B@B G

AEHZK\ O@Z@R

@. Aehskp
Aehskp O`s
O`s`r
`r \khy`
\khy`agt
agt
0. Okighgsg
Jnrehg
Jnrehgjj Agohky
Agohky Ogsk`sk
Ogsk`sk (JAO)
(JAO) `o`d`n
`o`d`n akf`f`
akf`f`d`h
d`h iuhfsg
iuhfsg fghm`d
fghm`d
o`d`c
o`d`c ckcpkr
ckcpkrt`n
t`n`ha
`ha`h
`h ckt`be
ckt`bedgsc
dgsckk o`h akskgc
akskgcb`h
b`hf`h
f`h j`gr`h
j`gr`h skrt`
skrt`
kdkatredgt `agb`t okstruasg struatur fghm`d y`hf prefrksgi okhf`h c`hgikst`sg
pkhucpua`h sgs` ckt`bedgt (teasga urkcga) og o`d`c o`r`n y`hf tkrm`og
skd`c` bkrt`nuh-t`nuh (Cutt`qgh o`h Z`rg, 2<0?).
Jnrehg
Jnrehgjj Agohky
Agohky Ogsk`s
Ogsk`skk (JAO) ckrup`a`h
ckrup`a`h akc`cpu`h<
akc`cpu`h<tubun
tubun
f`f`d uhtua;ckc
uhtua;ckcpkrt`n
pkrt`n`ha`h
`ha`h<ckt`b
<ckt`bedgsck
edgsck o`h akskgcb`hf
akskgcb`hf`h`j`gr`
`h`j`gr`h
h

ogc`h` f`hffu`h iuhfsg rkh`d y`hf prefrksgi o`h grrkvkrsgbdk kdkatredgt

sknghff` tkrm`og urkcg` (aehogsg fghm`d aktga` tgo`a d`fg bgs` ckhy`rghf
okhf`h b`ga) (Zckdtzkr & B`rk, 2<0;).
Jnrehgj Agohky Ogsk`sk (JAO) ckrup`a`h akf`f`d`h iuhfsg fghm`d
(uhgt hkireh) y`hf bkrd`hfsuhf
bkrd`hfsuhf pkrd`n
pkrd`n`h-d`n
`h-d`n`h,
`h, a`rkh`
a`rkh` pkhykb`b
pkhykb`b y`hf
bkrd`hfsuhf d`c` o`h ckhkt`p, y`hf ckhf`agb`ta`h pkhucpua`h sgs`
ckt`be
ckt`bedgj
dgj (teasg
(teasga
a urkcga
urkcga)) sknghf
sknghff`d
f`d fghm`d
fghm`d tgo`a
tgo`a c`cpu
c`cpu ckckhu
ckckhung
ng
akbutun`h skrt` ckhgcbuda`h s`agt (@spg`hg, 2<0;).
Bkro`s`ra`h
Bkro`s`ra`h pkhfkrtg`h og`t`s o`p`t ogsgcpuda`h
ogsgcpuda`h b`w`n pkhy`agt

Jnrehgj Agohky Ogsk`sk (JAO)

(JAO) ckrup`
ckrup`a`h
a`h su`t`
su`t` ak`o``
ak`o``h
h adghgs
adghgs y`hf
y`hf
ogt`ho`g okhf`h ckhuruhy` iuhfsg fghm`d y`hf tkrm`og ckhgc`d skd`c`
auruh w`atu : bud`h og `agb`ta`h edkn akd`gh`h iuhfsg fghm`d gtu skhogrg.

2. Ktgedefg
Aeho
Aehogs
gsgg adgh
adghgs
gs y`hf
y`hf ckcu
ckcuhf
hfag
agha
ha`h
`h o`
o`p`
p`tt ckhf
ckhf`a
`agb
gb`t
`ta`
a`h
h
tkrm`oghy` Jnrehgj Agohky Ogsk`sk (JAO) bgs` ogskb`ba`h edkn.
`. \khy
\khy`a
`agt
gt fghm
fghm`d
`d sk
skpk
pkrt
rtgg
0) \khy`agt
\khy`agt p`o`
p`o` s`rghf`h
s`rghf`h (fdeckrudus
(fdeckrudus)=
)= fdeckrud
fdeckrudehkirg
ehkirgtgs
tgs

2) Ghikasg
Ghikasg p`o`
p`o` auc`h
auc`h = pykdehkpnr
pykdehkpnrgtgs,
gtgs, urktkrgtgs.
urktkrgtgs.

0
 :) B`tu
B`tu p`o`
p`o` fghm
fghm`d
`d = hkire
hkiredgt
dgtg`sg
g`sgs.
s.
?) Agst`
Agst` og fghm
fghm`d
`d = pe
pedjy
djyyst
ystgs
gs agohk
agohky.
y.
;) _r`uc
_r`uc`` d`hfs
d`hfsuhf
uhf og fghm`d
fghm`d..

9) Akf`
Akf`h`
h`s`h
s`h og fghm
fghm`d
`d..
6) Zucb`t`h
Zucb`t`h og fghm`d
fghm`d skpkrtg
skpkrtg b`tu,
b`tu, tucer,
tucer, pkhykcpgt
pkhykcpgt`h
`h `t`u struatur
struatur..
b. \khy`agt ogdu`r fghm`d
0) \khy`agt
\khy`agt sgstkcga
sgstkcga og`ht`r`h
og`ht`r`hy`fud`
y`fud` o`r`n
o`r`n tghffg,
tghffg, aedkstred
aedkstred tghffg
tghffg
2) Oysd
Oysdgp
gpgo
gokc
kcg`
g`..
:) ZDK
?) Ghikasg
Ghikasg ogb`o`h
ogb`o`h = _BJ p`ru, sgigdgtgs,
sgigdgtgs, c`d
c`d`rg`,
`rg`, nkp`tgtgs
nkp`tgtgs
;) \rk
rkkkad`csg
9) Eb`t
Eb`t-e
-eb
b`t`h
`t`h

6) Akngd`
Akngd`hf`
hf`h h b`hy`a
b`hy`a j`gr`h
j`gr`h y`hf ckho`o
ckho`o`a
`a (dua` b`a`r)
b`a`r) (Cutt`qg
(Cutt`qgh
h
o`h Z`rg, 2<0?).

:. Ad`sgiga`sg
Zt`o
Zt`ogu
guc
c Jnre
Jnrehg
hgjj Ag
Agoh
ohky
ky Og
Ogsk
sk`s
`skk (JAO
(JAO)) og
ogad
ad`s
`sgi
giga
ga`s
`sga
ga`h
`h
bkro`s`ra`h hgd`g DIF (D`mu igdt`sg Fdeckrudus).

_`bkd 0.0 ad`sgiga`sg Jnrehgj Agohky Ogsk`sk (JAO) bkro`s`ra`h DIF

(_`hte, 2<0?)

Zt`oguc Oksargpsg DIF

FG Herc`d `t`u tghffg ≯7<
F2 \khuruh`h rghf`h 9<->7
F: ` \khuruh`h rghf`h-sko`hf ?;-;7
F:b \khuruh`h sko`hf-bkr`t :<-??
F? \khuruh`h bkr`t 0;-27
F; F`f`d fghm`d 40;

Zko`hfa`h ckhurut @hor` o`h Wkssgk (2<0:), Jnrehgj Agohky

Ogsk`sk (JAO) ogb`f`g ckhm`og : st`oguc=
`. Zt`ogu
Zt`oguc
c 0 = \khuruh`
\khuruh`h
h j`o`hf`h
j`o`hf`h fghm`
fghm`d,
d, p`o` st`ogu
st`oguc
c a`o`r ark`tg
ark`tghgh
hgh

skruc herc`d o`h pkhokrgt` `sgcptec`tga.

 b. Zt`oguc 2 = Ghsuigsgkhsg fghm`d, ogc`h` dkbgn o`rg 6;% m`rghf`h tkd`n
ruas`a, Bdeeo [rk` Hgrefkh (B[H) ckhghfa`t, o`h ark`tghgh skruc
ckhghfa`t.

j. Zt`ogu
Zt`oguc
c : = F`f`d
F`f`d fghm`d
fghm`d st`og
st`oguc
uc `angr
`angr `t`u
`t`u urkcg`
urkcg`

?. _`ho` o`
o`h Fk
Fkm`d`
C`hgikst`sg adghgs ckhurut Vgddg`cs o`h Vgdaghs (2<0<) `o`d`n
skb`f`g bkrgaut=
`. F`hf
F`hffu
fu`h
`h A`ro
A`roge
gev`
v`sa
saud
udkr
kr
Ng
Ngpk
pkrt
rtkh
khsg
sg,, pgtt
pgttgh
ghf
f kokc
kokc`` (a
(a`a
`ag,
g, t`
t`hf
hf`h
`h,, o`
o`h
h s`
s`jr
jruc
uc),
), ko
kokc
kc``
pkrgerbgt`d, fkska`h pkrgj`roguc, pkcbks`r`h vkh`-vkh` ogdknkr,
pkrgj`rogtgs, t`cpeh`ok, pkrgj`roguc, nypkra`dkcg`, nypkrdgpgokcg`.

b. F`hffu`h \udcehkr
H`i`s o`hfa`d, aussc`ud, b`tua okhf`h sputuc akht`d o`h dkhfakt,
su`r`` rehjng
su`r rehjng b`s`n
b`s`n a`s`r
a`s`r (arkak
(arkakds),
ds), pkhuru
pkhuruh`h
h`h rkidka
rkidka b`tua,
b`tua, hykrg
hykrg
pdkur`, sks`a h`p`s, t`aphk`, phkucehgtgs urkcga.
j. F`hf
F`hffu
fu`h
`h F`str
F`streg
eght
htkst
kstgh
gh`d
`d..
_krm`o
_krm`ogg f`hffu
f`hffu`h
`h cu`d
cu`d cuht`n
cuht`n,, pkhfkj
pkhfkj`p`
`p`h
h r`s` def`c,
def`c, jkfua`
jkfua`h,
h,
aehstgp`sg, `t`u og`rk.o`h h`i`s bkrb`u `ccehg`
o. F`hf
F`hffu
fu`h
`h Cusju
Cusjude
desa
sakd
kdkt
kt`d
`d
Rkstdkss dkf syhoreck (pkf`d p`o` a`aghy` sknghff` skd`du ogfkr`a`h)

burhghf ikkt syhoreck (r`s` akskcut`h o`h tkrb`a`r, tkrut`c`

ogtkd`p`a a`ag), trkcer, cgep`tg (akdkc`n`h o`h ngpkrtrepg etet-etet
kastrkcgt`s) estkeogstreig fghm`d.
k. F`hf
F`hffu
fu`h
`h Ght
Ghtkf
kfuc
uckh
kh
Audgt bkrw`rh` puj`t `agb`t
`agb`t `hkcg`
`hkcg` o`h akauhghf-auhg
akauhghf-auhghf`h
hf`h `agb`t
pkhgcbuh`h urearec, f`t`d-f`t`d `agb`t teasga, auau tgpgs o`h r`pun,
audgt akrghf o`h cuo`n tkrakdup`s, prurgtus bkr`t, kagcesgs, purpur`,
r`cput a`s`r o`h tgpgs.
i. F`hf
F`hff`
f`uh
uh Khoe
Khoear
argh
gh
 F`hffu
F`hffu`h
`h skasu`
skasu`d=
d= dgbgoe
dgbgoe ikrtgdgt
ikrtgdgt`s
`s o`h krkasg
krkasg ckhuru
ckhuruh,
h, f`hffu
f`hffu`h
`h
ckhstru`sg o`h `cgherk`, `treig tkstgs, aktgo`asubur`h.
f. F`hff`uh
F`hff`uh J`gr`h
J`gr`h Kdkatre
Kdkatredgt
dgt o`h Akskgcb`hf`
Akskgcb`hf`h
h @s`c o`h B`s`
B`s`

_krm`og akngd`hf`h
_krm`og akngd`hf`h h`trguc
h`trguc skrt` okngor`sg,
okngor`sg, `sgoesgs,
`sgoesgs, nypkra`dkc
nypkra`dkcg`,
g`,
ngpec`fhkskcg`, ngpea`dskcg`. o`p`t muf` tkrm`og rktkhsg f`r`c o`h
`gr.
n. Zyst
Zystkc
kc Nkc
Nkc`t
`ted
edef
efgg
@hkc
@hkcg`
g` y`
y`hf
hf tkrm`
tkrm`og
og a`
a`rk
rkh`
h` bk
bkra
raur
ur`h
`hfh
fhy`
y` pr
preo
eoua
uasg
sg kr
krgt
gtep
epek
ektgh
tgh,,
sknghff` r`hfs`hf`h krgtgpeksgs p`o` suc-suc
s uc-suc tud`hf o`p`t bkraur`hf,
nkcedysgs y`hf ogskb`ba`h bkraur`hfhy` c`s` ngoup krgtresgt o`d`c
su`s`h` urkcg` teasgt, o`p`t muf` tkrm`og f`hffu`h iuhfsg tnrecbesgs
o`h trecbesgtepkhg`.

;. Aecpdga`sg
Ogtkcua`h aecpdga`sg Jnrehgj Agohky Ogsk`sk ckhurut \r`bewe
o`h Ka`, (2<0?)
`. \k
\khy
hy`a
`agt
gt _ud`
_ud`hf
hf
\khu
\khuru
ruh`
h`h
h a`
a`o`
o`rr a`
a`dg
dguc
uc (Ngp
(Ngpea
ea`d
`dskc
skcg`)
g`) skj`r`
skj`r` d`
d`hf
hfsu
suhf
hf `a
`a`h
`h
ckhf`agb`ta`h oka`dsgiga`sg c`trgas p`o` tud`hf, sknghff` tud`hf `a`h
ckhm
ckhm`o
`ogg r`
r`pu
pun
n (Est
(Estke
kepe
pere
resg
sgs)
s) o`
o`h
h mga`
mga` bk
bkrd
rd`h
`hfs
fsuh
uhf
f d`
d`c`
c` `a
`a`h
`h
ckhykb`ba`h ir`atur p`tnedefgs p`o` tud`hf.

b. \khy`agt A`rogev`saudkr
Fghm`d
Fghm`d skb`f`
skb`f`gg jehtre
jehtredd sgraud`
sgraud`sg
sg sgstkcg
sgstkcga
a `a`h
`a`h bkro`c
bkro`cp`a
p`a skj`r`
skj`r`
sgstkcg
sgstkcga
a bkrup`
bkrup` ngpkrt
ngpkrtkhsg
khsg,, akd`gh
akd`gh`h
`h dgpgo,
dgpgo, ghtedk
ghtedkr`h
r`hsg
sg fduaes
fduaes`,
`, o`h
akd`gh`h nkceogh`cga (Zkrghf tkrm`og ngpkrtreig vkhtrgakd agrg).
j. @hkcg`
Zkd`gh bkriuhfsg o`d`c sgraud`sg, fghm`d muf` bkriuhfsg o`d`c r`hfa`g`h
nerceh`d (Khoeargh). Zkarksg krgtrepektgh y`hf ckhf`d`cg okiksgkhsg
og fghm`d `a`h ckhf`agb`ta`h pkhuruh`h nkcefdebgh o`d`c tubun.
 o. Og
Ogsi
siuh
uhfs
fsgg Zkas
Zkasu`
u`dd
Okhf`h f`hffu`h sgraud`sg p`o` fghm`d, tkrm`og gcpetkhsg p`o` prg`
c`a` dgbgoe skrghf ckhf`d`cg pkhuruh`h, tkrm`og ngpkrpred`atghkcg` og

w`hgt`.

9. \kck
\kckrg
rgas
as``
``h
h Og`f
Og`fhe
hest
stga
ga
Ckhurut @spg`hg (2<0;) b`nw` pkckrgas``h ogd`aua`h p`o` p`sgkh
Jnrehgj Agohky Ogsk`sk
`. D`b
D`ber
er`t
`ter
ergu
guc
c
\kckrgas``h d`ber`terguc \`o` Jnrehgj Agohky Ogsk`sk okhf`h
f`hffu`h y`hf skrgus o`p`t ogd`aua`h, skpkrtg nkc`tejrgt, a`o`r urk`
hgtrefkh o`d`c o`r`n B[H, skruc o`h aehskhtr`sg ark`tghgh urgh, skrt`

urgh`d a`o`r skruc seoguc/h`trguc o`h pet`ssguc/a`dguc, \N, a`o`r

skruc pnespner, a`o`r Nb.
\`o`` st`oguc
\`o st`oguc y`hf
y`hf jkp`t
jkp`t p`o`
p`o` ghsuig
ghsuigsgkh
sgkhsg
sg f`f`d,
f`f`d, `f`r
`f`r o`p`t
o`p`t
ckdgn`
ckdgn`tt akd`gh
akd`gh`h
`h iuhfsg
iuhfsg fghm`d
fghm`d `h`dgs
`h`dgs`` urgh
urgh o`p`t
o`p`t ckhuhm
ckhuhmua`
ua`h
h o`h
skb`f`g ghoga`ter. @h`dgs` urghk rutgh o`p`t ckhuhmua`h a`o`r pretkgh,
fdua
fduaes
es`,
`, RBJ/
RBJ/kr
krgt
gtre
resg
sgt,
t, o`h
o`h VBJs
VBJs/d
/dku
kuae
aesg
sgtt sk
skrt
rt`` pk
pkhu
huru
ruh`
h`h
h
esced`rgt`s
esced`rgt`s urghk, skd`c` 2? m`c r`t`-r`t`
r`t`-r`t` urghk b`t`s ark`tghgh,
ark`tghgh, o`p`t
tkrm`og eutput urghk y`hf bkraur`hf o`h urghk ckhuruh p`o` f`f`d
fghm`d y`hf prefksgi.

Ckcehgter a`o`r B[H o`h a`o`r ark`tghgh s`hf`t pkhtghf uhtua

p`sgkh JAO. Hgd`g herc`d bdeeo urk` hgtrefkh o`h ark`tghgh skagt`r
2<=0.
b. \kckrgas```h R`ogedefg
[htua ckhfkt`nug iuhfsg fghm`d `o` pkckrgas``h r`ogedefg=
0) Id`t \d`t
\d`t R`ogefr`in
R`ogefr`iny
y y`gtu uhtua
uhtua ckhfkt`
ckhfkt`nug
nug bkhtua,
bkhtua, umaur`h
umaur`h o`h
o`h
a`d`sgi
a`d`sgiga`
ga`sg
sg fghm`d
fghm`d.. p`o`
p`o` pkckrga
pkckrgas``h
s``h I\R fghm`d
fghm`d `a`h
`a`h tkrdgn
tkrdgn`t
`t
ckhfkjgd, o`h muf` bgs` ogskb`ba`h akrkh` `o`hy` presks ghikasg.
 2) Jecput
Jecputkr
kr _ecef
_ecefr`p
r`py
y (J_)
(J_) ckrup`
ckrup`a`h
a`h Zj`h ogfuh`a
ogfuh`a`h
`h `f`r bgs`
tkrdgn`t struatur `h`tecg fghm`d skj`r` mkd`s, bgs` ckhffuh`a`h`
ckc`a`g aehtr`s o`h bgs` ogfuh`a`h t`hp` aehtr`s.

:) Ghtkrv
Ghtkrvkhe
khetus
tus \ykdefr`
\ykdefr`pny
pny (GY\)
(GY\) W`gtu
W`gtu uhtua
uhtua ckhfkt`n
ckhfkt`nug
ug ak`o``
ak`o``h
h
fghm
fghm`d
`d o`
o`hh ckhf
ckhfkv
kv`d
`du`
u`sg
sg iuiuhf
hfsg
sg fg
fghm
hm`d
`d ok
okhf
hf`h
`h ckhf
ckhffufuh`
h`a`
a`h
h
aeht
aehtr`
r`s.
s. \`
\`o`
o` a`su
a`suss fghm
fghm`d
`d y`
y`hf
hf og
ogsk
skb`
b`ba
ba`h
`h ed
edkn
kn tr`u
tr`uc`
c`,,
pkcbko`n`h, `h ecedg` aehfkt`d, akd`gh`h irest`t, a`daudg fghm`d,
`b
`bsks
sks/b
/b`t
`tu
u fghm
fghm`d
`d,, sk
skrt`
rt` eb
ebst
stru
ruas
asgg s`
s`du
dur`
r`h
h ak
akhj
hjgh
ghf
f GY\
GY\ bg
bgs`
s`
ogfuh`a`h.
?) @erter
@erterkh`
kh`dd @hfgef
@hfgefr`p
r`pny
ny W`gtu uhtua
uhtua ckh
ckhfkt
fkt`nu
`nugg systkc
systkc `rtkrg,
`rtkrg,
vkh` o`h a`pgdkr p`o` fghm`d
fghm`d okhf`h
okhf`h ckc`a`g aehtr`s. p`o` a`sus
rkh`d `rtkrg stkhesgs, `hkurgsc` fghm`d, `rtkrevkheus igstud`, skrt`

f`hffu`h bkhtua v`saudkr bgs` ckhffuh`a`h @@.

;) C`fhktgj
C`fhktgj Rkseh`hjk
Rkseh`hjk Gc`fgh
Gc`fghf f (CRG) @o`d`n
@o`d`n y`hf og skbkba`h
skbkba`h edkn
edkn
a`sus ebstruasg urepn`tg, `jutk rkh`d i`gdurk, presks ghikasg p`o`
f`f`d
`f`d fgh
fghm`d
m`d sk
skrt
rt`` pe
pest
st tr`h
tr`hsp
spd`
d`ht
ht`s
`sgg fgh
ghm`
m`dd uht
htu
ua o`
o`p
p`t
ckhfkv
ckhfkv`du
`du`sg
`sg.. . Bgepsg
Bgepsg Fghm`d
Fghm`d Bgep`s
Bgep`sgg Fghm`d
Fghm`d ogd`au
ogd`aua`h
a`h [htua
[htua
ckhfkt`nug akd`gh`h fghm`d okhf`h ckhf`cbgd m`rghf`h fghm`d d`du
og`h`dgs`. Bg`s`hy` bgepsg ogd`aua`h p`o` a`sus fdeckrudushkirgtgs,
hkiret
hkiretga
ga sghore
sghore,, pkhy`a
pkhy`agt
gt fghm`d
fghm`d b`w``h
b`w``h,, @IR o`h pkrkhj
pkrkhj`h`
`h``h
`h
tr`hspd`ht`sg fghm`d.

j. Bge
Bgeps
psgg Fgh
Fghm`d
m`d
Bgep`s
Bge p`sgg Fghm`d
Fghm`d ogd`au
ogd`aua`h
a`h [htua
[htua ckhfkt
ckhfkt`nu
`nugg akd`gh
akd`gh`h
`h fghm`d
fghm`d
okhf`h
okhf`h ckhf`c
ckhf`cbgd
bgd m`rghf`
m`rghf`h
h fghm`d
fghm`d d`d
d`du
u og`h`d
og`h`dgs`
gs`.. Bg`s`h
Bg`s`hy`
y` bgepsg
bgepsg
ogd`aua`h
ogd`aua`h p`o` a`sus fdeckrudu
fdeckrudushkirgtg
shkirgtgs,
s, hkiretga
hkiretga sghore,
sghore, pkhy`agt
pkhy`agt
fghm`d b`w``h, @IR o`h pkrkhj`h``h tr`hspd`ht`sg fghm`d.

6. \kh`
\kh`t`
t`d`
d`as
as`h
`h``
``h
h Cko
Ckogs
gs
Ckhuru
Ckhurutt Cutt`q
Cutt`qgh
gh o`h s`rg (2<0?)
(2<0?) pkh`t`
pkh`t`ad`
ad`s``h
s``h y`hf
y`hf cuhjud
cuhjud
og`ht`r`hy`
`. Og`dysgs
Og`dysgs o`p`t ogd`aua`h uhtua ckhjkf`n aecpdga`sg f`f`d fghm`d y`hf
skrgus,
skrgus, skpkrt
skpkrtgg nypkra
nypkra`dk
`dkcg`
cg` (Mucd`n
(Mucd`n a`dguc
a`dguc o`d`c
o`d`c o`r`n
o`r`n s`hf`t
s`hf`t

tghffg),
tghffg), pkrgj`r
pkrgj`rogt
ogtgs
gs (Grgt`sg
(Grgt`sg o`h pkr`o`
pkr`o`hf`
hf`h
h p`o`
p`o` d`pgs`
d`pgs`h
h tgpgs
tgpgs y`hf
y`hf
ckd`pg
ckd `pgsg
sg m`htuh
m`htuhf),
f), o`h akm`hf
akm`hf.. Og`dys
Og`dysgs
gs ckcpkr
ckcpkrb`g
b`gag
ag `boerc
`boerc`dg
`dgt`s
t`s
bgeagcg`1 ckhykb`ba`h`j`gr`h, pretkgh, o`h h`trguc o`p`t ogaehsucsg
sk
skj`
j`r`
r` bkb`
bkb`s1
s1 ckhf
ckhfng
ngd`
d`hf
hfa`
a`h
h ak
akjk
jkho
horu
ruhf
hf`h
`h pk
pkho
ho`r
`r`n
`n`h
`h11 o`
o`h
h
ckcb`htu pkhykcbun`h dua`
b. Aerkasg Nypkra`dkcg`.
Ckhfkh
Ckhfkho`d
o`dga`
ga`h
h a`dguc
a`dguc o`r`n
o`r`n s`hf`t
s`hf`t pkhtgh
pkhtghf
f a`rkh`
a`rkh` nypkra
nypkra`dkc
`dkcg`
g`
o`p`t ckhgcbuda`h akc`tg`h ckho`o`a. N`d y`hf pkrt`c` y`hf n`rus
ogghf`
ogghf`tt `o`d`n
`o`d`n m`hf`h
m`hf`h ckhgcb
ckhgcbuda
uda`h
`h nypkra
nypkra`dk
`dkcg`.
cg`. Zkd`gh
Zkd`gh okhf`h
okhf`h

pkckrgas``h o`r`n, nypkra`dkcg` muf` o`p`t ogog`fhesgs okhf`h KKF

o`
o`h
h KAF.
KAF. Bgd`
Bgd` tkrm
tkrm`o
`ogg ny
nypk
pkra
ra`d
`dkc
kcg`
g`,, c`a`
c`a` pkpkhf
hfeb
eb`t
`t`h
`hy`
y` y`
y`hf
hf
ogd`au
ogd`aua`h
a`h y`gtu
y`gtu okhf`h
okhf`h ckhfur
ckhfur`hf
`hfgg ght`ak
ght`ak a`dguc
a`dguc,, pkcbkr
pkcbkrg`h
g`h H`
Bga`rbeh`t, o`h pkcbkrg`h Ghius Fduaes`.
j. Aerk
Aerkas
asgg @hkc
@hkcg`
g`
[s`n`` pkrt`c
[s`n pkrt`c`` n`rus
n`rus ogtuhm
ogtuhmua`
ua`h
h uhtua
uhtua ckhf`t
ckhf`t`sg
`sg i`ater
i`ater ogigsg
ogigsgkhsg
khsg,,
akcuog`h ckhj`rg `p`a`n `o` pkro`r`n`h y`hf cuhfagh o`p`t og`t`sg.
\khfkho`dg`h f`f`d fghm`d p`o` akskdurun`h o`p`t ckhghffga`h hgd`g
Nb ogo`d`c
ogo`d`c tubun.
tubun. _r`hsiu
_r`hsiusg
sg o`r`n
o`r`n n`hy`
n`hy` o`p`t
o`p`t ogbkrga
ogbkrga`h
`h bgd`
bgd` `o`

ghoga`sg y`hf au`t, cgs`dhy` `o` ghsuigsgkhsg jerehkr

o. Aerk
Aerkas
asgg @sgo
@sgoes
esgs
gs
\kcbkrg`h `s`c ckd`dug c`a`h`h o`h eb`t-eb`t`h n`rus ogngho`rg.
H`trguc bga`rbeh`t o`p`t ogbkrga`h pkrer`d `t`u p`rkhtkr`d. \`o`
pkrcud``h 0<< cKq h`trguc bga`rbeh`t ogbkrg ght`r`vkh` pkrd`n`h-
d`n`h
d`n`h,, mga`
mga` ogpk
ogpkrd
rdua
ua`h
`h o`
o`p`
p`tt og
ogud
ud`h
`hf.
f. Nkce
Nkceog
og`d
`dys
ysgs
gs o`
o`h
h og
og`d
`dys
ysgs
gs
pkrgtehk`d o`p`t muf` ckhf`t`sg `sgoesgs
k. \khf
\khfkh
kho`
o`dg
dg`h
`h Ngp
Ngpkr
krtk
tkhs
hsg.
g.
\kcbkrg`h eb`t bkt` bdeakr, `dp` cktgdoep`, o`h v`seogd`ter ogd`aua`h.
Ckhfur`hfg ght`ak f`r`c o`d`c ckhfkho`dga`h ngpkrtkhsg n`rus n`tg-

n`tg a`rkh` tgo`a skcu` f`f`d fghm`d ogskrt`g rktkhsg h`trguc.

i. _r
_r`h
`hsp
spd`
d`ht
ht`s
`sgg Fgh
Fghm`
m`d.
d.
Okhf`h ckhj`hfaea`h fghm`d y`hf skn`t ak p`sgkh Jnrehgj Agohky
Ogsk`sk, c`a` skdurun i``d fghm`d ogf`htg edkn fghm`d y`hf b`ru.
 B@B GG
VKB EI J@[Z@_GEH (VEJ)
@. Vkb Ei J`us`tgeh

B. \`te
\`teig
igsg
sged
edef
efgg
\`
\`te
teig
igsg
sged
edef
efgs
gs Jnre
Jnrehg
hgjj Ag
Agoh
ohky
ky Ogsk
Ogsk`s
`skk og
ogcu
cud`
d`gg p`
p`o`
o` i`
i`sk
sk `w`d
`w`d
f`hffu`h, akskgcb`hf`h j`gr`h iuhfsg fghm`d turuh aur`hf o`rg 2;% herc`d,
pkh`hf`h`h f`r`c, pkhgcbuh`h z`t z`t sgs` c`sgn bkrv`rg`sg o`h bkrf`htuhf
p`o` b`fg`h fghm`d y`hf s`agt. Z`cp`g, c`hgsikst`sg akdghgs Jnrehgj Agohky
Ogsk`sk cuhfagh cghgc`d a`rkh` hkireh-hkireh sgs` y`hf skn`t ckhf`cbgd
`dgn
`dgn iu
iuhf
hfsg
sg hk
hkire
ireh
h y`
y`hf
hf ru
ruas
as`a
`a.. Hkire
Hkireh
h y`
y`hf
hf tkrsg
tkrsgs`
s` `a
`a`h
`h ckhf
ckhf`d
`d`c
`cgg
pkhghfa`t`h akjkp`t`h igdtr`sg, rk`bserpsg, o`h skarksghy`, skrt` ckhf`d`cg
tkrm`oghy` ngpkrtrepg.
Zkgrghf okhf`h c`agh b`hy`ahy` hkireh y`hf c`tg, c`a` hkireh y`hf
tkrsgs` ckhfn`o`pg tuf`s y`hf skc`agh bkr`t sknghff` hkireh-hkireh tkrskbut
gaut ruas`a o`h `angrhy` c`tg. O`rg sgadus akc`tg`h ghg skb`fg`h t`cp`ahy`
bkra`gt`h okhf`h tuhtut`h p`o` hkireh-hkireh y`hf c`sgn `o` uhtua o`p`t
 ckhghf
ckhghfa`t
a`ta`h
a`h rk`bser
rk`bserpsg
psg pretkg
pretkgh.
h. \`o`
\`o` s``t pkhyus
pkhyusut`
ut`h
h prefrk
prefrksgi
sgi hkireh
hkireh--
hkireh
hkireh,, tkrm`o
tkrm`ogg pkcbkh
pkcbkhtua
tua`h
`h m`rghf`
m`rghf`h
h p`rut
p`rut o`h `dgr`h
`dgr`h o`r`n
o`r`n fghm`d
fghm`d `a`h
`a`h
bkraur`hf. \kdkp`s`h rkhgh `a`h ckhghfa`t bkrs`c` okhf`h akdkbgn`h bkb`h
j`gr`h sknghff` o`p`t ckhykb`ba`h ngpkrtkhsg. Ngpkrtkhsg `a`h ckcburua
aehogsg f`f`d fghm`d, okhf`h tumu`h `f`r tkrm`og pkhghfa`t`h igdtr`sg pretkgh-
pretkgh pd`sc`. Aehogsg `a`h bkrt`cb`n burua okhf`h skc`agh b`hy`a
tkrbkh
tkrbkhtua
tua m`rghf
m`rghf`h
`h p`rut
p`rut skb`f`g
skb`f`g rkspeh
rkspeh o`rg
o`rg akrus`
akrus`a`h
a`h hkireh
hkireh o`h skj`r`
skj`r`
prefrksgi iuhfsg fghm`d ckhuruh or`stgs okhf`h c`hgsikst`sg pkhucpua`h
ckt`bedga-c
ckt`bedga-ckt`be
kt`bedga
dga y`hf skn`rushy`
skn`rushy` ogakdu`ra`h
ogakdu`ra`h o`rg sgraud`sg
sgraud`sg sknghff`
sknghff`
`a`h tkrm`og sghorec urkcg` bkr`t y`hf ckcbkrga`h b`hy`a c`hgikst`sg p`o`
sktg`p erf`h tubun.
O`cp`a
O`cp`a o`rg
o`rg Jnrehg
Jnrehgjj Agohky
Agohky Ogsk`sk
Ogsk`sk (JAO)
(JAO) ckcbkr
ckcbkrga`
ga`h
h bkrb`f
bkrb`f`g
`g
c`s`d`n akpkr`w`t`h. (Cutt`qgh o`h Z`rg, 2<0?)

0<

B@B GGG
\REZKZ AK\KR@V@_@H

@. \khf
\khfa`
a`mg
mg`h
`h
0. Bgeo`t`
D`ag
D`ag-d`
-d`ag
ag ckcg
ckcgdga
dgagg rksga
rksgae
e dkbg
dkbgn
n tghf
tghffg
fg o`
o`rg
rg p`
p`o`
o` pk
pkrk
rkcp
cpu`
u`h,
h, a`
a`rkh
rkh``
akbg`s``h pkakrm``h o`h ped` ngoup y`hf skn`t. rksgae dkbgn tghffg tkra`gt

okhf`h pkakrm``h o`h ped` ngoup skn`t.

2. Akdu
Akdun
n`h [t`c
[t`c``
Akdun`h s`hf`t bkrv`rg`sg, tkrdkbgn mga` tkro`p`t pkhy`agt skauhokr y`hf
ckhykrt`g. Akdun`h bgs` bkrup` urghk eutput y`hf ckhuruh, s`cp`g p`o`
tgo`a o`p`t ckcpreouasg urghk, pkhuruh`h aks`o`r`h a`rkh` aecpdga`sg
p`o` systkc sgraud`sg-vkhtgd`sg, `herkasg`, cu`d o`h cuht`n, akrghf`t
oghfgh, akdkd`n`h, h`p`s bkrb`u urk`, o`h prurgtus (r`s` f`t`d), aehogsg ghg
 ogpgju edkn a`rkh` pkhucpua`h (`aucud`sg) z`t sgs` ckt`bedgsck/teasgh
o`d`c tubun a`rkh` fghm`d ckhf`d`cg akf`f`d`h igdtr`sg.

:. Rg
Rgw`
w`y`
y`tt \khy`
\khy`ag
agtt Zka`r
Zka`r`h
`hf
f
\`o` adgkh okhf`h Jnrehgj Agohky Ogsk`sk bg`s`hy` tkrm`og pkhuruh`h
mucd`n urghk, pkhuruh`h aks`o`r`h, pkrub`n`h ped` h`p`s a`rkh`
aecpdga`sg o`rg f`hffu`h systkc vkhtgd`sg, akdkd`n`h, pkrub`n`h igsgedefgs
audgt,
audgt, b`u urk`
urk` p`o`
p`o` h`p`s,
h`p`s, skd`gh
skd`gh gtu,
gtu, a`rkh`
a`rkh` bkro`c
bkro`cp`a
p`a p`o`
p`o` presks
presks
ckt`be
ckt`bedgsc
dgsck,
k, c`a`
c`a` `a`h
`a`h tkrm`o
tkrm`ogg `herka
`herkasg`,
sg`, cu`d
cu`d o`h cuht`n
cuht`n sknghf
sknghff`
f`
bkrksgae uhtua tkrm`oghy` f`hffu`h hutrgsg.
hutrgsg.
?. Rg
Rgw`
w`y`
y`tt \khy
\khy`a
`agt
gt O`n
O`nud
udu
u
Jnrehgj Agohky Ogsk`sk (JAO) ogcud`g o`rg f`f`d fghm`d `aut okhf`h

bkrb`f`g pkhykb`b. Edkn a`rkh` gtu, ghierc`sg pkhy`agt tkro`nudu `a`h

ckhkf`
ckh kf`sa`
sa`h
h uhtua
uhtua pkhkf`
pkhkf`a`h
a`h c`s`d`n
c`s`d`n.. A`mg
A`mg rgw`y`
rgw`y`tt pkhy`a
pkhy`agt
gt Ghikas
Ghikasgg
Z`dur`h Akcgn, p`y`n m`htuhf, pkhffuh`h eb`t bkrdkbgn`h anusushy` eb`t
y`hf
y`hf bkrsgi`
bkrsgi`tt hkiret
hkireteas
easga,
ga, Bkhgfh prest`tgj nypkrpd`sg` (B\N) o`h d`gh
skb`f`
skb`f`ghy
ghy`` y`hf
y`hf c`cpu
c`cpu ckcpkh
ckcpkhf`r
f`run
ungg akrm`
akrm` fghm`d
fghm`d.. Zkd`gh
Zkd`gh gtu,
gtu, `o`

bkbkr`p` pkhy`agt y`hf d`hfsuhf ckcpkhf`rung/ckhykb`ba`h f`f`d

fghm`d skpkrtg og`bktks cgdgtus, ngpkrtkhsg, o`h b`tu s`dur`h akcgn.
;. Rg
Rgw`
w`y`
y`tt Akskn
Akskn`t
`t`h
`h Akdu
Akdu`rf
`rf``
Jnrehgj Agohky Ogsk`sk (JAO) bua`h pkhy`agt ckhud`r o`h ckhuruh,
sknghf
sknghff`
f` sgd
sgdsgd`
sgd`n
n akdu`r
akdu`rf`
f` tgo`a
tgo`a tkrd`du
tkrd`du bkro`c
bkro`cp`a
p`a p`o`
p`o` pkhy`a
pkhy`agt
gt ghg.
ghg.
H`cuh, pkhjktus skauhokr skpkrtg Og`bktks Cgdgtus o`h Ngpkrtkhsg
ckcgdgag
ckcgdgag pkhf`run tkrn`o`p akm`og`h pkhy`agt
pkhy`agt Jnrehgj Agohky Ogsk`sk,
a`rkh` pkhy`agt tkrskbut bkrsgi`t nkrkogtkr. A`mg ped` akskn`t`h akdu`rf`
y`hf ogtkr`p`a`h mga` `o` `hffet` akdurf` y`hf s`agt, cgs`dhy` cghuc
m`cu s``t s`agt
9. Rg
Rgw`
w`y`
y`tt \s
\sga
gaes
eses
esg`
g`dd
Aehogsg ghg tgo`a skd`du `o` f`hffu`h mga` adgkh ckcgdgag aepghf y`hf
b`ga. \`o` adgkh Jnrehgj Agohky Ogsk`sk, bg`s`hy` pkrub`n`h psgaesesg`d
tkrm`og p`o` w`atu adgkh ckhf`d`cg pkrub`n`h struatur iuhfsg tubun o`h
 ckhm`d`hg presks og`dgsgs. Adgkh `a`h ckhfuruhf ogrg o`h dkbgn b`hy`a
bkrog`c ogrg curuhf. skd`gh gtu, aehogsg ghg muf` ogpgju edkn bg`y` y`hf
ogak
ogakdu
du`r
`ra`
a`h
h sk
skd`
d`c`
c` pr
pres
esks
ks pk
pkhf
hfeb
eb`t
`t`h
`h,, skngh
sknghff
ff`` ad
adgk
gkh
h ckhf
ckhf`d`
`d`cg
cg
akjkc`s`h.
6. Ak`o``
Ak`o``h
h [cuc
[cuc o`h
o`h _`ho
_`ho`` _`ho`
_`ho` Ygt`d
Ygt`d
Aehogsg adgkh Jnrehgj Agohky Ogsk`sk (JAO) bg`s`hy` dkc`n, tghfa`t
aks`o`
aks`o`r`h
r`h bkrf`h
bkrf`htuh
tuhf
f p`o`
p`o` tghfa`
tghfa`tt teasgsg
teasgsgt`s.
t`s. \`o`
\`o` pkckrg
pkckrgas`
as``h
`h __Y
__Y
skrghf
skrghf ogo`p`
ogo`p`ta`
ta`h
h RR ckhghf
ckhghfa`t
a`t,, ngpkrtk
ngpkrtkhsg
hsg/ng
/ngpet
petkhs
khsgg sksu`g
sksu`g okhf`h
okhf`h
aehogsg iduatu`tgi.
>. Zyst
Zystkc
kc \kr
\krh`
h`p`
p`s`
s`h
h
@o`hy` b`u urk` p`o` b`u h`p`s, mga` tkrm`og aecpdga`sg `sgoesgs/`da`desgs
rksp
rkspgr
gr`t
`ter
erga
ga c`a`
c`a` aeho
aehogs
gsgg pkrh
pkrh`p
`p`s
`s`h
`h `a
`a`h
`h ckhf
ckhf`d
`d`c
`cgg p`
p`te
tede
defg
fgss
f`hffu
f`hffu`h.
`h. \ed`
\ed` h`p`s
h`p`s `a`h
`a`h skc`ag
skc`agh
h jkp`t
jkp`t o`h o`d`c skb`f`
skb`f`gg bkhtua
bkhtua
aecpkhs`sg tubun ckcpkrt`n`ha`h vkhtgd`sg.
7. Zg
Zgst
stkc
kc Nkc
Nkc`t
`ted
edef
efgg
Bg`s`hy`
Bg`s`hy` ogtkcua`h
ogtkcua`h irgjgtgeh rub p`o` aehogsg urkcg` bkr`t. Zkd`gh gtu,
bg`s` tkrm`og pkhghfa`t`h` tka`h`h o`r`n, `a`r`d tkr`b` oghfgh, JR_ dkbgn

o`rg : oktga, tkrm`og p`dpgt`sg m`htuhf, jnkst p`gh, oysphk`,

oysphk`, tkrm`og f`hffu`h
og gr`c`
gr`c` m`htu
m`htuhf
hf o`
o`h
h tkrm`
tkrm`og
og f`
f`hf
hffu
fu`h
`h sgr
sgrau
aud`
d`sg
sg d`
d`gh
ghy`
y`.. Mga`
Mga` z`
z`tt sgs`
sgs`
ckt`bedgsck skc`agh tghffg o`d`c tubun `a`h skc`agh burua a`rkh` tgo`a
kikatgi o`d`c presks pkcbuhf`h sgs`. Muf` o`p`t tkrm`og f`hffu`h `hkcg`
a`rkh` pkhuruh`h krgtrepektgh
krgtrepektgh..
0<. Zgstkc Hkurecu
Hkurecusaudkr
saudkr
_krm`og pkhuruh`h aefhgtgi skrt` tkrm`og ogsergkht`sg p`o` p`sgkh Jnrehgj
Agohky Ogsk`sk.
Ogsk`sk . _krm`og pkhuruh`h aks`o`r`h tkrm`og mga` tkd`n ckhf`d`cg
ngpkra`rbgj o`h sgraud`sg jkrkbr`d tkrf`hffu.
00. Zgstkc A`rogev
A`rogev`saudk
`saudkrr
rktkhsg h`trguc o`h `gr `a`h ckhf`d`cg pkhghfa`t`h akrkh` tka`h`h o`r`n.
_ka`h`h o`r`n ckhghfa`t og`t`s ak`cb`hf`h `a`h ckcpkhf`rug veduck
v`saud
v`saudkr
kr sknghf
sknghff`
f` `a`h
`a`h tkrm`o
tkrm`ogg pkhghf
pkhghfa`t
a`t`h
`h bkb`h
bkb`h m`htuh
m`htuhf
f p`o`
p`o` adgkh
adgkh
Jnrehgj Agohky Ogsk`sk.
 02. Zgstkc Khoeargh
Khoeargh
Bkrn
Bkrnub
ubuh
uhf`
f`h
h ok
okhf
hf`h
`h pe
ped`
d` skasu
skasu`d
`dgt
gt`s,
`s, ad
adgk
gkh
h ok
okhf
hf`h
`h Jnreh
Jnrehgj
gj Agohky
Agohky
Ogsk`sk `a`h ckhf`d`cg ogsiuhfsg skasu`dgt`s a`rkh` pkhuruh`h nercehk
rkpeouasg.
rkpeouasg. Zkd`gh gtu, mga` aehogsg Jnrehgj Agohky Ogsk`sk bkrnubuhf`h
okhf`h pkhy`agt og`bktks cgdgtus, c`a` `a` `o` f`hffu`h o`d`c skarksg
ghsudgh y`hf bkro`cp`a p`o` presks ckt`bedgsck.
0:. Zgstkc \krakcgn`h
\krakcgn`h
Okhf
Okhf`h
`h tkrm
tkrm`o
`ogh
ghy`
y` f`hf
f`hffu
fu`h
`h o`h
o`h ak
akf`
f`f`
f`d`
d`h
h iu
iuhf
hfsg
sg fg
fghm
hm`d
`d sk
skj`
j`r`
r`
ckhykdurun og presks igdtr`sg, skarksg, rk`bserbsg o`h karksg, c`a` t`ho`
fkm`d` y`hf p`dghf ckhehmed y`gtu pkhuruh`h pkhfkdu`r`h urghk aur`hf
o`rg ?<< cd/n`rg b`na`h s`cp`g p`o` tgo`a `o``hy` urghk.
0?. Zgstkc pkhjkrh``h
pkhjkrh``h
F`hffu`h y`hf tkrm`og p`o` systkc pkhjkrh``h dkbgn oga`rkh`a`h kika
o`rg pkhy`agt gtu skhogrg.
skhogrg. Zkrghf
Zkrghf ogtkcua`h
ogtkcua`h `herkasg`, cu`d, cuht`n, o`h
og`rk.

0;. Zgstkc Cusaude

Cusaudesakdkt
sakdkt`d
`d
Okhf`h
Okhf`h tkrm`og
tkrm`oghy`
hy` f`hffu
f`hffu`h
`h pkhuru
pkhuruh`h
h`h `t`u
`t`u akf`f`
akf`f`d`h
d`h iuhfsg
iuhfsg skarksg
skarksg
p`o` fghm`d c`a` bkro`cp`a p`o` presks okcghkr`dgs`sg p`o` tud`hf,
sknghff` bkrksgae tkrm`oghy` pkhfarepes`h tud`hf y`hf tghffg
Okhf`h
Okhf`h tkrm`og
tkrm`oghy`
hy` f`hffu
f`hffu`h
`h pkhuru
pkhuruh`h
h`h `t`u
`t`u akf`f`
akf`f`d`h
d`h iuhfsg
iuhfsg skarksg
skarksg
p`o` fghm`d c`a` bkro`cp`a p`o` presks okcghkr`dgs`sg p`o` tud`hf,
sknghff` bkrksgae tkrm`oghy` pkhfarepes`h tud`hf y`hf tghffg.

J. Og`fhe
Og`fhes`
s` akpkr
akpkr`w`
`w`t`h
t`h
Og`fhes` akpkr`w`t`h ogtkf`aa`h `t`s o`s`r o`t` p`sgkh. Akcuhfagh`h
og`fhe
og`fhes`
s` akpkr`
akpkr`w`t
w`t`h
`h o`rg
o`rg er`hf
er`hf okhf`h
okhf`h akf`f`
akf`f`d`h
d`h fghm`d
fghm`d arehgs
arehgs `o`d`n
`o`d`n
skb`f`g bkrgaut (Hur`rgi, 2<0; o`h ZOAG, 2<09)=
0. F`hf
F`hffu
fu`h
`h pkrt
pkrtua
ua`r
`r`h
`h f`s
f`s bkrn
bkrnub
ubuh
uhf`
f`h
h ok
okhf
hf`h
`h ak
aktg
tgo`
o`as
askg
kgcb
cb`h
`hf`
f`h
h
vkhtgd`sg-pkriusg, pkrub`n`h ckcbr`h `dvkedus a`pgdkr
 2. \krius
\kriusgg pkrgikr
pkrgikr tgo`a kikatgi
kikatgi bkrnub
bkrnubuhf
uhf`h
`h okhf`h
okhf`h pkhuruh
pkhuruh`h
`h aehskhtr
aehskhtr`sg
`sg
Nb
:. Okigsgt
Okigsgt hutrg
hutrgsg
sg b.o aur`h
aur`hfh
fhy`
y` `sup`h
`sup`h c`a`
c`a`h`h
h`h
?. Ngpkrvedkcg`
Ngpkrvedkcg` b.o
b.o f`hffu`h
f`hffu`h cka`hgsc
cka`hgsckk rkfud`sg,
rkfud`sg, akdkbgn`h
akdkbgn`h `sup`h
`sup`h j`gr`h,
j`gr`h,
akdkbgn`h `sup`h h`trguc
;. Ghtedk
Ghtedkr`h
r`hsg
sg `atgvg
`atgvgt`s
t`s b.o aktgo`a
aktgo`askgc
skgcb`h
b`hf`h
f`h `ht`r`
`ht`r` supd`g
supd`g o`h akbutu
akbutun`h
n`h
easgfkh
9. Hykrg
Hykrg `aut
`aut b.o
b.o `fkh
`fkh pkhjk
pkhjkokr
okr`` igsgede
igsgedefgs
fgs
6. F`hffu`h
F`hffu`h ghtkfrgt`
ghtkfrgt`ss audgt b.o
b.o akdkbgn`h
akdkbgn`h veduck
veduck j`gr`h,
j`gr`h, sghorec
sghorec urkcg`
urkcg`

O. \krkh
\krkhj`h
j`h``h
``h akpkr`w
akpkr`w`t
`t`h
`h
He ZOAG ZDAG
0. O.<<<: F`
F`hffu`h D.<0<<: \krtua`r`h F`s
pkrtua`r`h f`s Kaspkat`sg= ckhghfa`t Argtkrg` n`sgd
bkrnubuhf`h okhf`h - _ghf
_ghfa`
a`tt aks
aks`o
`o`r
`r`h
`h ckhg
ckhghf
hfa`
a`tt
aktgo`askgcb`hf`h - Ogsphk` ckhuruh
vkhtgd`sg-pkriusg, - Buhy
Buhygg h
h`p
`p`s
`s t`
t`cb
cb`n
`n`h
`h ckhu
ckhuru
ruh
h

pkrub`n`h ckcbr`h - \usghf ckhuruh

`dvkedus-a`pgdkr - \k
\khf
hfdg
dgn`
n`t`
t`h
h a`
a`bu
burr ckhu
ckhuru
ruh
h
- Og`ierksgs
sgs ckhuruh
- Fkdgs`n ckhuruh
- H`p`
H`p`ss jup
jupgh
ghf
f ng
ngou
ouhf
hf ckhu
ckhuru
ruh
h
- \JE2 ckcb`ga
- \E2 ckcb`ga
- _`a
`agga`rog` ckcb`ga
- pN `rtkrg ck
ckcb`ga
- Zg`hesgs ck
ckcb`ga
- \ed` h`p`s ckcb`ga
- V`rh` audgt ckcb`ga
2. O.<
.<<<
<<7
7 \kr
\kriu
iusg
sg pkr
krgi
gikr
kr D.<2<00 \kriusg \krgikr
tgo`a kikatgi Kaspkat`sg= ckhghfa`t Argtkrg` n`sgd=
 bkrnubuhf`h okhf`h - Okhyut h`og pkrgikr ckhghfa`t
pkhuruh`h aehskhtr`sg - \khykcbun`h dua` ckhghfa`t
nkcefdebgh. - Zkhs`sg ckhghfa`t
- V`rh` audgt puj`t ckhuruh
- Kokc` pkrgikr ckhuruh
- Hykrg kastrkcgt`s ckhuruh
- \`r`stksg` ckhuruh
- Akdkc`n`h etet ckhuruh
- Ar`c etet ckhuruh
- Brugt ikcer`dgs ckhuruh
- Hkaresgs ckhuruh
- \khfgsg`h a`pgdkr ckcb`ga
- @ar`d ckcb`ga
- _urfer audgt ckcb`ga
- _ka`h`h o`r`n sgstedga ckcb`ga
- _ka`h`h o`r`n og`stedga ckcb`ga
- _ka`h`h `rtkrg r`t`-r`t` ckcb`ga

- Ghokas `hadkbr`jng`d ckcb`ga

: O.<<07 Oki
Okiggsgt h
hu
utrgsg G.<:<:< Zt`tus Hutrgsg
bkrnubuhf`h okhf`h Kaspkat`sg= ckcb`ga Argtkrg` n`sgd=
aur`hfhy` `sup`h - \ersg c`a`h`h y`hf ogn`bgsa`h
c`a`h`h. ckhghfa`t
- Akau`t`h etet pkhfuhy`n ckhghfa`t
- Akau`t`h etet ckhkd`h ckhghfa`t
- Zkruc `dbucgh ckhghfa`t
- Ykrb`dgs`sg akghfgh`h uhtua
ckhghfa`ta`h hutrgsg ckhghfa`t
- \khfkt`nu`
\khfkt`nu`h
h tkht`hf
tkht`hf pgdgn`h
pgdgn`h c`a`h`h
c`a`h`h
y`hf skn`t ckhghfa`t
- \khfkt`nu`
\khfkt`nu`h
h tkht`hf
tkht`hf pgdgn`h
pgdgn`h cghuc`h
cghuc`h
y`hf skn`t ckhghfa`t
 - \khfkt
\khfkt`nu
`nu`h
`h tkht`h
tkht`hf
f st`ho`r
st`ho`r `sup`h
`sup`h
hutrgsg y`hf tkp`t ckhghfa`t
- \khyg`p`h
\khyg`p`h o`h pkhygcp`h
pkhygcp`h`h
`h c`a`h`h
c`a`h`h
y`hf `c`h ckhghfa`t
- \khyg`p`h o`h pkhygcp`h`h cghuc`h
y`hf `c`h ckhghfa`t
- Zga`
Zga`p
p tk
tkrn
rn`o
`o`p
`p c`a`
c`a`h`
h`h/
h/cg
cghu
huc`
c`h
h
sksu`g okhf`h tumu`h aksk
skn
n`t
`t``h
ckhghfa`t
- \kr`s``h jkp`t akhy`hf ckhuruh
- Hykrg `boeckh ckhuruh - Z`rg`w`h
ckhuruh
- R`cbut rehtea ckhuruh
- Og`rk ckhuruh
- Bkr`t b`o`h ckcb`ga
- Ghokas C`ss` _ubun (GC_) ckcb`ga
- Irkaukhsg c`a`h ckcb`ga

- H`isu c`a`h ckcb`ga

- Bgsghf usus ckcb`ga
- _kb`d dgp`t`h audgt trgskp ckcb`ga
- Ckcbr`h cuaes` ckcb`ga
? O.<<22 Ngpkrvedkcg` D.<:<2< Akskgcb`hf`h J`gr`h
bkrnubuhf`h okhf`h Kaspkat`sg= ckhghfa`t Argtkrg` n`sgd=
f`hffu`h cka`hgsck - @sup`h j`gr`h ckhghfa`t
rkfud`sg, akdkbgn`h - N`du`r`h urgh ckhghfa`t
`sup`h j`gr`h, - Akdkcb`b`h ckcbr`h cuaes`
akdkbgn`h `sup`h ckhghfa`t
h`trguc. - @sup`h c`a`h`h ckhghfa`t
- Kokc` ckhuruh
- Okngor`sg ckhuruh
- @sgtks ckhuruh
 - Aehiusg ckhuruh
- _ka`h`h o`r`n ckcb`ga
- Okhyut h`og r`og`d ckcb`ga
- _ka`h`h `rtkrg r`t`-r`t` ckcb`ga
- Ckcbr`h cuaes` ckcb`ga
- C`t` jkauhf ckcb`ga
- _urfer audgt ckcb`ga
- Bkr`t b`o`h ckcb`ga

K. Ghtkrv
Ghtkrvkhs
khsgg akpkr
akpkr`w`
`w`t`
t`h
h

ZOAG ZGAG

F`hffu`h pkrtua`r`h \kc`ht`u`h Rkspgr`sg

f`s bkrnubuhf`h Ebskrv`sg
okhf`h - Cehgter irkaukhsg, gr`c` ako`d`c`h o`h
aktgo`askgcb`hf`h up`y` h`p`s
vkhtgd`sg-pkriusg, - Cehgter ped` h`p`s (skpkrtg br`ogphk`,
pkrub`n`h ckcbr`h t`agphk`, ngpkrvkhtgd`sg, Aussc`ud, Jnkyhk,

`dvkedus-a`pgdkr Zteaks, Bget, `t`asga)

- Cehgter akc`cpu`h b`tua kikatgi
- Cehgter `o`hy` preouasg sputuc
- Cehgter `o`hy` sucb`t`h m`d`h h`p`s
- \`dp`sg aksgcktrgs`h kasp`hsg p`ru
- @usaudt`sg buhyg h`p`s
- Cehgter s`tur`sg easgfkh
- Cehgter hgd`g @FO
- Cehgter n`sgd x-r`y ter`as

- Cehgter hgd`g @FO

- Cehgter n`sgd x-r`y ter`as _kr`pkutga
- @tur ghtkrv`d pkc`ht`u`h rkspgr`sg sksu`g
aehogsg p`sgkh
- Oeauckht`sga`h n`sgd pkc`ht`u`h Koua`sg
- Mkd`sa`h tumu`h o`h preskour pkc`ht`u`h
- Ghierc`sga`h n`sgd pkc`ht`u`h, mga` pkrdu

_kr`pg Easgfkh
Ebskrv`sg

- Cehgter akjkp`t`h `dgr`h easgfkh

- Cehgter pesgsg `d`t tkr`pg easgfkh
- Cehgter `dgr`h easgfkh skj`r` pkrgeoga o`h
p`stga`h ir`asg y`hf ogbkrga`h juaup
- Cehgter akc`cpu`h ckdkp`sa`h easgfkh

s``t c`a`h
- Cehgter t`ho`-t`ho` ngpevkhtgd`sg
- Cehgter t`ho` o`h fkm`d` teasga`sg easgfkh
o`h `tkd`at`sgs
- Cehgter tghfa`t akjkc`s`h `agb`t tkr`pg
easgfkh
- Cehgter ghtkfrgt`s cuaes` ngouhf `agb`t
pkc`s`hf`h easgfkh _kr`pkutga
- Bkrsgna`h skarkt p`o` cudut, ngouhf o`h
tr`ak`, mga` pkrdu
- \krt`n`ha`h akp`tkh`h m`d`h h`p`s
- Zg`pa`h o`h `tur pkr`d`t`h pkcbkrg`h
easgfkh
- Bkrga`h easgfkh t`cb`n`h, mga` pkrdu
 - _kt`p bkrga`h easgfkh s``t p`sgkh
ogtr`hspert`sg
- Fuh`a`h pkr`hfa`t easgfkh y`hf sksu`g
okhf`h tghfa`t cebgdgt`s p`sgkh
Koua`sg
- @m`ra`h p`sgkh o`h akdu`rf` j`r`
ckhffuh`a`h easgfkh og ruc`n
Aed`ber`sg
- Aed`ber`sg pkhkhtu`h oesgs easgfkh
- Aed`ber`sg pkhffuh``h easgfkh s``t `atgvgt`s
o`h/`t`u tgour
\kriusg pkrgikr tgo`a \kr`w`t`h Zgraud`sg
kikatgi bkrnubuhf`h Ebskrv`sg
okhf`h pkhuruh`h - \k
\krg
rgas
as`` sgra
sgraud
ud`s
`sgg pk
pkrg
rgvk
vkrr (c
(cgs
gs.. H`og
H`og pkrg
pkrgik
ikr,
r,
aehskhtr`sg kokc`, pkhfgsg`h a`pgdkr, w`rh`, sunu, `hadk
nkcefdebgh. br`jng`d ghokx)
- Go
Gokh
khtg
tgig
iga`
a`sg
sg i`ate
i`aterr rksgae
rksgae f`h
f`hff
ffu`
u`h
h sgrau
sgraud`
d`sg
sg

(cgs. Og`bktks, pkreaea, er`hf tu` ngpkrtkhsg

o`h a`o`r aedkstred tghffg) Cehgter p`h`hs,
akckr
kr``n`h
`h,, hykrg `t`u bkhfa`a p`o`
kastkrcgt`s
_kr`upktga
- Ng
Ngho
ho`r
`rgg pkc`
pkc`s`h
s`hf`
f`h
h ghiu
ghiuss `t`u
`t`u pkh
pkhf`
f`cb
cbgd
gd`h
`h
o`r`n og o`kr`n aktkrb`t`s`h pkriusg
- Ngho`rg pkhfuaur`h tka`h`h o`r`n p`o`
kastkrcgt`s okhf`h aktkrb`t`s`h pkriusg
- Ngho`rg pkhka`h`h o`h pkc`s`hf`h
teurhgqukt p`o` `rk` y`hf jgokr`
- D`au
D`aua`
a`h
h pk
pkhj
hjkf
kf`n
`n`h
`h gh
ghik
ikas
asgg
- D`au
D`aua`
a`h
h pkr`
pkr`w`
w`t`
t`h
h a`ag
a`ag o`h
o`h aua
auau
u Koua
Koua`sg
`sg
- @hmu
@hmura
ra`h
`h bk
bkrn
rnkh
khtg
tg ckre
ckreae
aea
a
- @hmu
@hmura
ra`h
`h bk
bkre
red`
d`n
n r`
r`f`
f` ru
rutg
tgh
h
- @hmura`h ckhfkjka `gr c`hog uhtua
ckhfngho`rg audgt tkrb`a`r
- @hmu
hmura
ra`h
`h cgh
ghu
uc eb
eb`t
`t pkh
pkhfe
feht
htre
redd tk
tka
a`h
`h`h
`h
o`r`n, `htgae`fud
`htgae`fud`h,o
`h,o`h
`h pkhuruh
pkhuruh aedkstred,
aedkstred,
mga` pkrdu
- @hmura
ra``h cghuc eb`t pkhfehtrd tka
ka``h`h
o`r`n skj`r` tkr`tur
- @hmu
@hmura
ra`h
`h ckh
ckhff
ffuh
uh`a
`a`h
`h eb`
eb`tt pkhy
pkhyka
ka`t
`t bkt
bkt``
- @m`r
@m`ra
a`h pre
ref
fr`
r`c
c ogk
gktt uh
uhtu
tua
a ckc
ckcpkrb
pkrb`g
`gag
ag
sgraud`sg
sgraud`sg ( cgs. Rkho`n dkc`a mkhun, cghy`a
ga`c eckf` :)
- Gh
Ghie
ierc
rc`s
`sga
ga`h
`h t`ho
t`ho`` o`
o`h
h fkm`d
fkm`d`` o`
o`ru
rur`
r`tt y`
y`hf
hf
n`rus ogd`pera`h (cgs. R``s` s`agt y`hf tgo`a
ngd`
ngd`hf
hf s``t
s``t gstg
gstgr`n
r`n`t
`t,, du
dua`
a` tgo`
tgo`a
a sk
skcb
cbun
un,,
ngd`hfhy` r`s`)
C`h`mkckh Zkhs`sg \krgikr

Ebskrv`sg
- Go
Gokh
khtg
tgig
iga`
a`sg
sg pkh
pkhyk
ykb`
b`b
b pkru
pkrub`
b`n`
n`h
h skhs`
skhs`sg
sg
- Gokhtgiga`sg pkhffuh``h `d`t pkhfga`t,
prestnksgs, skp`tu, o`h p`a`g`h
- \krg
\krgas
as`` pkrb
pkrbko
ko``h
``h skhs`
skhs`sg
sg t`m
t`m`c
`c o`h
o`h tuc
tucpu
pudd
- \krg
\krgas
as`` pkrb
pkrbko
ko``h
``h skhs`
skhs`sg
sg p`h
p`h`s
`s o`h
o`h ogh
oghfg
fgh
h
- \k
\krg
rgas
as`` ak
akc`
c`cp
cpu`
u`h
h ckhf
ckhfgo
gokh
khtg
tgig
iga`
a`sg
sg de
dea`
a`sg
sg
o`h tkastur bkho`
- Cehg
Cehgte
terr tkrm
tkrm`o
`ogh
ghy`
y` p`rk
p`rkstk
stksg
sg`,
`, mga
mga`` pkrd
pkrdu
u
- Ceh
Cehgter
gter pkr
kru
ub`n
`n`h
`h au
audg
dgtt
- Cehgter `o`hy` trecbeidkbgtgs o`h
trecbekcbedg vkh` _kr`upktga
- Ngho`rg pkc`a`g`h bkho`-bkho` y`hf
bkrdkbgn`h sunuhy` (tkrd`du p`h`s `t`u
 oghfgh)
Koua`sg
- @hmu
hmura
ra`h
`h pkh
khf
ffu
fuh
h``h
``h tn
tnkr
krc
ceckt
ecktkr
kr uht
htu
ua
ckhfumg sunu `gr
- @hmu
@hmura
ra`h
`h pkhff
pkhffuh
uh``
``h
h s`
s`ru
ruhf
hf t`hf
t`hf`h
`h tkrc`
tkrc`dd
s``t ckc`s`a
- @hmura`h ckc`a`g skp`tu dkcbut o`h
bkrtucgt rkho`n
Aed`ber`sg
- Aed`
Aed`be
ber`
r`sg
sg pkcb
pkcbkr
krg`h
g`h `h`
`h`df
dfksg
ksga,
a, mga`
mga` pkrd
pkrdu
u
- Aed`b
ed`be
er`
r`sg
sg pkcb
kcbkr
krg`
g`h
h ae
aert
rtga
gaes
estk
tkre
rego
go,, mga
mga`
pkrdu
Ngpkrvedkcg` C`h`mkckh Hutrgsg
bkrnubuhf`h okhf`h Ebskrv`sg
f`hffu
f`hffu`h
`h cka`hg
cka`hgsck
sck - Go
Gokh
khtg
tgig
iga`
a`sg
sg st`t
st`tus
us hu
hutr
trgs
gsgg
rkfu
rkfud`
d`sg
sg,, akdkb
kdkbgn
gn`h
`h - Go
Gokh
khtg
tgig
iga`
a`sg
sg `dkr
`dkrfg
fg o`h
o`h ghte
ghtedk
dkr`h
r`hsg
sg c`a`
c`a`h`
h`h
h
`sup`h j`gr`h, - Go
Gokh
khtg
tgig
iga`
a`sg
sg c`a`
c`a`h`
h`h
h y`
y`hf
hf og
ogsu
sua`
a`gg

akdkbgn`h `sup`h - Go
Gokh
khtg
tgig
iga`
a`sg
sg akb
akbut
utun
un`h
`h a`de
a`derg
rg o`h
o`h mkh
mkhgs
gs
h`trguc hutrgkht
- Ceh
Cehgter
gter `s
`sup
up`h
`h c`a
`a`h
`h`h
`h
- Cehgter bk
bkr`
r`tt b
b``o`h
- Cehg
Cehgte
terr n`sgd
n`sgd pk
pkck
ckrga
rgas``
s``h
h d`be
d`ber`
r`te
terg
rguc
uc
_kr`upktga
- D`au
D`aua`
a`er
er`d
`d ny
nyfg
fgkh
khkk skbkd
skbkduc
uc c`a`
c`a`h,
h, mga`
pkrdu
- I`sgd
I`sgdgt
gt`sg
`sg c
ckh
khkh
khtu
tua`
a`h
h pkoe
pkoeec
ec`h
`h ogk
ogktt (cgs.
(cgs.
\gr`cgo` c`a`h`h)
- Z`mg
Z`mga`
a`h
h c`a
c`a`h
`h`h
`h skj
skj`r`
`r` ckh`
ckh`rg
rga
a o`h
o`h sunu
sunu
y`hf sksu`g
- Bkrg
Bkrga`
a`h
h c`a`
c`a`h`
h`ht
htgh
ghff
ffgg skr`t
skr`t uht
uhtua
ua ckh
ckhjk
jkf`
f`n
n
aehstgp`sg
- Bkrg
Bkrga`
a`h
h c`a`
c`a`h`
h`h
h tghf
tghffg
fg a`d
a`der
ergg o`h
o`h tghf
tghffg
fg
pretkgh
- Bkrg
Bkrga`
a`h
h c`a
c`a`h
`h`h
`h rkh
rkho`
o`n
n pre
pretk
tkgh
gh
Koua`sg
- @hmu
@hmura
ra`h
`h pe
pesgs
sgsgg o
ous
usua
ua,, mga
mga`` c`c
c`cpu
pu
- @hmu
@hmura
ra`h
`h og
ogkt
kt y`
y`hf
hf og
ogpr
pref
efr`c
r`ca`
a`h
h
Aed`ber`sg
- Aed`
Aed`be
ber`
r`sg
sg pkc
pkcbk
bkrg
rg`h
`h cko
ckoga
ga`s
`sgg skbk
skbkdu
duc
c
c`a`h (cgs. \krko` hykrg, `htgkcktgj), mga`
pkrdu
- Aed`
Aed`be
ber`
r`sg
sg okh
okhf`
f`h
h `ndg
`ndg fgzg
fgzg ckhk
ckhkht
htua
ua`h
`h
mucd`n a`derg o`h mkhgs hutrgkht y`hf
ogbutuna`h, mga` pkrdu
\recesg Bkr`t B`o`h
Ebskrv`sg
- Go
Gokh
khtg
tgig
iga`
a`sg
sg akc
akcuh
uhfa
fagh
gh`h
`h pkh
pkhyk
ykb`
b`b
b BB
aur`hf

- Cehg
Cehgte
terr `o`
`o`hy
hy`` cu`
cu`dd cuht
cuht`n
`n
- Cehg
Cehgte
terr mucd
mucd`n
`n a`d
a`der
ergg y`hf
y`hf og
ogae
aehs
hsuc
ucsg
sg
skn`rg-n`rg
- Cehgter bk
bkr`
r`tt b
b``o`h
- Cehg
Cehgte
terr `dbuc
`dbucgh
gh,, dgci
dgcies
esgt
gt,, o`h kd
kdka
katr
tred
edgt
gt
skruc _kr`upktga
- Bkrg
Bkrga`
a`h
h pkr`w
pkr`w`t
`t`h
`h cud
cudut
ut skb
skbkd
kduc
uc pkc
pkcbk
bkrg`
rg`h
h
c`a`h, mga` pkrdu
- Zkog
Zkog`a
`a`h
`h c`a
c`a`h
`h`h
`h y`h
y`hf
f tkp`
tkp`tt sksu`
sksu`gg aeho
aehogs
gsgg
p`sgkh (cgs. C`a`h`h okhf`h tkastur n`dus,
c`a`h`h y`hf ogbdkhokr, c`a`h`h j`gr y`hf
ogbkrga`h ckd`dug HF_ `t`u f`strestecy,
tet`d p`rkhtkr`d hutrgtgeh sksu`g ghoga`sg)
- Ng
Ngo`
o`hf
hfa`
a`h
h c`a`
c`a`h`
h`h
h skj`
skj`r`
r` ckh
ckh`r
`rga
ga
 - Bkrg
Bkrga`
a`h
h sup
supdk
dkck
ckh,
h, mga`
mga` pk
pkrd
rdu
u
- Bkrg
Bkrga`
a`h
h pumg
pumg`h
`h p`o
p`o`` p`sgk
p`sgkh/
h/ak
akdu
du`r
`rf`
f` uht
uhtua
ua
pkhghfa`t`h y`hf ogj`p`g
Koua`sg
- Mkd`sa
Mkd`sa`h
`h mkh
mkhgs
gs c`a`
c`a`h`
h`h
h y`hf
y`hf bkr
bkrfg
fgzg
zg tgh
tghff
ffg,
g,
h`cuh tkt`p tkrm`hfa`u
- Mkd`sa
Mkd`sa`h
`h pkh
pkhgh
ghfa
fa`t
`t`h
`h `su
`sup`
p`h
h a`de
a`derg
rg y`h
y`hf
f
ogbutuna`h
Ngpkrvedkcg` C`h`mkckh Ngpkrvedkcg`
bkrnubuhf`h okhf`h Ebskrv`sg
f`hffu
f`hffu`h
`h cka`hg
cka`hgsck
sck - \krg
\krgas
as`` t`ho
t`ho`` o`h fk
fkm`d
m`d`` ngpk
ngpkrv
rved
edkc
kcg`
g` (cgs
(cgs..
rkfu
rkfud`
d`sg
sg,, akdkb
kdkbgn
gn`h
`h Ertephk`, ogsphk`, kokc`, MY\/JY\
`sup`h j`gr`h, ckhghfa`t, rkidkas nkp`temufud`r pesgtgi,
akdkbgn`h `sup`h su`r` hp`s t`cb`n`h)
h`trguc - Go
Gokh
khtg
tgig
iga`
a`sg
sg pk
pkhy
hykb
kb`b
`b ng
ngpk
pkrv
rved
edkc
kcg`
g`
- Cehg
Cehgte
terr st`tu
st`tuss nkceo
nkceogh
gh`c
`cga
ga (cgs.
(cgs. irka
irkauk
ukhs
hsgg
m`htuhf, tka`h`h o`r`n, C@\, JY\,
JY\, \@\,

\JV\, JE, JG), mga` tkrskog`

- Cehg
Cehgte
terr ght`
ght`ak
ak o`h
o`h eut
eutpu
putt jj`g
`gr`
r`h
h
- Cehg
Cehgte
terr t`ho`
t`ho` nkc
nkcea
eaeh
ehskh
skhtr`
tr`sg
sg (c
(cgs.
gs. a`
a`o`
o`rr
h`trguc, B[H, nkc`teargt, bkr`t mkhgs urghk)
- Cehg
Cehgte
terr t`ho`
t`ho` pkhg
pkhghf
hfa`
a`t`
t`h
h tka`h
tka`h`h
`h ehae
ehaetg
tga
a
pd`sc` (cgs. a`o`r pretkgh o`h `dbucgh
ckhghfa`t)
- Cehg
Cehgte
terr akj
akjkp
kpt`
t`h
h ghi
ghius
us sk
skj`r
j`r`` akt
akt`t
`t -
Cehgter kika s`cpghf ogurktga (cgs.
Ngpetkhsg ertest`tga, ngpevedkcg`,
ngpea`dkcg`, ngpeh`trkcg`)
_kr`pkutga
- _gcb
_gcb`h
`hf
f bkr`
bkr`tt b`o`
b`o`h
h sktg
sktg`p
`p n`r
n`rgg p`o`
p`o` w`a
w`atu
tu
y`hf s`c` - B`t`sg `sup`h j`gr`h o`h f`r`c
- _ghf
_ghffg
fga`
a`h
h akp
akp`d`
`d` tk
tkcp
cp`t
`t tgo
tgour
ur :<
:<-?
-?<¼
<¼
Koua`sg
- @hmu
@hmura
ra`h
`h ckd
ckd`p
`per
er mga
mga`` n`du
n`du`r
`r`h
`h urg
urgh
h 4 <,;
<,;
cD/af/m`c o`d`c 9 m`c
- @hmu
@hmura
ra`h
`h ckd
ckd`p
`per
er mga
mga`` BB bk
bkrt
rt`c
`cb`
b`n
n 8 0 af
o`d`c skn`rg
- @m
@m`ra
`ra`h
`h j`r
j`r`` ckhf
ckhfua
uaur
ur o`h
o`h ckh
ckhj`
j`t`t
t`t `su
`sup`
p`h
h
o`h n`du`r`h j`gr`h
- @m
@m`r
`ra`
a`h
h j`r
j`r`` ckc
ckcb`
b`t`
t`sg
sg j`
j`gr
gr`h
`h
Aed`ber`sg
- Aed`
Aed`be
ber`
r`sg
sg pkc
pkcbk
bkrg
rg`h
`h ogu
ogurk
rktg
tga
a
- Aed`
Aed`be
ber`
r`sg
sg pkhf
pkhff`
f`ht
htg`
g`h
h akngd
akngd`h
`hf`
f`h
h a`dgu
a`dguc
c
`agb`t ogurktga
- Aed`
Aed`be
ber`
r`sg
sg pkc
pkcbk
bkrg
rg`h
`h jeh
jehtg
tghe
heus
us rk
rkh`
h`dd
rkpd`jkckht tnkr`py (JRR_), mga` pkrdu

\kc`ht`u`h J`gr`h

Ebskrv`sg
- Cehg
Cehgte
terr iirk
rkau
aukh
khsg
sg o`
o`h
h aka
akau`
u`t`s
t`s h`
h`og
og
- Ceh
Cehgter
gter irka
irkau
ukh
khsg
sg h`p
`p`s
`s
- Ceh
Cehgter
gter tk
tka
a`h
`h`h
`h o`r
`r`n
`n
- Cehgter bk
bkr`
r`tt b
b``o`h
- Cehg
Cehgte
terr w`at
w`atu
u pkhf
pkhfgs
gsg`
g`h
h a`pg
a`pgdk
dkrr
- Cehg
Cehgte
terr kkd`
d`stg
stgsg
sgt`
t`ss `t`u
`t`u tu
turf
rfer
er au
audg
dgtt
- Cehg
Cehgte
terr mucd
mucd`n
`n,, w`rh
w`rh`` o`h
o`h bkr`
bkr`tt mkhg
mkhgss urgh
urghkk
- Cehg
Cehgte
terr a`o`
a`o`rr `dbu
`dbucg
cgh
h o`h
o`h pre
pretk
tkgh
gh tet
tet`d
`d
- Cehg
Cehgte
terr n`sg
n`sgdd p
pkc
kckrg
krgas
as``
``h
h skru
skruc
c (cg
(cgs.
s.
esced`rgt`s skruc, nkc`teargt, h`trguc,
a`dguc, B[H)
- Cehg
Cehgte
terr ght`
ght`ak
ak o`h
o`h eut
eutpu
putt jj`g
`gr`
r`h
h
- Go
Gokh
khtg
tgig
iga`
a`sg
sg t`ho
t`ho`-t
`-t`h
`ho`
o` ngpe
ngpeve
vedk
dkcg
cg`` (cgs.
(cgs.
 irkaukhsg h`og ckhghfa`t, h`og tkr`b` dkc`n,
tka`h`h o`r`n ckhuruh, tka`h`h h`og
ckhykcpgt, turfer audgt ckhuruh, ckcbr`h
cuaes` akrghf, veduck urgh ckhuruh,
nkc`teargt ckhghfa`t, n`us, dkc`n,
aehskhtr`sg urghk ckhghfa`t, bkr`t b`o`h
ckhuruh o`d`c w`atu sghfa`t)
- Go
Gokh
khtg
tgig
iga`
a`sg
sg t`ho`
t`ho`-t`
-t`ho
ho`` ngpkrv
ngpkrved
edkc
kcg`
g` (cgs.
(cgs.
ogsphk`, kokc` pkrgikr, kokc` `h`s`ra`, MY\
ckhghfa`t, JY\ ckhghfa`t, rkidkas
nkp`temufud`r pesgtgi, bkr`t b`o`h ckhuruh
o`d`c w`atu sghfa`t)
- Go
Gokh
khtg
tgig
iga`
a`sg
sg i`ate
i`aterr rgsg
rgsgae
ae aktgo
aktgo`a
`ask
skgc
gcb`
b`hf
hf`h
`h
j`gr`h (cgs. \reskour pkcbko`n`h c`yer,
tr`uc`/pkro`r`n`h, dua` b`a`r, `ikrksgs,
ebstruasg ghtkstgh`d, pkr`o`hf`h p`hark`s,
pkhy`agt fghm`d o`h akdkhm`r, ogsiuhfsg

ghtkstgh`d)
_kr`pkutga
- @t
@tur
ur gh
ghtk
tkrv
rv`d
`d w`at
w`atu
u pkc
pkc`h
`ht`u
t`u`h
`h sksu`
sksu`gg
okhf`h aehogsg p`sgkh
- Oeau
Oeauck
ckht
ht`sg
`sga`
a`h
h n`
n`sg
sgdd pk
pkc`
c`ht
ht`u
`u`h
`h
Koua`sg
- Mkd`sa
Mkd`sa`h
`h tum
tumu`
u`h
h o`h
o`h pres
presko
kour
ur pkc
pkc`h
`ht`
t`u`
u`h
h
- Gh
Ghie
ierc
rc`sg
`sga`
a`h
h n`sgd
n`sgd pk
pkc`
c`ht
ht`u
`u`h
`h,, mga`
mga` pkr
pkrdu
du
I. @pdga`sg
@pdga`sg \kcgagr`
\kcgagr`h
h Argtgs o`d`c
o`d`c @sun`h Akpkr`
Akpkr`w`t`
w`t`h
h Ckoga`d
Ckoga`d Bko`n

\KHF@R[N \KCBKRG@H \KRCKH A@RK_ ^WDG_ED _KRN@O@\

AKZKN@_@H C[D[_ (^KREZ_ECG@) \@O@ \@ZGKH
JNREHGJ AGOHKW OGZK@ZK (JAO)

\krg ]udg`hg0, Busmr` C. Hur2 , Renc`h @zz`c:

\refr`c Ztuog Akpkr`w`t`h, Z_GAKZ Bn`atg Nus`o` Bkhfaudu0
\refr`c Ztuog C`fgstkr Akpkr`w`t`h, [hgvkrsgt`s Cun`cc`ogy`n M`a`rt` 2,:
pkrgzudg`hg0Lfc`gd.jec0

@BZ_R@A
_umu`h o`rg pkhkdgtg`h ghg `o`d`n uhtua ckhfkt`nug `p`a`n tkro`p`t pkhf`run pkcbkrg`h
pkrckh a`rkt xydgted p`o` p`sgkh JAO. Mkhgs pkhkdgtg`h ghg `o`d`n kaspkrgckh au`htgt`tgi
okhf`h oks`gh prk pest tkst oksgfh okhf`h mucd`n s`cpkd y`hf og`cbgd skb`hy`a 2<
rkspehokh. Akskn`t`h Cudut rkspehokh oguaur okhf`h ckhffuh`a`h auksgehkr ENG\
okhf`h sa`d` dgakrt o`h saerghf. N`sgd pkhkdgtg`h ogo`p`ta`h `o` pkrbko``h akskn`t`h
cudut skbkduc o`h sktkd`n ogbkrga`h pkrckh a`rkt xydgted okhf`h hgd`g π v`duk 4 <.<;.
Zgcpud`
Zgcp ud`h,
h, pkcbkr
pkcbkrg`h
g`h pkrckh
pkrckh a`rkt
a`rkt ^ydgte
^ydgtedd bkrpkh
bkrpkhf`r
f`run
un tkr
tkrn`o
n`o`p
`p akskn`
akskn`t`h
t`h cudut
cudut
(xkrestecg`) p`sgkh JAO.

A`t` Auhjg= JAO, Akskn`t`h Cudut (^krestecg`), ^ydgted

 @BZ_R@J_
_nk purpesk ei tngs stuoy w`s te oktkrcghk wnktnkr tnkrk gs `h ghidukhjk ei xydgted fuc
`ocghgstr`tgeh gh JAO p`tgkhts. _ngs typk ei rksk`rjn gs ` qu`htgt`tgvk kxpkrgckht wgtn `
prk pest tkst oksgfh wgtn ` tet`d s`cpdk ei 2< rkspehokhts. Er`d nk`dtn ei rkspehokhts
w`s ck`surko usghf tnk ENG\ qukstgehh`grk wgtn ` Dgakrt sj`dk `ho sjerghf. _nk rksudts
snewko tnkrk wkrk ogiikrkhjks gh er`d nk`dtn bkierk `ho `itkr bkghf fgvkh xydgted fuc
4<.<;. Jehjdusgeh, `ocghgstr`tgeh ei ^ydgted fuc `iikjts tnk
wgtn ` v`duk ei π v`duk 4<.<;.
er`d nk`dtn (xkrestecg`) ei JAO p`tgkhts.

Akyweros= JAO, Er`d Nk`dtn (^krestecg`), ^ydgted

^ydgted

0. \kcb`n`s`h
\khf`run pkrckh a`rkt xydgted s`hf`t b`ga tkrn`o`p akskn`t`h cudut,
bkbkr`p` hkf`r` tkd`n ckrkaeckho`sg a`h pkhffuh``h xydgted skb`f`g
pkhff`htg fud` p`o` preoua- preoua c`a`h`h o`h eb`t-eb`t`h y`hf
ogpreouasg, skpkrtg pkrckh a`rkt, akcb`hf fud`, eb`t aucur, eb`t auhy`n, o`h

p`st` fgfg. ^ydgted skm`tghy` `o`d`n skhy`w` fud` `daened y`hf ckcgdgag
rucus agcg` J-;N02E; okhf`h bkr`t cedkaud skbks`r 0;2,0. ^ydgted ckcgdgag
r`s` y`hf dkbgn c`hgs o`h dkbgn hgac`t o`rgp`o` fud` d`gh, jehtenhy` serbgted.
A`derg y`hf oga`houhf xydgted pkr fr`chy` ?<% dkbgn rkho`n y`gtu 2,? a`derg,
ogb`hoghfa`h okhf`h fud` d`gh skpkrtg suares` y`hf ckcgdgag ? a`derg pkr

fr`chy
fr`chy`.
`. O`h `p`bgd
`p`bgd`` ogd`ru
ogd`ruta`
ta`h,
h, p`h`s
p`h`s pkd`ru
pkd`rut`h
t`h xydgte
xydgtedd `o`d`n
`o`d`n hkf`tgi
hkf`tgi
skpudun a`dg dkbgn bks`r o`rgp`o` suares`, sknghff` xydgted `a`h ckhgcbuda`h
skhs`sg oghfgh og o`d`c cudut.
N`sgd pkhkdgtg`h ghg sksu`g okhf`h n`sgd pkhkdgtg`h y`hf ogd`aua`h edkn
Hgc`t (2<09) tkht`hf —`h`dgs` pr`atka adghga p`o` p`sgkh F`f`d Fghm`d Arehga
okhf`h ghtkrvkhsg ghev`sg ckhfuhy`n pkrckh a`rkt xydgted tkrn`o`p akrus`a`h
ckcb
ckcbr`h
r`h cuae
cuaes`
s` er
er`d
`d `a
`agb
gb`t
`t xk
xkre
reste
stecg
cg`–
`– ok
okhf
hf`h
`h n`
n`sgd
sgd y`
y`gt
gtu
u tk
tkro
ro`p
`p`t
`t
pkrb`ga`h cuaes` er`d y`hf ckhuhmuaa`h cuaes` dkcb`b, pkhfur`hf`h r`s`
n`us. Zkm`d`h okhf`h pkhkdgtg`h \r`skty` (2<0>) tkht`hf —pkrckh a`rkt xydgted
xkrest
xkrestecg
ecg`` p`o`
p`o` p`sgkh
p`sgkh pkhy`a
pkhy`agt
gt fghm`d
fghm`d arehgs
arehgs–– ckhuhm
ckhuhmua
uaa`h
a`h n`sgd
n`sgd y`gtu
y`gtu
pkhfuhy`n`h pkrckh a`rkt xydgted ckcgdgag kika ckhuruha`h akdun`h
xkrestecg` p`o` p`sgkh pkhy`agt fghm`d arehgs.
\`sgkh okhf`h ^krestecg` ckhurut tkerg skdi-j`rk Erkc ogp`ho`hf
skb`f`g ghogvgou y`hf ckcgdgag akc`cpu`h uhtua ckr`w`t ogrghy` skhogrg
 uhtua
uhtua ckckhu
ckckhung
ng akbutu
akbutun`h
n`h ngoup,
ngoup, ckckdgn
ckckdgn`r`
`r` akskn`
akskn`t`h
t`h o`h ckhj`p
ckhj`p`g
`g
akskm`ntkr``h.
\`sgkh okhf`h ^krestecg` o`p`t ckhj`p`g skm`ntkr`/akskn`t`h y`hf
eptgc`
eptgc`dd okhf`h
okhf`h ckhfkt
ckhfkt`nu
`nugg pkr`w`
pkr`w`t`h
t`h y`hf
y`hf tkp`t
tkp`t sksu`g
sksu`g okhf`h
okhf`h aehogs
aehogsgg
ogrghy` skhogrg.
\k
\kr`
r`o`
o`hf
hf`h
`h p`o`
p`o` re
rehf
hff`
f` cudu
cudutt o`
o`p`
p`tt ckcg
ckcgju
ju rk
rksp
speh
eh sk
skdd o`
o`h
h
akakb`d`h tubun, y`hf `a`h ogtr`hscgsga`h edkn `dgr`h o`r`n ak aecpehkh
d`gh o`rg sgstkc ghogvgou. \khy`agt \`raghseh bkr`agb`t p`o` rehff` cudut,
tgo`a n`hy` edkn ogsiuhfsg ceterga, tkt`pg muf` okhf`h pkcbkrg`h eb`t-eb`t`h
y`hf o`p`t ckhykb`ba`h xkrestecg`. Ckhfkh`g f`hffu`h fghm`d, preiksgeh`d
fgfg n`rus ckcbkrga`h pkrn`tg`h anusus tkrut`c` p`o` eb`t y`hf ogrkskpa`h
uhtua p`sgkh, `f`r tgo`a ckhghfa`ta`h rgsgae hkireteasgsgt`s. _krdkp`s o`rg
i`at` ghg, stuog gdcg`n ckhuhmuaa`h nubuhf`h y`hf au`t `ht`r` f`hffu`h
ckt`bedgsck o`h pkrakcb`hf`h pkhy`agt cudut (Ykgf`, 2<09).

2. Aksgcpua`h

\kcbkr
\kcbkrg`h
g`h pkrckh
pkrckh a`rkt
a`rkt ^ydgte
^ydgtedd bkrpkh
bkrpkhf`r
f`run
un tkrn`o
tkrn`o`p
`p akskn`t
akskn`t`h
`h
cudut (xkrestecg`) p`sgkh JAO. Bkro`s`ra`h n`sgd pkhkdgtg`h ogakt`nug b`nw`
gh
ghtk
tkrv
rvkh
khsg
sg ckhf
khffu
fuh
h`a`h
`a`h pkr
krc
ckh a`
a`rk
rktt xyd
ydgt
gte
ed o`d`
o`d`c
c up`y
p`y` uht
htu
ua
ckhghfa`ta`h akskn`t`h cudut p`o` p`sgkh y`hf ckhm`d`hg Nkceog`dgs`. N`d
ghg bgs` ogm`oga`h pkrtgcb`hf`h `dtkrh`tgvk p`o` s``t ckd`aua`h ghtkrvkhsg
akpkr`w`t`h y`hf o`p`t ogd`aua`h edkn pkr`w`t.
 O@I_@R \[Z_@A@

@hor`, Z. V., & Wkssgk, C. \. (2<0:). ACB 0 Akpkr`w`t`h Ckoga`d Bko`n

Akpk
Ak pkr`
r`w`
w`t`h
t`h Okw`
Okw`s`
s` _ker
_kergg o`
o`h
h Jeht
Jehten
en @sakp
@sakp.. Wefy`
Wefy`a`rt`=
a`rt`= Hun`
Ckoga`..
Ckoga`
@spg`hg, R. (2<0;). Buau `m`r `sun`h akpkr`w`t`h p`o` adgkh okhf`h f`hffu`h
sgstkc pkrakcgn`h `pdga`sg H@HO@, HGJ o`h HEJ.

Cutt`q
Cutt`qgh,
gh, @., & Z`rg,
Z`rg, A. (2<0?)
(2<0?).. Buau
Buau @m`r
@m`r @sun`h
@sun`h Akpkr`
Akpkr`w`t
w`t`h
`h F`hffu
F`hffu`h
`h
Zgstkc \krakcgn`h.

Hur`rgi, @. N., & Ausuc`, N. (2<0;).

( 2<0;). @pdga`sg @sun`h Akpkr`w`t`h Bkro`s`ra`h
Og`fhes` Ckogs & H@HO@.

Z`kpuden, _. (2<2<). @sun`h Akpkr`w`t`h \`o` Adgkh Jnrehgj Agohky Ogsk`sk

(Jao) Okhf`h Akdkbgn`h Yeduck J`gr`h Ogru`hf C`rm`h B`w`n Ruc`n
Z`agt [cuc O`kr`n Or Zd`ckt F`rut.

Zckdtzkr, Z. J., & B`rk, B. F. (2<0;). Akpkr`w`t`h Ckoga`d Bko`n. >tn. M`a`rt`=
KFJ.

_gc \eam` ZOAG O\\ \\HG. (2<09). Zt`ho`r Og`fhesgs Akpkr`w`t`h Ghoehksg`=
 Okighgsg o`h Ghoga`ter Og`fhestga. Kogsg 0. M`a`rt`= O\\ \\HG

_gc \eam` ZGAG \\HG. (2<0>). Zt`ho`r Ghtkrvkhsg Akpkr`w`t`h Ghoehksg`. M`a`rt`
Zkd`t`h.

_gc \eam` ZDAG \\HG. (2<07). Zt`ho`r Du`r`h Akpkr`w`t`h Ghoehksg`.M`a`rt`

Zkd`t`h.

]udg`hg, \., Hur, B. C., & @zz`c, R. (2<07). \khf`run \kcbkrg`h \krckh A`rkt
^ydgted tkrn`o`p Akskn`t`h Cudut (^krestecg`) p`o` \`sgkh Jnrehgj
Agohky Ogsk`sk (JAO). Murh`d Akpkr`w`t`h Zgd`cp`rg
Zgd`cp`rg,, :(0), :<2-:00.