-Gnçblsls tcÿrlod-

prçotlod kc jìtdkds
y tìonlogs kc bds
prdocsds kc
odnstruoolÿn kcb
MDUJLIDN

C_[SKLGN[C6 XLOD OCKC×D OÌ_GU

GBCFGNKUD

KDOCN[C6 GUW. XGEBD IGUOÊG

JG[CULG6 ODN_[USOOLßN PL
 

lntrdkuooldn

Snd kc bds jgtcrlgbcs jçs usgkds

cn bg odnstruoolÿn cs cb
mdrj
md rjli
liÿn
ÿn.. Cstc
Cstc sc prcs
prcscn
cnt
tg cn
ung irgn vg
vgrlck
rlckgk,
gk, kcp
kcpcnkl
cnklcnk
cnkd
d
kc bds rcqucrljlcntds kc bg
cstruoturg cn prdycoolÿn. Kcntrd
kc cstg vgrlckgk sc cnoucntrg cb

mdrjliÿn sujcrilkd.
 

g÷gklcnkd  plckrgs jçs

Cb mdrjliÿn olobÿpcd sc rcgblzg g÷gklcnkd plckrgs
d jcnd
jcnds
s irgn
irgnkc
kcs
s   k cb
cb bu ig
igr, g jcklk g quc sc
vg   mdrjlidngnkd   pgrg
pgrg codnd
codndjlz
jlzgr
gr jgtcr
jgtcrlgb
lgb11 sc vgn
vgn
bbcn
bbcngn
gnkd
kd bds
bds lntcr
lntcrst
stlo
lold
lds
s cntr
cntrc
c bgs rdog
rdogs
s mgst
mgstg
g
odnsciulr mdjdicnclzgr cb odnfuntd.

Bg tìon
tìonlog
log kcb mdrjli
mdrjliÿn
ÿn olobÿpcd odnslstc cn bgnzgr
bgs plckrgs kcskc cb puntd jçs gbtd kc bg zgnfg sderc
cb mdrjliÿn
cb mdrjliÿn cn jgsg,
jgsg , quc sc kcpdsltgrç cn cb oljlcntd.
 

´Wuì cs cb Mdrjliÿn4

Cb md
mdrj
rjli
liÿn
ÿn cs un jg
jgtc
tcrl
rlgb
gb od
odjp
jpuc
ucst
std
d
cjp
jpb
bcgk
gkdd cn odns
nst
tru
ruo
oolÿn,
lÿn, `d
`drj
rjg
gkd
cscnolgbjcntc pdr un gibdjcrgntc (cn bg
jgydrêg kc bgs dogsldncs ocjcntd) gb quc
sc g÷gkc pgrtêoubgs
pgrtêoubgs d `rgijc
`rgijcntds
ntds kc un
gircigkd (çrlkds, odjd irgvg, irgvlbbg y

grc
rcng
ng)) gi
giug
ug (mlk
(mlkrg
rgt
tgo
gollÿn) y gklt
gkltlv
lvd
ds
cspcoê`lods.

Bg sdbg jczobg kc ocjcntd odn grcng y

giug (sln bg pgrtlolpgolÿn kc un gircigkd)
sc kcndjlng jdrtcrd.
 

Gkcjçs, cb mdrjliÿn puckc bbcvgr gbiön tl

mdrjliÿn tlp
pd kc gkl
kltl
tlv
vd pgrg jcfdrgr sus ogrgot
ogrgotcrêstl
crêstlogs
ogs kcpcnklcnkd kcb usd

quc sc bc vgyg g kgr g bg jczobg.

Ougntg jçs pcquc÷g scg bg irgvg, jçs `lnd scrç cb mdrjliÿn. Cstc mdr
mdrjli
jliÿn
ÿn `ln
`lnd
d sc puckc utlblzgr, pdr cfcjpbd,
pgrg sucbds kc mdrjliÿn publkd.

_l utlblzgjds un çrlkd
lkd jçs irgn
rgnkc detcnkrcjds un prdkuotd jçs tdsod, odjd cb utlblzgkd pgrg oljcntgoldncs y
plbgrcs.

Gunquc, odjd vcrcjds g odntl

odntlnugolÿ
nugolÿn,
n, cb mdrjli
mdrjliÿn
ÿn cs utlbl
utlblzgkd
zgkd pgrg odnstrulr odsgs kc ougbq
ougbqulcr
ulcr `drjg, tlcnc
ung cspcolgb rcbcvgnolg pdr su usd cn oljcntgolÿn.
 

cs bg `golb
`golblkg
lkgk
k odn
odn bg oug
ougb
b puck
puckcn
cn jc
jczo
zobg
bgrsc
rsc bds
bds
lnircklcntcs
lnircklcntcs y bg jczobg
jczobg rcsub
rcsubtgntc
tgntc puckc jgncfgrsc,
jgncfgrsc,
trg
trgnsp
nspdrt
drtgrs
grsc
c y odb
odbdog
dogrsc
rsc odn pdo
pdog
g pìr
pìrklk
klkg
g kc bg

[rgegfgelblkgk mdjdicnclkgk.

Xdr bd icncrgb sc
kctcrjlng pdr bg
rcsl
rcslst
stcno
cnolg
lg `lngb
`lngb kc ung Cb odnorctd kcec scr
prde
prdect
ctg
g cn od
odjp
jprc
rcsl
slÿn
ÿn.. ogpgz kc rcslstlr   bg

Od
Odjd
jd cb odno
odnorc
rctd
td suc
sucbc
bc lntcj pc
pcrlc, goolÿn kc
Xrdplckgkcs
gujcntgr su rcslst
rcslstcnolg
cnolg cn Ucslstcnolg Kurgelblkgk p rd
rdk u
uo
ottd
ds qu êj
êj lo
lo d
ds
s y
un pcrêdkd bgrid, bg
kcb M
kc
kcsi
sigs
gstc
tcs,
s, g bd
bds
s ougb
ougbcs
cs
rcslstcnolg g bg odjprcslÿn cs
st
tgr ç s dj
dj ct
ctl k
kd
d cn cb
g bds 5= kêgs cs bg jcklkg scrvlold.
jçs odjön kc cstg
prdplckgk.

Cs ung ljpdr
ljpdrtgntc
tgntc prdplckgk
prdplckgk kcb
odnorc
odnorctd
td quc puck
puckc
c jcf
jcfdrg
drgrsc
rsc,,
Ljpcrjcgelblkgk
odn
odn `rco
`rcouc
ucnol
nolg,
g, rcku
rckuol
olcnk
cnkd
d bg
ogntlkgk kc giug cn bg jczobg.
 

´Wuì cs cb Mdrjliÿn Grjgkd4

Odnslstc cn bg utlblzgolÿn kc mdrjliÿn rc`drzgkd odn

egrrgs
egrrgs d jgbbgs
jgbbgs kc gocrd,
gocrd, bbgjgkg
bbgjgkgss grjgkurg
grjgkurgs.
s. Cb
mdrjliÿn grjgkd cs kc gjpbld usd cn bg odnstruoolÿn
slcnkd utlblzgkd
utlblzgkd cn ckl`l
ckl`lolds
olds kc tdkd tlpd, ogjlnds,
pucn
pucntc
tcs,
s, prcs
prcsgs
gs,, tö
tönc
ncbc
bcs,
s, derg
dergs
s lnku
lnkust
strl
rlgb
gbcs
cs y
tgjelìn cn dergs jgrêtljgs.

•   Bg utlb
utlblz
lzgo
golÿ
lÿn
n kc go
gocr
crd
d oujp
oujpbc
bc bg jl
jlsl
slÿn
ÿn kc
trgnsjltlr bds cs`ucrzds kc trgoolÿn g bds quc cstç
sdjctlkg bg cstruoturg.
•   Cb
Cb mdrjliÿn tlc nc
nc ir g
gn
n rcs lls
stcnolg g bg
odjprcslÿn
odjprcslÿn pcrd su rcsls
rcslstcnolg
tcnolg g trgool
trgoolÿn
ÿn odrt
odrtgntc
gntc
cs pcquc÷g.
 

Gspcotds
Gspcotds tconlo
tconlods
ds kcb mdrjli
mdrjliÿn
ÿn grjgkd
grjgkd
Jgtcrlgb prdkuolkd odn
jgtcrlgb kc ogntcrg.

Cb odntrdb kc ogblkgk sc kcec mgocr

cn derg. Kcpcnkc kc bg ogblkgk kcb
jgtcrl
jgtcrlgb
gb y kc bg mge
mgelbl
lblkgk
kgk kc bds
dpcrgkdrcs quc rcgblzgn bg derg. _c
rcqulcrcn
rcqulcrcn cnsgyd
cnsgydss ndrjgbl
ndrjgblzgk
zgkds
ds
pgrg pdkcr ocrtl`logr
ocrtl`logr bg ogblkgk kc
cstc jgtcrlgb.

_c `gerlog cn derg.

Cb rc su
subtg kd
kd cs ung
ung
odnstruo
odnstruoolÿn
olÿn jgol
jgolzg.
zg. Bg
sljubgo
sljubgolÿn
lÿn kc bg googoolÿn
lÿn
cstruoturgb cs lnolcrtg.
 

Nd m gy
gy b lj
lj lt
ltgo ld
ld nc
nc s cn
ougntd g bggss `drj gs gs y
tgj g÷
g÷ ds
ds
detcncr. q uc
uc sc pu ck
ck cn
cn

Sng `gbb g kc
cst
cstge
gelb
lblk
lkgk
gk puck
puckc
c
bbcvgr gb odbgpsd.

Bg odn
odnkuo
kuotgtg kc tcntcnsl
slÿn
ÿn
cs kc
kc`l
`lol
olcn
cntc
tc.. _c kc kcec
ec
mgoc
mgocr
r rc`u
rc`ucr
crzd
zds
s pgr
grgg
jcfdrgrbg.
 

CBGEDUGOLßN KC MDUJLIßN GUJGKD KC IUGN OGBLKGK

OGBL KGK

Xgrg bdirgr un mdrjliÿn grjgkd pcr`cotgjcntc cbgedrgkd, cs ncocsgrld odndocr y gpblogr bds
prdocsds odnstruotlvds odrrcotds.

Cb mdrjliÿn grjgkd pcrjltc mgocr cstruoturgs

cstruoturgs juy rcslstcntcs
rcslstcntcs y jdbkcgr
jdbkcgrbd
bd g ougbqu
ougbqulcr
lcr `drjg, pdscc ung gbtg
gbtg
kurgelblkgk y vlkg ötlb, gkcjçs kc scr codnÿjlogjcntc juy odjpctltlvd. _ln cjegrid, pgrg bdirgr quc ìstc pdscg
tdkgs sus ogrgotcrêstlogs, cs ncocsgrld quc bds cnogrigkds kc su cbgedrgolÿn tcnign cn oucntg ogkg ung kc
bgs sliulcntcs cspcol`logoldncs kc gpblogoldncs kc goucrkd g su usd6

Ucouerljlcntd gocrd kc rc`ucrzd

Cb cspgold jênljd blerc cntrc bg vgrlbbg jlordgbcgkg y cb

cnod`rgkd kcec scr6

➥   5,3 g ?,3 oj pgrg vligs y odbujngs.

➥   ?,3 oj pgrg bdsgs.
bdsgs.
➥   3,8 oj pgrg
pgrg pblntds kc oljcntgolÿn
oljcntgolÿn
 

Plergr cb mdrjliÿn Ourgkd kc mdrjliÿn

Odn cb vlergkd kcb mdrjliÿn sc odnsliuc mdrjliÿn

Bg rc go
goolÿn quêjlog kc b giug odn cb ocjcntd
kc jcfdr ogblkgk, pdrquc sc prdkuoc un jdvljlcntd
kcsgrrdbbg
kcsgrrdbbg bg rcslst
rcslstcnolg
cnolg kcb mdrjliÿn. Xgrg detcncr
dsol
dsolbg
bgtd
tdrl
rld
d kc bd
bds
s jgtc
jgtcrl
rlgb
gbcs
cs od
odjp
jpdn
dncn
cntc
tcs
s
bg jçxljg
jçxljg rcs
rcslst
lstcno
cnolg
lg kcb mdr
mdrjli
jliÿn
ÿn ìst
ìstc
c kce
kcecrç
crç scr
godjdkçnkdbds jcfdr y cxpubsgnkd bgs eureufgs
ourgkd kurgntc 5= kêgs.
kc glrc kc bg jczobg.
 

SNLßN @UÊG MDUJLIßN @UGISGKD \ GKMCUCNOLG MDUJLIßN 

BCOMGKG KC OCJCN[D @UC_OD) PGULBBG JLOUDGBCGKG

Cs ung jczobg kc giug y Cstg unlÿn sc kg ougnkd sc qulcrc Cb odr r

ru
uig k
kd
d kc bg vgrlbb g
ocjc
ocjcnt
ntd
d quc
quc sc utlb
utlblz
lzg
g gujcntgr kljcnsldncs kc jlordgbcgkg tlcnc ung lnoblngolÿn
pg
pgrg
rg scbbgr
scbbgr bds bui
buigrcs
grcs cstr
cstruo
uotu
turg
rgs
s kc mdrj
mdrjli
liÿn
ÿn11 pgr
grg
g kc 03 irgkd
irgkds
s od
odn
n rcs
rcspc
pcot
otd
d gb
kdnkc sc odbdog cb cst
cst d cs nc
nco
ocsgr
csgrld
ld prcp
rcpgr
grgr
gr bg cfc bdniltuklngb, bd ougb pcrjltc
mdrjliÿn, cn ogsd kc quc supcr`l
supcr`lolc
olc quc sc unc, utlblz
utlblzgnk
gnkd
d
jgydr gkmcrcnolg.
cb mdrjliÿ
mdrjliÿn
n sc odb
odbdquc
dquc bds gkltlvds gprdplgkds.
klrcotd sderc bg tlcrrg.
 

odnobusldncs

Bg jczo
jczobg
bg kc odno
odnorc
rctd
td cs un prdk
prdkuo
uotd
td kcbl
kcblo
ogk
gkd
d quc
quc ncoc
ncocsl
slt
tg kc oulk
oulkgk
gkds
ds
cspcolg
cspcolgbcs
bcs y olro
olrounst
unstgnolg
gnolgs
s lkcg
lkcgbcs
bcs kc jgncf
jgncfd
d y odb
odbdogo
dogolÿn
lÿn pg
pgrg
rg odj
odjpdrt
pdrtgrsc
grsc kc
goucrkd g bd cspcrgkd.