òktngcs, snhefc kcs
fhrhm`cs iuefjghetjkhs fhk trjljbjfcr vhr-
fjfhrcs kçgnths j kj jmtujmnýe fhk hgpkhj-
fcr,, hk mujk ec puhfh suphrjr kcs gnsgcs jk
fcr
trjtjrsh fh fhrhm`cs quh sh hemuhetrje prc-
thanfcs pcr kj prcpnj Mcestntumnýe.
NN.. KJ NEVNG NFJF MCGC
NN MCGC FH\H M@C
YXKEH\JFC HE KJ \HKJMNÝE FH
V\JLJBC
@jlnîefcsh fhgcstrjfc quh kcs fhrhm`cs
iuefjghetjkhs fhk trjljbjfcr mcgc mnufj-
fjec sce vhrfjfhrcs kçgnths jk pcfhr fh
fnrhmmnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr, hs ehmhsjrnc j`crj
fhgcstrjr `jstj quî puetc hk usc fh kjs
euhvjs thmeckcaçjs puhfh kkhajr j rhprhshe-
tjr uej vukehrjmnýe fhk fhrhm`c j kj netngn-
fjf fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs, y he mceshmuhemnj
muêkhs sce kcs kçgnths quh pcshh hk hgpkhj-
fcr rhsphmtc jk mcetrck y insmjknzjmnýe j trj-
vîs fh fnm`cs ghfncs.
 : Kj ]VM Hxp. E´ 468-<446-
468-<446-TN/VM
TN/VM prhmnsj quh2 ‛He hihmtc, hk prnemnpnc fh prcpcrmncejknfjf, hethefnfc he su jmhpmnýe mkêsnmj
jkhgjej mcgc ‐prc`nlnmnýe fh hxmhsc„ (Xethrgjμvhrlct), mcgprhefh, he mjglnc, trhs sulprnemnpncs2 nfcehnfjf, ehmhsn-
fjf y prcpcrmncejknfjf he shetnfc hstrnmtc‗.
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :9>-:0<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :1=
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
 Tjrj hkkc, j mcetneujmnýe, `jrhgcs ue jeê-
knsns fh kc quh snaeninmj hk fhrhm`c j kj netn-
gnfjf he kj rhkjmnýe fh trjljbc, y j pjrtnr fh
hkkc, fhgcstrjr he quî mnrmuestjemnjs fnm`c
fhrhm`c sh vh vukehrjfc
euhvjs thmeckcaçjs, mce hk
`jmnhefc usc fh
îeijsns hekjs
kj
hxphrnhemnj ahehrjfj furjeth kj hghrahe-
mnj ejmncejk j mceshmuhemnj fhk MCYNF-:>
he euhstrc pjçs.
:. Hk fhrhm`c j kj netngnfjf he kj rhkjmnýe
fh trjljbc y kjs euhvjs thmeckcaçjs
 Vjk y mcgc kc shújkj Tjsmc (<4:<), kcs fhrh-
 Vjk
m`cs quh fhlhe shr rhmcecmnfcs he kjs rhkj-
mncehs kjlcrjkhs2 ‛]ce _jquhkkcsW fh mjrêmthr
ahehrjk, jtrnlunfcs j tcfcs kcs mnufjfjecs
y quh sce hbhrmntjfcs pcr hkkcs fhetrc fh kj
rhkjmnýe kjlcrjk.‗ (p. <:), ec snhefc jfgnsnlkh
kj nfhj fh kngntjr hk hbhrmnmnc fh kcs fhrhm`cs
iuefjghetjkhs j jquhkkcs hstrnmtjgheth
kjlcrjkhs he kjs rhkjmncehs fh trjljbc, puhs
`jmhrkc rhprhshetjrçj uej trjesarhsnýe j kcs
fhrhm`cs quh mcgc phrscej mcrrhspcefhe
jk trjljbjfcr.
Jsç puhs, kcs fhrhm`cs iuefjghetjkhs
fhk trjljbjfcr quh jmtòje mcgc kçgnths
jk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr ec
sce sckc jquhkkcs fhrhm`cs hstrnmtjgheth
kjlcrjkhs quh sh fje he kj rhkjmnýe fh
trjljbc, snec quh tjglnîe jquhkkcs muyc
rhmcecmngnhetc sh ajrjetnzj iuhrj fh
fnm`js rhkjmncehs pcr kj prcpnj mcefnmnýe
fh phrscej y mnufjfjec fhk trjljbjfcr,
hetrh kcs quh hemcetrjgcs2 kj ngjahe, hk
`cecr, kj netngnfjf, kj nevnckjlnknfjf fh kjs
mcguenmjmncehs, hetrh ctrcs.
J`crj lnhe, he hk hstufnc quh ecs cmupj,
ecs mhetrjrhgcs he hk fhrhm`c j kj netngn-
fjf y su nemnfhemnj he kj rhkjmnýe fh trjljbc,
he jthemnýe j quh kj jpknmjmnýe fhk pcfhr
fh fnrhmmnýe fhtjkkjfc he kjs pêanejs prh-
He hihmtc y mcgc kc rhinhrh Ynfj mntjfc he
Lkjemjs (<4:9)2
  kjs thmeckcaçjs neicrgêtnmjs y jufncvn-
sujkhs, jk jgpknjr ectjlkhgheth kj pcsn-
lnknfjf fh netrcgnsnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr he
kj hsihrj phrscejk fhk trjljbjfcr, rhfu-
mhe snaeninmjtnvjgheth kj vnahemnj fh kcs
fhrhm`cs iuefjghetjkhs, _pcr hbhgpkc,
kcs fhW prnvjmnfjf c netngnfjf, prcpnj
ngjahe, fnaenfjf, htm. (p. :>6)
Fh icrgj quh hk jeêknsns fh kj netngnfjf,
fhsfh kj phrsphmtnvj fhk Fhrhm`c fhk Vrj-
ljbc, hs uej tjrhj ehmhsjrnj pjrj uej rhkj-
mnýe fh trjljbc jmcrfh jk rhsphtc quh mcgc
phrscej ghrhmh hk trjljbjfcr.
Jsç, hs ngpcrtjeth prhmnsjr quh
q uh hk fhrhm`c
j kj netngnfjf hs ue fhrhm`c iuefjghetjk
fh kj phrscej, jk shr quh hk jrtçmukc < fh
kj Mcestntumnýe rhmcecmh quh tcfj phr-
scej tnheh fhrhm`c j kj netngnfjf phrsc-
ejk y ijgnknjr, fhlnhefc hethefhrsh hkkc
mcgc ‛jquhkkj hsihrj fh kj vnfj fh uej
phrscej he kj quh eneaòe hxtrjúc
hxt rjúc puhfh
nethrvhenr. Hs rhshrvjfj mce pkhej jutc-
ecgçj j kj phrscej gnsgj y j sus ijgn-
knjrhs gês mhrmjecs‗  (\ulnc, <4:<, p. <0)?
fh icrgj quh hk hgpkhjfcr fh eneauej
icrgj puhfh
scejk, c, fnm`cjmmhfhr
fh ctrc jgcfc,
fnm`jjhsihrj
kj vnfjphr-
prn-
vjfj fhk trjljbjfcr
trjljbj fcr..
Fh hstj icrgj, mcgc kc fhtjkkjgcs he kjs
pêanejs prhmhfheths, hk pcfhr fhk hgpkhj-
fcr pjrj fnrnanr, mcetrckjr y sjemncejr jk trj-
ljbjfcr pcshh mcgc prnghr kçgnth kj prcpnj
rhkjmnýe fh trjljbc, fh icrgj quh nevjfnr c
rhstrneanr kj netngnfjf fhk trjljbjfcr gês jkkê
fh kj prhstjmnýe fh shrvnmncs fhguhstrj uej
hvnfheth jmtujmnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr iuhrj fh
kcs kçgnths quh kj prcpnj khy kh ctcraj pjrj
hbhrmhr su pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe, pcr kc quh hs
 mhfheths j trjvîs fhk usc fh thmeckcaçjs `j
thrgnejfc pcr rhprhshetjr uej jihmtjmnýe
fnrhmtj j hsth fhrhm`c.
:16  pp. :9>-:0< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
Fhk gnsgc gcfc, y juequh kj netngnfjf
puhfj hethefhrsh mcgc ue fhrhm`c quh
pcshh prcthmmnýe òenmjgheth iuhrj fhk mhe-
trc fh trjljbc, hs ue fhrhm`c quh sh hbhrmh
nemkusc fhetrc
rhinhrh \ulnc fhk‛kj
(:>>>) gnsgc, puhs
netngnfjf mcgc
puhfh kc
cmu-
rrnr nemkusnvh he kuajrhs pòlknmcs, snhgprh
quh kj mnrmuestjemnj mcesnstj he ue `hm`c
quh kj phrscej `j rhshrvjfc pjrj su prc-
pnc mçrmukc fh hxnsthemnj‗  (p. <8=)? fh icrgj
quh sh hxtnhefh nemkusc fhetrc fhk mhetrc
fh trjljbc, jk shr quh hxnsthe jmtnvnfjfhs
quh nemkusc he kj prcpnj hgprhsj puhfhe
hbhrmhrsh fhetrc fhk êglntc prnvjfc, tjkhs
mcgc2 mcevhrsjmncehs prnvjfjs mce mcg-
pjúhrcs, hk mjglnjrsh fh rcpj he kcs vhs-
tujrncs, neahrnr jknghetcs he hk rhirnahrnc, htm.?
sclrh kcs mujkhs hk trjljbjfcr tnheh fhrhm`c
j kj netngnfjf.
]ne hgljrac, y j phsjr fh quh fnm`c fhrh-
m`c ajrjetnzj he thcrçj quh hk hbhrmnmnc fhk
pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr, nemkusc
pcr ghfncs thmeckýanmcs, ec puhfh fh ene-
auej icrgj jihmtjr hk fhrhm`c j kj netngnfjf
fhk trjljbjfcr, kc mnhrtc hs quh he kj prêmtnmj,
prêmt nmj,
tjk y mcgc kc fhgcstrý pcsthrncrgheth kj
mrnsns kjlcrjk ahehrjfj pcr hk MCYNF-:> he
jkauecs mjscs, kj netrcgnsnýe he fnm`j hsihrj
prnvjfj snauh snhefc uej sntujmnýe prhcmu-
pjeth pcr kj jpknmjmnýe fh fnvhrscs ghmjens-
gcs fh vnankjemnj quh trjesarhfhe fnm`cs
fhrhm`cs, jk jgpjrc fhk mcetrck quh fhlh
hbhrmhr hk hgpkhjfcr sclrh kjs kjlcrhs fh
sus trjljbjfcrhs.
<. Kcs ghmjensgcs fh vnankjemnj j trjvîs fh
kjs euhvjs thmeckcaçjs y hk fhrhm`c j kj
netngnfjf
J phsjr fh quh, mcgc kc `hgcs vhenfc
hxprhsjefc, kj pcsnlnknfjf quh ctcraje kjs
euhvjs thmeckcaçjs pjrj hk mcetrck fh kcs
trjljbjfcrhs ec fhlh shr hethefnfj mcgc
neehajlkh quh mujkqunhr ghfnc utnknzjfc
pjrj nevjfnr fnm`j netngnfjf sh hemuhetrj
prc`nlnfc pcr khy.
FCMV\NEJ KJLC\JK
fnm`js thmeckcaçjs, kcs hgpkhjfcrhs `je
`hm`c usc fh kjs gnsgjs pjrj hstjlkhmhr
euhvjs icrgjs fh trjljbc y euhvcs ghfncs
fh mcetrck hgprhsjrnjk, quh he jkauecs
mjscs trjesarhfhe
netngnfjf fhrhm`cs mcgc
pcr kcs ghmjensgcs hk fh
utnknzjfcs
pjrj tjk hihmtc.
 Vjk y mcgc kc hxprhsj Lkjemjs (<4:9)2
  hk ngprhsncejeth fhsjrrckkc fh kjs thm-
eckcaçjs neicrgêtnmjs, jufncvnsujkhs y
fh mcguenmjmnýe `je puhstc j fnspc-
snmnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr ue mcebuetc guy
jgpknc y scinstnmjfc fh nestrughetcs
fh mcetrck quh mcetnhehe ue pcthemnjk
guy hkhvjfc fh khsnvnfjf j kcs fhrhm`cs
iuefjghetjkhs fh kj phrscej fhk trjlj-
 bjfcr. (p. :>9)
^ hs quh mcgc kc fhgcstrjrhgcs j mcetn-
eujmnýe he jpknmjmnýe fhk pcfhr fh fnrhm-
mnýe sh utnknzje ghfncs thmeckýanmcs pjrj
hk mcetrck y vnankjemnj quh puhfhe shr
khsnvcs fhk fhrhm`c j kj netngnfjf fh kcs
trjljbjfcrhs.
<.:.. Ghfncs jufncvnsujkhs
<.: jufncvnsujk hs mce inehs fh
vnankjemnj
Hk prnghrc fh fnm`cs ghfncs y tjk vhz uec
fh kcs prnemnpjkhs, hs hk usc fh mcetrck j fns-
tjemnj pcr ghfncs jufncvnsujkhs, hs fhmnr,
ghfnjeth gêqunejs y jpjrjtcs quh phr-
gnthe mjptjr c arjljr ngêahehs y scenfcs,
mcgc kjs mêgjrjs fh vnfhcvnankjemnj, y quh
mnhrtjgheth tnheh ue pcthemnjk khsnvc rhs-
phmtc jk fhrhm`c j kj netngnfjf.
]clrh hk pjrtnmukjr, y sn lnhe hk usc fh fnm`cs
ghfncs ec `j thenfc ue usc hxpcehe-
mnjk furjeth hk phrncfc fh hghrahemnj, jk
shr quh kjs ghfnfjs fh jnskjgnhetc scmnjk
rhfubhrce kjs jmtnvnfjfhs prhshemnjkhs he
kcs mhetrcs fh trjljbc, y he mjglnc hxnanh-
 uej pcsnlnknfjf pjrj quh hk hgpkhjfcr nethr-
vheaj he kj hsihrj prnvjfj fh kcs trjljbjfc-
rhs, kc mnhrtc hs quh fhsfh kj jpjrnmnýe fh
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :9>-:0<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :18
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
fhrhm`c j kj netngnfjf fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs,
mujefc jtheth mcetrj kj yj ghemncejfj
hsihrj çetngj fhk trjljbjfcr, y quh he kcs
mhetrcs fh trjljbc puhfh hemcetrjrsh he
zcejs mcgc
shrvnmncs kcs vhstujrncs,
`nanîenmcs h nemkuschkkcs
mcghfcr, kcs
kcmjkhs sne-
fnmjkhs fhetrc fh kj hgprhsj.
Fh hstj icrgj, kc quh sh lusmj hs lêsnmj-
gheth quh fnm`cs ghmjensgcs sh hemuhe-
trhe fhstnejfcs òenmjgheth jk mcetrck y
shaurnfjf fhk trjljbjfcr furjeth kj prhs-
tjmnýe fh sus shrvnmncs, `hm`c quh nemkusc
`j snfc mceinrgjfc pcr kj prcpnj \hscku-
mnýe Fnrhmtcrjk E´ 4<-<4<4-BX]/FAVJNTF,
ghfnjeth kj mujk kj Fnrhmmnýe Ahehrjk fh
 Vrjes
 Vrj espj
pjrhe
rhemn
mnj,
j, Jm
Jmmh
mhsc
sc j kj Ne
Neicr
icrgj
gjmn
mnýe
ýe
Tòlknmj y Trcthmmnýe
khs prhmnsj fh Fjtcs
quh, jk jgpjrc Thrscej-
fhk pcfhr fh
fnrhmmnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr, hs pcsnlkh utnkn-
zjr fnm`cs ghmjensgcs, phrc snhgprh quh
kcs gnsgcs theaje mcgc inejknfjf hk mce-
trck y suphrvnsnýe fh kj prhstjmnýe kjlcrjk, y
pjrj kj prcthmmnýe fh lnhehs y rhmurscs fhk
hgpkhjfcr.
J`crj lnhe, hs ngpcrtjeth rhsjktjr quh hk
usc fh fnm`cs ghmjensgcs hxnah quh kcs
trjljbjfcrhs theaje mcecmngnhetc fh su
hxnsthemnj y kcs inehs pjrj kcs quh hs utnkn-
zjfj kj neicrgjmnýe rhmckhmtjfj, puhs fh
ec `jmhrkc ecs hemcetrjrçjgcs irheth j ue
supuhstc he hk quh kj jihmtjmnýe jk fhrh-
m`c j kj netngnfjf hs kj rhakj pjrj hk usc
fh fnm`cs ghmjensgcs, y hk mcetrck fh
kjs jmtnvnfjfhs uej sntujmnýe ghrjgheth
mnrmuestjemnjk.
Jsç puhs, kj jpknmjmnýe fh ghfnfjs mcgc hk
usc fh mêgjrjs fh vnfhcvnankjemnj puhfh
thrgnejr pcr mcevhrtnrsh he vhrfjfhrj vuk-
ehrjmnýe fh kcs fhrhm`cs iuefjghetjkhs
fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs ljbc hk jraughetc fhk
hbhrmnmnc khaçtngc fhk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe?
rce quh kjs kjlcrhs sh hihmtòhe fh icrgj
rhgctj, ec fhbj fh shr ue ghmjensgc quh
puhfh rhsuktjr he uej arjvh jihmtjmnýe jk
sn fnm`j jihmtjmnýe ghrgj nemkusc su fnaen-
fjf, c nemkusc hk nenmnc fh jmmncehs mcestn-
tumncejkhs j hihmtcs fh rhstjlkhmhr kcs fhrh-
m`cs quh `ulnhrje snfc jihmtjfcs pcr kj
ghfnfj.
He îpcmjs fh MCYNF-:> kj jpknmjmnýe fh
ghfncs jufncvnsujkhs pjrj kj vnankjemnj fh
trjljbjfcrhs puhfh rhsuktjr ngpcrtjeth
fh jejknzjr he jquhkkcs mjscs he kcs quh hk
hgpkhjfcr `jaj usc fh jpknmjtnvcs jufnc-
vnsujkhs pjrj hk mcetrck fh kjs kjlcrhs fhk
trjljbjfcr quh prhsth shrvnmncs fh trjljbc
rhgctc, qunhe jk hemcetrjrsh he su `cajr
vhrçj he jkauej ghfnfj uej nrrupmnýe fhk
hgpkhjfcr he su vnfj prnvjfj.
]ne hgljrac,
vnvngcs, y fjfjs kjs quh
mcesnfhrjgcs mnrmuestjemnjs
shrê tjrhjquh
fhk
trjljbjfcr hk kngntjr fnm`j nethrvhemnýe, kngn-
tjefc j arjljmnýe jufncvnsujk j zcejs quh
hsth mcesnfhrh puhfhe shr mcecmnfjs pcr hk
hgpkhjfcr,, y aujrfjefc kjs ghfnfjs ehmh-
hgpkhjfcr
sjrnjs pjrj hvntjr quh furjeth kj khaçtngj ins-
mjknzjmnýe fh trjljbc fhk hgpkhjfcr ”kj mujk
pcfrçj hihmtujrsh j trjvîs fh ghfncs jufnc-
vnsujkhs” hsth theaj jmmhsc j su hsihrj phr-
scejk y ijgnknjr.
Fnstnetntc hs hk mjsc he hk quh sh nethrvheaje
nethr vheaje
fnm`cs
fh icrgj ghfncs mcej kj
nkhaçtngj kj netngnfjf
inejknfjf fh
fhkjmmhfhr
trjljbj-
fcr? sne hgljrac, mcesnfhrjgcs quh fh shr
hsth hk mjsc, hk trjljbjfcr iêmnkgheth pcfrçj
mcesnfhrjr fnm`j sntujmnýe mcgc ue fhkntc
quh, fh jmuhrfc mce euhstrc Mýfnac Thejk,
puhfh jmjrrhjr uej fheuemnj jk jgpjrc fhk
jrtçmukc :9<-L, rhihrnfc j kj nethrihrhemnj fh
mcguenmjmncehs hkhmtrýenmjs, fh ghesjbh-
rçj nestjetêehj y sngnkjrhs.
<.<. Kj nefjajmnýe sclrh jrm`nvcs fh fjtcs
phrscejkhs fhk trjljbjfcr
Ctrc fh kcs ghmjensgcs fh mcetrck utnkn-
 fhlnhefc he hstcs mjscs thehr prhsheth kj
pcsnlnknfjf fhk trjljbjfcr fh jmmncejr bufn-
mnjkgheth pcr kj hxnsthemnj fh jmtcs `cstnkhs
:19  pp. :9>-:0< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
trjljbjfcr, pjrj hk mugpkngnhetc y jfcp-
mnýe fh ghfnfjs nethrejs fh kj hgprhsj.
He hihmtc, kj neicrgjmnýe quh hk trjljbjfcr
prcpcrmncej j kj hgprhsj fhlh hstjr kngn-
tjfj j jquhkkj fhstnejfj pjrj kj prhstjmnýe
fh shrvnmncs, fhlnhefc hemcetrjrsh vhfjfj
tcfj jquhkkj neicrgjmnýe quh puhfj hstjr
fhetrc fhk mjgpc fh kj hsihrj phrscejk fhk
trjljbjfcr.
]ne hgljrac, tjk y mcgc sh `j fhgcstrjfc
he kj mrnsns ahehrjfj pcr kj prcpjajmnýe fhk
MCYNF-:>, `je snfc fnvhrscs kcs hgpkhjfc-
rhs quh, mce kj inejknfjf fh jfcptjr kjs ghfn-
fjs fh prhvhemnýe ehmhsjrnjs pjrj hvntjr hk
mcetjanc fhk mcrcejvnrus, `je rhquhrnfc
neicrgjmnýe
trc fh kj hsihrjquh puhfh
çetngj mcesnfhrjrsh
fhk trjljbjfcr fhe-
mcgc kj
rhkjtnvj j heihrghfjfhs, êglntc ijgnknjr, vnj-
 bhs, hetrh ctrcs, pjrj
pjrj fhthrgnejr sn kcs trjlj-
 bjfcrhs theçje hk rnhsac fh `jlhr mcetrjçfc
c mcetjanjr hk MCYNF-:>.
]clrh hkkc y sn lnhe hk jmmhsc j fnm`j neicr-
gjmnýe fhlh mcethehr hk mceshetngnhetc
prhvnc y hxprhsc fhk trjljbjfcr, fh mceicr-
gnfjf mce kj Khy fh Trcthmmnýe fh Fjtcs
Thrscejkhs,, kc mnhrtc hs quh he jkauecs mjscs
Thrscejkhs
hk jmtujr fh fnm`js hgprhsjs sh hihmtuý jk
gjrahe fh kj khy, jk shr quh, j phsjr fh hxnstnr
ghmjensgcs ghecs arjvcscs mcgc kj jutc-
rnzjmnýe hxprhsj, prhvnj h neicrgjfj fhk trj-
ljbjfcr, jfcptjrce
jfcptjrce kj thsns fh quh hrj pcsn-
lkh jmmhfhr j fnm`j neicrgjmnýe sne eneaòe
tnpc fh jutcrnzjmnýe mce hk ine fh mugpknr
mce kjs ghfnfjs fh shaurnfjf y sjkuf hxnan-
lkhs pcr khy, neicrgjmnýe quh jk `jlhr snfc
jkgjmhejfj he ljshs fh fjtc, pcfrê shr utn-
knzjfj j iuturc pjrj jmmncehs y ghfnfjs quh
mcevheaje jk hgpkhjfcr
hgpkhjfcr..
Fnm`j sntujmnýe hs mnhrtjgheth rnhsacsj,
puhs ec sh thefrçj hk mcetrck fh kj neicrgj-
zjfcs pcr hk hgpkhjfcr hs bustjgheth kj
neicrgjmnýe mcethenfj he fnvhrsjs ljshs
fh fjtcs sclrh kcs fjtcs phrscejkhs fhk
FCMV\NEJ KJLC\JK
kj rhshrvj fh fnm`j neicrgjmnýe, jk fhtjkkjr
quh tcfj phrscej tnheh fhrhm`c2 ‛J‛J quh kcs
shrvnmncs neicrgêtnmcs, mcgputjrnzjfcs c ec,
pòlknmcs y prnvjfcs, ec sugnenstrhe neicr-
gjmncehs quh jihmthe kj netngnfjf phrsc-
ejk y ijgnknjr‗.
 ]ne hgljrac, y fh shr hsth hk mjsc, hs ngpcr-
tjeth prhmnsjr quh kj jmmnýe fh `êlhjs fjtj
hs prcmhfheth, pcr shr quh kj gnsgj tnheh
mcgc clbhtc, fh jmuhrfc mce hk jrtçmukc 9:
fhk Mýfnac Trcmhsjk Mcestntumncejk2
  _mWcecmhr, jmtujknzjr, nemkunr y suprngnr
_mWcecmhr,
c rhmtninmjr kj neicrgjmnýe c fjtcs rhih-
rnfcs j su phrscej quh sh hemuhetrhe
jkgjmhejfcs c rhanstrjfcs he icrgj
gjeujk, ghmêenmj
jrm`nvcs, ljemcs fhcfjtcs
neicrgêtnmj, he
c rhanstrcs
fh hetnfjfhs pòlknmjs c fh nestntumnc-
ehs prnvjfjs quh lrnefhe shrvnmnc c
jmmhsc j thrmhrcs. Jsngnsgc, j `jmhr
suprngnr c ngphfnr quh sh sugnenstrhe
fjtcs c neicrgjmncehs fh mjrêmthr she-
snlkh c prnvjfc quh jihmthe fhrhm`cs
mcestntumncejkhs.
Mce kc quh hk trjljbjfcr pcfrê hbhrmhr
sus fhrhm`cs J\MC (Jmmhsc, \hmtninmj-
mnýe, Mcrrhmmnýe u Cpcsnmnýe) j ine fh hvn-
tjr trjesarhsncehs
puhfje jihmtjrkc jiuturjs c fhmnsncehs
pjrtnr fh quh
kj neicrgjmnýe
quh sclrh îk y su hetcrec puhfj pcshhr hk
hgpkhjfcr.
<.=. Hk mcetrck fhk mcrrhc hkhmtrýenmc
nestntumncejk
]n lnhe pjrj jkauecs hk hgpkhjfcr pcshh
hk fhrhm`c fh thehr jmmhsc jk mcethenfc
fh kcs mcrrhcs hkhmtrýenmcs nestntumncejkhs
fh kj hgprhsj pcr trjtjrsh fh ue ‛lnhe fhk
hgpkhjfcr‗, kc mnhrtc hs quh fnm`j nethr-
prhtjmnýe jlsckutj hs mnhrtjgheth hrrjfj
jk mcethehr he su prêmtnmj uej vukehrjmnýe
 mnýe quh hk hgpkhjfcr puhfj mcgpjrtnr mce
thrmhrcs, j phsjr fh quh hk prcpnc jrtçmukc
<.9 fh kj Mcestntumnýe Tckçtnmj rhmceczmj
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :9>-:0<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :11
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
]clrh hkkc, hs ngpcrtjeth pjrtnr fh kj prh-
gnsj quh kj insmjknzjmnýe sclrh hk usc fhk
mcrrhc hkhmtrýenmc tje sckc pcfrçj jpknmjr
mujefc hkkc ngpcrth ue vhrfjfhrc mcsth j
kj hgprhsj
mcgc c jljefcec
kc fhtjkkj fh kjlcrhs, jk shr
Jkajr (<441)2
  (…) jkauecs trnluejkhs vnhehe hstjlkh-
mnhefc quh kj ‛mcesuktj fh pêanejs whl
y hk usc fh kjs rhfhs fh Netrjeht c Hxtrj-
eht pcr gctnvcs hxtrjkjlcrjkhs ec mces-
tntuyhe pcr sç gnsgcs quhlrjetjgnhetc
jkauec fh fhlhrhs kjlcrjkhs, gês jkkê
fh kc quh puhfh mcestntunr, pcr hbhgpkc,
`cbhjr ue phrnýfnmc he tnhgpc y kuajr
fh trjljbc. Vjk tnpc fh mcefumtjs, pjrj
shr sjemncejlkhs, `je fh ngpknmjr, c lnhe
ue
pcrmcsth hmceýgnmc
hbhgpkc, pjrj
mujefc kj kj hgprhsj,
mcesuktj hxnah
uej mcefnmnýe tjrnijfj pcr tnhgpc (…)
c lnhe hk jljefcec fh kjs tjrhjs kjlc-
rjkhs mce fnsgneumnýe fhk rhefngnhetc
(…)‗. (pp. 11-10)
Fh icrgj quh prhthefhr bustninmjr kj netrc-
gnsnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr he hk êglntc prnvjfc
fh kjs ‛rhkjmncehs scmnjkhs hkhmtrýenmjs‗ quh
pcshh hk trjljbjfcr, mujefc fnm`j nethrvhe-
mnýe ec sh hemuhetrh bustninmjfj he ue mcsth
hmceýgnmc pjrj kj hgprhsj, sh mcevnhrth he
uej ghfnfj mcetrjrnj j kcs iuefjghetcs
 burçfnmcs sclrh kcs quh sh susthetj hk
hk pcfhr
fh fnrhmmnýe hxpuhstc he hk prhsheth hstu-
fnc, y uej jmtujmnýe jk gjrahe fh kcs kçgn-
ths quh euhstrj ecrgjtnvj y Mcestntumnýe
mcethgpkje.
Fh `hm`c, euhstrj prcpnj burnsprufhe-
mnj `j fhtjkkjfc he kj Mjsjmnýe E² :69:6-
<4:9-Kngj, pulknmjfj pcr hk fnjrnc cinmnjk
Hk Thrujec hk =4 fh gjyc fh <4:1, quh2
  hk fhsjrrckkc fh euhvjs thmeckcaçjs
`j kkhvjfc j kcs hgpkhjfcrhs j prc-
fnrhmtj fhk fhrhm`c j kj netngnfjf, y tjglnîe
fhk fhrhm`c iuefjghetjk j kj nevnckjlnknfjf
fh kjs mcguenmjmncehs.
uej ikunfj y mceinjlkh mcguenmjmnýe
he tnhgpc rhjk, lòsquhfj fh neicrgj-
mnýe, nethrmjglnjr he shauefcs jrm`n-
vcs, neicrghs, cpnencehs, hetrh ctrcs. Hk
usc fh hstjs `hrrjgnhetjs
açj gcfhrej ejturjkghethfhhstjrê
kj thmeckc-
fhstn-
ejfj pjrj kj prhstjmnýe fh sus shrvnmncs
y shrêe utnknzjfjs fhetrc fh kj bcrejfj
fh trjljbc? sne hgljrac, hk ‛m`jt‗, hk
‛ghssheahr‗ u ctrc snsthgj fh ‛m`j-
thc‗ y hk mcrrhc hkhmtrýenmc quh pceh hk
hgpkhjfcr j fnspcsnmnýe fhk trjljbjfcr
puhfh shr usjfc pcr hsth pjrj inehs phr-
scejkhs (y ec kjlcrjkhs).
\hinhrh pcsthrncrgheth quh, sn lnhe kcs
hgpkhjfcrhs puhfhe `jmhr usc fh snsth-
gjs fh mcetrck,
nrrhstrnmtcs puhskcs
su gnsgcs ec puhfhekngn-
usc sh hemuhetrj shr
tjfc iuemncejk y rjmncejkgheth? iuemncejk
pcrquh fhlh hstjr rhkjmncejfc tje sckc mce
hk mcethxtc hgprhsjrnjk, y rjmncejk pcrquh hk
mcetrck fhlh hstjr bustninmjfc.
Jsç puhs, jmhptjr uej nethrvhemnýe fhk
hgpkhjfcr sclrh kj neicrgjmnýe mcethenfj
he kcs mcrrhcs nestntumncejkhs fh sus mckjlc-
rjfcrhs pcfrçj kkhajr j vukehrjr hk fhrhm`c
j kj netngnfjf fhk trjljbjfcr, pcr shr quh he
fnm`cs ghfncs puhfhe hihmtujrsh mcguen-
mjmncehs prcpnjs fh kj hsihrj phrscejk fhk
trjljbjfcr quh ec tnhehe pcr quî shr mcec-
mnfjs pcr hk hgpkhjfcr, gêxngh sn kjs gns-
gjs sh hihmtòje iuhrj fhk `crjrnc fh trjljbc
y hk usc fh fnm`cs ghfncs fh mcguenmjmnýe
ec rhprhshetj ue mcstc rhjk jk hgpkhjfcr
hgpkhjfcr..
Hstj sntujmnýe prhstj rhkhvjeth ngpcrtje-
mnj he hk mcethxtc fhk MCYNF-:>, puhs hk
usc fh kcs mcrrhcs hkhmtrýenmcs sh `j vnstc
nemrhghetjfc pcr kj prcpnj mcyueturj, y
hs quh pjrj gjethehr hk mcetjmtc mce kcs
trjljbjfcrhs y kj fnrhmmnýe quh hk hgpkhj-
fcr puhfh hbhrmhr sclrh sus jmtnvnfjfhs,
 `j kkhvjfc j kcs hgpkhjfcrhs j prc
vhhr j kcs trjljbjfcrhs fh Nethreht y
ctrcs jvjemhs prcfumnfcs he kj neicr-
gêtnmj mce hk ine fh jmcrtjr fnstjemnjs,
:10  pp. :9>-:0< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
]clrh hkkc, hk prnemnpjk prclkhgj quh pcfrçj
suranr jk jsugnr quh kcs mcrrhcs hkhmtrýen-
mcs sce fh prcpnhfjf fhk hgpkhjfcr hs hk
`hm`c fh quh sce bustjgheth hstcs ghfncs
jmcecmngnhetc
trjvîs fh kcs mujkhs
fh kjs kcs trjljbjfcrhs
fnstnetjs ghfnfjstcgje
jpkn-
mjfjs pcr hk hgpkhjfcr y kj fcmughe-
tjmnýe pjrj kj tcgj fh jmuhrfcs j ine fh
gjethehr kj vnahemnj fh kj rhkjmnýe kjlc-
rjk? fh icrgj quh jsugnr kj thsns fh quh hk
hgpkhjfcr tnheh fhrhm`c j jmmhfhr y mce-
trckjr fnm`cs mcrrhcs puhfh rhprhshetjr ue
rnhsac sn hk hgpkhjfcr jmtòj mce gjkj ih, jk
shr quh hkkc phrgntnrçj jfcptjr jmuhrfcs sne
uej gjenihstjmnýe fh vckuetjf hihmtnvj fhk
trjljbjfcr.
Jsngnsgc, y snhefc quh kjs kjlcrhs fh ins-
mjknzjmnýe fnrhmtj ec puhfhe hihmtujrsh
jthefnhefc j kjs ghfnfjs fh jnskjgnhetc
quh phrgnthe hihmtujr hk trjljbc rhgctc c
j fnstjemnj, jquhkkcs hgpkhjfcrhs quh snaje
hsj kçehj fh phesjgnhetc pcfrçje jmmh-
fhr j kcs mcrrhcs j ine fh insmjknzjr kjs `crjs
hihmtnvjgheth kjlcrjfjs, hk mcethenfc fh kj
neicrgjmnýe mcgpjrtnfj mce ctrcs mckjlc-
rjfcrhs, h nemkusc hk mcethenfc fh kj neicr-
gjmnýe rhanstrjfj he jquhkkcs gctcrhs fh
lòsquhfj j kcs quh kj muhetj sh hemuhe-
trj vnemukjfj.
Fh hstj icrgj, sn lnhe hk usc fh fnm`js thm-
eckcaçjs pufc `jlhr snaeninmjfc ue jknvnc
pjrj gjethehr kj vnahemnj fh kj prhstjmnýe
fh kcs shrvnmncs kjlcrjkhs, fh eneauej icrgj
shrçj pcsnlkh quh hk hgpkhjfcr jmmhfj j kj
neicrgjmnýe mcethenfj he fnm`cs ghmjens-
gcs, puhs sn lnhe hs hk prcpnhtjrnc fhk fcgn-
enc fh tjkhs muhetjs, ec kc hs fhk mcethenfc
quh pufnhrj `jlhr ahehrjfc hk trjljbjfcr
fhetrc fh kjs gnsgjs.
Jsç puhs, ec pcfrê ngputjrsh jkauej ijktj
fcr puhfh hbhrmhr sclrh sus jmtnvnfjfhs,
`je snfc hstcs ghfncs kcs utnknzjfcs pjrj
quh kj prhstjmnýe fh shrvnmncs sh gjetheaj
vnaheth.
FCMV\NEJ KJLC\JK
nevnckjlnknfjf fh kjs mcguenmjmncehs, rhmc-
ecmnfc he hk eughrjk :4 fhk jrtçmukc < fh
kj Mcestntumnýe, kc quh `jlnkntjrçj mce bustj
rjzýe j quh hk trjljbjfcr puhfj jfcptjr kjs
jmmncehs
mhsh fh kcs mcrrhspcefnheths pjrjfnm`c
jmtcs quh vukehrje rhquhrnr
fhrh-hk
m`c. Fhk gnsgc gcfc, y mcgc kc rhihrngcs
he hk mjsc fh snsthgjs fh ghfncs jufncvn-
sujkhs, hk trjljbjfcr jihmtjfc nemkusc pcfrê
nenmnjr kjs jmmncehs phejkhs mcrrhspcefnhe-
ths, fjfj kj arjvhfjf fh kj nethrmhpmnýe fh
mcguenmjmncehs hihmtujfj, jk jgpjrc fhk
jrtçmukc :9<-L fhk Mýfnac Thejk, rhihrnfc j
kj nethrihrhemnj fh mcguenmjmncehs hkhmtrý-
enmjs, fh ghesjbhrçj nestjetêehj y sngnkjrhs.
<.6. Hk usc fh thkîicecs mhkukjrhs pjrj hk mce-
trck fhk trjljbjfcr iuhrj fhk `crjrnc fh
trjljbc
Inejkgheth, hs ngpcrtjeth hxprhsjr quh ctrc
Inejkgheth,
fh kcs ghmjensgcs jpknmjfcs pcr hk hgpkhj-
fcr pjrj hk mcetrck fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs hs hk
usc fh kjs prcpnjs thmeckcaçjs quh kcs fns-
pcsntnvcs nethknaheths mcgc kcs mhkukjrhs
trjhe mcesnac.
]clrh hkkc, fnm`cs ghmjensgcs jk naujk
quh hk mcrrhc hkhmtrýenmc `je rhprhshe-
tjfc furjeth kj îpcmj fh MCYNF-:> uec
fh kcs ghfncs gês hinmjmhs pjrj kj mcgu-
enmjmnýe hetrh trjljbjfcrhs y hgpkhjfcrhs?
sne hgljrac, su jpknmjmnýe tjglnîe `j thr-
gnejfc pcr rhprhshetjr, he jkauecs mjscs,
uej vukehrjmnýe fnrhmtj fhk fhrhm`c fh netn-
gnfjf fhk trjljbjfcr.
He hihmtc, y sn nemkusc jeths fh kjs fnspcsn-
mncehs fh jnskjgnhetc scmnjk, kcs mjscs he
kcs quh hk usc fh thkîicecs mhkukjrhs iuhrj
fhk `crjrnc fh trjljbc (kkjgjfjs fh mccr-
fnejmnýe, mcesuktjs, htm.) rhprhshetjlje ec
sckc kj hbhmumnýe fh kjlcrhs iuhrj fh kj bcr-
 pcr neicrgjmnýe clthenfj fh kj prcpnj
muhetj fh mcrrhc nestntumncejk, puhs `jmhrkc
pcfrçj hvnfhemnjr uej vukehrjmnýe fhk fhrh-
m`c j kj netngnfjf, h nemkusc, fhk fhrhm`c j kj
kj
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :9>-:0<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :1>
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
pjrj jsuetcs phrscejkhs? kc mnhrtc hs quh kj
arjvh mrnsns ahehrjfj pcr hk MCYNF-:> `j
jmhetujfc fnm`js nethrvhemncehs.
 Vpcr
 Vjkjk y Lkccglhra
mcgc kc hxprhsj
(<4<4)uefurjeth
neicrghkjrhjknzjfc
pjefh-
gnj, sh hstngj quh kcs trjljbjfcrhs kjlc-
rje nemkusc trhs `crjs gês fh kj bcrejfj quh
hihmtnvjgheth khs mcrrhspcefh, he jthemnýe
j quh ec sh hemuhetrje fhinenfcs kcs `crj-
rncs, kj rhjknzjmnýe fh rhuencehs fh mccrfnej-
mnýe shemnkkjs sh hxtnhefhe pcr gês tnhgpc
fhk hstngjfc, c pcrquh ec sh tcgj he mce-
snfhrjmnýe kj fnihrhemnj `crjrnj quh puhfj
hxnstnr he mjsc fh quh ecs hemcetrhgcs
irheth j hgprhsjs guktnejmncejkhs.
Hstj sntujmnýe
utnknzjr kkhvjquh
hk tnhgpc j quh hk trjljbjfcr
fhlhgcs fhlj
mcesnfhrjr
mcgc knlrh pjrj kj jthemnýe fh jsuetcs ijgn-
knjrhs c jgnmjkhs, he vhrfjfhrjs jthemncehs
j kcs jsuetcs kjlcrjkhs, kc quh thrgnej pcr
mcevhrtnrsh he uej nevjsnýe fh kjs hsihrjs
prcpnjs fh kj netngnfjf fhk trjljbjfcr.
]ne hgljrac, tjk y mcgc kc rhmcecmh Fh kjs
Mjsjs (<4:>)2
  hxnsthe sntujmncehs he kjs quh kj mcgu-
enmjmnýe mce fhthrgnejfc prcihsnc-
ejk fhlh shr neghfnjtj (ngjanehgcs j
kcs gîfnmcs, quh pcr uej sntujmnýe fh
hghrahemnj fhlhe hstjr he mcefnmnc-
ehs fh shr ulnmjfcs gês jkkê fh kj bcr-
ejfj kjlcrjk? c hk mjsc fh ue hsphmnj-
knstj he snsthgjs, quh jeth ue prclkhgj
ahehrjfc furjeth kj gjfruajfj he su
mhetrc fh kjlcrhs fhlh hstjr he fns-
pcsnmnýe fh jthefhr kj fninmuktjf) phrc
hethefhgcs quh fhlh trjtjrsh fh sntuj-
mncehs hxmhpmncejkhs. (p. :=6)
Fh icrgj quh, he fhthrgnejfjs sntujmncehs
ejfj fh trjljbc, snec quh tjglnîe uej nethr
vhemnýe fnrhmtj he kj vnfj çetngj fhk trjlj-
 bjfcr, jk shr quh kjs kkjgjfjs sh hihmtujlje
he `crjs he quh hk trjljbjfcr usj su tnhgpc
hxmhpmnýe, y ec ”mcgc cmurrh furjeth kj
îpcmj fhk MCYNF-:>” mcgc uej rhakj quh
fhlh shr shaunfj pcr hk hgpkhjfcr
hgpkhjfcr..
J`crj lnhe, hk F] E´ 4:4-<4<4-V\, quh prh-
mnsj kjs fnspcsnmncehs pjrj kj jpknmjmnýe
hxmhpmncejk fhk trjljbc rhgctc furjeth hk
hstjfc fh hghrahemnj, hstjlkhmh quh2
  Kj bcrejfj crfnejrnj fh trjljbc quh sh
jpknmj jk trjljbc rhgctc hs kj bcrejfj
pjmtjfj mce hk/kj hgpkhjfcr/j jeths fh
nenmnjr kj gcfjknfjf fh trjljbc rhgctc
c kj quh `ulnhrje rhmcevhenfc mce
cmjsnýe fhk gnsgc. (…) _ec pufnhefcW
hxmhfhr fh cm`c (0) `crjs fnjrnjs c muj-
rhetj y cm`c (60) `crjs shgjejkhs.
Fh icrgj quh he mjsc fh quh hk hgpkhj-
fcr nemurrj he nethrvhemncehs fnrhmtjs y
mcestjeths sclrh kj hsihrj phrscejk fhk
trjljbjfcr,, hstc hs, mcguenmjrsh mcestje-
trjljbjfcr
thgheth mce hk trjljbjfcr iuhrj fhk `crj-
rnc fh trjljbc pjrj mccrfnejr jsphmtcs
kjlcrjkhs (hsphmçinmjgheth sclrh jquhkkcs
quh ec shje trjljbjfcrhs fh fnrhmmnýe c
quh prhsthe shrvnmncs nethrgntheths), hsth
òktngc pcfrê rhquhrnr j iuturc hk pjac
fh kjs `crjs nevhrtnfjs pjrj tjkhs hihmtcs,
mcgc vhrfjfhrjs `crjs hxtrj quh fhlhe
shr gjthrnj fh rhhglcksc pcr pjrth fhk
hgpkhjfcr.
Jsngnsgc, hs ngpcrtjeth prhmnsjr quh sn
lnhe kj nethrvhemnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr he kj
netngnfjf fhk trjljbjfcr iuhrj fhk `crjrnc
fh trjljbc sh rhjknzj hshemnjkgheth j trj-
vîs fh kkjgjfjs thkhiýenmjs, kc mnhrtc hs quh
fnm`c mcetrck tjglnîe puhfh hihmtujrsh
pcr ghfncs mcgc kcs snsthgjs fh ghesj-
 bhrçj
 bhr çj nes
nestj
tjet
etêeh
êehjj tj
tjkh
khss mc
mcgc
gc Q`jtsJpp,,
thkharjg , htm., mujefc hs uej pckçtnmj fh
kj hgprhsj quh kcs ghesjbhs hevnjfcs pcr
 hxmhpmncejkhs, sç shrçj pcsnlkh jfgntnr quh
hk hgpkhjfcr hihmtòh mccrfnejmncehs iuhrj
fhk `crjrnc fh trjljbc vçj thkîicec mhkukjr,
phrc fhlnhefc hethefhrsh hkkc mcgc kj
:04  pp. :9>-:0< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
]clrh hkkc, y sn lnhe fnm`j pckçtnmj puhfh
ahehrjr hihmtcs burçfnmcs he jthemnýe jk
pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr sclrh kjs
kjlcrhs hihmtujfjs fh icrgj rhgctj, mcesn-
fhrjgcs quh
sckc pcfrçj kj jpknmjmnýe
jpknmjrsh sclrhfh fnm`jhetrhaj-
ghfncs ghfnfj
fcs pcr hk hgpkhjfcr y tje sckc furjeth hk
`crjrnc fh trjljbc, puhs mcesnfhrjr kc mce-
trjrnc rhprhshetjrçj uej vukehrjmnýe fnrhmtj
fh kj hsihrj phrscejk y kjs fhmnsncehs quh
mcgc phrscej tnheh hk trjljbjfcr
trjljbjfcr..
Tcr ctrc kjfc, ctrc jsuetc j tcgjr he muhetj
rhsphmtc jk usc fh thkîicecs mhkukjrhs hs hk
rhkjtnvc j kjs mcguenmjmncehs, puhs fhinentn-
vjgheth hk mcethenfc fh hstjs mcrrhspcefh
òenmjgheth jk trjljbjfcr, y uej nethrvhe-
mnýe sclrh kjs gnsgjs rhprhshetj uej vukeh-
rjmnýe arjvh fh kj netngnfjf quh mcgc phr-
scej mcrrhspcefh j hsth òktngc.
J fnihrhemnj fh kcs mjscs jethrncrhs, he mjsc
fh quh hk hgpkhjfcr trjesarhfj kj prnvjmn-
fjf fh kjs mcguenmjmncehs fhk trjljbjfcr,
sh mceinaurjrçj ue fhkntc sjemncejlkh mce
uej phej prnvjtnvj fh knlhrtjf, puhs tjk y
mcgc kc fnspceh hk jrtçmukc :9< fhk Mýfnac
Thejk2 ‛Hk quh, nefhlnfjgheth, nethrvnheh c
nethrinhrh c hsmum`j uej mcevhrsjmnýe thkh-
iýenmj c sngnkjr, shrê rhprngnfc mce phej
prnvjtnvj fh knlhrtjf ec ghecr fh mnemc en
gjycr fh fnhz júcs‗? fh icrgj quh fhinen-
tnvjgheth hxnsthe ghfncs pjrj fhthehr kj
nethrvhemnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr iuhrj fh kcs
kçgnths quh hk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe kh ctcraj.
=. Kj netngnfjf mcgc
mcgc kçgnth jk pcfhr fh
fnrhmmnýe he hk usc fh euhvjs thmeckcaçjs
 Vjk y mcgc kc hxprhsj
hxprhsjgcs
gcs he kjs pêanej
pêanejss
prhmhfheths, hs pcsnlkh jfvhrtnr quh hk usc
fh euhvjs thmeckcaçjs puhfh kkhajr j vuk-
ehrjr, he cmjsncehs, hk fhrhm`c j kj netngn-
fnm`cs ghfncs fhlhe shr rhspcefnfcs j kj
lrhvhfjf, gês jòe mujefc sh hxnah gjeth-
ehr kj mceinaurjmnýe fh ‛vnstc‗ jmtnvjfc, pjrj
mceinrgjr kj rhmhpmnýe fh fnm`cs ghesjbhs.
FCMV\NEJ KJLC\JK
kçgnth jk mcetrck y insmjknzjmnýe quh puhfj
hihmtujr sclrh kjs kjlcrhs quh sh rhjknmhe j
trjvîs fh ghfncs thmeckýanmcs, puhs mcgc
kc fhtjkkjgcs mce jethrncrnfjf, sn lnhe hk
hgpkhjfcr pcshh jkjkcs
mjknzjr y sjemncejr ijmuktjf fh fnrnanr,
trjljbjfcrhs, ins-
fnm`c
pcfhr ec puhfh scskjyjr kcs fhrhm`cs iue-
fjghetjkhs fhk trjljbjfcr.
Fh hstj icrgj, he mjsc fh quh sh suphrhe
fnm`cs kçgnths, c fnm`c fh ctrc gcfc, sh
vukehrhe kcs fhrhm`cs iuefjghetjkhs fhk
trjljbjfcr, hsth òktngc tnheh kj cpmnýe fh
jfcptjr kjs ghfnfjs quh kj prcpnj Mcestn-
tumnýe ajrjetnzj (jmmnýe fh jgpjrc, `êlhjs
fjtj) c kjs ghfnfjs khanskjtnvjs (kjlcrjkhs,
phejkhs, jfgnenstrjtnvjs) pjrj irhejr fnm`js
nethrvhemncehs nkhaçtngjs, fh icrgj quh he
kcs mjscs gjthrnj fh nevhstnajmnýe y quh `je
snfc fhtjkkjfcs mce jethrncrnfjf, sh pcfrêe
jfcptjr ghfnfjs khajkhs mce kj inejknfjf fh
quh hk hgpkhjfcr rhsphth hk fhrhm`c j kj
netngnfjf fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs mujefc, pcr
gctnvcs fhk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe, sh trjes-
arhfj su hsihrj phrscejk h nemkusc ijgnknjr.
MCEMKX]NCEH]
  ]n lnhe kj mcyueturj kjlcrjk ahehrjfj
pcr hk MCYNF-:> clknaý j kcs hgpkhj-
fcrhs j jfcptjr kj icrgj fh prhstjmnýe
fh shrvnmncs ghfnjeth hk usc fh fnvhr-
sjs thmeckcaçjs, kc quh phrgntnrçj supc-
ehr quh hk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe puhfh
hihmtujrsh fh icrgj nrrhstrnmtj j trjvîs
fh fnm`cs ghfncs, kc mnhrtc hs quh hk
fhrhm`c j kj netngnfjf mcgc ue fhrh-
m`c iuefjghetjk, rhprhshetj ue kçgnth
j fnm`c pcfhr.
  Jsç puhs, kj fnrhmmnýe, hk mcetrck y kj sje-
mnýe fh kjs kjlcrhs hihmtujfjs j trjvîs
fh fnm`cs ghfncs, fh eneauej icrgj
 fjf quh mcgc phrscejs mcrrhspcefh j kcs
trjljbjfcrhs.
]ne hgljrac, hs ehmhsjrnc quh hk hgpkhjfcr
jsugj quh fnm`c fhrhm`c hs ue vhrfjfhrc
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :9>-:0<
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :0:
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
quh hsth òktngc puhfj rhprngnr kjs mce-
fumtjs fhk hgpkhjfcr, quh, ljbc hk fns-
mursc fh kj jpknmjmnýe fhk pcfhr fh
fnrhmmnýe, prhthefje vukehrjr hk fhrh-
m`c iuefjghetjk j kj netngnfjf fhk
trjljbjfcr.
  Mceshmuhethg heth y j pjrtnr fh kjs
Mceshmuhethgheth
nfhjs hxprhsjfjs he hk prhsheth jrtçmukc,
mcesnfhrjgcs quh tjetc hgpkhjfcrhs
mcgc trjljbjfcrhs fhlhrêe tcgjr he
muhetj quh eneauej fh kjs jmmncehs
quh sh jfcpthe fhetrc fh kjs rhkjmnc-
ehs fh trjljbc pcfrê rhprhshetjr vuk-
ehrjmncehs fhk fhrhm`c j kj netngnfjf
c mujkqunhr ctrc fhrhm`c iuefjghetjk,
jk shr quh kcs gnsgcs fhlhe shr rhsph-
tjfcs nemkusc fhetrc fh kjs rhkjmncehs
nethr prnvjtcs y gês jòe mujefc hk pcfhr
fh fnrhmmnýe ec rhprhshetj fh eneauej
icrgj uej hxmhpmnýe jk rhsphtc quh sh
fhlh sclrh kcs gnsgcs, jue mujefc ecs
hemcetrhgcss he tnhgpcs fh MCYNF-:>.
hemcetrhgc
\HIH\HEMNJ] LNLKNCA\ÊINMJ]
Jkajr Bngîehz, M. (<441). Hk fhrhm`c kjlcrjk jeth hk rhtc
fh kjs euhvjs thmeckcaçjs. Gjfrnf2 Vnrjet kc Lkjem`.
Lkjemjs Lustjgjeth, M. (<4:9). Fhrhm`cs iuefjghetj-
khs fh kj phrscej y rhkjmnýe fh trjljbc  (<ª hfnmnýe).
Kngj2 Icefc
Mjtýknmj Hfntcrnjk fh kj Tcetninmnj Xenvhrsnfjf
fhk Thrò.
Fh kjs Mjsjs Fh kj Vcrrh Xajrth, C. (<4:>). Tcfhr fh
fnrhmmnýe y usc fh euhvjs thmeckcaçjs. He JJ.YY.
Hk fhrhm`c fhk trjljbc he kj jmtujknfjf2 Trclkh-
gêtnmj y prcsphmtnvj. Hstufncs he `cghejbh j kj
puhfhe vukehrjr kj hsihrj prnvjfj (phr
scejk y ijgnknjr) fhk trjljbjfcr, puhs
tjetc j envhk mcestntumncejk mcgc khans-
kjtnvc, hxnsthe fnvhrsjs ghfnfjs pjrj
ijmuktjf fh fhrhm`c TXMT he su mhethejrnc, pp.
:<=-:=9.
Icvjeî Luracs B. (<4:8). Hk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe fhk
hgpkhjfcr vs. hk jmmhsc fh kcs ghfncs thmeckýan-
mcs h neicrgêtnmcs
Yçj Nurns fhetrc fh kj hgprhsj. \hvnstj
 (:0), pp. 61-1:.
Acezjkhs fh Tjttc, \. (<440). Kj fngnsnýe prcvcmjfj2
Hstufnc snsthgêtnmc jk jrtçmukc 84´ fhk Hstjtutc fh
Vrjljbjfcrhs. Arjejfj2 Hfntcrnjk fh kj Xenvhrsn-
fjf fh Arjejfj.
@hreêefhz \uhfj, K. (:>>1). Tcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe
fhk Hgpkhjfcr. He JJ.YY. Nestntumncehs fh
Fhrhm`c fhk Vrjljbc y fh kj ]haurnfjf ]cmnjk,  
pp. 648-6:>.
Tjsmc Mcsgýpckns, G. (<4:<). Kcs fhrhm`cs kjlcrj-
khs nehsphmçinmcs
nehsphmçinmcs.. \hvnstj M`nkhej fh Fhrhm`c fh
Vrjljbc y fh kj ]haurnfjf ]cmnjk, = (8), pp. :=-<9.
Tkê \cfrçauhz J. (:>>0). Kcs prnemnpncs fhk fhrhm`c fhk
trjljbc (=ª Hfnmnýe). Luhecs Jnrhs2 Hfnmncehs Fh
Tjkgj.
\ulnc Mcrrhj, G. (<4:<). Tjrj mcecmhr kj Mcestntumnýe
fh :>>= (=ª hfnmnýe). Kngj. Icefc Hfntcrnjk fh kj
Tcetninmnj Xenvhrsnfjf Mjtýknmj fhk Thrò.
\ulnc Mcrrhj, G. (:>>>). Hstufnc fh kj Mcestntumnýe Tckç-
tnmj fh :>>=. Vcgc N. Kngj. Icefc Hfntcrnjk fh kj
Tcetninmnj Xenvhrsnfjf Mjtýknmj.
 Vcyjgj
 Vcyjgj Gnyjausuou
Gnyjausuou,, B. (<4<4). Hk Fhrhm`c Nefnvnfujk fhk
Vrjljbc he hk Thrò2 Xe heicquh thýrnmc-prêmtnmc (<ª
Hfnmnýe). Kngj2 Ajmhtj Burçfnmj.
Lkccglhra (<4<4). V`rhh @curs Kceahr, t`h Tjefh-
gnm Qcrofjy @js Clknthrjthf Qcro-Knih  Ljkjemh.
Hxtrjçfc fh `ttps2//www.lkccglhra.mcg/ehws/
jrtnmkhs/<4<4-46-<=/wcronea-ircg-`cgh-ne-
mcvnf-hrj-ghjes-t`rhh-gcrh-`curs-ce-t`h-bcl
hk <> fh jlrnk fh <4<4.
 :0<  pp. :9>-:0< • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH] TJ\J HK

]HMVC\ T\NYJFC

Hk mcetrck hgprhsjrnjk sclrh kcs ghfncs

fh
Mjrkcsmcguenmjmnýe hkhmtrýenmcs
\cfrnac JLJ\MJ \XLNJEH]*

Kj suphrvnsnýe hgprhsjrnjk fh kcs ghfncs fh mcguenmjmnýe hkhmtrýenmcs utnknzjfcs pcr kcs trj-
ljbjfcrhs pjrj hk fhsjrrckkc fh sus jmtnvnfjfhs, he hk mcethxtc jmtujk fh hghrahemnj sjentjrnj
pcr kj quh vnheh pjsjefc euhstrc pjçs, mclrj uej rhkhvjemnj vntjk tcfj vhz quh arje pjrth fh kjs
hgprhsjs sh `je vnstc clknajfjs j ngpkhghetjr hk thkhtrjljbc c hk trjljbjfc rhgctc pjrj shaunr
prhstjefc sus shrvnmncs y hkkc ngpknmj quh hk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe yj ec sh hbhrzj fh gjehrj prh-
shemnjk, mcgc trjfnmncejkgheth
trjfnmncejkgheth sh mcemnlh, snec quh theaj quh trjskjfjrsh jk êglntc fnantjk. Jk
ec hxnstnr rhaukjmnýe jkauej sclrh kj insmjknzjmnýe fh mcguenmjmncehs he pkjtjicrgjs fnantjkhs he
hk êglntc kjlcrjk rhsuktj nefnsphesjlkh rhvnsjr kj burnsprufhemnj hgntnfj pcr hk Vrnluejk
Vrnluejk Mcestntu-
mncejk phrujec he fcefh sh `je hstjlkhmnfc pjrêghtrcs quh phrgnthe jk hgpkhjfcr hbhrmntjr
su pcfhr fh mcetrck y jk gnsgc tnhgpc ajrjetnzjr hk fhrhm`c j kj netngnfjf fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs. 

TJKJL\J] MKJYH2  Mcetrck y 󿬊smjknzjmnýe / Fhrhm`c j kj hstjlkhmný ue hstjfc fh hghrahemnj sjen-

netngnfjf / Fhrhm`c jk shmrhtc fh kjs mcguenmjmncehs /
Fhrhm`cs `ugjecs.
\hmnlnfc 2  :</49/<4<4
Jprcljfc 2  :0/49/<4<4
NEV\CFXMMNÝE
Kj Crajenzjmnýe Nethrejmncejk fhk Vrjljbc
(he jfhkjeth kj CNV)
CNV ) he su neicrgh Hk MCYNF-
:> y hk guefc fhk trjljbc   ecs prhmnsj quh
kj pjefhgnj crnanejfj pcr hk mcrcejvnrus
fnshjsh <4:>  `j ahehrjfc kj phcr mrnsns akc-
ljk kjlcrjk fhsfh kj ]hauefj Auhrrj Gue-
fnjk (<4<4, p. =) y sus hihmtcs sh phrmnlhe
tjglnîe he euhstrc pjçs, rhmcrfhgcs quh
ghfnjeth Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 440-<4<4-]J,
fh ihm`j :: fh gjrzc fh <4<4, hk Aclnhrec
tjrnj j envhk ejmncejk pcr ecvhetj (>4) fçjs
y ghfnjeth Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 466-<4<4-
TMG, fh ihm`j :6 fh gjrzc fhk prhsheth
júc, fhmkjrý ue hstjfc fh hghrahemnj
ejmncejk quh ngpknmý hk jnskjgnhetc scmnjk
clknajtcrnc.
Jgljs ghfnfjs ngpknmjrce kj pjrjknzjmnýe
fh tcfj kj hmcecgçj ejmncejk sjkvc fhk shm-
tcr pòlknmc y fh kcs prhstjfcrhs fh shrvnmncs
lêsnmcs? hstj sntujmnýe neîfntj, pcr kc ghecs,
he euhstrj `nstcrnj rhpulknmjej `j clknajfcs
j gum`js hgprhsjs j mjglnjr su ghmêenmj
fh prcfummnýe y cptjr pcr hk thkhtrjljbc c
hk trjljbc rhgctc, inaurjs quh ngpknmje quh
hk trjljbjfcr fhsjrrckkh sus kjlcrhs fhsfh
su `cajr, pjrj ec cptjr pcr jkauej fh kjs
susphesncehs quh inbj kj ecrgjtnvj kjlcrjk.
 * Jlcajfc pcr kj Xenvhrsnfjf Mjtýknmj ]je Tjlkc. Gjaçsthr he Fhrhm`c fhk Vrjljbc y fh kj ]haurnfjf ]cmnjk pcr kj Xenvhr-
snfjf fh Yjkhemnj y mjefnfjtc j gjaçsthr he Fhrhm`c Tòlknmc pcr kj Xenvhrsnfjf Jljf Cknlj ” MHX (Ljrmhkcej).

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :0=-:>=

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :0=
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

Hsth euhvc hsquhgj fh trjljbc j fnstje- - Vhxtc Òenmc Crfhejfc fh kj Khy fh Trc-
mnj, ahehrjknzjfc pcr kjs mnrmuestjemnjs pjr- fumtnvnfjf y Mcgphtntnvnfjf Kjlcrjk (he
tnmukjrhs quh he kj quh vnvngcs, ecs clknaj jfhkjeth KTMK) hstjlkhmh quh kjs rhkjmncehs
j rhphesjr muêk hs kj icrgj mcrrhmtj mce kj kjlcrjkhs sh rnahe pcr kj sulcrfnejmnýe fhk
quh
trckjrfhlh prcmhfhrfh
kj prhstjmnýe hk hgpkhjfcr
shrvnmnc pcrpjrj mce-
pkjtjicr- trjljbjfcr
su kjlcr, j jk hgpkhjfcr
hstj he hkshhbhrmnmnc
mjrjmthrçstnmj fh
kh mcecmh
gjs vnrtujkhs, he pjrtnmukjr fhk usc mcrrhmtc mcgc pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe c mcetrck hgprh-
fhk mcrrhc hkhmtrýenmc, y jeth kj jushemnj fh sjrnjk? vhjgcs2
khanskjmnýe hsphmçinmj hs nefnsphesjlkh vhr
kcs prceuemnjgnhetcs hgntnfcs pcr hk Vrnlu-   (…) hk trjljbjfcr prhstj sus shrvnmncs
ejk Mcestntumncejk j kc kjrac fhk tnhgpc pjrj ljbc fnrhmmnýe fh su hgpkhjfcr, hk mujk
hemcetrjr uej rhspuhstj he hkkcs. tnheh ijmuktjfhs pjrj ecrgjr rhakjghe-
tjrnjgheth kjs kjlcrhs, fnmtjr kjs ýrfh-
He hk prhsheth trjljbc vjgcs j jejknzjr, fh ehs ehmhsjrnjs pjrj kj hbhmumnýe fh kjs
gjehrj mcemrhtj y puetujk, kj ]hethemnj E´ gnsgjs, y sjemncejr fnsmnpknejrnjgheth,
:480-<446-JJ/VM (mjsc Ajrmçj Ghefczj), kj fhetrc fh kcs kçgnths fh kj rjzcejlnkn-
]hethemnj E´ 6<<6-<44>-JJ/VM (mjsc @ujgjeç fjf, mujkqunhr neirjmmnýe c nemugpkn-
 Yjrajs)
 Yjra js),, kj ]h
]heth
ethemn
emnjj E´ =8>
=8>>-<
>-<4:4
4:4-T
-TJ/V
J/VMM (mj
(mjsc
sc gnhetc fh kjs clknajmncehs j mjrac fhk
Hspneczj M`ugc), kj ]hethemnj E´ ::6.<4::- trjljbjfcr.
TJ/VM (mjsc Enhvhs Jklêe) y kj ]hethemnj E´
88=<-<4:6-TJ/VM (mjsc Ynsquhrj @cua`tce), Hk hgpkhjfcr hstê ijmuktjfc pjrj netrcfumnr
he fcefh sh `j `j inbjfc ue mrnthrnc hstjefjrn- mjglncs c gcfninmjr turecs, fçjs u `crjs fh
zjfc pjrj hk hbhrmnmnc fhk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe trjljbc, jsç mcgc kj icrgj y gcfjknfjf fh
he fcefh ec sh jihmth hk fhrhm`c jk shmrhtc j kj prhstjmnýe fh kjs kjlcrhs, fhetrc fh mrnth-
kjs mcguenmjmncehs fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs
trjljbjfcrhs.. ]n lnhe, rncs fh rjzcejlnknfjf y thenhefc he muhetj
mcesnfhrjgcs quh hk ghmjensgc fh mcetrck kjs ehmhsnfjfhs fhk mhetrc fh trjljbc.
mcestntumncejk jmtujk sh hemuhetrj fhsijsjfc
j kj rhjknfjf thmeckýanmj jmtujk, hkkc thenhefc
he muhetj kcs mrnthrncs gês jvjezjfcs hstj-
lkhmnfcs pcr hk Vrnluejk Hurcphc fh Fhrhm`cs
@ugjecs, mce shfh he Hstrjslurac, he kj ]he- Eneauej rhkjmnýe kjlcrjk 
themnj fhk <8 fh buenc fh :>>1 (Mjsc @jkicrf m/. puhfh kngntjr hk hbhrmnmnc fh kcs
\hnec Xenfc) c he kj ]hethemnj fhk 8 fh shp- fhrhm`cs  mcestntumncejkhs, en
tnhglrh fh <4:1 (mjsc Ljrlukhsmu m/. \ugjenj),
sne hgljrac, hs hk pjrêghtrc quh rnah he hk fhsmcecmhr c rhljbjr kj fnaen-
pjçs y quh snrvh mcgc rhihrheth he kj burnspru- fjf fhk Vrjljbjfcr  .
fhemnj crfnejrnj, pcr hefh, hs nefnsphesjlkh
mcecmhrkc y jfcptjr ghfnfjs mcgpkhghetj-
rnjs pjrj hvntjr ue iuturc mceiknmtc fh nethrhshs

N. HK TCFH\ FH MCEV\CK HGT\H]J󰀧 Lnhe, phrc hk hbhrmnmnc fh hstj ijmuktjf fhk

\NJK ^ HK FH\HM@C JK ]HM\HVC hgpkhjfcr (quh nemkuyh kj rhakjghetjmnýe,
suphrvnsnýe y ijmuktjf sjemncejfcrj) ec
 FH KJ] MCGXENMJMNCEH] HE HK
ÊGLNVC KJLC\JK
Hs ehmhsjrnc mcghezjr rhmcrfjefc quh hk
jrtçmukc > fhk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 44=->1-V\
:06  pp. :0=-:>= • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
kc tjetc kjs fnspcsnmncehs hgprhsjrnjkhs ec
fhlhe neclshrvjr kcs knehjgnhetcs prhvns-
tcs he kj Mcestntumnýe, y hstc sh hemuhe-
trj hxprhsjgheth nefnmjfc he hk jrtçmukc
<= fh kj Mjrtj
‛eneauej Gjaej
rhkjmnýe fcefh
kjlcrjk sh shújkj
puhfh quh
kngntjr hk
hbhrmnmnc fh kcs fhrhm`cs mcestntumncej-
khs, en fhsmcecmhr c rhljbjr kj fnaenfjf fhk
 Vrjljbjfcr‗..
 Vrjljbjfcr‗
J`crj lnhe, kj suphrvnsnýe fh ghfnc fh
mcguenmjmnýe fh hkhmtrýenmcs pcr pjrth
fhk hgpkhjfcr hs ue thrrhec phknarcsc yj
quh su usc puhfh vukehrjr hk fhrhm`c jk
shmrhtc fh kjs mcguenmjmncehs fh kcs trj-
ljbjfcrhs y hs pcr hkkc quh mcesnfhrjgcs
ehmhsjrnc thehr mkjrc mujkhs sce kcs jkmje-
mhs fh hsth òktngc.
Hk fhrhm`c jk shmrhtc fh kjs mcguenmjmnc-
ehs sh hemuhetrj rhaukjfc he hk nemnsc :4
fhk jrtçmukc < fh kj Mcestntumnýe fh :>>= he
kcs snaunheths tîrgnecs2
  Vcfjj phrscej tnheh fhrhm`c j2
Vcf
  (….)
:4. Jk shmrhtc y j kj nevnckjlnknfjf
nevnckjlnknfjf fh
sus mcguenmjmncehs y fcmughe-
tcs prnvjfcs. Kjs mcguenmjmncehs,
thkhmcguenmjmncehs c sus nestru-
ghetcs sýkc puhfhe shr jlnhrtcs,
nemjutjfcs, nethrmhptjfcs c nethr-
vhenfcs pcr gjefjgnhetc gctn-
vjfc fhk buhz, mce kjs ajrjetçjs prh-
vnstjs he kj khy. ]h aujrfj shmrhtc
fh kcs jsuetcs jbhecs jk `hm`c quh
gctnvj su hxjghe.
Hk rhmcecmngnhetc fh fnm`c fhrhm`c ljbc
hk rýtukc fh ‛shmrhtc j kjs mjrtjs‗ hs fh kjraj
fjtj y `j nfc hvckumncejefc j kc kjrac fhk
tnhgpc `jstj kcarjr su jmtujk mceinaurjmnýe,
ngpknmj fh icrgj jkauej quh kcs trjljbj-
fcrhs furjeth hk fhsjrrckkc fhk mcetrjtc fh
trjljbc pnhrfje sus fhrhm`cs iuefjghetj-
khs yj quh ec fhbje fh shr mnufjfjecs, pcr
FCMV\NEJ KJLC\JK
Lckçvjr, he hk jrtçmukc :8> fh kj Mcestntumnýe
fh :0=>, he hk jrtçmukc <: fh kj Mcestntu-
mnýe fh :089, he hk jrtçmukc << fh kj Mcestn-
tumnýe fh :094, he hk jrtçmukc <: fh kj Mces-
tntumnýe fh :091
Mcestntumnýe y he hk
fh :><> jrtçmukc
muyj =< fh sh
rhfjmmnýe kj
gjetuvc nemýkugh `jstj kj Mcestntumnýe
fh :>1> fcefh sh rhstrumturý y jgpkný he
hk nemnsc 0 fhk jrtçmukc <.
J envhk nethrejmncejk, fnm`c fhrhm`c tjg-
lnîe sh hemuhetrj ecrgjfc he fnihrheths
trjtjfcs c nestrughetcs nethrejmncejkhs, jsç
thehgcs pcr hbhgpkc jk jrtçmukc :< fh kj
Fhmkjrjmnýe Xenvhrsjk fh Fhrhm`cs @ugj-
ecs, jk nemnsc < fhk jrtçmukc :: fh kj Mcevhe-
mnýe Jghrnmjej fh Fhrhm`cs @ugjecs y
hk nemnsc : fhk jrtçmukc 0 fh kj Mcevhemnýe
Hurcphj fh Fhrhm`cs @ugjecs.
Hxnsth uej prc`nlnmnýe hxprhsj
quh hstnpukj quh uej jutcrnfjf 
c ue thrmhrc  pjrtnmukjr puhfj
jmmhfhr j kjs mcguenmjmnc-
ehs c fcmughetcs prnvjfcs sne
jutcrnzjmnýe hxprhsj fhk hgnscr
c rhmhptcr  .
Hstjgcs sne fufj jkauej jeth ue fhrhm`c
iuefjghetjk c `ugjec pcr su ulnmjmnýe
prncrntjrnj he gjrmc mcestntumncejk y he kcs
trjtjfcs nethrejmncejkhs quh vhrsje sclrh
fhrhm`cs `ugjecs y pcfhgcs fhmnr sclrh
su êglntc fh prcthmmnýe, `jmnhefc euhstrj
kj pjkjlrj fh kcs prcihscrhs phrujecs \ulnc,
Haunaurhe y Lhrejkhs (<4::), quh2
 kjs prnemnpjkhs gcfninmjmncehs mcestntumnc-
ejkhs kjs hemcetrjgcs he hk jrtçmukc :89 fh
kj Mcestntumnýe fh :0<=, he hk jrtçmukc :89
fh kj Mcestntumnýe fh :0<0 rhfjmtjfj pcr
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :0=-:>=
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :08
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
hkkj y jquhkkj c jquhkkjs ctrjs mce kjs
mujkhs fhshh mcguenmjrsh. @jy quh
ectjr quh hk shmrhtc fh uej mcguenmj-
mnýe hetrh fcs phrscejs phrthehmh sckc
jctrjs
kjs fcs y hxmkusnvjgheth
pjkjlrjs, kjs fcs tnhehe jfhrhm`c
hkkjs. Hej
sjlhr hk mcethenfc fh kjs mcguenmjmnc-
ehs y sckc puhfhe trjesgntnrkc j thrmh-
rcs mce gutuc jmuhrfc. ]n sckc uec fh
hkkcs `nmnhrj fh mcecmngnhetc fh ctrcs
hk mcethenfc fh kjs mcguenmjmncehs, he
rhjknfjf sh hstjrçj vnckjefc hk shmrhtc fh
kj mcetrjpjrth. (p. =>6)
Tcr kc tjetc, hxnsth uej prc`nlnmnýe hxprhsj
quh hstnpukj quh uej jutcrnfjf c ue thrmhrc
pjrtnmukjr puhfj jmmhfhr j kjs mcguenmjmnc-
ehs c fcmughetcs prnvjfcs sne jutcrnzjmnýe
hxprhsj fhk hgnscr c rhmhptcr. Mcgc `hgcs
pcfnfc vhr kj rhakj ahehrjk hs quh eneauej
phrscej puhfh nethrvhenr uej mcguen-
mjmnýe y hstc ecs puhfh fjr j hethefhr
quh he hk gjrmc fh uej rhkjmnýe kjlcrjk hk
hgpkhjfcr ec pcfrçj rhvnsjr c suphrvnsjr kcs
mcrrhcs hkhmtrýenmcs mcrpcrjtnvcs c jkthrecs,
mcgc m`jts, fh sus trjljbjfcrhs phsh j shr
`hrrjgnhetjs fh trjljbc? jeth kj jushemnj fh
ue gjrmc khanskjtnvc kj burnsprufhemnj mces-
tntumncejk `j hstjlkhmnfc muêk hs hk prcmhfhr
quh sh fhlh cptjr pjrj hstcs mjscs y quh
jejknzjrhgcs he hk snaunheth jmêpnth.
NN. M\NVH\NC] BX\N]T\XFHEMNJKH]
MCE]VNVXMNCEJKH] \H]THMVC J KJ
]XTH\YN]NÝE FH GHFNC] FH MCGX󰀧
ENMJMNÝE HKHMV\ÝENMC]
Kj ngpkhghetjmnýe fh euhvjs thmeckcaçjs
jk trjljbc sn lnhe rhsuktj shr sugjgheth
lhehinmncsj tcfj vhz quh rhpcthemnje kj
mjpjmnfjf fh prcfummnýe fh kjs hgprhsjs?
sne hgljrac, tjglnîe ahehrj uej shrnh fh
  Tcr shmrhtc sh fhlh hethefhr quh hk
mcethenfc quh fh kjs mcguenmjmncehs
c fh kcs pjphkhs prnvjfcs fh uej phr-
scej sckc puhfhe shr mcecmnfcs pcr
ghfncs thmeckýanmcs sh trjesicrgje
prcvcmjefc mceiknmtcs fh nethrhshs mce
kcs fhrhm`cs fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs mcgc
hk fhrhm`c j kj netngnfjf, jk shmrhtc j kjs
mcguenmjmncehs h nemkusc
thrgnejmnýe neicrgjtnvj. (p.j868)
kj jutcfh-
Xec fh kcs puetcs gês mcetrcvhrsnjkhs fh
kj fnantjknzjmnýe fhk trjljbc hs kj suphrvn-
snýe fh ghfncs fh mcguenmjmnýe hkhmtrý-
enmcs, hkkc fhlnfc j quh mcetrjpceh hk khaç-
tngc fhrhm`c fhk hgpkhjfcr fh mcetrckjr y
suphrvnsjr kj prhstjmnýe fhk shrvnmnc mce hk
fhrhm`c jk shmrhtc fh kjs mcguenmjmncehs
fhk quh aczje tcfcs kcs trjljbjfcrhs pcr
shr ue fhrhm`c iuefjghetjk. Lnhe kj khanskj-
mnýe kjlcrjk phrujej ec fj uej sckumnýe j
hsth mceiknmtc, hs pcr hkkc quh rhsuktj ehmh-
sjrnc rhmurrnr j kj burnsprufhemnj mcestntumnc-
ejk quh fhsfh hk júc <446 vnheh inbjefc ue
hstêefjr jpknmjlkh j hstcs mjscs? he kjs kçehjs
quh snauhe j mcetneujmnýe vjgcs j rhjkn-
zjr uej fhsmrnpmnýe fh kcs prceuemnjgnhe-
tcs hgntnfcs pcr hk Vrnluejk Mcestntumncejk
y kuhac fh hkkc hgntnrhgcs euhstrj cpnenýe
he mcebuetc2
:. Jeêknsns j kj ]hethemnj E´ :480-<446-JJ/
VM (mjsc Ajrmçj Ghefczj)
He hstj shethemnj sh jejknzý hk mjsc fhk shúcr
\jijhk Ajrmçj Ghefczj quh iuh fhsphfnfc
pcr kj hgprhsj ]hrvnmncs Tcstjkhs fhk Thrò
pcr `jlhrsh mcgprcljfc, fhsfh kj mcgpu-
tjfcrj fh ue thrmhrc, quh hevnjlj gjnks mce
mcethenfc pcrecarêinmc fhsfh su muhetj fh
mcrrhc hkhmtrýenmj ctcrajfj pcr su hgpkhj-
fcr fhk shrvnfcr Nelcx Kctus, `hm`c quh iuh
tnpninmjfc mcgc uej ijktj arjvh prhvnstj he
hk knthrjk j) fhk jrtçmukc <8 fh kj KTMK.
Tcr prnghrj vhz kj bustnmnj mcestntumncejk
hstufný kj pcsnlnknfjf quh ue hgpkhjfcr
 prclkhgjs.
YjkkjfcknfKj
fh Yjkkjfcknf, prcihscrj
, Kýphz fhecs
(<4:0), kj Xenvhrsnfjf
shújkj quh2 puhfj rhvnsjr hk mcrrhc hkhmtrýenmc fh sus
trjljbjfcrhs he hk gjrmc fh uej rhkjmnýe
  Kcs mcetrckhs thmeckýanmcs fh kj jmtn- kjlcrjk, y j kj kuz fh kcs `hm`cs, fhsjrrckký
vnfjf kjlcrjk fhsjrrckkjfj j trjvîs fh kj snaunheth jraughetjmnýe quh kh phrgntný

:09  pp. :0=-:>= • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

FCMV\NEJ KJLC\JK

mcemkunr quh sn hrj pcsnlkh kj suphrvnsnýe hkhmtrýenmcs snhgprh y mujefc hxnstnhsh uej
hgprhsjrnjk he ghfncs fh mcguenmjmnýe jutcrnzjmnýe bufnmnjk prhvnj2

Hk hgpkhjfcr, he hk hbhrmnmnc fh su fhrhm`c j kj knlrh hgprhsj, puhfh fctjr j sus trjljbjfcrhs fh `hrrjgnhe-
Trhgnsj : tjs fnantjkhs pjrj quh sh mcguenquhe c fhsjrrckkhe sus kjlcrhs fh gjehrj gês hinmnheth (i. :1)
]n lnhe hk fcgnenc c kj tntukjrnfjf fh fnm`js `hrrjgnhetjs fh trjljbc sce fhk hgpkhjfcr, sne hgljrac,
Trhgnsj < mujefc hbhrzj kj insmjknzjmnýe c mcetrck hgprhsjrnjk sh fhlh rhsphtjr kcs fhrhm`cs iuefjghetjkhs fh kcs
trjljbjfcrhs. (i. :0)

Kj Mcestntumnýe he hk nemnsc :4 fhk jrtçmukc 4< hstjlkhmh quh tcfj mcguenmjmnýe sckc puhfh shr nethrvhenfj
Trhgnsj = mce jutcrnzjmnýe bufnmnjk, pcr kc tjetc, sn sh cptj pcr rhvnsjr ue mcrrhc hkhmtrýenmc c ue m`jt  quh
 quh mcetnhehe
uej mcguenmjmnýe hkhmtrýenmj fhlh mcetjrsh prhvnjgheth mce fnm`c rhqunsntc. (i. <4)

]n ec sh muhetj mce kj jutcrnzjmnýe sh puhfh hbhrmhr hk mcetrck hgprhsjrnjk pcr ghfnc fh ghmjensgcs jkthr-
Trhgnsj 6 ecs quh ec ngpknquhe kj khmturj hk ghesjbh c kj mcguenmjmnýe rhgntnfj, tcfc hkkc clshrvjefc kcs pjrêgh-
trcs fh rjzcejlnknfjf y prcpcrmncejknfjf (ii. <4 y <:)

He hk mjsc fhk shúcr \jijhk Ajrmçj Ghefczj sh rhvnsý sus mcrrhcs hkhmtrýenmcs sne mcetjr mce uej jutcrnzjmnýe
Mcemkusnýe  bufnmnjk y kcs `jkkjzacs snrvnhrce
snr vnhrce mcgc susthetc fhk fhspnfc, pcr kc tjetc, kj ghfnfj fnsmnpknejrnj jpknmjfj
hs nkhajk. (i. <:)

Mcgc sh puhfh jprhmnjr hk Vrnluejk Mces-
tntumncejk inbj mrnthrncs quh shrêe mcestje-
ths j kc kjrac fh su burnsprufhemnj y quh
sh rhsughe j kc snaunheth2 \hakj :2 sýkc sh
puhfh jmmhfhr c suphrvnsjr uej mcguenmj-
mnýe hkhmtrýenmj fh ue trjljbjfcr snhgprh
y mujefc sh muheth mce uej jutcrnzjmnýe
 bufnmnjk prhvnj, mjsc
m jsc mcetrjrnc sh vukehrj hk
fhrhm`c jk shmrhtc fh kj mcguenmjmncehs,
\hakj <2 sh puhfh hbhrmhr hk mcetrck hgprh-
sjrnjk sclrh mujkqunhr `hrrjgnhetj fnantjk fhk
trjljbjfcr, sne ehmhsnfjf fh ue gjefjtc
 bufnmnjk,
 bufnm njk, mujefc sh hgpkhh
hgpkhhe e ghmjen
ghmjensgcs
sgcs  
quh ec ngpknquhe kj rhvnsnýe fhk mcethenfc
fhk prcmhsc mcguenmjtnvc, y hkkc fhlh rhj-
knzjrsh snaunhefc kcs pjrêghtrcs fh rjzcej-
lnknfjf y prcpcrmncejknfjf
prcpcrmncejknfjf..
<. Jeêknsns j kj ]hethemnj E´ 6<<6-<44>-JJ/
VM (mjsc @ujgjeç Yjrajs)
He hsth prceuemnjgnhetc, hk Vrnluejk Mces-
tntumncejk vhrninmý sn hk fhspnfc hihmtujfc
Nestntumncejk j rjçz fh uej nevhstnajmnýe rhj-
knzjfj pcr Mcetrjknj he fcefh sh fhthmtý
quh hetrh hk : fh fnmnhglrh fh <446 jk :0
fh jlrnk fh <441 rhgntný uej shrnh fh gjnks,
j ue thrmhrc, fhsfh su muhetj fh mcrrhc
hkhmtrýenmc phrscejk fhk shrvnfcs @ctgjnk
quh mcetheçj neicrgjmnýe mkjsninmjfj fh kj
hgprhsj y sh rhjknzjlje mcghetjrncs lur-
khsmcs y cihesnvcs jk Trhsnfheth fhk Fnrhm-
tcrnc, pcr hsth gctnvc sh prcmhfný j hxtne-
aunr kj rhkjmnýe kjlcrjk. J fnihrhemnj fhk mjsc
pkjethjfc he kj ]hethemnj E´ 480-<446-TJ/ 
VM (mjsc
(mjs c Ajrmçj Ghefczj) fcefh sh rhvnsý
ue mcrrhc hkhmtrýenmc mcrpcrjtnvc, he hk prh-
sheth mjsc hxnsth uej pjrtnmukjrnfjf trjsmhe-
fhetjk y hs quh kcs gjnks quh snrvnhrce fh
susthetc jk fhspnfc iuhrce rhgntnfcs fhsfh
uej muhetj phrscejk hs fhmnr quh hk fcgn-
enc ec hrj fhk hgpkhjfcr
hgpkhjfcr..
Lnhe, hk gêxngc netîrprhth fh kj Mcestntu-
mnýe jejknzj kj mcetrcvhrsnj pjrtnmukjr he
kcs iuefjghetcs fhmngcthrmhrc jk fhmn-
 pcr kj Mjbj Guenmnpjk fh J`crrc y Mrîfntc
fh Vjmej j kj shúcrj Gjrçj @ujgjeç Yjr-
ajs hrj khajk c ec. Kj trjljbjfcrj sh fhshg-
phújlj mcgc bhij fhk Ýrajec fh Mcetrck
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :0=-:>=
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :01
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
:2 kj nethrvhemnýe fh mujkqunhr mcguenmj-
mnýe sckc puhfh rhjknzjrsh mce jutcrnzjmnýe
fh ue buhz, mjsc mcetrjrnc sh jthetj mcetrj
hk fhrhm`c j kj nevnckjlnknfjf fh kjs mcgu-
enmjmncehs, \hakj <2 shhgprhsjrnjk
mckcs fh suphrvnsnýe puhfh inbjrquh
prctc-
ec
jihmthe kcs fhrhm`cs iuefjghetjkhs fh
kcs trjljbjfcrhs, \hakj =2 kcs mcrrhcs hkhm-
trýenmcs phrscejkhs ec sce pjsnlkhs fh shr
insmjknzjfcs.
He hk mjsc jejknzjfc, sh fhthrgneý quh, sn
lnhe hk hgpkhjfcr ec `jlçj rhjknzjfc kj
nethrvhemnýe fh kcs mcrrhcs, snec quh iuh kj
Mcetrjkcrçj? sne hgljrac, jk utnknzjr fnm`cs
gjnks mcgc pruhlj pjrj ngputjr y sjemnc-
ejr uej ijktj kjlcrjk, kj ghfnfj hrj nevê-
knfj yj quh kj pruhlj utnknzjfj
utnknzj fj hrj nkhajk pcr
`jlhrsh clthenfc sne shaunr hk prcmhfn-
gnhetc prhvnstc he hk nemnsc :4 fhk jrtçmukc
< fh kj Mcestntumnýe.
=. Jeêknsns j kj ]hethemnj E´ ::6-<4::-T
::6-<4::-TJ/
J/
VM (mjsc Enhvhs Jklêe) y kj ]hethemnj
E´ =8>>-<4:4-TJ/VM
=8>>-<4:4-TJ/VM (mjsc HspneczjM`ugc)
J`crj tcmj `jlkjr fh fcs shethemnjs quh
rhsckvnhrce ue gnsgc mjsc fcefh sh hemce-
trjlje nevckumrjfcs fcs trjljbjfcrhs y muyj
iuefjghetjmnýe hs nfîetnmj, rjzýe pcr kj
mujk sh jejknzjrê fh gjehrj mcebuetj. Trc-
ljlkhgheth hsth prceuemnjgnhetc hs uec
fh kcs gês nethrhsjeths pcr kj vjrnhfjf fh
jraughetcs fjfcs, yj quh mjfj gjanstrjfc
hgnth ue vctc pjrtnmukjr, y fhetrc fh hstj
ajgj yj sh fje kumhs j ue pcsnlkh mjglnc
fh kjs rhakjs jeths fhtjkkjfjs gês jmcrfh
mce kj rhjknfjf thmeckýanmj ngphrjeth he
euhstrj scmnhfjf.
 Yhjgcs prnghrc
 Yhjgcs prnghrc kcs jethmhfhe
jethmhfheths,
ths, kj shúcrj
shúcrj
Gjrçj Hspneczj M`ugc y hk shúcr \clhrtc
Enhvhs Jklêe, jglcs trjljbjfcrhs fh kj
gccmtjvc, y rhnthrj kcs knehjgnhetcs jeths
fhtjkkjfcs y jfhgês nemcrpcrj uec euhvc
fh tjk icrgj quh pcfrçjgcs fhmnr quh kjs
rhakjs jpknmjlkhs sce kjs snaunheths2 \hakj
y shxujk j trjvîs fh kj pkjtjicrgj fh m`jt
Eht ]hef, kj mujk iuh prcpcrmncejfj pcr
hk hgpkhjfcr mcgc uej `hrrjgnhetj fh
trjljbc.
He prnghr kuajr, kcs gjanstrjfcs Ghsçjs
\jgçrhz y Mjkkh @jyhe gjetnhehe kj kçehj
hstjlkhmnfj pcr hk Vrnluejk Mcestntumnc-
ejk he kj ]hethemnj E´ 480-<446-TJ/VM
(mjsc Ajrmçj Ghefczj) y he kj ]hethemnj
E´ 6<<6-<44>-JJ/VM (mjsc @ujgjeç Yjr-
ajs) fcefh sh hstjlkhmh mcgc ecrgj
ahehrjk quh sckc sh puhfh rhvnsjr mcevhr-
sjmncehs rhjknzjfjs he pkjtjicrgjs hkhm-
trýenmjs mce uej jutcrnzjmnýe bufnmnjk, pcr
kc tjetc jk `jlhrsh vhrninmjfc quh, he hk
mjsc mcemrhtc, hk hgpkhjfcr jmmhfný j
kj pkjtjicrgj Eht ]hef fh gutuc prc-
pnc y utnknzý kj neicrgjmnýe clthenfj fh
hsth prcmhfngnhetc pjrj fhsphfnr j kcs
trjljbjfcrhs hs quh fhmkjrje iuefjfj kj
fhgjefj pcr `jlhrsh vukehrjfc hk fhrh-
m`c jk shmrhtc fh kjs mcguenmjmncehs.
He shauefc kuajr, thehgcs hk vctc fhk
gjanstrjfc Htc Mruz quh sn lnhe fhmkjrj iue-
fjfj kj fhgjefj kc `jmh ljbc uej ýptnmj
fnstnetj. Fnm`c buhz pjrth fh uej prhgnsj
ecvhfcsj mcethenfj he hk iuefjghetc
ecvhec2
  Jsç, j gn bunmnc, mujefc kj Mcestntumnýe
utnknzj hk jfbhtnvc ‛prnvjfcs‗ pjrj rhih-
rnrsh jk fhrhm`c jk shmrhtc y j kj nevnckj-
lnknfjf fh fnm`cs fcmughetcs y mcgu-
enmjmncehs, ec hstê `jmnhefc jkusnýe jk
tnpc fh mcethenfc c ghesjbh mcguen-
mjfc, snec j kj mujknfjf fhk ghfnc tîm-
enmc fh mcguenmjmnýe hgpkhjfc pjrj
trjesgntnr mujkqunhr ghesjbh? j pjrtnr fh
muyj mujknfjf, surah kj hxphmtjtnvj fh
mceinfhemnjknfjf y kj prcthmmnýe mcestn-
tumncejk fhk shmrhtc h nevnckjlnknfjf fh
 hgprhsj Vhkhiýenmj Ahstnýe fh ]hrvnmncs
Mcgpjtnfcs ].J.M. iuhrce fhsphfnfcs jk
`jlhrsh fhthmtjfc quh gjetheçje gutuj-
gheth mcevhrsjmncehs fh mjrêmthr phrscejk
:00  pp. :0=-:>= • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
rhmnlnrê kj mujknfjf fh ‛prnvjfc‗, ec pcr
hk `hm`c fh shr prcpnhfjf fh uec fh
kcs pjrtnmnpjeths he kj mcguenmjmnýe,
snec pcr kjs mjrjmthrçstnmjs netrçeshmjs fh
fnm`c ghfnc y pcr kjs mcefnmncehs ljbc
kjs mujkhs sh utnknzj. Jsç, puhfh shr quh sh
hgpkhh uej mjlnej pòlknmj fh thkîicec
pjrj kkhvjr j mjlc uej mcevhrsjmnýe y
ec pcr hsc mrhhr quh sh mjrhmh fh prc-
thmmnýe pcr hk fhrhm`c jk shmrhtc fh kjs
mcguenmjmncehs prnvjfjs. Fhk gnsgc
gcfc, puhfh sumhfhr quh qunhe utn-
knzj ue thkîicec prcpnc, pjrj rhjknzjr uej
kkjgjfj j ue prcarjgj fh thkhvnsnýe
he vnvc, jk shr arjljfj fnm`j mcguen-
mjmnýe, ec sh puhfj jkhajr jihmtjmnýe
jk fhrhm`c
mjmncehs, jk shmrhtc
puhs pcr kjs fh kjs mcguen-
mcefnmncehs he
quh sh hihmtuý fnm`j kkjgjfj hrj mkjrc
quh kj gnsgj ec pcfçj shr mjkninmjfj
mjkni nmjfj fh
‛prnvjfj‗.
  (…)
  Fh kc hxpuhstc, sh mcemkuyh quh pjrj
quh ue prcmhsc mcguenmjtnvc sh
hemuhetrh prcthanfc pcr hk fhrhm`c jk
shmrhtc fh kjs mcguenmjmncehs, ec hs
suinmnheth mce quh fnm`j mcguenmjmnýe
sh `jyj rhjknzjfc j trjvîs fh ue ghfnc
içsnmc c tîmenmc, snec quh hs prhmnsc, quh
fnm`c ghfnc `jyj snfc utnknzjfc mce hk
clbhtc fh hihmtujr uej mcguenmjmnýe
fhstnejfj j uej phrscej he pjrtnmukjr
c ue arupc mhrrjfc fh pjrtnmnpjeths
y quh, jfnmncejkgheth j hkkc, sh rhjknmh
pcr ghfncs quh clbhtnvjgheth `jaje
jsugnr j uej phrscej quh kj mcguen-
mjmnýe sh gjethefrê he shmrhtc. Hstcs
fcs hkhghetcs sce kcs quh mceinau-
rje uej ‛hxphmtjtnvj
‛hxphmtjtnvj fh shmrhtc c mcein-
fhemnjknfjf‗ he kj mcguenmjmnýe, mcgc
kj rhihrnfj mcguenmjmnýe. He fnm`j kçehj,
hk hkhghetc mrumnjk he kj fhinenmnýe fhk
fhrhm`c hs hk tnpc fh ghfnc hgpkhjfc
pjrj kj mcguenmjmnýe, hk gnsgc quh
FCMV\NEJ KJLC\JK
Hk êglntc fh prcthmmnýe  fhk
fhrhm`c jk shmrhtc fh kjs mcgu-
enmjmncehs sckc jljrmj j jquh-
kkcs prcmhscs mcguenmjtnvcs he
fcefh hk hgnscr  y hk rhmhptcr
`jyje thenfc uej hxphmtjtnvj fh
prnvjmnfjf .
Hs kj prnghrj vhz quh, he kj burnsprufhe-
mnj phrujej, kuhac fh `jmhrsh ue jeêknsns
inkckýanmc fhk nemnsc :4 fhk jrtçmukc < fh kj
Mcestntumnýe, sh hstjlkhmh quh hk êglntc
fh prcthmmnýe fhk fhrhm`c jk shmrhtc fh kjs
mcguenmjmncehs sckc jljrmj j jquhkkcs prc-
mhscs mcguenmjtnvcs he fcefh hk hgnscr y
hk rhmhptcr `jyje thenfc uej hxphmtjtnvj
fh prnvjmnfjf, mjsc mcetrjrnc ec sh pcfrçj
jkhajr uej vukehrjmnýe j fnm`c fhrhm`c he
mjsc fh ue prcmhsc fh suphrvnsnýe. Tcr kc
tjetc, kcs knehjgnhetcs j kj kuz fh hsth mrnth-
rnc vje j shr tctjkgheth fnihrheths y sh sne-
thtnzje he fcs rhakjs2 \hakj :2 sn kj mcguen-
mjmnýe sh `j rhjknzjfc ljbc uej hxphmtjtnvj
fh prnvjmnfjf su nethrvhemnýe sckc pcfrê
rhjknzjrsh ljbc hk gjefjtc fh buhz, \hakj <2
sn kj mcguenmjmnýe sh rhjknzj sne uej hxphm-
tjtnvj fh prnvjmnfjf hs pcsnlkh su rhvnsnýe sne
ue gjefjtc bufnmnjk yj quh ec sh hemuhetrj
prcthanfj fhetrc fh kcs jkmjemhs fhk fhrh-
m`c jk shmrhtc fh kjs mcguenmjmncehs.
He hk mjsc mcemrhtc, sh fhthrgneý quh kj
hgprhsj ec `jlçj inbjfc prctcmckcs en `jlçj
neicrgjfc j kcs trjljbjfcrhs fh kj pcsnlnkn-
fjf quh theçj hk hgpkhjfcr fh rhvnsjr kjs
`hrrjgnhetjs fh trjljbc fnantjkhs quh khs
iuhrce hetrhajfjs, hs pcr hkkc quh hk buhz
 mcemhptc mkjvh pjrj fhkngntjr muêefc
ecs hemcetrjgcs jeth uej ‛mcguenmj-
‛mcguenmj-
mnýe prnvjfj‗ prcthanfj pcr hk fhrhm`c
jk shmrhtc fh kjs mcguenmjmncehs.
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :0=-:>=
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :0>
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
fh kjs mcguenmjmncehs rjzýe pcr kj mujk sh
jgpjrj kj fhgjefj.
He thrmhr kuajr, thehgcs kcs fcs vctcs he
fnsmcrfnj quh sh nemknejrce pcr fhmkjrjr
neiuefjfj kj fhgjefj, quh mcrrhspcefh j
kcs gjanstrjfcs Êkvjrhz Gnrjefj y Xrvnckj
@jen, jglcs buhmhs mcesnfhrje quh kjs
`hrrjgnhetjs fh trjljbc sce pjsnlkhs j shr
suphrvnsjfjs pcr hk hgpkhjfcr sne kj ehmh-
snfjf fh ue gjefjtc bufnmnjk, hkkc he jtrn-
lumnýe jk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe y mcetrck quh
rhmcecmh hk jrtçmukc > fh kj KTMK. Mcgc
vhgcs hsth rjzcejgnhetc hs mcetrjrnc j
kj kçehj jeths inbjfj y ec hetrj j jejknzjr kj
pcsnlnknfjf fh uej jihmtjmnýe jk fhrhm`c
j kj netngnfjf c jk shmrhtc fh kjs mcguen-
mjmncehs quh sh puhfh ahehrjr he mjsc
fh uej insmjknzjmnýe j mcrrhcs hkhmtrýen-
mcs (mcrpcrjtnvcs c phrscejkhs) c ghfncs
jkthrejtnvcs.
6. Jeêknsns
Jeêknsn s j kj ]hethemn
]hethemnjj E´ 88=<-<4:6-TJ/
VM (mjsc Ynsquhrj @cua`tce)
Inejkgheth, thehgcs kj ]hethemnj E´ 88=<-
<4:6-TJ/VM
<4:6-T J/VM (mjsc Ynsquhrj @cua`tce), quh
iuh hgntnfj hk << fh ihlrhrc fh <4:1, he
fcefh sh vj j gjethehr kj kçehj inbjfj fhsfh
kj ]hethemnj E´ 480-<446-TJ/VM (mjsc Ajrmçj
Ghefczj)? sne hgljrac, mce ue vctc sne-
aukjr fhk gjanstrjfc \jgcs Eòúhz sh vj j
netrcfumnr hk jraughetc fh kj hxphmtjtnvj fh
prnvjmnfjf quh utnknzjfj pcr hk buhz Htc Mruz
he kcs fcs prceuemnjgnhetcs rhvnsjfcs he
hk jmêpnth prhmhfheths.
Hk Vrnluejk Mcestntumncejk rhsckvný fh
gjehrj ijvcrjlkh hk mjsc fh kj trjljbjfcrj
Kjurj Ynsquhrj @cua`tce quh iuh fhsph-
fnfj pcr su hgpkhjfcr Mhemcsuf Thrò ].J.
jk `jlhrsh fhthmtjfc quh hevný fcs gjnk
fhsfh su muhetj nestntumncejk (Kjurj.vnj-
mcestntumncejk mcesnfhrj quh sh ahehrý uej
hxphmtjtnvj fh prnvjmnfjf j kcs fcs trjljbj-
fcrhs, y jk `jlhrsh rhvnsjfc sus mcevhrsjmnc-
ehs sh `jlçj jihmtjfc su fhrhm`c jk shmrhtc
netîrprhth fh kj Mcestntumnýe rhsuhkvh kj
mcetrcvhrsnj ljbc hk snaunheth jraughetc
mcethenfc he hk iuefjghetc cmtjvc2
  He mceshmuhemnj, kcs rhanstrcs fh kcs
mcrrhcs hkhmtrýenmcs fh ihm`js <9 y <1
fh cmtulrh fh <44>, quh susthetjrce
y bustninmjrce hk fhspnfc fh kj fhgje-
fjeth, mcestntuyhe uej pruhlj prc-
`nlnfj, pcr kc quh su utnknzjmnýe he hk
prcmhfngnhetc fnsmnpknejrnc fh fhs-
pnfc rhsuktj nemcestntumncejk, vnckjtc-
rnc fhk fhrhm`c jk shmrhtc y j kj nevnc-
kjlnknfjf fh kjs mcguenmjmncehs y, pcr
hefh, vnckjtcrnc fhk fhrhm`c jk trjljbc
fh kj fhgjefjeth.
Mcgc sh puhfh jprhmnjr, sh gjetnheh kj
ecrgj ahehrjk quh mcesnsth he quh hk
hgpkhjfcr ec puhfh rhvnsjr ue mcrrhc hkhm-
trýenmc sne mcetjr mce uej jutcrnzjmnýe bufn-
mnjk hxprhsj? kc nethrhsjeth fh hsth mjsc ec
rjfnmj he kj shethemnj he gjycrçj snec he hk
vctc sneaukjr fhk gjanstrjfc \jgcs Eòúhz
quh shújkj quh kcs mcrrhcs hkhmtrýenmcs mcr-
pcrjtnvcs jk shr `hrrjgnhetjs fh trjljbc sn
lnhe he ue prnghr gcghetc pcfrçje mce-
snfhrjr quh mjrhmhe fh hxphmtjtnvj fh prnvj-
mnfjf? sne hgljrac, hstc ec hs suinmnheth yj
quh hs ehmhsjrnc inbjr uej pckçtnmj c mcgu-
enmjr j kcs trjljbjfcrhs fh kj pcsnlnknfjf fh
suphrvnsjr kjs mcguenmjmncehs quh rhjknmhe
he kjs pkjtjicrgjs quh sh khs hetrhaje, fh
hstj icrgj hk hgpkhjfcr pcfrçj hbhrmhr hk
pcfhr fh mcetrck hgprhsjrnjk sne kj ehmhsn-
fjf fh uej crfhe bufnmnjk. Yhjgcs hk jrau-
ghetc utnknzjfc2
  Kcs mcrrhcs hkhmtrýenmcs lrnefjfcs pcr
hk hgpkhjfcr sce `hrrjgnhetjs fh trj-
ljbc, y, mcgc hkkjs, sh scghthe j kjs pckç-
tnmjs fh insmjknzjmnýe quh sh fhmnfje nen-
 quhrrjDhwcea.mcg) he fcefh jkhajlj ue
supuhstc rclc fh enúcs he kjs nestjkjmnc-
ehs fh uej fh kcs prnemnpjkhs mknheths fh kj
hgprhsj? fh gjehrj guy lrhvh hk gêxngc
:>4  pp. :0=-:>= • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
gjethenfjs pcr ue trjljbjfcr j trjvîs
fh kjs muhetjs fh mcrrhc y kcs crfhej-
fcrhs quh `je snfc prcpcrmncejfcs pcr
kcs hgpkhjfcrhs
  (…) rhaukjr hk usc fh kjs `hrrjgnhe-
tjs fh trjljbc he jkaòe gjeujk, rhakj-
ghetc c fnrhmtnvj nethrej fh trjljbc.
Fhk gnsgc gcfc, hstjs ecrgjs fhlhe
shr puhstjs he mcecmngnhetc fhk trj-
ljbjfcr jeths fh kj inrgj fhk mcetrjtc
rhsphmtnvc, j ine fh quh tcgh mcecmn-
gnhetc fh kjs pckçtnmjs kjlcrjkhs y, jsç,
puhfj fhinenr su sntujmnýe.
Kj kýanmj hgpkhjfj hs sugjgheth òtnk
y hinmnheth yj quh ec kngntj hk pcfhr fhk
hgpkhjfcr pjrj suphrvnsjr hk mcrrhmtc
usc fh kjs `hrrjgnhetjs fh mcguenmj-
mnýe hkhmtrýenmjs quh lrnefje j sus trj-
ljbjfcrhs, fhetrc fh pjrêghtrcs fh rjzc-
ejlnknfjf y prcpcrmncejknfjf, y jk gnsgc
tnhgpc ajrjetnzj hk fhrhm`c iuefjghe-
tjk fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs yj quh jk utnknzjr
mcgc pjrêghtrc kj hxphmtjtnvj fh prn-
vjmnfjf sh puhfh fhkngntjr mkjrjgheth
kcs jkmjemhs fhk fhrhm`c jk shmrhtc fh kjs
mcguenmjmncehs.  
 
8. Kj kçehj burnsprufhemnj mcestntumncejk
phrujej irheth j kcs euhvcs mrnthrncs
inbjfcs pcr hk Vrnluejk Hurcphc fh Fhrh-
m`cs @ugjecs he gjthrnj fh suphrvn-
snýe kjlcrjk fh ghfncs fh mcguenmjmnýe
hkhmtrýenmcs
Mcgc `hgcs pcfnfc jprhmnjr, j kc kjrac fhk
fhsjrrckkc fh hsth mjpçtukc fcefh sh `j sne-
thtnzjfc kj burnsprufhemnjk fh Vrnluejk Mces-
tntumncejk he gjthrnj fh suphrvnsnýe kjlcrjk
fh ghfncs fh mcguenmjmnýe hkhmtrýenmcs,
hxnsthe fcs pcsnmncehs iuhrthgheth gjr-
mnjr. He hsh shetnfc, ec mcesnfhrc, he
prnemnpnc, quh hxnstj uej hxphmtjtnvj
rjzcejlkh fh prnvjmnfjf rhsphmtc jk
mcecmngnhetc fh kjs mcguenmjmncehs
FCMV\NEJ KJLC\JK
mcetrjrnc, sh vukehrjrnj hk fhrhm`c jk shmrhtc
fh kjs mcguenmjmncehs y kj shauefj, quh
sckc sh `jyje he fcs vctcs sneaukjrhs, quh
hstjlkhmh quh sn hs pcsnlkh insmjknzj, fhe-
trc fhk gjrmc
ghfncs fh uej rhkjmnýe
fh mcguenmjmnýe kjlcrjk,
hkhmtrýenmcs kcs
snhg-
prh y mujefc kcs trjljbjfcrhs ec theaje
hxphmtjtnvj fh prnvjmnfjf.
K j pcsnmnýe   mjsn ueêengh
fhk  V
 Vrn
rnlu
luej
ejkk Mc
Mces
estntntu
tumn
mnce jk  
cejk
phrujec, fhsfh hk júc <446,
hs quh hk hgpkhjfcr sckc puhfh
suphrvnsjr kcs ghfncs fh mcgu-
enmjmnýe hkhmtrýenmcs  fh sus
 trjljbjfcrhs mce ue gjefjtc
 bufnmnjk .
Kj pcsnmnýe gjycrntjrnj hs ljstjeth rçanfj
y sh scstnheh he quh kj Mcestntumnýe he
hk nemnsc :4 fhk jrtçmukc < `j inbjfc mkjrj-
gheth kj ehmhsnfjf fh uej jutcrnzjmnýe
bufnmnjk
bufn mnjk pjrj kj neth
nethrvh
rvhemný
emnýee fh mujk
mujkqunh
qunhrr
mcguenmjmnýe? sne hgljrac, hsth rjzcej-
gnhetc clvnj fcs `hm`cs guy ngpcrtje-
ths j euhstrc mrnthrnc quh sce2 n) quh kj Mjrtj
Gjaej hxnah hsth rhqunsntc òenmjgheth j kjs
mcguenmjmncehs y fcmughetcs mjtjkcajfcs
mcgc ‛prnvjfcs‗ y nn) ec sh tcgj he muhetj
kj ejturjkhzj prcpnj fh kjs rhkjmncehs kjlcrj-
khs fcefh hxnsth uej sulcrfnejmnýe fhk trj-
ljbjfcr jk hgpkhjfcr. Hstc ahehrj uej shrnh
fh prclkhgjs yj quh kj clthemnýe fh uej
jutcrnzjmnýe sh fhlh `jmhr ljbc kcs pjrê-
ghtrcs hstjlkhmnfcs he kcs jrtçmukcs <=4 y
<=: fhk Euhvc Mýfnac Trcmhsjk Thejk y hkkc
 mjfjs, kj prnghrj
hk hgpkhjfcr hs puhfh
ec sh kj quh suphrvnsjr
hstjlkhmh quh
ene-
aòe mcrrhc hkhmtrýenmc c sngnkjr sne thehr
prhvnjgheth uej jutcrnzjmnýe bufnmnjk? mjsc
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :0=-:>=
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :>:
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
suprngh hk pcfhr fh fnrhmmnýe fhk hgpkhj- m) Zuh kj suphrvnsn
fcr j hstcs mjscs.
Kj pcsnmnýe gnecrntjrnj hstjlkhmnfj pcr kcs
gjanstrjfcs Htc Mruzyjy quh
gum`c gês rjzcejlkh \jgcs Eòúhzquh
fhkngntje hs f) Zuh sh rhsphthe
mcguenmjmncehs sh hemuhetrje prcthanfjs
c ec fhetrc fh kcs jkmjemhs fhk fhrhm`c
jk shmrhtc fh kjs mcguenmjmncehs usjefc  
mcgc pjrêghtrc kj hxphmtjtnvj fh prnvjmn-
fjf? sn lnhe mcgpjrtngcs hstj pcsnmnýe, sne
hgljrac, he kj burnsprufhemnj mcgpjrjfj
sh `je hstjlkhmnfc rhakjs quh kcarje hqun-
knlrjr fh gjehrj gês ajrjetnstjs hk pcfhr
fh fnrhmmnýe fhk hgpkhjfcr y kcs fhrhm`cs
j kj netngnfjf y jk shmrhtc fh kjs mcguenmj-
mncehs fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs, hk Vrnluejk Hurc-
phc fh Fhrhm`cs @ugjecs fhsfh kj ]he-
themnj fhk <8 fh buenc fh :>>1 (mjsc @jkicrf
m/. \hnec Xenfc) `jstj he kj ]hethemnj fhk
8 fh shptnhglrh fh <4:1 (mjsc Ljrlukhsmu
m/. \ugjenj) `j shújkjfc quh hk fhrhm`c j
kj vnfj prnvjfj (quh nemkuyh hk shmrhtc j kjs
mcguenmjmncehs) ec sh rhfumh òenmjgheth
j kj hsihrj çetngj fh kjs phrscejs, snec quh
su jkmjemh jljrmj tjglnîe êglntcs scmnjkhs
mcgc hk pckçtnmc c hk kjlcrjk, y thenhefc he
muhetj hkkc `j hstjlkhmnfc quh hk hgpkhj-
fcr puhfh rhvnsjr kcs mcrrhcs hkhmtrýenmcs
fh sus trjljbjfcrhs, sne vukehrjr sus fhrh- MCEMKX]NCEH]
m`cs, snhgprh y mujefc su prcmhfhr kcarh
suphrjr uej shrnh fh clshrvjemnjs quh fhtj-
kkjgcs j mcetneujmnýe2
j) Zuh sh hstjlkhmh pckçtnmjs hgprhsj-
rnjkhs quh phrgntje j kcs trjljbjfcrhs
sjlhr fh kj pcsnlnknfjf fhk hgpkhjfcr
fh suphrvnsjr sus mcguenmjmncehs he
pkjtjicrgjs mcrpcrjtnvjs c fhstnejfjs
pjrj hk trjljbc.
l) Zuh, hk prcmhfngnhetc fh mcetrck sckc
sh jpknquh he mjscs fh hxtrhgj ehmh-
rhqunhrh kj hxnsthemnj
fh ue fhkntc, pcr hefh,ehmhsjrnj fhkjnefnmncs
sh hkngnej pcsnln-
knfjf fh suphrvnsjr mujkqunhr ijktj arjvh quh
ec mceinaurh mcgc fhkntc y fh hstj icrgj sh
suphrvnsnýe
ýe hgprhsjrnjk rhs-
pcesj j mrnthrncs fh rjzcejlnknfjf y
prcpcrmncejknfjf.
ljbjfcrhs kcs fhrhm`cs
y sh ajrjetnmh fh kcs trj-
su fhrhm`c fh
fhihesj.
]ne fufj jkauej hk thst prcpuhstc pcr
kj bustnmnj hurcphj hs gum`c gês jvje-
zjfc quh hk inbjfc pcr euhstrj burnspru-
fhemnj? he ue irjaghetc fh kj phkçmukj
 Jfjg„s \nl , fh :>6>, fcefh ]phemhr
 Vrjmm y, ne
 Vrj neth
thrp
rprht
rhtje
jefc
fc jk ininsm
smjk
jk Jf
Jfjg
jg,,
fhmçj mce jmnhrtc quh ‛kj khy hs kj khy
y he mjsc fh quh hstj shj gjkj `jlçj
quh mjglnjrkj gjs ec fhsclhfhmhrkj‗
ymjsn
hstc jpknmj jfhk
ueêengh kc hstufnjfc, kj pcsnmnýe
Vrnluejk Mcestntumnc-
ejk phrujec, fhsfh hk júc <446, hs quh
hk hgpkhjfcr sckc puhfh suphrvnsjr kcs
ghfncs fh mcguenmjmnýe hkhmtrýenmcs
fh sus trjljbjfcrhs mce ue gjefjtc
 bufnmnjk y jsç ec ecs pjrhzmj hstj kçehj,
pcr su rnanfhz, hs hk mrnthrnc quh fhlh-
gcs clshrvjr he euhstrc pjçs `jstj quh
sh vjrçh c khanskh uej euhvj icrgj fh
suphrvnsnýe hgprhsjrnjk.
  Hk Vrnluejk Mcestntumncejk he su burnspru-
fhemnj `j hstjlkhmnfc trhs ecrgjs quh
sh fhlhe clshrvjr pjrj suphrvnsjr kcs
ghfncs fh mcguenmjmnýe hkhmtrýenmcs
he uej rhkjmnýe kjlcrjk quh sce2 \hakj :2
kj nethrvhemnýe fh mujkqunhr mcguenmj-
mnýe sckc puhfh rhjknzjrsh mce jutcrnzj-
mnýe fh ue buhz mjsc mcetrjtc sh jthetj
mcetrj hk fhrhm`c j kj nevnckjlnknfjf fh
kjs mcguenmjmncehs, \hakj <2 sh puhfh
inbjr prctcmckcs fh suphrvnsnýe hgprh-
sjrnjk quh ec jihmthe kcs fhrhm`cs iue-
 snfjf, hs fhmnr sh fhlh jactjr ghfncs fjghetjkhs fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs, \hakj =2
fh suphrvnsnýe ghecs nevjsnvcs kcs mcrrhcs hkhmtrýenmcs phrscejkhs ec
prhvnjgheth. sce pjsnlkhs fh shr insmjknzjfcs.

:><  pp. :0=-:>= • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

FCMV\NEJ KJLC\JK

  Hxnsth uej pcsnmnýe gnecrntjrnj quh hstj- hgprhsjrnjk2 j prcpýsntc fh kjs pkjtjicrgjs
lkhmh quh, sn kjs mcguenmjmncehs hkhm- vnrtujkhs. He Vrjljbc he pkjtjicrgjs fnantjkhs2
trýenmjs rhjknzjfjs pcr kcs trjljbjfcrhs neecvjmnýe, fhrhm`c y ghrmjfc . Tjgpkcej2 Hfn-
sne hxphmtjtnvj fh prnvjmnfjf sce pjsn- tcrnjk Jrjezjfn.

lkhs fh shr rhvnsjfjs pcr hk hgpkhjfcr Crajenzjmnýe

MCYNF-:> Nethrejmncejk
y hk guefc fhk fhk Vrjljbc.
trjljbc, (<4<4).he2
 fnspcenlkh Hk
sne ehmhsnfjf fh ue gjefjtc bufnmnjk,
hstj kçehj sh jmhrmj gês j kj burnsprufhe- `ttps2//www.nkc.cra/wmgsp8/arcups/pulknm/D
farhpcrts/Dfmcgg/fcmughets/lrnhineaecth/
mnj hurcphj sne hgljrac ec hs kj pcsn-
wmgsS16=:86.pfi.
mnýe prhpcefhrjeth
prhpcefhrjeth..
\ulnc Mcrrhj, G., Haunaurhe Trjhkn, I. y Lhrejkhs Ljkkhs-
thrcs, H. (<4:4). Kcs fhrhm`cs iuefjghetjkhs he kj
\HIH\HEMNJ] LNLKNCA\ÊINMJ]  burnsprufhemnj
 burnspruf hemnj fhk Vrnluejk Mcestnt umncejk . Kngj2
Mcestntumncejk 
Kýphz fh kj Iuheth, A. (<4:0). Kj fnantjknzjmnýe Icefc Hfntcrnjk fh kj Tcetninmnj Xenvhrsnfjf Mjtý-
fhk trjljbc y euhvjs icrgjs fh mcetrck knmj fhk Thrò.
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :0=-:>=
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :>=
 

]CKXMNCEH]

KJLC\JKH]
]N]VHGJ NEVHA\JK FH NEIC\GJMNÝE TJ\J BHIH] FH \HMX\]C]
@XGJEC], J]H]C\H] KHAJKH], JFGNEN]V\JFC\H] ^ AH\HEVH]

]HMVC\
TÒLKNMC
XEJ TXLKNMJMNÝE FHK A\XTC
 

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH] TJ\J HK

]HMVC\ TÒLKNMC

Heicquh fh mcev
mcevhemncejknfjf
hemncejknfjf fhk fhrhm`c
jfhkjXrahemnj
hstjlnknfjf kjlcrjk
E´ 4:9-<4<4he hk Fhmrhtc
Vjenj Vukj J\JXMC YNYJ]*
‛Hk fhrhm`c j kj hstjlnknfjf kjlcrjk fhlh shr hethefnfj j kj kuz fhk prnemnpnc fh
 prcarhsnvnfjf,
 prcarhsnvnfj f, sne ghecsmjljr
ghecsmjljr kj tuthkj rhstntutcrnj, yj
yj quh îstj rhmcecmh
rhmcecmh he
:
 pkhentuf hk fhrhm`c
fhrhm`c jk trjljbc‗ 
trjljbc‗  .

Hk prhsheth trjljbc jejknzj hk mcethenfc fhk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4:9-<4<4, hgntnfc pcr hk
Trhsnfheth
Trhsnfheth fh kj \hpòlknmj, hsphmçinmjgheth
hsphmçinmjgheth hk jrtçmukc
jr tçmukc =.=.:. rhihrnfc j kj kngntjmnýe fh kj tuthkj
rhstntutcrnj fh kcs trjljbjfcrhs? hs fhmnr, mhetrjknzjefc mcgc òenmj icrgj fh tuthkj j kj nefhgen-
zjmnýe. Jsç hk prhsheth jeêknsns jlcrfj kj vnsnýe quh pkjethj kj Mcrth Nethrjghrnmjej fh Fhrhm`cs
@ugjecs rhsphmtc jk thgj he ghemnýe? pcr kc quh sh kcarj jejknzjr fnm`c fnspcsntnvc khajk ljbc
ue mcetrck fh mcevhemnc
mcevhemncejknfjf,
ejknfjf, y hstjlkhmhr inejkgheth, ue mrnthrnc fh nejpknmjmnýe mceicrgh j
kcs pjrêghtrcs mcevhemncejkhs
mcevhemncejkhs fhsjrrckkjfcs.

TJKJL\J] MKJYH2 Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj / Vuthkj rhstntu-
tcrnj / Nefhgenzjmnýe / Mcrth Nethrjghrnmjej / Mcetrck fh
mcevhemncejknfjf / Hstjlnknfjf kjlcrjk.
\hmnlnfc 2  4</49/<4<4
Jprcljfc 2  :4/49/<4<4
NEV\CFXMMNÝE:
Jmtujkgheth sh vnvh uej mcegcmnýe fhe-
trc fhk êglntc burçfnmc kjlcrjk, hkkc he rjzýe
j quh hk <= fh hehrc fhk prhsheth júc sh `j
pulknmjfc hk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4:9-
<4<4, hgntnfc pcr hk Trhsnfheth fh kj \hpò-
lknmj, ljbc ue mcethxtc fh nethrrhaec pjrkj-
ghetjrnc? hs fhmnr, hk Tcfhr Hbhmutnvc `jmh
usc fh sus ijmuktjfhs pjrj khanskjr `jstj hk
gcghetc quh sh nestjkh hk euhvc Mcearhsc
y puhfj vhrninmjr fnm`c gjefjtc.
]ne hgljrac, hkkc `j ahehrjfc ue hstjfc fh
zczclrj he kcs trjljbjfcrhs, puhs hk mceth-
enfc fhk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj he ghemnýe
hstê rhihrnfc j kjs ghfnfjs quh rhaukje hk
nearhsc fh kcs shrvnfcrhs j kjs hetnfjfhs fhk
]hmtcr Tòlknmc.
Tcr kc quh hs gjthrnj fhk prhsheth trj-
ljbc jmjfîgnmc jejknzjr fnm`c fnspc-
sntnvc, hsphmçinmjgheth kc prhsmrntc he hk
jrtçmukc =.=.:, rhsphmtc j kj tuthkj fh prcthm-
mnýe quh thefrçj quh lrnefjr hk buhz jeth
 * Mjthfrêtnmj uenvhrsntjrnj. Vrjljbjfcrj fh kj Trnghrj ]jkj Kjlcrjk fh kj Mcrth ]uphrncr fh Bustnmnj fh Bueçe (Thrò). Hstufncs
he kj Ijmuktjf fh Anurnsprufhezj he kj ‛Xenvhrsntä fhakn ]tufn fn \cgj ¶Vcr Yhrajtj¶. Hstufncs sclrh Jsphmtcs Mkjvhs he hk
Fhrhm`c Trcmhsjk Kjlcrjk he kj Xenvhrsnfjf fh Bjîe ” Hspjúj. Hstufncs fh Gjhstrçj ghemnýe he Fhrhm`c Trcmhsjk he kj
Xenvhrsnfjf Thrujej Kcs Jefhs. Mcjutcrj fh knlrcs ejmncejkhs h nethrejmncejkhs. Jutcrj fh jrtçmukcs jmjfîgnmcs burçfnmcs.
: Kj jutcrj.

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :>1-<4:

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :>1
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

uej pcsnlkh vukehrjmnýe fhk fhrhm`c jk trj- hxmhptujfcs, mcgc hk mjsc fh kcs clrhrcs
ljbc, ljbc uej phrsphmtnvj fh mcevhemnc- guenmnpjkhs, quh `j snfc gjthrnj fh jeêkn-
ejknfjf? he ctrjs pjkjlrjs, vhrninmjr sn kc fns- sns pcr hk Vrnluejk Mcestntumncejk he kj ]VM
puhstc pcr hk Trhsnfheth fh kj \hpòlknmj sh E´ 4990:-<4:=-TJ/VM<.
hemuhetrj fhetrc fhk gjrmc fhk lkcquh fh Hgphrc, kc rhkhvjeth pjrj hk prhsheth jeê-
mcevhemncejknfjf.
knsns hs kc fnspuhstc he hk jrtçmukc =, eugh-
Tjrj hkkc, he prnghr crfhe, sh clshrvjrê rjk =) quh shújkj2
hk mcethenfc fhk fnspcsntnvc khajk (F.X.
E´ 4:9-<4<4)? shaunfjgheth, sh fhsjrrckkjrê   Nearhsc pcr gjefjtc bufnmnjk j kjs hetn-
hk lkcquh fh mcevhemncejknfjf mcgc sce fjfhs fhk ]hmtcr Tòlknmc. (…) Mujefc
kjs shethemnjs fh kj Mcrth Nethrjghrnmjej fh ec shj pcsnlkh prcmhfhr mceicrgh
Fhrhm`cs @ugjecs rhihrnfjs jk thgj gjth- j kc hstjlkhmnfc he hk eughrjk =.:.
rnj fh jeêknsns, jsç mcgc kj Mcevhemnýe Ne- fhk prhsheth jrtçmukc, sh tcgje he
thrjghrnmjej fh Fhrhm`cs @ugjecs? y, inejk- muhetj kjs snaunheths rhakjs2 :. Fhe-
gheth sh mcetrjstjrê hk fnspcsntnvc khajk mce trc fh ue prcmhsc bufnmnjk he trêgnth
kc gjenihstjfc pcr kj Mcrth Nethrjghrnmjej sclrh rhpcsnmnýe, rhnemcrpcrjmnýe c
fh Fhrhm`cs @ugjecs, mcemkuyhefc sn kj rhmcecmngnhetc
 buh
 buhzz fh cin mnc c jfh
cinmnc vçemukc
fnfcc fh kjlcrjk,
phfnf
ph pjrth
pjr hk-
th fns
fns-
ecrgj mugpkh mce hk inktrc fhk mcetrck fh
mcevhemncejknfjf. pceh kj nefhgenzjmnýe prhvnstj he hk
nemnsc = fhk prhsheth eughrjk =.=.  Jsn-
N. FHM\HVC FH X\AHEM
X\AHEMNJ NJ E´ 4:9󰀧<4<4 gnsgc, he hbhmumnýe fh shethemnj,
prhvnc trjskjfc j kjs pjrths, hk buhz
󰀠J\VÇMXKC =.=.:󰀮
puhfh hxmhpmncejkgheth fnspcehr kj
Hk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4:9-<4<4, he su nefhgenzjmnýe prhvnstj he hk nemnsc =
jrtçmukc : prhsmrnlh mcgc clbhtc rhaukjr fhk prhsheth eughrjk =.= pcr kc fns-
hk nearhsc fh kcs shrvnfcrhs j kjs hetnfjfhs puhstc he kj shethemnj. (\hsjktjfc
fhk ]hmtcr Tòlknmc? pcsthrncrgheth, hstj- euhstrc).
lkhmh mcgc rhqunsntc iuefjghetjk quh shj
j trjvîs fh ue mcemursc pòlknmc, sntujmnýe Fnm`c fh ctrc gcfc, hk fnspcsntnvc khajk fhs-
quh hstj pjrth mcemuhrfj, puhs mcjfyu- mrntc mcetnheh fcs gjefjtcs2 prnghrc, quh
vjrçj j kj ghrntcmrjmnj, jinjezjefc hk fhsj- hk buhz vjrçh fh cinmnc uej prhthesnýe fh
rrckkc fh kcs shrvnmncs fhk Hstjfc y hstngu- rhpcsnmnýe j nefhgenzjmnýe? y, shauefc, quh
kjefc jk prcarhsc jmjfîgnmc y kjlcrjk fhk òenmjgheth sh ctcrauh uej tuthkj rhsjrmntc-
phrscejk hstjtjk? sne hgljrac, `j clvnjfc rnj jeth `hm`cs fh fhspnfc sne mjusj jkauej,
hgntnr ue prceuemnjgnhetc mcgpkhtc rhs- quh ec sh mcethgpkh fhetrc fhk jrtçmukc =.:.
phmtc j kcs shmtcrhs quh fhlje hstjr fhk gnsgc gjefjtc khajk.

< Hk Vrnluejk Mcestntumncejk, ghfnjeth kj

kj ]VM
]VM E´ 4990:-<4:=-T
4990:-<4:=-TJ/VM,
J/VM, iuefjghetcs :8) y :9), shújkj hxprhsjgheth
hxprhsjgheth kc snaunheth2
snaunheth2
‛ :8. (…) hk phfnfc fhk fhgjefjeth sh rhinhrh j kj rhpcsnmnýe fh ue clrhrc guenmnpjk, subhtc jk rîanghe fh kj jmtnvnfjf prn-
vjfj mceicrgh jk jrtçmukc =1 fh kj Khy Craêenmj fh Guenmnpjknfjfhs. Tcr tjetc, ec hxnsth mcnemnfhemnj hetrh kc scknmntjfc
 y kc prhvnstc he hk prhsupuhstc (l), hstc hs, quh sh pnfj kj rhpcsnmnýe he uej pkjzj quh icrgh pjrth fh kj mjrrhrj jfgnens-
trjtnvj. :9. He mceshmuhemnj, y jk ec shr jpknmjlkh hk ‛prhmhfheth @ujtumc‗, hsth Vrnluejk sh jvcmjrê jk mcecmngnhetc fh
ctrcs jsphmtcs fh kj prhsheth mcetrcvhrsnj pjrj hvjkujr sn hk rhmurrheth iuh clbhtc fh ue fhspnfc jrlntrjrnc‗.
  Hs fhmnr, hk gêxngc netîrprhth fh kj Mcestntumnýe hstjlkhmh quh kcs trjljbjfcrhs quh mugpkhe kj kjlcr fh clrhrcs guen-
mnpjkhs ec fhlhe hstjr neghrscs fhetrc fh kcs supuhstcs shújkjfcs he hk Trhmhfheth @ujtumc.

:>0  pp. :>1-<4: • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

NEIC\GH T\NEMNTJK

Kc mujk ecs kkhvj j rhikhxncejr rhsphmtc j kj hk Hstjfc rhmcecmçj ue tnpc fh hstjlnkn-

hstjlnknfjf kjlcrjk he hk Thrò, puhs kj prc-
thmmnýe pcr pjrth fhk Hstjfc jeth ue fhs-
pnfc he vukehrjmnýe fh kcs fhrhm`cs fhk
trjljbjfcr, sh pkjsgj he hk fhrhm`c j kj hstj-
lnknfjf kjlcrjk, kj gnsgj quh mceicrgh kc
`hgcs shújkjfc he ctrc trjljbc jmjfîgnmc,
mcesnstnrçj2
  (…) mcesnfhrjgcs ehmhsjrnc pjrj kj
mcgprhesnýe fhk fhrhm`c j kj hstj-
lnknfjf kjlcrjk, jpknmjr prnemnpncs quh
mcekkhvje j uej mceectjmnýe prhmnsj,
mcgc kj mcetneunfjf kjlcrjk y hk prnemn-
pnc fh prcarhsnvnfjf, îsth òktngc rhau-
kjfc he hk jrtçmukc <9 fh kj Mcevhemnýe
Nethrjghrnmjej fh Fhrhm`cs @ugj-
ecs? fh icrgj quh mcgprhefjgcs, fh
jmuhrfc j euhstrj mnrmuestjemnjs, quh
kj hstjlnknfjf kjlcrjk sn lnhe jlcrfj ue
shetnfc fh nevnckjlnknfjf fh fhspnfc
sne mjusj bustj y quh he tcfc mjsc sh
ctcrauh kj tuthkj rhstntutcrnj, tjglnîe
shrê pcsnlkh hk ctcrajgnhetc fh kj tuthkj
rhsjrmntcrnj, snhgprh y mujefc shj gês
lhehinmncsc jk trjljbjfcr. (Jrjumc, <4:>,
pp. :==-:=6).
Jsç Ehvhs Gubnmj (<4:8) rhinhrh kc snaunheth2
‛(…) mcekkhvj kj prc`nlnmnýe fh kj hxtnemnýe
nebustninmjfj fh kj rhkjmnýe kjlcrjk, pcr mujk-
qunhr vçj? hetrh hkkjs, hk fhspnfc‗ (p. <<0). Tcr
tjetc, kj hstjlnknfjf kjlcrjk hs kj prckceaj-
mnýe he hk tnhgpc fhk trjljbc, su prhshrvj-
mnýe y kj ec vukehrjmnýe fhk gnsgc jeth uej
mjusj nebustninmjfj.
Tcr hkkc hs ngpcrtjeth tcgjr he muhetj kc
rhaukjfc pcr kj khanskjmnýe phrujej rhih-
rheth jk fhrhm`c he muhstnýe, fcefh mce
kj Mcestntumnýe fh :>1> he hk jrtçmukc 60,
fjf kjlcrjk jlsckutj, yj quh lrnefjlj uej
tuthkj rhstntutcrnj mujefc sh vhrninmjlj ue
fhspnfc sne mjusj? pcsthrncrgheth, mce kj
jmtujk Mcestntumnýe fh :>>= he hk jrtçmukc
<1 sh `jmh rhihrhemnj j kj prcthmmnýe quh
sh ctcraj jeth ue fhspnfc jrlntrjrnc=, mce-
icrgh kc fnspceh hk jrtçmukc =6, shauefc
pêrrjic, fhk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 44=->1-V\,
quh fhguhstrj kj hxnsthemnj tjetc fh uej
tuthkj rhstntutcrnj mcgc fh uej rhsjrmntc
rhsjrmntcrnj
rnj6.
NN. MCEV\CK FH MCEYHEMNCEJ
MCEYHEMNCEJKNFJF KNFJF
J`crj lnhe, hs rhkhvjeth shújkjr quh, shaòe
kj Mujrtj Fnspcsnmnýe Inejk y Vrjesntcrnj fh kj
Mcestntumnýe, quh hstjlkhmh2
  Kjs ecrgjs rhkjtnvjs j kcs fhrhm`cs y j
kjs knlhrtjfhs quh kj Mcestntumnýe rhmc-
ecmh sh nethrprhtje fh mceicrgnfjf
mce kj Fhmkjrjmnýe Xenvhrsjk fh Fhrh-
m`cs @ugjecs y mce kcs trjtjfcs y
jmuhrfcs nethrejmncejkhs sclrh kjs gns-
gjs gjthrnjs rjtninmjfjs pcr hk Thrò.
Hk Thrò sh hemuhetrj clknajfc j jmjtjr kcs
fnspcsntnvcs nethrejmncejkhs rhsphmtc j
gjthrnjs fh fhrhm`cs `ugjecs? jsç, nemku-
snvh kj Mcrth Nethrjghrnmjej fh Fhrhm`cs
@ugjecs
fhk Hstjfc,hetnhefh
quh icrgjquh kj iuemnýe
pjrth fhk buhz
fh trjtjfcs fh
Fhrhm`cs @ugjecs, ec sh kngntj j uej jpkn-
mjmnýe khajk fh kj ecrgjk, snec quh jfhgês
fhk mcetrck mcestntumncejk clknajtcrnc he hk
prcpnc Hstjfc, tjglnîe fhlhrê jpknmjr ue
mcetrck mcevhemncejk, rhinrnhefc kc snaunheth2
  Mujefc ue Hstjfc `j rjtninmjfc ue trj-
tjfc nethrejmncejk mcgc kj Mcevhemnýe
Jghrnmjej, sus buhmhs tjglnîe hstêe
scghtnfcs j hkkj, kc quh khs clknaj j vhkjr
 = Mcestntumnýe fh :>>= jrtçmukc <12 ‛Kj khy ctcraj jk trjljbjfcr jfhmujfj prcthmmnýe mcetrj hk fhspnfc jrlntrjrnc‗.
6 Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 44=->1-V\, jrtçmukc =6, shauefc pêrrjic2 ‛(…) ]n hk fhspnfc hs jrlntrjrnc pcr ec `jlhrsh hxprhsjfc
mjusj c ec pcfhrsh fhgcstrjr hstj he bunmnc, hk trjljbjfcr tnheh fhrhm`c jk pjac fh kj nefhgenzjmnýe hstjlkhmnfj he hk
jrtçmukc =0, mcgc òenmj rhpjrjmnýe pcr hk fjúc suirnfc. (…)‗.

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :>1-<4:

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   :>>
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

pcrquh hk hihmtc òtnk fh kj Mcevhemnýe ec jihmtjefc fhrhm`cs iuefjghetjkhs (…).

sh vhj ghrgjfc c jeukjfc pcr kj jpknmj- (p. =)
mnýe fh khyhs mcetrjrnjs j sus fnspcsnmnc-
ehs, clbhtc y ine. He ctrjs pjkjlrjs, kcs Tcr tjetc, hk fhrhm`c j kj hstjlnknfjf kjlc-

ýrajecs fhk Tcfhr Bufnmnjk fhlhe hbhrmhr rjk,

ec sýkc ue mcetrck fh mcestntumncejknfjf,
snec tjglnîe ‛fh mcevhemncejknfjf‗ hx cin-
mnc hetrh kjs ecrgjs nethrejs y kj Mce-
vhemnýe Jghrnmjej, hvnfhethgheth pcr
kjs gjenihstjmncehs c jmtcs fh kcs jmmnc-
ejeths he mjfj mjsc mcemrhtc, juequh
tjgpcmc ngpknmj quh hsh mcetrck
m cetrck fhlj
hbhrmhrsh snhgprh, sne mcesnfhrjr ctrcs
prhsupuhstcs icrgjkhs y gjthrnjkhs fh
jfgnsnlnknfjf y prcmhfhemnj fh hsth
tnpc fh jmmncehs.8 (\hsjktjfc).
He hsh shetnfc, fhlhgcs rhsjktjr quh kj
Crajenzjmnýe Nethrejmncejk fhk Vrjljbc (CNV)
he hk Mcevhenc :80 fhecgnejfc ‛Mcevh-
enc sclrh kj thrgnejmnýe fh kj rhkjmnýe fh
trjljbc‗, shújkj hxprhsjgheth he su puetc
=)2 ‛]h fhlhrêe prhvhr ajrjetçjs jfhmujfjs
mcetrj hk rhmursc j mcetrjtcs fh trjljbc fh
furjmnýe fhthrgnejfj muyc clbhtc shj hku-
fnr kj prcthmmnýe quh prhvî hk prhsheth Mce-
M ce-
vhenc‗?‗? fhlnhefc fh nethrprhtjrkc j kj kuz fh
vhenc
kc shújkjfc he hk jrtçmukc <9 fh kj Mcevhe-
mnýe Jghrnmjej fh Fhrhm`cs @ugjecs 9,
sclrh kc mujk Vckhfc (<4:4) shújkj rhsphmtc
j kj prcarhsnvnfjf, kc snaunheth2
  (…) mcestntunrçj jihmtjmnýe fh hsth prne-
mnpnc kj hxphfnmnýe fh jkauej ghfnfj
khanskjtnvj thefnheth j rhtrctrjhr c
ghecsmjljr ue fhrhm`c yj rhmcec-
mnfc c fhsghbcrjr uej sntujmnýe burçfnmj
ijvcrjlkh jk trjljbjfcr puhs sh hstjrçj
fhlh jk shr
shrmcesnfhrjfc
ne`hrheth jkkhajkgheth
fhrhm`c jkfhtrjljbc,
icrgj
prcarhsnvj,
prcarh snvj, sntujmnýe quh sh mcetrjfnmh mce
kc fhsmrntc he hk jrtçmukc =.<. fhk Fhmrhtc
fh Xrahemnj E´ 4:9-<4<4, yj quh sh prh-
thefh ngpkhghetjr mcgc òenmj icrgj
fh tuthkj ue fhspnfc sne mjusj jkauej, kj
nefhgenzjmnýe, fhbjefc fh kjfc kj tuthkj
rhstntutcrnj.
NNN. BX\N]T\XFHEMNJ NEVH\EJMNCEJK
J`crj lnhe, he hk mjsc Kjacs fhk Mjgpc
vs. Thrò, sh clshrvj
thrjghrnmjej quh kj @ugjecs,
fh Fhrhm`cs Mcgnsnýe Ne-
he
mugpkngnhetc fh sus iuemncehs mcgc
ýrajec prnemnpjk fh kj Crajenzjmnýe fh
Hstjfcs Jghrnmjecs, scghtný kj mjusj fhk
shúcr Jkirhfc Kjacs fhk Mjgpc vs. hk Hstjfc
phrujec jeth kj Mcrth hk <0 fh ecvnhglrh
fh <4:8, yj quh mcesnfhrý quh hk Thrò ec
mugpkný mce kjs rhmcghefjmncehs mceth-
enfj he hk Neicrgh fh Icefc, rhsphmtc j kj
rhpjrjmnýe netharjk fh kj phrscej he ghe-
mnýe? hstc he rjzýe fh quh hk : fh buknc fh
:>0> iuh fhsphfnfc fh kj hgprhsj Mhphr
” Tnrhkkn, pcr `jlhr hgntnfc fhmkjrjmncehs
fcefh fheuemnjlj supuhstjs nrrhaukjrnfj-
fhs fhk fnrhmtcrnc fh kj hgpkhjfcrj furjeth
uej hetrhvnstj rhjknzjfj he ue ghfnc fh
mcguenmjmnýe hsmrntc, jeth kc mujk hk shúcr
Kjacs fhgjefý bufnmnjkgheth, sne clthehr
ue jgpjrc j su fhrhm`c, nemkusc he òktngj
nestjemnj.

8 ]hethemnj fh kj MC\VH NEVH\JGH\NMJ

NEVH\JGH\NMJEJ
EJ FH FH\HM@C] @XGJEC] ” Mjsc Vrjljbjfcrhs Mhsjfcs fhk Mcearhsc (Jaujfc
Jkijrc y ctrcs) Ys. Thrò. Iuefjghetc :<0.
 9 Mcevhemnýe Jghrnmjej
prcghthe j jfcptjr fh Fhrhm`cs
prcvnfhemnjs, @ugjecs,
tjetc
j envhk nethrec
eýgnmj y tîmenmj, pjrj kcarjr prcarhsnvjgheth kj pkhej hihmtnvnfjf fh kcs fhrhm`cs quh sh fhrnvje fh kjs ecrgjs hmceý-
gnmjs, scmnjkhs y sclrh hfumjmnýe, mnhemnj y mukturj, mcethenfjs he kj Mjrtj fh kj Crajenzjmnýe fh kcs Hstjfcs Jghrnmjecs,
rhicrgjfj pcr hk Trctcmckc fh Luhecs Jnrhs, he kj ghfnfj fh kcs rhmurscs fnspcenlkhs, pcr kj vçj khanskjtnvj u ctrcs ghfncs
jprcpnjfcs‗.
<44  pp. :>1-<4: • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
Jeth fnm`j sntujmnýe, kj Mcrth Nethrjghrn-
mjej fh Fhrhm`cs @ugjecs sh gjeninhstj
jshvhrjefc kj hxnsthemnj fh kj vukehrjmnýe
fhk fhrhm`c j kj hstjlnknfjf kjlcrjk, jfh-
gês fh ctrcs fhrhm`cs, mcgc kj knlhrtjf
fh jscmnjmnýe, hk jmmhsc j kj bustnmnj, hetrh
ctrcs? jgpjrjefc su fhmnsnýe he kj jpknmj-
mnýe fhk prnemnpnc fh prcarhsnvnfjf? mrnthrnc
quh ecs fhguhstrj quh hk prnemnpnc fh prc-
arhsnvnfjf he hk mjgpc fhk Fhrhm`c Kjlc-
rjk ngpknmj quh kjs ecrgjs quh jfcpth ue
Hstjfc Tjrth fhlh ahehrjr gjycrhs cpcr-
tuenfjfhs mce rhsphmtc j su prcpnj Mcestn-
tumnýe y j kjs ecrgjs nethrejmncejkhs quh kh
sce vnemukjeths.
Tcr mcesnaunheth, j kj kuz fh kc hxpuhstc pcr
kj Mcrth Nethrjghrnmjej fh Fhrhm`cs @ugj-
ecs, sh clshrvj quh hk fnspcsntnvc khajk gjth-
rnj fh jeêknsns ec mugpkh mce suphrjr hk inktrc
fh mcetrck fh mcevhemncejknf
mcevhemncejknfjf,jf, puhs prhvnj-
gheth fhlný vhrninmjrsh kj mcknsnýe mce hk fhrh-
m`c j kj hstjlnknfjf kjlcrjk, quh sn lnhe puhfh
lniurmjrsh, yj shj he uej hstjlnknfjf jlsckutj
(tuthkj rhstntutcrnj) y ctrj hstjlnknfjf rhkjtnvj
(tuthkj rhstntutcrnj ), hkkc ec ngpknmj, fh ene-
auej gjehrj, quh sh prhthefj fhbjr fh kjfc
kj hstjlnknfjf kjlcrjk jlsckutj, jgpjrjfj ec
sckc pjrj mjscs rhaukjfcs pcr fhspnfc eukc,
snec tjglnîe pjrj jquhkkcs quh hk prcpnc Vrn-
luejk Mcestntumncejk `j rhmcecmnfc j trjvîs
fh su burnsprufhemnj, fhbjefc he hvnfhemnj
quh kkhvjrçj j nejpknmjr kj ecrgj fhsmrntj he hk
êglntc bufnmnjk.
jrtçmukcmcgc
<9 quhghfnjeth
shújkj2 ‛Fhsjrrckkc prcarhsnvc.-
prcarhsnvc.-
kj mccphrjmnýe Kcs Hstjfcs
nethrejmncejk, Tjrths sh mcg-
hsphmnjkgheth hmc-
NEIC\GH T\NEMNTJK
MCEMKX]NÝE
Mceicrgh jk jeêknsns vhrtnfc he hk prhsheth
jrtçmukc, rhsuktj nefnsphesjlkh shújkjr quh
hk
E´ jrtçmukc
4:9-<4<4,=.=. fhk Fhmrhtc
rhihrnfc fh Xrahemnj
j kj ngpcsnlnknfjf fhk
gjefjtc quh hk buhz puhfj hbhrmhr he uej
prhthesnýe fh rhpcsnmnýe, vnsnlkhgheth vuk-
ehrj hk fhrhm`c j kj hstjlnknfjf kjlcrjk, kj
gnsgj quh ec sckc hemuhetrj rhaukjmnýe
khajk ejmncejk y mcestntumncejk, snec quh
jfhgês j envhk mcevhemncejk? yj quh nemkusc
kj Mcrth Nethrjghrnmjej fh Fhrhm`cs @ugj-
ecs sh `j prceuemnjfc he mjscs sngnkjrhs,
rhmcghefjefc jk Hstjfc phrujec rhsphtjr
hk fhrhm`c jk trjljbc? pcr mcesnaunheth, jpkn-
mjr fnm`c hxtrhgc fhk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj
ngpknmjrçj mcetrjvhenr kc fnspuhstc nethrej-
mncejkgheth, ec kcarjefc suphrjr hk inktrc
fhk mcetrck mcevhemncejk.
\HIH\HEMNJ] LNLKNCA\ÊINMJ]
Jrjumc Ynvjs, V. (<4:>). Hk fhrhm`c jk trjljbc y kj hstj-
lnknfjf kjlcrjk he kj khanskjmnýe ejmncejk j prcpý-
sntc fhk mjsc Kjacs fhk Mjgpc vs. Thrò. ]ckumnc-
ehs Kjlcrjkhs (:=6), :=:-:=1.
Ehvhs Gubnmj, B. (<4:8). Hk fhspnfc he kj khanskjmnýe y
he kj burnsprufhemnj fhk Vrnluejk Mcestntumncejk y
kcs Tkhecs Burnsprufhemnjkhs ]uprhgcs he gjth-
rnj kjlcrjk. V`hgns (91), <<1-<=<.
 Vckhfc
 Vckhfc Vcrnlnc, C. (<4:4). Hk prnemnpnc fh prcarhsnvn
prcarhsnvnfjf
fjf
y ec rharhsnvnfjf he gjthrnj kjlcrjk. \hvnstj Fhrh-
m`c y Mjglnc ]cmnjk. :-:<.
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • pp. :>1-<4:
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   <4:
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH] TJ\J HK
]HMVC\ TÒLKNMC
Neicrghs tîmenmcs fh ]hrvnr
Hqunpc fh nevhstnajmnýe fh ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
  ³Muêkhs sce kcs hihmtcs fh ec mcg-
phesjr kjs knmhemnjs mce acmh fh
`jlhr pcr pjrth fh kcs shrvnfcrhs
shr vnfcrhs
MJ]3
NEIC\GH VÎMENMC E´ 444008-<4<4-]H\YN\-ATA]M
 Hetnfjf mcesuktjeth
j) ]clrh kj rhecvjmnýe
rhecvjmnýe fhk Mcetrj-
Mcetrj-
tc Jfgnenstrjtnvc fh ]hrvnmncs
” MJ].
l) ]clrh kcs hihmtcs fh kj ngpcsnln-
knfjf fh mcgphesjr kjs `crjs ec
kjlcrjfjs he gîrntc jk ctcraj-
Jsuetc
gnhetc fh knmhemnj mce acmh fh
`jlhr.
m) ]clrh kj mcetrjtjmnýe jfgnens-
trjtnvj fh shrvnmncs he hk gjrmc
fhk hstjfc fh hghrahemnj ej-
mncejk
Ihm`j <9 fh gjyc fh <4<4.
M\NVH\NC FH ]H\YN\2 He
]H\YN\2 He mjsc fh quh hk shrvn-
fcr ec puhfj mcgphesjr kjs `crjs he vnrtuf
fh kj knmhemnj mce acmh fh `jlhr ctcrajfj,
pcr hk gctnvc fh kj mjusjk fh hxtnemnýe fhk
vçemukc? tjk sntujmnýe sh mcesnfhrjrê mcgc
fçjs ec kjlcrjfcs pcr hk shrvnfcr pjrj tcfc
hihmtc khajk, pcr kc quh hkkc ahehrjrçj hk fhs-
muhetc rhsphmtnvc he kcs nearhscs (rhgu-
ehrjmnýe y lhehinmncs scmnjkhs) fhk shrvnfcr,
shaòe mcrrhspcefj.
LJ]H KHAJK
• Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ :8482 jrtçmukc 6, eughrjk 6.:.
hsphmnjk fh mcetrjtjmnýe jfgnenstrjtnvj fh shrvnmncs2 
Jrtçmukc :4.
• Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 418-<440-TMG ” Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc
quh jpruhlj hk \hakjghetc fhk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc
E² :481, quh rhaukj hk rîanghe hsphmnjk fh mcetrjtjmnýe
jfgnenstrjtnvj fh shrvnmncs2 Jrtçmukc 8.
]ÇEVH]N] FHK NEIC\GH
N. CLBH
CLBHVCVC FH KJ MCE]X
MCE]XKKVJ
Ghfnjeth hk fcmughetc fh kj rhihrhemnj,
hk sulahrheth fh \hmurscs @ugjecs fh
kj Guenmnpjknfjf Fnstrntjk fh Knemh mce-
suktj j ]hrvnr sclrh kj rhecvjmnýe fhk Mce-
trjtc Jfgnenstrjtnvc fh ]hrvnmncs, sclrh kcs
hihmtcs fh kj ngpcsnlnknfjf fh mcgphesjr
kjs `crjs ec kjlcrjfjs he gîrntc jk ctcr-
ajgnhetc fh knmhemnj mce acmh fh `jlhr
y sclrh kj Mcetrjtjmnýe Jfgnenstrjtnvj fh
]hrvnmncs he hk gjrmc fhk hstjfc fh hghr-
ahemnj ejmncejk.
NN. JEÊKN]N]
:. ]clrh kj rhecvjmnýe fhk Mcetrjtc Jfgn-
enstrjtnvc fh ]hrvnmncs-MJ]
Jk rhsphmtc, trjvîs fhk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc
E´ :481 sh mrhý hk rîanghe hsphmnjk fh mce-
trjtjmnýe jfgnenstrjtnvj fh shrvnmncs - MJ],
mcgc uej gcfjknfjf hsphmnjk fh mcetrjtj-
mnýe kjlcrjk prnvjtnvj fhk Hstjfc. Xej fh kjs
prnemnpjkhs mjrjmthrçstnmjs fh hsth rîanghe
hs quh òenmjgheth jfgnth mcetrjtjmnýe j
pkjzc fhthrgnejfc, kj gnsgj quh puhfh
:
 • Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ :481 quh rhaukj hk rîanghe shr rhecvjlkh .

: Jrtçmukc 8 fhk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ :481.

<4<  N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

NEIC\GH] FH ]H\YN\

Hkkc qunhrh fhmnr quh, nefnstnetjgheth fh kj
mjetnfjf fh tnhgpc quh ue mcetrjtc jfgn-
enstrjtnvc fh shrvnmncs pufc `jlhrsh hemce-
trjfc vnaheth, c kjs vhmhs quh hsth `jyj snfc
rhecvjfc c prcrrcajfc, euemj sh mcevhr-
tnrê he ue mcetrjtc j pkjzc nefhthrgnejfc.
He ctrjs pjkjlrjs, hk rîanghe fh kj mcetrj-
tjmnýe jfgnenstrjtnvj fh shrvnmncs hs nemcg-
pjtnlkh mce kj ecmnýe fh hstjlnknfjf kjlcrjk.
Kj pcsnlnknfjf fh quh ue mcetrjtc jfgnens-
trjtnvc fh shrvnmncs puhfj mcemkunr pcr kkh-
ajr j su ihm`j fh vhemngnhetc, sne quh hxnstj
uej prýrrcaj c rhecvjmnýe fh pcr ghfnc, hs
rhmcanfj mcgc uej mjusjk vêknfj fh hxtne-
mnýe fh vçemukc he hk jrtçmukc :4 fhk Fhmrhtc
Khanskjtnvc E´ :481<.
Tjrj quh sh mceinaurh mcrrhmtjgheth hk tîr-
gnec fhk mcetrjtc jfgnenstrjtnvc fh shrvn-
mncs, hk \hakjghetc fhk Fhmrhtc Khanskj-
tnvc E´ :481= hstjlkhmný quh, he mjsc fh
quh kj hetnfjf hgpkhjfcrj cpth pcr kj ec
rhecvjmnýe, hstj fhlhrê ectninmjr su fhmnsnýe
jk shrvnfcr mce uej jetnmnpjmnýe ec ghecr
j mnemc (8) fçjs òtnkhs prhvncs j kj ihm`j fh
vhemngnhetc fhk mcetrjtc.
Fhlnfc j su ejturjkhzj, fnm`j mcguenmj-
mnýe ehmhsjrnjgheth fhlh shr jkmjezjfj jk
shrvnfcr fh gjehrj fnrhmtj pjrj quh puhfj
tcgjr mcecmngnhetc cpcrtuec fh su sntuj-
mnýe kjlcrjk, fh mceicrgnfjf mce kjs gcfj-
knfjfhs fh ectninmjmnýe y crfhe fh prhkjmnýe
hstjlkhmnfc he hk jrtçmukc
jr tçmukc <4 fhk Vhxtc Òenmc
Crfhejfc fh kj Khy E´ <1666, Khy fhk Trcmh-
fngnhetc Jfgnenstrjtnvc Ahehrjk, jprcljfc
ghfnjeth hk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 446-<4:>-
BX] (he jfhkjeth, VXC KTJA).
<. ]clrh kj ectninmjmnýe furjeth hk hstjfc
fh hghrahemnj ejmncejk
He gîrntc j kc fnspuhstc he hk Fhmrhtc
]uprhgc E´ 466-<4<4-TMG y gcfninmj-
tcrnjs6, j pjrtnr fhk :9 fh gjrzc fh <4<4
hgphzý j rhanr he tcfc hk thrrntcrnc fh kj

<  Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc - Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´:481 quh rhaukj hk rîanghe hsphmnjk fh mcetrjtjmnýe jfgnenstrjtnvj fh
shrvnmncs
  ‛Jrtçmukc :4.- Hxtnemnýe fhk mcetrjtc
  Hk Mcetrjtc Jfgnenstrjtnvc fh ]hrvnmncs sh hxtneauh pcr2
 =  _…W `) Yhemngnhetc
Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´fhk418-<440-TMG
pkjzc
418- fhk mcetrjtc
<440-TMG _…W‗.. ]uprhgc quh jpruhlj hk \hakjghetc fhk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E² :481,
_…W‗
” Fhmrhtc
quh rhaukj hk rîanghe hsphmnjk fh mcetrjtjmnýe jfgnenstrjtnvj fh shrvnmncs
  ‛Jrtçmukc 8.- Furjmnýe fhk mcetrjtc jfgnenstrjtnvc fh shrvnmncs
  _…W
8.<. He mjsc hk trjljbjfcr
trjljbjfcr mcetneòh kjlcrjefc fhspuîs fhk vhemngnhetc fhk mcetrjtc sne quh prhvnjgheth sh `jyj icrgj-
knzjfc su prýrrcaj c rhecvjmnýe, hk pkjzc fh fnm`c mcetrjtc sh hetnhefh jutcgêtnmjgheth jgpknjfc pcr hk gnsgc
pkjzc fhk mcetrjtc c prýrrcaj quh hstî pcr vhemhr, sne phrbunmnc fh kj rhspcesjlnknfjf quh mcrrhspcefh j kcs iue-
mncejrncs c shrvnfcrhs quh ahehrjrce tjk jgpknjmnýe jutcgêtnmj. Tjrj tjk hihmtc, kj hetnfjf mcetrjtjeth neicrgj
jk trjljbjfcr sclrh kj ec prýrrcaj c kj ec rhecvjmnýe, mce uej jetnmnpjmnýe ec ghecr fh mnemc (8) fçjs `êlnkhs
prhvncs jk vhemngnhetc
vhemngnh etc fhk mcetrjtc‗.
mcetrjtc‗. (Îeijsns jújfnfc)
6 Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 466-<4<4-TMG ” Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc quh fhmkjrj Hstjfc fh Hghrahemnj Ejmncejk pcr kjs arj-
vhs mnrmuestjemnjs quh jihmtje kj vnfj fh kj Ejmnýe j mceshmuhemnj fhk lrcth fhk MCYNF-:> ‛Jrtçmukc :.- Fhmkjrjmnýe
fh Hstjfc fh Hghrahemnj Ejmncejk Fhmkêrhsh hk Hstjfc fh Hghrahemnj Ejmncejk pcr hk pkjzc fh qunemh (:8) fçjs mjkhe-
fjrnc, y fnspýeajsh hk jnskjgnhetc scmnjk clknajtcrnc (mujrhethej), pcr kjs arjvhs mnrmuestjemnjs quh jihmtje kj vnfj fh kj
Ejmnýe j mceshmuhemnj fhk lrcth fhk MCYNF-:>.
    _...W
Jrtçmukc =.- ]usphesnýe fhk hbhrmnmnc fh Fhrhm`cs Mcestntumncejkhs
  Furjeth hk prhsheth Hstjfc fh Hghrahemnj Ejmncejk quhfj rhstrneanfc hk hbhrmnmnc fh kcs fhrhm`cs mcestntumnce
mcestntumncejkhs
jkhs rhkj-
tnvcs j kj knlhrtjf y kj shaurnfjf phrscejkhs, kj nevnckjlnknfjf fhk fcgnmnknc, y kj knlhrtjf fh rhuenýe y fh trêesntc he hk thrrn-
tcrnc mcgprhefnfcs
mcgprhefnfcs he kcs nemnscs >, :: y :< fhk jrtçmukc < y he hk nemnsc <6, jpjrtjfc i fhk gnsgc jrtçmukc fh kj Mcestntu-
mnýe Tckçtnmj fhk Thrò¿.

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   <4=
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

rhpòlknmj hk Hstjfc fh Hghrahemnj Ejmnc- jk fcgnmnknc fhk shrvnfcr. ]ne hgljrac,

ejk (HHE), j trjvîs fhk mujk sh nestjurý ue
jnskjgnhetc scmnjk clknajtcrnc y sh kngntý ”
hetrh ctrcs” hk hbhrmnmnc fhk fhrhm`c jk knlrh
trêesntc, sjkvc kcs supuhstcs hxprhsjgheth
jutcrnzjfcs.
Jsç, hk jrtçmukc : fhk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc
E´ 40=-<4<4-TMG, pulknmjfc hk :4 fh gjyc
fh <4<4, prcrrcaj hk hstjfc fh hghrahemnj
ejmncejk pcr mjtcrmh (:6) fçjs mjkhefjrnc, j
pjrtnr fhk kuehs :: fh gjyc fh <4<4 `jstj hk
fcgneac <6 fh gjyc fh <4<4.
fhlh thehrsh he muhetj quh kcs shrvnmncs
fh ghesjbhrçj ec sh hemuhetrje fhetrc
fh kjs jmtnvnfjfhs phrgntnfjs furjeth hk
HHE. Jsngnsgc, fhlnfc j kj ejturjkhzj
ejturjk hzj fh
sus iuemncehs, fh eneauej gjehrj pcfrçj
hethefhrsh quh kcs ghesjbhrcs c ectnin-
mjfcrhs fh kjs hetnfjfhs pòlknmjs hstêe
hxmhptujfcs fh kj susphesnýe fhk fhrh-
m`c j knlrh trêesntc furjeth hk HHE, kc quh
`jmh ngpcsnlkh quh sh puhfj hihmtujr kj
ectninmjmnýe phrscejk fh kj mjrtj fh ec
rhecvjmnýe fh mcetrjtc.

Fh tjk gcfc, kj gjycrçj fh shrvnfcrhs mnvnkhs
sh vnhrce ngphfnfcs fh jmufnr j sus mhetrcs
fh trjljbc, jmcanîefcsh j uej fh kjs gcfj-
knfjfhs kjlcrjkhs hstjlkhmnfjs pjrj hk shm-
tcr pòlknmc8 gnhetrjs mugpkhe jnskjgnhetc
fcgnmnknjrnc.
Fh uej khmturj suphrinmnjk fh kj sntuj-
mnýe, jpjrhethgheth shrçj vnjlkh kj ectnin-
mjmnýe phrscejk fh kj mjrtj fh ec rhecvj-
mnýe fh mcetrjtc jfgnenstrjtnvc fh shrvnmncs
J`crj lnhe, jpknmjefc kc fnspuhstc he hk jrtç-
jr tç-
mukc <4 fhk VXC KTJA
KTJA9, he hk gjrmc fhk HHE,
hk òenmc ghmjensgc jkthrejtnvc fh ectninmj-
mnýe quh kjs hetnfjfhs pcfrçje hgpkhjr hs
hk mcrrhc hkhmtrýenmc. Ec clstjeth, pjrj quh
kj ectninmjmnýe j trjvîs fh hstj vçj rhsukth
vêknfj, kj ecrgj hxnah quh, prhvnjgheth jk
hevçc fh kj ectninmjmnýe, hk shrvnfcr jutcrnmh
fh icrgj hxprhsj hk usc fh hstj gcfjknfjf.
Fh naujk gcfc, fhlh hxnstnr ue ghmjensgc
quh snrvj mcgc jmush rhmnlc? j hihmtcs fh

8 Fh jmuhrfc j kc hstjlkhmnfc he kcs Fhmrhtcs fh Xrahemnj E´ 4<9-<4<4 y 4<>-<4<4, kcs shrvnfcrhs fhk shmtcr pòlknmc quh
ec
he hk pjrtnmnphe
eughrjk fh
0.= kjfhkprhstjmnýe
jrtçmukc 0shrvnmncs y/c hkjlcrjmnýe
y he hk eughrjk fh lnhehs
>.= fhk jrtçmukc > fhkhshemnjkhs rhaukjfcsE´he466-<4<4-TMG,
Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc hk eughrjk 6.:yfhk
quhjrtçmukc 6,
rhsuktje
hstrnmtjgheth ehmhsjrncs pjrj hvntjr kj prcpjajmnýe fh kj MCYNF-:>, c quh sh hemuhetrhe mcgprhefnfcs he hk arupc
fh rnhsac pcr hfjf y ijmtcrhs mkçenmcs hstjlkhmnfc he hk fcmughetc tîmenmc fhecgnejfc ‛Jthemnýe y gjehbc mkçenmc fh
mjscs fh MCYNF-:> - Hsmhejrnc fh trjesgnsnýe icmjknzjfj‗, jprcljfc pcr \hsckumnýe Gnensthrnjk E² 406-<4<4-GNE]J y sus
gcfninmjtcrnjs, ehmhsjrnjgheth fhlhe jmcahrsh jk trjljbc rhgctc, knmhemnj mce acmh fh `jlhr mcgphesjlkh c jkaòe ctrc
ghmjensgc mcgphesjtcrn
mcgphesjtcrnc. c.
9 Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 446-<4:>-BX] ” Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc quh jpruhlj hk Vhxtc Òenmc Crfhejfc fh kj Khy E² <1666 -
Khy fhk Trcmhfngnhetc Jfgnenstrjtnvc Ahehrjk
  ‛Jrtçmukc <4. Gcfjknfjfhs fh ectninmjmnýe
  _...W
<4.6. Hk jfgnenstrjfc nethrhsjfc c jihmtjfc pcr hk jmtc quh `ulnhrj mcesnaejfc he su hsmrntc jkauej fnrhmmnýe hkhmtrý-
enmj quh mcesth he hk hxphfnheth puhfh shr ectninmjfc j trjvîs fh hsh ghfnc snhgprh quh `jyj fjfc su jutcrnzj-
mnýe hxprhsj pjrj hkkc. Tjrj hsth mjsc ec hs fh jpknmjmnýe hk crfhe fh prhkjmnýe fnspuhstc he hk eughrjk <4.:.
  Kj ectninmjmnýe fnrnanfj j kj fnrhmmnýe fh mcrrhc hkhmtrýenmc shújkjfj pcr hk jfgnenstrjfc sh hetnhefh vêknfjgheth hihm-
tujfj mujefc kj hetnfjf rhmnlj kj rhspuhstj fh rhmhpmnýe fh kj fnrhmmnýe hkhmtrýenmj shújkjfj pcr hk jfgnenstrjfc c hstj
 shj ahehrjfj
mjmnýe `j snfche icrgj jutcgêtnmj
hihmtujfj. pcr uej
Kj ectninmjmnýe surthpkjtjicrgj
eughrjk < fhk jrtçmukc <8.
  He mjsc fh ec rhmnlnrsh rhspuhstj jutcgêtnmj fh rhmhpmnýe he ue pkjzc gêxngc fh fcs (<) fçjs `êlnkhs mcetjfcs fhsfh
hk fçj snaunheth fh hihmtujfc hk jmtc fh ectninmjmnýe vçj mcrrhc hkhmtrýenmc, sh prcmhfh j ectninmjr pcr mîfukj mceicrgh
jk nemnsc <4.:.:, vckvnîefcsh j mcgputjr hk pkjzc hstjlkhmnfc he hk eughrjk <6.: fhk jrtçmukc <6. (...)‗.
<46  
thehr mhrthzj fh quh kj ectninmjmnýe sh `j
hihmtujfc sjtnsijmtcrnjgheth.
He mjsc fh quh ec mcemurrje jgljs hxn-
ahemnjs,
enmc fh kjkjmjrtj
ectninmjmnýe vçj mcrrhc hkhmtrý-
fh ec rhecvjmnýe fh mce-
trjtc ec rhsuktjrê vêknfj.
Tcr kc quh, hstjefc j kc hxpuhstc he kcs
eughrjkhs prhmhfheths, mcrrhspcefhrê
j mjfj hetnfjf hvjkujr kj phrtnehemnj fh
cptjr pcr kj ec rhecvjmnýe fh mcetrjtcs
jfgnenstrjtnvcs fh shrvnmncs furjeth hk HHE,
thenhefc he muhetj kjs hxnahemnjs khajkhs
pjrj ectninmjr vêknfjgheth, kjs mujkhs fniçmnk-
gheth sh pcfrçje mugpknr.
Tcr òktngc, fhlh quhfjr mkjrc quh kj fhmn-
snýe fh rhecvjr c ec kcs Mcetrjtcs Jfgnens-
trjtnvcs fh ]hrvnmncs sh hemuhetrj rhaukjfj
he hk gjrmc khajk fhk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc
E´ :481 y su rhakjghetc, gjs ec he kjs fns-
pcsnmncehs ecrgjtnvjs he gjthrnj fh rhmur-
scs `ugjecs quh sh hgntnhrce he hk gjrmc
fhk hstjfc fh hghrahemnj ejmncejk, puhs
hstjs `je vhenfc rhaukjefc kc rhihrheth jk
gcfc fh prhstjmnýe fh shrvnmncs he kjs hetn-
fjfhs pòlknmjs (pcr hbhgpkc, kj jpknmjmnýe
fhk trjljbc rhgctc) y jk ctcrajgnhetc fh kj
knmhemnj mce acmh fh `jlhr (fh mcrrhspce-
fhr), furjeth fnm`c mcethxtc? jsphmtcs quh
sh jpknmje furjeth kj vnahemnj fhk vçemukc
kjlcrjk fhk shrvnfcr.
=. ]clrh kcs hihmtcs fh kj ngpcsnlnknfjf fh
mcgphesjr kjs `crjs ec kjlcrjfjs he
gîrntc jk ctcrajgnhetc fh knmhemnj mce
acmh fh `jlhr
Jk rhsphmtc, rhsuktj phrtneheth shújkjr quh,
ghfnjeth Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ :848, sh
jutcrnzj j kjs hetnfjfhs pòlknmjs j fnspc-
ehr kjs ghfnfjs thgpcrjkhs hxmhpmncejkhs
hihmtcs hk thmeckýanmj c snsthgj
fçj quh mcesth neicrgêtnmc
`jlhr snfc rhmnlnfj,quh ajrjetnmh
mceicrgh quh kj ectnin-
kc prhvnstc he hk
N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
NEIC\GH] FH ]H\YN\
quh rhsukthe ehmhsjrnjs pjrj jshaurjr quh
hk rhtcrec arjfujk fh kcs shrvnfcrhs mnvnkhs
j prhstjr shrvnmncs he sus mhetrcs fh kjlc-
rhs sh fhsjrrckkh he mcefnmncehs fh shau-
rnfjf, ajrjetnzjefc su fhrhm`c j kj sjkuf y
hk rhsphtc fh sus fhrhm`cs kjlcrjkhs, phr-
gntnhefc hkkc jk Hstjfc prcgcvhr kjs mce-
fnmncehs pjrj hk prcarhsc scmnjk y rhmuphrj-
mnýe hmceýgnmj.
He hihmtc, hk eughrjk 6.: fhk jrtçmukc 6 fhk
Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ :848 hstjlkhmh quh
kcs shrvnfcrhs mnvnkhs j kcs quh `ulnhrj snfc
ctcrajfj kj knmhemnj mce acmh fh `jlhr,
fh mceicrgnfjf mce hk eughrjk <4.< fhk
jrtçmukc <4 fhk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj
E´ 4<9-<4<4 y hk knthrjk j) fhk eughrjk <9.< fhk
jrtçmukc <9 fhk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4<>-
<4<4, y quh uej vhz mcemkunfc hk hstjfc
fh hghrahemnj ejmncejk sh rhnemcrpcrhe
jk trjljbc prhshemnjk fhlhrêe prcmhfhr j
kj rhmuphrjmnýe fh kjs `crjs ec kjlcrjfjs,
nemkusnvh furjeth hk júc. Ec clstjeth, he
hk gjrmc fh fnm`j mcgphesjmnýe, hk shrvn-
fcr mnvnk puhfh cptjr pcr hgpkhjr jfnmnc-
ejkgheth ctrc ghmjensgc mcgphesjtcrnc
j hihmtcs fh rhfumnr hk tnhgpc fh mcgphe-
sjmnýe mcrrhspcefnheth.
J`crj lnhe, he mjsc fh quh hk shrvnfcr ec
puhfj mcgphesjr kjs `crjs he vnrtuf fh kj
knmhemnj mce acmh fh `jlhr ctcrajfj, pcr hk
gctnvc fh kj mjusjk fh hxtnemnýe fhk vçemukc?
tjk sntujmnýe sh mcesnfhrjrê mcgc fçjs ec
kjlcrjfcs pcr hk shrvnfcr pjrj tcfc hihmtc
khajk, pcr kc quh hkkc ahehrjrçj hk fhsmuhetc
rhsphmtnvc he kcs nearhscs (rhguehrjmnýe
y lhehinmncs scmnjkhs) fhk shrvnfcr, shaòe
mcrrhspcefj, fh mceicrgnfjf mce kc hstj-
lkhmnfc he hk knthrjk f) fh kj Vhrmhrj Fnspcsn-
mnýe Vrjesntcrnj
Vrjesntcrnj fh kj Khy E´ <06::, Khy Aheh-
rjk fhk ]nsthgj Ejmncejk fh Trhsupuhstc1.
 1 Khy E´ <06::, Khy
Khy Ahehrjk fhk ]nsthgj Ejmncejk fh Trhsupuhstc (vnaheth shaòe hk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ :664)
  FN]TC]NMNCEH] V\JE]NVC\NJ]
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   <48
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
He hsj kçehj, fh mceinaurjrsh ue pjac nefh-
lnfc prcfumtc fh kj ec mcgphesjmnýe fh
kj knmhemnj mce acmh, kjs hetnfjfhs ”he prne-
mnpnc” fhlhrêe prhvhr kcs ghmjensgcs
nethrecs thefheths j prcmurjr quh kcs shr-
vnfcrhs fhvuhkvje kcs gcetcs he fnehrc
hetrhajfcs.
He hsh shetnfc, he mjsc fh quh kcs shrvn-
fcrhs ec mugpkje mce rhefnr c fhvckvhr
kcs rhihrnfcs gcetcs fh fnehrc pjajfcs fh
icrgj nefhlnfj, mcrrhspcefhrê j kjs prc-
murjfurçjs pòlknmjs fh kjs hetnfjfhs ”he
hk gjrmc fh sus mcgphthemnjs” rhjknzjr kjs
jmmncehs phrtneheths fhstnejfjs j su rhmu-
phrc, prcmhfnhefc fh jmuhrfc j kjs fns-
pcsnmncehs quh j tjk hihmtc rhaukj euhstrc
Mýfnac Mnvnk.
6. ]clrh kj mcetrjtjmnýe jfgnenstrjtnvj fh
shrvnmncs he hk gjrmc fhk hstjfc fh hghr-
ahemnj ejmncejk
Jk rhsphmtc, he prnghr kuajr, mjlh nefnmjr
quh ghfnjeth Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4<>-
<4<4 sh fnmtje ghfnfjs mcgpkhghetjrnjs
fhstnejfjs jk inejemnjgnhetc fh kj gnmrc y
phquhúj hgprhsj y ctrjs ghfnfjs pjrj kj
rhfummnýe fhk ngpjmtc fhk MCYNF-:> he kj
hmcecgçj phrujej.
He hihmtc, mcgc ghfnfj hxtrjcrfnejrnj he
gjthrnj fh phrscejk fhk shmtcr pòlknmc ”
hetrh ctrjs” sh jutcrnzj j kjs hetnfjfhs fhk
Aclnhrec Ejmncejk, Aclnhrecs \hancejkhs y
sus uenfjfhs hbhmutcrjs j kj mcetrjtjmnýe fh
phrscejk ljbc kj gcfjknfjf fhk rîanghe fhk
Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ :481, Fhmrhtc Khanskj-
tnvc quh rhaukj hk \îanghe Hsphmnjk fh Mce-
trjtjmnýe Jfgnenstrjtnvj fh ]hrvnmncs, pjrj
quh prhsthe shrvnmncs he gjthrnj fh prh-
vhemnýe, mcetrck, fnjaeýstnmc y trjtjgnhetc
fhk mcrcejvnrus he kcs hstjlkhmngnhetcs fh
sjkuf? pjrj fnm`c hihmtc, sh khs hxcehrj fhk
rhqunsntc prhvnc fh mcemursc pòlknmc.
]nhefc jsç, fnm`j fnspcsnmnýe ec rhsuktj fh
jpknmjmnýe j kcs aclnhrecs kcmjkhs en j ctrjs
mcetrjtjmncehs fh phrscejk ljbc hk rîanghe
MJ] pjrj shrvnmncs fnstnetcs j kcs fhsmrntcs,
pjrj kcs mujkhs sç shrê nefnsphesjlkh quh
sh rhjknmh ue mcemursc pòlknmc fh gîrntcs
prhvnc.
Tcr ctrc kjfc, sne phrbunmnc fh kc shújkjfc
jethrncrgheth, kh nevntjgcs j rhvnsjr hk Mjpç-
tukc 1 fh kj ‛Auçj cphrjtnvj pjrj kj ahstnýe
fh kcs rhmurscs `ugjecs furjeth kj vnahe-
mnj fh kj fhmkjrjtcrnj fh Hghrahemnj ]jentj-
rnj prcfumnfj pcr hk MCYNF-:>‗
MCYNF-:>‗,, hgntnfj pcr
]hrvnr, kj mujk `j hstjlkhmnfc kcs ghmjensgcs
pjrj kkhvjr j mjlc kcs prcmhscs fh shkhmmnýe
he mursc y kjs euhvjs mcevcmjtcrnjs he hk
gjrmc fhk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ :481, he
kcs tîrgnecs shújkjfcs he hk rhihrnfc mjpç-
tukc fh fnm`c fcmughetc tîmenmc.
]clrh hkkc, mjlh jmctjr quh mcrrhspcefhrê j
kjs hetnfjfhs pòlknmjs hvjkujr kj phrtnehemnj
fh
he mcetneujr
trêgnth c mce kcs prcmhscs
he prcmhsc, fh shkhmmnýe
c rhjknzjr euhvjs
mcevcmjtcrnjs, fh jmuhrfc j sus ehmhsnfj-
fhs nestntumncejkhs, snaunhefc pjrj hkkc kcs
pjrêghtrcs hstjlkhmnfcs he kj mntjfj auçj.
NNN. MCEMKX]NCEH]
  Tjrj quh sh mceinaurh mcrrhmtjgheth
hk tîrgnec fhk mcetrjtc jfgnenstrjtnvc
 ‛VH\MH\J.- He kj Jfgnenstrjmnýe
Jfgnenstrjmnýe Tòlknmj, he gjthrnj fh ahstnýe fh phrscejk, sh tcgjrê he muhetj kc snaunheth2
  (…) f) Hk pjac fh rhguehrjmncehs sýkc mcrrhspcefh mcgc mcetrjprhstjmnýe pcr hk trjljbc hihmtnvjgheth rhjknzjfc, quh-
fjefc prc`nlnfc, sjkvc fnspcsnmnýe fh Khy hxprhsj he mcetrjrnc c pcr jpknmjmnýe fh knmhemnj mce acmh fh `jlhr fh jmuhrfc
j kj ecrgjtnvnfjf vnaheth, hk pjac fh rhguehrjmncehs
rhgue hrjmncehs pcr fçjs ec kjlcrjfcs. Jsngnsgc,
Jsng nsgc, quhfj prc`nlnfc jutcrnzjr c hihm-
tujr jfhkjetcs mce mjrac j rhguehrjmncehs, lceninmjmncehs, phesncehs c pcr mcgphesjmnýe pcr tnhgpc fh shrvnmncs (…)‗.

<49  N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

NEIC\GH] FH ]H\YN\

fh shrvnmncs pcr vhemngnhetc fhk pkjzc, fh prhstjmnýe fh shrvnmncs he kjs hetnfj-

kj hetnfjf hgpkhjfcrj fhlhrê hgpkhjr
kj ectninmjmnýe phrscejk pjrj neicrgjr
su fhmnsnýe jk shrvnfcr, mce uej jetnmn-
pjmnýe ec ghecr j mnemc (8) fçjs òtnkhs
prhvncs j kj ihm`j fh vhemngnhetc fhk
mcetrjtc.
  Furjeth hk hstjfc fh hghrahemnj ejmnc-  
ejk kcs shrvnmncs fh ghesjbhrçj ec sh
hemuhetrje fhetrc fh kjs jmtnvnfjfhs
phrgntnfjs? naujkgheth, fhlnfc j kj
ejturjkhzj fh sus iuemncehs kcs ghe-
sjbhrcs c ectninmjfcrhs fh kjs hetnfjfhs
pòlknmjs ec hstêe hxmhptujfcs fh kj
susphesnýe fhk fhrhm`c j knlrh trêesntc,
kc quh `jmh ngpcsnlkh quh sh puhfj
hihmtujr kj ectninmjmnýe phrscejk fh kj
mjrtj fh ec rhecvjmnýe fh mcetrjtc.
  Tjrj quh kj ectninmjmn
ectninmjmnýe
ýe pcr mcrrhc hkhm-
trýenmc rhsukth vêknfj, ehmhsjrnjgheth
fhlhrêe mcemurrnr kcs snaunheths rhqun-
sntcs2 n) Jutcrnzjmnýe hxprhsj prhvnj fhk  
shrvnfcr? y nn) jmush rhmnlc fh kj ectninmj-
mnýe. Fh ec mcetjr mce jglcs hkhghe-
tcs, kj ectninmjmnýe vçj mcrrhc hkhmtrýenmc
mjrhmhrê fh vjknfhz.
  Mcrrhspcefhrê j mjfj hetnfjf hvjkujr
kj phrtnehemnj fh cptjr pcr kj ec rhec-
vjmnýe fh mcetrjtcs jfgnenstrjtnvcs fh
shrvnmncs furjeth hk HHE, thenhefc he
muhetj kjs hxnahemnjs khajkhs pjrj ectn-
inmjr vêknfjgheth, kjs mujkhs fniçmnkgheth  
sh pcfrçje mugpknr.
  Fhlh quhfjr mkjrc quh kj fhmnsnýe fh
rhecvjr c ec kcs Mcetrjtcs Jfgnenstrj-
tnvcs fh ]hrvnmncs sh hemuhetrj rhaukjfj
he hk gjrmc khajk fhk Fhmrhtc Khans-
kjtnvc E´ :481 y su rhakjghetc, gjs
fhs pòlknmjs (pcr hbhgpkc, kj jpknmjmnýe
fhk trjljbc rhgctc) y jk ctcrajgnhetc
fh kj knmhemnj mce acmh fh `jlhr (fh
mcrrhspcefhr), furjeth fnm`c mcethxtc?
jsphmtcs quh sh jpknmje furjeth kj
vnahemnj fhk vçemukc kjlcrjk fhk shrvnfcr.
Tjrj kj jpknmjmnýe fhk trjljbc rhgctc,
kjs hetnfjfhs pòlknmjs fhlhrêe thehr
he muhetj kj sntujmnýe fh kcs shrvnfc-
rhs mcesnfhrjfcs fhetrc fhk arupc
fh rnhsac (MCYNF-:>) he hk gjrmc fh
kj fhmkjrjmnýe fh hstjfc fh hghrahe-
mnj ejmncejk. Tjrj tjk hihmtc, fhlhrêe
clshrvjr kc hstjlkhmnfc he hk jrtçmukc
<4 fhk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 4<9-<4<4 y
hk eughrjk 0.: fhk jrtçmukc 0 fhk Fhmrhtc
]uprhgc E´ 40=-<4<4-TMG, mcemcr-
fjeth mce kc hstjlkhmnfc he hk eugh-
rjk :<.: fhk jrtçmukc :< fhk Fhmrhtc
]uprhgc E´ 4>6-<4<4-TMG.
He jquhkkcs mjscs he kcs quh ec rhsukth
pcsnlkh jpknmjr hk trjljbc rhgctc, kj hetn-
fjf fhlhrê ctcrajr uej knmhemnj mce
acmh fh `jlhr (mce mjrac j mcgphe-
sjr pcsthrncrgheth kjs `crjs fhbjfjs
fh trjljbjr), j kcs shrvnfcrhs pòlknmcs,
sjkvc quh hstcs cpthe pcr ctrc ghmj-
ensgc mcgphesjtcrnc, he hk gjrmc fh
kj furjmnýe fhk hstjfc fh hghrahemnj
ejmncejk.
Hk eughrjk 6.: fhk jrtçmukc 6 fhk Fhmrhtc
Khanskjtnvc E´ :848 hstjlkhmh quh kcs
shrvnfcrhs mnvnkhs j kcs quh `ulnhrj snfc
ctcrajfj kj knmhemnj mce acmh fh `jlhr
fh mceicrgnfjf mce hk eughrjk <4.<
fhk jrtçmukc <4 fhk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj
E´ 4<9-<4<4 y hk knthrjk j) fhk eugh-
rjk <9.< fhk jrtçmukc <9 fhk Fhmrhtc fh
 ec he kjsfhfnspcsnmncehs
gjthrnj ecrgjtnvjs
rhmurscs `ugjecs quh he
sh
hgntnhrce he hk gjrmc fhk hstjfc fh
hghrahemnj ejmncejk, puhs hstjs `je
vhenfc rhaukjefc kc rhihrheth jk gcfc
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   <41
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
furjeth hk júc <4<:. Ec clstjeth, he hk
gjrmc fh fnm`j mcgphesjmnýe, hk shr-
vnfcr mnvnk puhfh cptjr pcr hgpkhjr jfn-
mncejkgheth ctrc ghmjensgc mcgphe-
sjtcrnc j hihmtcs fh rhfumnr hk tnhgpc fh
mcgphesjmnýe mcrrhspcefnheth.
  He mjsc fh quh hk shrvnfcr ec puhfj
mcgphesjr kjs `crjs he vnrtuf fh kj
knmhemnj mce acmh fh `jlhr ctcrajfj,
pcr hk gctnvc fh kj mjusjk fh hxtne-
mnýe fhk vçemukc? tjk sntujmnýe sh mce-
snfhrjrê mcgc fçjs ec kjlcrjfcs pcr
hk shrvnfcr pjrj tcfc hihmtc khajk, pcr
kc quh hkkc ahehrjrçj hk fhsmuhetc rhs-
phmtnvc he kcs nearhscs (rhguehrjmnýe y
lhehinmncs scmnjkhs) fhk shrvnfcr, shaòe
mcrrhspcefj.
  Fh mceinaurjrsh ue pjac nefhlnfc prc-
fumtc fh kj ec mcgphesjmnýe fh kj
knmhemnj mce acmh fh `jlhr ctcrajfj, kjs
hetnfjfhs ”he prnemnpnc” fhlhrêe prh-
vhr kcs ghmjensgcs nethrecs thefheths
j prcmurjr quh kcs shrvnfcrhs fhvuhkvje
kcs gcetcs he fnehrc hetrhajfcs? mjsc
mcetrjrnc, mcrrhspcefhrê j kjs hetnfj-
fhs pòlknmjs tcgjr kjs jmmncehs ehmh-
sjrnjs j hihmtcs fh prcmurjr hk rhmuphrc
fh kcs gcetcs pjajfcs nefhlnfjgheth,
pufnhefc pjrj tjk ine ”jeth kj ehajtnvj c
rhsnsthemnj fhk shrvnfcr j su fhvckumnýe”
jihmtjr hk gcetc fh su knqunfjmnýe jk
gcghetc fh su mhsh? hkkc sne phrbunmnc
fh kj pcsnlnknfjf fh hbhrmhr kj jmmnýe fh
mclrc j trjvîs fh kcs ghmjensgcs quh
irjequhj pjrj tjk hihmtc euhstrc Mýfnac
Mnvnk.
  He hk gjrmc fhk Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj
E´ 4<>-<4<4, sh jutcrnzj sckc j kjs hetn-
fjfhs fhk Aclnhrec Ejmncejk, Aclnhr-
Xrahemnj
mcemkunfcE´hk4<>-<4<4
hstjfc fh y quh uej vhz
hghrahemnj
ejmncejk sh rhnemcrpcrhe jk trjljbc prh-
shemnjk fhlhrêe prcmhfhr j kj rhmuphrj-
mnýe fh kjs `crjs ec kjlcrjfjs, nemkusnvh
Mcetrjtjmnýe Jfgnenstrjtnvj fh ]hrvn-
mncs, pjrj quh prhsthe shrvnmncs he
gjthrnj fh prhvhemnýe, mcetrck, fnja-
eýstnmc y trjtjgnhetc fhk mcrcejvnrus
he kcs hstjlkhmngnhetcs fh sjkuf? pjrj
fnm`c hihmtc, sh khs hxcehrj fhk rhqun-
sntc prhvnc fh mcemursc pòlknmc.
  He hk gjrmc fhk Mjpçtukc 1 fh kj ‛Auçj
cphrjtnvj pjrj kj ahstnýe fh kcs rhmur-
scs `ugjecs furjeth kj vnahemnj fh
kj fhmkjrjtcrnj fh Hghrahemnj ]jentj-
rnj prcfumnfj pcr hk MCYNF-:>‗ hgntnfj
pcr ]hrvnr, mcrrhspcefhrê j kjs hetnfj-
fhs pòlknmjs hvjkujr kj phrtnehemnj fh
mcetneujr mce kcs prcmhscs fh shkhmmnýe
he trêgnth c he prcmhsc, c rhjknzjr euh-
vjs mcevcmjtcrnjs, pjrj kj mcetrjtjmnýe
fh phrscejk ljbc hk rîanghe fhk Fhmrhtc
Khanskjtnvc E´ :481, fh jmuhrfc j sus
ehmhsnfjfhs nestntumncejkhs? snaunhefc
pjrj hkkc kcs pjrêghtrcs hstjlkhmnfcs
he kj mntjfj auçj.
 
\hqunsntcs y phrncfc gêxngc pjrj
hk pjac fh kj mcgphesjmnýe vjmj-
mncejk
NEIC\GH VÎMENMC E´ 444>=0<4<4-]H\YN\-ATA]M
Aclhrejfcr \hancejk fh Kjglj-
 Hetnfjf mcesuktjeth
yhquh
Tjac fh kj mcgphesjmnýe vjmjmnc-
ejk pcr fhsmjesc içsnmc ec aczjfc
Jsuetc
he hk rîanghe fhk Fhmrhtc Khanskj-
tnvc E´ <19
Ihm`j :: fh buenc fh <4<4.
M\NVH\NC FH ]H\YN\2 
]H\YN\2  \hmcecmhr hk pjac
fh mcgphesjmnýe vjmjmncejk j ijvcr fh
ue shrvnfcr c iuemncejrnc muyc vçemukc
 ecs
rjs j\hancejkhs y sus uenfjfhs
kj mcetrjtjmnýe hbhmutc-
fh phrscejk ljbc sh
pjachemuhetrh
nefhlnfc yjmtnvc,
jmjrrhjrêmcestntuyh ue
rhspcesjlnkn-
kj gcfjknfjf fhk rîanghe fhk Fhmrhtc fjf jfgnenstrjtnvj, mnvnk y phejk j tcfcs
Khanskjtnvc E´ :481, Fhmrhtc Khanskj- kcs nevckumrjfcs quh phrgntnhrce fnm`j
tnvc quh rhaukj hk \îanghe Hsphmnjk fh hetrhaj hmceýgnmj.

<40  N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

NEIC\GH] FH ]H\YN\

LJ]H KHAJK Fh hsth kçgnth quh kj ecrgj hstjlkhmh sh

• Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ <19, Khy fh Ljshs fh kj Mjrrhrj
Jfgnenstrjtnvj
Jfgnenstrj tnvj y fh \hguehrjmnce
\hguehrjmncehs
hs fhk ]hmtcr Tulknmc2 
jrtçmukc <6.
• Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 448->4-TMG, \hakjghetc fh kj
Mjrrhrj Jfgnenstrjtnvj2 jrtçmukc :46.
• Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 6<4-<4:>-HI ” Fnmtje fnspcsnmncehs
rhakjghetjrnjs y mcgpkhghetjrnjs pjrj kj jpknmjmnýe fhk
Fhmrhtc fh Xrahemnj E´ 4=0-<4:>2 jrtçmukc 6.
]ÇEVH]N] FHK NEIC\GH
N. CLBH
CLBHVC VC FH KJ MCE]X
MCE]XKKVJ
Ghfnjeth hk fcmughetc fh kj rhihrhemnj hk
Aclhrejfcr \hancejk fh Kjgljyhquh ecs
mcesuktj sn mcrrhspcefh quh sh kh jlceh kj
mcgphesjmnýe
fh ec `jmhr uscvjmjmncejk
hihmtnvc fhkjeth su fhmnsnýe
fhsmjesc içsnmc
mcrrhspcefnheth jk phrncfc <4:>.
NN. JEÊKN]N]
:. ]clrh hk fhsmjesc vjmjmncejk he hk rîan-
ghe fhk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ <19
J trjvîs fhk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ <19 sh hstj-
lkhmný hk gjrmc khajk ahehrjk quh shrçj fh jpkn-
mjmnýe j kcs shrvnfcrhs fh kj jfgnenstrjmnýe
pòlknmj jsç mcgc j kcs iuemncejrncs quh fh-
shgphúje mjracs pckçtnmcs c fh mceinjezj0.
Hk jrtçmukc <6 fhk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ <19> 
hstjlkhmh ”hetrh ctrcs” hk fhrhm`c j aczjr
fh trhnetj (=4) fçjs fh vjmjmncehs. Ec cls-
tjeth, tjglnîe shújkj quh kcs shrvnfcrhs
shrv nfcrhs (hk
usc fh hsth tîrgnec mcgprhefh tjglnîe j
kcs iuemncejrncs) òenmjgheth puhfhe jmu-
gukjr `jstj fcs (<) phrncfcs vjmjmncehs.
fhsprhefh quh mujkqunhr hxmhsc fh fcs
(<) phrncfcs vjmjmncejkhs jmugukjfcs sh
pnhrfh fh icrgj fhinentnvj. ]nhefc ngpcsn-
lkh quh kj hetnfjf rhmceczmj hk acmh hihm-
tnvc c hk jlcec fh kj mcgphesjmnýe vjmj-
mncejk rhsphmtnvj.
Jsç, pcr hbhgpkc, ue shrvnfcr muyc vçemukc
sh hxthefný pcr mujtrc (6) júcs, y quh euemj
`nzc hihmtnvc hk fhsmjesc içsnmc, jk tîrgnec
fh kj rhkjmnýe kjlcrjk sckc shrê jmrhhfcr j
kj mcgphesjmnýe vjmjmncejk pcr kcs fcs (<)
òktngcs phrncfcs vjmjmncejkhs ec aczjfcs?
hkkc jk `jlhr phrfnfc fhinentnvjgheth kcs
fcs prnghrcs phrncfcs pcr hxmhfhr hk kçgnth
hstjlkhmnfc he hk jrtçmukc <6 fhk Fhmrhtc
Khanskjtnvc E´ <19.
<. ]clrh kj mcgphesjmnýe vjmjmncejk he hk
rîanghe fhk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ <19
J fnihrhemnj fh kc quh cmurrh he hk rîanghe
kjlcrjk fh kj jmtnvnfjf prnvjfj (rhaukjfc pcr
hk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ 1<0), he kcs rhaçgh-
ehs kjlcrjkhs fh kj jfgnenstrjmnýe pòlknmj hk
jlcec fh kj mcgphesjmnýe vjmjmncejk pcr
hk ec acmh fhk phrncfc vjmjmncejk sh rhmc-
ecmh sckc jk tîrgnec fhk vçemukc kjlcrjk.
He
hstjhk mcefnmnýe
rîanghe fhkhsFhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc
rhmcanfj E´ <19,
he kjs snaunhe-
ths ecrgjs2
  Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 448->4-TMG ” \hakj-
ghetc fh kj Mjrrhrj Jfgnenstrjtnvj2
  ‛Jrtçmukc :46.- Hk shrvnfcr quh mhsj he
hk shrvnmnc jeths fh `jmhr usc fh sus

0 Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ <19 ” Khy fh Ljshs fh kj Mjrrhrj Jfgnenstrjtnvj y fh \hguehrjmncehs fhk ]hmtcr Tulknmc
  ‛Jrtçmukc
‛Jrtçmukc <.- Ec hstêe
hstêe mcgprhefnfcs he kj
kj Mjrrhrj Jfgnenstrjt
Jfgnenstrjtnvj
nvj kcs shrvnfcrhs pòlknmcs mcetrjtjfcs en kcs iuemncej-
 rncs quh fhshgphúje mjracs pckçtnmcs c fh mceinjezj, phrc sç he kjs fnspcsnmncehs fh kj prhsheth Khy he kc quh khs shj
jpknmjlkh‗.
> Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ <19 ” Khy fh Ljshs fh kj Mjrrhrj Jfgnenstrjtnvj y fh \hguehrjmncehs fhk ]hmtcr Tulknmc
  ‛Jrtçmukc <6.- ]ce fhrhm`cs fh kcs shrvnfcrhs pòlknmcs fh mjrrhrj2
  _…W f) Aczjr jeujkgheth fh trhnetj fçjs fh vjmjmncehs rhguehrjfjs sjkvc jmugukjmnýe mcevhemncejk `jstj fh 4< phrçc-
fcs? _…W‗
_ …W‗..
KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   <4>
]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]
vjmjmncehs tnheh fhrhm`c j phrmnlnr uej
rhguehrjmnýe ghesujk tctjk pcr mnmkc
kjlcrjk jmugukjfc, mcgc mcgphesj-
mnýe vjmjmncejk? he mjsc mcetrjrnc fnm`j
mcgphesjmnýe sh `jrê prcpcrmncejk-
gheth jk tnhgpc trjljbjfc pcr fczjvjs
pjrths. _…W‗ (rhsjktjfc hs jarhajfc)
  Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 6<4-<4:>-HI ” Fnmtje
fnspcsnmncehs rhakjghetjrnjs y mcgpkh-
ghetjrnjs pjrj kj jpknmjmnýe fhk Fhmrhtc
fh Xrahemnj E´ 4=0-<4:>
  ‛Jrtçmukc 6. Nearhscs pcr mcefnmncehs
hsphmnjkhs
  _6.: Mcgphesjmnýe vjmjmncejk2 Hs
kj mcgphesjmnýe
ctcraj hmceýgnmj
j kj shrvnfcrj pòlknmj cquh sh
shrvn-
fcr pòlknmc ecglrjfc, c mcetrjtjfc,
mujefc mhsj he hk shrvnmnc c mukgnej su
mcetrjtjmnýe, shaòe shj hk mjsc, sne `jmhr
usc fhk acmh içsnmc fh sus vjmjmncehs. Kj
mcgphesjmnýe hmceýgnmj hqunvjkh jk
gcetc fhk GXM y hk LHV quh phrmnlh
ghesujkgheth kj shrvnfcrj pòlknmj c
hk shrvnfcr pòlknmc, pcr mjfj trhnetj (=4)
fçjs fh vjmjmncehs ec aczjfjs, `jstj
ue gêxngc fh (<) fcs phrncfcs jmugu-
kjfcs. Fnm`j mcgphesjmnýe hmceýgnmj
sh hemuhetrj jihmtj j mjraj scmnjk _…W‗
(rhsjktjfc hs jarhajfc).
He tjk shetnfc, fh kjs fnspcsnmncehs ecrgjtn-
vjs mntjfjs, rhsuktj hvnfheth quh jquîk shrvn-
fcr c iuemncejrnc quh ec `jaj usc hihmtnvc
fh su fhsmjesc vjmjmncejk he hk júc quh
mcrrhspcefh, òenmjgheth pcfrê jmugukjrkc
mce ctrc phrncfc vjmjmncejk jfnmncejk pjrj
su acmh pcsthrncr. Fh suphrjr kcs fcs phrnc-
fcs vjmjmncejkhs ec aczjfcs, phrfhrê fhin-
entnvjgheth hk hxmhsc.
mkjrj jk hstjlkhmhr quh kj mcgphesjmnýe
vjmjmncejk (pcr fhsmjesc içsnmc ec aczjfc)
òenmjgheth puhfh shr jlcejfj jk tîrgnec
fh kj rhkjmnýe kjlcrjk, y kj hetnfjf sckc pcfrê
rhmcecmhr mcgc gêxngc fcs (<) phrncfcs
vjmjmncejkhs ec aczjfcs? nefnstnetjgheth
fhk gctnvc quh `jyj crnanejfc hk ec acmh
cpcrtuec.
]nhefc jsç, kjs hetnfjfhs fh kj jfgnenstrj-
mnýe pòlnmj mjrhmhe fh `jlnkntjmnýe khajk
quh khs phrgntj jlcejr j kcs shrvnfcrhs c
iuemncejrncs hk mcemhptc fh mcgphesj-
mnýe vjmjmncejk (pcr fhsmjesc içsnmc ec
aczjfc) gnhetrjs hk vçemukc kjlcrjk phrgj-
ehzmj vnaheth. \hjknzjr fnm`c jlcec ec sckc
mcestntunrçj ue pjac nefhlnfc snec quh tjg-
lnîe jmjrrhjrê rhspcesjlnknfjf jfgnenstrj-
tnvj, mnvnk y phejk j tcfcs kcs nevckumrjfcs
quh phrgntnhrce fnm`j hetrhaj hmceýgnmj.
NNN. MCEMKX]NCEH]
  Jquîk shrvnfcr c iuemncejrnc quh ec
`jaj usc hihmtnvc fh su fhsmjesc vjmj-
mncejk he hk júc quh mcrrhspcefh, sckc
pcfrê jmugukjrkc mce ctrc phrncfc
vjmjmncejk jfnmncejk pjrj su acmh pcs-
thrncr, phrfnhefc fhinentnvjgheth hk
hxmhsc
  Kj mcgphesjmnýe vjmjmncejk (pcr fhs-
mjesc içsnmc ec aczjfc) sckc puhfh shr
jlcejfj jk tîrgnec fh kj rhkjmnýe kjlc-
rjk y `jstj pcr ue gêxngc fh fcs (<)
phrncfcs vjmjmncejkhs ec aczjfcs.
  \hmcecmhr hk pjac fh mcgphesjmnýe
vjmjmncejk j ijvcr fh ue shrvnfcr c iue-
mncejrnc muyc vçemukc sh hemuhetrh
jmtnvc, mcestntuyh ue pjac nefhlnfc
y jmjrrhjrê rhspcesjlnknfjf jfgnens-
trjtnvj, mnvnk y phejk j tcfcs kcs nevcku-
 Kj ecrgjtnvj vnaheth jpknmjlkh jk rîanghe mrjfcs quh phrgntnhrce fnm`j hetrhaj
fhk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ <19 hs ljstjeth hmceýgnmj.

<:4  N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

]CKXMNCEH]

KJLC\JKH]
]N]VHGJ NEVHA\JK FH NEIC\GJMNÝE TJ\J BHIH] FH \HMX\]C]
@XGJEC], J]H]C\H] KHAJKH], JFGNEN]V\JFC\H] ^ AH\HEVH]

NEFNMJFC\H]
KJLC\JKH]
XEJ TXLKNMJMNÝE FHK A\XTC
 

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]2

NEFNMJFC\H] KJLC\JKH]

:. IJMVC\ JMXGXKJFC2 VJ]J

VJ]J FH NEVH\Î] KHAJK KJLC\JK
    󰀮
    :
    󰀠
    C GJ^C GCEHFJ EJMNCEJK GCEHFJ HPV\JEBH\J
    M
    N
    K <4<4 VJ]J JEXJK I. FNJ\NC I. JMXG. (*) VJ]J JEXJK I. FNJ\NC I. JMXG. (*)
    L
     Ò
    T : :,>< 4,44448 :,>90>4 4,9= 4,4444< 4,1:6<1
    \
    C < :,>< 4,44448 :,>90>8 4,9= 4,4444< 4,1:6<>
    V
    M
    H = :,>< 4,44448 :,>9>4: 4,9= 4,4444< 4,1:6=:
    ]
    K
    J 6 :,0> 4,44448 :,>9>49 4,96 4,4444< 4,1:6==
    H
    K 8 :,11 4,44448 :,>9>:: 4,8> 4,4444< 4,1:6=6
    L
    J
    M
    N 9 :,1> 4,44448 :,>9>:9 4,8> 4,4444< 4,1:6=9
    K
    T 1 :,10 4,44448 :,>9><: 4,80 4,4444< 4,1:6=1
    J
    E
     Î
    N 0 :,10 4,44448 :,>9><8 4,8> 4,4444< 4,1:6=>
    L
    G > :,10 4,44448 :,>9>=4 4,8> 4,4444< 4,1:66:
    J
    V
:4 :,10 4,44448 :,>9>=8 4,8> 4,4444< 4,1:66<
:: :,11 4,44448 :,>9>64 4,8> 4,4444< 4,1:666

:< :,16 4,44448 :,>9>68 4,81 4,4444< 4,1:669

:= :,1= 4,44448 :,>9>84 4,80 4,4444< 4,1:661

:6 :,1< 4,44448 :,>9>86 4,81 4,4444< 4,1:66>

:8 :,1: 4,44448 :,>9>8> 4,80 4,4444< 4,1:684

:9 :,1: 4,44448 :,>9>96 4,80 4,4444< 4,1:68<

:1 :,1: 4,44448 :,>9>9> 4,80 4,4444< 4,1:686

:0 :,1< 4,44448 :,>9>1= 4,80 4,4444< 4,1:688

:> :,14 4,44448 :,>9>10 4,89 4,4444< 4,1:681

<4 :,14 4,44448 :,>9>0= 4,81 4,4444< 4,1:680

<: :,9> 4,44448 :,>9>01 4,89 4,4444< 4,1:694

<< :,90 4,44448 :,>9>>< 4,89 4,4444< 4,1:69:

<= :,90 4,44448 :,>9>>1 4,89 4,4444< 4,1:69=

<6 :,90 4,44448 :,>144: 4,89 4,4444< 4,1:698

<8 :,91 4,44448 :,>1449 4,88 4,4444< 4,1:699

<9 :,99 4,44448 :,>14:4 4,88 4,4444< 4,1:690

<1 :,9> 4,44448 :,>14:8 4,89 4,4444< 4,1:69>

<0 :,90 4,44448 :,>14<4 4,81 4,4444< 4,1:61:

<> :,90 4,44448 :,>14<6 4,89 4,4444< 4,1:61<

=4 :,90 4,44448 :,>14<> 4,89 4,4444< 4,1:616

=: :,90 4,44448 :,>14=6 4,89 4,4444< 4,1:618

(*) Hk ijmtcr jmugukjfc hs utnknzjfc pjrj hk pjac fh fhufjs kjlcrjkhs, arjtninmjmncehs, vjmjmncehs, htm.
 Iuheth2 ]L] y fnjrnc cinmnjk Hk Thrujec .

(:) Hgprhsjs y hetnfjfhs fhk ]hmtcr Tòlknmc

Tòlknmc mce rîanghe kjlcrjk prnvjfc.
prnvjfc.

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   <:=
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

<. ÇEFNMH FH T\HMNC] JK

JK MCE]XGNFC\
MCE]XGNFC\ (NTM) =. ÇEFNMH FH T\HMNC] T\CGHFNC GHE]XJK JK
TC\ GJ^C\ J ENYHK EJMNCEJK (NTG)
EÒG. YJ\NJMNÝE TC\MHEVXJK IJMVC\ YJ\NJMNÝE TC\MHEVXJK IJMVC\
GH]H] GH ] H ] EÒG. ÇE
ÇEFNMH
ÇEFNMH GHE]XJK JMXGXKJFJ JMXGXKJFC GHE]XJK JMXGXKJFJ JMXGXKJFC
Júc <4:> Júc <4:>
Gjy. :> :=:.00 4.:8 :.<1 :.4:= Gjy. :> :40.866>=< 4.:0 -4.=4 4.>>1
Bue. :> :=:.11 -4.4> :.:0 :.4:< Bue. :> :40.68<>>> -4.40 -4.=0 4.>>9
Buk. :> :=<.46 4.<4 :.=> :.4:6 Buk. :> :40.6><094 4.46 -4.=8 4.>>1
Jac. :> :=<.:< 4.49 :.68 :.4:8 Jac. :> :40.0=<<=> 4.=: -4.46 :.444
]ht. :> :=<.:= 4.4: :.69 :.4:8 ]ht. :> :40.0:9961 -4.4: -4.48 :.444
Cmt. :> :=<.<1 4.:: :.81 :.4:9 Cmt. :> :40.>60199 4.:< 4.41 :.44:
Ecv. :> :=<.6< 4.:: :.90 :.4:1 Ecv. :> :40.1><69< -4.:6 -4.41 4.>>>
Fnm. :> :=<.14 4.<: :.>4 :.4:> Fnm. :> :40.16698< -4.46 -4.4: :.444
Trcg. :> :=:.11 Trcg
cg.. :> :40.86>08
084
4
Júc <4<4 Júc <4<4
Heh. <4 :=<.11 4.48 4.48 :.44: Heh. <4<4 :40,=8>4>0 -4,=8 -4,=8 4,>>1
Ihl. <4 :=<.>9 4.:6 4.<4 :.44< Ihl. <4<4 :40,<::=8= -4,:6 -4,6> 4,>>8
Gjr. <4 :==.0< 4.98 4.06 :.440 Gjr. <4<4 :40,8:8199 4,<0 -4,<: 4,>>0
Jlr. <4 :==.>9 4.:4 4.>8 :.4:4 Jlr. <4<4 :40,<1:6=< -4,<= -4,66 4,>>9
Gjy. <4 :=6,<= 4,<4 :,:8 :,4:< Gjy. <4<4 :40,:64>:8 -4,:< -4,89 4,>>6

6. HYCKXMNÝE FH JTC\V
JTC\VJMNCEH]
JMNCEH] JK ]N]VHGJ
]N]VHGJ T\NYJFC
T\NYJFC FH THE]NCEH] - JIT <4:>-<4<4(*)
ICEFC VCTH AJ]VC FH
GH] MCEMHTVC @ÊLNVJV @C\NRCEVH(**) NEVHA\J T\CIXVX\C T\NGJ FH FH ]HTHKNC
THE]NCEH] ]HAX\C
Mcgnsnýe sclrh ikubc :.61 % :.88 % :.9> % :.94 %
GJ^C ]clrh ikubc 4.=0 % 4.89 % 4.91 % 4.:0 %
Mcgnsnýe gnxtj :4.44 ]/ >,9:=.=> ]/ 6,=8>.=9
<4:> ]clrh sjkfc :.<8 % :.<4 % :.<4 % :.<8 %
Trngj fh shaurc :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 %
Mcgnsnýe sclrh ikubc :.61 % :.88 % :.9> % :.94 %
 BXENC ]clrh ikubc 4.=0 % 4.44 % 4.91 % 4.:0 %
Mcgnsnýe gnxtj :4.44 ]/ >,9:=.=> ]/ 6,=8>.=9
<4:> ]clrh sjkfc :.<8 % 4.0< % :.<4 % :.<8 %
Trngj fh shaurc :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 %
Mcgnsnýe sclrh ikubc :.61 % :.88 % :.9> % :.94 %
 BXKNC ]clrh ikubc 4.=0 % 4.44 % 4.91 % 4.:0 %
Mcgnsnýe gnxtj :4.44 ]/ >,9=>.44 ]/ 6,=14.>1
<4:> ]clrh sjkfc :.<8 % 4.0< % :.<4 % :.<8 %
Trngj fh shaurc :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 %
Mcgnsnýe sclrh ikubc :.61 % :.88 % :.9> % :.94 %
JAC]VC ]clrh ikubc 4.=0 % 4.44 % 4.91 % 4.:0 %
Mcgnsnýe gnxtj :4.44 ]/ >,9=>.44 ]/ 6,=14.>1
<4:> ]clrh sjkfc :.<8 % 4.0< % :.<4 % :.<8 %
Trngj fh shaurc :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 %
Mcgnsnýe sclrh ikubc :.61 % :.88 % :.9> % :.94 %
]HVNHGL\H Mcgnsnýe gnxtj ]clrh ikubc 4.=0 % 4.44 % 4.91 % 4.:0 %
:4.44 ]/ >,9=>.44 ]/ 6,=14.>1
<4:> ]clrh sjkfc :.<8 % 4.0< % :.<4 % :.<8 %
Trngj fh shaurc :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 %
Mcgnsnýe sclrh ikubc :.61 % :.88 % :.9> % :.94 %
CMVXL\H ]clrh ikubc 4.=0 % 4.44 % 4.91 % 4.:0 %
Mcgnsnýe gnxtj :4.44 ]/ >,998.== ]/ 6,=0<.><
<4:> ]clrh sjkfc :.<8 % 4.0< % :.<4 % :.<8 %
Trngj fh shaurc :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 % :,=8 %
Mcgnsnýe sclrh ikubc :.61 % :.88 % :.9> % :,94 %
ECYNHGL\H Mcgnsnýe gnxtj ]clrh ikubc 4.=0 % 4.44 % 4.91 % 4,:0 %
:4.44 ]/ >,998.== ]/ 6,=0<.><
<4:> ]clrh sjkfc :.<8 % 4.0< % :.<4 % :.<8 %
Trngj fh shaurc :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 %
Mcgnsnýe sclrh ikubc :.61 % :.88 % :.9> % :.94 %
 Mcgnsnýe sclrh ikubc :.61 % :.88 % :.9> % :.94 %
FNMNHGL\H Mcgnsnýe gnxtj ]clrh ikubc 4.=0 % 4.44 % 4.91 % 4.:0 %
:4.44 ]/ >,998.== ]/ 6,=0<.><
<4:> ]clrh sjkfc :.<8 % 4.0< % :.<4 % :.<8 %
Trngj fh shaurc :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 %

(*) Iuheth2  pêanejs whl fh kjs JIT y fh kj ]L].

Iuheth2 pêanejs
(**) JIT @crnzceth mhrrý sus cphrjmncehs he Thrò, trjs mcemkunr hk prcmhsc fh trjesihrhemnj `jmnj
` jmnj Netharj y Trciuturc.

<:6  N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

NEFNMJFC\H] KJLC\JKH]

ICEFC VCTH AJ]VC FH

GH] MCEMHTVC @ÊLNVJV @C\NRCEVH(**) NEVHA\J T\CIXVX\C T\NGJ FH FH ]HTHKNC
THE]NCEH] ]HAX\C
Mcgnsnýe sclrh ikubc :.61 % :.88 % :.9> % :.94 %
HEH\C ]clrh ikubc 4.=0 % 4.44 % 4.91 % 4.:0 %
Mcgnsnýe gnxtj :4.44 ]/ >,141.4= ]/ 6,64:.0<
<4<4 ]clrh sjkfc :.<8 % 4.0< % :.<4 % :.<8 %
Trngj fh shaurc :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 %
Mcgnsnýe sclrh ikubc :.61 % :.88 % :.9> % :.94 %
IHL\H\C ]clrh ikubc 4.=0 % 4.44 % 4.91 % 4.:0 %
Mcgnsnýe gnxtj :4.44 ]/ >,141.4= ]/ 6,64:.0<
<4<4 ]clrh sjkfc :.<8 % 4.0< % :.<4 % :.<8 %
Trngj fh shaurc :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 %
Mcgnsnýe sclrh ikubc :.61 % :.88 % :.9> % :.94 %
GJ\RC ]clrh ikubc 4.=0 % 4.44 % 4.91 % 4,:0 %
Mcgnsnýe gnxtj :4.44 ]/ >,141.4= ]/ 6,64:.0<
<4<4 ]clrh sjkfc :.<8 % 4.0< % :.<4 % :.<8 %
Trngj fh shaurc :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 %
Mcgnsnýe sclrh ikubc 4.44 % 4.44 % 4.44 % 4.44 %
JL\NK ]clrh ikubc 4.44 % 4,44 % 4.44 % 4.44 %
Mcgnsnýe gnxtj 4.44 ]/ >,100.>8 ]/ 6,6=0.>0
<4<4 ]clrh sjkfc :.<8 % 4.0< % :.<4 % :.<8 %
Trngj fh shaurc :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 % :.=8 %
Mcgnsnýe sclrh ikubc :.61 % :,88 % :,9> % :,94 %
GJ^C ]clrh ikubc 4.=0 % 4,44 % 4,91 % 4,:0 %
Mcgnsnýe gnxtj :4.44 ]/ >,100.>8 ]/ 6,6=0.>0
<4<4 ]clrh sjkfc :.<8 % 4,0< % :.<4 % :.<8 %

Trngj fh shaurc :,=8 % :,=8 % :,=8 % :,=8 %

8. VJ]J] FH NEVH\H]H] LJEMJ\NC] - MV]

GCEHFJ EJMNCEJK(*) GCEHFJ HPV\JEBH\J(*)
GJ^C ]MCVNJ-
<4<4 MCEVN- MCEVN- ]MCVNJLJEO
M\ÎF
M\ÎFNV
NVCC MCGH
GH\M
\MNC
NC LJEO TH\Ò NEVH
NEVH\L
\LJE
JEOO T\
T\CG
CGHF
HFNC
NC M\ÎF
M\ÎFNV
NVCC MCGH
MCGH\M
\MNC
NC NEVH
NEVH\L
\LJE
JEOO T\
T\CG
CGHF
HFNC
NC
EHEVJK EHEVJK TH\Ò (QNH]H)
(QNH]H)
: s.n. s.n. s.n. s.n. s.n. s.n. s.n. s.n. s.n. s.n. s.n. s.n.
< ]êljfc
= Fcgneac
6 <,<4 =,68 8,14 <,>: =,44 =,91 :,>: :,49 8,44 :,=6 :,>< :,8:
8 <,:> =,66 8,14 <,>< =,44 =,91 :,>= :,46 8,44 :,=6 :,>= :,84
9 <,:1 =,6< 8,14 <,1< =,4: =,9> :,06 :,46 8,44 :,== :,>= :,60
1 <,:1 =,6= 8,14 <,86 =,4: =,91 :,0< :,4> 8,44 :,== :,>= :,60
0 <,:1 =,19 8,14 <,64 =,44 =,0: :,0: :,=8 8,44 :,=< :,>6 :,8<
> ]êljfc
:4 Fcgneac
:: <,:0 =,81 8,14 <,:> =,44 =,99 :,86 :,:9 8,44 s.n. :,>0 :,6=
:< <,:6 =,89 8,44 :,0: =,44 =,04 :,69 :,:4 s.n. :,:1 :,>0 :,=6
:= <,64 =,8= 8,44 :,99 =,44 =,16 :,01 :,48 s.n. :,:1 :,>0 :,=>
:6 <,<6 =,6: 8,44 :,9< =,44 =,8= :,9: :,44 s.n. 4,06 :,>> :,=4
:8 <,:: =,<9 8,44 :,94 =,44 =,== :,84 4,>1 s.n. :,4< :,>> :,<6
:9 ]êljfc
:1 Fcgneac
:0 :,0> <,>8 8,4> :,94 =,44 =,44 :,48 4,>< s.n. :,4< :,>> :,40
:> :,00 <,>= 8,=1 :,94 =,44 <,>1 :,49 4,>: s.n. 4,>> :,>> :,4>
<4 :,00 <,>< 8,=1 :,8> =,44 <,>1 :,49 4,>: s.n. :,44 :,>> :,4>
<: :,01 <,>: 8,9< :,94 =,44 <,>1 :,49 4,>: s.n. :,44 :,>> :,4>
<< :,01 <,>4 8,9< :,94 =,44 <,>9 :,49 4,>: s.n. :,44 :,>> :,4>
<= ]êljfc
<6 Fcgneac
<8 :,01 <,0> 8,9< :,94 =,44 <,>1 :,49 4,>: s.n. :,44 :,>> :,:4
<9 :,09 <,00 8,94 :,94 =,44 <,>9 :,49 4,>: s.n. :,44 :,>> :,:4
<1 :,09 <,00 8,94 :,14 =,44 <,>9 :,49 4,>: s.n. :,44 :,>> :,4>
 <0 :,09 <,00 8,94 :,14 =,44 <,>9 :,49 4,>: s.n. :,44 :,>> :,4>
<> :,09 <,00 8,94 :,14 =,44 <,>9 :,49 4,>: s.n. :,44 :,>> :,:4
=4 ]êljfc
=: Fcgneac
T\CG <,4= =,:> 8,69 :,>= =,44 =,=: :,=> :,44 8,44 :,:4 :,>1 :,<9

(*) Vjsj hihmtnvj jeujk (VHJ).

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   <:8
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

9. H]MJKJ FH GXKV
GXKVJ] NE]THMVNYJ] FHK GVTH (HE IXEMNÝE FH KJ XNV YNAHEVH)(*)
GNM\CHGT\H]J

A\JYHFJF EÒGH\C FH V\JLJBJFC\H] JIHM VJFC]

FH KJ
NEI\JMMNÝE : < = 6 8 9 1 0 > :4 y gês

Khvhs 4.468 4.48 4. 41 4.40 4.4> 4. :: 4.:6 4.:9 4. :0 4. <=

Arjvhs 4.:: 4.:6 4. :9 4.:0 4.<4 4. <8 4.<> 4.=6 4.=0 4.68
Guy arjvhs 4.<= 4.<8 4. <> 4.=< 4.=9 4. 6: 4.61 4.86 4.9: 4.90
THZXHÚJ HGT\H]J

A\JYHFJF EÒGH\C FH V\JLJBJFC\H] JIHM VJFC]

FH KJ
NEI\JMMNÝE :j8 9 j :4 :: j <4 <: j =4 =: j 64 6: j 84 8: j 94 9: j 14 1: j >> :44 y gês

Khvhs 4.4> 4.:6 4. :0 4.<= 4.=< 4. 68 4.9: 4.0= :.4: <.<8

Arjvhs 4.68 4.8> 4. 11 4.>1 :.<9 :. 9< <.4> <.6= <.0: 6.84
Guy arjvhs 4.11 4.>> :. <0 :.96 <.:6 <. 18 =.89 6.=< 6.>8 1.98
EC G^TH

A\JYHFJF EÒGH\C FH V\JLJBJFC\H] JIHM VJFC]

FH KJ
NEI\JMMNÝE : j :4 :: j <8 <9 j 84 8: j :44 :4: j <44 <4: j =44 =4: j 644 64: j 844 84: j >>> :444 y gês

Khvhs 4.<9 4.0> :. <9 <.== =.:4 =. 1= 8.=4 1.9: :4.01 :8.8<
Arjvhs :.81 =.>< 8. << 9.8= 1.0= :4.68 :=.49 :0.<0 <4.0> <9.:<
Guy arjvhs <.9= 8.<8 1. 00 ::.89 :6.:0 :0.=> <=.96 =:.8< 6<.4= 8<.8=

(*) Kj hsmjkj fh guktjs iuh gcfninmjfj pcr hk jrtçmukc : fhk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E² 440-<4<4-V\, pulknmjfc hk :4/4</<4<4.

1. M\CECA\JGJ TJ\J
TJ\J KJ T\H]HEVJMNÝE FH KJ TKJENKKJ HKHMV\ÝENMJ
HKHMV\ÝEN MJ󰀠*󰀮
TH\NCFC IHM@J FH YHEMNGNHEVC ]HAÒE HK ÒKVNGC FÇANVC FHK \XM
V\NLXVJ\NC 4 : < = 6 8 9 1 0 >
:6 :1 :0 :0 :> :> <4 <4 <: <:
Heh-<4
Ihl Ihl Ihl Ihl Ihl Ihl Ihl Ihl Ihl Ihl
:= 4< 4= 4= 49 49 41 41 40 40
Ihl-<4
Gjr Buk Buk Buk Buk Buk Buk Buk Buk Buk
:4 := :6 :6 :8 :8 :9 :9 :1 :1
Gjr-<4
Buk Buk Buk Buk Buk Buk Buk Buk Buk Buk
48 49 41 41 :4 :4 :: :: :< :<
Jlr-<4
Jac Jac Jac Jac Jac Jac Jac Jac Jac Jac
:6 :1 :0 :0 :> :> <4 <4 <: <:
Gjy-<4
Jac Jac Jac Jac Jac Jac Jac Jac Jac Jac
4= 46 41 41 40 40 4> 4> :4 :4
Bue-<4
]ht ]ht ]ht ]ht ]ht ]ht ]ht ]ht ]ht ]ht
:6 :8 :9 :9 :1 :1 :0 :0 <: <:
Buk-<4
]ht ]ht ]ht ]ht ]ht ]ht ]ht ]ht ]ht ]ht
48 49 41 41 :< :< := := :6 :6
Jac-<4
Cmt Cmt Cmt Cmt Cmt Cmt Cmt Cmt Cmt Cmt
:8 :9 :> :> <4 <4 <: <: << <<
]ht-<4
Cmt Cmt Cmt Cmt Cmt Cmt Cmt Cmt Cmt Cmt
:= :9 :1 :1 :0 :0 :> :> <4 <4
Cmt-<4
Ecv Ecv Ecv Ecv Ecv Ecv Ecv Ecv Ecv Ecv
:8 :9 :1 :1 :0 :0 <: <: << <<
Ecv-<4
Fnm Fnm Fnm Fnm Fnm Fnm Fnm Fnm Fnm Fnm
 Fnm-<4 :8 :0 :> :> <4 <4 <: <: << <<
Heh Heh Heh Heh Heh Heh Heh Heh Heh Heh
Mrcecarjgj fh vhemngnhetcs jprcljfc pcr \hsckumnýe fh ]uphrnethefhemnj E´ <9>-<4:>/]XEJV,
<9>-<4:>/]XEJV, gcfninmjfc pcr \hsckumnýe fh
]uphrnethefhemnj E² 4>>-<4<4/]XEJ
4>>-<4<4/]XEJV. V. Kcs vhemngnhetc mcrrhspcefnheths j kcs ghshs fh ihlrhrc y gjrzc iuhrce gcfninmjfcs pcr
kj \hsckumnýe fh ]uphrnethefhemnj E² 49>-<4<4/]XEJ
49>-<4<4/]XEJV. V.
(*) Vjglnîe jpknmjlkh pjrj kjs clknajmncehs trnlutjrnjs fh vhemngnhetc ghesujk muyj rhmjufjmnýe hihmtòj kj ]uejt.

<:9  N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

NEFNMJFC\H] KJLC\JKH]

0. M\CECA\JGJ TJ\J
TJ\J KJ T\H]HEVJMNÝE
T\H]HEVJMNÝE FH KJ TKJENKKJ HKHMV\ÝENMJ 󰀠LXHEC] MCEV\NLX^HEVH],
MCEV\NLX^HEVH],
JIH ^ XH]T󰀮
TH\NCFC FÇANVC] TH\NCFC FÇANVC]
V\NLXVJ\NC 4, :, <, =, 6, 8, 9, 1, 0 y > V\NLXVJ\NC 4, :, <, =, 6, 8, 9, 1, 0 y >

Hehrc <6/4</<4<4 Buknc <</4>/<4<4

Ihlrhrc 4>/41/<4<4 Jacstc :8/:4/<4<4
Gjrzc <4/41/<4<4 ]htnhglrh <=/:4/<4<4
Jlrnk :=/40/<4<4 Cmtulrh <=/::/<4<4
Gjyc <6/40/<4<4 Ecvnhglrh <=/:</<4<4
Buenc ::/4>/<4<4 Fnmnhglrh <8/4:/<4<:

Mrcecarjgj fh vhemngnhetcs jprcljfc pcr \hsckumnýe fh ]uphrnethefhemnj E´ <9>-<4:>/]XEJ

<9>-<4:>/]XEJVV , gcfn󿬊mjfc pcr \hsckumnýe fh ]uphrnethefhemnj
E² 4>>-<4<4/]XEJV.
JIH 7 JINKNJFC] J KJ HGN]NÝE FH IJMVX\J] HKHMV\ÝENMJ] (J\V. 9 fh kj \.]. E´ :00-<4:4/]XEJV).
XH]T 7 XENFJFH] HBHMXVC\J] FHK ]HMVC\ TÒLKNMC EJMNCE
EJMNCEJK.
JK.

>. JT\HMNJMNÝE FH KC] MCEMHTVC]

MCEMHTVC] \HGXEH\JVNYC]
\HGXEH\JVNYC] ^ EC \HGXEH\JVNYC]
\HGXEH\JVNYC]
V\NLXVC] ^ JTC\VJMNCEH] ZXH A\JYJE KJ] \HGXEH\JMNCEH] TC\ ]H\YNMNC]
] H\YNMNC] TH\]CEJKH]

JTC\VJMNCEH] \HVHEMNCEH] \HJKNRJFJ]

MCEMHTVC FHK HGTKHJFC\ JK V\JLJBJFC\

Hs]jkuf ]MV\(:) ]ET ]TT \hetj 8ª

:. \hguehrjmncehs lêsnmjs     
<. \hguehrjmncehs vjrnjlkhs (mcgnsncehs)     
=. \hguehrjmncehs ngprhmnsjs (`crjs hxtrjs)     
6. \hguehrjmnýe pcr trjljbc he fçjs ihrnjfcs     
8. \hguehrjmnýe vjmjmncejk     
    ] 9. Mcgphesjmnýe vjmjmncejk     
    H
    E 1. \îmcrf truemc vjmjmncejk     
    C
    N
    M 0. Trhgncs pcr vhetjs     
    J
    \ >. \hguehrjmncehs fh kcs scmncs fh mccphrjtnvjs       
    H
    E :4. \hguehrjmncehs fhvheajfjs     
    X
    G ::. Jknghetjmnýe he fnehrc     
    H
    \ :<. \hguehrjmnýe he hsphmnh     
:=. Trhstjmncehs jknghetjrnjs fh sugnenstrc
sugnenstrc fnrhmtc     
:6. Trhstjmncehs jknghetjrnjs fh sugnenstrc
sugnenstrc nefnrhmtc     
:8. Nemrhghetc :4.<= % JIT   -  
-
:9.
:1. Nemrhghetc
Nemrhghetc ==.=%%
JIT
]ET 
 
   
  

    ]
    H
    E
    C
    N :. Arjtn󿬊mjmncehs khajkhs pcr Inhstjs Ejvnfjf(<)
Inhstjs Tjtrnjs y Ejvnfjf     
    M     
    J <. Arjtn󿬊mjmncehs truemjs
    M
    N
    I =. Ctrjs arjtn󿬊mjmncehs rhaukjrhs     
    N
    V 6. Arjtn󿬊mjmncehs hxtrjcrfnejrnjs      
    J
    \
    A

:. Jsnaejmnýe ijgnknjr     
    ]
    H <. Jsnaejmnýe c lcen󿬊mjmnýe pcr hfumjmnýe      
    E
    C
    N =. Jsnaejmnýe prcvnsncejk pcr fhspnfc eukc      
    M
    J 6. Jsnaejmncehs ctcrajfjs
ctcrajfjs pcr fhthrgnejfjs mcetneahemnjs
mcetneahemnjs (ijkkhmngnhetc fh ijgnknjr,
ijgnknjr,       
    E mugpkhjúcs, gjtrngcenc u ctrjs)
    A
    N
    ] 8. Ctrjs jsnaejmncehs pjmtjfjs pcr fhthrgnejfjs ihstnvnfjfhs      
    J
9. Ctrjs jsnaejmncehs ctcrajfjs he icrgj rhaukjr     
     ]
    H
    E :. Lcen󿬊mjmnýe pcr trhnetj júcs fh shrvnmncs(=)     
    C
    N
    M
<. Lcen󿬊mjmncehs pcr rnhsac fh mjbj     
    J =. Lcen󿬊mjmncehs pcr prcfumtnvnfjf,
prcfumtnvnfjf, jkturj,
jkturj, turec u ctrcs
ctrcs mcemhptcs
mcemhptcs     
    M
    N
    I
    N 6. Lcen󿬊mjmnýe pcr mnhrrh fh pknhac mckhmtnvc     
    E
    C 8. Ctrjs lcen󿬊mjmncehs ctcrajfjs rhaukjrghe
rhaukjrgheth th     
    L

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   <:1
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

JTC\VJMNCEH] \HVHEMNCEH] \HJKNRJFJ]

MCEMHTVC FHK HGTKHJFC\ JK V\JLJBJFC\
Hs]jkuf ]MV\(:) ]ET ]TT \hetj 8ª
    ]
    H
    E
    C
    N
    M :. Nefhgenzjmnýe vjmjmncejk       
    J
    R
    N <. Nefhgenzjmnýe pcr fhspnfc jrlntrjrnc u `cstnknfjf     
    E
    G =. Nefhgenzjmnýe pcr rhthemnýe nefhlnfj fh MV]     
    H
    F
    E
    N

:. MV]     
<. ]ulsnfncs     (6)     (8)
=. Ajstcs fh rhprhsh
rhprhshetjmnýe
etjmnýe (gcvnknfjf,
(gcvnknfjf, vhstujrnc,
vhstujrnc, vnêtnmcs
vnêtnmcs y sngnkjrhs) fh knlrh fnspc-      
enlnknfjf
6. Jknghetjmnýe hetrhajfj mcgc mcefnmnýe fh trjljbc     
8. ]ugjs c lnhehs
lnhehs quh ec sce
sce fh knlrh fnspcsnmnýe      
9. Tjrtnmnpjmnýe he kjs utnknfjfhs       
    ]
    C 1. \hmjrac jk mcesugc      
    \
    V 0. Knmhemnj mce acmh fh `jlhr     
    C
>. Knmhemnj sne acmh fh `jlhr      
:4. Mcefnmncehs fh trjljbc     
::. Mjejstj pcr Ejvnfjf
Ejvnfjf c sngnkjrhs        
:<. Gcvnknfjf rjzcejlkh y suphfntjfj j kj jsnsthemnj jk mhetrc fh trjljbc fhk trjljbjfcr      
:=. Gcvnknfjf fh knlrh
knlrh fnspcenlnknfjf
fnspcenlnknfjf     
:6. Lnhehs fh kj prcpnj
prcpnj hgprhsj ctcrajfcs
ctcrajfcs pjrj hk mcesugc fhk trjljbjfcr
trjljbjfcr       
:8. Nemhetnvc pcr mhsh fhk trjljbjfcr
trjljbjfcr      

(:) Hk hgpkhjfcr
hgpkhjfcr hstê clknajfc j rhjknzjr
rhjknzjr hk jpcrth jk ]haurc Mcgpkhghetjrnc
Mcgpkhghetjrnc fh Vrjlj
Vrjljbc
bc fh \nhsac (]MV\) sn su hgprh-
sj rhjknzj jmtnvnfjfhs rnhsacsjs.
(<) Crnanejkgheth, kjs arjtn󿬊mjmncehs khajkhs
khajkhs (jsç mcgc sus mcemhptcs
mcemhptcs truemcs) pcr
pcr mcetjr mce mjknfjf rhguehrjtnvj sh
hemcetrjlje jihmtjs j jpcrtjmncehs, mcetrnlumncehs y rhthemncehs. Ec clstjeth, fh jmuhrfc mce hk jrtçmukc
jr tçmukc : fh kj Khy
E´ =4==6, sh `j hstjlkhmnfc kj nejihmtjmnýe fh hsth mcemhptc j mcetrnlumncehs, jpcrtjmncehs y fhsmuhetcs fh tcfj
çefckh, hxmhptc jquhkkcs ctrcs fhsmuhetcs hstjlkhmnfcs pcr khy c jutcrnzjfcs pcr hk trjljbjfcr.
(=) Hk hgpkhjfcr hstjlj clknajfc j hetrhajr uej lcen󿬊mjmnýe pcr trhnetj júcs fh shrvnmncs `jstj hk <0/41/:>>8, fh jmuhr-
fc mce kc hstjlkhmnfc pcr kj thrmhrj fnspcsnmnýe mcgpkhghetjrnj, trjesntcrnj, fhrcajtcrnj y 󿬊ejk fh kj Khy E´ <98:=.
 (6)
(8) Fh
Fh mceicrgnfjf
mceicrg nfjf
nfjf mce
mceicrgnfjf
mceicrg mcekc
kchstjlkhmnfc
hstjlkhmnfcpcr
pcrkjhk\hsckumnýe
jrtçmukc :0fh ]uphrnethefhemnj
fhk VXC fh kj Khy fhkE´Ngpuhstc
4=<-<4:8/]XEJV (=4/4:/<4:8).
j kj \hetj (Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc
]uprhgc
E´ 486->>-HI), ecrgj gcfn󿬊mjfj pcr hk jrtçmukc 1 fhk Fhmrhtc Khanskjtnvc E´ >14 (<6/:</<449).

() Jihmtc  () Nejihmtc

<:0  N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

]CKXMNCEH]

KJLC\JKH]
]N]VHGJ NEVHA\JK FH NEIC\GJMNÝE TJ\J BHIH] FH \HMX\]C]
@XGJEC], J]H]C\H] KHAJKH], JFGNEN]V\JFC\H] ^ AH\HEVH]

T\ÊMVNMJ
KJLC\JK
XEJ TXLKNMJMNÝE FHK A\XTC
 

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]2

T\ÊMVNMJ KJLC\JK

\hnenmnc fh kjlcrhs2 fhmkjrjmnýe burjfj pjrj

trjljbjfcrhs
trjljbjfcr hs mcesnfhrjfcs fhetrc
fhk arupc fh rnhsac
Hqunpc fh nevhstnajmnýe fh ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

He hk gjrmc fhk jrtçmukc 0.= fhk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 40=-<4<4-TMG, hk Gnensthrnc fh Vrjljbc y Trcgc-
mnýe fhk Hgpkhc jprclý, ghfnjeth \hsckumnýe Gnensthrnjk E´ 4>>-<4<4-V\, ue icrgjtc fh fhmkjrjmnýe
 burjfj
 burjfj pjr
pjrjj quh
quh kc
kcss trjl
trjljbj
jbjfcr
fcrhs
hs mce
mcesn
snfhr
fhrjfc
jfcss he
he hk
hk arup
arupc
c fh
fh rnh
rnhsac
sac pjr
pjrjj mcet
mcetrjh
rjhrr MCYN
MCYNF-:
F-:>
> puhf
puhfje
je
shújkjr su vckuetjf fh mcemurrnr j trjljbjr c prhstjr shrvnmncs he kjs jmtnvnfjfhs jutcrnzjfjs. Mjlh sh-
újkjr quh fnm`j fhmkjrjmnýe burjfj sh scghth j kjs icrgjknfjfhs y prcmhfngnhetc hstjlkhmnfcs he kj
rhihrnfj rhsckumnýe gnensthrnjk, jsç mcgc jk fhlhr fh mceshrvjmnýe quh tnheh hk hgpkhjfcr fh prhshrvjr
uej mcpnj fh hsth fcmughetc pcr ghfncs içsnmcs, fnantjkhs c vnrtujkhs j ine fh hxpcehrkj jeth mujkqunhr
prcmhsc fh insmjknzjmnýe fh pjrth fh kjs jutcrnfjfhs mcgphtheths.

NEV\CFXMMNÝE Fh jmuhrfc jk eughrjk 0.= fhk jrtçmukc

Kj \hsckumnýe Gnensthrnjk E² <=>-<4<4-]J,
gcfninmjfj pcr \hsckumnýe Gnensthrnjk E² <98-
<4<4-GNE]J y \hsckumnýe Gnensthrnjk E² <0=-
<4<4-GNE]J, mcesnfhrj fhetrc fhk arupc fh
rnhsac j jquhkkcs trjljbjfcrhs quh prhshethe
jkauecs fh kcs snaunheths ijmtcrhs2
ijm tcrhs2
  Hfjf gjycr fh 98 júcs.
  @nphrthesnýe jrthrnjk ec mcetrckjfj.
  Heihrghfjfhs mjrfncvjsmukjrhs arjvhs.
  Mêemhr.
  Fnjlhths ghkkntus.
  Jsgj gcfhrjfj c arjvh.
  Heihrghfjf pukgcejr mrýenmj.
  Nesuinmnhemnj
Nesuinmnhem nj rhejk mrýenmj he trjtj-
jrtçm ukc 0 fhk
Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E² 40=-<4<4-]J, pjrj kjs
phrscejs quh kjlcrhe y sh hemuhetrhe he
hk arupc fh rnhsac, sh tnheh quh prncrnzjr su
prhstjmnýe fh shrvnmncs ljbc kj gcfjknfjf
fh trjljbc rhgctc. Ec clstjeth, prhmnsj kj
ecrgj,
trjljbjr he mjsc fh
c prhstjr quh fhshhe
shrvnmncs mcemurrnr j
he kjs jmtnvnfjfhs
jutcrnzjfjs, puhfhe susmrnlnr uej fhmkjrj-
mnýe burjfj fh jsuemnýe fh rhspcesjlnknfjf
vckuetjrnj, mceicrgh j kjs fnspcsnmncehs quh
hgntj hk Gnensthrnc fh Vrjljbc y Trcgcmnýe
fhk Hgpkhc, he mccrfnejmnýe mce hk Gnens-
thrnc fh ]jkuf.
He tjk shetnfc, pcr nethrghfnc fh kj \hscku-
mnýe Gnensthrnjk E´ 4>>-<4<4-V\, sh jprclý
kj ‛Fhmkjrjmnýe Burjfj‗ pjrj quh hk phrsc-
ejk quh sh hemuhetrh fhetrc fhk arupc fh
 gnhetc mce `hgcfnêknsns. rnhsac puhfjjgjenihstjr
fnr j kjlcrjr sus mhetrcssufh
vckuetjf
trjljbc.fh jmu-
  Heihrgh fjf c trjtj gnhetc
neguecsuprhscr. J mcetneujmnýe, prhshetjgcs hk gcfhkc fhk
  Clhsnfjf mce NGM fh 64 j gês. rhihrnfc icrgjtc.

KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419

]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   <<:
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

IC\GJVC FH FHMKJ\JMNÝE BX\JFJ

IC\GJVC
(Ljsh khajk2 Jrtçmukc 0.= fhk Fhmrhtc ]uprhgc E´ 40=-<4<4-TMG)

Ghfnjeth hk prhsheth fcmughetc, yc, SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (nefnmjr ecglrhs

 y jphkknfcs mcgpkhtcs), nfhetninmjfc mce Fcmughetc Ejmncejk fh Nfhetnfjf E´ SSSSSSSSSSSSS, fc-
gnmnknc heSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS , thkîicec inbc SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS mhkukjrSSSSSSSSSSS, mcrrhc
hkhmtrýenmc SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS fhmkjrc kc snaunheth2

:. ]cy trjljbjfcr fh kj hgprhsj SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (nefnmjr rjzýe scmnjk

fh kj hgprhsj), nfhetninmjfj mce \hanstrc Òenmc fh Mcetrnluyheth E´SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS,
he kj quh jmtujkgheth cmupc hk mjrac/puhstc fhSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS, rhjknzjefc
kjs snaunheths iuemncehs2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.

<. Hstcy hethrjfc/j y theac

theac pkhec
pkhec mcecmngnhetc
mcecmngnhetc quh icrgc pjrth netharjeth
netharjeth fhk arupc
arupc mce ijmtc-
rhs fh rnhsac pjrj MCYNF-:> mceicrgh j kc hstjlkhmnfc he kjs ecrgjs sjentjrnjs hgntnfjs pcr kj
Jutcrnfjf Ejmncejk ]jentjrnj.

=. Muhetc mce hk mhrtninmjfc fh jptntuf

jptntuf fh
fh gn hstjfc fh
fh sjkuf vjknfjfc pcr hk/kj gîfnmc rhspcesj-
lkh fh kj vnankjemnj fh kj sjkuf fh kcs/js trjljbjfcrhs/js c qunhe `jaj sus vhmhs he hk mhetrc fh
kjlcrhs fh kj hgprhsj c hetnfjf, hk quh fhbj hxprhsj mcestjemnj quh gh hemuhetrc JTVC JTVC pjrj
kj prhstjmnýe fh kjlcrhs prhshemnjk j ijvcr fh kj hgprhsj.

6. Jsngnsgc, hk hgpkhjfcr
hgpkhjfcr y/c hk gîfnmc
gîfnmc rhspcesjlkh
rhspcesjlkh fh kj vnankjemnj
vnankjemnj fh
fh kj sjkuf fh
fh kcs trjljbj-
fcrhs c qunhe `jaj sus vhmhs gh `j neicrgjfc quh kj rhjknzjmnýe fh kjlcrhs prhshemnjk quh gh
jsnaehe ec nemrhghetj gn hxpcsnmnýe j rnhsac.

8. Yckuetjrnjgheth
Yckuetjrnjgheth fhshc mcemurrnr j trjljbjr j gn mhetrc fh kjlcrhs.

9. Gn hgpkhjfcr
hgpkhjfcr gh `j neicrgjfc
neicrgjfc sclrh
sclrh kj nfhetninmjmnýe fhk phknarc,
phknarc, kj vjkcrjmnýe
vjkcrjmnýe fhk rnhsac y kj
jpknmjmnýe fh bhrjrquçj fh mcetrckhs sclrh gn puhstc fh trjljbc jeth hk rnhsac fh mcetjanc pcr
MCYNF-:>.

1. Gn hgpkhjfcr
hgpkhjfcr gh `j neicrgjfc
neicrgjfc y rhgntnfc neicrgjmnýe sclrh kjs
kjs ghfnfjs
ghfnfjs prhvhetnvjs
prhvhetnvjs quh sh
`je tcgjfc he hk mhetrc fh trjljbc y he gn puhstc.
 <<<  N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]

IC\GJVC] KJLC\JKH]

0. Gn hgpkhjfcr gh `j neicrgjfc fh kcs snaecs y sçetcgjs mjrjmthrçstnmcs fhk ]J\Y McY<-MC-

McY<-MC-
YkF:> shújkjfcs
mnýe y mcetrck hesjkuf
fh kj hk JEHPC
fh kcs<trjljbjfcrhs
fhk Fcmughetc
mceVîmenmc
Vrnhsac
îmenmcfh
‛Knhxpcsnmnýe
‛Knehjgnhetcs
ehjgnhetcsj pjrj vnankjemnj,
MCYNF:>‗ prhvhe-
mcethen
mcethenfc
fc he
kj \hsckumnýe Gnensthrnjk E´ <=>-<4<4-GNE]J quh j kj ihm`j fhk rhtcrec jk trjljbc ec prhshetc.

>. Gn hgpkhjfcr
hgpkhjfcr gh `j neicrgjfc
neicrgjfc quh mugpkh kj Khy E´ <>10=, Khy fh ]haurnfjf
]haurnfjf y ]jkuf he hk Vrj-
ljbc y gcfninmjtcrnjs? su \hakjghetc y gcfninmjtcrnjs? kjs fnspcsnmncehs khajkhs hgntnfjs pjrj kj
vnankjemnj, prhvhemnýe
prhvhemnýe y mcetrck fhk MCYNF:>, shaòe kj \hsckumnýe Gnensthrnjk E´ <=>-<4<4-GNE-
]J y gcfninmjtcrnjs? y kjs fhgês ecrgjs sjentjrnjs quh hgntj kj Jutcrnfjf Ejmncejk ]jentjrnj.
]jentjrnj.

:4. Gn hgpkhjfcr gh `j neicrgjfc

neicrgjfc quh ajrjetnzj
ajrjetnzj kj hetrhaj,
hetrhaj, mjpjmntjmnýe
mjpjmntjmnýe sclrh su usc jfhmujfc,
jfhmujfc,
mceshrvjmnýe y hkngnejmnýe fh kcs hqunpcs fh prcthmmnýe phrscejk rhquhrnfcs pjrj gn mjrac/
puhstc fh trjljbc.

  Inrgjfc he kj mnufjf fh SSSSSSSSS, hk fçj SSSS fhk ghs fh SSSSS fh <4<4.

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
 Ecglrh mcgpkhtc y inrgj fhk trjljbjfcr
 KJLC\JKH] | E² :84 • BXENC <4<4 • N]]E :>>9󰀧=419
]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]   <<=
 

]CKXMNCEH]
KJLC\JKH]

Hk rhprhshetjeth khajk fh kj hgprhsj y hk gîfnmc rhspcesjlkh fh kj

vnankjemnj fh kj sjkuf c qunhe `jaj sus vhmhs he hk mhetrc fh kjlcrhs
fh kj hgprhsj inrgje kj prhsheth fhmkjrjmnýe
fhmkjrjmnýe burjfj he shújk fh mce-
icrgnfjf y vhrjmnfjf fh kj neicrgjmnýe fhmkjrjfj pcr hk trjljbjfcr.

 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
Ecglrh mcgpkhtc y inrgj fhk rhprhshetjeth khajk

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

 Ecglrh mcgpkhtc, inrgj

qunhe `jaj susy shkkc
vhmhsfhk
quhgîfnmc rhspcesjlkh c
jutcrnzj
<<6  N]]E :>>9󰀧=419 • BXENC <4<4 • E² :84 | ]CKXMNCEH] KJLC\JKH]
 

Kj pulknmjmnýe hsphmnjknzjfj
he hk êglntc kjlcrjk pjrj ue
mcethxtc ecrgjtnvc fneêgnmc
]ckumncehs Kjlcrjkhs lrnefj ue snsthgj netharjk fh
neicrgjmnýe kjlcrjk pjrj jlcajfcs, bhihs fh rhmurscs
`ugjecs, jfgnenstrjfcrhs y ahrheths. J trjvîs fh su
rhvnstj, fh phrncfnmnfjf ghesujk, fhsjrrckkj fh gjehrj
hsphmnjknzjfj y êank ue mcebuetc fh jeêknsns, sçethsns y
mrçtnmjs fh kj rhaukjmnýe fh kjs fnstnetjs nestntumncehs
kjlcrjkhs y fh shaurnfjf scmnjk fh euhstrc pjçs, shje
fhk ]hmtcr Trnvjfc c Tòlknmc.
Kj neicrgjmnýe khajk sh mcgpkhghetj mce hstufncs
sclrh kcs gês rhmnheths mrnthrncs burnsprufhemnjkhs y
jfgnenstrjtnvcs, phrgntnhefc j kcs khmtcrhs thehr ue

mcecmngnhetc prhmnsc fhmceicrgh

﬊aurjs khajkhs kjlcrjkhs, kcs jkmjemhs
j kjfh kjs fnstnetjs
nethrprhtjmnýe
fh kcs buhmhs y trnluejkhs jfgnenstrjtnvcs.