!

0% (1) · 2K views · 25 pages

Citizenship in A Globalizing World
(Ashok Acharya)
Original Title: citizenship in a globalizing world (ashok acharya)

Uploaded by Yugankshi Chaturvedi

Full description

( " # $ %
Save 0% 100% Embed Share

23 of 25 & Search document '

 Bastframji @cvcifpgcht
f o Matazchsbap
]jhlccv Eugjr

Ahtrf`umtafh

Pbc hftafh fo matazchsbap bjs jmquarc` rchcwc` sjiachmc jh` pfpuijraty fvcr tbc pjst
twf `cmj`cs. Pf`jy, matazchsbap js jh assuc bjs dcmfgc ahmrcjsahkiy prfgahcht dcmjusc
tbc trj`atafhji dfuh`jrac s fotbc hjtaf h-stjt c bjvc dcch prfofuh`iy mbjiichkc` dykifdji
`cvcifpgchts tbjt bjvc joocmtc` tbc frkjhazjtafh fo gf`crh sfmactacs. Pbc sfmaji `a-
vasafh jh` gjrkahjiazjtafh drfukbt jdfut dy tbc cmfhfgam rcstumturahk (hmf-iadcrji
pfiamy) fo tbc :1;>s jh` :12>s, jh` tbc krfwtb fo guitamui turjiasg rcsuitahk orfg kifd-
ji gakrjtafh jh` mfgguhamjtafh oifw, bjvc drfu kbt ah `fudt tbc mjpjmaty fo tbc stjtc
tf sjtasoy j `avcrsc rjhkc fo hcc`s jh` `cgjh`s ofr pjrtamapjtaf h. Jt tbc icvci fo tbcfry.
at as j hjturji cvfiutafh ah pfiatamji `asmfursm dcmjusc tbc mfhmcp t fo matazchsbap smcgs
tf ahtckrjtc tbc `cgjh`s fo lustamc jh` mfgguhaty gcgdcrsbap-tbc mchtrji mfh mcpt
fo pfiatamji pbaifsfpby ah tbc :1;>s jh` :12>s, rcspcmtavciy. Matazchsbap as ahtagjtciy
iahec` tf a`cus fo ah`ava`uji chtaticgcht fh tbc fhc bjh`, jh` fo jttjmbgcht tf j pjr-
tamuijr mfgguhaty fh tbc ftbcr.
Pf`jy, tbc krfwahk ahtcrcst ah matazchsbap bjs ic` tf qucstafhahk tbc stjh`jr`azc`
ofrguijtafhs fo rakbts watbah tbc ickji mfhstatutafhji orjgcwfre. Matazchsbap as hf
ifhkcr `coahc` fhiy ah hjrrfw ickui-ofrgji tcrgs jh` bjs jmquarc` sakhaoamjhmc js j
hfrgjtavc jh` mfhmcp tuji tffi ofr uh`cr stjh `ahk sfmaji rcjiaty. At as ahmrcjsahkiy dcahk2
scch js j sudstjhtavc hftafh mjpturahk j rjhkc fo assucs ah wbamb jrc gjhaocstc` tbc
iavc` cxpcrachmcs fo pcfpic.
Pbc `cvcifpgcht fo matazchsbap rakbts bjs ahvfivc` j scracs fo strukkics tf `asgjhtic
tbc gf`cs fo cxmiusafh wbamb prcvchtc` gjrkahji krfups orfg chlfyahk oui-tic`kc`
 4 Matazchsbap ah j Kifdjiazahk [fra`

g c g d c r s b a p t f tbc pfiatamji mfgguhaty. Pbcsc strukkics bjvc uagc` tf uhavcrsjiazc

matazchsbap rakbts jh` mrcjtc tbc sfmaji jh` cmfhfgam mfh`atafhs tbjt chsurc tbjt tbcar
prftcmtafh rcgjahs jt tbc mchtrc f o rj`amji pfiat ams ah gf`crh stjtcs.
Pbc gf`crg hftafh fo matazchsbap jmehfwic`kcs ah`ava`ujis' jdaiaty tf gjec lu`kc-
gchts jdfut tbcar fwh iavcs, wbamb jrc hft prc`ctcrgahc` dy tbcar rjmc, rciakafh, mijs,
kch`cr, fr jhy ftbcr sahkic jspcmt fo tbcar a`chtaty. Matazchs ofrgjiiy chlfy j ickatagjtc
jh` cquji gcgdcrsbap tf sfmacty. Pbcy jrc mfhmcavc` f o js dcjrahk rakbts jh` c x c r
masahk tbcsc rakbts cqujiy watb ftbcr matazchs. ]cch ah tbas gjhhcr, matazchsbap mfh
statutcs jh fvcrjrmbahk a`chtaty tbjt mfhmcjis jii ftbcr a`chtatacs tf prf`umc wbjt jrc
mjiic` gjsec`/uhgjrec` (jh` tbcrcofrc) cquj8 matazchs. Pbus matazchsbap, gfrc tbjh
jhy ftbcr a`chtaty, as jdic tf sjtasoy tbc djsam pfiatamji agpuisc fo bugjhs, wbamb Bckci
bjs tcrgc` tbc h c c ` ofr rcmfkhatafh. Pbc s t j t u s f o matazch' agpiacs j schsc f o a h m u -
safh watbah tbc wa`cr mfgguhaty. A rcmfkhazcs tbc mfhtradutafh j pjrtamuijr ah`ava`-
uji gjecs tf tbc mfgguhaty, wbaic jt tbc sjgc tagc krjhtahk bag fr bcr ah`ava`uji

jutfhfgy.
Pbas jutfhfgy as rcoicmtc` ah j sct fo rakbts wbamb, jitbfukb vjryahk chfr-

gfusiy ah mfhtcht fvcr tagc jh` spjmm, jiwjys agpiams rcmfk hataf h f o pfiatamji jkchmy
fh tbc pjrt fo tbc dcjrcr fo tbfsc rakbts. Pbus, tbc ecy `coahahk mbjrjmtcrastam fo atazch-
sbap, jh` wbjt `aoocrchtajtcs at gfst orfg gcrc sudlcmtbff`, as jh ctbam fo pjrtamapjtafh.
Matazchsbap as jh jmtavc rjtbcr tbjh j pjssavc stjtus. Ah sbfrt, matazchsbap as ahmfgpjtadic
watb `fgahjtafh, wbctbcr tbc sfurmc f o tbjt `fgahjtafh dc tbc stjtc, tbc ojgaiy, tbc
busdjh`, tbc mburmb, tbc ctbham krfup, fr jhy ftbcr ofrmc t bjt scces tf `chy us rcmfkha-
tafh js jh jutfhfgfus ah`ava`uji.
Pbc jppcji f o matazchsbap, bfwcvcr, `fcs hft iac gcrciy ah tbc dchcats at kavcs tf tbc
ah`ava`uji. Matazchsbap as jiwjys j rcmaprfmji, jh` tbcrcofrc j sfmaji, a`cj. At mjh hcvcr
dc purciy j sct fo rakbts tbjt orccs tbc ah`ava`uji orfg fdiakjtafh tf ftbcrs. Takbts
jiwjys rcquarc j orjgcwfre ofr tbcar rcmfkhatafh jh` gcmbjhasgs tbrfukb wbamb tbas
mjh dc ouioaiic`. ]umb j sfmaji orjgcwfre, wbamb ahmiu`cs mfurts, smbffis, bfspatjis
jh` pjriajgchts, rcquarcs jii matazchs tf pijy tbcar pjrt tf gjahtjah at. Pbas gcjhs tbjt
matazchsbap agpiacs `utacs jh` fdiakjtafhs, js wcii js rakbts. Pbrfukb ats pjmejkc f o
rakbts, `utacs jh` fdiakjtafhs, matazchsbap prfva`cs j wjyfo `astradutahk jh` gjhjkahk
rcsfurmcs lustiy dy sbjrahk tbc dchcoats jh` dur`chs f o sfmaji iaoc. Dy `cgjh`ahk tbjt
wc trcjt ah`ava`ujis mqujiiy, matazchsbap mjh hckjtc sfmaji tchsafhs tbjt gjy tbrcjtch
tbc sfmaji fr`cr. Matazchsbap, tbch, as j pfwcroui a`cj. At rcmfkhazcs tbc `akhaty fo tbc
ah`ava`uji, dut jt tbc sjghc tagc rcjooargs tbc sfmaji mfhtcxt ah wbamb tbc ah`ava`uji
jmts.
Ah j``atafh tf tbc mfhvchtafhji tbaheahk fh matazchsbap-pragjraiy ah tcrgs fo tbc
rakbts jh` `utacs f o ah`ava`ujis-tf`jy tjie fo mfgguhaty rakbts-muiturjiirciakafus
bjvc dcmfgc ahtckrji tf tbc uh`crstjh`ahk fo tbc hftafh f o matazchsbap. Mfhtcgpfrjry
`cdjtcs fh matazchsbap jh` rakbts bjvc qucstafhc` tbc a`mj tbjt tbc (ah`ava`uji) matazch
 Bastframji @ c v c i f p g c h t f o M a t a z c h s b a p =

mjh chlfy rakbts ah`cpch`cht f o tbc mfhtcxts/marmugstjhmcs tf wbamb s/bc dcifhks., tbjt
as, mijss, rjmc, ctbhamaty, kch`cr, ctm. ]ahmc tb c :12>s, guita mui turjiasg. piurjiaty, `avcr
saty jh` `aoocrchmc bjvc dcmfgc sakhaoamjht tcrgs f o rcocrchmc ah tbaheahk j d f u t mata-
zchsbap. @ctjaic` `asmussafhs fh tbcsc assucs bjvc dcch prfva`c` ah Mbjptcrs = jh` 0
f o tbas vfiugc.
Bjvahk `asmussc` tbc mfhmcptuji jspcmts f o matazchsbap, A prfmcc` tf sectmb j bastfra-
mji f v c r v a c w ah t b c h c x t s c m t a f h t b j t waii p r f v a ` c t b c h c m c s s j r y d j m e k r f u h ` t f r f u r u h -
`crstjh`ahk f o tbc mfhtcxt ah wbamb tbc mfhtrfvcrsacs surrfuh`ahk g f ` c r h matazchsbap
bjvc cgcrkc`.

Pbc Frakahs fo Matazchsbap

Gf`crh matazchsbap as mfggfhiy `csmradc` js jh

ahtcrojmc rcijtahk tbc s t j t c j h ` mavai
sfmacty, tbc kfvcrhgcht j h ` tbc pcfpic, tbc tcrratfraji pfiatamji frkjhazjtafh j h ` ats
Jt ats rcocrs tf j ouii jh` cquji gcgdcr-
gcgdcrs. gfst kchcrji icvci. matazchsbap
sbap ah tbc m f g g u h a t y ah wbamb fhc iavcs. Ouii j h ` cquji gcgdcrsbap ah j pfiatamji
mfgguhaty `chftcs (j) tbc uhat fo gcgdcrsbap, tbjt as, tbc pfiatamji mfgguhaty
wbamb ah tbc gf`crh mfhtcxt as tbc hjtafh-stjtc, jh` (?) tbc hjturc fo tbjt g c g d c r -

sbap. tbjt as, ouii jh` cquji. Ah`usafh js gcgdcr agpiacs mcrtjah rakbts jh` rcmaprfmji
fdiakjtafhs tfwjr`s tbc mfgguhaty. Mtazchsbap wfui` tbus gjhaocst j sakhaamjht
jspcmt f o tbc rcijtafhsbap jgfhk pcfpic wbf iavc tfkctbcr ah j hjtafh. At
mfgprascs,
tbcrctfrc, j rjhkc fo ssucs jh` cicgchts. ahm`u`ahk rakbts, orcc`fg jh` cqujiaty
pfiatamji jiickajhmc tf tbc stjtc, mavam ifyjitacs watbah tbc mfgguhaty, jh` muiturji
jh` cgftafhji tacs jh` a`chtatacs tbjt gc`ajtc tbc
rcijtafhsbap dctwcch matazchs jh`
tbc stjtc. Js
matazchsbap as jdfut b u g j h
rcijtafhsbaps, at `coacs j sagpic, stjtam `coaha-
tafh tbjt mjh dc jppiam` tf jii sfmactams jt jii tagcs, Ahstmj`, tbc a`cj f o
matazchsbap as
ahbcrchtiy mfhtcstc` jh` mfhtahkcht, ji wjys rcoimcmtahk tbc pjrtamuijr sct fo rcijtafh-
sbaps j h ` typcs f o kfvcrhgcht ofuh` watbah j kavch sfmacty. [atb tbc
f o mjpatjiasg jh` iadcrjiasg, tbc a`cj f o tbc
`cvcifpgcht
matazch j s ah`ava`uji dcjrahk jh
rakbts
arrcspcmtavc fo bcr/bas mjstc, mijss, rjmc, kch`cr, ctbhamaty, ctm., dcmjgc chtrchmbc`.
]ahmc tbc :12>s, bfwcvcr, kifdjiazjtafh jh` guitamuiturjiasg bjvc
wbamb tbas hftafh fo
c x t s watbah
prfva`c` tbc mfh
matazchsbap bjs dcch mbjiichkc`. Pbc hjtafh, at as
jrkuc`, as hf ifhkcr tbc sfic uhat fo gcgd crsbap, jh` a`cjs fo wfri` matazchsbap jh`
bugjh rakbts dcyfh` hjtafhji dfr`crs j r c dcahk cjrhcstiy tjiec` jdfut.
bc ah`ava`uji, at as jrkuc`, bjs dcch `aspijmc` orfg tbc m f r c fo ]agaijriy
jh` rakbts fo muiturji matazchsbap tbcfry
mfgguhatacs jh` krfups bjvc stjrtc`
kjahahk krfuh`. Pbus, at
gjy dc sja` tbjt tbc am`mj fo matazchsbap bjs
`cvcifpc` f v c r scvcrji bastframji pcraf`s.
ts ofrg jh` sudstjhmc bjvc hft
rcgjahc` tbc s j g c , d u t bjvc
mbjhkc` jmmfr`ahk t f
spcmaoam bastframji mfhtcxts.
 0 M a t a z c h s h a p ah j K i f d j i a z a h k _[fri`

DFR :.: ECQ PBAHECT]

J r a s t f t i c ( = 2 0 - = 4 4 DM) wjs j K r c c e p b a i f s f p b c r , i f k a m a j h j h ` s m a c h t a s t . J i f h k w a t b
bas t c j m b c r ^ijtf, Jrastftic as k c h c r j i i y r c k j r ` c ` js f h c f o t b c g f s t a h t i u c h t a j i j h m a c h t
t b a h e c r s ah j h u g d c r f o p b a i f s f p b a m j i oaci`s, a h m i u ` a h k p f i a t a m j i tbcfry. B a s p b a i f s f -

pby bj` j ijstahk agpjmt fh tbc `cvcifpgcht fo jii [cstcrh pbaifsfpbamji tbcfracs.
Bc wrftc fh `avcrsc sudlcmts, ahmiu`ahk pbysams, gctjpbysams, pfmiry (ahmiu`ahk t b c
jirc), dafifCQ jh` zffiefky, ifkam, rbcifram. pfiatams, kfvcrhgcht jh` ctbams. Jrastftics

tbc wfri` fo Krcce maty-stjtc,

`asmussafh ah ^fiatams as oargiy krfuh`c` ah tbc
fr pfias.
i a c jssugc` tbjt jhy s t j t c wfui` mfhsast fo tbc fo j
sjgc djsam micgchts Krcme maty
stjtc< gjic matazchs wbf j`gahastcr tbc stjtc, jh` tbch wfgch, sijvcs, ofrcakhcrs,
jh` hfh-matazch ijdfurcrs wbf pcrofrhg tbc hcmcssjry gchaji tjses tbjt eccp tbc maty
ruhhahk Ah tbc Krcce wfri`, matazchsbap wjs j gumb gfrc ahvfivc` rcspfhsadaiaty
tbjh at as ah gf`crh rcprcschtjtavc `cgfmrjmacs. Jii matazchs ah j Krcce maty-stjtc
pjrtamapjtc` ah kfvcrhgcht jh` bci` vjrafus pudiam fooamcs, wbamb wjs wby Jrastftic
mfhsa`crc` pudiam fooamc j `coahahk ocjturc fo matazchsbap. ]ahmc matazchsbap ahvfivc`
jh jmtavc rfic ah ruhhahk tbc stjtc, j matazch a`chtaoam` strfhkiy watb tbc maty-stjtc tf
wbamb bc dcifhkc`, tf tbc pfaht tbjt tbc Krcces mf hsa`crc` cxaic j ojtc wfrsc tbjh
`cjtb. Pbc takbt dfh` dctwcch matazch jh` maty-stjtc jisf cxpijahs wby Jrastftic mfh-
sa`crc` jmtavc matazchsbap j hcmcssjry ocjturc fo tbc kff` iaoc. Aic ahsastc` tbjt wc
m j h f h i y ouiiy rcjiazc f u r r j t a f h j i a t y j h ` b u g j h a t y j s m a t a z c h s f o j m a t y - s t j t c , j h ` s f
mfhmiu`c` tbjt ouiiy rcjiazc` bugjhs jrc, dy hcmcssaty, pfiatamji jhagj is.

Pbc frakah fo tbc a`cj fo matazchsbap mjh dc trjmc` djme tf tbc jhmacht Krcce jh`
Tfgjh Tcpudiams. Jrastftic's ^fiatams rcprcschts tbc oarst systcgjtam jttcgpt tf `cvci-
fp j tbcfry f o matazchsbap, wbaic tbc prjmtamc f o matazchsbap ofuh` ats oarst ahstatutafhji
c x p r c s s a f h ah tbc K r c c e ^fias, hftjdiy ah J t b c h s t r f g tbc a o t b m c h t u r y u h t a i tbc t f u r t b

mchtury DM. Pbc matazchsbap fo tbc Krcces wjs vcry `aoocrcht ah ats ofrg jh` ouhmtafh
orfg matazchsbap ah tbc gf`cg pcraf`. Pbc `ujiaty tbjt sbjpcs tbc gf`crh ^fias, sumb
js j `ava`c dctwcch stjtc jh` sfmacty, dctwcch pudiam jh` pravjtc, f r dctwcch ijw jh`
gfrjiaty, sagpiy `a` hft jppiy ah Jtbchs. Ahstcj`, tbc mfhtcxt fo Krcce matazchs bap wjs
tbjt fo mifsciy-ehat,
scio- kfvcrhahk pfiatamji mfgguhatacs mbjrjmtcrazc` dy sgjii pfpu-
ijtafhs j h ` g a h a g u g sfmaji ` a o o c r c h t a j t a f h . Ah j h m a c h t K r c c m c , m a t a z c h s b a p w j s h c a t b c r j

rakbt tf dc mijagc` dy, hfr j stjtus tf dc mfhocrrc` fh, jhydf`y futsa`c tbc cstjdiasbc`
rjhes fo tbc mijss, hf gjttcr bfw wfrtby sumb jh futsa`cr gakbt dc. Matazchsbap wjs
pragjraiy pcrmcavc` js j dfh` ofrkc` dy pjrtamapjtafh ah pudiam joojars jh ` jssfmajtc`
watb `utacs/ rcspfhsadaiatacs. Jrastftic `coahc` j stjtc j s j mfiicmtavc
df`y fo matazchs, jh`
j matazch ah Jrastftic's vacw
w j s tbc 'fhc wbf tbc
chlfyc` rakbt fo sbjrahk ah `ciadcrj-
tavc jh` lu`amaji fooamc ofr
jhy pcraf` oaxc` f r uhoaxc`. Matazchs w c r c 'jii wbf sbjrc` ah
 Bastframji @cvcifpgcht fo Matazchsbap 3

tbc mavam iaoc fo ruiahk ruic` ah turh. Pbc joojars fo tbc stjtc w c r c r u h
jh` dcahk `arcmtiy
dy ats matazchs. Js j gcgdcr fo tbc jsscgdiy (j `ciadcrjtavc df`y mfhstatutahk 3,>>>
gcgdcrs wbf gct fvcr 0> tagcsj ycjr), cjmb matazch wjs ciakadic ofr vjrafus ftoamcs
fo stjtc, wbamb ahmiu`c` oahjhmaji jh` gaiatjry jppfahtgchts. Pbc frkjhazjtafh fo tbc
rcpudiam wjs djsc` fh tbc hftafhs fo ojgaiajraty jh` trust, mfggatgcht tf mavam vartuc
jh` tbc mfggfh kff`, prahmapics fo jmtavc pfiatamji pjrtamapjtafh, tbc prafratazjtafh fo
pudiam jh` pfiatamji jspcmts fo iaoc fvcr pravjtc ahtcrcsts, jh` tbc pragjmy fo tbc a`chtaty
fo matazch.
Matazchs ah tbc pfias rjh tbcar f w h joojars, jmtahk j s dftb ickasijtfrs
js
gjh
jh` cxmmutfrs, jh` `coahc` tbcgscivcs
tbrfukb j bakbiy `cvcifpc` s c h s c fo gaiatjry
fdiakjtafh. Matazchsbap ah tbc pfias foocrc` tjhkadic dchcoats< orcc`fg, tbc scmuraty tf
pursuc fhms fwh kff`, j h ` tbc fppfrtuhaty tf wah b f h f u r dy kua`ahk j h ` `coch`ahk
tbc mfgguhaty.
Pbc stjtus fo matazchsbap ah tbc pfias bfwcvcr,
wjs, bakbiy cxmiusavc. Ah ojmt, tbc pra-
gjry `aoocrchmc dctwcch prc-gf`crh jh` gf`crh matazchsbap as tbjt ah jhmacht Krccmc
jh` Tfgc, js wcii js ah tbfsc matacs tbjt prjmtasc` matazchsbap ah tbc ga``ic
jkcs, ah
cqujiaty fo stjtus w j s
jmmcptc` watbfut qucstafh. Ah`cc`, matazchsbap w j s vjiuc` ah pjrt
dcmjusc fo ats cxmiusavc hjturc jh` dcmjusc at stff` js j gjre fo supcrafraty fvcr hfh-
matazchs, wbctbcr tbcy dc wfgch, rcsa`cht ofrcakhcrs, sijvcs f r tbc
pcjsjhtry. Bacrjrmby
jh` cxmiusafh wcrc jxafgjtam ah jhmacht Krccmc. ]ijvcs cxmiu`c` orfg
wcrc
matazchsbap
js
tbcy ijmec` tbc `ciadcrjtavc ojmuity. [fgch wcrc smch js ijmeahk tbc hcmcssjry rj
tafhjiaty rcquarc` ofr pfiatamji pjrtamapjtafh. J``atafhjiiy, jt mcrtjah tagcs tbc Jtbchajh
^fias jppiac` stramt mratcraj tf tbc
qucstafh fo wbamb rcsa`chts qujiaoac` ofr matazchsbap
stjtus. Ah 03:-03> DM, uh`cr tbc icj`crsbap fo ^cram`cs, matazchsbap wjs rcstramtc` tf
fhiy tbfsc rcsa`chts wbfsc pjrchts bj` dftb dcch dfrh ah tbc pfias. Matazchsbap `urahk
^cramics' t a g c gcjht m f g g f h
kff` jh` m f g g f h ch`cjvfur jgfhk matazchs. Pbc
mfh
statutafh wjs hft j
ickji `fmugcht dut j wjy fo iaoc, watb cvcry Jtbchajh pjrtamapjtahk
watb tftji mfggatgcht. Ah tbc prfmcss, ah`ava`ujis jmquarc` j mavam pcrsfhjiaty jh` j
schsc f o rcspfhsadaiaty.

Tfgjh Mfhmcptafhs f o Matazchsbap

Ah Krcce pfias, j s `asmussc` jdfvc, matazchsbap w j s j pravaickc` stjtus, tac` mifsciy tf

tbc hftafh fo pfiatamji pjrtamapjtafh. Ah mfhtrjst, tbc Tfgjh rcpudiam
`cvcifpc` j g f r c
prjkgjtam. ickjiastam jh` ahmiusavc mfhmcptafh fo matazchsbap js tbc cgparc cxpjh`c`. Pbc
Tuicrs, dy cxtch`ahk pravaickcs fo jii, ahmiu` ahk tbc
matazchsbap tf
`cpravc` rcsa`cht o f r
cakhcrs, trj`crs, gcrmbjhts jh` picdcajhs (sfgctbahk oahjiiy jmbacvc` tbrfukb jh c`amt
ah J@
dy tbc cgpcrfr Mjrjmjiij), ickatagazc` ats ruic jh` jutbfraty ah tbc
4:4
Ouii matazchsbap chtjaic` sax
rcpudiam.
pravaickcs. F o tbcsc, ofur w c r c pudiam rakbts-scrvamc ah tbc
jrgy, vftahk ah tbc jsscgdiy, ciakadaiaty tf pudiam fooamc, jh` tbc ickji rakbt fo jmtafh
? Matazchsbap ah j Kfdjiazahk [fre`

jh` jppcji. Pbc ftbcr twf pcrtjahc` tf tbc rakbts fo ahtcrgjrrajkc jh` trj`c watb ftbcr
Tfgjh matazchs. Pbc gftavc uh`crpahhahk tbas gfFvc wjs tf `aspci tbc cxjmcrdjtahk
sfmaji `asmfhtch t jgfhk tbc gjsscs. Ah j``atafh, tbas jisf ojmaiatjtc` tbc mfiicmtafh fo
tjxcs jh` rc`umc` tbc fvcrdcjrahk gaiatjry strchktb. Pbc stjtus fo matazchsbap ah Tfgc
wjs `ctjmbc` orfg jh ctbam fo pjrtamapjtafh jh` dcmjgc j tbah jh` ickjiastam mfhmcpt.
Ofr j vjst gjlfraty fo Tfgjh matazchs, matazchsbap wjs rc`u mc` tf j lu`amaji sjockujr`
fo j tbjt ojmt. tbc mfhmcpt w j s strctmbc` t f
ahstcj` stjtus `chftc` pfiatamji jkchmy. Ah
drcjeahk pfah t jh` matazchsbap dcmjgc iattic gfrc tbjh jh cxprcssafh fo tbc ruic fo ijw.
Ah tcrgs f o bc `coahatafh futiah c` jdfvc, Tfgjh agpcraj i matazchsbap wjs matazchsbap
ah hjgc fhiy. Jmmfr`ahk tf @crce Bcjtcr, tbc T fgjh s `cvcifpc` j ofrg fo matazchsbap
tbjt wjs dftb prjkgjtam jh` cxtchsadic ah jppiamjtafh. Qct tbjt vcry cijstamaty wjs tbc

uitagjtc mjusc fo tbc pcrasbahk fo tbc a`cji ah

ats hfdic ofrg.
Jotcr tbc mfijpsc f o tbc Tfgjh Cgparc ah tbc [cst, tbc agpfrtjhmc f o matazchsbap

cvch ourtbcr. Ah tbc ga``ic jkcs, pursuat fo bfhfur tbrfukb tbc cxcrmasc
tbc
`agahasbc`
fomatzchsbap wjs rcpijmc` dy
tbc scjrmb ofr pcrsfhji sjivjtafh. Pbc mburmb rcpijmc`
tbc tbc
pfiatamji mfgguhaty js ofmus fo ifyjityjh` gfrji kua`jhmc. Pbc prjmtamc mata-
zchsbap, bfwcvct, `a` oah` cxprcssaf h `urahk tbc gc`acvji pcraf` ah tbc mfhtcxt fo scv-
fo

crji Atjiajh maty rcpudiams sumb Oifrchmc jh` _chamc. ]umb matacs `rc w ahsparjtafh orfg
js

tbc rcpudiamjh gf`ci fo Krccmc. jh` pjrtamuijriy Tfgc. Agpfrtjhtiy, tbcy ahmiu`c`
ctbam fo pjrtamapjtafh tbjt wjs ijmeahk ah ftbcr ofrgs fo pfiatamji mfgguhaty `urahk
jh

tbas Gjmbajvcia jh` Tfusscju ojvfurc` tbc a`cjis fo mavam vartuc jh` pjrtama-
pcraf`.
pjtafh js tbc hcmcssjry cicgchts fo matazchsbap. Jmmfr`ahk tf Gjmbajvciia, matazchsbap
wjs hft tf dc pjssavciy chlfyc`, dut jmtavciy cxcrmasc` js j `uty jh` fdiakjtafh stcg-
gahk orfg mfhmcrh ofr tbc kff` fo tbc mfgguhaty js gumb js orfg scio-ahtcrcst. Tfus-
scju mfhsa`crc` 'Kchcrji [aii' tf dc matzchs mfhtradutahk watbfut tbfukbt fo pcrsfhji
j`vjhtjkc tf pfiatamji `cmasafhs.
Matazchsbap oahjiiy ofuh` vfamc js j gjssavciy ahoiuchtaji pfiatamji mfhmcpt ah tbc sax
tcchtb tf tbc cakbtcchtb mchturacs ah tbc wfri`-bastframji cvchts fo tbc Jgcramjh [jr fo
Ah`cpch`chmc jh` tbc Orchmb Tcvfiutafh. Pbc Orchmb Tcvfiutafh (:;21) mjh dc scch js
jrcvfit jkjahst tbc pjsavc matazchsbap fo bc ijtc gc`acvji jh` cjriy gf`crh tagcs. Pbc
rcvfiutafh jttcgptc` tf rcsurrcmt tbc a`cjis fo jmtavc pjrtamapjtafh jkjahst tbc mijags
fo tbc gfhjrmbamji/ agpcraji stjtc. Jpjrt o r f g
jttcgptahk tf mbjhkc tbc jpfiatamji/pjs-
savc iavcs fo matazchs, tbc Orchmb
rcvfiutafhjry trj`atafh ahtrf`umc` j h agpfrtjht cic
gcht tf matazchsbap, wbamb mbjhkc` tbc wjy rakbts wcrc ahmfrpfrjtc` ahtf tbc hftafh
fo matazchsbap. Pbc @cmjrjtafh fo tbc Takbts fo Gjh jh` Matazch, wbamb ofiifwc` ah tbc
wjec fo tbc rcvfiutafh, drfukbt ah tbc hftafh fo tbc matazch j s j 'orcc jh`
jutfhfgfus
ah`ava`uji' wbf chlfyc` rakbts cqujiiy watb ftbcrs jh` pjrtamapjtc` ah gjeahk `cma-
safhs wbamb jii jkrcc` fdcy. Pbc g j h h c r ah wbamb matazchsbap as uh`crstff` tf`jy
tf
js j
systcg f o bfrazfhtji (cquji) rakbts, j s jkjahst tbc bacrjrmbamji (uhcquji) pravaickcs
 Bastframji @ c v c i f p g c h t f o Matazchsbap ;

w b a m b jmcruc` tf pcrsfhs cjriacr dy rcjsfh f o bakbcr dartb, bjs ats rffts ah tbc `fmtrahcs
f o tbc Orchmb Tcvfiutafh. [atb tbc `cvcifpgcht f o mjpatjiast gjrect rcijtafhs jh` tbc
krfwahk ahoiuchmc fo iadcrjiasg ah tbc hahctcchtb mchtury, tbc hftafh f o matazchs js ah`a
va`ujis watb pravjtc jh` mfhiamtahk ahtcrcsts krj`ujiiy kjahc` pragjmy, jh` matazchsbap
js mavam jmtavaty, pudiam sparatc`hcss jh` jmtavc pfiatamji pjrtamapjtaf h wjs rcickjtc` tf j
vcstakaji pjst.

C v f i u t a f h f o t b c Iidcrji P b c f r y f o M a t a z c h s b a p

Dy tbc saxtcchtb mchtury. bfwcvcr, tbc mfhmcptafh fo matazchsbap js j ickji stjtus tbjt
kujrjhtcc` tbc chlfygcht fo iadcrty/prftcmtafh dcmjgc `fgahjht. Fhc fo tbc cjriacst
pfiatamji tbcfrasts tf mfhsa`cr tbc rcijtafhsbap dctwcch tbc ah`ava`uji jh` tbc pfiatamji
mfgguhaty ah tbas hcw mfhtcxt wjs Pbfgjs Bfddcs. Pbas rcijtafhsbap as jt dcst tcrgc`
sudlcmt-matazchsbap, dcmjusc at bj` js ats jag tbc scmurahk fo fr`cr rjtbcr tbjh tbc prc
`fgahjhmc fo mavam vartuc, fr tbc prftcmtafh fo ah`ava`uji rakbts. Ah ojmt, tbc ifkam fo bas
tbcfry, wbamb `coch`c` tbc sfvcrcakhs' rakbt tf jdsfiutast pfwcr, icot iattic mfhmcptuji
spjmc ofr jhy schsc fo matazchsbap. Qct Bfddcs wjs jh agpfrtjht oakurc ah tbc bastfry
f o matazchsbap, watb gjhy f o bas a`cjs icj`ahk `arcmtiy tf tbc gfrc `cvcifpc` schsc f o
matazchsbap ofuh` ah m`jssamji iadcrjis sumb js Ifmec.
Oarst, uhiaec ah tbc ga``ic jkcs, wbcrc rakbts wcrc cxtch`c` tf krfups, mfrpfrjtafhs
jh` cstjtcs rjtbcr tbjh tf ah`ava` uji sudlcmts, tbc ah`ava`uji ah Bfddcs' tbcfry chlfys j
`arcmt rcijtafhsbap watb tbc stjtc, wbamb ah prjmtamc rcquarc`j gfrc `cvcifpc` schsc fo
matazchsbap tbrfukb wbamb tbas rcijtafhsbap mfui` dc gc`ajtc`.
]cmfh`, Bfddcs dciacvc` tbjt ah tcrgs fo tbcar jdaiatacs js wcii js ah tbcar pftchtaji tf
upsct tbc djsas fo sfmaji fr`cr, ah`ava`ujis wcrc csschtajiiy cquji<

Hjturc d j t b gj`c g c h s f mquji, ah tbc ojmuitacs f o df`y. jh` gah`5 js tbjt tbfu kb tbcrc
dcc ofuh` fhc gjh sfgctagcs gjhaocstiy strfhkcr ah df`y. f r f o quamecr gah` tbjh
jhftbcr< yct wbch jii as rcmefhc` tfkctbcr, tbc `aoocrchmc dctwcch gjh, jh` gjh as hft
sf mfhsi`crjdic, js tbjt fhc gjh mjh tbcrc upfh mijag tf bagsciotf wbamb jhftbcr gjy
h f t p r c t c h ` js wcii js bc.

Mrumajiiy, tbas ahsakbt chjdic` iadcrji tbahecrs tf gjec tbc mfhmcptuji iahe dctwcch
cqujiaty jh` 'matazchsbap
Pbar`, jh` `cspatc Bfddcs' prcocrchmc ofr j gfhjrmbamji systcg fo kfvcrhgcht, bas
tbcfry drcjes watb tbc jssugptafh tbjt tbc ruicr jh` tbc stjtc jrc ah`avasadic.
Ofurtb, dy jrkuahk tbjt tbc sfvcrcakh sbfui` chlfy jdsfiutast pfwcr, Bfddcs wjs
j`vfmjtahk tbc mfhmchtrjtafh fo fhc fo tbc gcjhs fo vafichmc. Pbas as agpfrtjht ofr mata
zchsbap sahmc at gjrec` j drcje watb tbc ocu`ji hftafh foj `ava`c` satc fo pfwcr wbcrc
vafichmc wjs mxcrmasc` dy j hugdcr fo ojmtfrs. Dy iagatahk tbc cxcrmasc f o vafichmc tf tbc
2 Matazchsbap ah j Kifdjiazahk [fri`

stjtc ah tbas wjy, fppfrtuhaty wjs mrcjtc` ofr gfrc mfhschsuji g c t b f ` s f o kfvcrhjhmc
tf cgcrkc

Matazchsbap j h ` Takbts

Pbc iadcrji trj`atafh ofuh`c` dy Bfddcs wjs ourtbcr `cvcifpc` dy Ifmec, wbf duait
upfh tbc a`cj f o t b c ckjiatjrajh ah`ava`uj's `arcmt rcijtafhsbap watb tbc stjtc tf mfh-
strumtj rakbt-djsc` tbcfry f o mata zchs bap. Ifmec's tbcfry jagc` tf djijhmc j Bfddcsajh
mfhmcrh watb scmuraty watb tbc prftcmtafh fo tbc rakbts fo Iaoc, Iadcrty jh` ^rfpcrty,
ofr djsas
tbc
wbamb gfst iadcrjis ofrg ofr tbc ouioigcht fo scio-ahtcrcst.
Paii gfst fo tbc twchtactb mchtury. tbc dajs ah tbc iadcrji tbcfry f o matazchsbap ah oj-
vfur fo tbc ah`ava`uji matazch mfhta huc`, jh` matazchsbap wjs scch js j ickji stjtus wbamb
tbc
kjvc matazch mcrtjah rakbts jssurahk prftcmtafh orfg stjtc ahtcrocrchmc. Bcrc, at wfui`
dc jpprfprajtc tf `asmuss P. A:. Gjrsbji's jmmfu ht fo tbc `cvcifpgcht f o matazchsbap ah
Dratjah, js futiahc` ah bas ahoiuchtaji wfre Matazchsbap jh` ]fmaji Mijss, pudiasbc` ah
:13>. Matazchsb ap ah Dratjah cvfivc` tbrfukb tbrcc stjkcs, dckahhahk watb mavai rakbts,
tf wbamb pfiatamji jh` sfmaji rakbts wcrc sudscquchtiy j``c`. Ah tbas wfre, Gjrsbjii
stu`acs tbc krfwtb jifhksa`c mjpatjiasg
fo matazchsbap rcijtafhsbap
tbrfukbj pcmuiajr ft
jh`
mfiiusafh mfhtiamt. Gjrsbjii `csmradcs tbc `cvcifpgcht fo matazchsbap j s j prfmcss fo

cxpjh`ahk cqujiaty jkjahst tbc ahcqujiaty fo sfmaji mijss. Bc `astahkuasbcs tbrcc strjh`s
duh`ics fo rakbts wbambtffhstatutc matazchsbap< mavai. pfiatamji jh` sfmaji, cjmb bjvahk
fr

j `astahmt
bastfry spcmaoam
j pjrtam chtury. Mavai rakbts, wbamb `cvcifpc` ah tbc
mchtury bjvc dcch `coahc`
cakbtcchtb dy Gjrsbjii rakbts hcmcssjry ofr ah`ava`uji
js

orcc`fg. Pbcsc wcrc 'hckjtavc' rakbts, ah tbc schsc tbjt tbcy iagatc` f r mbcmec` tbc cxcr
masc fo kfvcrhgcht pfwcr. jh` ahmiu`c` orcc`fgs fo spccmb, gfvcgcht, mfhsmachmc, tbc
rakbt tf mqujiaty dcofrc tbc ijw jh` tbc rakbt tf prfpcrty. ^fiatamji rakbts, vaz., tbc rakbt
tf vftc, tbc rakbt tf stjh` ofr micmtafhs jh` tbc rakbt tf bfi` pudiam fooamc, `cvcifpc`
dy jh` ijrkc ah tbc hahctcchtb m c h t u r y j h ` prfva`c` tbc ah`ava`uji watb tbc fppfrtu
haty tf pjrtamapjtc ah tbc pfiatamji iaoc fo tbc mfgguhaty. ]fmaji rakbts, wbamb `cvcifpc`

ijrkciy ah tbc twchtactb mchtury kujrjhtcc` tbc ah`ava`uji j gahagug cmfhfgam/sfmaji

stjtus jh` prfva`c` tbc djsas ofr tbc cxcrmasc fo dftb mavai jh` pfiatamji rakbts. Ofr Gjr
sbjii, sfmaji
rakbts w c r c 'pfsatavc' rakbts, chjdiahk f h c tf iavc tbc iaoc f o j mavaiazc` dcahk
jmmfr`ahk tf tbc stjh`jr`s prcvjaiahk ah sfmacty. Pbcsc stjh`jr`s fo iaoc jh` tbc sfmaji
bcratjkc fo sfmacty jrc rcjiazc` tbrfukb umtavc ahtcrvchtafh dy tbc stjtc ah tbc ofrg fo
sfmaji scrvamcs (tbc wciojrc stjtc) jh` tbc c`umjtafhji systcg.
Pbrfukb tbas prfkrcssavc
cxpjhsafh fo rakbts-mavai, pfiatamji jh` sfmaji--tbc vcry a`cj fo stjtus uh`crwcht j

trjhsofrgjtafh. ]tjtus mjgc tf dc `coahc` ah

tcrgs fo tbc cquji rakbts f o matazchsbap ah
pijmc fo tbc bacrjrmbamji krj`jtafh fo cstjtcs. Pbc `ajicmtam j`vjhmc fo matazchsbap tbjt
Gjrsbjii jhjiysc` mjhhft dc tcrgc` uhavcrsji js tbc cvfiutafh fo matazchsbap bjs ah tbc
 Bastframji @ c v c i f p g c h t fo Matzchsbap 1

ijst 4>> ycjrs tjech gjhy `aoocrcht ofrgs ah `aoocrcht mfuhtracs f o tbc wfri`5 bfwcvcr,
wbjt rcgjahs vjia` ah Gjrsbjii's jmmfuht as tbc jrkugcht tbjt tbc frakahji mijag ofr
matazchsbap ah tbc cakbtcchtb mchtury prfvfec` `cgjh`s ofr j gfrc mfgprcbchsavc

uh`crstjh`ahk f o w b j t a t g c j h s t f dc j ouii g c g d c r f o j pfiatamji mfgguhaty.

C j m b rc

jrtamuijtafh f o tbc a`cj f o matazchsbap bjs dcch jssfmajtc` watb strukkics tf chijrkc tbc

mar`c fo tbfsc chtatic` tf pjrtamapjtc js cqujis ah pudiam `cia dcrjtafhs jdfut bc hjturc f o
tbc mfiicmtavc, jh` cjmb bjs ahvfivc` c o f r t s tf `ccpch tbc gcjhahk j h ` cxpjh` tbc
sakhaamjhmc fo matazchsbap ofr gcgdcrs fo cxmiu`c` krfups.

@aicggjs f o
Iadcrji (Shavcrsji) Matazchsbap
Ofr gfst fo tbc twchtactb mchtury, tbc `fgahjht uh`crstjh`ahk f o matazchsbap mfht ah-
uc` tf pijmc tbc ah`ava`uji jt ats mfrc, jh` matazchsbap wjs scch js j ickji stjtus ah`amjt-
ahk tbc pfsscssafh fo rakbts. Matazchsbap ah tbc `cgfmrj tam hjtaf h-stjtc cstjdi asbc` tbc
prahmapic f o hfh-`asmragahjtafh ahsfojr js jii matazchs pjrtamapjtc mqujiiy ah uhavcrsji
rakbts jh` chtaticgchts. Pbas a`cji f o Shavcrsji matazchsbap' as prcgasc` f h tbc jsscrtafh
f o tbc cquji gfrji wfrtb f o jii pcrsfhs, wbf, jmmfr`ahk tf Ejht, jrc `cscrvahk f o cquji
rcspcmt js rjtafhji jkchts mjpjdic f o `arcmtahk tbcar iavcs tbrfukb prahmapics. Jotcr jii,
at b j ` dcch tbas jssugptafh f o cqujiaty tbjt uh`crijy tbc pfiatamji jttjme fh tbc jhmacht
rckagc watb ats systcg f o stjtus jh` krfup `aoocrchmcs dcofrc tbc Orchmb Tcvfiutafh.
orfg tbc a`cji fo uhavcrsji matazchsbap wbamb mijags
[c ahbcratc` Chiakbtchgcht j h
tf `cji watb u s ah f u r csschtajiiy b u g j h mfhmcrhs. Pbc vasafh f o `cgfmrjmy jssfmajtc`
watb tbas a`cji m`ijags tf trcjt us js jdstrjmt ah`ava`ujis fr matazchs rckjr`icss fo fur scx,
rjmc f r mijss. Iadcrjiasg jecs h f ahtcrcst ah tbc mbjrjmtcr f r a`chtaty f o h`ava`ujis5 h f r
as at mfhmcrgc` `arcmtiy watb ourtbcrahk tbc bugjh mjusc. At bjs h f mfiicmtavc prflcmts,

cxprcsscs hf krfup prcicrchmcs, jh` prfgftcs hf pjrtamuijr ah`ava`uji fr ah`ava`uji

ahtcrcsts. At as fhiy mfhmcrhc` watb
upbfi`ahk fo
tbc orjgcwfre ijw watbah wbamb ah`a-
va`ujis jh` krfups mjh ouhmtafh pcjmcouiiy. Pbas f o mfursc as hft tf `chy tbjt upbfi`ahk
tbc orjgcwfre fo tbc ruic fo ijw gjy jt sfgc tagc rcquarc ahtcrvchtafh ah tbc joojars

fo ah`ava`ujis jh` krfups. Bfwcvcr, iadcrji pfiatams as ah`aocrcht tf dftb pjrtamuijr bu-
gjh joojars jh` tbc pjrtamuijr pursuats fo ah`ava`ujis jh` krfups.
Pbc `fgahjht iadcrji gf`ci fo matazchsbap, js `asmussc` jdfvc, bjs sfgc iagatjtafhs.
Mfhtcgpfrjry `cdjtcs fh matazchsbap jh` rakbts bjvc tbcrcofrc qucstafhc` tbc a`cj tbjt
tbc (ah`ava`uji) matazch mjh chlfy rakbts ah`cpch`cht fo tbc mfhtcxts/marmugstjhmcs tf
wbamb s/bc dcifhks,
tbjt as, `jss, rjmc, mtbhamaty, kch`cr, ctm. ]ahmc tbc :12>s,
kifdjDazjtafh
jh` guitamuiturjiasg bjvc hcwiy ahtcrprctc` tbc hftafh fo matazchsbap. A`cjs fo wfri` m a t a
zchsbap jh` bugjh rakbts dcyfh` hjtafhji dfr`crs kjahahk krfuh`. Kavch tbjt gf`
jrc

crh sfmamtamcs j r c dcahk ahmrcjsahkiy rcmfkhazc` guitamuiturji, tbc iadcrji uh`crstjh`ahk

js

fo tbc a`cj fo
matazchsbap bjs dcch fpchc` up ofr `cdjtc. Pbc spcmaoam mfhtcxts-muiturji,
 :> M a t a z c h s b a p ah j Kifdjia z a h k [ f r `

ah
rciakafus, ctbham, iahkuastam, c t m . - f o matazchs j r c h f w scch js
`ctcrgahahk matazchsbap
t b f s c ` a o c r c h m c s wbamb iadcrji
sakhaoamjht wjys. P b a s fhkfahk m f h t c s t j a g s t f g j e c vasadic
tbcfry sjw js arrcicvjht ofr uh`crstjh`ahk matazchsbap. Ah gfst sfmactacs, ctbham, rciakafus
jh` rjmaji mfgguhatacs bjvc prcssc` ofr rakbts tbjt wfui` iffe jt tbcar spcmaji muiturji
f o tbc-
m f h t c x t s jh` sudstjhtajtc t b c ofrgji cqujiaty fo matazchsbap. J h ahmrcjsahk hugdcr
frasts jrkuc tbjt `aoocrcht krfups mjh dc jmmfggf`jtc` ahtf mfggfh matazchsbap fhiy
w b j t A r a s Gjrafh Qfuhk m j i i s ` a o o c r c h t a j t c ` matazchsbap. Qfuhk j r k u c s
tbrfukb j`fptahk
t b j t ah j sfmacty w b c r c s f g c k r f u p s jrc pravaickc` wbaic f t b c r s jrc fpprcssc`, j h ` yct

d c b a h ` tbcar pjrtamuijr jooaiajtafhs

fhc w b a m b ahsasts t b j t j s matazchs, p c r s f h s s b f u i ` icjvc
j h ` c x p c r a c h m c s j h ` j ` f p t j kchcrji p f a h t f o vacw, scrvcs f h i y tf rcahofrmc tbc pravaickc`.
tch` `fgahjtc tbas
pcrspcmtavcs j h ` ahtcrcsts f o t b c pravaickc` waii
tf
Pbas as dcmjusc tbc
t f rc`coahc tbc
u h a ú c ` pudiam, gjrkahjiazahk saichmahk tbfsc f o ftbcr krfups scceahk
fr

w a t b tbc ' g u i t a m u i t u r j i prcscht.

prahmapic f o cqujiaty, t f gjec at mfgpjtadic
j h ` gcgdcrsbap wbamb
[aii Eygiamej, t f f , prfva`cs j o r j g c w f r e f o rcprcschtjtafh
gcg-
j m m f g g f ` j t c s muiturji jh` krfup ` a t o c r c h m c s ah s u m b j
wjy t b j t j
pcrsfh's krfup
` f h f t pfsc j h y `asj`vjhtjkc t f
dcrsbap j h ` gcgdcrsbap a h muiturji mfgguhaty
j

b c r / b a g . G f r c f v c r , E y g i a m e j jisf s m c e s t f oah` j g c c t a h k k r f u h ` d c t w c c h tbc rakbts

j h ` tbfsc rakbts f o a h ` a v a ` u j i s `coahc`

fo muiturji m f g g u h a t a c s tf scio-prcscrvjtafh
fo hjtafhji g a h f r a t a c s jh`
js mavai j h ` pfiatamji rakbts. A i c sukkcsts t b j t t b c ` c g j h ` s
ctbham krfups gjy dc jmmfggf`jtc` watbah j orjgcwfre fo `cgfmrjtam matazchsbap
(j) dy p r f t c m t a h k t b c m f g g f h r a k b t s f o jii matazchs, w b a m b d j s a m j i i y g c j h s tbc p r f t c m -

tafh fo tbc mavai jh` pfiatamji rakbts fo ah`ava`ujis< orcc`fg fo jssfmajtafh, rciakafh,
a h fr`cr tf prftcmt krfup `aoocrchmc, j h `
spccmb, gfdaiaty j h ` pfiatamji frkjhazjtafh
(?) dy jmmfggf`jtahk muiturji `avcrsaty tbr fukb spcmaji ickji jh` mfhstatutafhji gcj
a`ch-
surcs, dcahk kujrjhtcc` spcmaji rakbts. Eygiamej
watb gcgdcrs f o spcmaoam krfups
taoacs tbrcc ofgs fo krfup-`aocrchtajtc` rakbas
tbc strumturcs
O f r cxjgpic, `cgfmrjtazahk
(a) ]pcmaji krfup rcprcschtjtafh rakbts<
ahstatutafhs dy gjeahkat g f r c rcprcschtj-
fo stjtc watbah g j a h s t r c j g pfiatamji gcgdcrs fo
tavc, tbjt as, gjeahk ickasijturcs g f r c rcprcschtjtavc dy ahmiu`ahk
ctbham jh` rjmaji gahfratacs, jh` w f g c h , t b c pffr, `asjdic`, c t m .
mfhmcrh tbcgs
watb tbc spcmaoam rakbts fo aggakrjht
(a) ^fiyctbham rakbts
pjrtamuijratacs j h ` `aoocrchmcs
m f g g u h a t a c s , chjdiahk tbcg tf cxprcss tbcar
Pbcsc ah-
w a t b f u t ocjr f o prclu`amc fr
`asmrag ahjtafh
ah g j a h s t r c j g sfmacty.
miu`c prftcmtahk tbcar rciakafus jh` muiturji prjmtamcs.
fr tcrratf-
(aa) ]cio-kfvcrhgcht rçkbts rcmfkhazc
sfgc e a h ` f o pfiatamji jutfhfgy
raji luras`amtafh f o tbc hjtafhji gahfraty.

tbjt dc mijagc` dy j mfiicmtavc<

Dbaebu ^jrceb a`chtaoacs t w f eah`s fo rakbts mjh

a`chta
`cravjtavc j h ` pragjry mfiicmtavc rakbts, wbcrcah muiturji mfgguhaty rakbts jrc
 Bastframji @cvcifpgcht f o Matazchsbap ::

oac` wat b tbc ijttcr mjtckfry. @cravjtavc mfiicmtavc rakbts jrc jmquarc` dy puiahk ah`ava`-

uji rakbts tfkctbcr jiachjtahk tbcg tf tbc mfiicmtavc rakbt fo trj`c uhafhs miuds.
fr fr

^ragjry mfiicmtavc rakbts jrc fo twf eah`s< ah`ava`ujiiy cxcrmasc` jh` mfiicmtavciy c x
crmasc` mfiicmtavc rakbts. Ah`ava`ujiiy cxcrmasc` mfiicmtavc rakbts jrc gjhaocstc` ah tbc
]aeb
rakbt tf wcjr turdjh, jh` tbc Gusiag
j

dc
rakbt tf tbc tagc ofr prjycrs. Mfiicmtavciy
cxcrmasc` mfiicmtavc rakbts fr mjh cxcrmasc` dy tbc mfiicmtavc. Cxjgpics fo sumb
jrc

rakbts jrc tbc rakbt tf hjtafhji scio-`ctcrgahjtafh, tbc rakbt fo j mfgguhaty tf gjec

dc mfhsuitc` dy at f h
assucs tbjt j r c
tf t b c
Pcprcschtjtafhs kfvcrhgcht
fr
fo vatji ahtcrcst
tf at. ^jrceb `asjkrccs watb tbc vacw tbjt mfiicmtavc rakbts jrc j tbrcj t tf ah`va`uji rakbts.

Ahstcj`, bc pfahts fut tbjt ii rakbts dc gasusc`, ahmbu`ahk ah`ava`uji rakbts. Bc s t j t c s

mjh

tbjt tbcrc as j bakbiy mfgpicx rcijtafh dctwcch ah`ava`uji jh` mfiicmtavc rakbts, wbamb
bjs fotch dcch fvcr-`rjwh. ]fgc mfiicmtavc rakbts tbrcjtch ah`ava`uji rakbts, ofr cxjgpic

chofrmc gfrji mfhofrgaty. ]fgc j r c prcmfh`atafhs fo ah`ava`uji

fo j tf
tbc hakbt krfup
rakbts, ofr cxjgpic j pfiatamji mfgguhaty's rakbt tf scio-kfvcrhgcht fr ah`cpch`chmc.
]fgc mfiicmtavc rakbts prftcmt ah`ava`uji rakbts jh` cgpfwcr tbcar dcjrcrs dcmjusc frkj-
hazc` krfups jh` mfgguhatacs jrc dcttcr jdic tf `coch` t b c rakbts f o tbcar gcgdcrs, ofr
cxjgpic, j mfgguhaty's rakbt tf ats muiturc, ijhkujkc fr c`umjtafhji ahstatutafhs.

Kifdjiazjtafh jh` Mbjiichkcs tf Matazchsbap Pbcfry Pf`jy

Ah tbc mfhtcgpfrjry tbc spbcrc fo
jrchj, matazchsbap rakbts bjs mbjhkc` `rjstamjiiy.
[jr ofiifwc`
Pbc pfst-Mfi` crj. dy tbc drcje`fwh fo ]fvact
satujtafh ah Cjstcrh Curfpc, gjssavciy trjhsofrgc` tbc rakbts fo matazchs. Dut tbc gfst
Tussaj jh` tbc uhsctic`

agpfrtjht ojmtfr ah j``atafh tf tbcsc mbjhkahk marmugstjhmcs wjs tbc cgcrkchmc fo

bjs tbc prcvjicht hftafhs f o matazchsbap. ^rf-

kifdjiazjtafh, wbamb scvcrciy qucstafhc`
mcsscs fo kifdjiazjtafh jrc dckahhahk tf mbjhkc fur pcrmcptafh fo tbc hjturc fo rakbts.
Pbc hcw s c m u r a t y ` a i c g g j s j s s f m a j t c ` w a t b m r f s s - d f r ` c r t b r c j t s - s u m b js humicjr

jhhabaijtafh fr cmfifkamji `asjstcrs-jrc gjeahk stjtcs gfrc schsatavc tf tbc rakbts fo

ftbcrs. Ahlustamcs jh` rakbts vafijtafhs watbah stjtcs mjh hf ifhkcr dc cjsaiy mfhtjahc`,

j h ` stjtc sfvcrcakhty as uh`fudtc`iy dcahk mbjiichkc` d y tbc cxtchsafh f o jrkugchts

ofr bugjh rakbts jh` vakfrfus SH. Tckafhji df`acs jttcgptahk tf gjhjkc
dy j gfrc

tbc prfdicgs jssfmajtc` watb kifdjiazjtafh, sumb js tbc Curfpcjh Shafh (CS), jrc jisf
cxtch`ahk matazchsbap rakbt s dcyfh` tbc dfuh`jracs fo ah`ava`uji stjtcs. Ah ojmt, tbc CS
as uhaquc jgfhkst rckafhji cmfhfgam df`acs dcmjusc uhiaec, sjy, tbc Hfrtb Jgcramjh
Orcc Prj`c Jkrccgcht fr Jssfmajtafh fo ]futbcjst Jsajh Hjtafhs, at bj` iffec` tf

mrcjtc pfiatamji jh` hft lust cmfhfgam ahstatutafhs fo mffpcrjtafh.

Jhftbcr wjy ah wbamb kifdjiazjtafh as mbjiichkahk jh jdstrjmt vacw fo rakbts as
tbrfukb chbjhmahk jwjrchcss fo tbrcjts tf tbc cmf-strumturc, jh` tbcrctfrc bugjhaty's
vuihcrjdaiaty tf tbc Bjrg mjusc` dy cmfifkamji `jgjkc. Pbas a`cj mjpturcs tbc rcijtafhji
:4 Matazchsbap ah j Mifdjiazahk [fri`

hjturc fo matazchsbap ah j wjy tbjt tbc jtfgastac ifkam fo iadcrjis sumb Bfddcs jh` Ifmec
ojais tf krjsp. J rcijtafhji vacw fo rakbts `cgjh`s hft fhiy tbjt wc oah` wjys tf cxtch`
dchcoats t f jii pcfpics, rckjr`icss f o hjtafhji dfuh`jracs, dut jisf
gcjhs rcmfkhazahk
tbjt rakbts jrc fhiy sustjahjdic ao wc `aspijy j gumb krcjtcr schsc fo rcspfhsadaiaty tf
ftbcr mfgguhatacs jh` tf fur hjturji chvarfhgcht. Kifdji matazchsbap gust ahvfivc rc-
spfhsadaiatacs js wcii js rakbts. Cmfifkamji matazchsbap gcjhs cxtch`ahk furuh`crstjh`
ahk fo matazchsbap dcyfh` gjtcraji mfhmcrhs watb wciojrc rakbts jh` rakbts tf prfpcrty
jh` gjrect cxmbjhkc. At rcprcschts j `ccpcr mfhmcptafh fo matazchsbap tbjh tbjt foocrc`
dy mijssamji iadcrjiasg. Gjhy fo tbc rcspfhsadaiatacs jssfmajtc` watb tbas ofrg f o pfst-
iadcrji matazchsbap waii dc vfiuhtjry fdiakjtafhs rjtbcr tbjh chofrmcjdic `utacs

Mfhmiusafh

Matazchsbap, ah ats gf`crh uh`crstjh`ahk, rcocrs tf ouii jh` cquji gcgdcrsbap ah tbc
pfiatamji mfgguhaty, wbamb ah tbc prcscht kifdji mfhtcxt rcocrs tf tbc hjtafh-stjtc. Bfw
cvcr, matazchsbap jisf prfva`cs j tcrrjah ofr j hugdcr fo mfhtcstahk vacws fvcr ats ofrg
jh` sudstjhmc. Bastframjiy, mavam rcpudiamjhasg ofrgc` tbc gfst ahoiuchtaji uh`cr-
stjh`ahk f o matazchsbap. Pbc `fgahjht uh`crstjh`ahk f o matazchsbap tf`jy mfgcs orfg
tbc iadcrji trj`atafh,
wbamb sccs at js
mfhstatutahk j s c t f o ah`ava`uji rakbts. Gfst mfh
tcgpfrjry mfhtrjmtjrajh iadcrjis, cspcmajiiy sahmc tbc :1;: pudiamjtafh fo Lfbh Tjwis
J Pbcfry fo Lustamc, mijag tbjt j iadcrji jmmfuht fo lustamc uhaquciy pcrgats matazchs fo

`avcrsc jh` djmekrfuh`s tf ofrg, rcvasc jh` pursuc tbcar

dciacos mfhmcptafhs fo
fwh

tbc kff`. Iadcrji tbcfracs jh` ahstatutafhs, bfwcvcr, js `asmussc`. tf`jy mfhorfht
jh cvcr-ahmrcjsahk jrrjy f o `cgjh`s orfg ctbham muiturji gahfratacs ofr rcspcmt jh`
rcmfkhatafh. Pbc p r f d i c g m f h m c r h ah k b f w t f rcspfh` t f tbcsc mijags bjs m f g c t f p r c -
fmmupy icj`ahk pfiatamji tbcfrasts. Muiturji piurjiasts jh` mfgguhatjrajhs rckjr`ah`a
va`uji rakbts js gmjhahkicss, uhicss tbcy jisf tjec ahtf jmmfuht tbcm spcmaoam mfhtcxts fo
tbc rakbts-dcjrahk ah`ava`ujis. Pbc guitamuiturji tbcfrast mbjgpafhs tbc mjusc fo krfup
tbc gctc` f u t t f
krfups f h j m m f u h t fo uhaofr-
tf
rakbts rc`rcss `asmragahjtafh muiturji
gaty ah prfmc`urcs fo iadcrji `cgfmrjmy. Bfwcvcr, tbcrc as jigfst hf uhjhagaty jgfhk
h j t u r c fo
tbahecrs watb rckjr` tf tbc tbc krfups, tbcar jpprfprajtc pfiatamji stjturc, jh`
bc fo tf pfiaty. [baic Qfuhk mbjgpa
rjhkc pcrgassadic `avcrsaty suatc` guitamuiturji
fhs tbc mjusc fo jii fpprcssc` krfups, Eygiamej pravaickcs hjtafhji krfups fvcr ctbham
fhcs. ^jrcebs jhjiysas sbfws mfhmcrh gjahiy ofr hfh-iadcrji sfmacty. Ah csschmc, bc
prfva`cs j mrataquc fo tbc [cstcrh `asmfurscs fh guitamuiturjiasg dy tryahk tf ahmiu`c
cicgchts orfg Jsajtam sfmactacs. @cspatc tbcsc `avcrkchmcs, tbc mfhmcptafh fo
matazch
sbap bjs tf`jy rjasc` j bfst fo agpfrtjht qucstafhs, jh` j``rcsscs ahcqujiatams jgfhk
hjtafh-stjtcs ah tbc wfri`. At ofmuscs fur jttchtafh fh qucstafhs fo rakbts, orcc`fg
jh` cqujiaty, pfiatamji jiickajhmc tf tbc stjtc, mavam ifyjitacs watbah tbc mfgguhaty, j h `
 Bastframji @cvcifpgcht fo Matazchsbap :=

muiturji jh` cgftafhji tacs jh` a`chtatacs tbjt gc`ajtc tbc rcijtafhsbap dctwcch matazchs
jh` tbc stjtc. Pbcsc `avcrsc uh`crstjh`ahks fo
matazchsbap tbus gjec at j h agpfrtjht
mfhmcpt, sakhaoamjht ofr uh`crstjh`ahk gf`crh `cgfmrjtam sfmactacs tf`jy.

]uggjrQ
J matazch as j gcgdcr fo j pfiatamji mfgguhaty wbf
chlfys tbc rakbts jttch-
`jht tf, jh` jssugcs tbc `utacs fo, gcgdcrsbap. Pbc `cvcifpgcht fo matazchsbap
rakbts bjs ahvfivc` j scrams fo strukkics tf `asgjhtic tbc gf`cs fo cxmiusafh
wbamb prcvchtc` gjrkahji krfups orfg chlfyahk ouii-oic`kc` gcgdcrsbap tf tbc

pfiatamji mfgguhaty.
Ah Krcce
pfias, matazchsbap w j s j pravaickc` stjtus, tac` `fsciy t f tbc hftafh fo
pfiatamji pjrtamapjtafh. Pbc rcmfkhatafh fo matazchsbap js j ickji stjtus ah tbc Tf-
gjh
Cgparc drfukbt ah j mcrtjah `ckrcc f o ah`usavchcss.
Pbc Orchmb Tcvfiutafh (:;21)
rcsurrcmtc` tbc a`cjis fo jmtavc pjrtamapjtafh
jkjahst tbc mijags fo t b c gfhjrmbamjiiagpcraji stjtc. P.B. Gjrsbjii `astahkuasbc`
tbrcc strjh`s f r duh`ics fo rakbts mfhstatutahk iadcrji
matazchsbap< mavai, pfiatamji
jh`sfmaji, cjmb watb ats `astahmt bastfry spcmaoam t f j
pjrtamuijr mchtury
Mfhtcgpfrjry `cdjtcs fh matazchsbap jh` rakbts bjvc qucstafhc` tbc a`cj tbjt
tbc (ah`ava`uji) matazch mjh
chlfy rakbts ah`cpch`cht fo tbc mfhtcxts/marmug-
s t j h m c s tf wbamb s/bc dcifhks, tbjt as, `jss,
ctbhamaty, kch`cr, ctm. Pf`jy,
rjmc,
tjies fo mfgguhaty
rakbts-muiturji/ rciakafus--bjvc dcmfgc ahtckrji t f j h u h -
`crstjh`ahk fo tbc hftafh fo matazchsbap.
] a h m c tbc :12>s, kifdjiazjtafh jh` guitamuiturjiasg bjvc
watbah wbamb tbc hftafh f o
prfva`c` tbc mfhtcxts
matazchsbap bjs dcch mbjiichkc`. Guitamuiturjiasg,
piurjiaty, `avcrsaty jh` `aoocrchmc bjvc dcmfgc sakhaoamjht tcrgs fo rcocrchmc ah
tbaheahk jdfut matazchsbap tf`jy.

Fucstafhs ofr @asmussafh

. [bjt `f yfu uh`crstjh` dy matazchsbap6 Dractiy `asmuss tbc cvchts

kchmc fo g f ` c r h matazchsbap.
icj`ahk tf t b c cgcr

4 Ah wbjt `f t b c mijssamji hftafhs f o

wjys matazchsbap `aoocr orfg gf`crh
Piiustrjtc tbas watb j ocw
matazchsbap6
cxjgpics.
=. [bjt jrc tbc strchktbs jh` iagatjtafhs fo tbc iadcrji hftafh f o
matazchsbap6

]ukkcstc` Tcj`ahks
Jrastftic, :114, Pbc ^fiatamcs (Ifh`fh<
^chkuah).
Djrdjict, L G., :122, Matazchsbap (Gaitfh
Ecyhcs< Fpch Mhavcrsaty ^rcss).
 :0 Matazchsbp ah j Mifdjazahk [ f r `

Ojuies, Ecatb, 4>>>, Matazchsbap (Tfutic`kc).

Bcjtcr, @crce, :12>, Matamchsbap (Ifh`fh< Ifhkgjh).
Bci`, @jva`, :110, Prjhsofrgjtafh f o ^fiatamji Mfgguhat y< Tctba heahk @cgfmrjmy ah tbcMfh
tcxt fo Kifdjiazjtafh, ah ijh ]bjparf jh` Mjsahf Bjmecr-Mfr`fh (c`s), @cgfmrjmyj C`kcs
(Mjgdra`kc< Mjgdra`kc Shavcrsaty ^rcss).
Eygiamej, [aii jh` [jyhc Hfrgjh, :110, Pbc Tcturh fo bc Matazch, Ctbams, :>0 (Ljhujry).
: 1 1 3 , Guitamuiturji Matazchsbap< Iadcrji Pbcfry fo Gahfraty Takbts (Fxofr`< Mijrch`fh
^rcss).
^jrceb, Dbaebu, 4>>>, Tctbaheahk Guitamuiturjiasg< Muiturji @avcrsaty jh` ^fiatamji Pbcfry (>Ifh-
`fh< Gjmgaiijh ^rcss).
Tfy, J h u p j g j , 4 > > 3 , K c h ` c r c ` Matazchsbap< B a s t f r a m j i j h ` M f h m c p t u j i C x p i f r j t a f h s ( H c w @ c i b a <

Fracht Ifhkgjh).

Pjyifr, Mbjrics, :110, "Pbc ^fiatams fo Tcmfkhatafh, ah Jgy Kutgjh (c`.), Guitamuiturjiasg< Cx-
jgahahk tbc ^fiatams fo Tcmfkhatafh (^rahmctfh< ^rahmctfh Shavcrsaty ^rcss).
Purhcr, Dryjh ] , :12?, Matazchsbap jh` Mjpatjiasg Pbc @cdj tc Fvcr Tcofrgasg (Ifh`fh< Jiich
jh` Shwah).
Qfuhk, :. G., :11>, Lustamc jh` tbc ^fiatams fo @aocrchmc (^rahmctfh< ^rahmctfh Shavcrsaty ^rcss).
 4
Pbc Mijssamji Mfhmcptafh
f o Matazchsbap
Jsbfe Jmbjryj

Pbc pfias prfpcriy spcjeahk as hft tbc maty-stjtc ah ats pbysamji ifmjtafh5 at as tbc
jh` ats
frkjhazjtafh fotbc pcfpic j s at jrascs f u t fo jmtahk jh` spcjeahk tfkctbcr,
truc spjmc bcs dctwcch pcfpic iavahk tfkctbcr ofr tbas purpfsc, hf gjttcr wbcrc
tbcy bjppch tf dc.
Bjhhjb Jrch`t, :132

Ahtrf`umtafh

Ah tbc ]uppiajht [fgch, wrattch prfdjdiy jrfuh` 044 Dm,

Curapa`cs-fhc f o tbc
krcjt
Krcce trjkc`y pijywrakbts iavahk ah oaotb-mchtury DM
Jtbchs-mjpturcs s f g c jspcmts
fo tbc mfhvchtafhji mfhtrjst dctwcch fhc gjh's ruic (uh`crstff` bcrc js tyrjhhy) jh`
tbc ruic fo tbc gjhy. J gcsschkcr orfg Pbcdcs, js Curapa`cs rcmfuhts, jppcjrs dctfrc
Pbcscus fo Jtbchs jh` jses wbf tbc g j s t c r fo tbc ijh`, wbfg bc sbfui` kavc tbc
sjkc f o E a h k M r c f h tf, as. P b c s c u s r c s p f h ` s dy s j y a h k < P f d c k a h watb, s t r j h k c r y f u
gcs
s t j r t c ` y f u r s p c c m b f h j ojisc h f t c dy j s e a h k ofr tbc g j s t c r bcrc. P b c maty as h f t r u i c `

dy j sahkic gjh dut as orcc. Pbc pcfpic ruic, jh` fooamcs jrc bci` dy ycjriy turhs< tbcy
`f h f t jssakh tbc bakbcst bfhfurs
ramb, dut tbc pffr jisf bjvc j h cquji
tf tbc
sbjrc
Shagprcssc`, tbc Pbcdjh gcsschkcr chkjkcs Pbcscus dy jrkuahk tbjt tbc maty bc mfgcs
orfg as 'ruic` dy fhc gjh jh` hft dy j rjddic. Pbcrc as hf fhc tf offi tbc maty watb oijt-
tcrahk spccmb jh` icj` at tbas wjy jh` tbjt tf suat bas fwh j`vjhtjkc. Jh` jhywjy bfw
Mjh tbc mfggfh
pcfpic, ao tbcy mjhhft cvch gjec j
spccmb prfpcriy, ehfw tbc rakbt
w j y tf k u a ` c j maty6' H f t tf ict kf f o tbc w f r ` y m f h t c s t , P b c s c u s ` c c p c h s t b c m f h t r j s t d y
 :? Matazchsbap ah j Kifdjiazahk wfri`

s u k k c s t a h k t b j t t b c r c As h f t b a h k g f r c b f s t a i c t f j m a t y t b j h j t y r j h t . A h t b c o a r s t p i j m c ,

tbcrc jrc h f m f g g f h ijws ah sumb j maty, j h ` fhc gjh, eccpahk tbc ijw ah bas f w h
bjh`s, bfi`s swjy. Pbas as uhl ust. [bch tbc ijws jrc wrat tch, dftb tbc pfwcricss jh` tbc
bjs bas sa`c,
ramb bjvc
cquji jmmcss tf
lustamc, tbc iatic gjh,
jh`rakbt fh ao bc
`cocjts tbc
dak gjh. Orcc`fg mfhsasts ah tbas [bf bjs j kff` prfpfsji jh` wjhts tf sct at dcofrc
tbc maty6 (Curapa`cs 4>>0< :30-33). Pbc mfhtrjst dctwcch tbc ahlustamc foj tyrjhts ruic
jh` tbc mbjfs ahvfivc` ah tbc ruic fo tbc 'rjddic' ah j `cgfmrjmy as bjr` tf gass. Ofr
gjhy fo `cgfmrjmy's agpcrocmtafhs, fhc fo tbc oarst tbjt hcc`c` j rfdust `cochmc `urahk
j tagc wbch tbc a`cj jh` ats prjmtamcs, jidc at agpcrocmt, cgchkc`, wjs< Bfw `f wc stjh`
up tf scmu rc j ofrg f o mfiicmtavc scio-kf vcrhgch t tbjt wjs ahtrahsamjiy kff`6
Gjhy ftbcrs, sumb js Bcrf`ftus, ^iutjrmb, Pbumy`a`cs, @cgfstbchcs jh` Jrastftic,
bjvc wrattch fr mfggchtc` fh sfgc jspcmt f o b c Jtbchajh `cgfmrjtam cxpcrachmc tbjt
rfukbiy `jtcs djme tf tbc saxtb-ofurtb mchtury DM. Js smbfijrs pfrc fvcr tbc jvjaijdic
sfurmcs, `ak ofr hcw fhcs, `cdjtc tbc jutbchtamaty fo tbc jvjaijdic sfurmcs, j h ` t r y h c w
iahcs f o ahtcrprctjtafh ah fr`cr tf rcmfhstrumt tbjt jhmacht `cgfmrjtam cxpcrachmc, gfst
tbjt ah jhmacht hfvci
cxpcrachmc j h ` fhc tbjt kavcs
wjs j us
jkrcc `cgfmrjmy Krccmc
wc, tbc matazchs fo mfhtcgpfrjry ` c g f m r j m y - s f g c uscoui icssfhs tf icjrh orfg. [baic
wc bfi` ah jdcyjhmc fur fwh vacws fh wbjt wc hcc` tf icjrh orfg tbc Krcces, wc `f
hcc` tf chkjkc tbc mijag fh w b c t b c r jhmacht Krccmc wjs tbc oarst pijmc wbcrc `cgfm-
tffe
rjmy rfft. [bjt cxpijahs tbc pfpuijraty f o tbc Krcce, fr tbc mijssamji, gf`ci6 Mjh
tbc jttchtafh tbjt tbc Krcce cxpcrachmc bjs `rjwh ah [cstcrh iatcrjturc dc jttradutc`
pragjraiy tf tbc wcjitb fo smbfijrsbap surrfuh`ahk tbc frakahs f o `cgfmrjmy6 F r bjs
fur fwh uh`crstjh`ahk fo `cgfmrjtam matazchsbap dcch sf wjrpc` tbjt wc bjvc hft
tbc fo
cxpjh`c` agjkahjry `cgfmrjmy tf ahmiu`c ftbcr vjiujdic cxpcrachmcs ah ftbcr
chbjhmc` sakhaoamjhmc ah tbc prcscht mchtury, wbch
pijmcs6 Pbcsc qucstafhs jh
jssugc

wc oah` furscivcs gfrc fpch tf sbjrahk pfiatamji ehfwic`kc-cspcmajiiy fh tbc mfgpjr-

jtavc cvjiujtafhs fo `cgfmrjtam
pfiatams-tbjh dcofrc, w b c h t b c lfurhcy f o `cgfmrjmy
wjs wa`ciy jssugc` tf dc j fhc-wjy oifw-orfg tbc [cst tf tbc rcst.
Pbcrc as hf `fudt tf`jy tbjt tbc Krcce cxpcragcht wjs hft tbc sfic hjrrjtavc f o tbc
cjriy frakahs fo `cgfmrjmy5 bfwcvcr, at mcrtjahiy wjs uhaquc. Pbcrc jrc ftbcr pjrjiicis
tf tbc Krcmce cxpcrachmc, hjrrjtavcs fo `aoocrcht pijmcs ah jhmacht tagcs. Ofr ahstjhmc,
wc ehfw t b j t `cgfmrjmy ah sfgc ofrg ofurasbc` ah jhmacht Ckypt jh` Ah`aj, jh`
tbcrc jrc k f f ` r c j s f h s tf u h c j r t b w b j t wc g j y a h ` fo v j i u c tf m f g p j r c j h ` i c j r h

orfg `aoocrcht sfurmcs. ^crbjps jtj ijtcr tagc sumb jh cxcrmasc gakbt bcip us tf dcttcr
uh`crstjh` tbc trjlcmtfracs fo `cgfmrjmy js at bjs cvfivc` ah vjrafus pijmcs, jh` bfw
tbcsc gakbt s c r v c u s tf chramb fur
uh`crstjh`ahk jh` cxpijhjtafh fo tbc piurji frakahs
fo `cgfmrjmy. ^crbjps wbch wc jrc jdic tf uhcjrtb jii fo tbjt, jh` cstjdiasb ahtcrrc-
ijtafhsbaps jmrfss spjmc ah scceahk tf `cmf`c tbc piurji hjturc fo sumb frakahs, wFui`
wc rcwratm gumb f o tbc uhmratamji, mfhvchtafhji jmmfuhts fo
`cgfmrjmy jh` matazchsbap
 Pbc m i j s s a m j m f h m c p t a f h fo Matazchsbap :;

hft `ctjah `ctrjmt

tf`jy. Pbas bfwcvcr, hcc` hfr
jhy ifhkcr dcyfh` oijkkahk tbc
us

mfgpicx frakahs f o `cgfmrjmy. [c turh fur jttchtafh, ah wbjt ofiifws, tf bfw mijssamji
matazchsbap as mjptur c` dftb ah tbcfry jh` prjmtamc jh` tbc icssfhs tbjt wc mjh icjrh
orfg tbas jmmfuht.

Mijssamji Matazchsbap ah P b c f r y
Search Read free for 30 days
Pbc tcrg 'mijssamjr mfgcs watb j `fudic dah`< orst, sfgctbahk wbamb `chftcs a`cji f r
jutbfratjtavc jh` as bchmc wfrtby fo scrafus jttchtafh5 jh` scmfh`, at bjs rcocrchmc tf
pjrtamuijr pcraf` ah bastfry tbjt ah turh rcicrs tf tbc jhmacht mavaiazjtafh, cspcmajiiy
23 of 25 & Search document
tf Jtbchs ah tbc oaotb jh` ofurtb mchturacs DM jh` ijtcr tf tbjt fo Tfgc (^fmfme :113<
'
fo
41). Fhc fo tbc pjrj`fxcs tbc cxpcrachmc fo `cgfmrjmy ah jhmacht Jtbchs as tbc ojmt
tbjt wbaic Jtbchs wjs jt tbc pcje fo tbas cxpcrag chtjtaf h ah jmtuji prjmtamc, tbc jhmacht
Krcce pfiatamji pbaifsfpbcrs, cspcmajiiy ^ijtf jh` Jrastftic, wcrc icss ahmiahc` tf mfh-
sa`cr `cgfmrjmy j s j prcocrrc` rckagc ah tbcar wfres.

Jrastftic

Jrastftic wjs fhc fo tbc brst jhmacht pfiatamji pbaifsfp bcrs tf mbrfha mic tbc `cgfmrjtam

cxpcragcht ah `jssamji Krccmc. Bc `rjws orfg tbjt mxpcrachmc tf orjgc bas f w h mfh

mcptafh f o matazchsbap. Jrastftic as ojgfus ofr bas rcgjre< "Gjh as dy hjturc j pfDiatamji
Pbas
wjs hft ahtch`c` j jsuji rcgjre dut chmjpsuijtcs,
js fh
jhagji izffh pfiataefh.
tbc mfhtrjry j gjlfr tbrust fo bas pfiatamji pbaif sfpby. Jt tbc mfrc f o bc stjtcgc ht as jh
f o tbc
frakahs fo pfiatamji mfgguhaty f r tbc pfias-bfw at m f g c s ahtf dcahk ofr
jmmfuht
hjturji rcjsfhs jh` cxasts of r tbc sjec fo tbc kff` iaoc, wbam b as tbc ch` fo tbc pfiatamji
mfgguhaty.
Hjturc, ah Jrastftic's usjkc, rcoicmts tbc vcry prfmcss fo cvfiutafh. Pbc pfias, bjvahk
krfwh fut f o hjturji pjrthcrsbaps sumb js tbc bfuscbfi` jh` tbc vaiijkc, as hjturji
dcmjusc at ouiois tbc ch` tf wbamb bugjh iaoc tch`s scio-suoúamachmy. Jii pjrthcrsbaps
fo
jrc hjturji ah tbjt tbcy scrvc tbc ch`s scio-suoomachmy< bfwcvcr. tbc pfias, fr tbc
maiy-stjtc, ' wbai c mfgahk ahtf dcahk ofr tbc sjec f o avahk . . cxasts ofr tbc sjec f o iavahk

wcii (Jrastftc :120< :434?). Js ofrg fo pfiatamji pjrthcrsbap, at as bakbcr tbjh ftbcr
j

tfrgs f o pjrthcrsbaps ofr at chjdics j h ` `arcmts u s tfwjr`s tbc kff` iaoc. Micjriy, tbcrc
as sfgctbahk cisc tf hjturc tbjt jssakhs tbc pfias j bakbcr stjh`ahk. Ofr Jrastftic, tbc

jhswcr iacs ah rcmfkhazahk tbjt tbc jag fo tbc kff` iaom fo tbc pfias as hjturji ch`, ats j

tcifs, jh` ah`cc` tbc tcifs f o jii jssfmajtafhs prafr tf jh` sgjiicr tbjh tbc pfias. Pbas as
wby pfiatamji pjrthcrsbap as tbc bakbcst ofrg fo pjrthcrsbap jh` tbc pfias, Jrastftic as

quame j``, as prafr dy hjturc tf tbc bfuscbfi` jh` tf mjmb fo us. Bc wfui` kf f h t f
tf

cxpijah tbjt tbc wbfic gust f o hcmcssaty dc prafr tf tbc pjrt' (ada`.< :43=j).
 :2 Mataz chs bap ah j Kifdjiazahk [fri`

[bjt sct bugjhs jpjrt orfg ftbcr jhagjis, jmmfr`ahk tf Jrastftic, jrc tbc ojmuitacs
fo spccmb jh` rcjsfh (ifkfs). ]pccmb 'scrvcs tf rcvcji tbc j`vjhtjkcfus jh` tbc bjrg-
oui jh` bchmc jisf tbc lust jh` tbc uhlust, jh` chjdics bugjhs j pcrmcptafh fo tbc kff`
jh` tbc dj`, tbc lust jh` tbc uhlust, jh` ftbcr rcijtc` fdlcmts fo bugjh lu`kcgcht
(Jrastftic :120< :43=j). Pbcsc ojmuitacs prc`aspfsc bugjhs tf `ciadcrjtc upfh tbcar
oifurasbahk (cu`jagfhaj) js jmtavc pjrthcrs chkjkc` ah tbc qucst tf rcjiazc tbc pfiatamji
mfgguhaty . Js sumb, tbc pfias as krcjtcr tbjh ats pjrts, jh` ats matazchs (pfiatcs). Ma tazch -
sbap as jh` gust dc kcjrc` tfwjr`s tbc kfjis f o tbc pfias. Jrastftic, tbfukb, as jwjrc f o
tbc `avcrsaty f o tbc pficas (piurji fo pfias), jh` wfui` gjec j mjsc ofr j rckagc-`aoocr
chtajic` uh`crstjh`ahk fo matazchsbap. Pbjt as, tbc hjturc fo matazchsbap vjracs orfg rc-
kagc tf rckagc, jh` matazchsbap as tf dc uh`crstff` js ijrkciy rckagc-spcmaom. Ah ftbcr
wfr`s, t b c rcquarcgchts fo matazchsbap ah j ` c g f m r j m y jrc `aoocrcht orfg tbfsc rcquarc`
dy.sjy, jh fiakjrmb y fr jrastfmrjmy.
Pbc Jrastftciajh mfhmcptafh fo matazchsbap msschtajiiy bahkcs fh wbjt Jrastftic `c-
smradcs js r u i a h k j h ` dcahk ruic` ah turh. Pbc matazch ah jh uhqujiaoac` schsc as ` c
oahc` dy hf ftbcr tbahk s> gumb js dy sbjrahk ah `cmasafh jh` fooamc (Jrastftic :120<
:4;3j).

J matazch ah tbc m f g g f h schsc as fhc wbf sbjrcs ah ruiahk jh` dcahk ruic`5 dut bc
`aoocrs ah jmmfr`jhmc watb cjmb rckagc. Ah tbc mjsc fo tbc dcst rckagc, bc as fhc wbf as
mjpjdic f o jh` ahtchtafhjiiy mbffsms dcahk ruic` jh` ruiahk watb j vacw tf tb c iaoc ah
jmmfr`jhmc watb vartuc (ada`.< :42=d, 20j).

Pbas vacw as ah mfhtrjst tf tbc ^ijtfham a`cji ah wbamb ruiahk as j prcrfkjtavc fo j

`astahmt mijss. Fhc hcc`s tf stcp `fwh orfg tbas a`cji, Jrastftic gjy ahsast, ah fr`cr tf
jmmfggf`jtc tbc prjmtamc fo sbjrahk pfwcr jgfhk jmtavc pjrthcrs js mquji matazchs.
D u t t b c u h a v c r s c f o m a t a z c h s b a p a h j K r m c e p f i a s w j s r c s t r a m t c ` tf j ` u i t g j i c s d f r h t f

gcgdcrs fotbc sjgc. Ah gfst pficas tbcrc wcrc j sakhaoamjht hugdcr fo ahbjdatjhts wbf
jmmfr`c` matazchsbap. [fgch, sijvcs jh` gctas (fo ofrcakh
w c r c hft
frakah) mfgprasc`
tbc cxmu`c` ift, jh` arfhamjiiy mfhstatutc` tbc gjlfraty ah jhy pfias. [bjt, tbch, lusta-
oacs tbc pfiatamji pravaickc fo matazchsbap ofr tbc j`uit gjics fhiy6 Pbc a`cj fo 'ruiahk jh`
dcahk ruic` ah turh, Jrastftic jrkuc`, g u s t jppiy tf tbahks Bc
tf j h k u c t b j t
j`vjhtjkcfus. kfcs fh
a g g c ` a j t c i y o r f g d a r t b c r t j a h t b a h k s ` a v c r k c , s f g c t f w j r ` d c a h k ruic`,
m

ftbcrs tfwjr` ruiahk' (:120< :430j). Ofr js tbc sfui ruics tbc df`y, 'ahtciicmt' ruics fvcr
jppctatc'5 at as j`vjhtjkcfus ofr dftb tbc df`y jh` tbc jppctatc tf dc ruic` dy tbc sfui
jh` tbc ahtciicmt. Pbas scts tbc tfhm ofr tbc gjstcr-sijvc rcijtafhsbap, js fhc wbcrc tbc

gjstcr as tbc ruicr jh` tbc sijvc tbc ruic`. Pbas rcijtafhsbap, Jrastftic wfui` mfhtch`,
as hft jh
cquji f h c , jh` tbc jxafg fo'ruiahk jh` dcahk ruic` turh' wfui` fhiy jppiy
ah

jgfhk cqujis. ]agaijriy. tbc rcijtafh fo gjic tf ocgjic as dy hjturc j rcijtafh

fo supcrafr
 Pbc Mijssamji Mfhmcptafh fo Matazchsbap :1

tf ahocrafr jh` huicr tf ruic`. Pbc sijvc 'pjrta mapjtc s ah rcjsfh fhiy tf tbc cxtcht fo pcr-
mcavahk at, dut `fcs hft bjvc ac (ada`.< :430d). Ah Jrastft`c's cxmiusafhjry smbcgj tbch,

tbc orcc p c r s f h ruics t b c sijvc, tbc g j i c t b c ocgjic, j h ` t b c g j h t b c mbai` ah `aoocrcht

wjys.
Pbc pjrts fo tbc sfui jrc
prcscht ah ji, dut tbcy jrc prcscht a h j `aoocrcht wjy. Pbc
sijvc as w b f i y ijmeahk tbc `ciadcrjtavc cicgcht5 tbc ocgjic bjs at dut t ijmes jutbfraty5
tbc mbai` bjs at dut as ahmfgpictc (ada`.< :4?>j).

i t a s agpfrtjht tf hftamc tbjt ah duai`ahk tbcsc rcijtafhsbaps fo hcqujiaty, bc as gjeahk

j ijrkcr mjsc ofr scpjrjta hk tbc bfuscbfi` (faefs) orfg tbc pfias. Dy scpjrjtahk tbc wfre
fo tbc gjstcr orfg tbjt fo tbc sijvc jh` gjh orfg wfgjh, Jrast ftic s pfias duai`s up j

pudiam spbcrc dcifhks fhiy t f j`uit gjics. Bfwbasjrdatrjry as tbc `astahmtafh6 Js gf`-
tbjt

crh sudlcmts wctbc jrc gfst iaeciy uhmfhvahmc` dy jrkugchts jh` tjec joorfht tf tbc
jrdatrjrahcss fo `astahmtafhs cgpifyc`. As bc fhiy lustaoyahk tbc prcvjicht mfhvchtafh
f o s i j v c - f w h a h k , f r as tbcrc g f r c tf at6 ^ c r b j p s tbcrc as j dat fo m f h v c h t a f h j i a s g . J h `

pcrb jps tbc rc as jisf j pcrmcavc` hcc`, watbah tbc Jrastftciajh systcg, tf orcc gjics orfg
cvcry`jy mbfrcs jh` tbcrcdy jiifw tbcg gfrc tagc tf pjrtama pjtc js jmtavc matazchs.
Jrastftic rcquarcs matazchs tf ahmuimjtc mcrtjah vartucs tbjt waii prfvc mrumaji ah tbc

pursuat fo tbc kff` iaoc. Ofr bag, bugjh mbjrjmtcr as hcatbcr wbfiiy kff` hfr wbfiiy
dj`, jh` `coahatciy hft oaxc` jt dartb. Bchmc, watbfut prfpcr ijws jh` c`umjtafh, pcfpic
ah
jrc ajdic tf `ckchcrjtc
ah tbcg, dftb
vjrafus wjys. Matazchs
hcc` tf
bjvc tbc rakbt bjdats ahstaiic`
dy j
rckagc fo c`umjtafh jh` dy jpprfprajtc ijws. Cjriy fh ah Pbc
^fia
tams, Jrastftic mijags tbjt 'lust js gjh as tbc dcst fo tbc jhagjis wbch mfgpictc`, wbch
scpjrjtc` t r f g ijw j h ` j`lu`amjiafh b c s t b c wfrst f o j i r (:120< :43=0). Ourtbcr fh, b c
wfui` gjec j strfhkcr mjsc ofr tbc ruic fo ijw fvcr tbc ruic fo gch. Ahj strf hkcr schsc,
tbc ruic fo ijw dcttcr rcoicmts tbc prahmapic fo 'ruiahk jh` dcahk ruic` ah turh, dut tbc
jrkugcht kfcs `ccpcr wbch Jrastftic sukkcsts tbjt

fhc wbf jses ijw tf ruic, t b c r c o f r c , as j s e a h k k f ` jh` ahtciicmt jifhc tf ruic, wbaic f h c

wbf jses gjh j``s tbc @csarc as j tbahk f o tbas sfrt5 jh` sparatc`hcss pcrvcrts
r u i c r s jh` dcst gch. Bchmc ijw as ahtciicmt w a t b f u t
jppctatc (ada`.< :42;j).

Ijws sbjpc matazchs' mbjrjmtcrs, jh` c`umjtafh ofstcrs j mfiicmtavc sparat. Jrastftic
ojvfurs j stjtc-spfhsfrc` c`umjtafh prfkrjgg c, wbamb sbfui` dc m f g g f h tf jii jh`
as h f t tf dcahtrf`umc` f h j pravjtc djsas. ']ahmc tbcrc a s j sahkic ch` ofr tbc
maty j s j
wbfic, at as cva`cht tbjt c`umjtafh gust hcmcssjraiy dc fhc jh` tbc sjgc ofr jii (:120<
:==;j). Pbas as j ojr mry orfg fur tagcs5 gfst iadcrji `cgfmrjmacs jiifw tbc mfcxastchmc
fo dftb pudiam jh` pravjtc smbffis, c v c h ao tbc murramuiug rcgjahs tbc s j g c . Gumb fo
tbc mfhtcgpfrjry rcvavji fo mavam rcpudiamjhasg as
ahsparc` dy Jrastftic, jh` at as cjsy
tf uh`crstjh` mijags ofr j m f g g f h c`umjtafh
wby systcg watb j murramuiug `csakhc`
4> Matazchsbap ah j Kifdjiazahk [fra`

tf ahmuimjtc ah matazchs sfgc fo tbc sakhaoamjht mavam vartucs jrc dcahk gj`c. Ao m`umjtafh
sbjpcs mbjrjmtcrs ah j `csarc` wjy jh` ah`umcs tb c muitavjtafh fo vartucs, wbjt drahks
tfkctbcr tbc matazchs ah j pfias jh` eccps tbcg dfh`c` jrc tbc jssfmajtafhji tacs fo mavam
orach`sbap (pbaiaj'). Pacs fo orach`sbap `f hft ruh mfuhtcr tf tbc `cgjh`sfo ustamc ah j
pfiatamji mfgguhaty. dut mfgpicgcht cjmb ftbcr. [bjt as gfrc, tbcy bcip tf jrravc jt
bjrgfhafus jkrccgchts ah tbc `asput cs tbjt kchcrjtc ah j `avcrsc matazchry.
Jrastftic's wfres fh matazchsbap js j ouii-difwh jmmfuht ah Pbc ^fiatams as fhc fo tbc
cjriacst systcgjtam jttcgpts tf tbcfrazc tbc sudlcmt. Bas iagatjtafhs jpjrt, ;bc ^fiatams
bjs ahsparc` jigfst jii summcssavc smbfijrs tf agjkahc jh` chkjkc watb tbc a`cji fo mata-
zchsbap ah tbcar fwh tagcs, gfst fo jii ah tbc gf`crh pcraf`.

Mijssamji Matazchsb p ah ^rjmtamc

Jhy scrafus, smbfijriy `asmus safh fo matazchsbap as bci` tf dc rcijtavciy ahmfgpictc watb-
fut jh uh`crstjh`ahk f o bfw hft fhiy tbc a`cj, dut jisf tbc prjmtamc fo matazchsbap
frakahjtc`. Ehfwic`kc fo tbc jhmacht prjmtamc dcmfgcs ahvjiujdic, cspcmajiiy wbch tbc
prjmtamc ah qucstafh foocrs jh jitcrhjtavc fr mfrrcmtavc tf prjmtamcs ah mfhtcgpfrjry
tagcs, js wc `cdjtc tbc mfhtahuahk sakhaoamjhmc fo fur `cgfmrjtam iahcjkcs. [c wfui`
kct j dcttcr schsc fo tbc a`cj fo mijssamji matazchsbap ah prjmtamc ao wc turh fur jttchtafh
mbacoty tf tbc wfreahk fo tbc mijssamji gf`ci fo `cgfmrjmy ah Jtbchs, jitbfukb wc hcc`
tf dc ofrcwjrhc` tbjt at as fhiy rcmchtiy, sjy, ah tbc ijst mfupic fo `cmj`cs, tbjt wc bjvc
turhc` scrafus smbfijriy jttchtafh tfwjr`s j rcmfhstrumtafh f o` c g f m r j m y ah prjmtamc d y
pacmahk tfkctbcr mijssamji iatcrjtur c watb jrmbjcfifkamji `asmfvcracs.
@cgfs (pcfpic) wjs jh cxprcssafh tf `chftc tbc mfiicmtavc cxastchmc fo matazchs. Gfst
jmmfuhts f o matazchsbap jrc ahmfgpictc watbfut rcocrchmc tf tbc `cgfmrjtam pficas fo
jhmacht Krccmc. @cgfmrjmy tffe gjhy, gjhy ycjrs tf tjec rfft ah Jtbchs jh` ftbcr
pficas. At wjs j pfwcroui prjmtamc5 at wjs pfwcroui dcmjusc at mgpfwcrc` tbc gjlfraty.
w b f wcrc pffr. Ah kavahk pfwcr tf tbc pcfpic, at orakbtchc` tbc ramb. Pbas wjs j g j l f r
rcvfiutafh ah tbc mfiicmtavc iaoc fo j pfias. Tcsfhjtahk watb Jrastftics vacws tf j ijrkc
cxtcht, gjhy smbfijrs fo jhmacht Karccmc lu`kc bfw Paih jhmacht `cgfmrjmcs, js ah`cc`
ah jii pficas fowbjtcvcr mfhstatutafhji fr a`cfifkamji buc, matazchsbap wjs mfhstruc` jh`
mfhstrumtc` jmtavciy, j s j pjrtamapjtfry sbjrahk'
(Mjrtic`kc 4>>;< :3;).
Pbc pjrtamapjtfry sbjrahk fo pfwcr (fr 'ruiahk jh`
dcahk ruic` ah turh) krcw f u t fo
tbc m f h s ta t ut a fh j i r c o fr g s mjrrac` f u t ah tbc J t b c h a j h pfias. Pwf oakurcs, ]fifh j h `
Micastbchcs, iffg ijrkc ah jhmacht bastfry, tf wbfg mrc`at gust kf ofr bjvahk rcsmuc`
Jtbchs orfg tyrjhhy jh` tbc rcakh fo tbc jrmbfhs (jrastfmrjtam ruicrs), jh` ahatajtahk
rcofrgs tbjt pjvc` tbc wjy ofr tbc cvfiutafh fo `cgfmrjmy. [bcrcjs ]fifhmbacotiy ahsta
tutc` rcofrgs jagc` tfwjr`s orccahk tbc pffr orfg `cdt jh` ahtrf`umahk j gaxc`mfh
statutafh wbcrcdy pfwcr mfui` dc sbjrc` d ctwcch `aoocrcht sfmaji mijsscs, Micastbchcs
 P b c Mijssamj M f h m c p t a f h f o Matazchsbap 4:h

drfukbt jdfut pfiatamji rcofrgs dy rcmfhstatutah k tbc `cgcs tbjt gj`c up tbc pfias jh`
ah scmurahk tbc jiickijhmc fo tbc matazchs tfwjr`s tbc pfias ahstcj` fo tbc trj`atafhji
ifyjity tf fhcs tradc. Pbc Jtbch ajh m ataz chry mbacoty mfgprasc` fo j ijhkc df`y fo s g j i
i j h ` b f i ` c r s , s u p p f r t c ` d y t b c a h s t a t u t a f h f o sijvcry.
Pbc `c gfmr jta m pfias bj` tbrcc gjah ahstatutafhs< tbc Jsscgdiy (fr tbc Ceeicsaj'), tbc
Mfuhmai fo 3>>, jh` tbc ^cfpic's Mfurt . Pbc Jsscgdiy (Ceeicsaj) wjs tbc rckui jr kjtbcr
ahk fo j`uit gjic matazchs tf `ciadcrjtc upfh jh` vftc f h `cmrccs jh` ijws tbjt tfumbc`
tbcar iavcs, dftb pudiam jh` pravjtc, ahvfivahk gjttcrs js `avcrsc js tjxcs, wjr, trcjtacs,
rciakafh, pudiam ocstavjis, fstrjmasg, jh` vjrafus ftbcr suh`ry gjttcrs. Pbc Jsscgdiy
mjpturc` tbc sparat f o asckfraj-tbc cquji rakbt f o cvcry Jtbchajh matazch, arrcspcmtavc
fo fhc's mijss djmekrfuh`, t f spcje f h assucs
fo pudiam sakhaoamjhmc. Jii matazchs wcrc
rc
tbc
tbc pfpuijtafh fo tbc Jtbchajh matazchry vjrac` orfg =>,>>> tf ?>,>>> fvcr tbc pcraf`
f o tbc `cgfmrjtam pfias, tbc jmtuji jttch`jhmc ah tbc Ceeicsaj wjs rfukbiy j r f u h ` ?,>>>-
2,>>> wbcrc tbc rcquarc` qufrug wjs ?,>>>. Pbcrc mfui` dc vjrafus rcjsfhs ofr tbas

Fhc rcjsfh tbjt pcrbjps cxpijahs tbas hfh-pjrtamapjtafh gjy wcii dc tbjt at w j s cjsacr
ofr wcjitby matazchs t f jttch` gcctahks tbjh at w j s ofr tbcar pffrcr mfuhtcrpjrts. Jh
ftbcr rcjsfh mfui` dc tbjt tbfsc matazchs w b f iavc` ah tbc mfuhtrysa`c j h ` jwjy orfg
urdjh miustcrs wfui` bjvc ofuh` at `aooamuit tf jttch` gcctahks jt sbfrt hftamc (Tbf`cs
4>>1<?3). Bfwcvcr, tbfsc wbf `a` jttch` bj` tbc orcc`fg tf rjasc jhy pjrtamuijr gjt-
t c r tbjt tbcy ocit w j s fo m f h m c r h ofr tbc chtarc
pfDas.
Pbc Mfuhmai fo 3>> (fr Dfuic) coommtavciy rcprcschtc` tbc kfvcrhgcht fo Jtbchs. Ats
3>> gcgdcrs wcrc `rjwh orfg tbc :> `cgcs (ofrgc` dy Micastbchcs), watb cjmb scicmt
ahk 3> gcgdcrs dy ift tf tbc Mfuh`a i, wbf sc rvc` of r j ycjr. J matazch hcc`c` tf dc =>
ycjrs fo jkc tf dc scicmtc` tf tbc Mfuhmai, jh` tbch mfui` dc scicmtc` fhiy twamc ah bas
iaoctagc. Pbc Mfuhmai jisf bj` j ^rcsa`cht, rftjtc` jgfhk gcgdcrs, jh` bc wjs iaec tbc
Mbaco Cxcmutavc Fooamcr fo Jtbchs. Pbc gjah ou hmtafh fo tbc Mfuhmai wjs tf prcpjrc tbc
jkch`j ofr tbc Jsscgdiy. [bcrcjs mjmb matazch mfui` dcmfgc j gcgdcr fo tbc Mfuhmai
twamc ah bas iaoctagc, bc ofr
jttch`ahk gcctahks. Jtbchajh
wjs
pja` rcquarc`
cvcry prfspcmtavc gcgdcr fo tbc Mfuhmai, ahmiu`ahk ftbcr pudiam fooamcs, tf uh`crkf j
pudiam smrutahy dy matazchs, ah wbamb tbcy mfui` dc jsec` pcrsfhji qucstafhs `ctcrgah-
ahk tbcar suatjdaiaty tf pfiatamji fooamc. Pbc Mfuhmai's jkch`j wjs usujiiy mfhtrfiic` dy
fhc fo tbc `cgcs, wbf `ava`c` tbc ycjr ahtf :> pjrts. Cjmb `cgc wjs jisf rcquarc` tf
rftjtc jgfhkst ats g c g d c r s tbc fooamc f o tbc ^rcsa`cht, jh` Jrastftic rcmfr`s ah Pbc
Mfhstatutafh fo Jtbchs tbjt tbas coocmtavciy gcjht tbjt j ^rcsa`cht chlfyc` tbc fooamc ofr
fhiy fhc `jy jh` fhc hakbt
^jrtamapjtafh ah tbc Jssmgdiy jh` tbc Mfuhmai csschtajiiy gmjht tbc ahvfivcgcht fo
matazchs ah orjgahk jh` pjssahk `cmrccs, wbamb bj` gfrc ag gc`ajtc rcicvjhmc tbjh tbc

orjgahk fo ijws (hfgfs), tbc pjssahkfowbamb ahvfivc` ftbcr df`acs sumb js Hfgftbctjc
44 Matazchsbap ah j Kifdjiazahk [fri`

jh` ahvfivc` j ifhkcr jh` mfgpicx prfmc`urc. Gfst smbfijrs-cxmcpt tbfsc wbf
gjhtamazc tbc Jtbchajh gf`ci jrkuc, bfwcvcr, tbjt tbc pjrtamapjtafh f o fr`ahjry
matazchs ah tbc Ceeicsaj j h ` Dfuic wjs gfrc f r icss mfgprfgasc` dy tbc `fgahjtafh f o

mattzchs orfg jrastfmrjtam jh` wcjitby djmekrfuh`s, dcsa`cs tbc prcschmc fo tbc `cgj-
kfkucs wbf `fgahjtc` prfmcc`ahks.
Ah ]fifhj gaxc` mfhstatutafh fo saxtb mchtury DM, wbcrc p f w c r wjs sbjrc` dctwcch
tbc fiakjrmbs, jrastfmrjis j h ` fr`ahjry pcfpic (fr tbc g j h y wbf wcrc pffr, rcocrrc` tf
js tbc ejefa), tbc prahmapic fo `cgfmrjmy wjs ahtrf`umc` hft ahtbc Mfuhmai fr tbc pf-
iatamji fooamcs, d u t ah t b c m f u r t s , O r f g t b c h f h , t b c rfic f o t b c m f u r t s b j s j s s u g c ` j p r f -

ofuh` sakhaomjhmc ah Jtbchajh `cgfmrjmy. Ijtcr, js `cgfmrjmy tffe rfft, tbcy wfui`
dc ehfwh js ^cfpic's Mfurts ah tbc oaotb jh` ofurtb mchturacs Dm. Pbc ^cfpics Mfurts
(jisf ehfwh js Bciajcj) wcrc pragjraiy rcspfhsadic ofr tbc j`gahastrjtafh fo jw, jh`
w c r c j i s f satcs o f r p u d i a m t r a j i s (rcmjii t b c o j g f u s traji f o ] f m r j t c s ) . P b c s c m f u r t s b j `

mavai j h `
ijrkc luracs w a t b g f r c tbjh 4 > > lurfrs wbf iastchc` t f frji jrkugchts dftb
ah

mragahji m j s c s , wcii j s tf jppcjis

js
dy matazchs wbf wcrc `assjtasac` watb ru
gj`c
t b c M f u h m a . Lurfrs w c r c pja` ofr t b c a r scrvamc, wbamb j i i f w c `
tbc
ahks f o tbc Jsscgdiy fr

pffrcr matazchs tf pjrtamapjtc ah tbc kfvcrhjhmc fo tbcar maty.

Dcsa`cs pjrtamapjtafh ah tbc jdfvc ahstatutafhs, wbamb wcrc tbrfwh fpch tf jii. mata-
zchs wcrc jisf fdiakjtc` tf dc mfhsmraptc` ofr scrvamc ah tbc jrgy js bfpiatcs (bcjvy-
jrgc` ahojhtry) ao tbcy bj` tbc gcjhs tf duy tbcar fwh jrgfury js wcii js ohjhmajiiy
suppfrt tbc wjr coofrts fo tbc pfias. Ah ftbcr wfr`s tbc fdiakjtafhs fo matazchsbap ah.
vfivc` scrvahk tbc pfias watb pcrsfh jh` prfpcrty. Pbcrc bjs dcch sfgc mratamasg fo

tbcsc prjmtamcs, sukkcstahk fdiakjtafhs, t b c jpprfprajtc r f i c s f o m a t a -

tbjt `uc tf t b c s c

zchsbap wcrc uh`crstff` `aoocrchtiy dy tbc ramb jh` tbc pffr. Muttahk jmrfss mijs `ao
ocrchmcs, bfwcvcr, Jtbchajh matazchs rcijtc` tf cjmb ftbcr js gcgdcrs fo j ojmc-tf-ojmc
mfgguhaty. Oahicy (:12=) `csmradcs tbas prctty wcii<
P b a s w j s h f t f h i y j o j m c - t f - o j m c s f m a c t y . at w j s j i s f j G c ` a t c r r j h c j h s f m a c t y ah w b a m b

p c f p i c m f h k r c k j t c ` f u t f o ` f f r s , f h g j r e c t - ` j y s , f h h u g c r f u s ocstavc f m m j s a f h s ,

jh` ji tbc t a g c ah tbc bjrdfr jh` tbc tfwh squjrc. atazchs wcrc gcgdcrs f o vjrac`

ofrgji j h ` ahofrgji k r f u p s - t b c ojgaiy j h ` bfuscbfi`, t b c h c a k b d f u r b f f ` f r vaiijkc,

gaiatjry jh` hjvji uhats, fmmupjtafhji krfups (tjrgcrs jt bjrvcst-tagc fr urdjh

mrjots wbamb tch`c` tf mfhmchtrjtc ah pjrtamuijr strccts), uppcr-mijss `ahahk-miuds,

a h h u g c r j d i c p r a v j t c m u i t - j s s f m a j t a f h s . J ii p r f v a ` c ` f p p f r t u h a t a c s i f r h c w s j h ` k f s s a p

ofr `asmussafh j h ` `cdjtc, ofr tbc mfhtahuahk pfiatamji c`umjtafh ... (p. 24).

P b a s ` c p a m t a f h m j p t u r c s h f t f h i y t b c h j t u r c f o t b c J t b c h a j h m f g g u h a t y , d u t jisf

tbjt fo ftbcr matacs. @cpch`ahk fh tbc typcs f o rckagcs tbjt cjmb bj`, tbcrc wfui` dc
sudtic `atocrchmcs dctwcch tbcg. J ijrkc pjrt f o fur jhjiysas bjs ofmusc` fh Jtbchs
mbacty dcmjusc at sygdfiazc` tbc pahhjmic f o tbc mjssamji `cgfmrjtam cxpcrachmc, jh`
 Pbc Mijssamji Mfhmcptafh f o Matazchsbap 4=

jisf dcmjusc at as
wrattch jdfut g f r c tbjh ftbcr pficas (cxmcpt ]pjrtj).
Js
hcw gjtcraji
c g c r k c s f h J t b c h s j h ` iaoc ah t b c K r c c e pfias, s f g c f o t b c c j r i a c r r f g j h m c s f t g f ` c r h

jutb frs as hfw dcahk rcpijmc` dy j gfrc jmmurjtc, bastframjiiy-schsatavc djijhmc` jhjiy
sas. Kavch tbas hcw ahtcrcst jh` j hcwcr jpprfjmb, fhc gfrc sfdcr jh` icss rfgjhtam
wc rctbahe wbjt at as tbjt wc tjec js fur icssfhs orfg tbc mijssamji gf`ci fo matazchsbap,
j h ` b f w tbcsc bcip us cvjiujtc mfhtcgpfrjry `cgfmrjtam prjmtamcs.

Mijssamji Matazchsbap< J Gf`ci o f r t b c O u t u r c 6

Js matazchs ah gf`crh `cgfmrjmacs, wbamb jrc gumb ijhkcr tb jh tbc Krcm e pficas, wc chlfy
j ocw djsam rakbts tbjt wc mfhsa`cr ofr t b c gfst pjrt ahvafijdic. Gf`crh iadcrji `cgfmrj-
macs dcstfw upfh tbcar matazchs mcrtjah rakbts, jh` jisf rcqua rc j mcrt jah wjy fo `fahk pfia-
tams tbjt as ahstatutafhjiazc`. Fppfs atafh jh` mfhtcstjtafh jrc duait ah tf dftb tbc cicmtfrji
orjgcwfre jh` tbc pudiam spjmc . [c bjvc pfiatamji pjrtacs, ahtcrcst krfups, gfrc ofrgji
strumturcs, jssfmajtafhs jh` pfiatamji prfmcsscs tbjt wcrc ijrkciy jdscht ah tbc Krc ce pfias.
Fhc mfui` jhkuc, ofr ahstjhmc, tbjt matazchs ah Jtbchs bj` rakbts' ah j iffsc schsc f o dcahk
jdic tf cxprcss tbcgscivcs ah tbc Jsscgdiy fr tbc mfurts fr pjrtamapjtc ah pudiam jmtavatacs,
dut sumb
gfst rakbts j r c t f dc uh`crstff ` ah j `aoocrcht vcah jh` mcrtjahiy h f t ah tbc wjy
wc uh`crstjh` rakbts tf`jy (mjtjifkuc` ah tbc Mfhstatutafh jh` zcjifusiy kujr`c` dy
tbc mfurts). Dy jhy strctmb fo tbc agjkahjtafh, tbc Krcce pfias wjs jhytbahk dut "iadcrji,
jitbfukb at wjs jh` staii rcgjahs tac` tf tbc `cgfmrjtam agjkahjtafh.
Fhc pjrj`fx f o jhmacht Jtbchs tbjt rcgjahs uhcxpijahc` as tbc traji jh` cxcmutafh fo
]fmrjtcs. ]fgc rckjr` tbas 'js micjr cva`chmc f o Jtbchajh `cgfmrjmy's gfrji
turpatu`c
(Fdcr 4>>2< ;1), jh` mcrtjahiy j `chaji fo tbc orcc`fg tf `cscrvc j ojar traji. [js tbas
fhc fo tbc rcjsfhs ofr ^ijtf's jhta-`cgfmrjtam pfiatamji pbaifsfpby6 [bambcvcr wjy wc
jhswcr tbas, t b c ojmt rcgjahs tbjt ^ijtf j h ` Jrastftic, dftb `coahc` tbc mfhtcht
fo w b f g
f o jhmacht pfiatamji pbaifsfpby, w c r c smcptamji fo tbc ahbcrcht kff`hcss fo `cgfmrjmy
At as `aooamuit tf
cxpijah bfw, wbch jhmacht Krccmc w j s cxpcragchtahk w a t b hfvci `cgf-
mrjtam prjmtamcs, ahmiu`ahk matazchsbap, f o m f u r s c watb jii tbcar
iagatjtafhs, tbc pahhjmic
fo jhmacht Krcce pbaifsfpby
cpatfgazc` tbc wfres fo ^ijtf jh` Jrastftic jmbacvc` ats
ah
krcjthcss futsa`c tbc rcjig fo tbc `cgfmrjtam agjkahjtafh. ^crbjps fhc jhswcr iacs ah
b f w dftb
tbcfry jh`
prjmtamc, `cspatc tbcar `aoocrchmcs jh` scpjrjtafh orfg mjmb ftbcr,
tffe jii
tff
scrafusiy tbc mfiicmtavc pursuat fo tbc kff` iaoc ah `aoocrcht `arcmtafhs.
[bjt icssfhs `f w c j s matazchs f o
mfhtcgpfrjry `cgfmrjmy tjec o r f g tbc mijssamji
mfhmcptafh fo matazchsbap6 Ofr fhc, wc jrc rcgah`c` fo tbc scioicss scrvamc fo 'vartufus
matazchs t f tbcar pfiatamji
mfgguhaty. Pbas bjs dcch tbc stuoo fo murrcht `asmussafhs f h
pjrtamapjtfry, `ciadcrjtavc jh` rcpudiamjh (cjmb f h c as `astahmt orfg tbc ftbcr)
tafhs f o
mfhmcp-
matazchsbap, jh` bjs jhagjtc` dftb pfiatamji tbcfrasts jh` prjmtatafhcrs orfg
Tfusscju tbrfukb L. ]. Gaii jh` Pfmqucvaiic, tf Bjhhjb Jrch`t jh`
ftbcrs. Jt tbc bcjrt
40 Matazchsbap ah j Kifdjiazahk [fra`

fo jii tbcsc `aoomrcht mfhmcptafhs as j `csarc tf rcmijag ofr `cgfmrjtam iaoc tbc agpcrjtavc
fo jmtavc matazchsbap.
]cmfh`, at as dciacvc` tbjt sfgc ofrgs fo jmmfuhtjdaiaty ofuh` tf dc ijmeahk ah mfhtcg-
pfrjry ofrgs f o cicmtfrji `cgfmrjmy mjh dc rcvavc` dy iffeahk djme jt tbc jhmacht gf`ci,
jh` dcst rcwfrec` jt tbc ifmji icvcis fo kfvcrhjhmc. Hfvci prjmtamcs fo jmmfuhtjdaiaty
(sumb js sfmaji ju`a ts f r `cgfmrj tam ju`ats), tbc sahc quj hfh f o jhy truc `cgfmrjmy, hcc`
tf dc chmfurjkc` futsa`c tbc rcjig f o ofrgji pfiatamji strum turcs jh` ahstatutafhs
tbcrc gjy wcii dc iagats tf tbc u s c fo tbc jhmacht
Bfwcvcr, ah j kifdjiazahk wfri`,
gf`ci tf uh`crtjec mfsgfpfiatjh prflcmts. Js rcspfhsadic matazchs fo jh ahmrcjsahkiy
wfri` tbc hcc`s fo
ahtcrmfhhcmtc` watb j krcjtcr pcrmcptafh fo rcspfhsadaiaty tfwjr`s
tbfsc wbf iavc dcyfh` tbc dfr`crs f o fur pfiatamji mfgguhatacs, wc wfui` oah` at `aoo
muit, ao hft agpfssadic, tf djijhmc fur ahtcrcsts fo jmtavc matazchsbap, dftb jt tbm ifmji jh`
kifdji icvcis. ]f j gfrc rcjiastam jsscssgcht f o tbc mijssamji mfhmcptafh f o matazchsbap
gjy dc mjiic` ofr. Dut tbc a`cj fo tbc dfuh`c` pfias watb jh jmtavc matazchsbap df`y waii
eccp jiavc tbc `cgfmrjtam agjkahjtafh ofr j ifhk tagc.

Fucstafhs ofr @asmussafh

: . @ f c s bc pbrjsc 'ruiahk jh ` dcahk ruic` ah turh' mfrcmtiy mjpturc tbc mijssamji mfhmcptafh
f o matazchsbap6 @fcs tbas bcip us uh`crstjh` tbc pfiatams fo cxmiusafh ah jhmacht Krccmc6
Bfw6

[ bjt j m m f r ` a h k tf y f u , j r c s f g c fo t b c ahhfvjtavc ocjturcs f o J t b c h a j h ` c g f m r j t a m mata-

zchsbap6
=. [bjt uscoui icssfhs `f wc `cravc orfg tbc mijsamji gf`ci fo matazchsbap6

]ukkcstc` Tcj`ahks
Jrch`a, Bjhhjb, :132, Pbc Burgjh Mfh`atafh (Mbamjkf< Shavcrsaty
fo Mbamjkf ^rcss)
Jrastftic, :120, Pbc ^fiatams, Prjhsijtc` jh` watb jh Ahtrf`umtafh, Hftcs jh` Kifssjry dy Mjrhcs
Ifr` (Mbamjkf< Shavcrsaty fo Mbamjkf ^rcss).

Mjrtic`kc, ^jui, 4>>;, ' @cgfmrjmy, Frakahs Fo< Mfhtradutafh tfj @cdjtc, ah Eurt J. Tjjojud,

Lfsajb Fdcr jh` Tfdcrt [. [jiijmc (c`s). Frakahs fo @cgfmrjmy ah Jhmacht Jtbchs (Ifs J h
kcics< Shavcrsaty fo Mjiaofrhaj ^rcss).
Curapa`cs, 4>>0, ]uppiajht [fgch (iahcs =0?-3;, 0>=-3>), trjhs. @. Efvjms, ah Cram [. Tfdahsfh
(c`.), Jhmacht Krcce @cgfmrjmy< Tcj`ahks jh` ]furmcs (F xof r` jh` Gji`ch, GJ< Dijmewci).
Oahicy, G. : :12=, ^fiatams ah tbc Jhmach [fri` (Mjgdra`kc< Mjgdra`kc Shavcrsaty ^rcss).
Bcjtcr, @crce, 4>>4, [bjt as atchs bap6(Mjgdra`kc, Chkijh`< ^fiaty ^rcss).
Fdcr, Lfsajb, 4>>2, [bjt tbc Jhmacht Krcmes Mjh Pcii Ss Jdfut @cgfmrjmy, Jhhuji Tcvacw fo
^fiatamji ]machmc, ::< ?;-1:.
 Pbc Mijssamji M f h m c p t a f h f o M a t a z c h s b p 43

^fmfme, A. K. J., :113, "Pbc P`cji f o Matazchsbap sahmc Mijssamji Pagcs, ah Tfhji` Dcahcr (c`.),

Pbcfrazahk Matazchsbap (Hcw Qfre< ]tjtc Shavcrsa ty fo Hcw Qfre ^rcss).

Tbf`cs, ^. L, 4>>1, Mavam i`cfifky jh` Matazchsbap, ah Tyjh E. Djift (c`.), J Mfgpjhafh tf
Krcce jh` Tfgjh ^fiatamji Pbfukbt (Fxofr`< Dijmewcii).

[jizcr, Gambjmi, :121, Matazchsbap, ah Pcrchmc Djii, Ljgcs Ojrr jh` Tusscii I Bjhsfh (f`s),
^fiatamji Ahhfvjtaf h jh` Mfhmcptuji Mbjhkc (Mjgdra`kc< Mjgdra `kc Shavcrsaty ^rcs).