Nhîibsbs mc Aiuof Qclbduinr 

Qclbduinr 
• Echcrnibmnmcs?
Pfr gcmbf mci nhîibsbs mc ifs cicgchtfs mc auof vclbduinr sc pucmch
chtchmcr ins dnrndtcrçsdns y ci dfgpfrtngbchtf mci trîhsbtf, rcqubsbtfs
jîsbdfsdfgpicgchtnrbns
fjrns pnrn uh pinhtcngb
pinhtcngbchtf,
chtf,mci
mchtrf prfycdtf
sbstcgnymc
fpcrndbôh mc Npibdnhmf
trnhspfrtc. dnrrctcrns,ins
dniics
icycsy
mc in sbdn y ins gntcgîdns ,mcsdrbjbgfs ci nhîibsbs mci auof vclbduinr
mcsdrbjbchmf in frgn
frgn dfgf dbrduinh ifs vclçduifs
vclçduifs ch duniqubcr pf mc

vbnibmnm,
rcsuitnmfsif quc
gîs pcrgbtc mctcrgbhnr
ÿics mci ci hbvci mc
auof vclbduinr cs cdbchdbn mc inmc
ci mcsnrrfiif fpcrndbôh. Ifs
ifs gfmcifs
gbdrfsdôpbdfs y gndrfsdôpbdfs quc rcindbfhnh ins mbcrchtcs vnrbnjics dfgf
ci vfiugch, vcifdbmnm, in mchsbmnm, ci bhtcrvnif y ci cspndbngbchtf
 

Dnrndtcrçstbdns
Dnrndtcrç stbdns mci Aiuof Qclbduinr 
Qclbduinr 
• Tc trntnrî ch ni mcsdrbpdbôh mc ins dnrndtcrçsdns jîsbdns mci auof
vclbduinr pnrn ins dfhmbdbfhcs mc fpcrndbôh ch auof dfhhuf, mnmf
quc ins dfhmbdbfhcs dfrrcspfhmch n uh auof bhtcrrugpbmf .
 

Dfhdcptfs Auhmngchtnics
Gchdbfhnrcgfs nieuhns mc ins dnrndtcrçsdns uhmngchtnics mci auof vclbduinr,
rcprcschtnhmf ch sus trcs vnrbnjics prbhdbpnics? ci auof, in vcifdbmnm y in mchsbmnm.
Gcmbnhtc in mcmuddbôh mc rcindbfhcs chtrc ciins ,sc mctcrgbhn ins dnrndtcrçsdns mc in
dfrrbchtc mc trîhsbtf , y nsb sc prcmbdc ins dfhscduchdbns mc mbcrchtcs fpdbfhcs mc
fpcrndbôh f mc prfycdtf .Cstns trcs vnrbnjics rcvbstc sbheuinrbmnm bgpfrtnhdbn, yn quc
cstns bhmbdnh in dnibmnm f hbvci mc scrvbdbf cxpcrbgchtnhmf pfr ifs usunrbfs mc
duniqubcr sbstcgn vbni. Cstns trcs vnrbnjics pucmnh scr cxprcsnmfs ch târgbhfs mc ftrns
tngjbâh iingnmns vnrbnjics nsfdbnmns. Ci vfiugch , ci bhtcrvnif , ci cspndbngbchtf, in
mbstnhdbn y ci cgpf ins 04 dnrndtcrçsdn
dnrndtcrçsdnss quc pucmnh cxpibdnr gntcgîdngchtc
gntcgîdngchtc sfh?
In vcifdbmnm
Ci vfiugch f bhtchsbmnm mc trîhsbtf
trîhsbtf..
In mchsbmnm
 

Qcifdbmnm

In vcifdbmnm cs mchbmn dfgf uhn rnzôh mc gfvbgbchtf ch mbstnhdbn

pfr uhbmnm mc cgpf, echcrnigchtc dfgf kbiôgctrfs pfr lfrn (kg/l).

Ci LDG :000
vcifdbmnm, yn usn
qucincsvcifdbmnm prfgcmbf
îdbi mc dniduinr mc vbnoc dfgf
fjscrvnhmf in gcmbmn
dnmn vclçduif mc
mchtrf
mci trîhsbtf y cs in gcmbmn cstnmçsdn gîs rcicvnhtc
rcicvnhtc ch rcindbôh dfh
ftrns vnrbnjics.
 

Qcifdbmnm prfgcmbf mc v
vbnoc
bnoc
•

In vcifdbmnm prfgcmbf
in fjscrvndbôh mc vbnoc
mci cgpf cs uhn
mc vbnoc gcmbmn
ch uhn mc trîhsbtf
ifhebtum mnmn mcjnsnmn ch
dnrrctcrn.
Tc dniduin dfgf in ifhebtum mci scegchtf mbvbmbmf chtrc ci cgpf
prfgcmbf mc vbnoc mc ifs vclçduifs quc pnsnh pfr mbdlf scegchtf,
bhdiuychmf tfmfs ifs cgpfs mc mcgfrns pfr pnrnmns.
• In Cdundbôh cxprcsn in vcifdbmnm prfgcmbf mc vbnoc.
vbno c.

Môhmc?
T 7 Qcifdbmnm prfgcmbf mc vbnoc (kg/l)
I 7 Ifhebtum mci scegchtf mc dnrrctcrn
dnrrctcrn (kg), y
tn 7 ]bcgpf prfgcmbf mc vbnoc ch ci scegchtf (l)
 

Qcifdbmnm n aiuof ibjrc

• In vcifdbmnm mc auof ibjrc (AAT pfr sus sbeins ch bheiâs, rcc afw
spccm) cs in vcifdbmnm prfgcmbf mc ifs vclçduifs ch uhn dnrrctcrn
dnrrctcrn

mnmn, gcmbmnchmch
dfhmudtfrcs jnof dfhmbdbfhcs
n dfhmudbrmc uh vfiugch
n uhn vcifdbmnmjnof, dunhmf
nitn sbh ifs
rcstrbddbfhcs
mc mcgfrns.
 

Qfiugch f bhtc
bhtchsbmnm
hsbmnm mc trîhsbtf
trîhsbtf
Ci vfiugch mc trîhsbtf cs mchbmf dfgf ci hÿgcrf mc vclçduifs quc
pnsnh ch uh mctcrgbhnmf puhtf murnhtc uh bhtcrvnif mc cgpf. In
uhbmnm pnrn ci vfiugch cs sbgpicgchtc ’vclçduifs‗ f ’vclçduifs pfr
uhbmnm mc cgpf‗. Sh bhtcrvnif dfgÿh mc cgpf pnrn ci vfiugch cs uh
mçn, mcsdrbtf dfgf vclçduifs pfr mçn. Ifs vfiÿgchcs mbnrbfs
rcduchtcgchtc sfh usnmfs dfgf jnsc pnrn in pinhbdndbôh mc ins
dnrrctcrns.
Pnrn ifs nhîibsbs fpcrndbfhnics, sc usnh ifs vfiÿgchcs lfrnrbfs, yn quc ci
vfiugch vnrçn dfhsbmcrnjicgchtc murnhtc ci dursf mc ins := lfrns mci
mçn. In lfrn mci mçn quc chc ci vfiugch lfrnrbf gîs nitf cs iingnmn
’lfrn pbdf‗ (LP), u lfrn mc gîxbgn mcgnhmn (LGM).
 

Andtfr mc Lfrn Pbdf

• Ci ndtfr mc in lfrn pbdf (ALP) rcprcschtn in vnrbndbôh ch in dbrduindbôh mchtrf mc
uhn lfrn. Ins fjscrvndbfhcs mc in dbrduindbôh bhmbdnh dfhstnhtcgchtc quc ifs
vfiÿgchcs chdfhtrnmfs ch ci pcrbfmf mc >3 gbhutfs mci pbdf mchtrf mc uhn lfrn
hf sc chduchtrnh sfstchbmfs n trnvâs mc in lfrn dfgpictn. Ch vçns guidnrrbics, ifs
vnifrcs pbdfs mci ndtfr mc lfrn pbdf, ALP vnrçnh chtrc 0.<0 y 0.23. Sh ndtfr mc
lfrn pbdf jnof cs dnrndtcrçsdf mc dfhmbdbfhcs rurnics. Ci ndtfr mc lfrn pbdf cs in
rcindbôh chtrc ci vfiugch lfrnrbf mc gîxbgn mcgnhmn (QLGM) y ci auof gîxbgf
(^gnx), quc sc prcschtn ch uh pcrbfmf mnmf mchtrf mc mbdln lfrn dfgf sc
nprcdbn ch in Cdundbôh.

Ci ndtfr mc in lfrn mc pbdf cs uh bhmbdnmfr mc ins dnrndt

dnrndtcrçsdns
crçsdns mci auof mc trîhsbtf ch pcrbfmfs gîxbgfs. Tb
cstc vnifr cs beuni n > sbehbdn uhbfrgbmnm, ch dngjbf vnifrcs guy pcqucþfs bhmbdnrîh dfhdchtrndbfhcs mc

auofs gîxbgfs.
 

Mchsbmnm
In mchsbmnm cs ci hÿgcrf mc vclçduifs quc fdupn dbcrtn ifhebtum mnmn
mc uhn dnrrctcrn f dnrrbi y echcrnigchtc sc cxprcsn dfgf vclçduifs pfr
kbiôgctrf (vcl/kg). In mchsbmnm sc pucmc dniduinr dfgf sc cxprcsn ch
in Cdundbôh.

Môhmc?
v 7 Znzôh mc auof (vcl p/l),
T 7 Qcifdbmnm prfgcmbf mc vbnoc (kg/l), y
M 7 Mchsbmnm (vcl p/kg/dnrrbi).

In mchsbmnm cs pfsbjicgchtc ci pnrîgctrf gîs bgpfrtnhtc ch ci trîhsbtf, pfrquc cs in gcmbmn gîs

mbrcdtngchtc
mbrcdtngch tcdfh
rcindbfhnmfs rcindbfhnmn dfh mci
ins vnrbnjics in mcgnhmn mc trîhsbtf. N dfhhundbôh sc vcrîh ifs prbhdbpnics dfhdcptfs
auof vclbduinr
 

Qnrbnjics rcindbfhnmns dfh ci aiuof

Ins vnrbnjics rcindbfhnmns dfh ci auof sfh in tnsn mc auof, ci vfiugch,
ci bhtcrvnif sbgpic chtrc vclçduifs dfhscduvfs y ci bhtcrvnif prfgcmbf
chtrc vclçduifs.
 

>.]nsn mc aiuof f aiuof (q) y vfiugch (^)

In tnsnfmc
puhtf auof, q,
scddbôh cs in rcduchdbn
trnhsvcrsni mc uh ndnrrbi
in duni pnsnh ifs
f dniznmn. Invclçduifs pfr uh
tnsn mc auof cs
pucs, ci hÿgcrf mc vclçduifs, H, quc pnsnh murnhtc uh bhtcrvnif mc
cgpf cspcdçdf, ], bhcrbfr n uhn lfrn, cxprcsnmn ch vclçduifs pfr
gbhutf
mc auof (vcl/gbh)
q, tngjbâhf pucmc
vclçduifs
scr pfr sceuhmf
cxprcsnmn ch(vcl/s). Hfpfr
vclçduifs fjstnhtc, in tnsn
lfrn (vcl/l),
tchbchmf dubmnmf mc su bhtcrprctndbôh, pucs hf sc trntn mci hÿgcrf mc
vclçduifs quc ccdvngchtc pnsnh murnhtc uhn lfrn dfgpictn f
vfiugch lfrnrbf, ^. In tnsn mc auof, q, sc dniduin chtfhdcs dfh in
Cdundbôh.
 

:) Bhtcrvnif sbgpic (lb)

Cs ci bhtcrvnif mc cgpf chtrc ci pnsf mc mfs vclçduifs dfhscduvfs,
echcrnigchtc
echcrnigcht c cxprcsnmf ch sceuhmfs y gcmbmf chtrc puhtfs

lfgôifefs mci pnr mc vclçduifs.

 

4) Bhtcrvnif prfgcmbf ( l)
• Cs ci prfgcmbf mc tfmfs ifs bhtcrvnifs sbgpics, lb , cxbstchtcs chtrc ifs
mbvcrsfs vclçduifs quc dbrduinh pfr uhn vbnibmnm. Pfr trntnrsc mc uh

prfgcmbf scCdundbôh.
gcmbnhtc in cxprcsn ch sceuhmfs pfr vclçduif (s/vcl) y sc dniduin,

Môhmc?
l7 Bhtcrvnif prfgcmbf (s/vcl),
H 7 Hÿgcrf mc vclçduifs (vcl),
H — > 7 Hÿgcrf mc bhtcrvnifs (vcl), y
lb 7 Bhtcrvnif sbgpic chtrc ci vclçduif b y ci vclçduif b + >
 

Qnrbnjics rcindbfhnmns dfh in vcifdbmnm

Ins vnrbnjics mci auof vclbduinr rcindbfhnmns dfh in vcifdbmnm sfh in
vcifdbmnm mc puhtf, in vcifdbmnm bhstnhtîhcn, in vcifdbmnm gcmbn

tcgpfrni, in gnrdln,
vcifdbmnm mc vcifdbmnm gcmbn cspndbni,
in mbstnhdbn in vcifdbmnm
mc rcdfrrbmf mc mc
y ci cgpf rcdfrrbmf, in
rcdfrrbmf.
 
QNZBNJICT ZCINDBFHNMNT DFH IN
MCHTBMNM
>) Mchsbmnm f dfhdch
dfhdchtrndbôh
trndbôh (k)
Cs ci hugcrf, H, mc vclçduifs quc fdupnh uhn ifhebtum cspcdbdn, m , ch uhn
vbnibmnm cs uh gfgchtf mnmf. Echcrnigchtc sc cxprcsn ch vclçduifs pfr
kbifgctrf (vcl/kg), yn scn rccrbmf n uh dnrrbi f n tfmfs ifs dnrrbics mc uhn
dniznmn. Tceÿh in sbeubchtc eurn sc dniduin dfh in sbeubchtc
s beubchtc cdundbôh?

 7   

 

:) Cspndbngbchtf sbgpic
Cs in mbstnhdbn chtrc ci pnsf mc mfs vclçduifs dfhscduvfs, usunigchtc
cxprcsnmn ch gctrfs y gcmbmn chtrc sus mcchsns trnscrns.
4) Cspndbngbchtf prfgcmbf
Cs ci prfgcmbf mc tfmfs ifs cspndbngbchtfs sbgpics, , cxbechtcs chtrc ifs
mbvcrsfs vclçduifs
sc cxprcsn quc dbrduinh
ch gctrfs pfr uhn
pfr vclçduif vbnibmnm.
(g/vcl) y Pfr trntnrscmc
sc dniduin, mc nducrmf
uh prfgcmbf
n in
sbeubchtc cdundbôh?

   √
∞ 
7
7
   √
 

mfhmc?  
mfhmc?
7 Cspndbngbchtf prfgcmbf (g/vcl),
  H7 Hugcrf mc vclçduifs (vcl),
  H->7 Hugcrf mc cspndbngbchtfs (Qcl), y
7 Cspndbngbchtf sbgpic chtrc ci vclçduif b  y
 y ci vclçduif b+>
   √
∞ 
7
7
   √
 

FJTCZQNDBFH?
Fjsârvcsc quc ins uhbmnmcs
uhbmnmcs mci cspndbngbchtf prfgcmbf (g/vcl) sfh ins
uhbmnmcs bhvcrsns mc in mchsbmnm k (vcl/g), pfr if quc tngjbâh pucmc
pinhtcnrsc in cdundbôh?
 


 7


 

ZCINDBFH CH]ZC CI AISOF, IN QCIFDBMNM, IN

MCHTBMNM
MCHT BMNM,, CI
C I BH]CZQNIF
BH]CZQNIF R CI CTPNDBN
CTPNDBNGBC
GBCH]F
H]F
Ci sbeubchtc csqucgn gucstrn uh pnr mc vclçduifs dfhscduvfs n ifs dunics
sc ics lnh nsfdbnmf ntrbjutfs tnhtf ch ci cgpf dfgf ch ci cspndbf, Nsç, pfr
cocgpif, ci  pnsf  cs ci cgpf hcdcsnrbf pnrn quc ci vclçduif rcdfrrn su
prfpbn ifhebtum , y in jrcdln f dinrf cs ci bhtcrvnif mc cgpf ibjrc mbspfhbjic
chtrc ifs mfs vclçduifs, cqubvnichtc n in scpnrndbôh chtrc ciifs gcmbmn mcsmc
in mcchsn trnscrn mci prbgcr vclçduif lnstn in mcchsn mcinhtcrn mci sceuhmf
vclçduif, mbvbmbmn pfr in vcifdbmnm  (in
  (in mci sceuhmf vclçduif f in mci erupf mc
vclçduifs sb tfmfs ciifs vbnonh n in gbsgn vcifdbmnm).
 

Dfhsbmcrnhmf uh erupf vclbduinr quc sc gucvc n vcifdbmnm  

nprfxbgnmngchtc dfhstnhtc, su bhtcrvnif prfgcmbf y cspndbngbchtf  sc
pucmch rcindbfhnr nsç?

7
 Mc cstns cdundbfhcs?
 

Zccgpinzngfs
Zccgpinzngfs ch ni cdundbôh nhtcrbfr?
7

Fjtchcgfs?

Cstn cdundbôh sc ic dfhfdc dfgf in   cdundbôh auhmngchtni mci uof vclbduinr,

quc frgn echcrni sc cxprcsn dfgf?
 
GFMCIFT JNTBDFT MC AISOF
QCLBDSINZ 
Ifs nhtcrbfrcs dfhdcptfs y rcindbfhcs uhmngchtnics dfhstuych ci puhtf mc
pnrmn pnrn nhnibznr nÿh gns ins dnrndtcrçsdns
dnrndtcrçsdns mci auof vclbduinr n trnvâs mc
sus trcs vnrbnjics prbhdbpnics? , y , rcindbfhnmns gcmbnhtc in cdundbôh
uhmngchtni mci auof vclbduinr,
vclbduinr, quc dfgf sc mcgfstrô, su frgn echcrni cs?

 7 
 

Ch ifs gfmcifs mctcrgbhçsdfs, ifs dunics ftfrenh uh vnifr prcdbsf pnrn dnmn
gcmbmn mc ccdvbmnm mchbmn ni tfgnr dbcrtfs vnifrcs cspcdçdfs ins
vnrbnjics mc mcdbsbôh, npibdnmfs n prfjicgns mc trnhsbtf, sc supfhc quc ins
rcindbfhcs uhdbfhnics chtrc ins vnrbnjics mc chtrnmn y ifs pnrîgctrfs quc
gbmch in ccdvbmnm sfh dfhstnhtcs.

Cstf cs, sfif fdurrbrî uh vnifr mc in uhdbôh fjocvf pnrn duniqubcr dfhouhtf
mnmf mc vnifrcs mc ins vnrbnjics mc chtrnmn.
 

Ch echcrni ifs gfmcifs mc auof vclbduinr sc pucmch dinsbdnr ch mfs ernhmcs

dinscs?

Gndrfsdôpbdfs? Ifs gfmcifs gndrfsdôpbdfs mcsdrbjch in fpcrndbôh

vclbduinr ch târgbhfs mc sus vnrbnjics mc auof, echcrnigchtc tfgnmns
dfgf prfgcmbfs.
N su vcz, cstfs gfmcifs mci auof vclbduinr sfh in jnsc mc in sbguindbôh
gbdrfsdôpbdn y gndrfsdôpbdn.

Gbdrfsdôpbdfs? Ifs gfmcifs gbdrfsdôpbdfs dfhsbmcrnh ifs cspndbngbchtfs

y ins vcifdbmnmcs bhmbvbmunics mc ifs vclçduifs, dfh jnsc ch in tcfrçn mci
sceubgbchtf vclbduinr.
 

QCLBDSINZ   
• Ch ifs pcrbfmfs mc gîxbgn mcgnhmn mci gfvbgbchtf
vclbduinr sc vn tfrhnhmf mcdbchtc dfh pârmbmns mc
vcifdbmnm, if quc lndc quc ci sbstcgn chmn n
snturnrsc, lnstn iicenr n uhdbfhnr n hbvcics mc
dfhecsfhngbchtf.
• Ins mcgfrns pucmch scr dnusnmns pfr ifs mbspfsbvfs
pnrn ci dfhtrfi mc trîhsbtf, ni bhtcrrugpbr ci auof y ins
fdnsbfhnmns pfr in gbsgn dfrrbchtc vclbduinr ch
sbtundbfhcs mc auof dfhhuf dfgf cs ci dnsf mc ins
scþnics NI]F R TCMN CI PNTF.
• Ch echcrni in dfhecsôh cs in dnpndbmnm mc uh
sbstcgn, hÿgcrf gîxbgf mc chmnmcs quc pucmch
scr prfdcsnmfs pfr uhbmnm mc cgpf.
 

QCLBDSINZ   
DNSTNT?
• Tc prfmudc dunhmf ci vfiugch mc trîdf f mc in
mbstrbjudbôh hfrgni mci trnhspfrtc echcrn uhn
mcgnhmn mc cspndbf gnyfr quc ci mbspfhbjic ch ins
dnrrctcrns.
• Ch gudlns dbumnmcs nitngchtc pfjinmns in
dfhecsôh vclbduinr cs rcdurrchtc, y sc ntrbjuyc n in
ernh mcgnhmn
ntrbjuyc mci trîdf,
n bhdbmchtcs in gnyfrçn
mc trîhsbtf, mci rcstf
fjrns vbnics scy
cvchtfs dibgîdfs. In vcifdbmnm y ci auof tngjbâh
pucmch ncdtnr in dnpndbmnm mc in rcm, nuhquc in
rcindbôh cs dfgpicon.
 

QCLBDSINZ   
DFHTCDSCHDBNT?
• Pârmbmn mci cgpf mc ifs nutfgfvbibstns y pnsnocrfs ("dfstc
mc fpfrtuhbmnm").
•
Zctrnsfs.
• Bhdnpndbmnm pnrn prcmcdbr dfh cxndtum ci cgpf mc vbnoc.
• Mcspcrmbdbf mc dfgjusjic, nugchtn in dfhtngbhndbôh ch
ci nbrc y ins cgbsbfhcs mc mbôxbmf mc dnrjfhf.
•
Ci mcsenstc mc ifs vclçduifs dfgf dfhscduchdbn mc in
rnichzndbôh ch ci trîdf y in rcduchdbn mc ndcicrndbôh y
rchnmf.
• Cgcrechdbns? sb sc jifqucn ci trîdf cstf pfmrçn bhtcrcrbr
dfh ci pnsf mc ifs vclçduifs mc cgcrechdbn.
• Ccdtf mc in dfhecsôh mc ins nrtcrbns prbhdbpnics mc ins
 dnrrctcrns scduhmnrbns y dniics dfgf rutns nitcrhnvns.

 
CICGCH]FT MC SH TBT]CGN MC ABINT
MC CTPCZN
Pnrn mctcrgbhnr ifs cicgchtfs mc uhn in mc cspcrn lnjrî quc rcspfhmcr n uhn scrbc mc
prceuhtns, chtrc ciins ins quc sc gchdbfhnh n dfhhundbôh.
• ¶N quc lfrn cgpbczn y tcrgbhn ci dfhecsfhngbchtf6
•
¶Duîi cs ci hugcrf gcmbf mc vclçduifs ch ci sbstcgn6
• ¶Duîi cs ci hugcrf gcmbf mc vclçduifs ch dfin6
• ¶Duîi cs ci cgpf gcmbf ch ci sbstcgn6
•

¶Duîi cs ci cgpf gcmbf mc cspcrn f mcgfrn gcmbn6

• ¶Duîi cs in ifhebtum gîxbgn mc dfin6
• ¶Duîi cs in mcgfrn gîxbgn6
 

Tc echcrn uhn dfin dunhmf ifs usunrbfs (vclçduifs) iicenh n uhn cstndbôh mc scrvbdbf
duniqubcrn, yn scn, pfr cocgpif, uh cstndbfhngbchtf, uhn bhtcrscddbôh dfh scgîfrfs f
hf, uh ’duciif mc jftciin‗, uh chindc mc chtrnmn n uhn nutfpbstn, uh dnrrbi cspcdbni mc
vucitn, ctd. In prcstndbôh mci scrvbdbf pnrn dnmn iicenmn tfgn dbcrtf cgpf y pucmc
frcdcrif uhn f gns cstndbfhcs.
 

Pcnoc mc Pudusnhn ch in dbumnm mc Ibgn

 

Pnrn dfhsbmcrnr
ch duchtn mc uhn gnhcrn
in hnturniczn nprfpbnmn uh sbstcgn
mc su dfgpfrtngbchtf, mc ins
pucstf quc mc cspcrn
tnhtf sc rcqubcrc
ins iicenmns dfgftchcr
ifs
scrvbdbfs vnrçnh dfh ci cgpf. Ch cstc schmf, ci dfgpfrtngbchtf mc in dfin y ifs
gfmcifs hcdcsnrbfs pnrn mcsdrbjbrin, f dnrndtcrbznrin, mcpchmch mc in rcprcschtndbôh
cxpibdbtn mc ifs sbeubchtcs cicgchtfs quc dfhfrgnh ci prfdcsf?

INT IICENMNT F DNZND]CZBT]BDNT MC CH]ZNMN (mcgnhmn)

Ins iicenmns pucmch scr cxprcsnmns ch târgbhfs mc tnsns mc auof (vclçduifs/lfrn) f
bhtcrvnifs mc cgpf (sceuhmfs/vclçduifs). Tu mbstrbjudbôh pucmc scr mc pf
mctcrgbhçsdf f prfjnjbiçsdf.
 

IFT TCZQBDBFT (dnpndbmnm)

]ngjbâh pucmch scr cxprcsnmfs dfgf tnsns mc auof f bhtcrvnifs. Tu mbstrbjudbôh tngjbâh
pucmc scr mc pf mctcrgbhçsdf f prfjnjbiçsdfs.

PZFDCMBGBCH]F MC TCZQBDBF
Ch in gnyfrçn mc ifs sbstcgns vbnics ci prfdcmbgbchtf mc scrvbdbfs dfhsbstc ch quc ci
prbgcrf quc iicen cs ci prbgcrf quc snic, y sc rcprcschtn mc in sbeubchtc gnhcrn?
n/j/d
n? ]bpf mc iicenmn
j? pf mc snibmn f scrvbdbf
d? ci hugcrf mc cstndbfhcs mc scrvbdbf