DHZ_HZKRN DHCC^MFDKRFHM

Dhrphrktn Dhccumfdktfhm9 Ufnwphfmtt h﬏nr

Dhc cumfdktfhm9 K Ckrantfm` Ufnwphfm h﬏nrss km hvnrvfnw he tln erkcnwhra,
e rkcnwhra,
any dhmdnpts, strktn`fns kmb tndlmfquns erhc k umfqun
umf qun ckrantfm` pnrspndtfvn
pnrspndtfvn..Plfgn
htlnr tnxtjhhas krn gfcftnb th k ckmk`nrfkg
ckmk`nr fkg hr pujgfd rngktfhms pnrspndtfvn,
pnrspndtfvn, tlfs jhha
prhvfbns k dhcpgntn, lhgfstfd hvnrvfnw he tln ckmy wkys dhccumfdktfhm dkm kbb
vkgun th km hr`kmfzktfhm. Ttnp
Ttnp jy stnp, tlfs tnxt fmtrhbudns tln ckfm dhmdnpts he tln
﬋ngb, fmdgubfm` bfsdfpgfmn kmb eumdtfhm erkcnwhras, dhrphrktn fbnmtfty, dhrphrktn
kmb ncpghynr jrkmbfm`, dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty, stkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt,
sthrytnggfm`, dhrphrktn
dhrphrk tn ksshdfktfhms, fbnmtf﬋dktfhm, dhccftcnmt kmb kddnptkjfgfty
kddnptkjfgfty..
Fm hrbnr th lngp rnfmehrdn any gnkrmfm` phfmts, `rksp tln nssnmtfkg ekdts kmb
bf`nst kmb rntkfm fmehrcktfhm, tln tnxt h﬏nrs k dhcprnlnmsfvn pnbk`h`y, fmdgubfm`9
dlkptnr succkrfns1 k gfst he any whrbs kmb dhmdnpts1 dksn stubfns1 kmb qunstfhms
kt tln nmb he nkdl dlkptnr. _rfmdfpgns krn fggustrktnb tlrhu`l k wnkgtl he rnkg-gfen
nxkcpgns, brkwm erhc k vkrfnty he jf`, sckgg, `ghjkg kmb ghdkg dhcpkmfns sudl ks

JCP
Tf.chjfg,@rhup, Lfbrfk, Gn`h, Cnrdkthr,
J_, Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm Arak, Jkrfggk, Bhcfmh‖s _fzzk, @hrnmin,
kmb Dhdk-Dhgk.
Rlfs nxdftfm` mnw tnxtjhha fs nssnmtfkg rnkbfm` ehr kgg prhenssfhmkg dhrphrktn
ckrantfm` kmb dhccumfdktfhm nxndutfv
nxndutfvns,
ns, ks wngg ks umbnr`rkbuktn
umbnr` rkbuktn kmb phst`rkbuktn
stubnmts he ckrantfm` kmb pujgfd rngktfhms, mht th cnmtfhm ckmk`nrs wlh mnnb k
dhcpgntn kmb kddurktn
kddurk tn vfnw he tlfs fmdrnksfm`gy fcphrtkmt
fcphr tkmt sujindt.

Agncnmt _hbmkr (_lB) fs k prhensshr kt tln Ekdugty he Thdfkg Tdfnmdns kt tln

^mfvnrsfty he Giujgikmk, wlnrn ln tnkdlns Dhrphrktn Dhccumfdktfhm, Jksfds
he Ufsukg Dhccumfdktfhm kmb Ckrantfm`. Ln snrvns hm snvnrkg nbfthrfkg jhkrbs
he fmtnrmktfhmkg ihurmkgs kmb fs ks km ksshdfktn nbfthr he tln Ihurmkg he _rhchtfhm
Ckmk`ncnmt. Lfs rnsnkrdl lks jnnm pujgfslnb fm k mucjnr he fmtnrmktfhmkg ihurmkgs
fmdgubfm`9 Ihurmkg he Jusfmnss Znsnkrdl, Nurhpnkm Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm`, Dhrphrktn
Dhccumfdktfhm9 Km Fmtnrmktfhmkg Ihurmkg kmb Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` Dhccumfdktfh ms.
Dhccumfdktfhms
Agncnmt _hbmkr fs tln hr`kmfznr he snvnrkg fmtnrmktfhmkg dhmenrnmdns kmb dhehumbnr
he tln Fmtnrmktfhmkg
Fmtnr mktfhmkg DTZ dhccumfdktfhm dhmenrnmdn.
Rlfs pk`n fmtnmtfhmkggy gnet jgkma
DHZ_HZKRN
DHCC^MFDKRFHM
K ckrantfm` vfnwphfmt
vfnwphfmt

Agncnmt _hbmkr

Zhutgnb`n
Rkyghr Erkmdfs @rhup

GHMBHM KMB MNP VHZA

Efrst pujgfslnb :?;>
jy Zhutgnb`n
: _kra Tqukrn, Cfgthm _kra, Kjfm`bhm, Hxhm H\;2 2ZM
kmb jy Zhutgnb`n
0;; Rlfrb
Rlf rb Kvnmun, Mnw Vhra, MV ;??
;??;0
;0
Zhutgnb`n fs km fcprfmt he tln Rkyghr & Erkmdfs @rhup, km fmehrck jusfmnss
© :?;> Agncnmt _hbmkr

Rln rf`lt
rf` lt he Agncnmt _hbmkr th jn fbnmtf﬋nb ks kutlhr he tlfs whra lks jnnm
kssnrtnb jy lfc fm kddhrbkmdn wftl sndtfhms 00 kmb 0< he tln Dhpyrf`lt,
Dhpyrf` lt,
Bnsf`ms kmb _ktnmts Kdt ;6<<.
Kgg rf`lts
rf` lts rnsnrvnb. Mh pkrt he tlfs jhha cky jn rnprfmtnb hr rnprhbu
rnprhbudnb
dnb hr
utfgfsnb fm kmy ehrc hr jy kmy ngndtrhmfd, cndlkmfdkg, hr htlnr cnkms, mhw
amhwm hr lnrnketnr fmvnmtnb, fmdgubfm` plhthdhpyfm` kmb rndhrbfm`, hr fm kmy
fmehrcktfhm sthrk`n hr rntrfnvkg systnc, wftlhut pnrcfssfhm fm wrftfm`
wr ftfm` erhc tln
pujgfslnrs.
Nvnry n﬏hrt lks jnnm ckbn th dhmtkdt dhpyrf`lt lhgbnrs ehr tlnfr pnrcfssfhm th rnprfmt

cktnrfkgwlh
lhgbnr fm tlfs jhha.
fs mht lnrnRln pujgfslnrs whugb
kdamhwgnb`nb jn `rktneug
kmb wfgg th th
umbnrtkan lnkr erhckmy
rndtfey kmynrrhrs
dhpyrhr
dhpyrf`lt
f`lt
hcfssfhms fm euturn nbftfhms he tlfs jhha.
Rrkbnckra mhtfdn9 _rhbudt hr dhrphrktn mkcns cky jn trkbnckras hr rn`fstnrnb
trkbnckras, kmb krn usnb hmgy ehr fbnmtf﬋dktfhm kmb nxpgkmktfhm wftlhut fmtnmt th
fmerfm`n.
Jrftfsl Gfjrkry Dktkgh`ufm` fm _ujgfdktfhm Bktk
K dktkgh`un rndhrb ehr tlfs jhha fs kvkfgkjgn erhc tln Jrftfsl Gfjrkry
Gfjrkr y
Gfjrkry he Dhm`rnss Dktkgh`ufm` fm _ujgfdktfhm bktk
_hbmkr, Agncnmt.
QAhrphrktfvmh ahcumfdfrkmin. Nm`gfslS
Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm9 k ckrantfm` vfnwphfmt / Agncnmt _hbmkr.
pk`ns dc
Fmdgubns jfjgfh`rkplfdkg rnenrnmdns kmb fmbnx.
;. Dhccumfdkt
Dhccumfdktfhmfhm fm hr`kmf
hr`kmfzktfhm
zktfhms.
s. :. Dhrp
Dhrphrktn
hrktn dugturn. 4. Dhrp
Dhrphrktn
hrktn fck`n.
2. Hr`kmfzktfhm
Hr`kmf zktfhmkg
LB4?.4._5:> kg jnlkvfhr. >. Ckrantfm`
:?;> Ckrantfm`—Ckmk`
—Ckmk`ncnmt.
ncnmt. F. Rftgn.
5><.2 >—bd:4
›

:?;2?;5<;0

FTJM9 60<-;-;4<-<?20?-< (lja)

FTJM9 60<-;-;4<-<?20:-: (pja)
FTJM9 60<-;-4;>-0>:0<-> (nja)

Rypnsnt fm Jncjh
jy Hut he Lhusn _ujgfslfm`
DHMRNMRT

Gfst he 󿬋`urns vfff

Fmtrhbudtfhm ;

; Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm erkcnw

erkcnwhra
hra 2
;.; Rln dhmdnpt he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm 2
;.: Hvnrvfnw he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm >
;.4 Bukgfty he hr`kmfzktfhms <
;.2 Ehdus he dhr
dhrphrktn
phrktn dhccumfdk
dhccumfdktfhm9
tfhm9 fbnmtf
fbnmtfty
ty,,
fck`n kmb rnputktfhm 6
;.> Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm fm hr`kmfzktfhms ;?

: Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty ;0
:.; ^mbnrstkmbfm` dhrphrktn fbnmtfty ;0
:.: @hkgs kmb dhrphrktn fbnmtfty :?
:.4 Ckmk`fm` dhrphrktn fbnmtfty ::
:.2 Rln rhgn he jrkmdl fbnmtfty :4
:.> Krtfdugktfhm he dhrphrktn fbnmtfty :>
:.5 Dhccumfdktfm` dhrphrktn fbnmtfty :0

4 Dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb jrkmbfm` 4:

4.; Bn﬋mftfhm he dhrphrktn jrkmb 4:
4.: _urphsn kmb dhmsnqunmdns he dhrphrktn jrkmbs 42
4.4 Dhrphrktn jrkmbfm` 4>
4.2 Fbnmtfty kmb phsftfhm he dhrphrktn jrkmbs 45
4.> Dhcpkmy‖ss jrkmb krdlftnd
Dhcpkmy‖ krdlftndturn
turn 4<
vf Dhmtnmts

4.5 Hr`kmfzktfhmkg strudturn he dhrphrktn jrkmbs 2?

4.0 Dhrphrktn rnjrkmbfm` 2:

2 Ncpghynr jrkmbfm` 26
2.; Dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb ncpghy
ncpghynns
nns 26
2.: Ncpghynr
Ncpghy nr jrkmbfm` >?
2.4 Fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm` prh`rkccns >4
2.2 Fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm` kmb hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtfty kmb dugturn >5

> Ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` kmb dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphm

rnsphmsfjfgfty
sfjfgfty 54
>.; Ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` kmb fts cfsusns 54
>.: ^mbnrstkmbfm` dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty 5>
>.4 Thdfntkg nxpndtktfhms ks tln ehumbktfhm he dhrphrktn
shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty 50
>.2 Fcpgncnmtktfhm he dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty 56
>.> Dhccumfdktfm` dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty 0;
>.5 Znphrtfm` dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty 02

5 Ttkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt kmb dhccumfdktfh

dhccumfdktfhms
ms <;
5.; Ttkanlhgbnr pkrkbf`c <;
5.: _ujgfd kmb pujgfd splnrn <:
5.4 Dktn`hrfns he stkanlhgbnrs <4
5.2 Bfstrfjutfhm
Bfstr fjutfhm he phw
phwnr
nr kchm` stkanlhgbnrs <2
5.> Drftnrfk
Dr ftnrfk ehr dgkssf﬋dktfhm he stkanlhgbnrs <>
5.5 Ttkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt <0
5.0 Ttkanlhgbnr jnlkvfhur <6
5.< Dhccumfdktfhm wftl stkanlhgbnrs 6?

0 Tthrytnggfm` kmb fssun ckmk`ncnmt fm tfcns he

dlkm`n kmb drfsns 65
0.; Bn﬋mftfhm he dhrphrktn sthry 65
0.: Erkcnw
Erkcnwhrahra kmb strudturn he tln dhrphrktn sthry 6<
0.4 _gurkgfty he dhrphrktn sthrfns kmb tlnfr rhgn fm tfcns he
hr`kmfzktfhmkg dlkm`ns ;?;
0.2 Dhccumfdktfhm fm dr drfsfs
fsfs ;?2

< Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfh

dhccumfdktfhms
ms ;;2
<.; _urphsn he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms ;;2
<.: Ckmk`ncnmt ks tln dhcpkmy‖
dhcpkmy‖ss sphanspnrshm ;;>
<.4
<.2 Dhcpkmy‖
Dhcpkmy‖s
Dhrphrktnsvfsukg
dngnjrfty
dngnjr fty nmbhrsnrs
fbnmtfty (DUF) ;;<
;:?
<.> Dhrphrktn kmb fmstftutfhmkg kbvnrtfsfm` ;::
<.5 Fmehrckg dhccumfdktfhms ;:>
 Dhmtnmts vff

6 Dhrphrktn
Dhr phrktn ksshdfk
ksshdfktfhms9
tfhms9 fbnmtfty trkfts kmb
dhrphrktn fck`n ;45
6.; Dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms ;45
6.: _nr
_nrdnptfhm
dnptfhm he k dhcpkmy ;40
6.4 Fbnmtfty trkfts ;46

6.2 Cnksurfm`
6.> Dhrphrktn fck`n
dhrphrktn fck`n ;2;
;22
6.5 Drftfq
Drftfquns
uns he dhrphrktn fck`n ;20
6.0 Kdlfnvfm` bnsfrnb dhrphrktn fck`n ;26

;? Dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms9 rnputktfh

rnputktfhm
m kmb trust ;>0
;?.; Dhrphrktn rnputktfhm ;>0
;?.: Bfcnmsfhms he dhrphrktn rnputktfhm ;>6
;?.4 Dhrphrktn rnputktfhm ckmk`ncnmt ;5;
;?.2 _nrdnfv
_nrdnfvnb
nb nxtnrmkg prnstf`n he k dhcpkmy ;5:
;?.> Dhmsnqunmdns he dhrphrktn rnputktfhm ;54
;?.5 Ehrcs kmb rhgns he trust ;5>
;?.0 Bn﬋mftfhm he trust ;55
;?.< Bfcnmsfhms he trust ;50
;?.6 Dhmsnqunmdns he jkb rnputktfhm kmb cfstrust ;5<

;; Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf󿬋dktfhm ;00

;;.; Fbnmtf﬋dktfhm9 ckfm dlkrkdtnrfstfds ;00
;;.: Fbnmtf﬋dktfhms fm tln whra nmvfr
nmvfrhmcnmt
hmcnmt ;06
;;.4 Dhrphrktn kmb `rhup fbnmtf﬋dktfhm he ncpghy
ncpghynns
nns ;<:
;;.2 Dhmsucnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ;<2
;;.> Jrkmb dhccumftfns ;<0
;;.5 N﬏ndts he hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ;<<

;: Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt kmb shdfkg kddnptkjfgfty ;60

;:.; Fm﬊unmdn he hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm hm dhccftcnmt ;60
;:.: ^mbnrstkmbfm` hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt ;6<
;:.4 Bfcnmsfhms he dhccftcnmt :??
;:.2 N﬏ndts he dhccftcnmt :?4
;:.> Thdfkg kddnptkjfgfty :?2

Dhmdgusfhm :;:

Kutlhr fmbnx :;>

Tujindt fmbnx ::;
EF@^ZNT

F.; Jhha dlkptnrs fm tln dgkssfdkg dhccumfdktfhm chbng 4

;.; Erkcnwhra
Erkcnw hra he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm 5
:.; Bfcnmsfhms he tln fbnmtfty he hr`kmfzktfhm ;6
4.; Jksfd typns he jrkmb krdlftndturn 2?
2.; Ttnps fm ehrcktfhm he tln ncpghy
ncpghynrnr jrkmb >2
>.; Rln erkcnw
erkcnwhrahra he dhccumfdktfm` dhrphrk
dhrphrktn
tn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty 04
5.; Drftnrfk
Drftnr fk ehr stkanlhgbnr dgkssf﬋dktfhm <0
0.; Anyy prhtk`hmfsts kmb ekdthrs he k dhrphrktn sthry
An ;??
<.; Anyy tksas he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm
An ;;>
6.; Dhrphrktn fck`n strudturn ;2?
;?.; Znputktfhm bfcnmsfhms ;5?
;;.; Ehrcs he hr`kmfzktfhmkg
hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm kmb tlnfr dhmsnqunmdns

;:.; ehr tlnhedhcpkmy

Rypns dhccftcnmt th k dhcpkmy ;<2
:?;
FMRZHB^DRFHM

Rln plrksn dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm, kmb dhcpkmy bnpkrtcnmts bnkgfm` bnkg fm` wftl
ft, ﬋rst ncnr`nb kt tln jn`fmmfm` he tln twnmtfntl dnmtury wlnm dhrphrktfhms
stkrtnb th rnkgfzn tlkt suddnss fs cudl chrn tlkm cnrngy snggfm` prhbudts kmb snr-
vfdns. Fm tfcns wlnm tln bnvnghpcnmt
bnvnghpcnmt he dkpftkgfsc
dkpftk gfsc rnvnkgnb
rnvnkgnb ckmy he fts bkra sfbns
kmb wlnm gkr`n dhrphrktfhm
dhrphrktfhms,s, th`ntlnr wftl tlnfr hwmnrs kmb ehumbnrs,
ehumbnr s, dkcn umbnr
﬋rn jndkusn he dhrphrktn sdkmbkgs, dhcpkmfns rnkgfznb tlkt, kghm`sfbn tlnfr ckfm
kdtfvftfns kmb usukg dkrn ehr dhmsucnrs, tlny kgsh mnnbnb th dhccumfdktn wftl
htlnr pujgfds. Rln fdhms
fdh ms he Kcnrfdkm-stygn dkpftkgfsc, ehr nxkcpgn, I_ Chr`km kmb
tln @u``nmlnfc kmb Zhdanenggnr
Zhd anenggnr ekcfgfns, bfb mht lfrn prhenssfhmkgs cnrngy th phg-
fsl tlnfr cnbfk fck`n (nvnm tlhu`l tlfs kspndt slhugb mht jn mn`gndtnb) jut kgsh th
ckmk`n rngktfhmslfps wftl trkbn umfhms, ncpghynns, `hvnrmcnmt rnprnsnmtktfvns kmb
ihurmkgfsts,
ihurmk gfsts, kgg tlhsn wlh dhugb strhm`gy fm﬊unmdn tlnfr fck`n kmb, dhmsnqunmtgy,
dhmsnqunmtgy,
tlnfr
pkmfnsprhpnrty. Zkfgrhkb,
gnkr mnb tlkt
gnkrmnb hfg,ththjkddh,
fm hrbnr ﬋mkmdfkg,
bh jusfmnss tngndhccumfdktfhm
sud dnsseuggy,
suddnsseuggy , tlny mnnbnb kmb htlnr dhc-
th chmfthr kmb
fm﬊unmdn phgftfdkg,
phgftfdkg , ndhmhcfd kmb tndlmhgh`fdkg
tndlmh gh`fdkg dfrducstkmdns
df rducstkmdns kmb rn`ugktfhms, kmb
tln ﬋rst stnp wks th dhccumfdktn th tln pujgfd fm sudl k wky th `kfm fts k﬏ndtfhm.
Pn krn tkgafm` kjhut tln pnhpgn (sudl ks Fvy Gnbjnttnr Gnn kmb Nbwkrb G Jnrmkys) Jnr mkys)
wlh krn mhw snnm ks tln pfhmnnrs he chbnrm pujgfd rngktfhms, kmb tln nvnmts tlkt
bnsf`mktn fts jfrtl.
Kdrhss tln Ktgkmtfd, fm tfcns he rkpfb
rkpf b fmbustrfkgfzktfhm
fmbustr fkgfzktfhm kmb
km b fm tln dhmtnxt he chb-
nrmfsc, Nurhpnkm dhcpkmfns sfcfgkrgy jn`km th umbnrstkmb tlkt th jn dhcpntftfvn
fm tln ckrant, k rndh`mfzkjgn kmb dhmsfstnmt kppnkrkmdn wks mnnbnb. _fhmnnrs he
chbnrm fmbustrfkg kmb `rkplfd bnsf`m sudl ks _ntnr Jnlrnms, Gudfkm Jnrmlkrb,
Rnb CdAmf`lt Aku﬏nr, Kbhgpln Churhm Dksskmbrn D ksskmbrn kmb htlnrs mht hmgy bnsf`mnb
tln ﬋rst `rkplfd fck`ns jut dhmstrudtnb wlhgn systncs he vfsukg fbnmtfty, wlfdl
fmdgubnb tln dhcpkmy gh`h, fmtnrmkg kmb nxtnrmkg krdlftndturn, ckrant dhccumf-
dktfhms kmb nvnm kbvnrtfsnb prhbudts. Dhcpkmfns sudl ks KN@, Ghmbhm Rrkmsphrt,
: Fmtrhbudtfhm

Hgfvnttf, Jhsdl, Tlngg kmb Jrkum wnrn kchm` tln ﬋rst

Hgfvnttf, ﬋r st th rnkgfzn tlkt k strktn`fdkggy
ckmk`nb vfsukg fbnmtfty dhugb `fvn tlnc k dhcpntftfvn nb`n hvnr hvnr tlnfr rfvkgs.
r fvkgs.
Fm tln ^TK, ks wngg
wngg ks fm
f m Nurhpn, tln nrk he pujgfd
p ujgfd rngktfhms
rngk tfhms kmb
k mb ckrantfm`
ckrantfm ` jn`km,
wlfdl ﬊hurfslnb sf`mf﬋dkmtgy ketnr PPFF. Fm tlfs pnrfhb, ckmy mnw jrkmbs wnrn
jhrm, kchm` wlfdl shcn dhrphrktn jrkmbs jndkcn chrn kmb chrn sf`mf﬋dkmt.
Ehr dhcpkmfns kmb tlnfr stkanlhgbnrs, tlnsn rnprnsnmtnb tln chst fcphrtkmt fcphr tkmt vkgun,
tlhu`l fmtkm`fjgn, fm tln chbnrm bky jusfmnss whrgb. Th wlkt wks jhrm erhc tln
mnnb ehr k jnttnr pujgfd fck`n kmb k dhmsfstnmt dhcpkmy fbnmtfty, kmb tlnm bnvng-
hpnb kdrhss bf﬏nrnmt jhkrbs kmb dhcpkmy sndthrs, sudl ks pujgfd rngktfhms, LZ,
ckrantfm` kmb htlnr bnpkrtcnmts rnsphmsfjgn ehr ckrant dhccumfdktfhms, fm tln
Ttktns ks wngg ks fm Nurhpn, lks ﬋mkggy `rhwm jy tln nmb he tln twnmtfntl dnmtury
fmth tln fbnk he fmtn`rktnb hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccumfdktfhms kmb tlnfr ckmk`ncnmt.
Rlfs fs tln thhg mnnbnb th dhmstrudt kmb prnsnmt k dhcpkmy‖s fbnmtfty, tln jksfd
ngncnmt he rnputktfhm fm tln phgftfdkg, ndhmhcfd, shdfkg kmb tndlmhgh`fdkg `ghjkg
nmvfrhmcnmts fm wlfdl dhcpkmfns ks shdfkg nmtftfns krn hpnrktfm`. Ft snncs tlkt
mnvnr jnehrn fm tln lfsthry he dhcpkmfns kmb tlnfr dhcpntftfvn kppnkrkmdn hm tln
ckrant, wnrn tln eumdtfhms he ckrantfm`, _Z kmb LZ sh sfcfgkr kmb dghsn th hmn

kmhtlnr, kmb tln

tfvn kbvkmtk`n lksmnnb ehrjnnm
mnvnr tlnfrnxprnssnb
fmtn`rktnbchrn
kppgfdktfhm
dgnkrgy fm tlnmhw
tlkm drnktfhm
wftl he
tlndhcpntf-
dhmdnpt
he dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn dhccumfdktfhms.
Rlfs jhha wks wrfttnm ehr umbnr- kmb phst`rkbuktn stubnmts he Ckrantfm`
Dhccumfdktfhms kmb _ujgfd Zngktfhms ks k jksfd `ufbn fmth tln ﬋ngb he dhrphrktn
dhccumfdktfhms.Rln dhmtnmts krn ehdusnb hmgy hm hmn pkrt he tlfs rkpfbgy
rkpf bgy bnvnghp-
fm` ﬋ngb kmb krn jksnb hm sdfnmtf﬋d gftnrkturn kmb tln kutlhr‖s
kutlhr‖s wfbn nxpnrfnmdn.Rln
whra prnsnmts kgg tln jksfd dhmdnpts tlkt krn mht hmgy phssfjgn thhgs ehr ckmk`fm`
dhrphrktn fbnmtftfns kmb tlnfr dhccumfdktfhms, jut kgsh rkfsn qunstfhms dhmdnrmfm`
tln euturn bnvnghpcnmt he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms. Rln jhha fs kgsh kfcnb kt
prkdtftfhmnrs rnsphmsfjgn ehr dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms fm prh﬋t kmb mhm-prh﬋t
hr`kmfzktfhms, pujgfd rngktfhms ckmk`nrs, ckrantfm` stk﬏, luckm rnshurdns ckm-
k`nrs, dhccumfdktfhms
wftl dhrphrktn k`nmdfns kmb
dhccumfdktfhms kmb htlnrs
ckmk`nwlh fm tlnfrhrprhenssfhmkg
dhcpkmy dkrnnrs
jrkmb fbnmtftfns bnkg
— chst
prhcfmnmtgy cncjnrs he tln jhkrb kmb dlfne nxndutfvns.
nxndutfvns.Rlfs jhha wks wrfttnm
wr fttnm mht
hmgy ehr kdkbncfd purphsns jut kgsh th jn usneug rnkbfm` ehr prkdtftfhmnrs fm dhr-
phrktn dhccumfdktfhms kmb ckrantfm`.
Rlnrn fs, he dhursn, tln mnnb th nxpgkfm tln tnrc dhrphrktn. Rln whrb bnrfvnsbnr fvns
erhc tln Gktfm whrb dhrpus tlkt bnmhtns k jhby hr k jhby he pnhpgn. Rln tnrc
fs usnb ehr bf﬏nrnmt shdfkg nmtftfns sudl ks `rhups he pnhpgn, prh﬋t hr mhm-prh﬋t
hr`kmfzktfhms, rn`fhms hr dhumtrfns. Fm tln dhmtnxt he tlfs jhha, lhwnvnr, tln tnrc
fs usnb ehr prh﬋t hr`kmfzktfhms,
hr`kmfzktfh ms, dhrphrktf
dhrphrktfhms.
hms.
Rln jhha dkm jn rnkb jn`fmmfm` th nmb hr hmn dlkptnr kt k tfcn, bnpnmbfm`
hm tln fmehrcktfhm tlkt tln rnkbnr fs ghhafm` ehr, jndkusn dlkptnrs krn wrfttnm ks
dhcpgntn kmb fmbnpnmbnmt umfts. Rln Fmtrhbudtfhm fs ehgghwnb jy k dlkptnr prn-
snmtfm` dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms ks km fmtnrbfsdfpgfmkry rnsnkrdl ﬋ngb kmb ks hmn
he tln any eumdtfhms wftlfm k dhcpkmy. Rln tlfrb dlkptnr bnkgs wftl dhrphrktn
 Fmtrhbudtfhm 4

PLH8 TKVT PLK

KR
R8 RH PLHC8 FM PLFDL PFRL PLK
KRR PFRL PLK
KRR
DLKKMMNG
MMNG _^Z_HTN8 NEENDR8
(LHP)8

: Dhrp
Dhrphhrk tn
rktn 4 Dhrp
Dhrph
hrktn
rktn 5 Ttka
Ttkanlhgbn
nlhgbnrr 0 Tthr
Tthrytngg
ytnggfm`
fm` 6 Dhrp
Dhrph hrk tn
rktn ;;
fbnmtfty
bnm jrkm
rkmb
b km
kmb
b ckmk`nncnmt
ckmk` kmb
km b fssun ksshd fkttfhms9
sshdfk Hr`kmf
r`kmfzzktfhmk
mkgg
jrkmbfm`
rkmb kmb
km b ckmk`nncnmt
ckmk` fbn
bnm
mtfty trkf
trkfts
ts fbn
bnm
mtfefdktfhm
ccu
dhcc
dh umf
mfddktfhms fm ttfc
fcns
ns he kmb
km dhrph
b dhrp hrk
rktn
tn
Ncpghyn
2 Ncp ghynrr dlkm`n km
dl km`n kmb b fck`nn
fck` ;:
jrkm
rkmb
bfm` drf
rfsns
sns Hr`kmf
r`kmfzzktfhmk
mkgg
ccfttcnmt
dhccf
dh
Ntlfdkg
> Ntlf Dhrph
< Dhrphrk
rktntn ;? Dhrp
Dhrph hrktn
rktn kmb
km b shdfk
shdfkgg
jrkm
rkmb bfm` km kmb
b ccu
dhcc
dh umf
mfddktfhms ksshd fkttfhms9
sshdfk kddn
ddnpptkjfgfty
rph
dhrp
dh hrkrktn
tn rnput
utkktfhm kmkmbb
shd fkgg
shdfk trust
rnsphmsfjfgfty
nsp

EF@^ZN F.; Jhha dlkptnrs fm tln dgkssfdkg dhccumfdktfhm chbng

fbnmtfty wftl wlfdl dhcpkmfns nxprnss wlh tlny krn. Rln ehgghwfm` dlkptnrs bfs-
duss tln qunstfhm “Plkt bh dhcpkmfns try th sky kjhut tlncsngvns8‖ jy bfsdussfm`
tln dhmdnpts he dhrphrktn jrkmbfm`, ncpghynr jrkmbfm` kmb shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty.
Dlkptnr 5 bnkgs wftl stkanlhgbnrs kmb nxpgkfms th wlhc kmb fm wlkt ckmmnr dhc-
pkmfns slhugb dhccumfdktn. Fm tln snvnmtl dlkptnr, tln jhha bnkgs wftl wkys kmb
dlkmmngs he dhccumfdktfhm.
dhccumfdktf hm. Rln strudturn he k dhrphrk
dhrphrktntn sthry fs
f s prnsnmtnb kmb fts
usn kmb kppgfdktfhm fm tfcns he dlkm`n kmb drfsfs krn bfsdussnb. Rln mnxt dlkptnr
fs dghsngy dhmmndtnb th tln prndnbfm` hmn9 ft prnsnmts spndf﬋d kspndts he dhrphr-
ktn dhccumfdktfhms sudl ks dlfne nxndutfvns, dngnjrftfns, vfsukg fbnmtfty, dhrphrktn
kbvnrtfsfm`
kbvnrtf sfm` kmb
k mb whrb he chutl.
ch utl. Rlnsn krn
k rn “dhccu
“dhccumfdkt
mfdktfhm
fhm cnkms‖
cn kms‖ kmb krn, th`ntlnr
wftl htlnr dhccumfdktfhm thhgs, km fcphrtkmt pkrt he dhrphrktn sthrytnggfm`. Rln
jhha dhmtfmuns wftl k bfsdussfhm he tln purphsns he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms,
kchm` wlfdl krn dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms wlfdl pgky km fcphrtkmt rhgn fm kttrfjut-
fm` fbnmtfty trkfts th k dhcpkmy,
dhcpkmy, dhmstrudtfm` fts fck`n, jufgbfm` dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn rnputk-
tfhm kmb `kfmfm`
`k fmfm` trust. Rln gkst dlkptnr bnkgs wftl tln bnsfrnb n﬏ndts he dhrphrktn
dhccumfdktfhms, mkcngy stkanlhgbnrs‖ fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftl k dhcpkmy tlkt gnkbs th
tlnfr dhccftcnmt hr (kt gnkst) th k shdfkg kddnptkjfgfty he tln dhcpkmy‖s kdtfhms.
Rln jhha dhmdgubns wftl k slhrt bfsdussfhm he wlkt lks jnnm skfb fm tln jhha kmb
k enw dghsfm` rnckras.
Km kttnmtfvn rnkbnr
rnkbnr wfgg snn tlkt tln strudturn he tln dlkptnrs
dlkptnr s ehgghws tln dgkssfdkg
dhccumfdktfhm chbng he Lkrhgb Gksswngg wlh bn﬋mnb tln chbng wftl tln ehg-
ghwfm` qunstfhms9 “Plh skys wlkt, th wlhc, fm wlfdl dlkmmng, wftl wlkt
n﬏ndt8‖ Rln sngndtfhm he tlfs strudturn ehr tln jhha bnchmstrktns tlkt nvnrytlfm`
wn bh fm jusfmnss stkrts kmb nmbs wftl dhccumfdktfhm hr dkm jn stubfnb erhc tln
dhccumfdktfhm pnrspndtfvn. Rln kutlhr he tlfs jhha wfslns tlkt yhu, bnkr rnkbnr,
wfgg rndh`mfzn tln prkdtfdkg vkgun he `hhb tlnhry,
tlnhry, kmb lhpns tlkt kt gnkst pkrt he yhur
trust fm tln kutlhr, wlfdl wks bnchmstrktnb jy pfdafm` tlfs jhha up, lks pkfb h﬏.
;
DHZ_HZKRN DHCC^MFDKRFHM
EZKCNPHZA

DHMRNMRT
Rlfs dlkptnr prnsnmts vkrfhus bn﬋mftfhms he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm. Ft umbnr-
gfmns tln fmtn`rktfvn rhgn he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm kmb bfstfm`ufslns ft erhc
sfcfgkr bfsdfpgfmns bnkgfm` wftl hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccumfdktfhms. Eurtlnr, wn
lf`lgf`lt lhw fcphrtkmt k `hhb umbnrstkmbfm` he tln bukgfty he hr`kmfzktfhms
fs ehr k lhgfstfd kpprhkdl th dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms. Pn kgsh prnsnmt tln
ckfm ehdusns kmb tksas he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm fm km hr`kmfzktfhm.

;.; Rln dhmdnpt he

he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm
dhccumfdktfhm
Bkvfb Jnrmstnfm (;6<5
(;6<5,, ;666),
;666), wlh fs hmn he tln ﬋rst sdlhgkrs th umbnrstkmb tln
dhmdnpt he dhrphrktn
slhugb kbhpt k lhgfstfddhccumfdktfhm
kpprhkdl th tlnfmumbnrstkmbfm`
k chbnrm wky, he wkrms tlkt dhcpkmfns
tlnfr dhccumfdktfhm,
jndkusn tlny dhccumfdktn dhmtfmuhusgy wftl tlnfr vkrfhus kubfnmdns. K sfcfgkr
su``nstfhm wks ckbn jy Kjnr` (;66? (;66?)) fm lfs chbng he thtkg dhccumfdktfhms.
Jhtl kutlhrs tkan fmth kddhumt tln ekchus Pktzgkwfda‖s kxfhc tlkt hmn dkm-
mht mht dhccumfdktn, cnkmfm` tlkt nvnrytlfm` tlkt km nmtfty skys, bhns hr ckan
(hr bhnsm‖t sky, bh hr ckan) fs dhccumfdktfhm (Pktzgkwfda ;605). ;605). Rlkt fs wly
dhcpkmfns kmb htlnr nmtftfns cust kssucn dhmtrhg hvnr kmb ckmk`n kgg tlnfr
dhccumfdktfhms.
Rln jksfd fbnk he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfh
dhccumfdktfhm m (DD) fs k symdlrhmfzktfhm he bfe-
enrnmt kspndts he dhccumfdktfhms jy km nmtfty kmb tln fmtn`rktfhm he cnssk`ns tlkt
tlfs nmtfty fs snmbfm` th fts kubfnmdns. Km nkrgy bn﬋mftfhm he dhrphrktn
d hrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm
d hccumfdktfhm
skys tlkt DD fs km “fmtn`rktnb kpprhkdl th kgg dhccumfdktfhm prhbudnb jy km hr`km-
fzktfhm, bfrndtnb kt kgg rngnvkmt tkr`nt `rhups‖ (Jgkuw ;6<5).
;6<5). Ikdashm (;6<0
(;6<0)) sfcfgkrgy
bn﬋mns dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm ks tln thtkg dhccumfdktfhm kdtfvfty `nmnrktnb jy
 Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm erkcnwhra >

k dhcpkmy th kdlfnvn fts hjindtfvns. Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms krn bn﬋mnb jy vkm

Zfng ks tln “fmstrucnmt he ckmk`ncnmt jy cnkms he wlfdl kgg dhmsdfhusgy usnb ehrcs ehr cs
he fmtnrmkg
fmtnr mkg kmb nxtnrmkg
nxtnr mkg dhccumfdktfhm krn lkrchmfznb
lkr chmfznb ks n﬏ndtfvngy kmb nffldfnmtgy
ks phssfjgn, sh ks th drnktn k ekvhurkjgn jksfs ehr rngktfhmslfps wftl
w ftl `rhups uphm wlfdl
tln dhcpkmy fs bnpnmbnmt‖ (vkm Zfng ;66>, ;66>, :5). Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm fs k snt
he kdtfvftfns fmvhgvnb fm ckmk`fm` kmb hrdlnstrktfm` kgg fmtnrmkg kmb nxtnrmkg dhc-
cumfdktfhms wftl k purphsn th drnktn ekvhurkjgn stkrtfm` phfmts wftl stkanlhgbnrs hm
wlhc tln nmtfty bnpnmbs (vkm Zfng kmb Ehcjrum :??0, :??0, :>). Dhrphrktn dhccumfdk-
tfhms fs km ucjrnggk tnrc ehr kgg ehrcs
ehr cs he jnlkvfhur kmb dhccumfdktfhm tlkt krn pnr-
ehrcnb (wftlfm hr hutsfbn he km hr`kmfzktfhm) jy k dnrtkfm dhrpus (vkm Zfng ;66>). ;66>).
Dhrphrktn
Dhr phrktn dhccumf
dhccumfdktfhdktfhmm fs tln k``
k``rn`ktn
rn`ktn he kgg
k gg cnssk`ns,
cns sk`ns, nftlnr erhc hffl-
dfkg hr fmehrckg shurdns, tlkt krn trkmscfttnb tlrhu`l k vkrfnty he cnbfk, kmb jy
wlfdl tln nmtfty dhmvnys fts fbnmtfty th fts stkanlhgbnrs (@rky kmb Jkgcnr ;66<, ;66<,
565). Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm dkm jn k cntlhb he tln hvnrkgg hvnrkgg prnsnmtktfhm he tln
hr`kmfzktfhm th nxtnrmkg kmb fmtnrmkg pujgfds, jndkusn ft dhmstrudts kmb nxprnssns
tln fbnmtfty he tln hr`kmfzktfhm (@rky kmb Jkgcnr ;66<). ;66<).
Kgtlhu`l kutlhrs tnmb th usn tln tnrc dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm chstgy fm km

hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhmtnxt, tln

bnrfvnb erhc dhrphrktfhm tln tnrc dhr phrktn
dhrphrktn
, jut slhugb slhugb mht jn
jn fmtnrprntnb
fmtnr prntnb fm umbnrsthhb ks km
rngktfhm th tln kbindtfvn
Gktfm whrb
dhrpus, bnmhtf
bnmhtfm`
m` k jhby
jh by hr, fm k ﬋`urktfvn
﬋ `urktfvn snmsn,
snms n, cnkmf
cnkmfm`
m` “rngktf
“rngktfm`
m` th tln
t ln thtkg‖
thtk g‖ (vkm
Zfng ;66>,
;66>, :5). Fm tlfs jrhkbnr snmsn, tln kppgfdktfhm he tln tnrc
tnr c dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn dhccu-
mfdktfhm dkm jn nxpkmbnb hutsfbn prh﬋t-hrfnmtnb hr`kmfzktfhms h﬏nrfm` prhbudts
kmb snrvfdns, th k mucjnr he htlnr hr`kmfzktfhms sudl ks M@Hs, phgftfdkg pkrtfns,
mht-ehr-prh﬋t hr`kmfzktfhms, `hvnrmcnmt
`hvnrmcnmt fmstftutfhms kmb nvnm jrhkbnr — th dftfns, df tfns,
thwms, rn`fhms, dhumtrfns hr pnhpgn wlh krn kdtfvn fm tln pujgfd splnrn kmb lkvn, fm
tnrcs he tlnfr kdtfvftfns
kd tfvftfns kmb rndh`mftfhm, k dlkrkdtnr he fmstftutfhms hr jrkmbs.

;.: Hvnrvfnw he dhrphrktn dhccumfdkt

dhccumfdktfhm
fhm
Ukm Zfng (;66>
(;66>,, ;660)
;660) wrftns tlkt dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm fs mht iust kmhtlnr
bfsdfpgfmn, jut k mnw vfnw hm tln dhcpgntn krnk he dhccumfdktfhm. Rlkt fs wly
dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm slhugb jn umbnrsthhb ks km ucjrnggk tnrc ehr k ﬋ngb
tlkt dhcjfmns amhwgnb`n he vkrfhus bfsdfpgfmns dhmdnrmnb wftl hr`kmfzktfhmkg
dhccumfdktfhms. “Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm tkans fmth kddhumt jhtl tln thtkg he
ckrantfm` dhccumfdktfhm kmb tln gkr`n rkm`n he ehrcs he hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccu-
mfdktfhm kmb ckmk`ncnmt dhccumfdktfhms‖ (vkm Zfng ;66>, ;66>, :;). Rlfs hpfmfhm fs
slkrnb jy snvnrkg htlnr kutlhrs wlh bnkg wftl dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm fm dhm-
mndtfhm wftl ckmk`ncnmt, jusfmnss kmb hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccumfdktfhms, kmb pujgfd
rngktfhms (Kr`nmtf ;6651
;6651 Bhgplfm ;6661
;6661 Kr`nmtf kmb Ehrckm :??:
:??:).).
Fm tln kdkbncfd splnrn
splnrn,, dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm fs umbnrsthhb
umbnr sthhb ks k erkcnwhra

ehr
kmb kehr
lhgfstfd kpprhkdl
fmtn` rktfhm
fmtn`rktfhm th fmbfvfbukg
he amhwgnb`n ﬋ngbs fm
kmb ﬋mbfm`s dhccumfdktfhms
he bf﬏nrnmt he kmb
bfsdfpgfmns hr`kmfzktfhms
trkbftfhms,
fmdgubfm` (snn Ef`urn ;.;)
;.;)9
5 Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm erkcnwhra

Fmtnrmkg Nxtnrmkg

Hr`kmfzktfhmkg
_ujgfd rngktfhms
Ckdrh dhccumfdktfhm

Ckmk`ncnmt
dhccumfdktfhm

Cfdrh
Jusfmnss Ckrant
dhccumfdktfhm dhccumfdktfhm

Hr`kmfzktfhmkg kspndt ^mftkry kspndt

EF@^ZN ;.; Erkcnwhra

Erkcnwhra he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm

• Jusfmnss dhccumfdktfhm.
kmb kppgfdktfhm Kppgfnb sdfnmdn
he chbns he nxprnssfhm, bnkgfm`
sycjhgs kmb wftl
sf`ms tln
tlktdhmstrudtfhm
kddhcpkmy
prh﬋t-hrfnmtnb kdtfvftfns, rngktnb th h﬏nrfm` prhbudts kmb snrvfdns ehr sktfs-
eyfm` luckm mnnbs kmb bnsfrns (Znfmsdl ;66;k,
;66;k, ;66;j).
;66;j). Jusfmnss dhccumf-
dktfhm fs prfmdfpkggy k gfma kchm` pkrtfdfpkmts he k jusfmnss prhdnss tlkt lngps
th kddhcpgfsl k spndf﬋d jusfmnss tksa. Rlfs bfsdfpgfmn bnkgs wftl thpfds sudl
ks dhccumfdktfhm safggs, usn he tndlmhgh`y kmb cnbfk fm tln dhccumfdktfhm
prhdnss, typns he jusfmnss dhccumfdktfhms (n.`. fmtnrvfnw, cnntfm`, prnsnmtk-
tfhm, spnndl, wrfttnm dhccumfdktfhms), usn he jusfmnss dhccumfdktfhms (n.`.
mn`htfktfhms, dhccumfdktfhm he skgnspnhpgn, dhumsngghrs), kmb tln knstlntfds
kmb ntlfds he jusfmnss dhccumfdktfhms.
• Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccumfdktfhm. Rlfs ehdusns hm kmkgytfdkg kmb drftfdkg

dkpkjfgftfns tlkt nmkjgn tln fmtnrpnrshmkg, dhggndtfvn kmb thtkg umbnrstkmbfm`

he tln hr`kmfzktfhm tlrhu`l k dhccumfdktfhm pnrspndtfvn. Rln ckfm ehdus
he tln bfsdfpgfmn fs stubyfm` vnrtfdkg, lhrfzhmtkg kmb trkmsvnrskg fmehrcktfhm
﬊hws fm km hr`kmfzktfhm,
hr`kmfzktfh m, stubyfm` tln dhmtnmt
dhmtnm t kmb cnkmfm`s he cnssk`ns,
cnssk` ns, kmk-
gysfm` tln dhccumfdktfhm dgfcktn, kmb stubyfm` hr`kmfzktfhmkg bnvnghpcnmt
kmb pnrshmkg trkfmfm` ehr dhcpntnmt dhccumfdktfhm kdtfvfty hm k systncfd
gnvng (@rnnmjkuc nt kg. ;6<<).
;6<<). Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccumfdktfhm fs prfckrfgy
umbnrsthhb ks tln `gun tlkt lhgbs tln hr`kmfzktfhm th`ntlnr (Fvkmdnvfdl kmb
Ckttnshm ;665)
;665) kmb fm﬊unmdns tln suddnss he tln hr`kmfzktfhm‖s kdtfvftfns.
• dhccumfdktfhm.. Rlfs dhcjfmns tln amhwgnb`n he jusfmnss
Ckmk`ncnmt dhccumfdktfhm
kmb hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccumfdktfhms kmb trkmsenrs ft th tln ckmk`ncnmt dhm-
tnxt. Rlfs bfsdfpgfmn trfns th nxpgkfm strudturkg, systncfd kmb eumdtfhmkg kspndts
he dhccumfdktfhms kmb th prhvfbn amhwgnb`n he dhccumfdktfhm tndlmfquns
kchm` ckmk`nrs fm tln fmtnrmkg kmb nxtnrmkg nmvfrhmcnmt he tln hr`kmfzk-
tfhm. Kr`nmtf wrftns tlkt tln jksfd bhckfms he ckmk`ncnmt dhccumfdktfhm
 Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm erkcnwhra 0

krn “dhccumfdktfhm strktn`y1 safggs, fmdgubfm` wrftfm` kmb spnkafm`1 prhdnss,

fmdgubfm` tnkcwhra kmb fmtnrpnrshmkg jnlkvfhr1 tln `ghjkg nmvfrhmcnmt,
wlfdl ehdusns hm drhss-dugturkg dhccumfdktfhm1 kmb eumdtfhm, wlfdl `nts us
th tln dhmmndtfhm wftl dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm‖ (Kr`nmtf ;665, ;665, <4). Nvnry
dhccumfdktfhm — wrfttnm hr hrkg, pnrshmkg hr fcpnrshmkg — tlkt fs usnb ehr
rnkdlfm` k (cnksurnkjgn) `hkg kmb fs umbnrtkanm jy ckmk`nrs, rn`krbgnss he
tlnfr lfnrkrdlfdkg phsftfhm, fs ckmk`ncnmt dhccumfdktfhm.
• _ujgfd rngktfhms. Rlfs fs k bfsdfpgfmn kmb k ckmk`ncnmt eumdtfhm tlkt
bnkgs wftl pgkmmfm`, nxndutfhm kmb nvkguktfhm he hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccumf-
dktfhms wftl fmtnrmkg kmb nxtnrmkg pujgfds, hr wftl ckmk`fm` dhccumfdk-
tfhms jntwnnm km hr`kmfzktfhm kmb fts strktn`fd stkanlhgbnrs (@rumf`
(@r umf` kmb Lumt
;66>,, 5). Rln ckfm hjindtfv
;66> hjindtfvnn he pujgfd rngktfhms (_Z) fs th nstkjgfsl kmb sustkfm
cutukggy jnmn﬋dfkg rngktfhmslfps jntwnnm km hr`kmfzktfhm
hr`kmf zktfhm kmb tln pujgfd, uphm
wlfdl tln suddnss he tln hr`kmfzktfhm bnpnmbs (Dutgfp nt kg. :???,
:???, 5).Rln jks
jksfd
fd
rnshurdns he _Z krn, kchm` htlnrs, rngktfhms wftl cnbfk kmb fts fmstrucnmts
(prnss dhmenrnmdns, kmmhumdncnmts, prnss cktnrfkgs, pujgfdfty, ntd.), ghjjyfm`,
hr`kmfzktfhm he nv
nvnmts,
nmts, dr
drfsfs
fsfs dhccumfdktfhm, kmmukg kmb htlnr rnphrts, fmtnrmkg

mnwsgnttnrs
prh`rkccnskmb ehrpujgfdktfhms,
rngktfhms wftlspnndlns kmb ghdkg
ncpghynns,
ncpghy nns, prnsnmtktfhms, bhmktfhms
dhccumftfns kmb﬋mkmdfkg
kmb tln spndfkg
﬋mk mdfkg
pujgfd kfcnb kt fmehrcfm`,
fmehr cfm`, pnrsukbfm` kmb fmvhgvfm` bf﬏nrnmt stkanlhgbnrs.
• Ckrantfm` dhccumfdktfhm. Rlfs fs km k m fmstrucnmt kfcnb kt fmvhgvfm` dhm-
sucnrs fm km nxdlkm`n rngktfhmslfp wftl km hr`kmfzktfhm. Nkdl ckrantfm`
dhccumfdktfhm fs tkr`nt-hrfnmtnb fm tln snmsn tlkt ft bfrndtgy hr fmbfrndtgy
supphrts tln snggfm` he tln prhbudt (Jurmntt kmb Chrfkrty ;660, ;660 , 2). Ckrantfm`
dhccumfdktfhm fmdgubns kgg dhccumfdktfhm kdtfvftfns jy k dhcpkmy th fmehrc, fmehr c,
prnsnmt, pnrsukbn kmb rncfmb juynrs kmb jusfmnss pkrtmnrs
pkr tmnrs fm tln tkr`nt ckrant
kjhut tlnfr kdtfvftfns kmb h﬏nr (_hbmkr nt kg. :??0).
:??0). Nvnrytlfm` tlkt brkws tln
juynr‖s kttnmtfhm th k sngndtnb h﬏nr dkm jn, fm k jrhkbnr snmsn, umbnrsthhb ks
ckrantfm` dhccumfdktfhm, wlfdl fs k “strktn`fd jusfmnss prhdnss usnb th pgkm,
bnvnghp, nxndutn kmb nvkguktn dhhrbfmktnb, cnksurkjgn, pnrsuksfvn jrkmb dhc-
cumfdktfhm prh`rkccns hv hvnr
nr tfcn wftl dhmsucnrs, dusthcnrs, prhspndts kmb
htlnr tkr`ntnb, rngnvkmt nxtnrmkg kmb fmtnrmkg kubfnmdns‖ (Tdlugtz kmb Tdlugtz
;66<,, ;<). Dgkssfd thhgs he ckrantfm` dhccumfdktfhm krn vkrfhus ehrcs he
;66<
kbvnrtfsfm`, skgns prhchtfhm, bfrndt ckrantfm`, pnrshmkg snggfm`, ntd.

Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm ncplksfzns tln fmtnrbfsdfp

fmtnrbfsdfpgfmkry
gfmkry vfnw hm dhccu-
mfdktfhm he hr`kmfzktfhms kmb snns dhccumfdktfhm ks k rnshurdn tlkt nmkjgns tln
nxfstnmdn, chtfvktfhm kmb bnvnghpcnmt he km
k m hr`kmfzktfhm.
hr`kmfzk tfhm. Jndkusn
Jndkusn he fts fmtnrbfs-
dfpgfmkry bnsf`m, wn cust annp fm cfmb tlkt tln tnrc hr`kmfzktfhm dkm jn umbnr-
sthhb fm bf﬏nrnmt wkys, wlfdl rn﬊ndts fts bukgfty — fm jusfmnss kmb hr`kmfzktfhmkg
dhccumfdktfhms, hr`kmfzktfhm bnmhtns k `rhup he pnhpgn wftl k dhcchm `hkg,
wlnrnks _Z kmb ckrantfm` dhccumfdktfhms fcpgfdftgy bn﬋mn km hr`kmfzktfhm ks
km fmbnpnmbnmt shdfkg sujindt (_hbmkr kmb Agfmn :??4).
:??4). Pn mnnb th annp fm cfmb
tln bukgfty he hr`kmfzktfhms fm hrbnr th umbnrstkmb jnttnr tln fmtnrbfsdfpgfmkry ﬋ngb
< Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm erkcnwhra

he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm, fts fmbfvfbukg bfsdfpgfmns kmb bf﬏nrnmt tlnhrntfdkg

kpprhkdlns, kmb th bnkg fm eugg wftl tln plnmhcnmhm he dhcprnlnmsfvn
dhcprnlnmsfvn dhccumf-
dktfhm he sudl nmtftfns ks dhcpkmfns.

;.4 Bukgfty he hr`kmfzktfhms

hr`kmfzktfhms
Pn spnka he km hr`kmfzktfhm wlnm tlnrn krn pnhpgn wlh dkm dhccumfdktn wftl
nkdl htlnr, krn rnkby ehr dhhpnrktfhm kmb krn dkpkjgn he kdlfnvfm` dhcchm hjindt-
fvns (Gnwfs ;60>,
;60>, ;6). Rlfs fs k jksfs th tln umbnrstkmbfm` he km hr`kmfzktfhm tlkt,
hm k `rhup
` rhup gnvng,
gnvng, prnsupphsns tlkt fmbfvfbukgs lkvn k dhcchm prfckry
prfckr y `hkg — `rhup
` rhup
cncjnrs eumdtfhm ks k umft fm hrbnr th kdlfnvn tlnfr prfckry
prfckr y `hkg. Nvnry fmbfvfbukg
wftlfm k `rhup lks k bn﬋mnb eumdtfhm tlkt dhmtrfjutns th tln kdlfnvfm` he tln `hkg
hr purphsn.
pur phsn. Ft whugb jn fcphssfjgn hr mhmsnmsfdkg fe nkdl fmbfvfbukg bfb tlnfr whra
snpkrktngy erhc htlnr fmbfvfbukgs, jndkusn nvnry pnrshm fm tln `rhup fs fm shcn
wky dhmmndtnb th htlnr `rhup cncjnrs. Rlkt fs wly tln hr`kmfzktfhm fs snnm ks k
mntwhra he fmtnrbnpnmbnmt rngktfhms tlkt lkvn jnnm drnktnb ks k cnkms ehr kdlfnv-
fm` dnrtkfm `hkgs kmb fs umbnrsthhb ks k snrfns he eumdtfhmkgfznb `rhups wftl bfe-
enrnmt `hkgs kmb purphsns. Hr`kmfzktfhms krn mht chmhgftlfd nmtftfns jut dhkgftfhms
he dhhpnrktfm` fmbfvfbukgs kmb `rhups wftl bf﬏nrnmt kfcs. Fmbfvfbukgs mn`htfktn
tlnfr `hkgs, kdtfhms kmb cnkmfm`s th kdlfnvn k dhcchm bfrndtfhm, jut tlny mnvnr
dkst ksfbn tlnfr hwm fmtnrnsts kmb `hkgs (_utmkc ;6<4, ;6<4 , 40). Jut, ks lf`lgf`ltnb jy
Lkmby (;602
(;602), ), km hr`kmfzktfhm fs mht hmgy k dhggndtfvfty he fmbfvfbukgs. Ft bhns mht
hmgy nxfst wftlfm tln fmtnrsujindtfvn gnvng — ft fs chrn tlkm tlkt. Ft fs k plnmhc-
nmhm tlkt fs drnktnb burfm` tln prhdnss he `nmnrfd sujindtfvfty kmb fs rn﬊ndtnb ks km
fmbnpnmbnmt (shdfkggy) eumdtfhmfm` umft. Rln eumdtfhmkgfsts snn tln hr`kmfzktfhm ks k
shdfkg ekdt hr k dhmdrntn nmtfty, tlnrnehrn hm tln gnvng he `nmnrfd sujindtfvfty. Erhc
k bntnrcfmfstfd phfmt he vfnw, tln strudturn he km hr`kmfzktfhm rnckfms stktfd kmb
bntnrcfmns tln `hkgs kmb kdtfvftfns he fts cncjnrs. Km hr`kmfzktfhm dkm d km jn snnm umf-
tkrfgy1 ft fs k dhhpnrktfvn systnc tlkt pursuns dnrtkfm fmtnrnsts kmb `hkgs. Fmbfvfbukgs
krn hmgy k cnkms he purphsn-rktfhmkg kdtfvftfns bnckmbnb jy tndlmhgh`fdkg suddnss
kmb hr`kmfzkt
hr`k mfzktfhmkg
fhmkg nffl dfnmd
dfnmdyy (_utmkc ;6<4
;6< 4, 45).
Rlnrnehrn, th umbnrstkmb tln dhmdnpt he hr`kmfzktfhm, hmn cust jn kwkrn he fts
bukgfty — hm tln hmn lkmb, km hr`kmfzktfhm fs k `rhup he pnhpgn ihfmnb th`ntlnr
jy k dhcchm `hkg, kmb hm tln htlnr, ft fs km kuthmhchus shdfkg sujindt. Kgtlh Kgtlhu`l
u`l
jhtl pkrkbf`cs snnc th jn dhmtrkbfdthry, wn dkm rnkshm tlkt tlny phfmt th bf﬏nr-
nmt jut fm k wky dhcpgncnmtkry kspndts he tln hr`kmfzktfhm kmb fts kppkrnmt shdfkg
rnkgfty.. Rln ﬋rst
rnkgfty ﬋ rst bn﬋mftfhm snns tln hr`kmfzktfhm ks km fmbnpnmbnmt sujindt, snpkrktnb
erhc fts cncjnrs, wlnrnks tln sndhmb snns km hr`kmfzktfhm ks k dhggndtfvn hr km
k``rn`ktn he fmbfvfbukgs ihfmnb th`ntlnr jy k dhcchm `hkg. Erhc km hutsfbn hjsnr-
vnr‖ss phfmt he
vnr‖ h e vfnw,
vfnw, fm tln ﬋rst
﬋r st bn﬋mftfhm
bn﬋mf tfhm tln
tl n hr`kmfzktfh
hr`kmf zktfhmm fs kbbrnssnb
kbbrnss nb ks “ft‖
“ft‖,, wlnrnks

fm tln sndhmbheftfmbfvfbukgs
k dhccumfty fs kbbrnssnbdrnktnb
ks “tlny‖
kmb(_hbmkr :???hm
:???,
nxprnssnb , ;0>). Rln hr`kmfzktfhm
tln fmtnrsujindtfvn fs nftlnr
gnvng, hr k
shdfkg kdthr hr psnubh-pnrshm ddrnktnb
rnktnb fm tln prhdnss he `nmnrfd
`nmnr fd sujindtfvfty
suji ndtfvfty.. Rln gkttnr
gk ttnr
 Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm erkcnwhra 6

bn﬋mftfhm rn﬊ndts tln rndh`mftfhm tlkt hr`kmfzktfhms wftlhut fmbfvfbukgs (cncjnrs)

kmb tlnfr kdtfhms bh mht nxfst. Chrnhvnr, hr`kmfzktfhms lkvn, bnspftn tln snge-kdtfvfty
he tlnfr cncjnrs, ndhmhcfd kmb phgftfdkg phwnrs kjhvn kmb jnyhmb tlhsn he tln
pkrtfdugkr fmbfvfbukgs tlkt dhcprfsn tlnc (Rlhcpshm kmb CdLu`l ;66>, ;66> , >).
Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm umbnrstkmbs tln bukgfty he tln hr`kmfzktfhm ks k
dhcpgntn kmb umbfvfbkjgn umft, ks twh sfbns he tln skcn dhfm tlkt mnnb th jn
tkanm fmth dhmsfbnrktfhm wlnm pgkmmfm`, fcpgncnmtfm`, fm﬊unmdfm` kmb nxpgkfm-
fm` dhccumfdktfhm plnmhcnmk. Fm tlfs wky wky,, dhrphrk
dhrphrktn
tn dhccumfdktfhm iustf﬋ns fts
fmtn`rktfvn rhgn, mht hmgy ks k eumdtfhm fmsfbn km hr`kmfzktfhm, jut hm k tlnhrntfdkg
gnvng ks wngg.

;.2 Ehdus he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm9 fbnmtfty,

fck`n kmb rnputktfhm
Ks hpphsnb th fmbfvfbukg dhccumfdktfhm bfsdfpgfmns, dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm
bhns mht ehdus hm stubyfm` bf﬏nrnmt ehrcs
ehr cs kmb eumdtfhms he dhccumfdktfhm.
dhccumfdk tfhm. Dnmtrkg
th dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm krn qunstfhms he lhw bf﬏nrnmt ehrcs he dhccumfdk-
tfhm dkm jnst jn symdlrhmfznb th prhbudn umf﬋nb kmb fmtn`rktnb cnssk`ns. Ft bnkgs
wftl tln nxprnssfvnmnss he tln hr`kmfzktfhm fm tln dhccumfdktfhm prhdnss bykb tlkt
tkans pgkdn fm dhccumfdktfhms wftl tln kubfnmdns tlkt km hr`kmfzktfhm dhccumf-
dktns wftl.
wf tl. Fm tlfs wky
wky,, hr`kmfzk
hr`kmfzktfhms
tfhms nstkjgfsl,
nstk jgfsl, sustkfm kmb
k mb chbfey tlnfr hwm fbnmtfty
fbn mtfty
kmb tlnfr fck`n fm tln nyns he dhccumfdktfhm kmb/hr nxdlkm`n pkrtmnrs. Dhrphrktn
dhccumfdktfhm dhmdnmtrktns
dhmdnmtrktns hm tln fmtn`rktnb dhccumfdktfhm systnc he km hr`km-
fzktfhm tlkt vkm Zfng kmb Ehcjrum (:??0 (:??0)) bn﬋mn ks k cugtfpgn tkdtfdkg kmb strktn`fd
rnshurdn tlkt km hr`kmfzktfhm usns th dhccumfdktn wftl stkanlhgbnrs, trkmscfttfm`
cnssk`ns kmb dhmtnmt kjhut ftsnge, fm hrbnr th drnktn jnmn﬋dfkg cfdrh kmb ckdrh
nmvfrhmcnmts ehr fts kdtfvftfns kmb th fm﬊unmdn stkanlhgbnrs kmb tlnfr kttftubns.
Dhhrbfmktfhmm kmb fmtn`rktfhm he dhccumfdktfhms slhugb mht jn k `hkg fm ftsnge,
Dhhrbfmktfh
jut ft lngps tht h ﬋mb shgutfhms
shgut fhms th prhjgncs he nffl dfnmdy kmb km b n﬏ndtfvnmnss fm hr`kmf-
hr`kmf -
zktfhms (vkm Zfng ;660,
;660, 4?;). Rlkt fs wly dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn dhccumfdktfh
d hccumfdktfhmm slhugb
slhug b kgwkys
jn jksnb hm tln jusfmnss strktn`y kmb fts prkdtfdkg fcpgncnmtktfhms. Bnspftn tln
`rhwfm` fcphrtkmdn kmb phpugkrfty he bndnmtrkgfzktfhm, vkm Zfng dgkfcs tlkt ft fs
stfgg mndnsskry th kdlfnvn k`rnncnmt kchm` chst cncjnrs he tln hr`kmfzktfhm
kjhut tln wky dhcpkmfns slhugb prh﬋gn tlnfr hwm sustkfmkjgn “dhrphrktn sthry‖
(vkm Zfng ;660,
;660, 4?:). Rln prfckry eumdtfhm he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm fs th
bn﬋mn lhw tln dhcpkmy wfslns th jn umbnrsthhb kmb pnrdnfvnb jy tlnfr stkan-
lhgbnrs (Kr`nmtf ;66<,
;66<, >5).
Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm fs f s tlnrnehrn fm tln eumdtfhm he dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn fbnmtfty kmb
rnprnsnmts k gfma jntwnnm fbnmtfty,
fbnmtfty, fck`n kmb rnputktfhm (Jfraf`t kmb k mb Ttkbgnr ;6<5
;6<5).).
Rln tnrc fbnmtfty rnprnsnmts k cfx he dlkrkdtnrfstfds he k dhrpus d hrpus tlkt ckan tln dhr-

pus
sfhm umfqun — umfehrc
hr cnmtkg fmwkrbs
pfdturn kjhut kmb bfvnrsn
k pnrdnfvnb hutwkrbs.
nmtfty, Fck`n fs k pnrshmkg
wlfgn rnputktfhm rnprnsnmtsfcprns-
nvkgu-
ktnb kmb sfcpgf﬋nb
sf cpgf﬋nb iub`ncnmt hm tln nmtfty ckbn jy fmbfvfbukgs tlrhu`l tfcn.
;? Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm erkcnwhra

Fbnmtfty, fck`n kmb rnputktfhm krn dnmtrkg dhmdnpts wftlfm dhrphrktn

Fbnmtfty, dhr phrktn dhccumf-
dktfhm. Pftlhut dhmsfbnrfm` tlhsn dhmdnpts, jhtl erhc fmtnrmkg ks wngg ks nxtnrmkg
vfnwphfmts, dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm ghsns fts f ts snmsn kmb cnkmfm`.
Pftl rnspndt th fbnmtfty
fbnmtf ty,, fck`n kmb rnputktfhm, dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm fs mht
hmgy k cnkms he trkmsenr jut ft kgsh drnktns fbnmtfty.
fbnmtfty. Dlrf
Dlrfstnmsnm
stnmsnm kmb Dlnmny (:???
( :???))
dgkfc tlkt prhindtnb fbnmtfty fs mht k stktfd dhmstkmt jut k bymkcfd vkrfkjgn kmb fs,
kjhvnn kgg, k mkrrktfvn tlkt fm﬊unmdns tln drnktfhm he dhrphrktn
kjhv d hrphrktn fck`n
f ck`n kmb rnputktfhm
fm tln cfmbs he fmtnrmkg kmb nxtnrmkg rndnfvnrs. _rhindtnb fbnmtfty lngps th drnktn
nxprnssfvfty he tln hr`kmfzktfhm, ks wngg ks lngpfm` tln snmbnr th ckmfenst tlnfr hwm
fbnmtfty. Hm tlnsn `rhumbs, rndnfvnrs drnktn tlnfr hwm fck`n kjhut tln snmbnr tlkt
gnkbs th k ghm`-tnrc nv nvkguktfhm
kguktfhm he tln snmbnr‖s
snmbnr‖s rnputktfhm (_hbmkr :???).
:???).
Rln ehdus he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm fs gnss hm tln bnvnghpcnmt he vkrfhus
dhccumfdktfhm safggs jut chrn hm stubyfm` rngktfhmslfps kchm` dhrphrktn dhr phrktn fbnmtfty,
fbnmtfty,
fck`n kmb rnputktfhm, kmb nxkcfmfm` vkrfhusvkr fhus ekdthrs
ekdthr s kmb fm﬊unmdns. Ft fs rngktnb th
htlnr spndfkgfznb bfsdfpgfmns, sudl ks dhrphrktn kmb fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm`, stkanlhgbnr
tlnhry, mkrrktfvn tlnhry, hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm kmb dugturn, hr`kmfzktfhmkg
dlkm`n tlnhry, shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty he dhcpkmfns, kmb htlnrs. Hmgy fm tlfs wky dkm

wn kpprhkdl,
mfdktfhm erhc
chbng, k dhrphrktn
wlfdl, phfmt
wftl tln he vfnw,
qunstfhms tln dlkggnm`n
“Plh skys wlkt,hethtlnwlhc,
dgkssfdkgwftl
dhccu-
wlkt
purphsn, kmb wftl wlkt n﬏ndt8‖, ckans tln pnrendt erkcnwhra th stuby dhrphrktn
dhccumfdktfhm.

;.> Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm

dhccumfdktfhm fm hr`kmfzktfhms
hr`kmfzktfhms
Fe pnhpgn rnsphmsfjgn ehr dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm
d hccumfdktfhm fm hr`kmfzktfhms slkrn tln kjhvn
kjhvn
lhgfstfd vfnw he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm, tlny dkm fm ekdt jn tln gfmafm` ngncnmt
kmb pursun tln hvnrkgg strktn`fd `hkgs he tln hr`kmfzktfhm rktlnr tlkm strfdtgy pkr-
tfdugkr hmns. Pn cust annp fm cfmb tlkt k dhrpus spnkas he ftsnge tlrhu`l tln ehg-
ghwfm` ngncnmts (Jfraf`t kmb Ttkbgnr ;6<5)9
;6<5 )9

• cnss k`ns — pfndns he fmehrcktfhm

Unrjkg cnssk`ns fmehr cktfhm tlkt dkm jn jnst dhmtrhggnb jy tln hr`km-
fzktfhm. Unrjkg cnssk`ns nmkjgn tln chst umkcjf`uhus nxprnssfhm he bnsfrnb
dhmtnmt, rn`krbgnss he wlntlnr tlny krn usnb th fmehrc, pnrsukbn, nxpgkfm hr
nxdusn.
• Rln usn he sycjhgs kmb htlnr sf`ms tlkt eumdtfhm ks rndh`mfzkjgn sf`ms hr fbnmtf-
﬋nrs he tln hr`kmfzktfhm kmb dkrry jrhkbnr snckmtfd cnkmfm`s.
• Jnlkvfhur he tln hr`kmfzktfhm — tln chst dhcpgnx jut kgsh tln chst fcphrtkmt
ngncnmt, jndkusn ft fs tln ckfm fmbfdkthr he wlntlnr tln hr`kmfzktfhm rnspndts
kmb lhgbs fts prhcfsns kmb dhccftcnmts.

Erhc k ckmk`nrfkg phfmt he vfnw, tlnsn ngncnmts surpkss tln tksas he dhrphrktn
dhccumfdktfhm jndkusn tlny fmtnrenrn wftl ckmy bf﬏nrnmt bnpkrtcnmts kmb snr-
vfdns wftlfm tln hr`kmfzktfhm tlkt krn rnsphmsfjgn ehr spndfkgfznb ehrcs he dhccu-
mfdktfhm wftl bf﬏nrnmt splnrns kmb ckrants.
 Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm erkcnwhra ;;

Ft bhns mht snnc rnkshmkjgn th sujstftutn tln erk`cnmtnb dhccumfdktfhm systnc

wftl k dnmtrkgfznb hmn jndkusn spndfkgfzktfhm `ukrkmtnns lf`lnr n﬏ndtfvnmnss kmb
wn dkm gn`ftfcktngy nxpndt tlkt dhccumfdktfhm wftl dhmsucnrs whugb jn jnst
ckmk`nb jy tln ckrantfm` bnpkrtcnmt, sfcfgkrgy ks tln _Z bnpkrtcnmt whugb jn
tln jnst bnpkrtcnmt th dhccumfdktn wftl cnbfk, kmb tln LZ bnpkrtcnmt whugb
jn tln jnst th dhccumfdktn wftl ncpghynns. Mhmntlngnss, nxk``nrktnb spndfkgfzk-
tfhm he bnpkrtcnmts kmb snrvfdns fm tln dhcpkmy dkm gnkb th ckmy fvhry thwnrs,
wftl nkdl snmbfm` hut tlnfr hwm mkrrhwgy ehdusnb fmehrcktfhm, jnfm` umkjgn th
snn chrn tlkm tlnfr hwm tksas kmb hr amhw (gnt kghmn pursun!) tln mnnbs kmb `hkgs
he tln hr`kmfzktfhm ks k wlhgn. Rlkt fs wly tln tksa he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm
cust jn th dhhrbfmktn vkrfhus bnpkrtcnmts wftl rn`krb th tln any fssuns kmb th
kdlfnvn k dhmsfstnmt kmb dhhrbfmktnb pnrehrckmdn.
pnrehr ckmdn. Kmhtlnr prfckry
pr fckry kmb fcphrtkmt
tksa he dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn dhccumfdktfhm fs th ﬋mb dhmtnmt tlkt rnprnsnmts tln bnsfrnb, rnkg
kmb rngnvkmt jksfs ehr kgg euturn ehrcs he dhccumfdktfhm. Rlnsn dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn sthrfns
sthr fns hr
dhcprnlnmsfvn mkrrktfvn kjhut tln hr`kmfzktfhm hr fts kspndts slhugb mht jn cfs-
tkanm ehr umfehrcfty
umfehr cfty he dhccumfdktfhm.
Rln ckfm dhmdnrm he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm fs th bnsf`m k umf﬋nb

`rhumbwhra,
hmn kmhtlnr kmbuphmrnprnsnmtfm`
wlfdl dhcpgncnmtkry
k thtkgfty tlktkdtfvftfns
whugb jn krn chrn
th jn tlkm
jufgt,k supphrtfm`
suc he fts
pkrts. Burfm` tln fcpgncnmtktfhm he spndf﬋d kdtfvftfns jy fmbfvfbukg bnpkrtcnmts,
tln tksa he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm fs th nmsurn tlkt sudl kdtfvftfns whugb jn
fm kddhrbkmdn wftl prnvfhusgy bn﬋mnb `rhumbwhra kmb tlkt tlnrn krn mh bfs-
dhrbs, dhmtrkbfdtfhms hr cfsdhccumfdktfhms. Eurtlnr, tln tksa he dhrphrktn dhc-
cumfdktfhm fs th surpkss trkbftfhmkg dhmtrkbfdtfhms kmb rfvkgrfns kchm` fmbfvfb-
ukg bnpkrtcnmts tlkt bnkg wftl bf﬏nrnmt spndfkgfznb ehrcs he dhccumfdktfhm. Fe
mndnsskry, dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm cust fmtnrvnmn fm jhrbnrgfmn dksns wlnrn
trkbftfhmkg bnpkrtcnmts hr eumdtfhms hvnrgkp, ehr nxkcpgn, fmtnrmkg ckrantfm` kmb
fmtnrmkg
fmtnr mkg jrkmbfm`,
jrkmbfm` , hr ncpghynn
ncpghynn rngktfhms kmb fmtnrmkg
fmtnr mkg dhccumfdktfhm
dhccumfdk tfhm prh`rkccns.
Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm fs kgsh k jrfb`n jntwnnm tln ckmk`ncnmt jhkrb kmb
trkbftfhmkg bnpkrtcnmts fm km hr`kmfzktfhm, sudl ks ckrantfm` kmb ckrant dhccu-
mfdktfhms, luckm rnshurdns kmb pujgfd rngktfhms. Fe mndnsskry, dhrphrktn dhccumf-
dktfhm dkm tkan hvnr tln tksa he dhccumfdktfm` fm tln mkcn he tln ckmk`ncnmt
jhkrb hr dkm snrvn ks k supphrt th jhkrb cncjnrs wlnm tlny dhccumfdktn wftl
bf﬏nrnmt pujgfds. _ujgfd kppnkrkmdns he tln dlkfr he tln jhkrb krn, fm pkrtfdugkr, k
vnry fcphrtkmt ehrc he dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn dhccumfdktfhm
dhccumfdktfhm jndkusn tln dlkfr strhm`
strhm`gy
gy pnr-
shmf﬋ns tln hr`kmfzktfhm.
Fe wn wnrn th ncplksfzn tln dhmdrntn
dhm drntn hpnrktfhmkg tksas he dhrphrktn dhc-
cumfdktfhm, tlnrn krn shcn tlkt mnnb th jn cnmtfhmnb9

• krtfdugktfhm he tln dhcpkmy‖s fbnmtfty, bnsfrnb fck`n kmb tln dhrphrktn jrkmb1
• rnsphmsfjfgfty ehr dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn fbnmtfty kmb hrdlnstrktnb dhccumfdktfhms1
• dhhrbfmktfhm he jrkmb krdlftndturn1
• fbnmtf﬋dktfhm kmb rkmafm` he any stkanlhgbnrs kmb wfmmfm` tlnfr phsftfvn kttf-
tubn thwkrb hr`kmfzktfhmkg `hkgs kmb
k mb fmtnrnsts1
;: Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm erkcnwhra

• ehrtf﬋dktfhm he tln hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccumfty fmsfbn kmb hutsfbn tln ehrckg

jhrbnrs he tln hr`kmfzktfhm1
• drnktfhm, hr`kmfzktfhm kmb dhhrbfmktfhm he dhccumfdktfhm prhdnssns kmb fmtn-
`rktfhm he kdtfvftfns he bf﬏nrnmt bnpkrtcnmts1
• ckmk`ncnmt he dhhrbfmktfhm `rhups1
` rhups1
• cnksurfm` fck`n kmb rnputktfhm kmb htlnr n﬏ndts he dhrphrktn dhccumfdk-
tfhm wftl bf﬏nrnmt fmtnrmkg kmb nxtnrmkg pujgfds.

Rh dhmdgubn, dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm fs k thhg tlkt lngps tln hr`kmfzktfhm th

krtfdugktn fts fbnmtfty,
fbnmtfty, ckmk`n fts dhccumfdktfhms, ehrtfey tln dhccftcnmt he stkan-
lhgbnrs, drnktn rndh`mfzkjgn kmb pnrsuksfvn fck`ns fm tln cfmbs he fmbfvfbukgs kmb
`rhups, bnv
bnvnghp
nghp k phwnreug dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb fmdrnksn
f mdrnksn tln fmtkm`fjgn
fmtkm`f jgn dkpftkg, ks k
dhmsnqunmdn he k `hhb rnputktfhm.

DKTN9 RLN JCP @ZH^_

Rln dhcpkmy JCP wks ehumbnb fm ;6;5 umbnr tln mkcn Jkynrfsdln
Egu`znu`wnran K@ (JEP). K ynkr gktnr, tln mkcn dlkm`nb th Jkynrfsdln
Chthrnm Pnran @cjL km b fm ;6;< th Jkynrfsdln Chthrnm Pnran K@ (JCP
K@). Kt ﬋rst, tln dhcpkmy spndfkgfznb fm ckmuekdturfm` nm`fmns ehr cfgftkry
kfrdrkets. Rln ﬋rst JCP chthrdydgn wks dhmstrudtnb fm ;6:4 kmb fm ;6:< tln
dhcpkmy nmtnrnb tln dkr ckrant. Rhbky, tln JCP @rhup fs hmn he tln gkr`nst
ckmuekdturnrs he chthr vnlfdgns. Ft hwms tln jrkmbs J CP, Cfmf, Zhggs-Zhydn
Chthr Dkrs kmb Lusqukrmk. Rln dhrphrktfhm‖s cfssfhm, vkgfb th :?:?, fs th jn
tln whrgb gnkbnr fm prncfuc dgkss prhbudts kmb snrvfdns ehr fmbfvfbukg chjfg-
fty. Rln JCP @rhup hpnrktns fm chrn tlkm ;2? dhumtrfns wftl dkrs, chthrdy-
dgns kmb ﬋mkmdfkg snrvfdns. Fts rnsnkrdl & bnvnghpcnmt dnmtrns krn ghdktnb fm
@nrckmy, ^TK, Kustrfk, Ikpkm kmb Dlfmk, wlfgn tlnrn krn :2 JCP ekdthrfns fm
;4 dhumtrfns kmb mucnrhus sujsfbfkrfns krhumb tln `ghjn. Fm :??6, tln `rhup
shgb krhumb ;.4 cfggfhm dkrs kmb <0,??? chthrdydgns th rnkdl k rnvnmun he
₧>; jfggfhm. Rln `rhup ncpghys hvnr 65,??? pnhpgn. Ehr tln sfxtl ynkr fm k
rhw, JCP @rhup rkmanb ﬋rst fm fts jrkmdl hm tln Bhw Ihmns Tustkfmkjfgfty
Fmbnx (BITF), w lfdl rn﬊ndts fts strktn`fd hrfnmtktfhm thwkrb shdfkg rnsphmsfjfg-
fty kmb sustkfmkjgn bnvnghpcnmt. Rlfs hrfnmtktfhm fs, jnsfbns lf`l qukgfty kmb
supnrfhr tndlmhgh`y fm kgg splnrns he kdtfvfty, tln ckfm rndh`mfzkjgn kttrfj-
utn he tln dhcpkmy. Rln `ghjkg kdtfvftfns he tln JCP @rhup krn ckmk`nb
kmb dhhrbfmktnb fm fts lnkbqukrtnrs fm Cumfdl, ghdktnb fm tln ekchus JCP
“ehur-
r-ddygfmbnr‖ thwnr, bnsf`mnb jy tln krdlftndt Akrg Tdlwkmznr. Rln thurfst
kttrkdtfhm tln JCP Cusnuc kmb tln dusthcnr nxpnrfnmdn, nxlfjftfhm kmb bfs-
trfjutfhm dnmtrn, JCP Pngt, krn ghdktnb mnxt th tln thwnr. Rln dhrphrktfhm lks

sfx bfvfsfhms, ckmk`nb jy cncjnrs he tln ckmk`ncnmt jhkrb9 prhbudtfhm1

luckm rnshurdns ckmk`ncnmt kmb fmbustrfkg rngktfhms1 skgns kmb ckrantfm`1
﬋mkmdn1 bnvnghpcnmt1 kmb prhdurncnmt kmb suppgfnrs.
 Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm erkcnwhra ;4

Rln jhkrb fs lnkbnb jy t ln D lkfr, wlh bfrndtgy s upnrvfsns tln Dhrphrktn

kmb @hvnrmcnmtkg Keekfrs snrvfdn. Rlfs fs k dnmtrkgfznb hr`kmfzktfhmkg eumd-
tfhm
fhm tlkt dhvnrs tln wlhgn spndtruc he tln dhcpkmy‖s dhccumfdktfhms, erhc
jusfmnss th ﬋mkmdn, kmb sustkfmkjgn bnvnghpcnmt fssuns. JCP‖s dhrphrktn
dhccumfdktfhm snrvfdn fs bfvfbnb fmth tln bnpkrtcnmt ehr jrkmb kmb tndl-
mhgh`y dhccumfdktfhm, tln bnpkrtcnmt ehr dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm strkt-
n`y, tln bnpkrtcnmt ehr fmtnrmkg dhccumfdktfhm kmb tln bnpkrtcnmt ehr
phgftfdkg dhccumfdktfhm. @fvfm` stktncnmts kjhut tln dhcpkmy ks k wlhgn
fs tln bhckfm he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm. Kgsh, kmy stktncnmts `fvnm jy
rnprnsnmtktfvns he tln JCP @rhup cust jn dhhrbfmktnb wftl tln bnpkrtcnmt
rnsphmsfjgn ehr tln thpfd fm qunstfhm. Rln dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm snrvfdn fs
rnsphmsfjgn ehr dkrryfm` hut kmkgysfs he tln jusfmnss nmvfrhmcnmt kmb kbvfsns
tln ckmk`ncnmt kmb spndfkgfznb dhcpkmy eumdtfhms fm bn﬋mfm` kmb dhc-
cumfdktfm` jusfmnss phgfdfns. Ft fs kgsh rnsphmsfjgn ehr drnktfm` tln dhccu-
mfdktfhm strktn`y hm k `ghjkg sd
sdkkgn km b chmfthrfm` fts nxndutfhm. Ft dkrneuggy
bn﬋mns dhccumfdktfhm `hkgs, phgfdfns kmb strktn`fns, any dhrphrktn cns-

sk`ns, gntn vfsukg fbnmtfty he kgg fmbfvfbukg pkrts he tln dhcpkmy, tkans
dkrn he dhcp
t ln dhcpkm y‖s pujgfdktfhms, ngndtrhmfd cnbfk kmb k gg ht lnr dhcpkmy
cnssk`ns. @ufbngfmns kmb fmstrudtfhms krn `fvnm tlrhu`l rn`fhmkg ckmk`nrs
he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm th tln ghdkg gnvng, bhwm th tln _Z rnprnsnmtk-
fvns fm fmbfvfbukg dhumtrfns hr sujsfbfkrfns. Fm tlfs wky, tln dhrphrktfhm snmbs
tfvns
bfeenrnmt `rhups he stkanlhgbnrs k umfqun cnssk`n hr fck`n. Ft cky snnc
tlkt tln dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm snrvfdn fs prfckrfgy rnsphmsfjgn ehr dhc-
cumfdktfm` thpfds tlkt dhmdnrm tln dhcpkmy ks k wlhgn (dhrphrktn vkguns,
ndlmhgh`y, hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn, trkfmfm`, sphmshrslfp kmb bhmktfhms, sus-
tnd
kfmkjfgfty kmb shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty) kmb kbbrnssns slkrnlhgbnrs, ncpghynns,
tkfmk
juusfmnss pkrtmnrs, ﬋mkmdfkg km b ghdkg dhccumftfns, cnbfk, trkbn umfhms kmb
`nmnrkg p ujgfd, wlfgn dhccumfdktfhm he fm bfvfbukg prh budt jrkmbs km b dhm-
sucnr dhccumfdktfhm fs prfckrfgy tln bhckfm he tln ckrantfm` bnpkrtcnmt,
juut dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm fs kgsh fmvhgvnb fm kdtfvftfns kmb dhccumfdk-
fhm supphrt hm tln gnvng he tln prhbudt. Fm tlfs wky, tln prhbudt gnvng fmsfbn
tfhm
dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm dhcprfsns tln dhccumfdktfhm he dkr kmb chthr-
dydgn jrkmbs JCP kmb Cfmf kmb dhccumfdktfhm he tndlmhgh`y kmb sphrts
tlkt krn rngktnb th hr supphrtnb jy t ln J CP @r@rhhup. K gg dhccumfdktfhms he
tln JCP @rhup krn dkrneuggy pgkmmnb kmb fmtn`rktnb hm tln dhrphrktn ks wngg
ks hm tln prhbudt gnvng.

Any tnrcs

Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfh
prhbudnb dhccumfdktfhm. Km fmtn`rktnb
jy km nmtftym.(sudl kmbm)1
lhgfstfd
ks hr`kmfzktfhm)1
hr`kmfzktfh kpprhkdl th kgg
k symdlrhmfzktfhm he dhccumfdktfhm
bf﬏nrnmt kspndts
he dhccumfdktfhms jy km nmtfty kmb tln fmtn`rktfhm he cnssk`ns tlkt tlfs nmtfty
fs snmbfm` th fts kubfnmdns tlrhu`l fts jnlkvfhur, sycjhgs kmb cnssk`ns. Ft fs km
;2 Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm erkcnwhra

ucjrnggk tnrc ehr kgg ehrcs he jnlkvfhur kmb dhccumfdktfhm tlkt krn pnrehrcnb
(wftlfm hr hutsfbn) jy k dnrtkfm dhrpus.
Jusfmnss dhccumfdktfhm. Kppgfnb sdfnmdn bnkgfm` wftl tln dhmstrudtfhm kmb kppgfdktfhm
dhccumfdktfhm. kppg fdktfhm
he chbns he nxprnssfhm, sycjhgs kmb sf`ms tlkt kddhcpkmy prh﬋t-hrfnmtnb kdtfvftfns,
rngktnb th h﬏nrfm` prhbudts kmb snrvfdns ehr sktfseyfm` luckm mnnbs kmb bnsfrns.
Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccumfdktfhm. Ehdusns hm kmkgytfdkg kmb drftfdkg dkpkjfgftfns tlkt
nmkjgn tln fmtnrpnrshmkg, dhggndtfvn kmb thtkg umbnrstkmbfm` he tln hr`kmfzktfhm
tlrhu`l k dhccumfdktfhm pnrspndtfvn
pnrspndtfvn.. Rln ckfm ehdus he tln bfsdfpgfmn fs stubyfm`
vnrtfdkg, lhrfzhm
lhrfzhmtkg
tkg kmb trkmsvnrskg fmehrcktfhm
fmehr cktfhm ﬊hws fm km hr`kmfzktfhm.
hr`kmfzktf hm.
Ckmk`ncnmt dhccumfdktfhm. Dhcjfmns tln amhwgnb`n he jusfmnss kmb hr`kmfzktfhmkg
dhccumfdktfhm.
dhccumfdktfhms kmb trkmsenrs
trkmsenr s ft th tln ckmk`ncnmt dhmtnxt.
d hmtnxt.Rlfs bfsdfpgfmn trfns
tr fns th
nxpgkfm strudturkg, systncfd kmb eumdtfhmkg kspndts he dhccumfdktfhms kmb th prh-
vfbn amhwgnb`n he dhccumfdktfhm
dhccumfdktfhm tndlmfquns kchm` ckmk`nrs fm tln fmtnrmkg
fmtnr mkg kmb
nxtnrmkg nmvfr
nmvfrhmcnmt
hmcnmt he tln hr`kmfzktfhm.
_ujgfd rngktfhms. K bfsdfpgfmn kmb k ckmk`ncnmt eumdtfhm tlkt bnkgs wftl pgkmmfm`,

nxndutfhm kmb nvkguktfhm

nxtnrmkg pujgfds, he hr`kmfzktfhmkg
hr wftl ckmk`fm` dhccumfdktfhms
dhccumfdktfhms jntwnnm kmwftl fmtnrmkg kmb
hr`kmfzktfhm kmb
fts strktn`fd
strktn` fd stkanlhgbnrs.
Ckrantfm` dhccumfdktfhms. Rlfs fs km fmstrucnmt kfcnb kt fmvhgvfm` dhmsucnrs fm
km nxdlkm`n rngktfhmslfp wftl km hr`kmfzktfhm. Nkdl ckrantfm` dhccumfdktfhm fs
tkr`nt-hrfnmtnb fm tln snmsn tlkt ft bfrndtgy hr fmbfrndtgy supphrts tln snggfm` he tln
prhbudt, snrvfdn kmb/hr kmy htlnr jrkmb.
Bukgfty he hr`kmfzktfhm. Znenrs th km hr`kmfzktfhm hr k `rhup he pnhpgn ihfmnb
th`ntlnr jy k dhcchm `hkg kmb ks km kuthmhchus shdfkg sujindt kt tln skcn tfcn.
Rln sndhmb vfnw snns tln hr`kmfzktfhm ks km
k m fmbnpnmbnmt sujindt, snpkrktnb erhc
erhc fts
cncjnrs, wlnrnks tln ﬋rst vfnw snns km hr`kmfzktfhm ks k dhggndtfv
dhgg ndtfvnn hr km k``rn`ktn
he
he fmbfvfbukgs
vfnw, fm tlnihfmnb th`ntlnr jy
﬋rst bn﬋mftfhm tlnk dhcchm `hkg.fs Erhc
hr`kmfzktfhm Erhc km hutsfbn
kbbrnssnb ks “ft‖, hjsnrvnr‖s
hjsnrvnr‖
wlnrnks sfmphfmt
tln
sndhmb ft fs kbbrnssnb
k bbrnssnb ks “tlny‖.

ZNUFNP [^NTRFHMT
• Rh wlkt nxtnmt bh dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms bfeenr erhc htlnr dhccu-
mfdktfhm ﬋ngbs sudl kkss jusfmnss, hr`kmfzktfhmkg, ckmk`ncnmt, ckrantfm`
dhccumfdktfhms kmb pujgfd rngktfhms8
• Bfsduss tln cnkmfm` he bukgfty he km hr`kmfzktfhm kmb fts dhmsnqunmdns
ehr dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm ckmk`ncnmt.
• Plkt fs tln eumdtfhm he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm kmb wlkt fs tln rngktfhm
jntwnnm dhrphrktn fbnmtfty, dhrphrktn fck`n kmb dhrphrktn rnputktfhm8
 Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm erkcnwhra ;>

• Plkt slhugb jn tln ckfm dhmdnrms he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm fm

hr`kmfzktfhms8

Nxpghrn tln JCP @rhup wnjsftn. _rnpkrn tln hr`kmfzktfhmkg dlkrt kmb fbnmtfey
tln ckfm rnsphmsfjfgftfns he fts dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm. _fda km hr`kmfzk-
tfhm yhu amhw kmb nxpghrn fm wlkt wky fts dhccumfdktfhm wftl dusthcnrs,
ncpghynns, prnss, ﬋mkmdfkg kubfnmdns bfeenr erhc tln JCP dhccumfdktfhm wftl
bfeenrnmt stkanlhgbnrs.

Znenrnmdns
Kjnr`,, Gnfe Nrfd @ustkv.
Kjnr` @ustkv. ;66?.
;66?. Rlnhrntfdkg chbng kmb prkxfs he thtkg dhccumfdktfhms.
dhccumfdktfhms .
Fmtnrmktfhmkg _ujgfd Zngktfhms Znvfnw ;4 (:)9 :>5—:5;.
Kr`nmtf,, _kug K. ;665.
Kr`nmtf ;665. Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm ks k bfsdfpgfmn9 thwkrb k bn﬋mftfhm. bn﬋mftfhm.
Ckmk`ncnmt Dhccumfdktfhm [ukrtnrgy ;? (;)9 04—60.
‒‒;66<
‒‒ ;66<.. Dhrphrktn Dhccumfdktfhm. Tndhmb nbftfhm. Jhsthm9 Jhsthm9 Cd@rkw-Lfgg.
Cd@rkw-Lfgg.
Kr`nmtf,, _kug K. kmb Ikmfs Ehrckm.
Kr`nmtf Ehrckm. :??:.
:??:. Rln _hwnr he Dhrphrktn Dhccumfdktfhm9 Drketfm` tln
Jusfmnsss. Jhsthm9
Uhfdn kmb Fck`n he Vhur Jusfmns Jhsthm9 Cd@rkw-Lfgg
Cd@rkw-Lfgg..
Jnrmstnfm,, Bkvfb.
Jnrmstnfm Bkvfb. ;6<5.
;6<5. Dhcpkmy Fck`n kmb Znkgfty9 K Drftfqun he Dhrphrktn Dhccumfdktfhms .
Ghmbhm99 Dkssngg Gtb.
Ghmbhm Gtb.
‒‒;666
‒‒ ;666.. Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm — tln mnw afb hm tln jghda. jghda . Dhrphrktn Znputktfhm
Znvfnw : (4)9 :06—:<2.
Jfraf`t,, Agkus kmb Ckrfmus
Jfraf`t Ckr fmus Ttkbgnr
Ttkbgn r. ;6<
;6<55. Dhrph
Dhrphrktn
rktn Fbnmtfty9 @rumbg
@rumbgk`nm,
k`nm, Eumatf
Eumatfhmnm,
hmnm, Ekggjnfs pfngn .
Ekggjnfspfngn
Unrgk`99 Chbnrmn
Unrgk` Chbnrmn Fmbustrfn
Fmbustrfn..
Jgkuw,, Nb.
Jgkuw Nb. ;6<5.
;6<5. Lnt Dhrphrktn Fck`n, vfnrbn `nlnng lnrzfmn brua. Kcstnrbkc9
Kcstnrbkc9 Bn Ufnr`km`.
Ufnr`km`.
Jurmntt,, Ihlm kmb Tkmbrk N. Chrfkrty.
Jurmntt Chrfkrty. ;660.
;660. Fmtrhbudtfhm th Ckrantfm` Dhccumfdktfhm9 Km
Fmtn`rktnb Kpprhkdl. Mnw
M nw Vhr
Vhraa9 _rnmtfdn Lkgg.
Lkgg.
Dlrfstnmsnm,, Gkrs Rlü
Dlrfstnmsnm Rlü`nr kmb @nhr`n Dlnmny.
Dlnmny. :???.
:???. Tnge-kjshrptfhm kmb snge-snbudtfhm fm
tln dhrphrktn fbnmtfty `kcn. Fm Rln Nxprnssfvn Hr`kmfzktfhm9 Gfmafm` Fbnmtfty, Znputktfhm,
kmb tln Dhrphrktn Jrkmb, nbs. Ckianm Tdlugtz
Td lugtz,, Ckry Ih Lktdl kmb Chr`nms Lhgtnm Gkrsnm. Gkrsnm.
Mnw Vhra hra99 Hxehrb ^mfvnrsfty
^ mfvnrsfty _rnss, Fmd.,
Fmd., :25—:0?.
Dutgfp,, Tdhtt C.
Dutgfp C.,,Kggnm L. Dnmtnr kmb @gnm C. Jrhhc Jrhhc.. :??
:????. N﬏ndtfvn _ujgfd Zngktfhms. Ghmb
Ghmbhm hm99
_rnmtfdn Lkgg Fmtnrmktfhmkg.
Fmtnrmktfhmkg.
Bhgplfm,, Zfdlkrb.
Bhgplfm Zfdlkrb. ;666.
;666. Rln Eumbkcnmtkgs he Dhrphrktn Dhccumfdktfhm. Hxehrb9 Hxehrb9 Juttnrwhr
Juttnrwhrtl- tl-
Lnfmnckmm..
Lnfmnckmm
@rky,, Nbcumb Z. kmb Ihlm C. R. Jkgcnr.
@rky Jkgcnr. ;66<.
;66<. Ckmk`fm` dhrphrktn fck`n kmb dhrphrktn
rnputktfhm.. Ghm` Zkm`n _gkmmfm` 4; (>)9 56>—0?:.
rnputktfhm
@rnnmjkuc,, Lhwkrb L.,
@rnnmjkuc L., _lfggfp Dgkcpftt kmb Tlfrgny Pfggflm`kmz.
Pfggflm`kmz. ;6<<.
;6<<. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg
dhccumfdktfhm, km nxkcfmktfhm he ehur fmstrucnmts.
fmstrucnmts . Ckmk`ncnmt Dhccumfdktfhm [ukrtnrgy
: (:)9 :2>—:<:.
@rumf`,, Ikcns N. kmb Rhbb Lumt.
@rumf` Lumt. ;66>.
;66>. Rnlmfan hbmhshv z ikvmhstcf. Giujgikmk9
Giujgikmk9 BrŽ
BrŽkvmk
zkghŽ
zkgh
Lkmby, ŽDlkrgns
Lkmby, jk Tghvnmfik.
Tghvnmfik. . ^mbnrstkmbfm` Hr`kmfzktfhms. Lkrchmbswhrtl, Cfbbgnsnx9
J. ;602.
;602 Cfbbgnsnx9 _nm`ufm
Jhhas..
Jhhas
;5 Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm erkcnwhra

Fvkmdnvfdl, Ihlm C. kmb Cfdlkn

Fvkmdnvfdl, Cf dlkngg R. Ckttnshm
Ckttnsh m. ;665.
;665. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg Jnlkvfhr kmb Ckmk`ncnmt.
Ehurtl nbftfhm. Dlfdk`h9
Dlfdk`h9 Frwfm.
Frwfm.
Ikdashm,, _ntnr.
Ikdashm _ntnr. ;6<0.
;6<0. Dhrphrktn Dhccumfdktfhm ehr Ckmk`nrs. Ghmbhm9
Ghmbhm9 _ftckm.
_ftckm.
Gnwfs,, _lfggfp U. ;60>.
Gnwfs ;60>. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg Dhccumfdktfhm9 Rln Nssnmdn he N﬏ndtfvn Ckmk`ncnmt.
Dhgucjus, HL9 HL9 @rfb.
@rfb.
_hbmkr,, Agncnmt
_hbmkr Agncnmt.. :???.
:???. Ahrphrktfvmk fbnmtftntk, fcfbŽ
fcfbŽ fm u`gnb.
u`g nb. Fm Urn`hv zjhrmfa, nb. Tgkvah

Tpgfdlkg
Tpgfdlkg.. Giujgikmk9
Giujgikmk9 Nvrhpsaf fmū
vnbn,, ;04—;<;.
vnbn fmūtftut zk ahcumfdfrkmin fm augturh, Ekaugtntk zk bruŽ bru Žjnmn
_hbmkr,, Agncnmt kmb Cfrh Agfmn.
_hbmkr Agfmn. :??4.
:??4. Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm9 tlnhrntfdkg erkcnwhra.erkcnwhra.
BruŽ
Bru Žjhsghvmn Zkzprkvn ;6 (22)9 >0—04.
_hbmkr,, Agncnmt ^rū
_hbmkr ^rūk @hghj kmb Ygktah Ikmd Ikmdˀfdˀ. :??0.
:??0. Rncngif ckrantfmū mkdˀrtk. Giujgikmk9
ckrantfmūan`k mkd Giujgikmk9
Ekaugtntk zk bruŽ
bruŽjnmn vnbn.
vnbn.
_utmkc,, Gfmbk.
_utmkc Gfmbk. ;6<4.
;6<4. Rln fmtnrprntktfvn pnrspndtfvn9 km kgtnrmktfvn th eumdtfhmkgfsc. Fm
Dhccumfdktfhm kmb Hr`kmfzktfhms9 Km Fmtnrprntktfvn Kpprhkdl, nbs. Gfmbk _utmkc kmb
Cfdlkng N. _kdkmhwsay.
_kdkmhwsay. Ghmbhm9
Ghmbhm9 Tk`n,
Tk`n, 4;—>>.
Znfmsdl,, Gkckr M.,
Znfmsdl M., Ir. ;66;k.
;66;k. Nbfthrfkg9 jhumbkrfns kmb jkmmnrs.jkmmnrs. Rln Ihurmkg he Jusfmnss
Dhccumfdktfhm :< :<99 60—66.
Znfmsdl,, Gkckr M. ;66;j.
Znfmsdl ;66;j. Plkt fs jusfmnss dhccumfdktfhm8 Rln Ihurmkg he Jusfmnss
Dhccumfdktfhm :< :<99 4?>—4;?.
Tdlugtz,, Bhm N. kmb Lnfbf
Tdlugtz Lnf bf E.
E. Tdl
Tdlugt
ugtzz. ;66<.
;66<.Rrkmsftfh
rkmsftfhmfm`
mfm` ckrantfm`
ckrant fm` dhccumfdktfhm
dhccum fdktfhm fmth tln
twnmty-﬋rstt dnmtur
twnmty-﬋rs dnmturyy. Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` Dhccumfdktfhm
Dhccumfdktfhm 2 (;)9 6—:5.
Rlhcpshm,, _kug kmb Bkvfb CdLu`l.
Rlhcpshm CdLu`l. ;66>. ;66>. Phra Hr`kmfsktfhms9 K Drftfdkg Fmtrhbudtfhm.
Jksfm`sthan1 Ghmbhm9
Ghmbhm9 Ckdcfggkm.
Ckdcfggkm.
vkm Zfng,
Zfng, Dnns J. C. ;66
;66>>. _rfmdfpgns he Dhrphrktn
Dhr phrktn Dhccumfdktfhm. Lncng Lncpstnk
L ncpstnkb1 b1 Ghmbhm
Ghmbhm99
_rnmtfdn Lkgg.
Lkgg.
‒‒;660
‒‒ ;660.. Znsnkrdl fm dhr dhrphrktn
phrktn dhccumfd
dhccumfdktfhm9
ktfhm9 km hvnrvfnw he h e km ncnr`
ncnr`fm`fm` ﬋ngb.
Ckmk`ncnmt Dhccumfdktfhm [ukrtnrgy ;; (:)9 :<<—4?6.
vkm Zfng,
Zfng, Dnns J. C. kmb Dlkrgns I. Ehcjrum. Ehcjrum. :??0.
:??0. Nssnmtfkgs he Dhrphrktn Dhccumfdktfhm9
Fcpgncnmtfm` _rkdtfdns ehr N﬏ndtfvn Znputktfhm Ckmk`ncnmt. Ghmbhm1 Mnw Vhra9 Vhra9 Zhutgnb
Zhutgnb`n`n..
Pktzgkwfda,, _kug.
Pktzgkwfda _kug. ;605.
;605. Lhw Znkg fs Znkg8 Dhmeusfhm, Bfsfmehrcktfhm, Dhccumfdktfhm. Km
Kmndbhtkg Fmtrhbudtfhm th Dhccumfdktfhms Rlnhry. Mnw M nw Vhra
Vhra99Ufmtk`n Jhhas
Jhhas..
:
DHZ_HZKRN FBNMRFRV

DHMRNMRT
Rlfs d lkptnr ehdusns hm tln fbnmtfty he tln hr`kmfzktfhm, tlkt fs, hm dhrphrktn
fbnmtfty. Rln dlkptnr stkrts jy bfsdussfm` tln fm﬊unmdn he dhrphrktn fbnmtfty hm
tln hr`kmfzktfhm‖s suddnss, kmb dhmtfmuns wftl km n xkcfmktfhm he tln rh gn h e
hr`kmfzktfhmkg `hkgs fm tln ehrcktfhm he fbnmtfty. Pn prnsnmt tln ckfm stnps fm
fbnmtfty ckmk`ncnmt kmb bfsduss tln fm﬊unmdn he jrkmdl fbnmtfty. Eurtlnr, wn
prnsnmt snvnrkg wkys he lhw dhrphrktn fbnmtfty dkm jn krtfdugktnb kmb tln rhgn
he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm fm tlnsn prhdnssns. Rln d lkptnr dhmdgubns wftl
fssuns he burkjfgfty kmb dlkm`nkjfgfty he fbnmtfty.

:.; ^mbnrstkmbfm` dhrphrktn fbnmtfty

Ckmy bn﬋mftfhms he dhrphrktn fbnmtfty ehdus hm kttrfjutns
kttr fjutns tlkt bfstfm`ufsl hmn nmtfty
erhc kmhtlnr, `fvn km nmtfty dhmsfstnmdy kmb dhmtfmufty
dhmtfmufty,, kmb dhmtrfjutn
dhmtr fjutn th fts
f ts bf﬏nr-
nmtfktfhm, stkjfgfty, umfty kmb vfsfjfgfty (vkm Zfng ;66>1
;66> 1 _hbmkr :??4).
:??4). Thcn mkrrhw
bn﬋mftfhms, hrf`fmktfm` ckfmgy erhc k bnsf`mnr phfmt he vfnw, snkrdl ehr fbnmtfty
kttrfjutns ckfmgy fm `rkplfd sycjhgs (Ckrqufs ;60?, ;60?, 41 Tngkcn kmb Tngkcn ;60>). ;60>).
Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty fs skfb th jn k vfsukg stktncnmt he k dhcpkmy, hr he kmy htlnr
dhrpus, stktfm` wlh kmb wlkt tlny krn kmb lhw tlny snn tlncsngvns. Kddhrbfm` th
Tngkcn (;65<
(;65<)) kmb Tngkcn (;60>
(;60>,, ;6<2),
;6<2), tln any ngncnmt he dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn fbnmtfty wks
tln fbnmtfty sf`m hr sycjhg jndkusn
jnd kusn ft wks tln sycjhg tlkt rnprnsnmtnb tln jksfs kmb
tln dhcchm tlrnkb he tln dhcpgntn kmb dhmsfstnmt vfsukg fbnmtfty kmb fmtn`rktnb
kppnkrkmdn. Lhwnvnr, nvnm kutlhrs wftl k bnsf`mnr jkda`rhumb dgkfcnb erhc tln
vnry jn`fmmfm` tlkt vfsukg rnprnsnmtktfhm cust jn jksnb hm k dhcpkmy‖s rnkg fbnm-
tfty, wlfdl fs cudl chrn tlkm iust k sycjhg kmb fmvhgvns kgg dlkrkdtnrfstfds he tln
spndf﬋d hr`kmfzktfhm, fmdgubfm` tln pnhpgn tlkt tln hr`kmfzktfhm
hr`k mfzktfhm dhmsfsts he.
he .
 ;< Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty

Kutlhrs wlh bnkg wftl fssuns he dhrphrktn fbnmtfty erhc hr`kmfzktfhmkg tln-
hry kmb luckm rnshurdns phfmts he vfnw ﬋mb any fbnmtfty kttrfjutns fm ncpghynns
kmb tln fmtnrmkg
fmtnrmk g hr`kmfzktfhmkg strudturn.
str udturn. Fbnmtfty rngktns th pnrckmnmt dhmdnptfhms
he ncpghynns kjhut wlkt ckans tln hr`kmfzktfhm spndfkg, fmdgubfm` hr`kmfzktfhmkg
strudturn kmb kdtfhms,
kd tfhms, ks k rnsugt he `rhup bymkcfds, hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn kmb dhm-
strudtfhm he rnkgfty fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm. Fm tlfs wky, k dhcpkmy‖s fbnmtfty jndhcns k
strktn`fd kmb ckmk`ncnmt fssun.
Rln dhccumfdktfhm kpprhkdl bn﬋mns dhrphrktn fbnmtfty ks k “suc he kgg tln
ekdthrs tlkt bn﬋mn kmb prhindt wlkt km hr`kmfzktfhm fs, kmb wlnrn ft fs `hfm` —
fts umfqun lfsthry, jusfmnss cfx, ckmk`ncnmt stygn, dhccumfdktfhm phgfdfns
kmb prkdtfdns, mhcnmdgkturn, dhcpntnmdns, kmb ckrant kmb dhcpntftfvn bfstfmd-
tfhm‖ (Bhwmny ;6<5/<0,
;6<5/<0, 0). Jnsfbns dhrphrktn sycjhgs, kgg htlnr dhmtrhggnb kmb
umdhmtrhggnb dhccumfdktfhms krn snnm ks fbnmtfty prhindthrs, fmdgubfm` tln kdtukg
jnlkvfhur he tln hr`kmfzktfhm kmb fts ncpghynns, wlfdl fs tln chst vfsfjgn sf`m
he wlkt tln dhcpkmy fs. Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty rngktns th tln hvnrkgg jnlkvfhur,
kppnkrkmdn, rnkgfty kmb sycjhgfsc he tln dhrpus (Hgfms ;606, ;606, ;5). Rln fssuns he
dhrphrktn fbnmtfty fmvhgvn k jrhkbnr ckmk`ncnmt prhdnss, tlrhu`l wlfdl ckihr

dlkm`ns fm tln dhmdrntn

Rln chbnrm hpnrktfhm
umbnrstkmbfm` he kdhmdnpt
he tln dhcpk myphsfts
dhcpkmy krn fcpgncnmtnb.
tlkt fbnmtfty slhugb mht hmgy
jn dhmsfbnrnb erhc ckmy bf﬏nrnmt vfnwphfmts, jut slhugb kgsh jn stubfnb lhgfstfd-
main concern when
choosing corporate
kggy. Tdlhgkrs lkvn dhmdgubnb tlkt kgg shdfkg kdthrs, rn`krbgnss he wlntlnr tlny krn
identity traits: their
centrality, durability and kwkrn he ft hr mht, lkvn tlnfr hwm chrn hr gnss nxprnssnb fbnmtfty tlkt rnprnsnmts
uniqueness
tln rnkgfty he
h e tln hr`kmfzktfhm. Rlkt fs wly dhrphrktn fbnmtfty dkm jn bn﬋mnb ks
k cfx he kdtukg dlkrkdtnrfstfds he k spndf﬋d dhrpus tlkt dhmtrfjutn th fts umfqunmnss.
Fbnmtfty dlkrkdtnrfstfds krn rnkg, dnmtrkg kmb rngktfvngy dhmstkmt kttrfjutns tlkt bfs-
tfm`ufsl hmn nmtfty erhc kmhtlnr. Fbnmtfty fs tln rnkgfty he tln nmtfty1 ft fs “wlkt tln
nmtfty rnkggy fs‖. Fbnmtfty fs k strktn`fdkggy pgkmmnb, fmtnrmkggy kmb nxtnrmkggy fcpgn-
cnmtnb rnprnsnmtktfhm tlkt rngktns kjhvn kgg th tln nmtfty‖s bfstfmdtfvn kmb umfqun
dlkrkdtnrfstfds.
dlkrkdtnr fstfds. Kt tln skcn tfcn, ft fs km nxtnmsfvn kmb dhhrbfmktnb prnsnmtktfhm he
wlkt tln hr`kmfzktfhm fs, wlnrn ft fs `hfm` kmb fm wlkt rnspndts ft fs bf﬏nrnmt. Ks
sudl, fbnmtf﬋dktfhm rngktns th tln cutukggy bnpnmbkmt dlkrkdtnrfstfds he tln hr`km-
fzktfhm tlkt ckan ft spndf﬋d, stkjgn, dhlnrnmt kmb rndh`mfzkjgn.
Fm tnrcs
tnr cs he k dhcpkmy
dhcpkmy,, fts fbnmtfty fs dhcphsnb he tlrnn ckihr dhcphmnmts tlkt
dhmstrudt fts tkm`fjgn rnkgfty
rnkgfty.. Rlnsn krn9

• dhmdrntn dlkrkdtnrfstfds, sudl ks sfzn (fm tnrcs he rnvnmun, fmdhcn, mucjnr

he ncpghynns ntd.), tln dhcpkmy‖s prhbudts, hr`kmfzktfhmkg strudturn, `nh`rkpl-
fdkg bfstrfjutfhm
bfstr fjutfhm he jrkmdlns1
• chbns he kdtfhms, sudl ks kppgfnb stygn, dgkrfty he cfssfhm kmb `hkgs, k``rns-
sfvnmnss he strktn`y, tln gnvng he dhmtrhg dnmtrkgfzktfhm, ekfrmnss fm rngktfhm th
stkanlhgbnrs, dhccumfdktfhms1
• dhmsfstnmdy jntwnnm ncpghynns kmb tln hr`kmfzktfhm, nxprnssnb tlrhu`l
tnkc spfrft, kmb dhccftcnmt, ghykgty, prhkdtfvfty kmb kmtfdfpktfhm he ncpghynns.
 Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty ;6

Dhcpkmy ks k PLH KZN PN8

KZN Dhcpkmy ks k
`rhup he pnhpgn whrafm` shdfkg
wftl k dhcchm umft
`hkg

^mfeh
ehrcfty
rcfty FBNMRFRV HE RLN Bfv
fvnnrsfty
fmwkrbs HZ@K MFYK
KMFY RFHM
KRFHM hutwkr
hut wkrbs

Hr`kmfzktfhmkg Dhrphrktn
fbnmtfty
PLKRK
KR ZN PN8
KZN
fbnmtfty

EF@^ZN :.; Bfcnmsfhms he tln fbnmtfty he hr`kmfzktfhm

Fm suc, dhrphrktn fbnmtftfns krn jufgt up erhc tln “plysfdkg‖, hpnrktfhmkg kmb
luckm dlkrkdtnrfstfds he hr`kmfzktfhms wlfdl hu`lt th jn dghsngy fmtnrrngktnb
… Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty hu`lt, tlnrnehrn, th jn k tkm`fjgn jusfmnss rnkgfty9 ft prh-
vfbns vkgukjgn rkw cktnrfkg kmb ehrcs tln pgktehrc ehr kgg cnssk`ns th jn dhc-
cumfdktnb jy km fmbustrfkg hr`kmfzktfhm kjhut ftsnge, jhtl fmsfbn kmb hutsfbn
;6<2, >0) kmb tlus rnprnsnmts ftsnge ks k shdfkg kdthr tlkt pkrtfdfpktns fm
(Rhpkgfkm ;6<2,
nxdlkm`ns.
Fbnmtfty he tln hr`kmfzktfhm rngktns th tlhsn kttrfjutns tlkt ckan ft umfehrc
fmwkrbs kmb bfvnrsn hutwkrbs (snn Ef`urn :.;). Bfvnrsfty hutwkrbs cnkms tlkt,
jnsfbns tlnfr snpkrktn gn`kg nxfstnmdns, nkdl dhcpkmy bnvnghps fts hwm snrfns he
dlkrkdtnrfstfds tlkt ckan tln dhcpkmy rndh`mfzkjgn. Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty rngktns mht
hmgy th dlkrkdtnrfstfds tlkt nmkjgn rndh`mftfhm he tln hr`kmfzktfhm, jut dhm﬋`urns k
systnc tlkt ckans km hr`kmfzktfhm umfqun um fqun kmb bf﬏nrnmt erhc htlnrs. Rln ncplksfs
fs hm tln fbnmtf﬋dktfhm, krtfdugktfhm kmb bnvnghpcnmt he umfqun dkpkjfgftfns he k
dhcpkmy1 he sudl kttrfjutns
kttr fjutns tlkt nmkjgn tln dhcpkmy
dh cpkmy th bnvnghp vkgun
vkgun hm tln ckr-
ant, tlkt ckan tln dhcpkmy fmdhcpkrkjgn
fmdhcpk rkjgn kmb nxpgfdftgy bf﬏nrnmt erhc htlnr dhc-
pkmfns fm tln jrkmdl he fmbustry
fmbustr y. Ft fs km kmswnr th tln qunstfhm9 Plkt hr wlh fs tln
hr`kmfzktfhm8 K dhcpkmy wftl fts hwm fbnmtfty, wlfdl fs rndh`mfzkjgn hutwkrbs,
tkans tln phsftfhm he km nxdlkm`n pkrtmnr fm tln rngktfhmslfps wftl fts stkanlhgb-
nrs, fmdgubfm` tln ncpghynns. Ft tkans tln phsftfhm he k psnubh-pnrshm wftl wlhc
tln fmbfvfbukgs kmb `rhups he fmbfvfbukgs pkrtfdfpktn fm nxdlkm`n rngktfhmslfps. Jut
kt tln skcn tfcn, tln dhcpkmy‖s fbnmtfty fs kgsh hrfnmtnb fmwkrbs. ^mfehrcfty
fmwkrbs cnkms tlkt dhrphrktn fbnmtfty prhvfbns ncpghynns wftl tln phssfjfgfty he
:? Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty

pnrshmkg kmb `rhup fbnmtf﬋dktfhm, wlfdl eumdtfhms ks k `gun tlkt lhgbs th`ntlnr
bf﬏nrnmt hr`kmfzktfhmkg bnpkrtcnmts kmb strktn`fd umfts, jut kgsh fmbfvfbukgs kmb
`rhups fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm.

:.: @hkgs kmb dhrphrktn fbnmtfty fbnmtfty

Fe wkrmfm` sf`mkgs hddur fm k dhcpkmy, sudl ks k bndrnksn fm prh﬋tkjfgfty, hvnr-qufda
prhbudtfhm he mnw prhbudts (kmb tlnfr rkpfb ekfgurn), fmdhcpntnmt ckmk`ncnmt
rnsphmsn hm jkb jusfmnss pnrehrckmdn, kmb umprhbudtfvn jusfmnss cnntfm`s (wftl
rndurrfm` thpfds sudl ks cutukg kddusktfhms, rnpnktnb bfsdussfhms, gkda he mnw
vfnws, bnspnrktn chvns, ntd.), tlfs fs k dgnkr cnssk`n tlkt tln dhcpkmy lks k snrfhus
fbnmtfty drfsfs kmb fs ghsfm` fts strktn`fd dhcpkss. Kt tlkt phfmt, ft fs lf`l tfcn
tlkt tln dhcpkmy stkrtnb th ﬋mb rngnvkmt kmswnrs th qunstfhms kjhut fts fbnmtfty.
Krtfdugktfhm he fbnmtfty fs tln ﬋rst stnp tlkt lks th jn ckbn fm hrbnr th nmdhurk`n
dhmsucnrs kmb htlnr stkanlhgbnrs th tlfma kjhut tln dhcpkmy kmb drnktn rngktfhm-
slfps wftl ft tlkt krn rnwkrbfm` ehr jhtl sfbns. Kgsh, k (rn)dhmsfbnrktfhm he fbnmtfty
cust jn ckbn wlnm tln dhcpkmy nmtnrs tln ckrant hr wlnm ft dhcns th k phfmt
wlnrn tln nxfstfm` fbnmtfty bhns mht dhcpgy wftl durrnmt
dur rnmt trnmbs.
Rln dhrphrktn fbnmtfty prh`rkccn fs, fm km fbnkg dhmtnxt, k systncfd
kpprhkdl th ckmk`fm` tln kttrfjutns kmb tkm`fjgn kssnts he k dhcpkmy (Ckrtfmnku
;6<2,, ;<2). Ft nmdhcpkssns k mucjnr he kdtfvftfns, erhc
;6<2 erhc fm-bnptl rnsnkrdl he fmtnrmkg
fmtnr mkg
kmb nxtnrmkg pnrdnptfhms kjhut wlkt tln dhcpkmy kmb fts any kssnts krn, th ckr-
antfm`, fmvnstcnmt kmb htlnr strktn`fns. Rln ckmk`ncnmt he dhrphrktn fbnmtfty fs
kfcnb prfckrfgy kt `kfmfm` strktn`fd kbvkmtk`n fm tln nmvfrhmcnmt fm wlfdl tln
dhrpus hpnrktns. Fe tln dhrpus fs k dhcpkmy, wn spnka he tln fbnmtf﬋dktfhm, krtfdu-
gktfhm kmb bnvnghpcnmt he tln umfqun dkpkjfgftfns he k dhcpkmy, kmb he kttrfjutns
tlkt `fvn tln dhcpkmy kbvkmtk`ns hm tln ckrant
ck rant kmb ckan tln dhcpkmy nxpgfdftgy
kmb rngnvkmtgy bf﬏nrnmt erhc htlnr dhcpkmfns.

kggyLhwnvnr,
ckmk`nb bf﬏nrnmtfktfhm fs mhtFttln
dhrphrktn fbnmtfty. kgshhmgy
putskbvkmtk`n tlkt dhcns
tln dhcpkmy wftl k strktn`fd-
fm k phsftfhm wlnrn ft
dkm dgnkrgy snn ftsnge wftl tln nyns he bf﬏nrnmt stkanlhgbnrs kmb fs k jksfs hm wlfdl
umbnrstkmbfm`, drnbfjfgfty kmb supphrt krn drnktnb kchm` any pujgfds. Kgg he tlkt
k﬏ndts nxtnrmkg stkanlhgbnrs, jut dhrphrktn fbnmtfty kgsh pnrehrcs tksas fmsfbn tln
dhcpkmy, sudl ks tlhsn phfmtnb hut jy Bhwmny (;6<5/<0 (;6<5/<0).
).

• Ft `fvns ckmk`ncnmt tln phssfjfgfty th bfsdhvnr, hr umbnrstkmb jnttnr, tln any

ekdthrs tlkt chtfvktn tln dhcpkmy kmb fts ncpghynns th jngfnvn kmb jnlkvn
ks tlny bh. Pngg-ckmk`nb dhrphrktn fbnmtfty dkm lngp dhcpkmfns fcpgncnmt
dlkm`ns fm tlnfr hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn
d ugturn kmb th fmtn`rktn mnw dugturns chrn nks-
fgy fm tln dksn
d ksn he kdqufsftfhms hr
h r cnr`nrs.
• Ttrktn`fd pgkmmnrs
pgk mmnrs `nt fmsf`lts fmth
f mth jksfd vkguns, jngfnes kmb chtfvktfhms tlkt dkm
jn iust ks fcphrtkmt k ekdthr ks ﬋mkmdfkg rnsugts krn fm kdqufsftfhms hr cnr`nrs.
 Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty :;

Tudl hjsnrvktfhms dkm prnv prnvnmt

nmt cfxfm` tln wktnr he hmn hm n dhcpkmy wftl tln hfg
he kmhtl
kmhtlnr.
nr.
• Ckmk`ncnmt `nts dgnkr fmehrcktfhm
fmehr cktfhm kjhut tln wkys fm wlfdl th dhccumfdktn
dhcpntnmdn kmb bfstfmdtfvnmnss kdrhss tln rkm`n he bfvfsfhms, jusfmnss umfts,
prhbudt kmb snrvfdn kppgfdktfhms. Znputktfhm erhc tln dhrphrktfhm hr he kmy
he fts pkrts dkm jn usnb th nmlkmdn htlnr pkrts,
pkr ts, kmb tlus tln wlhgn.
• Ncpghynns
Ncpghy nns lkvn k dgnkrgy bn﬋mnb, fmtnrmkggy dhmsfstnmt kmb umfqun sthry kjhut
tln dhcpkmy,
dhcpkmy, wlfdl fs kgsh k usneug pgktehrc
pgktehr c ehr dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn kbvnrtfsfm`.
• Luckm rnshurdns ckmk`nrs umbnrstkmb jnttnr tln dlkrkdtnrfstfds
dlkrkdtnr fstfds he ncpghynns
ncpghynns wlh
wfgg fmtn`rktn
fmtn` rktn wngg fm tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s dugturn. Tudl amhwgnb`n fs usneug wlnm sngndt-
fm` mnw dkmbfbktns ehr ncpghycnmt. Kt tln skcn tfcn, ncpghynns krn chrn dhc-
cfttnb th tln dhcpkmy
d hcpkmy fe tlny dkm umbnrstkmb
um bnrstkmb fts purphsn, cfssfhm kmb spndfkgtfns.
spndfk gtfns.

Rln tksas he dhrphrktn fbnmtfty ckmk`ncnmt krn th fcprhvn vfsfjfgfty vfsfjfg fty,, th rn﬊ndt
rn﬊nd t
strktn`fd (rn)bfrndtfhms, th fmtn`rktn
fmtn` rktn tln dhcpkmy‖
dhcpkmy‖ss `hkgs wftl tln dhrphrktn dugturn,
th drnktn k pgktehrc
pgktehr c ehr `rh
` rhwtl
wtl kmb suddnss, th hddupy k bnsfrnb phsftfhm kmb fck`n
fm tln nyns he any stkanlhgbnrs, th krtfdugktn any fbnmtfty kttrfjutns (wlfdl krn tln

jksfd ngncnmts
fbnmtfty,
fbnmtfty , th ckanhestkanlhgbnrs
dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm),
fbnmtfey wftl tln th dlkm`n, m,
hr`kmfzktfh
hr`kmfzktfhm,gfma kmbtfey
ehrtfey
th ehrtfey
ehr nxfstfm`
kmb fmv
fmvnst
nst fm
rnputktfhm, ntd. (Tthmn kmb Lnkmy ;6<2, ;6<2, ;5—;0).
;5—;0 ).
Ft fs tln dhcpkmy‖s ckfm krtfdugktnb `hkgs tlkt, jnsfbns fts plysfdkg, luckm kmb
tndlmhgh`fdkg rnshurdns, rnvnkg tln dhcpkmy‖s fbnmtfty th tln `rnktnst nxtnmt. Rln
ckfm `hkgs he tln dhcpkmy sky cudl kjhut wlkt tln dhcpkmy fs tryfm` th jn. Rlny
fm﬊unmdn tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s hvnrkgg
hvnrkgg pnrehrck
pnreh rckmdn
mdn kmb slkpn
sl kpn tln dhcpkmy‖
dh cpkmy‖ss dlkrkdtnr.
dlkrkd tnr. Mh
htlnr ckmk`ncnmt kspndt rnqufrns sh cudl wfsbhc kmb snmsn tlkm tln bn﬋mftfhm he
tln dhcpkmy‖s ckfm `hkgs. Bn󿬋mftfhm he `hkgs strhm`gy k﬏ndts dhrphrktn fbnmtfty
kmb, fm tlfs wky, fm﬊unmdns tln dhcpkmy‖s ghm`-tnrc suddnss (Mnwckm ;6>4). ;6>4 ).
Fm hrbnr th kvhfb dhmeusfhm kmb km fbnmtfty drfsfs, tln ckmk`ncnmt cust kt kgg
tfcns lkvn vnry
vnry dgnkr
d gnkr kmswnrs th tln ehgghwfm`
ehgg hwfm` qunstfhms.

;. Plkt fs tln bnsfrnb phsftfhm he tln dhcpkmy wftlfm fts ﬋ngb8 Rln ckmk`n-
cnmt tnkc lks th bndfbn fm wlfdl bhckfm(s) ft wfgg hpnrktn, wlfdl eumdtfhms
tln dhcpkmy wfgg pnrehrc, wlntlnr ft wfgg spndfkgfzn hr bfvnrsfey, fm wlfdl
qukgfty kmb prfdn dgkssns ft wfgg hpnrktn, kmb wlkt tln sdhpn kmb sfzn he tln
jusfmnss wfgg jn.
:. Bhns tln dhcpk
dhcpkmymy str
strfvn
fvn ehr stkjfgfty hr bymkcfsc8 Plkt fs tln dhcpkmy‖s
kttftubn thwkrb dlkm`n8 Rlnsn bndfsfhms krn kjhut tln gnvng he prh`rnssfvnmnss,
tln dhmstkmt snkrdl ehr mnw phssfjfgftfns he fcprhvncnmt, tln gnvng he k``rns-
sfvnmnss,
sfvnmnss, tln nxtnmt he phw
phwnrnr wftl wlfdl tln dhcpkmy wfgg pursun fts
f ts `hkgs, tln
nxtnmt th wlfdl ft fs rnkby th tkan rfsas, kmb tln bfvfsfhm he dhmtrhg hvnr tln
dhcpkmy kmb fts jusfmnss.
4. Plkt afmb he k dftfznm bhns tln dhcpkmy wkmt th jn8 Plkt afmb he plfg-
hshply bhns ft pursun fm tln rngktfhm wftl tln surrhumbfm` nmvfrhmcnmt8
:: Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty

Plkt fs fts rngktfhm th any stkanlhgbnrs

stkanlhgbnrs kmb tln dhccumfty
d hccumfty fm wlfdl ft f t hpnr-
ktns8 Plkt fs fts kttftubn thwkrb shdfkg kmb ndhmhcfd rnsphmsfjfgfty th tln
nmvfrhmcnmt8
2. Plkt fs tln bnsfrnb ckmk`ncnmt typn kmb plfghshply8 Rlfs qunstfhm bnkgs
wftl fssuns sudl ks dnmtrkgfzktfhm kmb bndnmtrkgfzktfhm fm bndfsfhm
bndfsf hm ckafm`, qukg-
ftfns kmb dlkrkdtnrfstfds
dlkrkd tnrfstfds he any pnrshmmng, tln gnvng he burkjfgfty he pgkmmfm`, kmb
tln rf`hur
r f`hur he dhmtrhg.
d hmtrhg.

:.4 Ckmk`fm` dhrphrktn fbnmtfty

fbnmtfty
Rln any qunstfhm fm tnrcs he dhrphrktn fbnmtfty ckmk`ncnmt fs wlkt tln hr`km-
fzktfhm fs. Hmgy ketnr tln hr`kmfzktfhm lks k dgnkr
dg nkr pfdturn kjhut wlh ft fs, wlkt fts
rnsphmsfjfgftfns kmb prfhrf
pr fhrftfns
tfns krn, kmb lhw ft slhugb jn ckmk`nb, dkm ft nxprnss fts
fbnmtfty
fbnmtf ty.. Plnm bfsdu
bfsdussfm`
ssfm` dhrphrktn fbnmtfty ckmk`ncnmt (Kdanrckm ;6<<) ;6<<)
wftl wlfdl th kdlfnvn strktn`fd kbvkmtk`n, wn krn tkgafm` kjhut fbnmtf﬋dktfhm,
krtfdugktfhm kmb bnvnghpcnmt he tln umfqun dkpkjfgftfns he tln dhcpkmy. Erhc k
ckmk`ncnmt phfmt he vfnw, dhrphrktn fbnmtfty fs sfcpgy k cfx he tln dhcpkmy‖s
umfqun kttrfjutns tlkt nmkjgn tln dhcpkmy th bnvnghp kbvkmtk`ns hm tln ckr-
ant tlkt ckan tln dhcpkmy fmdhcpkrkjgn kmb nxpgfdftgy kmb rngnvkmtgy bf﬏nrnmt
erhc htlnr dhcpkmfns fm tln fmbustry. Ft fs mht nmhu`l, lhwnvnr, hmgy th ckm-
k`n dhrphrktn fbnmtfty1 wn cust kgsh umbnrstkmb kmb dhmsfbnr tln ekdthrs tlkt
fm﬊unmdn ft.
Rln dhrphrktn fbnmtfty cfx fs, jy kmkgh`y wftl luckms, dhcphsnb he tlrnn
bfcnmsfhms (Jkgcnr kmb Thnmnm ;660).;660).

• Cfmb, wlfdl fmdgubns ngncnmts tlkt krn rnsugts he chrn hr gnss dhmsdfhus bndf-
sfhms9 tln dhcpkmy‖s vfsfhm kmb plfghshply, strktn`y, prhvfsfhm he snrvfdns kmb
prhbudts, ﬋mkmdfkg suddnss, jrkmb krdlftndturn, hwmnrslfp strudturn, tln dhc-
pkmy‖‖s lfs
pkmy lfsthr
thryy, ntd.
• Thug, wlfdl nmdhcpkssns ngncnmts tlkt krn lkrb th snn, dhcprnlnmb kmb ckm-
k`n, kmb krn dhmsnqunmdns/rnsugts he shdfkg fmtnrkdtfhms. Rlnsn krn tln vkguns
wlfdl krn dlkrkdtnrfstfd he tln dhcpkmy, nxfstfm` sujdugturns fmsfbn tln dhc-
pkmy, fmtnrmkg fck`n, pnrdnptfhms kjhut kmb fbnmtf﬋dktfhms wftl tln dhcpkmy
jy tln ncpghynns.
• Uhfdn, wlfdl fmdgubns umdhmtrhggnb dhccumfdktfhm (bfrndt dhccumfdktfhm
he ncpghynns wftl dusthcnrs, ncpghynn jnlkvfhur, kmb fmbfrndt dhccumfdk-
tfhm) kmb dhmtrhggnb dhccumfdktfhm (ckmk`ncnmt, hr`kmfzktfhmkg kmb fmtn-
`rktnb ckrantfm` dhccumfdktfhm, vfsukg fbnmtfty kmb tln dhcpkmy‖s kttftubn
thwkrb fcphrtkmt shdfkg kmb ndhmhcfdkg fssuns, sudl ks tln nmvfrhmcnmt kmb
umncpghycnmt fssuns).

Rln dhrphrktn fbnmtfty ckmk`ncnmt cfx fmdgubns tlrnn kbbftfhmkg ngncnmts

(Jkgcnr kmb Thnmnm ;660)9
;660)9
 Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty :4

• Nmvfrhmcnmt, wlfdl dhmsfbnrs

dhm sfbnrs tln phgftfdkg, ndhmhcfd,
ndhmhcfd, shdfkg kmb tndlmhgh`fdkg
nmvfrhmcnmt, nxfstfm` kmb phtnmtfkg dhcpntftfhm, fck`n he tln dhumtry he hrf-
nmvfrhmcnmt,
`fm, kmb mktfhmkg, rn`fhmkg
rn`fhmkg kmb ghdkg dugturns.
• Ttkanlhgbnrs, km ngncnmt tlkt dhmsfbnrs
dhmsfbnr s fmbfvfbukgs wlh krn
k rn cncjnrs he bf﬏nr-
nmt `rhups he stkanlhgbnrs, erhc dhmsucnrs, ncpghynns, ckmk`ncnmt, slkrn-
lhgbnrs, prnssurn `rhups, cnbfk, ﬋mkmdfkg, pujgfd, stktn, rn`ugktfvn kutlhrftfns,
bfstrfjutnrs, suppgfnrs, prhenssfhmkg hr`kmfzktfhms, dhcpntftfhm, ntd.
• Fck`n kmb rnputktfhm, wlnrn jnsfbn
jnsfb n tln hvnrkgg dhcpkmy rnputktfhm
rnpu tktfhm,, wn cust kgsh
dhmsfbnr tln rnputktfhm he tln ckmk`ncnmt, he tln fmbustryfmbu stry,, he pkrtmnrs
pkrtmnr s kmb he
tln dhumtry.
dhumtry. Ft fs kgsh fcphrtkmt th annp fm cfmb tlkt bf﬏nrnmt `rhups he stkan-
lhgbnrs lkvn bf﬏nrnmt nxpndtktfhms, hm wlfdl tlny dhmstrudt rnputktfhm. Pn
cust ncplksfzn, lhwnvnr, tlkt jnfm` rnputkjgn slhugb mht jn km nmb fm ftsnge,
jut hmgy k cnkms he survfvkg
sur vfvkg kmb kdlfnvfm` k dhcpntftfv
dhcpntftfvnn nb`n.

Ckmk`fm` dhrphrktn fbnmtfty fs k dhcpgnx prhdnburn kmb snmfhr ckmk`nrs slhugb

fmvhgvn cfbbgn ckmk`ncnmt kmb htlnr ncpghynns fm tln prhdnss, fm wlfdl, kt gnkst
fmbfrndtgy, htlnr stkanlhgbnrs kgsh pkrtfdfpktn, sudl ks tkr`nt dhmsucnrs (wlh krn
bnsfrnb
kdtfvftfnsnxdlkm`n
kmb rnkdt pkrtmnrs), dhcpntftfhm(pgkmmfm`
th tlnc), slkrnlhgbnrs (ckmk`ncnmt
(pgkmmf mnnbs hethkdtfvfty),
m` tln splnrns chmfthrntd.
k dtfvfty), tlnfr
Rln prhdnss he dhrphrktn fbnmtfty ckmk`ncnmt dhmsfsts he 󿬋vn stnps,
kddhrbfm` th Kdanrckm
Kdanrckm (;6<<
;6<<).
).

;. Dhmbudtfm` k vkgun kmkgysfs wftl tln any qunstfhm9 Fm wlkt wky bhns tln dhc-
pkmy drnktn vkgun hm tln ckrant8Ukgun kmkgysfs
kmkg ysfs usns cntlhbs sudl ks fmtnrvfnws
fmtnr vfnws
wftl strktn`fdkggy fcphrtkmt pnhpgn fmsfbn kmb hutsfbn tln hr`kmfzktfhm, dhm-
tnmt kmkgysfs he bhducnmts kmb hr`kmfzktfhmkg lfsthry, ckrant rnsnkrdl, ntd.
:. Ehrcugktfm` k phsftfhmfm` strktn`y, wlfdl cnkms krtfdugktfhm he tln umfqun dkp-
kjfgftfns he tln dhcpkmy kmb fts dhccumfdktfhm wftl ncpghynns kmb htlnr
fmtnrmkg kmb nxtnrmkg kubfnmdns.
4. Bnvnghpfm` k dhrphrktn fbnmtf󿬋dktfhm systnc usnb th trkmsgktn dhrphrktn fbnmtfty
fmth vnrjkg kmb bnsf`mnr gkm`uk`n, wlfdl fs ckmfenstnb tlrhu`l `rkplfd fck`ns,
dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm, kmb tln prhdnssfm` kmb nxndutfhm he snrvfdns.
2. Bnvfsfm` km kubfnmdn ckmk`ncnmt prh`rkccn tlkt wfgg strnm`tlnm pnrshmkg rngk-
tfhmslfps wftl fmtnrmkg kmb nxtnrmkg stkanlhgbnrs th kdlfnvn strktn`fd `hkgs
tlrhu`l tlnc.
>. Fcpgncnmtfm` kmb chmfthrfm` tln fbnmtfty ckmk`ncnmt prh`rkccn th kdlfnvn ks
cudl ks phssfjgn fm tln slhrtnst kchumt he tfcn, kmb th cnksurn tln n﬏ndts fm
rnkg tfcn.

:.2 Rln rhgn he jrkmdl

jrkmdl fbnmtfty
Rln prhdnss he bntnrcfmfm` fbnmtfty kttrfjutns bhns mht stkrt jy ehrcugktfm` umfqun
dlkrkdtnrfstfds jut rktlnr ft stkrts wftl k qukgfty kmkgysfs he nxfstfm` fbnmtftfns fmsfbn
:2 Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty

kmb hutsfbn tln hr`kmfzktfhm. He vftkg fcphrtkmdn fs k tlhrhu`l kmkgysfs he tln

jrkmdl hr fmbustrfkg fbnmtfty, wlfdl dkm jn bn﬋mnb ks k cfx he prhpnrtfns hr
dlkrkdtnrfstfds
dlkrkdtnr fstfds tlkt dkm jn fcpgfdftgy hr nxpgfdftgy bnckmbnb jy dusthcnrs kmb htlnr
stkanlhgbnrs, wlfdl krn dhcchm th kgg dhcpkmfns fmsfbn k pkrtfdugkr jrkmdl, kmb
wlfdl k pkrtfdugkr dhcpkmy lks th lkvn fm hrbnr th hpnrktn dhcpntnmtgy fmsfbn
tln rnspndtfvn
rnspndtfvn jrkmdl hr fmbustry (_hbmkr :??2,
:??2, 40<). Rlfs dhmdnrms tlhsn fbnmtfty
dlkrkdtnrfstfds tlkt krn pfvhtkg, dhcchm kmb bfstfm`ufslfm` ehr kgg dhcpkmfns fm
k pkrtfdugkr jrkmdl. Dhmtrkry th dhrphrktn fbnmtfty tlkt ehdusns hm snkrdlfm` ehr
umfqun dlkrkdtnrfstfds, jrkmdl fbnmtfty ncplksfzns umfehrcfty hr sfcfgkrfty kchm`
dhcpkmfns. Fm tlfs jhha, jrkmdl fs umbnrsthhb ks k `rhup he dhcpkmfns kmb htlnr
fmstftutfhms tlkt h﬏nr fmtnrdlkm`nkjgn snrvfdns hr prhbudts (Ahtgnr nt kg. ;665).
;665).
Rln ncplksfs fs hm slkrnb, mht bfstfm`ufslfm` dlkrkdtnrfstfds he dhcpkmfns
wftlfm k jrkmdl. Rlnsn krn jksfd trkfts tlkt `fvn tln dhcpkmy km fcpgfdft gfdnmdn th
hpnrktn.Rln jrkmdl fm wlfdl tln dhcpkmy fs kdtfvn lks fts hwm dlkrkdtnrfstfds
dlkrkdtnr fstfds kmb
kttrfjutns, wlfdl, th`ntlnr wftl pnrdnptfhms he tln dhcpkmy‖s stkanlhgbnrs kjhut
tln jrkmdl, bfrndtgy fm﬊unmdn tln dhcpkmy‖s fbnmtfty. Rln jrkmdl fs k shgfb `rhumb
hm wlfdl tln dhcpkmy dkm bnvnghp umfqunmnss. K dhcpkmy dkmmht dhcpntnmtgy
pkrtfdfpktn
hpnrktfhm. fm k jrkmdl fe ftjnsfbns
Eurtlnrchrn, bhns mht cnnt
jnfm` jksfd hm
k jksfs rnqufrncnmts tlkt kgghwdhrphrktn
wlfdl th dhmstrudt ehr sudl
fbnmtfty,, tln jrkmdl fbnmtfty fs kgsh tln dhmtnxt he tln ehrcnr.
fbnmtfty ehr cnr.Ksshdfktfhms kjhut tln
jrkmdl bfrndtgy k﬏ndt tln pnrdnptfhms kjhut dhcpkmfns fm tlfs jrkmdl. Rln ksshdf-
ktfhms krn trkmsenrrnb kmb tln rnsugts he tln trkmsenr krn nxpndtktfhms, rnqufrncnmts
kmb kttftubns he bf﬏nrnmt pujgfds thwkrb tln kdthrs fm tln jrkmdl. Rln rnvnrsn fs
kgsh phssfjgn9 tln fbnmtftfns he fmbfvfbukg dhcpkmfns fm﬊unmdn tln jrkmdl fbnmtfty.
Dlkrkdtnrfstfds tlkt krn slkrnb jy kgg kdthrs fmsfbn tln fmbustry jndhcn k stkmbkrb
ehr kmy phtnmtfkg dhcpkmy wlh whugb gfan th ihfm tln sndthr.
Rln rhgn he jrkmdl fbnmtfty dkm bf﬏nr kddhrbfm` th tln spndf﬋d jrkmdl. Fm shcn
jrkmdlns, tln jhrbnrs th wlfdl km fmbfvfbukg dhcpkmy dkm nxprnss fts hwm dhr-
phrktn fbnmtfty krn strfdtgy bn﬋mnb, wlfdl dkm lfmbnr tln dhcpkmy erhc drnktfm`
k umfqun fbnmtfty. Fm jrkmdlns wlnrn jrkmdl fbnmtfty fs dgnkrgy nxprnssnb, dhc-
pkmfnss cky lkvn bfffldugtf
pkmfn dugtfns
ns dhccumfdktf
dhccum fdktfm`
m` umfqunmnss,
umfq unmnss, nspndfkggy
nspndfkgg y fe `hkgs,
`hk gs, strkt-
n`fns, jnlkvfhur
jnlkvfhur kmb dhccumfdktfhms he dhcpntfm` dhcpkmfns krn kgchst fbnmtfdkg.
fbnmtfdkg .
Rlkt fs wly km kmkgysfs he jrkmdl fbnmtfty cust pky cudl kttnmtfhm th fts dhmtnmt,
strnm`tl kmb dhcpgnxfty (Ln kmb Jkgcnr :??>).
:??>).

• Dhmtnmt rnenrs th dlkrkdtnrfstfds kmb cnkmfm`s tlkt krn rndh`mfznb ks typfdkg he

k spndf﬋d jrkmdl.
• Dhcpgnxfty rnenrs th tln mucjnr he dlkrkdtnrfstfd
dlk rkdtnrfstfdss pnr spndf﬋d jrkmdl.
jrkmd l.
• Ttrnm`tl rnenrs th tln fmtnmsfty he tln fm﬊unmdn nxnrtnb jy k spndf﬋d jrkmdl fm
dhcpkrfshm wftl htlnr jrkmdlns (nxtnrmkg strnm`tl) hr jy fmbfvfbukg pkrts hr
dlkrkdtnrfstfds wftlfm k spndf﬋d dhmtnmt (fmtnrmkg strnm`tl).

Ft fs whrtl lf`lgf`ltfm`, lhwnvnr, tlkt iust ks dhrphrktn fbnmtfty dlkm`ns fm tfcn,

jrkmdl fbnmtfty kgsh bnv
bnvnghps.
nghps.Rlkt cnkms tlkt tln dhmtnmt, dhcpgnxfty kmb strnm`tl
 Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty :>

he tln jrkmdl fbnmtfty krn kgwkys bymkcfd kmb dlkm`fm`,

dlkm` fm`, kmb pkst bnvnghpcnmts fm
tln jrkmdl bntnrcfmn fts euturn dlkrkdtnr.
Rln kmkgysfs he jrkmdl fbnmtfty, chst hetnm dkrrfnb hut jy kmkgysfm` tln dhmtnmt
he kgg dhccumfdktfhm jy nvnry kdthr fm tln jrkmdl, cnbfk pujgfdktfhms, dhccnm-
tkrfns kmb pnrdnptfhm stubfns he bf﬏nrnmt stkanlhgbnrs, nmkjgns us th gnkrm gnkr m kjhut tln
dhrphrktn fbnmtftfns he dhcpntfm` dhcpkmfns. Jy bf﬏nrnmtfktfm` jntwnnm jrkmdl
kttrfjutns kmb tln bfstfm`ufslfm`
bfstfm `ufslfm` kttrfjutns
kttr fjutns he dhcpntfm` dhcpkmfns, k dhcpkmy dkm
fbnmtfey tln umtkanm ckrant phsftfhm. Rlfs phsftfhm dkm tlnm jn ﬋ggnb wftl fts hwm
fbnmtfty prnsucfm` tlkt tln dhcpkmy lks tln dkpkjfgftfns th bh sh. Tudl kmkgysfs, fm
dhcjfmktfh
dhcjf mktfhmm wftl suffl dfnmt amhwgnb`n
amhwgnb `n he tln hr`kmfzktfhm
hr`kmfz ktfhm‖‖s fmtnrmkg
fmtnr mkg nmvfrhmcnmt,
fts dhcpntnmdns, vfsfhms he ncpghynns kmb ckmk`ncnmt, kmb dhrphrktn fbnmtfty, dkm
jn km fcphrtkmt ekdthr fm jndhcfm` k dhcpntnmt kmb dhcpntftfvn dhcpkmy fm tln
`fvnm ckrant kmb jusfmnss nmvfrhmcnmt.

:.> Krtfdugktfhm he dhrphrktn fbnmtfty

K dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s fbnmtfty fs sfcpgy k cfx he tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s dlkrkdtnrfstfds
dlkrkdtnr fstfds wlfdl, wlnm
dhcjfmnb, krn chrn tlkm iust k suc he fts dhcphmnmts. Km fcphrtkmt stnp thwkrb
dhrphrktn fbnmtfty fs tlkt tln ckmk`ncnmt ckans k tlhrhu`l dhmsfbnrktfhm kjhut
tln any dlkrkdtnrfstfds
dlkrkdtnrf stfds ehr tln dhcpkmy fm hrbnr th ckan ft suddnsseug kmb
k mb rnputkjgn.
Ft fs kbvfskjgn, tlhu`l, th ckan k bfstfmdtfhm jntwnnm tln nxfstfm` dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn fbnmtfty
kmb tln bnsfrnb euturn dhrphrktn fbnmtfty (Jkgcnr kmb Thnmnm ;666, ;666, <;).
Rh shgvn tlfs fbnmtfty-rngktnb bfdlhthcy, wn dkm usn tln KDFB tnst, bnvnghpnb
jy hmn he tln chst vfsfjgn sdlhgkrs fm tlfs ﬋ngb, Ihlm Jkgcnr. Rln KDFB tnst fs k
thhg tlkt prnsupphsns kmb, tlrhu`l rnsnkrdl qunstfhms, kbbrnssns bf﬏nrnmt typns he
fbnmtftfns (Jkgcnr kmb Thnmnm ;666).;666).

• Kdtukg fbnmtfty9 wlkt tln hr`kmfzktfhm fs.

•• Dhccumfdktnb fbnmtfty9 wlkt kmb lhw tln dhcpkmy dhccumfdktns.

Dhmdnfvnb hr pnrdnfvnb fbnmtfty9 lhw tln hr`kmfzktfhm
hr`kmfz ktfhm fs pnrdnfv
pnrdnfvnb
nb jy fts bf﬏nrnmt
bf﬏ nrnmt
pujgfds (hr kubfnmdns)
kubf nmdns) kmb wlkt fts fck`n kmb rnputktfhm krn.
• Fbnkg fbnmtfty9 tln hptfcuc phsftfhmfm`
phsftf hmfm` he tln hr`kmfzktfhm
hr`kmf zktfhm fm fts ckrant
ck rant jy tka-
fm` dh`mfzkmdn he fts strnm`tls, dkpkjfgftfns kmb nmvfrhmcnmtkg dhmsfbnrktfhm.
• Bnsfrnb fbnmtfty9 tln fbnmtfty wlfdl tln dlfne nxndutfvn kmb ckmk`ncnmt
jhkrb wfsl th kdqufrn.

Rln KDFB tnst slhugb jn kppgfnb fm tlrnn stnps9 tln ﬋rst stnp fs th rnvnkg tln ﬋vn
typns he fbnmtfty1 tln sndhmb stnp fs th dhcpkrn kgg he tln typns kmb snkrdl ehr bfs-
drnpkmdfns1 wlfgn tln tlfrb stnp fmdgubns tln kmkgysfs he tln sftuktfhm, jksnb hm
wlfdl phssfjgn fcprhvncnmts dkm jn su``nstnb.
Plnm snkrdlfm` ehr kpprhprfktn fbnmtftfns, ckmk`ncnmt dkm usn tln sh-dkggnb
“dhjwnj‖ cntlhb. Rlfs cnkms tlkt snmfhr ckmk`nrs ehrc k whra `rhup th fbnm-
tfey ks ckmy phssfjgn fbnmtfty trkfts. Rln whra `rhup tlkm cnnts th krtfdugktn kmb
:5 Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty

rkma up th nf`lt dlkrkdtnrfstfds tlkt krn any ehr tln dhcpkmy‖s suddnss, rn`krb-
gnss he wlntlnr tln dhcpkmy kgrnkby lks tlnsn dlkrkdtnrfstfds hr mht. Rlnsn nf`lt
rkmanb dlkrkdtnrfstfds ehrc kxns hm wlfdl tln dhcpkmy pgkms fts kdtfvftfns kmb
dhccumfdktfhms (kmb chmfthrs
chmfthr s tlnfr n﬏ndts), kmb nvnrytlfm` cust jn sujhrbfmktnb
th kdlfnvfm` kmb
k mb nxprnssfm` tlhsn dlkrkdtnrfstf
d lkrkdtnrfstfds.
ds.Rln prhdnss he snkrdlfm` ehr tlhsn
dlkrkdtnrfstfds fs mht mndnsskrfgy km nxdgusfvn tksa he thp ckmk`ncnmt, lhwnvnr. Fm
hrbnr th ckan ncpghynns fbnmtfey wftl tln sngndtnb fbnmtfty dlkrkdtnrfstfds, ft fs
kbvfskjgn th fmvhgvn ncpghynns fm tln prhdnss he sngndtfm` dlkrkdtnrfstfds. Rlfs dkm
jn bhmn jy rnpnktfm` tln sngndtfhm hm bf﬏nrnmt lfnrkrdlfdkg gnvngs, jy usfm` ehdus
`rhups, ntd.Rln prhdnss dkm jn up`rkbnb
up` rkbnb jy usfm`
usfm ` tln “gkbbnrfm`‖ cntlhb th dhggndt
dhgg ndt
hr`kmfzktfhmkg kdtfhms, fbnmtfty kttrfjutns, dlkrkdtnrfstfds kmb `hkgs, tlnm ksafm` tln
qunstfhm, “Ply fs tlkt fcphrtkmt th yhu8‖ Rlfs prhdnss gnkbs th any fbnmtfty dlkr-
kdtnrfstfds tlkt krn fmvfsfjgn kt ﬋rst `gkmdn. Kgg cnmtfhmnb cntlhbs dkm jn kgsh usnb
hm tln dhcpkmy‖
dhcpkmy‖ss dusthcnrs hr htlnr stkanlhgbnrs, hr wn dkm usn tlnfr pnrdnptfhms
kjhut tln dhcpk
dhcpkmy my..
Fm tln snkrdl ehr suftkjgn
suf tkjgn kttrfjutns,
kttrf jutns, wn dkm kgsh kmkgysn tln dhccumfdktfhm he
dhcpntfm` dhcpkmfns. Rln dhmtnmt he sudl cnssk`ns hetnm bfrndtgy hr fmbfrndtgy

rnv
rnvnkgs
kmbnkgs tln dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn
dhcpkrktfvn fbnmtftytlkt
kbvkmtk`ns he tln snmbnr, kmb kgchst
ft ncplksfzns. dnr tkfmgy th
dnrtkfmgy
Ft fs fcphrtkmt rnvdkpturn
rnvnkgs
nkgs fts kttrfjutns
kttr
kmbfjutns
kmk-
gysn tln chst dhcpgntn pkgnttn he dhccumfdktfhm ks phssfjgn, kmb th jn kwkrn he
prfckry ks wngg ks sndhmbkry dhcpntfthrs.
Zn`krbgnss he tln cntlhb dlhsnm, hr tln dhcjfmktfhm he cntlhbs, wn tnmb th
sngndt sudl dlkrkdtnrfstfds hr trkfts tlkt krn9

• dnmtrkg — cnkmfm` tlkt tlny krn ks cudl ks phssfjgn dlkrkdtnrfstfd he tln hr`km-
fzktfhm kmb wfbnsprnkb
w fbnsprnkb kchm` ncpghy
ncpghynns1
nns1
• burkjgn — cnkmfm` tlkt tlny jfmb tln prnsnmt wftl tln pkst kmb wfgg rnckfm
rngnvkmt fm tln euturn1
• umfqun — cnkmfm` tlkt tlny bf﬏nrnmtfktn tln dhcpkmy erhc sfcfgkr dhcpkmfns
fm tln jrkmdl
jrkmd l kmb strnm`tlnm fts umfqunmnss.

Tngndtnb dlkrkdtnrfstfds hr trkfts krn usukggy bfvfbnb fmth snvnm ckfm bfcnmsfhms
(Gux ;6<5).
;6<5).

;. Mnnbs9 fmtnrmkg kmb nxtnrmkg chtfvns krn tln any kspndts he dhrphrktn fbnmtfty
kmb krn k jksfs ehr hr`kmfzktfhmkg jnlkvfhur. Nxkcpgns he fbnmtfty trkfts krn
`rhwtl, sndurfty, lnkgtly hr`kmfzktfhmkg dgfcktn ntd.
:. Bfstfmdtfvn dhcpntnmdfns9 spndfkg amhwgnb`n, fmstftutfhm‖s umfqun enkturns kmb
dhcpntftfvn kbvkmtk`ns he tln dhcpkmy.
4. Kttftubn9 plfghshplfdkg kmb phgftfdkg
phg ftfdkg jkda`rhumbs he tln dhcpkmy
dhcpkmy.. Rlfs bfcnm-

2. sfhm slhws
Ttrudturn kmblhw tln dhcpkmy
dhmstftutfhm snns ftsnge
9 tln plysfdkg kmb fts strudturn
ghdktfhm, d hcpntfthrs.
dhcpntfthrs.
kmb gn`kg ehrc he tln
hr`kmfzktfhm.
 Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty :0

>. Rncpnrkcnmt 9 tln chbn he hpnrktfhm he tln dhcpkmy. Rlfs bfcnmsfhm cnksurns
tln strnm`tl, fmtnmsfty, spnnb he hr`kmfzktfhmkg jnlkvfhur kmb lhw tln hr`km-
fzktfhm kdlfnvns fts `hkgs.
5. Hrf`fm/lnrftk`n9 dlkrkdtnrfstfds tlkt fm﬊unmdnb tln dhcpkmy fm tln pkst. Rlfs
bfcnmsfhm slhws tln rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s prnsnmt fbnmtfty kmb
k mb
fts pkst.
0. @hkgs, nxpndtktfhms kmb fmtnrnsts9 tln vfsfhm kmb cfbbgn-th-ghm`-tnrc
cfbbgn-th-g hm`-tnrc `hkgs
`hkg s he tln
dhcpkmy kmb wlkt tln dhcpkmy wkmts th kdlfnvn fm tln euturn.

:.5 Dhccumfd
Dhccumfdktfm`
ktfm` dhrphrktn fbnmtfty
fbnmtfty
Rln krtfdugktfhm
krtfd ugktfhm he fbnmtfty kttrfjutns
kttr fjutns tlkt krn rnkg fs k mndnsskry jut mht k suffl dfnmt
stnp. Rln mnxt stnp fmdgubns tln cudl chrn fcphrtkmt plksn, tlkt fs, tln dhmsfstnmt
nxndutfhm kmb dhccumfdktfhm he fbnmtfty kttrfjutns fm kgg kdtfvftfns he tln hr`km-
fzktfhm kmb fts rnprnsnmtktfvns.
rnprnsnmtktfvns. Ft fs mht nmhu`l fe ckmk`ncnmt drnktns
d rnktns km hptfcuc
pgkm tlkt bhns mht ckmfenst fm tln rnkg jnlkvfhur he tln hr`kmfzktfhm. Rlkt fs wly
kgg ncpghynns slhugb jn fmdgubnb
fm dgubnb fm tln prhdnss he nxndutfm` dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn fbnmtfty,
fbnmtfty, ks
wngg ks tln ckrantfm` kmb fmstftutfhmkg dhccumfdktfhm
dhccumfdktf hm bnpkrtcnmts.
Plnm dhccumfdktfm
dhccumfdktfm` dhr phrktn fbnmtfty, lhwnvnr, wn cust annp fm cfmb
` dhrphrktn
tlkt ft fs mht pnrckmnmt kmb umdlkm`nkjgn. Hr`kmfzktfhms krn ekdnb wftl tln pkrk-
bhx tlkt tlny cust jn kdtukg kmb kbkptkjgn kt kgg tfcns, jut kt tln skcn tfcn
kgsh rnprnsnmt dhmtfmufty tlkt `ukrkmtnns sndurfty. Rlfs dhmdnpt fs dkggnb kbkptfvn
fmstkjfgfty (@fhfk nt kg. :???)
:???) kmb bnckmbs tlkt tln hr`kmfzktfhm cust gnkrm th
dhmstkmtgy dlkm`n kmb mhmntlngnss stky tln skcn. Dhcpkmfns tnmb th prnsnrvn tln
dhmtfmufty he tlnfr fbnmtftfns, jut tlny cust dhmstkmtgy annp pkyfm` kttnmtfhm th
wlntlnr tlnfr fbnmtfty fs stfgg kdtukg, rngnvkmt
rngnvkmt kmb kttrkdtfvn fm vfnw he tln dlkm`ns
dlk m`ns fm
tln nmvfrhmcnmt, pnrdnptf
pnrdnptfhms
hms kmb cnkmfm`s.
cnkmf m`s. Fm dksn tlnrn krn bfsdrnpkmdfns
bfsdrnpk mdfns jntwnnm
pnrdnptfhms kmb prnenrnmdns he fcphrtkmt stkanlhgbnrs, kmb tln dhrphrktn fbnmtfty,
tln gkttnr mnnbs th jn kbiustnb, rnernslnb kmb rn-kdtukgfznb. Rlfs bhns mht, lhw-
nvnr, dkgg ehr rkbfdkg dlkm`ns kmb dhcpgntn bfsdhmtfmufty, nxdnpt fm nxtrncn dksns.
Rln dhrn he fbnmtfty cust rnckfm ks ft fs kmb prnsnrvnb tlrhu`l vnrjkg vnrjkg kmb vfsukg
sf`ms usnb ehr dhccumfdktfm` fbnmtfty1 lhwnvnr, tln cnkmfm` he sf`ms tlncsngvns
dkm dlkm`n hvnr tfcn. Fbnmtfty fs tlnrnehrn mht drnktnb fm tln sujindts, jut ft dhcns
erhc fmtnrkdtfhms kchm` sujindts. Fbnmtfty fs k shdfkg sf`mf﬋nr wlfdl nmkjgns ft th
rngktn th ftsnge kmb th htlnrs. Rln eumdtfhm he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm fs mht hmgy
th trkmscft dhrphrktn fbnmtfty jut kgsh th nxprnss ft, kmb th dhmtfmukggy rnfmvnmt ft.
Plkt wn snn ks stkjgn, umdlkm`nkjgn, dhlnrnmt kmb dhmtfmunb fs mhtlfm` ngsn tlkm
tln rnsugt he tln snkrdl ehr snmsn, cnkmfm`s kmb pkttnrms fm hur cfmbs. Hmn he tln
prfmdfpgns he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm fs th dhccumfdktn hmgy sudl cnssk`ns tlkt
dkm jn prhvnm dhrrndt kt kmy tfcn. Lhwnvnr, wn cust mht ehr`nt th dhccumfdktn
vfsfj
vfsfjfgfty
fgfty,, kutlnmtfdfty
kutlnmtfdtlkt
krn dlkrkdtnrfstfds fty,, bfvnrsf
bfvnrsfty
prhchtnty,, rnsphmsfvnmnss,
tln ehrcktfhm dhmsfstnmdy
dhmsfstnm
he lf`lgydyekvhurkjgn
kmb trkmsp
trkmspkrnmdy
krnmdy,, wlfdl
pnrdnptfhms he
bf﬏nrnmt stkanlhgbnrs kjhut dhrphrktn fbnmtfty fbnmtfty..
:< Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty

DKTN9 LFBZFK
Lfbrfk fs km fmtnrmktfhmkg dhcpkmy whrafm` fm kuthchtfvn tndlmhgh`y kmb tln
kfr dhmbftfhmfm` he jufgbfm`s. Rln dhrphrktfhm ncpghys hvnr :,??? pnhpgn kmb
heenrs fts prhbudts umbnr k dhrphrktn jrkmb mkcn fm <? dhumtrfns. Tfmdn tln
;65?s, tln dhcpkmy lks `rhwm hr`kmfdkggy km b t lrhu`l kdq ufsftfhms. Kt tln
stkrt he tln mnw cfggnmmfuc, tln Lfbrfk @rhup dhmsfstnb he bfeenrnmt fmbnpnmb-
nmt dhcpkmfns, mkcngy KNR, Zhthcktfak, FC_ Agfck, Fsark NZH kmb Rhchs.
Rln dhcpkmfns hpnrktnb fmbnpnmbnmtgy hm t ln ckrant, nkdl wftl tlnfr hwm
jrkmbs kmb fbnmtfty systnc. Jndkusn tln vfsfhm he Lfbrfk wks th jndhcn k
strhm`, vfsfjgn kmb rnputkjgn dhrphrktfhm, amhwm ehr fts fmvnstcnmt fm `ghjkg-
fzktfhm, luckm bnvnghpcnmt, lf`l tndlmhgh`y, kmb fts fmmhvktfvn nmvfrhmcnmt
kmb symnr`y kpprhkdl, fm :??; tln ckmk`ncnmt bndfbnb th fmtrhbudn tln
ucjrnggk dhrphrktn jrkmb Lfbrfk. Rln nmtnrprfsns he tln Lfbrfk @rhup, lhw-
nvnr, dhmtfmunb th bnvnghp tlnfr hwm jrkmb strktn`fns, wlfdl cnkmt tlkt nkdl
he tln dhcpkmfns he tln `rhup usnb tlnfr hwm jrkmb mkcns ehr tln ckrantfm`
he tlnfr prhbudts kmb snrvfdns.
Fm :??>, tln dhrphrktfhm bndfbnb hm k chmhgftlfd jrkmb krdlftndturn,
wlfdl cnkmt tlkt kgg prhbudts whugb jn ckrantnb umbnr tln Lfbrfk jrkmb. Rln
rnkshms ehr sudl k bndfsfhm wnrn kmkgysfs he tln dhcpntftfhm, tln mnnb ehr ckm-
k`ncnmt sfcpgf﬋dktfhm kmb dhst rktfhmkgfzktfhm, jut kjhvn kgg, tln bnsfrn th jn
chrn vfsfjgn kmb rndh`mfzkjgn fm fmtnrmktfhmkg ckrants kmb th ckan ncpghynns
chrn dhccfttnb th t ln dhrphrktfhm. Rln dhrphrktn ckmk`ncnmt amnw tlnrn
wnrn htlnr ekdthrs cudl chrn fcphrtkmt tlkm vfsukg fbnmtfty ehr jnfm` sud-
dnsseug fm t ln ckrant, ehr n xkcpgn, tln dhmtnmt sycjhgfznb jy tln jrkmb kmb
prkdtfsnb jy tln dhcpkmy. Ehr tlfs rnkshm, tln ckmk`ncnmt tnkc bndfbnb th
krtfdugktn kmb ehrtfey tln dhmtnmt he tln jrkmb. Rln ckmk`ncnmt tnkc dhhpnr-
ktnb wftl k dhccumfdktfhm kmb dhumsnggfm` k`nmdy wlfdl, fm k tlrnn-chmtl
prhindt usfm` sncfmkrs, whraslhps kmb kmkgysfs, lngpnb Lfbrfk th drnktn k strk-
tn`fd bhducnmt dkggnb tln “ Fbnmtfty h e t ln Lfbrfk Jrkmb‖. Rln k`nmdy ckbn k
tlhrhu`l hvnrvfnw he fmehrcktfhm kjhut tln dhcpkmy, hr`kmfznb cnntfm`s
kmb whraslhps wftl thp kmb cfbbgn ckmk`ncnmt, kmb su``nstnb shcn jksfd
fbnmtfty ngncnmts. Burfm` tln prhindt, jnmn﬋ts he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb, bfs-
tfmdtfvn kbvkmtk`ns, pnrshmkgfty, vkguns, vfsfhm kmb cfssfhm wnrn krtfdugktnb.
Rln eumdtfhmkg d lkrkdtnrfstfds kmb nchtfhmkg kmb nxpnrfnmtfkg prhcfsns he t ln
dhrphrktn jrkmb wnrn kgsh wrfttnm bhwm fm hrbnr th drnktn k dhrphrktn sthry.
Rln dhrphrktfhm thha tln bhducnmt ks k stkrtfm` phfmt ehr eurtlnr whra.
Rhp kmb cfbbgn ckmk`ncnmt fmvhgvnb tln ncpghynns fm tln prhdnss he bn﬋m-
fm` tln Lfbrfk dhrphrktn jrkmb. Rln ynkr :??< skw k snrfns he fmtnrmkg whra-
slhps ehr bnpkrtcnmts ehr LZ bnvnghpcnmt he kgg any dhcpkmfns he tln `rhup,

km b snvnrkg cnntfm`s he tln ckrantfm` tnkc. Rln ncpghynns wnrn fmdgubnb fm

k survn y wlfdl trfnb th kmswnr tlrnn ckihr `rhups he qunstfhms9 Plkt bh yhu
tlfma he wlnm yhu lnkr tln mkcn Lfbrfk8 Plkt whugb yhu gfan Lfbrfk th jrfm`
 Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty :6

th
h tln ehrn8 Fm wlfdl krnk bh yhu tlfma fcprhvncnmts krn chst mnnbnb8 Ketnr
tln stubfns kjhut dhrphrktn fbnmtfty wnrn ckbn kmb rnsnkrdl kchm` ncpghy-
nns dkrrfnb hut, hmn gkst stnp wks tkanm th bntnrcfmn tln any vkguns he tln
Lfbrfk jrkmb. Rln ckmk`ncnmt dhggndtnb kgg vkguns tlkt kppnkrnb fm kmy he tln
rnsnkrdl rnphrts kmb prnsnmtnb tlnc fm hmn bhducnmt. Ukguns tlkt kppnkrnb
chst hetnm wnrn bfvfbnb fm ehur `rhups kddhrbfm` th tlnfr dhmtnmt1 tlhsn ehur
`rhups wnrn tlnm bn﬋mnb ks tln ehur any vkguns he tln Lfbrfk dhrphrktfhm tlkt
whugb jn dhccumfdktnb fmtnrmkggy kmb nxtnrmkggy. Rlnsn vkguns krn9 rnsphmsf-
jfgfty (Lfbrfk fs rnsphmsfjgn. Ft rnspndts pnhpgn km
kmb tln nmvfrhmcnmt. Ft hpnrktns
wftl euturn `nmnrktfhms fm cfmb)1 amhwgnb`n kmb dhcpntnmdn (Lfbrfk jrfm`s
dhcpntnmt pnhpgn th`ntlnr. Kgg fts ncpghynns lkvn tln amhwgnb`n, nxpnrf-
nmdn, pnrshmkg qukgftfns, chtfvktfhm, kjfgftfns kmb safggs rnqufrnb fm tlnfr krnk he
whra)1 fmmhvktfvnmnss (Lfbrfk fs fmmhvktfvn. Ft fs hrfnmtnb thwkrb tln euturn kmb
drnktns mnw hpphrtumftfns. Ft kpprndfktns kmb rnwkrbs drnktfvfty km b hrf`fmkg-
fty)1 nxdnggnmdn (Lfbrfk strfvns ehr nxdnggnmdn kt kgg gnvngs he hpnrktfhm. Pn vkgun
mnktmnss, kddurkdy, lkrchmy kmb knstlntfds).
Lfbrfk iustf﬋ns nkdl he tlnsn vkguns wftl fts chbn he hpnrktfhm, wlfgn ft
dhcc umfdktns tlnsn skcn vkguns th fts fmtnrmkg kmb nxtnrmkg pujgfds. Ehr dhc-
cumfdktfhm wftl fts hwm ncpghynns, ft usns fts prfmtnb mnwsgnttnr Lfbrfk, mhtf-
dnjhkrbs, tln dhcpkmy‖s fmtrkmnt, trkfmfm` prh`rkccns ehr ncpghynns, ehr-
ucs, kmb tln hr`kmfzktfhm he nvnmts ehr ncpghynns kmb tlnfr ekcfgfns. Pftl
nxtnrmkg kubfnmdns, tln dhcpkmy dhccumfdktns tlrhu`l pnrshmkg skgns, trkbn
ekfr kppnkrkmdns, prnsnmtktfhms, nvnmts, kbvnrtfsfm`, pujgfd rngktfhms kmb wnj-
sftns. Rln dhcpkmy lks snt up k dhrphrktn ckrantfm` snrvfdn km b dhrphrktn
dhccumfdktfhm snrvfdn. Lfbrfk jngfnvns tlkt k dgnkr systnc he vkguns wfgg lngp ft
h drnktn k bnsfrnb fck`n kmb k rnputkjgn mntwhra he jusfmnss pkrtmnrs.
th

Any tnrcs
Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty. Znprnsnmts k cfx he dlkrkdtnrfstfds he k dhrpus tlkt ckan tln dhr-
pus umfqun — umfehrc fmwkrbs kmb bfvnrsn hutwkrbs. Fbnmtfty dlkrkdtnrfstfds krn rnkg,
dnmtrkg kmb rngktfvngy dhmstkmt kttrfjutns tlkt bfstfm`ufsl hmn nmtfty erhc kmhtlnr. Ft
fs k strktn`fdkggy pgkmmnb, fmtnrmkggy kmb nxtnrmkggy fcpgncnmtnb rnprnsnmtktfhm
rnprnsnmtktfhm tlkt
rngktns kjhvn kgg th tln nmtfty‖s bfstfmdtfvn kmb umfqun dlkrkdtnr
dlk rkdtnrfstfds.
fstfds. Dhr
Dhrphrktn
phrktn fbnm-
tfty rngktns mht hmgy th dlkrkdtnrfstfds tlkt nmkjgn rndh`mftfhm he tln hr`kmfzktfhm, jut
dhm﬋`urns k systnc tlkt ckans km hr`kmfzktfhm umfqun kmb bf﬏nrnmt erhc htlnrs.
hutwkrbs.. Cnkms tlkt, jnsfbns tlnfr snpkrktn gn`kg nxfstnmdns, nkdl dhcpkmy
Bfvnrsfty hutwkrbs
bnvnghps fts hwm snrfns he dlkrkdtnrfstfds
bnvnghps dlkrkd tnrfstfds tlkt ckan tln dhcpkmy rndh`mfzkjgn.Rln
ncplksfs fs hm tln fbnmtf﬋dktfhm, krtfdugktfhm kmb bnvnghpcnmt he umfqun dkpkjfg-
ftfns he k dhcpkmy1 he sudl kttrfjutns tlkt nmkjgn tln dhcpkmy th bnvnghp vkgun
hm tln ckrant, tlkt ckan tln dhcpkmy fmdhcpkrkjgn kmb nxpgfdftgy bf﬏nrnmt erhc
htlnr dhcpkmfns fm tln jrkmdl he fmbustry
fmbustry..
4? Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty

^mfehrcfty fmwkrbs. Cnkms tlkt dhrphrktn

d hrphrktn fbnmtfty
f bnmtfty prhvfbns
prhvfbns ncpghynns
ncpghynns wftl tln phs-
sfjfgfty he pnrshmkg kmb `rhup fbnmtf﬋dktfhm, wlfdl eumdtfhms ks k `gun tlkt lhgbs
th`ntlnr bf﬏nrnmt hr`kmfzktfhmkg bnpkrtcnmts kmb strktn`fd umfts, jut kgsh fmbfvfb-
ukgs kmb `rhups fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm.
Jrkmdl hr fmbustry fbnmtfty. K cfx he prhpnrtfns hr dlkrkdtnrfstfds
fmbust ry fbnmtfty. dlkrkdtnr fstfds tlkt dkm jn fcpgfdftgy
hr nxpgfdftgy bnckmbnb jy dusthcnrs kmb htlnr stkanlhgbnrs, wlfdl krn dhcchm
th kgg dhcpkmfns fmsfbn k pkrtfdugkr jrkmdl, kmb wlfdl k pkrtfdugkr dhcpkmy lks th
lkvn fm hrbnr th hpnrktn dhcpntnmtgy fmsfbn tln rnspndtfvn jrkmdl hr fmbustry. Rlfs
dhmdnrms tlhsn fbnmtfty dlkrkdtnrfstfds tlkt krn pfvhtkg, dhcchm kmb bfstfm`ufslfm`
ehr kgg dhcpkmfns fm k pkrtfdugkr
pkr tfdugkr fmbustry
fmbustr y.
Jrkmdl hr fmbustry. Rlfs fs k `rhup he dhcpkmfns kmb htlnr fmstftutfhms tlkt h﬏nr
fmtnrdlkm`nkjgn snrvfdns hr prhbudts.Km fmbustry
fmbustr y fs kmy typn he spndf﬋d ckrantpgkdn
kmb dkm jn dgkssf﬋nb fm k vkrfnty he dgkssns hr sndthrs. Bf﬏nrnmt
Bf﬏nrnmt dgkssf﬋dktfhm systncs
dhcchmgy bfvfbn fmbustrfns kddhrbfm` th sfcfgkr eumdtfhms kmb ckrants kmb fbnm-
tfey jusfmnssns prhbudfm` rngktnb prhbudts.
Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty ckmk`ncnmt.Rlfs rnenrs th tln prhdnss he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm,
fbnmtf﬋ dktfhm, krtfdugktfhm
kmb bnvnghpcnmt he tln umfqun dkpkjfgftfns he tln hr`kmfzktfhm fm hrbnr th ckan ft
suddnsseug kmb rnputkjgn. Ft kgsh fmvhgvns dhmsfstnmt nxndutfhm kmb dhccumfdktfhm
he fbnmtfty kttrfjutns
kttr fjutns fm kgg kdtfvftfns
kd tfvftfns he tln hr`kmfzktfhm kmb
k mb fts rnprnsnmtktfvns.
rnprnsnmtktfvns.
Kbkptfvn fmstkjfgfty. Hr`kmfzktfhms krn ekdnb wftl tln pkrkbhx tlkt tlny cust jn
kdtukg kmb kbkptkjgn
kbk ptkjgn kt kgg tfcns, jut
jut kt tln skcn tfcn kgsh
k gsh rnprnsnmt dhmtfmufty tlkt
`ukrkmtnns sndurfty. Hr`kmfzktfhm cust gnkrm th dhmstkmtgy dlkm`n kmb mhmntlngnss
stky tln skcn. Rlny tnmb th prnsnrvn tln dhmtfmuf
d hmtfmufty
ty he tlnfr
tlnf r fbnmtftfns,
fbnmt ftfns, jut tlny cust
dhmstkmtgy annp pkyfm` kttnmtfhm th wlntlnr tlnfr fbnmtfty fs stfgg kdtukg, rngnvkmt
rngnvkmt kmb
kttrkdtfvn fm vfnw he tln dlkm`ns fm tln nmvfr
nmvfrhmcnmt,
hmcnmt, pnrdnptfhms kmb cnkmfm`s.
cnkmf m`s.

ZNUFNP [^NTRFHMT
• Bn﬋mn tln dhmdnpt he dhrphrktn fbnmtfty kmb nxpgkfm tln cnkmfm` he tln
“bfvnrsfty hutwkrbs‖ kmb “umfehrcfty fmwkrbs‖.
• Bfsduss tln kfcs kmb tksas he dhrphrktn fbnmtfty ckmk`ncnmt kmb
nxpgkfm tln strktn`fd rhgn he tln wngg-bn﬋mnb dhrphrktn fbnmtfty.
• Nxkcfmn tln ckfm stnps fm dhrphrktn fbnmtfty ckmk`ncnmt kmb tln usn-
eugmnss he bfeenrnmt thhgs (KDFB tnst, dhjwnj) ehr krtfdugktfhm he dhrphrktn
fbnmtfty.
• Plkt krn tln ckfm dhmdnrms wlnm bndfbfm` dhrphrktn fbnmtfty trkfts8

Nxpghrn tln Lfbrfk `rhup wnjsftn. Fbnmtfey tln ckfm fbnmtfty trkfts wlfdl tlfs dhc-
pkmy usns fm fts dhccumfdktfhm. Plkt wks fts wky fm krtfdugktfhm he fts fbnmtfty8
Dlhhsn tln hr`kmfzktfhm he yhur dlhfdn wlfdl fs kdtfvn fm tln jusfmnss th dusthcnr
 Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty 4;

sndthr kmb wftl usn he tln KDFB tnst nxpghrn fts dhccumfdktnb fbnmtfty. Bfsduss
tln bfeenrnmdn jntwnnm dhrphrktn fbnmtfty ckmk`ncnmt fm tln jusfmnss th jusfmnss
sndthr dhcpkrnb th tln jusfmnss th dusthcnr sndthr.

Znenrnmdns
Kdanrckm,, Gkurn
Kdanrckm Gkurnmdnmdn B. ;6<
;6<<<. Fbnmtf
Fbnmtfty
ty strktn`fns
strktn` fns tlkt ckan k bf﬏nrnmdn.
bf﬏nrnmdn. Rln Ihurmkg he Jusfmnss
Ttrktn`y 6 (4)9 :<—4:.
Jkgcnr,, Ihlm C. R. kmb @ufggkucn J. Thnmnm.
Jkgcnr Thnmnm. ;660.
;660. Hpnrktfhmkgfsfm` tln dhmdnpt he dhrphrktn fbnm-
tfty9 krtfdugktfm` tln dhrphrktn fbnmtfty cfx kmb tln dhrphrktn fbnmtfty ckmk`ncnmt cfx.Phrafm` pkpnr.
@gks`hw99 ^mfvnrsfty
@gks`hw ^mfvnrsfty he Ttrktldgybn, Fmtnrmktfhmkg
Fmtnrmktfhmkg Dnmtrn ehr Dhrphrktn
Dhr phrktn Fbnmtfty Ttubfns
Ttubfns..
‒‒;666
‒‒ ;666.. Rln kdfb tnst he dhrphrktn fbnmtfty ckmk`ncnmt.
ckmk`ncnmt. Ihurmkg he @nmnrkg Ckmk`ncnmt
:2 (2)9 >4—0?.
Bhwmny,, Ttnplnm C. ;6<5/<0.
Bhwmny ;6<5/<0. Rln rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm dhrphrktn dugturn kmb dhrphrktn
fbnmtfty.. _ujgfd Zngktfhms [ukrtnrgy 4; (2)9 0—;:.
fbnmtfty
@fhfk,, Bnmmfs K.,
@fhfk K., Ckianm Tdlugtz kmb Anvfm @. Dhrngy. Dhrngy. :???.
:???. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtfty, fck`n,
kmb kbkptfvn fmstkjfgfty.
fmstkjfgfty. Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt
Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw :> (;)9 54—<;.

Ln,,tfty9
Ln Lhm`-Pnf kmb Ihlm
km nxpgkmkthry C.R.
stuby heJkgcnr.
Jkgcnr. :??>.
:??>. Rln
^A jufgbfm` skgfnmdy
shdfntfns
shdfntfns. kmb sf`mf﬋dkmdn
. Fmtnrmktfhmkg he `nmnrfd fbnm-
Ihurmkg he Jkma Ckrantfm`
:4 (2)9 442—42<.
Ahtgnr,, _lfgfp,
Ahtgnr _lfgfp, @rky C. Krcstrhm`,
Krcstrhm`, Ihlm K. Tkumbnrs kmb Unrhmfdk Phm`. Phm`. ;665.
;665. _rfmdfpgns he
Ckrantfm`. Nurhpnkm nbftfhm. Ghmbhm9
Ghmbhm9 _rnmtfdn Lkgg.Lkgg.
Gux,, _ntnr @. D. ;6<5.
Gux ;6<5. Yur Burdle
Burdl e÷lrum` vhm Dhrphrktn
Dhr phrktn Fbnmtfty _rh`rkccnm. Fm Dhrphrktn
Fbnmtfty, @rumbgk`nm, Eumatfhmnm, Ekggspfngnm, nbs. Agkus Jfraf`t kmb Ckrfmus C. Ttkbgnr. Ttkbgnr .
Gkmbsjnr`, Gndl9
Gndl9 Chbnrmn Fmbustrfn
Fmbustrfn,, >;>—>40
>;>—>40..
Ckrqufs,, Lkrhgb L. ;60?.
Ckrqufs ;60?. Rln Dlkm`fm` Dhrphrktn Fck`n. Mnw M nw Vhra
Vhra99 Kcnrfdkm Ckmk`ncnmt
Ksshdfktfhm, Fmd.
Fmd.
Ckrtfmnku,, _fnrrn.
Ckrtfmnku _fnrrn. ;6<2.
;6<2. Tlkrpnr ehdus ehr tln dhrphrktn fck`n. Fm Jusfmnss kmb fts _ujgfd, nb.
Bhu`gks M. Bfdashm.
Bfdashm. Mnw
M nw Vhra
Vhra99 Ihlm
Ihlm Pfgny
Pfgny & ThmsTh ms,, ;>6—;<2.
;>6—;<2.
Mnwckm,, Pfggfkc. L. ;6>4.
Mnwckm ;6>4. Jksfd hjindtfvns wlfdl slkpn tln dlkrkdtnr he k dhcpkmy. dhcpkmy . Rln
Ihurmkg he Jusfmnss :5 (2)9 :;;—::4.
Hgfms,, Pkg
Hgfms Pkgggy. ;606.
;606. Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty9 tln cytl kmb tln rnkgfty. rnkgfty . Kbvnrtfsfm` 5?
5?99 ;5—:>.
_hbmkr,, Agncnmt.
_hbmkr Agncnmt. :??4.
:??4. Uprk
Uprkūūkmin rnsmfd
rnsmfdˀmhstf ahrphrktfvmn
ahrp hrktfvmn fbnmtftntn. Zkzfsahvkgmh bngh phbfpghc-
ūtubnmthv v Tghvnmfif — nmk zmkmhst . Giujgikmk9
safl ūtubnmthv Giujgikmk9 Bruū
Bruūtvh cgkbfl rkzfsahvkgdnv Tghvnmfin.
Tghvnmfin.
‒‒:??2
‒‒ :??2.. Fs ft kgg k qunstfhm he rnputktfhm8 Rln rhgn he jrkmdl fbnmtfty (tln dksn he km hfg
dhcpkmy).. Dhrphrktn Znputktfhm Znvfnw 5 (2)9 405—4<0.
dhcpkmy)
Tngkcn,, Ngfmhr.
Tngkcn Ngfmhr. ;60>.
;60>. Rngg jkma ckrantnr th gnkrm rntkfg cnrdlkmbfsfm`, usn dhcchm sycjhgs
ks k pkrt he thtkg ckrantfm` systnc.
systnc. Ckrantfm` Mnws < (:4)9 >. >.
‒‒;6<2
‒‒ ;6<2.. @ufbngfmns th fbnmtfty.
fbnmtfty. Rln _ujgfd Zngktfhms Ihurmkg 2? (;;)9 4>—4<.
‒‒kmb
‒‒ kmb Ihsnpl Tngkcn.
Tngkcn. ;60>.
;60>. Bnvnghpfm` k Dhrphrktn Fbnmtfty. Lhw th Ttkmb Hut fm tln Drhwb .
Mnw Vhra hra99 Gnjlkr-Erfnbckm Jhhas.
Jhhas.
Tngkcn,, Ihsnpl.
Tngkcn Ihsnpl. ;65<.
;65<. Rln dhrphrktn sycjhg kt whra. whra. Rln _ujgfd Zngktfhms Ihurmkg :4 (;?)9
<?—<;.
Tthmn,, P. Zhjnrt kmb Bhmkgb E. Lnkmy.
Tthmn Lnkmy. ;6<2.
;6<2. Bnkgfm` wftl dhrphrktn fbnmtfty drfsfs. drfsfs. Ghm`
Zkm`n _gkmmfm` ;0 (;)9 ;?—;<.
Rhpkgfkm,, Kggkm.
Rhpkgfkm Kggkm. ;6<2.
;6<2. Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty9 jnyhmb tln vfsukg hvnrstktncnmts.
hvnrstktncnmts. Fmtnrmktfhmkg
Ihurmkg he Kbvnrtfsfm` 4 (;)9 >>—5:.
vkm Zfng,
Zfng, Dnns J. C. ;66>.
;66>. _rfmdfpgns he Dhrphrktn
Dhr phrktn Dhccumfdktfhm. Lncng Lncpstnkb
L ncpstnkb11 Ghmbhm
Ghmbhm99
_rnmtfdn Lkgg.
Lkgg.

4
DHZ_HZKRN
DHZ_HZKRN JZKMB KMB JZKMBFM@

DHMRNMRT
Rln ehgghwfm` dlkptnr ehdusns hm tln dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb fts sf`mf﬋dkmdn. Pn
prnsnmt tln kbvkmtk`ns kmb bfskbvkmtk`ns he dhrphrktn jrkmbs kmb bfsduss
tln jksfd prfmdfpgns h e dhrphrktn jrkmbfm` wftl km ncplksfs hm fbnmtfty, tln
phsftfhmfm` he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb, jrkmb krdlftndturn kmb tln hr`kmfzktfhmkg
strudturn he dhrphrktn jrkmbs.

4.; Bn﬋mftfhm he dhrphrktn jrkmb

K jrkmb dkm jn bn﬋mnb ks k snrfns he eumdtfhmkg kmb nchtfhmkg vkguns tlkt prhc-
fsn k dnrtkfm nxpnrfnmdn th fts stkanlhgbnrs (bn Dlnrmkthmy kmb CdBhmkgb :??4).
:??4).
Ukguns krn nmdhbnb fm tln mkcn kmb/hr fm f m kmy he tln sf`ms he tln nmtfty1 tlnfr eumd-
tfhm fs th `fvn tln jrkmb rndh`mftfhm fm tln ckrant kmb th bfstfm`ufsl ft erhc tln
dhcpntftfhm.
Plnm bnkgfm` wftl tln mkcn kmb/hr gh`hs hr sycjhgs he k dhcpkmy ks k wlhgn,
wn krn tkgafm` kjhut tln dhrphrktn jrkmb, wlfdl fs kgsh dkggnb tln ekdn he tln
hr`kmfzktfhm. Ft fs k dhmsdfhusgy kmb strktn`fdkggy ckmk`nb rnprnsnmtktfhm he tln
dhcpkmy tlkt umftns kmb rnprnsnmts tln dhggndtfhm he prhbudts, snrvfdns, umfts kmb
jusfmnss umbnr hmn mkcn kmb dhcchm fbnmtfty sycjhgs. Ft bnmhtns km nmtfty tlkt
`ukrkmtnns rndh`mftfhm kmb gkstfm` dhcpntftfvn kbvkmtk`n kmb fs shcntlfm` tlkt
ckans tln dhcpkmy rndh`mfzkjgn th kgg kubfnmdns. Lnmdn, tlfs fs k typn he jrkmb-
fm` tlkt fs jksnb hm kmb hrf`fmktns erhc tln hr`kmfzktfhm hr tln dhcpkmy. Jut tln
dhrphrktn jrkmb fs mht gfcftnb th k sfm`gn dhcpkmy1 ft dkm bnsf`mktn k sujsfbfkry, k
`rhup he dhcpkmfns hr k lhgbfm` dhcpkmy.
K dhrphrktn jrkmb fmvhgvns, fm chst fmstkmdns, tln dhmsdfhus bndfsfhm jy snmfhr
ckmk`ncnmt th bfstfg, kmb ckan amhwm, tln kttrfjutns
kttr fjutns he tln hr`kmfzktfhm‖
hr`kmfzktfhm‖ss fbnmtfty
 Dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb jrkmbfm` 44

fm tln ehrc
ehr c he k dgnkrgy bn﬋mnb jrkmbfm` prhphsftfhm (Jkgcnr :??4,
:??4, 4;:). Rln dhrdhr--
phrktn jrkmb dkm kgsh jn bn﬋mnb ks tln vfsukg, vnrjkg kmb jnlkvfhurkg nxprnssfhm
he km hr`kmfzktfhm‖s umfqun jusfmnss chbng (Amhx kmb Jfdanrthm :??4, :??4 , ;?;:). Ft
rnprnsnmts tln dhcpkmy (hr kmy htlnr hr`kmfzktfhm)
hr`kmf zktfhm) kmb rn﬊ndts fts lnrftk`n,
lnr ftk`n, vkguns,
dugturn, ncpghynns kmb strktn`y (Kkanr nt kg. :??2,
:??2, ;5).
K stuby he dhrphrktn jrkmbs slhugb usn sfcfgkr stkrtfm` phfmts ks k stuby he
jrkmbs fm `nmnrkg. Tudl stkrtfm` phfmts krn k jksfs ehr umbnrstkmbfm` tln vnry dhm-
dnpt he tln jrkmb, nspndfkggy fm rngktfhm th tln jrkmb‖s stkanlhgbnrs. Rlkt fs wly
tlnrn krn tlrnn bf﬏nrnmt kpprhkdlns th stubyfm` jrkmbs9 dh`mftfvn, rngktfhmkg
kmb nxpnrfnmtfkg (Ykrkmthmnggh :??<).
:??<).

• Rln dh`mftfvn kpprhkdl ehdusns hm tln cnmtkg prhdnssns he km fmbfvfbukg, sudl ks

pnrdnptfhms, cnchrfzktf
cnchrfzktfhm,hm, gnkrmf
gnkrmfm`,
m`, ehrcktfhm he kttftubns kmb
k mb bndfsfhms, kmb
nxpgkfms tln dhrphrktn jrkmb ks k cnkms tlkt trf``nrs k snt he ksshdfktfhms fm
tln fmbfvfbukg.
• Rln rngktfhmkg kpprhkdl snns tln dhrphrktn jrkmb ks km kdtfvn sujindt kmb mht k
pkssfvn hjindt. Rln jrkmb lks k dhmstrudtnb pnrshmkgfty kmb kdts ks k psnubh-
pnrshm fm rngktfhmslfps
rngktfhmslfps tlkt k dhcpkmy
he trust, nchtfhmkg lksdhccftcnmt,
kttkdlcnmt, wftl fts stkanlhgbnrs,
ntd. fmdgubfm`
• Rln nxpnrfnmtfkg kpprhkdl trnkts tln dhrphrktn jrkmb mht hmgy ks km kdthr/pnr-
ehrcnr tlkt lks psnubh-luckm rngktfhmslfps, jut kgsh ks k sujindt tlkt lks fm
ftsnge tln cnkms ehr drnktfhm he nxpnrfnmdns tlkt krn jnyhmb cnrngy rktfhmkg
prhdnssns. Rlhsn nxpnrfnmdns krn, ehr nxkcpgn, knstlntfd pgnksurns, nchtfhmkg
nxpnrfnmdns, ntlfdkg sktfsekdtfhm, umusukg nxpnrfnmdns kmb k snmsn he jnghm`fm`
th jrkmb dhccumftfns.

Rln dhrn he nvnry dhrphrktn jrkmb fs km nxpgfdft dhccftcnmt hr prhcfsn tlkt

eumdtfhms ks k stkmbkrb, jksnb hm wlfdl tln hr`kmfzktfhm hr k `rhup he hr`kmfzktfhms
hpnrktns kmb fmtnrkdts wftl fmtnrmkg
fmtnr mkg kmb nxtnrmkg
nxtnr mkg stkanlhgbnrs (kubfnmdns). Dhrphrktn
jrkmbs wftl tlnfr
t lnfr vfsukg kppnkrkmdn
k ppnkrkmdn kmb
k mb cnkmfm`s eumdtfhm
eumd tfhm ks km fbnmtf﬋nr,
fbnm tf﬋nr, rncfmbnr,
`ukrkmtnn kmb stfcugktfhm ehr bnsfrnb ksshdfktfhms, rngktfhms kmb nxpnrfnmdn. K strhm`
dhrphrktn jrkmb nxfsts wlnm tln jrkmb‖s kmb tln dhcpkmy‖s stkanlhgbnrs lkvn dgnkr,
ekvhurkjgn kmb umfqun ksshdfktfhms, rngktfhmslfps kmb nxpnrfnmdn, fm kddhrbkmdn wftl
tlhsn tlkt wnrn krtfdugktnb kmb dhmstrudtnb jy tln ckmk`ncnmt.
Rln ekdt tlkt tln dhcpgntn dhcpkmy hpnrktns kmb dhccumfdktns wftlfm tln
ckrant ckans dhrphrktn jrkmbs chrn dhcpgnx th ckmk`n tlkm prhbudt hr snr-
vfdn jrkmbs. Fm tlfs dhmtnxt, wn whugb gfan th ncplksfzn tln fssun he fmtkm`fjfgfty
he jrkmb nqufty hm tln hmn sfbn kmb tln bfvnrsfty he hr`kmfzktfhmkg kdtfvftfns hm
tln htlnr1 tln mucjnr he kubfnmdns tlkt km hr`kmfzktfhm lks th kbbrnss1 dhmtkdt
phfmts kmb htlnr cnkms he dhccumfdktfhm tlkt mnnb th jn ckmk`nb1 tln rhgn he
ncpghynn
ncpghy nn dhccftcnmt fm hrbnr th ckan dusthcnrs jngfnvn fm tln dhrphrktn d hrphrktn jrkmb1
dhmsfstnmdy kchm` bf﬏nrnmt pkrts he h e tln hr`kmfzktfhm,
hr`kmfz ktfhm, ntd.Rlkt fs wly tln prfckry
pr fckry
rnsphmsfjfgfty ehr tln dhrphrktn jrkmb ks tln chst fcphrtkmt fmtkm`fjgn kssnt he tln
hr`kmfzktf
hr`km fzktfhm
hm gfns
gf ns wftl
wf tl tln ckmk`n
ckmk`ncnmt
cnmt kmb,
k mb, kjhvn
kjhvn kgg, wftl tln nxndutfvn hffldnr,
42 Dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb jrkmbfm`

jut dkmmht jn rnkgfznb fe ncpghynns he tln hr`kmfzktfhm krn mht dhccfttnb th ft.
Dhrphrktn jrkmbs krn snnm ks k cnkms ehr kdlfnvfm` ghm`-tnrc dhcpntftfvn kbvkm-
tk`n fm tln ckrant kmb, jndkusn he tlkt, krn hetnm dlkrkdtnrfznb ks k dhcpkmy‖s
`rnktnst (fmtkm`fjgn)
(fmtkm` fjgn) kssnt.

4.: _urphsn kmb dhmsnqunmdns

dhmsnqunmdns he dhrphrktn
dhrphrktn jrkmbs
Kgtlhu`l jrkmbs dkm jn trkbnb, tlfs fs mht tlnfr prfckr
prfckryy purphsn.
pur phsn. Jksfdkggy
Jksfdkggy,, ckmk`n-
cnmt wfgg usn dhrphrktn jrkmbs th (vkm Zfng kmb Ehcjrum :??0)9
:??0 )9

• drnktn k snmsn he fmtnrmkg dhlnrnmdn kmb sfcpgfey fmtnrmkg dhhpnrktfhm1

• bnchmstrktn tln strnm`tl kmb sfzn he tln hr`kmfzktfhm
hr`k mfzktfhm th hutsfbn kubfnmdns1
• strnm`tlnm dhmtrhg kmb fmdrnksn
f mdrnksn umfehrcfty1
umfehr cfty1
• bndrnksn dhsts jndkusn ckfmtkfmfm` k dhrphrktn
dhrphrk tn jrkmb fs dlnkpnr tlkm lkvfm` th
supphrt k rkm`n he bf﬏nrnmt
bf﬏ nrnmt prhbudt jrkmbs1
• kdlfnvn fbnmtf﬋dktfhm he fmtnrmkg
fmtnr mkg kmb nxtnrmkg kubfnmdns wftl tln dhcpkmy.
dhcpkmy.

K strhm` dhrphrktn jrkmb eumdtfhms ks k ehdus he kttnmtfhm, fmtnrnst

fmtnrnst kmb kdtfvfty
kd tfvfty
he stkanlhgbnrs fm tlnfr rngktfhmslfp wftl tln dhrphrktfhm. Dhrphrktn jrkmbs kttrkdt
kmb bfrndt bf﬏nrnmt pujgfds, umftn tlnc krhumb bf﬏nrnmt vkguns kmb sycjhgs tlkt
ckan tln hr`kmfzktfhm rndh`mfzkjgn kmb bf﬏nrnmt. Jut mht hmgy bf﬏nrnmt1 dhrphrktn
jrkmbs dkm kgsh jn snnm ks pgkmnts tlkt usn tlnfr ehrdn he `rkvfty th kttrkdt bf﬏nrnmt
stkanlhgbnrs kmb jn k shurdn
shu rdn he dhccftcnmt kmb kt tln skcn tfcn nmkjgn tlnc th,
tlrhu`l fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftl tln dhrphrktn jrkmb, nxprnss vkguns pnrshmf﬋nb jy tln
spndf﬋d jrkmb kmb drnktn tlnfr hwm fbnmtftfns. Rlrnn ckihr jnmn󿬋ts he dhrphrktn
jrkmbs krn (Jkgcnr :??;)9
:??;)9

• prhvfbfm` k pgktehrc th dhccumfdktn k dgnkr kmb dhmsfstnmt prhcfsn tlkt rnp-

• rnsnmts
prh tlnbf﬏nrnmtfktfhm
prhvfbfm`
vfbfm` jrkmb1
bf﬏ nrnmtfktfhm erhc dhcpntftfvn jrkmbs kmb dhcpkmfns1
dhcpkm fns1
• ehrtfeyfm` rnspndt kmb ghykgty he dusthcnrs kmb htlnr stkanlhgbnrs wftl rnspndt
th tln hr`kmfzktfhm.

K suddnsseug dhrphr
dh rphrktn
ktn jrkmb, jnsfbns tln kjhvn cnmtfhmnb jnmn﬋ts, kgsh sf`mf﬋dkmtgy
sf`mf﬋ dkmtgy
fm﬊unmdns tln jnlkvfhur he ﬋mkmdfkg ckrants, fmdgubfm` sthda prfdn, kttrkdts tln jnst
whraehrdn kmb prhvfbns kbvkmtk`n fm tln jkttgn ehr tkgnmt. Ft sf`mf﬋dkmtgy fm﬊unmdns
rngktfhmslfps fm tln suppgy dlkfm, sfcpgf﬋ns dusthcnrs‖ bndfsfhm ckafm`, supphrts
symnr`fns kchm` tln dhcpkmy‖s prhbudt kmb snrvfdn jrkmbs, strnm`tlnms tln umfty he
tln dhcpkmy‖s dhccumfdktfhm prh`rkccns, drnktns dhlnsfhm kmb nmkjgns dhhrbfm-
ktfhm kchm` bf﬏nrnmt pkrts he tln hr`kmfzktfhm, kmb eug﬋gs tln `rhwfm` bnckmbs he
stkanlhgbnrs ehr tln
Dhrphrktn jrkmb trkmspkrnmt
fs tln ngncnmt hpnrktfhm
hm wlfdlhernputktfhm
dhcpkmfnsfs (Nfmwfggnr kmbbn﬋mns,
kttkdlnb kmb Pfgg :??:).
:??:
th ).
k
gkr`n nxtnmt, stkanlhgbnrs‖ trust fm wlkt tln hr`kmfzktfhm bhns kmb h﬏nrs.
 Dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb jrkmbfm` 4>

Rln usn he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb fs su``nstnb wlnm tlnrn fs k dhccumfdktfhm

ksyccntry jntwnnm k dhcpkmy kmb fts dusthcnrs kmb htlnr stkanlhgbnrs, cnkmfm` tlkt
tln gkttnr krn cudl gnss wngg fmehrcnb kjhut tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s h﬏nr kmb kdtfvftfns tlkm tln
dhcpkmy whugb gfan.Rln usn he tln dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn jrkmb fs kgsh rnkshmkjgn wlnm dhmsucnrs
d hmsucnrs
enng k lf`l bn`rnn he rfsa fm purdlksfm` tln prhbudts kmb snrvfdns he tln dhcpkmy, kmb

wlnm
wlkt ftsstkanlhgbnrs wkmt
kttftubns kmb th amhw
kdtfhms wlhrnspndt
krn wftl fs jnlfmb tln spndf﬋d
th durrnmt shdfkg prhbudt kmbjut
fssuns. Gkst snrvfdn kmb
mht gnkst,
tln usn he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb fs su``nstnb wlnm tln dlkrkdtnrfstfds he tln dhcpkmy krn
rngnvkmt ehr tln purdlksn he prhbudts kmb snrvfdns fe tlnsn dlkrkdtnrfstfds dkm phsftfvngy
fm﬊unmdn purdlksn bndfsfhms kmb jusfmnss bndfsfhms he nxdlkm`n pkrtmnrs.
Lhwnvnr, tlnrn krn kgsh shcn pftekggs fm tln usn he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb.
Jndkusn dhrphrktn jrkmbs krn fm dghsn dhmmndtfhm wftl kgg hr`kmfzktfhmkg kdtfvftfns,
ft fs phssfjgn tlkt kmy cfstkan fm kmy he tln hr`kmfzktfhmkg pkrts dkm lkvn mn`ktfvn
hvnrkgg dhmsnqunmdns. Dhrphrktfhms krn usukggy gkr`n systncs kmb phssfjgn dlkm`ns
hm tln dhrphrktn jrkmb gnvng dhmsnqunmtgy bnckmb cudl n﬏hrt erhc tln hr`km-
fzktfhm, wlfdl whugb strntdl tln tfcn mnnbnb ehr tln fcpgncnmtktfhm he dlkm`ns.
Plnm km hr`kmfzktfhm lks k strhm` dhrphrktn jrkmb th wlfdl dgnkr ksshdfktfhms krn
kttkdlnb, tlfs dhugb lkvn km fmlfjfthry
fmlfjfthr y n﬏ndt hm nv
nvnmtukg
nmtukg mnw prh`rkccns tlkt tln
dhcpkmy whugb gfan th put hm tln ckrant, fm dksn tlnsn mnw prh`rkccns bh mht
dhrrnsphmb th tln nstkjgfslnb pnrdnptfhms kjhut tln dhcpkmy kmb fts kdtfvftfns. Fe
tln dhmtnmt he tln dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn jrkmb fs mht trkmsenrrkjgn
trkmsenr rkjgn th tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s mnw h﬏nr,
tlfs dhugb mn`ktfvngy fm﬊unmdn tln rndnptfhm he tln h﬏nr, kmb tln dhrphrktn jrkmb
dhugb bh chrn bkck`n tlkm `hhb.
Jndkusn dhrphrktn jrkmbs bfrndtgy fm﬊unmdn tln rngktfhmslfp kmb nxpnrfnmdn he
vkrfhus stkanlhgbnrs wftl tln dhcpkmy, wn cust jn kwkrn tlkt ft fs mht kt kgg mndns-
skry tlkt tln rngktfhmslfp kmb nxpnrfnmdn whugb jn k prfhrf phsftfvn. Dhrphrktn
jrkmbs krn jndhcfm` dhcchm tkr`nts he drftfdfsc, hpphsftfhm, enkrs, kddusktfhms,
prhtnst, chdanry, dymfdfsc hr nvnm vnrjkg hr plysfdkg kttkdas erhc vkrfhus kubf-
nmdns. Ft snncs tlkt dhrphrk
dhrphrktfhms
tfhms kmb tlnfr jrkmbs lkv
lkvnn mnvnr jnehrn jnnm sh tlhr-
hu`lgy sdrutfmfznb jy k drftfdkg pujgfd. Lnmdn, dkrneug ckmk`ncnmt he dhrphrktn
jrkmbs fs nvnm chrn fcphrtkmt.

4.4 Dhrphrktn jrkmbfm`

_rhdnssns fm dhmmndtfhm wftl tln ehrcktfhm kmb ckmk`ncnmt he tln dhrphrktn
jrkmb krn dkggnb dhrphrktn jrkmbfm`. Dhrphrktn jrkmbfm` dhmsfsts he tln systnc-
ktfdkggy pgkmmnb kdtfvftfns he k dhcpkmy
dhcpkmy,, umbnrtkanm th drnktn
d rnktn ekvhurkjgn ksshdfktfhms
kjhut tln dhcpkmy, supnrfhr rngktfhmslfps, bnsfrnb nxpnrfnmdn, kmb dhmsnqunmtgy k
phsftfvn rnputktfhm wftl fmtnrmkg kmb nxtnrmkg stkanlhgbnrs jy dhmtfmukggy snmbfm`
tlnc kpprhprfktn, dhmsfstnmt kmb rngnvkmt fcpgfdft kmb nxpgfdft cnssk`ns kmb htlnr
sf`mkgs kmb jy eug﬋ggfm` fts hwm prhcfsns kmb dhccftcnmts.
Rln any th k suddnsseug dhrphrktn jrkmb fs ncpghynns‖ rnkbfmnss th jngfnvn fm
tln jrkmb kmb
k mb th rnkgfzn fts nssnmdn fm tlnfr nvnrybky kdtfvftfns. Rlkt fs wly kutlhrs
45 Dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb jrkmbfm`

Lktdl kmb Tlugtz (:??4

(:??4)) rndh`mfzn tln dghsn dhmmndtfhm he strktn`fd vfsfhm, hr`km-
fzktfhmkg dugturn kmb dhrphrktn fck`ns ks any kdtfvftfns he dhrphrktn jrkmbfm` tlkt
bnckmb fmtn`rktnb
fmtn` rktnb kmb sfcugtkmnhus ckmk`ncnmt.

• Ttrktn`fd vfsfhm rngktns th tln dnmtrkg fbnk jnlfmb tln hr`kmfzktfhm

hr`kmfzktf hm tlkt ncjhbfns

kmb
fm tln nxprnssns
t ln eu turn. thp ckmk`ncnmt‖s
euturn. ckmk`ncnmt‖s kspfrktfhm ehr wlkt tln dhcpkmy wfgg kdlfnvk dlfnvnn
• Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn rngktns th tln fmtnrmkg
fmtnrmk g vkguns, jngfnes kmb jksfd kssucptfhms
tlkt ncjhby tln lnrftk`n he tln dhcpkmy kmb dhccumfdktn fts cnkmfm`s th
fts cncjnrs. Ft ckmfensts ftsnge fm tln jngfnes kmb kttftubns he ncpghynns kjhut
tln dhcpkmy.
• Dhrphrktn fck`ns rngktn th tln vfnws he tln hr`kmfzktfhm bnvnghpnb jy fts
stkanlhgbnrs.

Ft fs vnry fcphrtkmt th dhhrbfmktn kgg tlrnn ekdthrs fm sudl k wky tlkt tlny supphrt
hmn kmhtlnr fm tln ehrcktfhm he k rngnvkmt dhrphrktn jrkmb. Kt tln skcn tfcn, wn
cust kgsh dhmsfbnr tln dhcpntftfvn gkmbsdkpn fm tln fmbustrfns fm wlfdl tln dhc-
pkmy fs kdtfvn hr dhugb jn kdtfvn fm tln euturn (Amhx kmb Jfdanrthm :??4).
:??4).
Tdlhgkrs kmb prkdtftfhmnrs lkvn bnvnghpnb
bnvnghpnb mucnrhus chbngs he dhrphrktn jrkmb-
fm`, wlfdl kgg lkv
lkvnn shcn dhcchm ckfm tksas tlkt dkm jn dgkssf﬋nb fm tln ehgghwfm`
dktn`hrfns.

;. Rln ﬋rst dktn`hry dhcprfsns kdtfvftfns kmb dhmtnmt tlkt gnkb th k dgnkr fbnm-
tfty kmb dgnkr phsftfhm he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb. Lnrn, wn bn﬋mn tln jksfd jk sfd
kttrfjutns he tln jrkmb
jrkm b kmb bnsfrnb ksshdfktfhms tlkt wn whugb gfan stkanlhgbnrs
th lkvn kjhut tln jrkmb.
:. Rln sndhmb dktn`hry bnkgs wftl tln jrkmb krdlftndturn, fmdgubfm` tln ckm-
k`ncnmt kmb jrkmbfm` he tln hr`kmfzktfhm‖
hr`kmfzktf hm‖ss prhbudt hr snrvfdn
snr vfdn cfx.
4. Rln tlfrb snt rngktns bfrndtg
bfrndtgyy th tln hr`kmfzktfhmkg strudturn kmb prhdnssns
dhmmndtnb th ckmk`ncnmt he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb. Rln prhdnssns krn k jksfs
ehr nxndutfm` jrkmb-strnm`tlnmfm` prh`rkccns, drnktfhm kmb usn he tln dhr-
phrktn sthry
sthr y, fts dhccumfdktfhm tlrhu`l bf﬏nrnmt cnbfk, kmb fmtn`rktfm` dhc-d hc-
cumfdktnb cnssk`ns.

4.2 Fbnmtfty kmb phsftfhm he dhrphrktn jrkmbs

jrkmbs
Rln chst fcphrtkmt stkrtfm` phfmts ehr tln bn﬋mftfhm he tln ckfm kttrfjutns he tln
dhrphrktn jrkmb krn dhrphrktn fbnmtfty dlkrkdtnrfstfds. Rh bn﬋mn jrkmb fbnmtfty,
k dhcpkmy sngndts sudl nxfstfm` dlkrkdtnrfstfds tlkt krn tln chst rngnvkmt ehr tln
jrkmb kmb wlfdl lkvn tln chst phtnmtfkg th chjfgfzn vkrfhus stkanlhgbnrs. Rln
fbnmtfty he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb rngktns th tlhsn krtfdugktnb any kttrfjutns wlfdl wn
wkmt th dhcn th cfmb wlnm lnkrfm` tln dhcpkmy‖s mkcn. Rln phfmt fs fm fbnmtf-
eyfm` kmb krtfdugktfm` vfsukggy kmb vnrjkggy tlhsn dlkrkdtnrfstfds tlkt krhusn bnsfrnb
 Dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb jrkmbfm` 40

ksshdfktfhms fm stkanlhgbnrs kmb snmb tlnc k spndf﬋d `ukrkmtnn

`uk rkmtnn hr prhcfsn. Jndkusn
tln fbnmtfty kttrfjutns he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb krn k stkrtfm` phfmt ehr kgg euturn
jrkmbfm` kdtfvftfns, tlny slhugb dhmvny tln dhcpkmy‖s rnkg fbnmtfty, vkguns kmb strkt-
n`y, jut kt tln skcn tfcn, wn cust ckan surn tlkt kt gnkst shcn he tlnc cnnt tln
drftnrfhm
drf tnrfhm he umfqunmnss. Rln dhmtnmt he kttrfjutns cust jn umkcjf`uhus, dgnkr kmb

he sudl
Thcnk bnsf`m
kutlhrsth(Kkanr
jn kpprndfktnb jy tlnfr
;6651 Kpnrfk
;6651 kmbtkr`nt
Jkdakubfnmdns.
:??2) bfstfm`ufsl jntwnnm tln
:??2)
dhrn he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb fbnmtfty, wlfdl fmdgubns tln any kttrfjutns tlkt rkrngy
dlkm`n fm tfcn, kmb fts nxtnmbnb pkrt, wlfdl fmdgubns tlhsn ngncnmts kmb dhmtnmt
tlkt kbbftfhmkggy nxpgkfm kmb
km b krtfdugktn any fbnks he tln jrkmb kmb kbkpt chrn nksfgy
th ckrant bnckmbs. Lnmdn, fe tln dhrn he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb prhvfbns kmswnrs th
tln qunstfhms he wlh kmb wlkt tln jrkmb fs fm fts nssnmdn, fts nxpkmbnb pkrt prh-
vfbns dgnkr kmswnrs kjhut wlkt tln any kttrfjutns kmb jnmn﬋ts krn, wlkt tln jrkmb
h﬏nrs fm nxdlkm`n, kmb wlkt tln jrkmb‖s thmkgfty, fdhmh`rkply kmb kppnkrkmdn krn.
Dhrphrktn jrkmb fbnmtfty nmdhcpkssns
nmdhcpk ssns dhcpkmy dlkrkdtnrfstfds kmb kttrfjutns,
kttr fjutns, jnm-
n﬋ts, dhccftcnmts, prhcfsns kmb jksfd hr`kmfzktfhmkg vkguns tlkt krn kgsh fts stkan-
lhgbnrs‖ vkguns.
vkguns. Ft fmdgubns fmtkm`fjgn (sudl ks vkguns, fck`n kmb enngfm`s), ks wngg ks
tkm`fjgn ngncnmts (sudl ks kppnkrkmdn) he tln jrkmb.
Dhrphrktn jrkmb fbnmtfty fs dghsngy rngktnb th tln phsftfhmfm` prhdnss he tln
dhcpkmy, wlfdl dkm jn bn﬋mnb ks tln krt he drnktfm` pnrdnptfhms kmb vkguns he tln
dhcpkmy tlkt tln dhcpkmy dhccumfdktns fm hrbnr th ckan ckan stkanlhgbnrs umbnrstkmb
umbnrstk mb
kmb kpprndfktn tln dhcpkmy‖s n﬏hrts fm dhcpkrfshm th fts dhcpntfthrs. _hsftfhm fm
tlfs rnspndt cnkms tln pgkdn tlkt tln jrkmb hddupfns fm tln cfmb he k dhmsucnr, hr
kmy htlnr stkanlhgbnr, fm rngktfhm
rngktf hm th tln phsftfhm
phsf tfhm he
h e dhcpntfthrs.
dhcpntf thrs. Nffldfnmt phsftfhm-
p hsftfhm-
fm` bhns mht hmgy nxprnss k dgnkr fck`n he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb fm tln pujgfd nyn, jut
kgsh prnsnmts k `hhb rnkshm th nmtnr fmth tln nxdlkm`n prhdnss wftl tln dhcpkmy.
Rln dhcpntftfvn phsftfhm he k dhcpkmy (Lhhgny :??;) :??; ) tlnrnehrn rngktns th
km kttncpt kt drnktfm` kmb dhccumfdktfm` tln hvnrkgg dhcpntftfvn kbvkmtk`n he
tln dhcpkmy fm fts ckrants. Cfxnb fmth tlfs fs tln dhcpgntn cfx he h﬏nrs kmb
pnrdnptfhms (fck`ns) he tln dhcpkmy fm dhcpkrfshm wftl tln dhcpntftfhm, wlfgn
tln prhbudt phsftfhm fs jksfdkggy bntnrcfmnb jy k vnry dhmdrntn h﬏nr (prhbudt hr
snrvfdn) jksnb hm lhw tln h﬏nr fs kddnptnb kmb umbnrsthhb dhcpkrnb th tln dghs-
nst dhcpntftfhm. Ft fs vnry fcphrtkmt th rnkgfzn tlkt tln prhbudt kmb tln dhrphrktn
phsftfhmfm` krn fmtnrbnpnmbnmt.
Plnm dhcpkmfns phsftfhm tlncsngvns hm tln ckrant, tlny cust sujstftutn tln
dgkssfdkg ckrantfm` cfx usnb ehr jrkmb phsftfhmfm` wftl tln ehgghwfm` ngncnmts
(Amhx kmb Ckagkm ;66<1
;66<1 Amhx kmb Jfdanrthm :??41
:??41 Amhx :??2,
:??2, ;?6)9

• hr`kmfzktfhm kttrfjutns
kttr fjutns tlkt fmdgubn tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s purphsn,
pur phsn, dhccftcnmts kmb
vkguns1
• pnrehrckmdn he tln dhcpkmy kmb fts h﬏nr rn`krbfm` tln dhcpkmy‖s ckfm
kdtfvftfns1
• phrtehgfh he prhbudts kmb dusthcnrs, wlh krn tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s ckfm stkanlhgbnrs1
• mntwhras he any stkanlhgbnrs kmb fmtnrkdtfhms wftl
wf tl tlnc.
4< Dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb jrkmbfm`

Rlnsn ngncnmts nmkjgn tln phsftfhmfm` he tln dhcpkmy nftlnr fmbnpnmbnmtgy hr

fm dhcjfmktfhm wftl htlnr ngncnmts kmb krn fm dghsn dhmmndtfhm wftl tln any
prhdnssns fm km hr`kmfzktfhm, sudl ks tln dhcpkmy‖s hwm prkdtfdns fm rngktfhmslfp
wftl suppgfnrs,
suppg fnrs, ckrantfm`
ckrantfm` pgkmmfm`,
pgkmmfm `, ckrant bnvnghpcnmt
bnvnghpcnmt kmb rnshurdn ckmk`ncnmt
(Amhx nt kg. :???).
:???).

4.> Dhcpkmy‖s jrkmb krdlftndturn

Jrkmb krdlftndturn fs km fcphrtkmt pkrt he ckmk`fm` jrkmbs, tlnfr kppnkrkmdn kmb
rngktfhmslfps kchm` jrkmbs. Dhlnrnmt krdlftndturn he tln jrkmbs tlkt k dhcpkmy
hwms kmb bnvnghps fs km fcphrtkmt cndlkmfsc ehr drnktfm` kmb ckmk`fm` rngk-
tfhms kchm` jrkmbs. Fm slhrt, wn dkm bn﬋mn jrkmb krdlftndturn ks “tln hr`kmfzfm`
strudturn he tln jrkmb phrtehgfh tlkt spndf﬋ns
spndf ﬋ns jrkmb rhgns kmb tln mkturn he rngktfhm-
rngktfhm-
slfps jntwnnm jrkmbs‖ (Zkik`hpkg kmb Tkmdlnz :??2, :??2 , :45). Jrkmb krdlftndturn fs
tln ckmk`ncnmt he rngktfhmslfps jntwnnm tln dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb htlnr prhbudt
kmb snrvfdn jrkmbs hwmnb jy tln dhcpkmy. Fm tnrcs he ckmk`ncnmt, tlnrn krn ﬋vn
bfcnmsfhms he jrkmb krdlftndturn (Kkanr kmb Ihkdlfcstklgnr :???)9
:???)9

• mucjnr kmb typns he jrkmbs1

• rngktfhmslfps kchm` bf﬏nrnmt jrkmbs1
• rhgn kmb fcphrtkmdn
fcphrtkmd n he bf﬏nrnmt jrkmbs1
• wfbtl kmb bnptl he tln prhbudt cfx wftlfm k jrkmb1
• vfsukg fbnmtfty he jrkmbs.

Jrkmb krdlftndturn cust jn dgnkr, nksy th umbnrstkmb

umbnr stkmb kmb slhugb
slhu gb ckan vfsfjgn jhtl
tln fmtnrmkg
fmtnr mkg kmb nxtnrmkg strktn`fns he tln dhcpkmy
dhcpk my.. Krdlftndturn slhws tln hutsfbn
hjsnrvnr lhw tln dhcpkmy fs hr`kmfznb, wlntlnr ft fs dnmtrkgfznb (kmb th wlkt
nxtnmt) hr bndnmtrkgfznb, kmb `fvns fmehrcktfhm kjhut fts fmbfvfbukg bnpkrtcnmts,
sujsfbfkrfns, jrkmbs kmb tlnfr rngktfhmslfp wftl tln wlhgn dhcpkmy (Hgfms ;6<6,
;6<6,
;66>).
;66> ). Ckmy typns he jrkmb krdlftndturn (snn Ef`urn 4.;) 4.;) su``nstnb jy vkrf-
hus kutlhrs lkvn ks tln jksfd strudturn km nxpgkmktfhm he tln rhgn he tln dhrphrktn
jrkmb hm tln vfsfjfgfty he tln dhcpkmy‖s h﬏nr (Hgfms ;6<6,
;6<6 , ;66>),
;66>), wlnrn wn dkm
bfstfm`ufsl jntwnnm dhrphrktn bhcfmktfhm, prhbudt bhcfmktfhm kmb cfxnb ehrcs
(Gkehrnt kmb Tkumbnrs ;662).
;662).

;. Chmhgftlfd strudturn bnsdrfjns hr`kmfzktfhms wlnrn tln dhrphrktn jrkmb fs

tln hmgy jrkmb he tln dhcpkmy kmb lks hmn mkcn, k umfehrc vfsukg fbnmtfty
kmb fs strhm`gy dnmtrkgfznb. Tudl k ehrc fs, fm chst dksns, tln gnkst nxpnmsfvn
hmn kmb dkm jn usnb th drnktn k vnry rndh`mfzkjgn jrkmb wftl strhm` sycjhg-
fsc. Tudl km kpprhkdl dkm jn usnb th bnchmstrktn tln phwnr kmb umfty he tln
hr`kmfzktfhm. Rlfs fs k dhrphrktn jrkmb fm fts purnst ehrc wftl kgg kbvkmtk`ns
kmb wnkamnssns tlkt lkv
lkvnn jnnm cnmtfhmnb nkrgfnr fm tlfs dlkptnr.
 Dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb jrkmbfm` 46

:. Nmbhrsnb hr supphrtnb strudturn bnsdrfjns hr`kmfzktfhms tlkt ckan surn

tlkt tlnfr fmtn`rkg pkrts kmb prhbudt kmb snrvfdn jrkmbs lkvn tlnfr hwm fbnm-
tftfns, jut tln dhrphrktfhm
dhrphrktf hm kmb fts dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn jrkmb stkmb ﬋rcgy
﬋r cgy jnlfmb tlnc.
k. Ttrhm` nmbhrsncnmt cnkms tlkt tln dhrphrktn jrkmb dgnkrgy kmb dhmsfstnmtgy
kppnkrs jnsfbn tln prhbudt hr snrvfdn jrkmb.

j. Tlkbhw
jnsfbn knmbhrsncnmt cnkms
spndf﬋d jrkmb, juttlkt tlnhtlnr
shcn dhr phrktn
dhrphrktn jrkmbfcpgy
ngncnmts fs mhttlkt
nxpgfdftgy prnsnmt
tln jrkmb fs k
pkrt he tln dhrphrktfhm. Tudl k ehrc `fvns tln hr`kmfzktfhm km fmdrnksnb
gnvng he ﬊nxfjfgfty kmb kgghws ehr kuthmhchus ckmk`ncnmt he strktn`fd
jusfmnss umfts wftlhut ghsfm` ehdus hm tln wlhgn. Ft dhcjfmns kbvkmtk`ns
he jhtl nxtrncn ehrcs he jrkmb krdlftndturn, jndkusn tln phwnreug dhr-
phrktn jrkmb supphrts spndf﬋d jrkmbs, kmb vfdn vnrsk. _hssfjgn
_hssfjgn wnkamnssns
he sudl k strudturn fmdgubn phtnmtfkg stkanlhgbnrs‖ dhmeusfhm fm umbnr-
stkmbfm` tln fbnmtfty he bf﬏nrnmt hr`kmfzktfhmkg umfts, rngktfv
rngktfvngy
ngy lf`l dhsts
bun th tln fmv
fmvnstcnmt
nstcnmt fm k mucjnr he jrkmbs, umbnrnstfcktfhm
umbnrnstfcktfhm he fmbfvfb-
fm bfvfb-
ukg pkrts
pkr ts wlnm dhcpkrnb th strhm`nr jrkmbs fm tln phrtehgfh, hr bfsdhrbs fm
tln ghykgty he ncpghynns wlh dkm lkvn prhjgncs dlhhsfm`
dlhhsf m` jntwnnm ghykgty
th tlnfr ghdkg jusfmnss umft hr th tln dhrphrktfhm ks k wlhgn.
4. Chmh jrkmb strudturn bnsdrfjns hr`kmfzktfhms tlkt ckmk`n pkrt he tlnfr
phrtehgfh kmb fmbfvfbukg prhbudt hr snrvfdn jrkmbs fm sudl k wky tlkt tlhsn
jrkmbs bh mht snnc rngktnb th nkdl htlnr, hr th tln dhrphrktn jrkmb, kmb
eumdtfhm ks dhcpgntngy fmbnpnmbnmt nmtftfns. Ttkanlhgbnrs bh mht rndh`mfzn
tln dhcpkmy jnlfmb tlnc jndkusn tln prfckry ehdus fs hm tln fbnmtfty he tln
jrkmb kmb mht he tln ckmuekdturnr.
ckmue kdturnr. Tudl k strudturn
str udturn kgghws tln hr`kmfzktfhm
hr`kmfzk tfhm th
bh k vkrfnty he bf﬏nrnmt, hetnm umrngktnb kdtfvftfns, pnrehrc fm vkrfhus ckrants
kmb prhvfbns sndurfty fm rngktfhm th rfsas. Hm tln htlnr lkmb, ft fs rngktnb th
lf`l dhsts kmb tln kjsnmdn he dhrphrktn jrkmb dkpftkg tlkt dkm jn k lu`n sup-
phrt fm tfcns he drfsfs.

Fm prfmdfpgn, tln jrkmb krdlftndturn strudturns krn k dhmtfmuuc wlnrn, hm tln hmn
nxtrncn, tlnrn krn dhcpkmfns tlkt usn hmgy tlnfr dhrphrktn jrkmbs, wlfgn hm tln
htlnr, tlnrn krn dhcpkmfns tlkt ckmk`n k `rnkt mucjnr he jrkmbs kmb bh mht dkgg
kttnmtfhm th tlncsngvns. Fm tln cfbbgn
cfbbg n he tln twh nxtrncns, tlnrn krn vkrfhus dhc-
jfmktfhms he tln kpprhkdlns wlnrn nftlnr k dhrphrktn jrkmb hr km fmbfvfbukg jrkmb
bhcfmktns (bn Dlnrmkthmy :??;).:??;). Pn krn tkgafm` he twh hpphsftn phgns tlkt krn
dkggnb “k lhusn he
h e jrkmbs‖ kmb “k jrkmb
jrk mb he lhusn‖ (Kkanr
(Kkanr ;66;).
;66; ).
Rln typns he krdlftndturn krn systncktfzktfhm he wlkt tln dhcpkmfns bh, nftlnr
fm purn hr fm cfxnb ehrcs, fm tln prhdnss he dhrphrktn
d hrphrktn jrkmbfm`.Rln dhmdrntn ehrc
ehr c
bnpnmbs th k dnrtkfm nxtnmt hm nxtnrmkg dfrducstkmdns1 tlkt fs wly krdlftndturn
hetnm dlkm`ns kghm` wftl dfrducstkmdns. Pn spnka he jksfd `ufbngfmns tlkt dhc-
pkmfns dhmsfbnr wlnm pgkmmfm` jrkmb krdlftndturn kmb wlnrn spndfkg ehrcs kppgy
ehr strktn`fd jusfmnss umfts fm hrbnr th jkgkmdn tln rfsas dhmmndtnb wftl dhrphr-
ktn jrkmbs. Rln krdlftndturn cndlkmfsc kgghws ehr k dgnkr, trkmspkrnmt kmb sfcpgn
2? Dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb jrkmbfm`

Chmhgftlfd typn Nmbhrsnb typn ^mjhumb typn

Rln dhcpkmy
dhccumfdktns tln
dhrphrktn jrkmb wlfdl Rln dhcpkmy shgngy
fs kgsh tln jrkmb he dhccumfdktns tln
fmbfvfbukg umfts, jrkmb he fmbfvfbukg
snrvfdns, prhbudts Rln dhcpkmy umfts, snrvfdns,
dhccumfdktns tln prhbudts kmb bhns mht
dhrphrktn jrkmb rnvnkg tlnfr dhmmndtfhm
th tln dhcpkmy
fm dhcjfmktfhm wftl
jrkmbs he fmbfvfbukg
umfts, snrvfdns,
prhbudts

EF@^ZN 4.; Jksfd typns he jrkmb krdlftndturn

pnrdnptfhm he jrkmbs, tlus nmlkmdfm` jrkmb vkgun kmb n﬏ndtfvnmnss. Rlfs lkppnms
fm tln prhdnss he dhhrbfmktfhm jntwnnm hpphrtumftfns tlkt jrkmbs (hr snrvfdns wftl
tln phtnmtfkg th jndhcn jrkmbs) lkvn hm tln ckrant kmb ckrant nmvfrhmcnmt fm
wlfdl tlny bnvnghp (Zkik`hpkg kmb Tkmdlnz :??2).
:??2). Plnm bndfbfm`
bndfbf m` kjhut tln typn
he krdlftndturn, dhcpkmfns dkm ckan tln sngndtfhm jksnb hm twh any drftnrfk9 tln

phtnmtfkg
k umft kmbfmbnpnmbnmdn
fts (phtnmtfkg) he k jrkmb
vkgun fm tlnfs nyns
usnb
nyns hethstkanlhgbnrs,
tnst tln spndf﬋dfty
kmb tlnhr
h r﬋mkmdfkg
bf﬏nrnmtfktfhm he
d rftnrfhm
drftnr fhm
fs usnb th tnst tln fcphrtkmdn
fcphr tkmdn he k umft ehr tln dhcpkmy fm tnrcs tnr cs he rnvnmun,
rnvnmun, prh﬋t,
ckrant phtnmtf
p htnmtfkg,
kg, ntd.

4.5 Hr`kmfzktfhmkg strudturn he dhrphrktn jrkmbs

Nvnry hr`kmfzktfhm lks th stuby fts fbnmtfty kmb jrkmb
jrk mb krdlftndturn erhc tln vfnwphfmt
he fts hwm hr`kmfzktfhmkg strudturn kmb prhdnssns. Jrkmb krdlftndturn mht hmgy bn﬋mns
rngktfhmslfps kchm` fmbfvfbukg jrkmbs jut ft kgsh
k gsh snts k erkcnwhra ehr euturn ckrantfm`
ckrantfm`
kmb dhrphrktn pgkmmfm` kmb, chst mhtkjgy, ckrantfm` dhccumfdktfhm. Eurtlnrchrn,
jrkmb krdlftndturn kgsh ckmfensts rngktfhmslfps tlkt, fm rngktfhm th jrkmbs, kttkdl th tln
hr`kmfzktfhmkg strudturn kmb fmtnrmkg dhmstftutfhm he km hr`kmfzktfhm. Rlfs cnkms tlkt
jrkmb krdlftndturn mht hmgy bn﬋mns tln vfsukg fbnmtfty he fmbfvfbukg jrkmbs jut kgsh
nxprnssns rngktfhmslfps kmb lfnrkrdly kchm` fmbfvfbukg strktn`fd umfts.
 Dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb jrkmbfm` 2;

Fm rnspndt he tln fm﬊unmdn tlkt tln dhrphrktfhm nxnrts hm fts strktn`fd jusfmnss
umfts (Akccnrnr ;6<<),
;6<<), tlnrn krn ehur ckihr strktn`fns.

• Efmkmdfkg hrfnmtktfhm. Ttrktn`fd jusfmnss umfts krn umbnrsthhb nxdgusfvngy ks

﬋mkmdfkg fmvnstcnmts tlkt prnsnrvn tlnfr kuthmhcy kmb fbnmtfty. Rln dhrphr-

ktfhm bhns mht fmtnrenrn wftl hr fm﬊unmdn tln umft‖s strktn`y kmb nvnrybky
hpnrktfhms.
• Hr`kmfzktfhm-hrfnmtnb dhrphrktn jrkmbfm`.Rln dhrp
dh rphrktf
hrktfhm
hm tkans hvnr hmn hr chrn
he tln ckmk`ncnmt eumdtfhms fm tln strktn`fd jusfmnss umft kmb trfns th sfc-
pgfey tln rugns he hpnrktfhm. Rln dlkm`ns hmgy tkan pgkdn wftlfm tln umft, wlfgn
erhc tln hutsfbn, dlkm`ns krn mht vfsfjgn, jndkusn fmbfvfbukg umfts prnsnrvn tlnfr
jrkmb kmb kppkrnmt kuthmhcy.
• hm-hrfnmtnb dhrphrktn jrkmbfm`. Ft fs dgnkrgy nxprnssnb tlrhu`l dhc-
Dhccumfdktfhm-hrfnmtnb
Dhccumfdktf
cumfdktfhm tlkt k dnrtkfm strktn`fd jusfmnss `rhup fs k pkrt he tln dhrphrktfhm.
Rlfs fs k phssfjgn up`rkbn erhc tln hr`kmfzktfhm-hrfnmtnb dhrphrktn jrkmb-
fm`, jut mht mndnsskrfgy. Rlnrn cf`lt jn hmgy km kppnkrkmdn he kttkdlcnmt,
wlfgn tln umft stfgg prnsnrvns fmbnpnmbnmdn fm strktn`fd bndfsfhms kmb jusfmnss
prhdnssns.
• Jrkmbfm` he tln dhcpgntn dhrphrktfhm (sfm`gn dhcpkmy fbnmtfty) . Rlfs fs tln dghsnst
ehrc he dhhpnrktfhm jntwnnm tln dhrphrktfhm kmb fts umfts, wftl chmhgftlfd
ckmk`ncnmt kmb dhccumfdktfhm, wlnrn tln chst fm﬊unmdn fs nxnrtnb hm tln
umfts. Kgg kdtfhms, cnssk`ns kmb sycjhgs krn umfehrc
umfehr c kmb nxprnss tln umfehrcfty
umf ehrcfty
he tln dhcpkmy.

Fm tlfs dhmtnxt, tln TFBND chbng (vkm Zfng ;660)

;660) phsfts tln ehgghwfm`.

• Rln lf`lnr tln bn`rnn he strktn`fd dhm`rufty jntwnnm bf﬏nrnmt kdtfvftfns he

fmbfvfbukg umfts he tln dhrphrktfhm, tln `rnktnr tln supphrt he k dhrphrktn
jrkmb th tln fmbfvfbukg strktn`fd jusfmnss umfts kmb tlnfr prhbudt jrkmbs.
• Rln lf`lnr tln bn`rnn he dnmtrkgfzktfhm he tln dhrphrktfhm, tln `rnktnr tln
supphrt jy tln dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn jrkmb.
• K lf`l gnvng he nxtnrmkg
nxtnr mkg rnputktfhm phsftfvngy fm﬊unmdns tln fmdgfmktfhm
fmdg fmktfhm thwkrb
tln supphrt jy tln dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn jrkmb.
• Rln chrn tlkt ckmk`nrs he strktn`fd jusfmnss umfts fbnmtfey wftl tln hr`kmfzk-
tfhm ks k wlhgn, fm dhmtrkst wftl ghwnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftl tlnfr hwm jusfmnss
umft, tln chrn tlny wfgg supphrt tln fcphrtkmdn kmb tln rhgn he tln dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn
jrkmb.

Fe tln dhcpkmy bndfbns th bnvnghp fts dhrphrktn jrkmb, ft cust `ukrkmtnn kt gnkst
tln cfmfcuc gnvng he fmtn`rktfhm jntwnnm tln pkrnmt dhcpkmy kmb fts strktn`fd
jusfmnss umfts.Rln cfmfcuc dhmmndtfhm tlkt gnkbs th k dhmsfstnmt dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn jrkmb
dkm jn `ukrkmtnnb jy fcpgncnmtfm` tln prfmdfpgn he dhcchm stkrtfm` phfmts
(DT_s).Rlnsn krn dnmtrkg vkguns tlkt eumdtfhm ks k jksfs ehr kmy dhccumfdktfhm
dhccumfdktf hm jy km
hr`kmfzktfhm.Rln DT_s krn bn﬋mnb jksnb
jk snb hm tln jusfmnss strktn`y kmb
km b dkm jn usnb ks
2: Dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb jrkmbfm`

`rhumbwhra ehr dhmdrntn dhccumfdktfhm strktn`fns kmb tkdtfds (vkm Zfng ;66>,
;66>, :?).
:?) .
DT_s krn nxprnssnb fmtnrmkggy kmb nxtnrmkggy tlrhu`l prhcfsns, nvfbnmdn, dhc-
cumfdktfhm, amhwgnb`n, rngktfhms kmb tln jnlkvfhur he tln hr`kmfzktfhm.
Kmhtlnr usneug kpprhkdl ehr dhcpkmfns fs tln dhcchm hpnrktfhmkg systnc,
wlfdl dkm ekdfgftktn dhhrbfmktfhm he dhccumfdktfhm. Ft jrfm`s umfehrcfty fm tln

chbn he hpnrktfhm
tln dhcpkmy. kmbkkdtfvftfns
Gkstgy, he fbnmtfdkg
dhhpnrktfvn kmb dhcpgncnmtkry
bndfsfhm-ckafm` eumdtfhms
strudturn dkm wftlfm
kgsh lngp fm
hrdlnstrktfm` dhccumfdktfhm. Rlnrn krn snvnrkg bf﬏nrnmt typns he dhhrbfmktfhm,
ehr nxkcpgn, dhhrbfmktfhm jy hmn pnrshm, dhhrbfmktfhm jy k stnnrfm` dhccft-
tnn, kb lhd cnntfm`s, dhhrbfmktfhm jy `rhupfm` snvnrkg dhccumfdktfhms ckmk`nrs
th`ntlnr fm hmn ghdktfhm, kmb k dhcjfmktfhm he kmy he tlnsn kpprhkdlns (vkm Zfng
;66>,, ;54).
;66>

4.0 Dhrphrktn rnjrkmbfm`

Fe tln nxfstfm` dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb fts dhmtnmts mh ghm`nr dhrrnsphmb th tln

dlkm`ns kmb dlkggnm`ns

he any stkanlhgbnrs kmb hm tln ckrant,
ft kbbrnssns hr fe ft`rhups
fts tkr`nt lks ghstwftl
fts rngnvkmdn fm tln
gnss kmb gnss nyns
suddnss,
fe ft bhns mht dhrrnsphmb th tln kdtukg dhrphrktn fbnmtfty hr th shcn htlnr dfr-
ducstkmdns, tlnm ft fs tfcn tlkt tln dhcpkmy tlfmas kjhut kbkptfm`, rnmhvktfm`,
dlkm`fm` hr rnphsftfhmfm` tln dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn jrkmb. Dhrphrktn rnjrkm bfm` rngktns
rnjrkmbfm`
th tln bfsiumdtfhm hr dlkm`n he tln prfckry strudturn he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb
kmb tln prhdnss he ehrcugktfm` k mnw jrkmb. Rln wlhgn dhcpkmy d hcpkmy kmb kgg he fts
strktn`fd umfts try th chvn erhc tln nxfstfm` erkcn he rnenrnmdn fmth k bf﬏nr-
nmt hmn tlkt fs chrn kttrkdtfvn kmb kdtukg. Fm tln prhdnss, tln dhcpkmy cust
ckan strktn`fd bndfsfhms kjhut lhw kmb th wlkt nxtnmt tln nxfstfm` strudturn
slhugb dlkm`n, wlkt tln jnmn﬋ts kmb dhsts d hsts he dlkm`ns whugb jn, wlkt hjstkdgns
fm tnrcs he rnsfstkmdn he fmtnrmkg kmb nxtnrmkg kubfnmdns dkm jn nxpndtnb, kmb
lhw th prhbudn dhccftcnmt erhc stkanlhgbnrs th tln mnw jrkmb (Cnrrfgnns
kmb Cfggnr :??<).
:??<).
Rln rnjrkmbfm` he k dhrphrktn jrkmb bnckmbs dlkm`ns, wlfdl dkm jn dgkssf﬋nb
fm tlrnn dgustnrs.

• Cfmhr dlkm`ns, rngktfm` th tln knstlntfd kmb bnsf`mnr fcprhvncnmts

fcprhvncnmts th dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn
fck`nry.
• Fmtnrcnbfktn gnvng he dlkm`ns, wlfdl nmdhcpkssns tln rnphsftfhmfm` he tln jrkmb
jrk mb
wftl tln `hkg he dlkm`fm` tln nxfstfm` fck`n he tln jrkmb fm tln nyns he fts
bf﬏nrnmt kubfnmdns. Rln dlkm`ns
d lkm`ns krn fcpgncnmtnb jy trkmsehrcfm` tln jrkmb‖s
fck`nry, thmkgfty hr chbfeyfm` fts kttrfjutns.
• Rhtkg dlkm`n fs k prhdnss he dhcpgntn rnmhvktfhm he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb, hetnm
`hfm` sh ekr ks th dhcpgntngy sujstftutn tln nxfstfm` jrkmb, dlkm`n he mkcn hr
rnbn﬋mftfhm he tkr`nt `rhups.
` rhups.
 Dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb jrkmbfm` 24

K rnjrkmbfm` he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb dkm usn tln dgkssfdkg stnps ehr ckrantfm` pgkm-
mfm` (Bkgy kmb Chghmny :??2).
:??2).

;. Rln ﬋rst stnp fs k tlhrhu`l sftuktfhm kmkgysfs tlkt fmdgubns dgkssfd ckrant
kmkgysns, fmtnrmkg kmb nxtnrmkg pnrdnptfhm stubfns, nxkcfmktfhm he dhcpntftfvn

:. jrkmbs, fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
Rln sftuktfhm kmkgysfshefspftekggs
ehgghwnb
ehgghw kmb hpphr
hpphrtumftfns,
nb jy tumftfns,
`kfmfm` tlnntd.
ntdsupphrt
. kmb dhccft-
cnmt he fmtnrmkg kubfnmdns ehr dlkm`ns. (Fmtnrmkg stkanlhgbnrs krn he any
fcphrtkmdn ehr tln suddnss he rnjrkmbfm`.) Rlfs stnp fmdgubns nbudktfhm kmb
tln fmtrhbudtfhm he prh`rkccns tlkt tln ncpghynns mnnb fm hrbnr th pkrtfdf-
pktn fm tln rnjrkmbfm` prhdnss. Eurtlnrchrn, k bndfsfhm cust jn ckbn kjhut
wlfdl ngncnmts he tln durrnmt
d urrnmt jrkmb wfgg
wf gg jn prnsnrvnb fm tln mnw jrkmb.
4. K vnry
vnry fcphrtkmt stnp fs th bndfbn hm wlfdl pkrts he tln hgb jrkmb wfgg jn
dlkm`nb hr bfsdkrbnb, kmb th bndfbn wlfdl jrkmb ngncnmts wfgg jn mnwgy
fmtrhbudnb. Tudl bndfsfhms slhugb jn ckbn hm h m tln jksfs he k `hhb umbnrstkmb-
umbnr stkmb-
fm` he tln an
anyy stkanlhgbnrs kmb tlnfr prnenrnmdns. Any ngncnmts he k jrkmb krn
hetnm bn﬋mnb fm tln dhrphrktn jrkmb ckmk`ncnmt ckmukg, wlfdl wfgg kgsh
fmdgubn k jrkmb sthry kjhut tln dhmtnmts he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb.
2. Plnm kgg bndfsfhms dhmdnrmfm
dhmdnrmfm`` fbnmtfty kttrfjutns, dhcpkmy phsftfhm kmb
mnw dhrphrktn krdlftndtur
krdlftndturn n lkvn jnnm ckbn, k dhccumfdktfhm dkcpkf`m fs
gkumdlnb, kfcnb kt fmtnrmkg kmb nxtnrmkg kubfnmdns.Unry fcphrtkmt prhdnburns
krn tlhsn sndurfm` k dgnkr nxprnssfhm kmb ckmfenstktfhm he tln dhrphrktn
jrkmb fm nvnrybky fmtnrkdtfhms.
>. Rln ﬋mkg kmb hm`hfm` stnps krn km nvkguktfhm he tln prh`rkccns kmb km
kmkgysfs he wlntlnr tln `hkgs he rnjrkmbfm` lkvn jnnm cnt.

Rln prhdnss he rnjrkmbfm` cust kblnrn th tln ehgghwfm` prfmdfpgns9 tln bn﬋mftfhm
he mnw jrkmb vfsfhm slhugb ﬋mb jkgkmdn kchm` nxfstfm` kmb gkstfm` kttrfjutns, dhr-
phrktn jrkmb vkguns kmb jrkmb bnvnghpcnmt, fm sudl k wky tlkt tln jrkmb fs kbkptnb
th kmb rngnvkmt ehr tln nxfstfm` sftuktfhm. Fm tln rnjrkmbfm` prhdnss, kt gnkst k enw he
tln jksfd hr nvnm ckr`fmkg ngncnmts slhugb jn prnsnrvnb fm hrbnr th nstkjgfsl dhm-
tfmufty jntwnnm tln hgb kmb rnmhvktnb jrkmb. Kgsh, wn cust annp fm cfmb tlkt tln
rnjrkmbfm` usukggy cnkms nmtnrfm` mnw sn`cnmts kmb rnkdlfm` tkr`nt kubfnmdns tlkt
dkm qufdagy jndhcn chrn fcphrtkmt tlkm hgb kubfnmdns, cnkmfm` tlkt tln dhcpkmy
dkm ghsn tlhsn hgb kubfnmdns.
kubf nmdns. Fm `nmnrkg, prh`rkccns
prh`rkccns wfgg jn suddnsseug fe tlny suddnnb
fm usfm` fmtnrmkg ckrantfm`, nbudktfhm kmb dhccumfdktfhm prh`rkccns th drnktn
`rnktnr fmvhgvncnmt erhc fmtnrmkg stkanlhgbnrs fm tln prhdnss he dhrphrktn rnjrkmb-
fm`. Rln rnmhvktfhm prhdnss cust jn bhmn systncktfdkggy, wftl kgg kdtfvftfns dkrneuggy
fmtn`rktnb kmb dhhrbfmktnb. K suddnsseug rnjrkmbfm` bnckmbs fmtnmsfvn dhccumfdk-
tfhm wftl kgg `rhups he stkanlhgbnrs tlrhu`l kgg dlkmmngs. Kwkrnmnss he tln nxfstnmdn
he k mnw jrkmb dkm hmgy jn rkfsnb tlrhu`l fmtnmsfvn dhccumfdktfhm, jut tlfs fs stfgg
hmgy tln ﬋rst stnp fm ckafm` tln mnw jrkmb rndh`mfzkjgn kmb phpugkr (Cnrrfgnns kmb
Cfggnr :??<).
:??<).
22 Dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb jrkmbfm`

DKTN9 GN@H
Fm ;64:, Hgn Afra Dlrfstfkmsnm sngndtnb k mkcn ehr lfs whhbnm thys whra-
slhp erhc tln dhcjfmktfhm he twh whrbs, gn` `hbt, cnkmfm` “th pgky wngg‖
fm Bkmfsl. Rhbky, Gn`h® @rhup fs tln mkcn he k dhcpkmy wftl rnvnmun he
$;.>2 jfggfhm kmb kjhut 0,??? ncpghynns whrgbwfbn. Ft fs tln sfxtl gkr`nst thy
ckmuekdturnr fm tln whrgb, hmgy jnlfmb s udl dhrphrktfhms ks Ckttng, Lksjrh,
Jkmbkf, Rhcy/Rkakrk kmb C@K Nmtnrtkfmcnmt. Rln dhcpkmy, stfgg hwmnb jy
tln `rkmbshm he tln ehumbnr, fs rum jy tln prnsfbnmt he tln jhkrb, ﬋mkmdfkg
bfrndthr kmb ehur nxndutfvn bfrndthrs. Rlhsn ehur krn rnsphmsfjgn ehr ﬋mkmdns
kmb dhmtrhggfm`, prhbudt bnvnghpcnmt, ckrantfm` kmb skgns, suppgfns kmb bfs-
trfjutfhm, kmb bfrndt dhmtkdt wftl dhmsucnrs tlrhu`l rntkfg sthrns, phst kmb
hmgfmn skgns, nbudktfhm he skgns rnprnsnmtktfvns, bnvnghpcnmt he mnw bfrndt
skgns dlkmmngs kmb rngktfhms wftl jrkmb dhccumftfns. K spndfkg bnpkrtcnmt,
umbnr iurfsbfdtfhm he tln prnsfbnmt he tln jhkrb, fs kgsh tln dhrphrktn ckmk`n-
cnmt bfvfsfhm, wlfdl umftns vkrfhus snrvfdns, fmdgubfm` kbcfmfstrktfvn supphrt,
LZ ckmk`ncnmt, fmehrcktfhm snrvfdns, gn`kg keekfrs, shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty kmb
dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms.
Rln ehrckg cfssfhm he tln dhrphrktfhm fs9 “fmspfrfm` kmb bnvnghpfm` tln
jufgbnrs he thchrrhw‖, wlfgn fts `hkg ehr tln euturn fs th jn tln gnkbfm` bnvng-
hpnr he mnw `kcns, fmmhvkthr he mnw thy cktnrfkgs km b th hr`kmfzn chbnrm
jusfmnss chbngs fm rngktfhm th thys kmb pgkyfm`.
Rln jksfd plfghshply he tln dhcpkmy fs tlkt pgkyfm` nmrfdlns dlfgblhhb
kmb strnm`tlnms tln bnvnghpcnmt kmb dkpkdftfns he km fmbfvfbukg. Rln dhc-
pkmy jngfnvns tlkt pgky fs tln any prhdnss tlkt lngps k dlfgb th gnkrm kmb `rhw
tlnfr fck`fmktfhm, ks wngg ks bnvnghp mnw fbnks, tlfmafm` kmb drnktfvn nxprns-
sfhm. Rln plfghshply “gnkrmfm` kmb bnvnghpfm` tlrhu`l pgky‖ fs dhmsnqunmtgy
kppgfnb jy Gn`h wlnm bnsf`mfm` fts prhbudts (wlfdl krn shgb fm ;4? dhumtrfns

whr gbwfbn). Bnspftn fts bfvnrsf﬋nb prhbudt gfmn kmb dhmstkmt bnvnghpcnmt he
mnw prh budts, tln chst fcphrtkmt prhbudt jrkmb fs stfgg tln dgkssfd Gn`h jrfda
tlkt wks pktnmtnb fm ;6><. Ckmy htlnr prhbudts dkrry tln Gn`h jrkmb ks wngg,
sudl ks B upgh, Gn`h Dfty, Gn`h Drnkthr, Gn`h Ttkr Pkrs, Gn`h _hwnr Cfmnrs,
Gn`h @kcns, Gn`hgkmb, ntd. Rln dhcpkmy fs kwkrn he tln ekdt tlkt t ln Gn`h
jrkmb fs fts chst vkgukjgn kssnt kmb tlkt ft fs cudl chrn tlkm k gh`h — ft dhm-
vnys pnhpgn‖s nxpndtktfhms thwkrb tln dhcpkmy, fts prhbudts kmb snrvfdns kmb
rnsphmsfjfgfty thwkrb tln nmvfrhmcnmt. Rln dhcpkmy fs kwkrn tlkt fm sudl k
dhmtnxt, tln jrkmb rnprnsnmts k wkrrkmty he qukgfty kmb hrf`fmkgfty kmb tlkt tln
dhcpkmy lks th stkmb up th tlfs rnsphmsfjfgfty. Rlkt fs wly tln cnssk`n he tln
dhrphrktn jrkmb fs “hmgy tln jnst fs `hhb nmhu`l‖. Rh kvhfb ekgsn nxpndtktfhms
erhc stkanlhgbnrs kmb th `fvn ncpghynns k dgnkr amhwgnb`n he wlkt fs mndns-

skry ehr tln eug﬋gcnmt he Gn`h jrkmb prhcfsns, k erkcnwhra kmb dhrn he tln
Gn`h jrkmb wks krtfdugktnb fm :??<. Rln erkcnwhra dhmsfsts he ehur any prhc-
fsns tlkt rnprnsnmt tln dhrn he tln rn
rngktfhmslfps tlkt tln dhcpkmy wkmts th lkvn
 Dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb jrkmbfm` 2>

wftl fts dhmsucnrs, ncpghynns, pkrtmnrs, kmb shdfnty fm `nmnrkg. Fm rngktfhm th

pgky, tln dhcpkmy prhcfsns enngfm`s he ihy wlnm jufgbfm` kmb enngfm`s he prfbn
wlnm tln jufgbfm` lks jnnm ﬋mfslnb. Rlfs prhcfsn fs ckbn th dlfgbrnm wlh bfs-
dhvnr tlnfr phtnmtfkg wlnm pgkyfm` wftl prhbudts he ﬊kwgnss qukgfty, ks wngg ks

th
thlnfr
pkrnmts
bnvngw lh krn sFumrnrntl
hpcnmt. kt tlnth
gktfhm y lncp hynns,tltnfr
kvn g`fvnm lfgbrnm ytlprhcfsns
ln ddhcpkm n jnst prhpbu dtuehr
gnks rn
kt whra tlrhu`l tln enngfm` tlkt whra lks snmsn, tnkc spfrft, drnktfvfty kmb pnr-
endt nxndutfhm. Rh pkrtmnrs, tln dhcpkmy prhcfsns th drnktn vkgun kmb jnmn﬋ts
ehr kgg nxdlkm`n pkrtmnrs, nftlnr ehr usnrs, dusthcnrs, slkrnlhgbnrs, ncpghynns,
suppgfnrs hr ehr htlnr jusfmnss pkrtmnrs. Fts prhcfsn th tln pgkmnt lks nmvfrhm-
cnmtkg kmb shdfkg bfcnmsfhms, sudl ks dkrn ehr dlfgbrnm‖s rf`lt th dlfgblhhb,
rnspndt ehr mkturn, prhtndtfhm he tln nmvfrhmcnmt kmb bfkgh`un wftl stkanlhgb-
nrs. Rh dgnkrgy slhw wlkt tln Gn`h jrkmb cnkms, fts any vkguns wnrn fbnmtf﬋nb9
fck`fmktfhm, drnktfvfty, eum, gnkrmfm`, qukgfty kmb dkrn.
Bfeenrnmt pkrts he t ln dhrphrktn jrkmb krn rn﬊ndtnb t lrhu`l vkrfhus jusfmnss
phgfdfns9 Gn`h prhbudts kmb snrvfdns, shdfkg kmb nmvfrhmcnmtkg fmftfktfvns, jrkmb
dhccumfty ckmk`ncnmt, vkrfhus prh`rkcs (GN@H Dguj, GN@H ekdthry, Kbugt
GN@H ekms, GN@H Kcjksskbhr, ntd.), nvnmts, kmb ckmy dkrneuggy fmtn`rktnb
dhccumfdktfhm thhgs, fmdgubfm` tln dhrphrktn wnjsftn, shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty
rnphrts kmb fmbfdkthrs he fts prh`rnss, nbudktfhm, kmmukg rnphrts, dhrphrktn
fck`n, dhmsucnr pujgfdktfhms, ntd.

Any tnrcs
Jrkmb. Rlfs fs bn﬋mnb ks k snrfns he eumdtfhmkg kmb nchtfhmkg vkguns tlkt prhcfsn
k dnrtkfm nxpnrfnmdn th fts stkanlhgbnrs. Ukguns krn nmdhbnb fm tln mkcn kmb/hr fm
kmy he tln sf`ms he tln nmtfty1 tlnfr eumdtfhm fs th `fvn tln jrkmb rndh`mftfhm fm tln
ckrant kmb th bfstfm`ufsl ft erhc tln dhcpntftfhm.
Dhrphrktn jrkmb. Rlfs fs tln vfsukg, vnrjkg kmb jnlkvfhurkg nxprnssfhm he km hr`km-
fzktfhm. Ft fs k dhmsdfhusgy kmb strktn`fdkgg
strk tn`fdkggyy ckmk`nb rnprnsnmtktfhm he tln dhcpkmy
tlkt umftns kmb rnprnsnmts tln dhggndtfhm he prhbudts, snrvfdns, umfts kmb jusfmnss
umbnr hmn mkcn kmb dhcchm fbnmtfty sf`ms. Ft bnmhtns km nmtfty tlkt `ukrkmtnns
rndh`mftfhm kmb gkstfm` dhcpntftfvn kbvkmtk`n kmb fs shcntlfm` tlkt ckans tln
dhcpkmy rndh`mfzkjgn th kgg kubfnmdns. Jut tln dhrphrktn jrkmb fs mht gfcftnb th
k sfm`gn dhcpkmy1 ft dkm bnsf`mktn k sujsfbfkry, k `rhup he dhcpkmfns hr k lhgb-
fm` dhcpkmy. K strhm` dhrphrktn jrkmb nxfsts wlnm tln jrkmb‖s kmb tln dhc-
pkmy‖ss stkanlhgbnrs lkv
pkmy‖ lkvnn dgnkr,
dgnk r, ekvhurkjgn kmb umfqun ksshdfktfhms, rngktfhmslfps kmb
km b
nxpnrfnmdn, fm kddhrbkmdn wftl tlhsn tlkt wnrn krtfdugktnb kmb dhmstrudtnb jy tln
ckmk`ncnmt.
j rkmbfm`.. _rhdnssns he tln ehrcktfhm kmb ckmk`ncnmt he tln bf﬏nrnmt kspndt
Dhrphrktn jrkmbfm`
rngktnb th tln dhrphrktn jrkmb. Dhrphrktn jrkmbfm` dhmsfsts he tln systncktfdkggy
25 Dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb jrkmbfm`

pgkmmnb kdtfvftfns he k dhcpkmy wlfdl fmvhgvn

fmvhgvn tln fbnmtfty drnktfhm kmb
k mb phsftfhmfm`
he dhrphrktn jrkmb, jrkmb krdlftndturn kmb phrtehgfh, jrkmb sthrytnggfm` kmb dhc-
cumfdktfhm prh`rkccns kmb hr`kmfzktfhmkg strudturn kmb prhdnssns dhmmndtnb th
ckmk`ncnmt he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb.
Dhrphrktn rnjrkmbfm`. Rlfs rngktns th tln bfsiumdtfhm hr dlkm`n he tln prfckry strud-
turn he tln dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn jrkmb kmb tln prhdnss he ehrcugktfm`
ehr cugktfm` k mnw jrkmb. Rln wlhgn
dhcpkmy kmb kgg he fts strktn`fd umfts try th chvn erhc tln nxfstfm` erkcn he rnenr-
nmdn fmth k bf﬏nrnmt hmn tlkt fs chrn kttrkdtfvn kmb kdtukg.
Dhrphrktn jrkmb fbnmtfty. Rlfs nmdhcpkssns dhcpkmy dlkrkdtnrfstfds kmb kttrfjutns,
jnmn﬋ts, dhccftcnmts, prhcfsns kmb jksfd hr`kmfzktfhmkg vkguns tlkt krn kgsh fts
stkanlhgbnrs‖ vkguns. Ft fmdgubns fmtkm`fjgn (sudl ks vkguns, fck`n kmb enngfm`s),
ks wngg ks tkm`fjgn ngncnmts (sudl ks kppnkrkmdn) he tln jrkmb. Ft prhvfbns dgnkr
kmswnrs kjhut wlkt tln any kttrfjutns kmb jnmn﬋ts he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb krn,
wlkt tln jrkmb h﬏nrs
h﬏nr s fm nxdlkm`n,
nxdl km`n, kmb wlkt
wlk t tln jrkmb‖
jrkmb ‖s thmkgfty
thmkgf ty,, fdhmh`r
fdhmh`rkply
kply kmb
kppnkrkmdnn krn.
kppnkrkmd
Dhrphrktn phsftfhmfm`. Rlfs fs tln krt he drnktfm` pnrdnptfhms kmb vkguns he tln dhc-
pkmy tlkt tln dhcpkmy dhccumfdktns fm hrbnr th ckan stkanlhgbnrs umbnrstkmb
kmb kpprndfktn tln dhcpkmy‖s n﬏hrts fm dhcpkrfshm th fts dhcpntfthrs. _hsftfhm fm
tlfs rnspndt cnkms tln pgkdn tlkt tln jrkmb hddupfns fm tln cfmb he k dhmsucnr, hr
kmy htlnr stkanlhgbnr, fm rngktfhm th tln phsftfhm he dhcpntfthrs.
Jrkmb krdlftndturn. Rlfs fs tln hr`kmfzfm` strudturn he tln jrkmb phrtehgfh tlkt spndf-
﬋ns jrkmb rhgns kmb tln mkturn he rngktfhmslfps jntwnnm. Jrkmb krdlftndturn fs tln
ckmk`ncnmt he rngktfhmslfps jntwnnm tln dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb htlnr prhbudt kmb
snrvfdn jrkmbs hwmnb jy tln dhcpkmy. Krdlftndturn slhws tln hjsnrvnr lhw tln
dhcpkmy fs hr`kmfznb, wlntlnr ft fs dnmtrkgfznb (kmb th wlkt nxtnmt) hr bndnmtrkg-
fznb, kmb `fv
` fvns
ns fmehrcktfhm
fmehr cktfhm kjhut fts fmbfvfbukg bnpkrtcnmts, sujsfbfkr
sujsfbfkrfns,
fns, prhbudts
kmb snrvfdns
snr vfdns kmb jrkmbs kmb tlnfr rngktfhmslfp wftl tln wlhgn dhcpkmy.
dhcpkmy. Rlnrn krn
tlrnn ckfm typns he dhrphrktn krdlftndturn9 chmhgftlfd, nmbhrsnb kmb chmh jrkmb
strudturnb.

ZNUFNP [^NTRFHMT
• Nxpgkfm tln bfeenrnmdn jntwnnm tln tnrcs jrkmb kmb jrkmbfm`. Nxpghrn
tln bfeenrnmt kpprhkdlns th stubyfm` tln jrkmbs.
• Plkt fs tln dhrn kmb eumdtfhm he dhrphrktn jrkmb8 Ply fs dhrphrktn
jrkmb fcphrtkmt fmtnrmkggy kmb nxtnrmkggy8
• Plfdl krn tln ckfm tksas he dhrphrktn jrkmbfm`8 Plnm, lhw kmb th
wlkt nxtnmt dkm k dhcpkmy dhmbudt dhrphrktn rnjrkmbfm`8
• Nxpghrn tln bfeenrnmt typns he jrkmb krdlftndturn kmb tlnfr kbvkmdns kmb
wnkamnssns. Lhw, fe kt kgg, fs tln jrkmb krdlftndturn rngktnb th hr`kmfzk-
tfhm he tln dhcpkmy8 Fm tlfs dhmtnxt bfsduss kmb usn tln TFBND chbng.
 Dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb jrkmbfm` 20

Plfdl dhrphrktn jrkmbs dhcn ﬋rst th yhur cfmb8 Rry th umbnrstkmb wly. Nxpghrn
tln Gn`h `rhup wnjsftn. Ghha ehr Gn`h jrkmb vkguns kmb bfsduss tlnfr wky th eug﬋g
tln jrkmb prhcfsns. Tnkrdl ehr k dhcpkmy tlkt lks rndnmtgy umbnr`hmn k dhrphr-
ktn rnjrkmbfm` prhdnss. Nxpghrn fts jrkmb vkguns, jrkmb krdlftndturn kmb dhcpkrn

ft th tlhsn he Gn`h.

Znenrnmdns
Kkanr, Bkvfb K. ;66
Kkanr, ;66;;. Ckmk`fm` Jrkmb Nqufty9 Dkpftkgfzfm` hm tln Ukgun he k Jrkmb Mkcn . Mnw
Vhra
V hra99 Rln Ernn _rnss
_rnss..
‒‒;665
‒‒ ;665.. Jufgbfm` Ttrhm` Jrkmbs. Mnw
M nw Vhr
Vhraa9 Ernn _rnss.
_rnss .
Kkanr,, Bkvfb K. kmb Nrfdl Ihkdlfcstklgnr.
Kkanr Ihkdlfcstklgnr. :???.
:???. Jrkmb Gnkbnrslfp. Mnw
M nw Vhr
Vhraa9 Ernn _rnss
_rns s.
Kkanr,, Inmmfenr,
Kkanr Inmmfenr, Tuskm Ehurmfnr
Ehur mfnr kmb
km b T. Kbkc Jrksng
Jrksn g. :??2.
:??2. Plnm `hhb
` hhb jrkmbs
jrkm bs bh jkb
jkb.. Ihurmkg
he Dhmsucnr Znsnkrdl 4; (;)9 ;—:5.
Kpnrfk,, Rhcy kmb Zhge Jkda.
Kpnrfk Jkda. :??2.
:??2. Jrkmb Zngktfhms Ckmk`ncnmt9 Jrfb`fm` tln @kp Jntwnnm
Jrkmb _rhcfsn kmb Jrkmb Bngfvnry . Ckgch9
Ckgch9 Gfjnr.
Gfjnr.
Jkgcnr,, Ihlm C. R. :??;.
Jkgcnr :??;. Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty, dhrphrktn jrkmbfm` kmb dhrphrktn ckrantfm`9
snnfm` tlrhu`l tln eh`.
eh`. Nurhpnkm Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` 4> (4/2)9 :2<—:6;.
‒‒:??4
‒‒ :??4.. Rln tlrnn vfrtuns kmb snvnm bnkbgy sfms he dhrphrktn jrkmb ckmk`ncnmt. Fm
Znvnkgfm` tln Dhrphrktfhm9 _nrspndtfvns hm Fbnmtfty, Fck`n, Znputktfhm, Dhrphrktn Jrkmbfm`,
kmb Dhrphrktn Gnvng Ckrantfm`, nbs. Ihlm C. R. Jkgcnr kmb Ttnplnm K. @rnysnr.
@rnysnr. Ghmbhm9
Ghmbhm9
Zhutgnb`n, :66—4;5.
Zhutgnb`n,
Bkgy,, Kfbkm kmb Bnfrbrn Chghmny.
Bkgy Chghmny. :??2.
:??2. Ckmk`fm` dhrphrktn rnjrkmbfm`.
rnjrkmbfm`. Frfsl Ckrantfm`
Znvfnw ;0 (;/:)9 4?—45.
bn Dlnrmkthmy,
Dlnrmkthmy, Gnsgfn.
Gnsgfn. :??;.
:??;. Erhc Jrkmb Ufsfhm th Jrkmb Nvkguktfhm9 Ttrktn`fdkggy
Ttrktn`fdkggy Jufgbfm` kmb
Tustkfmfm` Jrkmbs. Hxehrb9
Hxehrb9 Juttnrwhrtl-Lnfmnckmm.
Juttnrwhrtl-Lnfmnckmm.
bn Dlnrmkthmy,
Dlnrmkthmy, Gnsgfn kmb Ckgdhgc CdBhmkgb.
CdBhmkgb. :??4.
:??4. Drnktfm` _hwnreug Jrkmbs fm Dhmsucnr,
Tnrvfdn kmb Fmbustrfkg Ckrants. Hxehrb9
Hxehrb9 Juttnrwhrtl-Lnfmnckmm.
Juttnrwhrtl-Lnfmnckmm.
Nfmwfggnr,, Tkjfmn kmb Ckraus Pfgg.
Nfmwfggnr Pfgg. :??:.
:??:. Rhwkrbs km fmtn`rktnb kpprhkdl th dhrphrktn
jrkmbfm` — ﬋mbfm`s erhc km ncpfrfdkg stuby. stuby. Dhrphrktn Dhccumfdktfhms9 Km Fmtnrmktfhmkg
Ihurmkg 0 (:)9 ;??—;?6.
Lktdl,, Ckry Ih kmb Ckianm Tdlugtz.
Lktdl Tdlugtz. :??4.
:??4. Jrfm`fm` tln dhrphrktfhm fmth dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn jrkmb-
fm`.. Nurhpnkm Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` 40 (0/<)9 ;?2;—;?52.
fm`
Lhhgny,, @rklkc I. :??;.
Lhhgny :??;. _hsftfhmfm`. Fm Rln FNJC Nmdydghpnbfk he Ckrantfm`, nb. Cfdlkng
Ihlm Jkanr
Jkanr.. Ghmbhm9
Ghmbhm9 Rlhcshm Gnkr Gnkrmfm`
mfm`,, :4<—:>?.
Akccnrnr,, I÷r`nm
Akccnrnr r`nm.. ;6<<.
;6<<. Jnftrk` bnr prhbuatphgftfa zur Dhrphrktn
Dhrp hrktn Fbnmtfty. C÷mdlnm
mdlnm99 @JF-Unrgk`.
@JF-Unrgk`.
Amhx,, Tfchm.
Amhx Tfchm. :??2.
:??2. _hsftfhmfm` kmb jrkmbfm` yhur hr`kmfsktfhm.
hr`kmfsktfhm. Ihurmkg he _rhbudt kmb Jrkmb
Ckmk`ncnmt ;4 (:)9 ;?>—;;>.
Amhx,, Tfchm kmb Bkvfb Jfdanrthm.
Amhx Jfdanrthm. :??4.
:??4. Rln sfx dhmvnmtfhms he dhrphrktn jrkmbfm`.jrkmbfm`.
Nurhpnkm Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` 40 (0/<)9 66<—;?;5.
Amhx,, Tfchm kmb Ttkm Ckagkm.
Amhx Ckagkm. ;66<.
;66<. Dhcpntfm` hm Ukgun9 Jrfb`fm` tln @kp Jntwnnm Jrkmb kmb
Dusthcnr Ukgun . Ghmbhm1
Ghmbh m1 Pkslf
kslfm`th
m`thm,
m, BD9
BD9 Efmkmdfkg Rfcns _ftckm.
_ftckm.

Amhx
Amhx,, Tfchm
tfhm Ttkm CkagkmFmkmb
vkgun prhphsftfhm. RlnAnftl N. Rlhcpshm.
Rlhcpshm
Nxprnssfvn . :???.
:???
Hr`kmfzktfhm9 . Jufgbfm`
Gfmafm` tln Znputktfhm,
Fbnmtfty, umfqun hr`kmfzk-
kmb tln
Dhrphrktn Jrkmb, nbs. Ckianm Lktdl Tdlugtz,
Tdlugtz, Ckry Ih Lktdl kmb Lhgtnm Gkrsnm Ch`nms.
Ch`nms.
Hxehrb1
Hxe hrb1 Mnw
M nw Vhra
hra99 Hxehrb ^mfvnrsfty _rnss,
_rnss, ;4<—;>5.
;4<—;>5.
2< Dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb jrkmbfm`

Gkehrnt,, Tygvfn kmb Ihlm Tkumbnrs.

Gkehrnt Tkumbnrs. ;662.
;662. Ckmk`fm` jrkmb phrtehgfhs9 lhw tln gnkbnrs bh ft. ft.
Ihurmkg he Kbvnrtfsfm` Znsnkrdl 42 (>)9 52—05.
Cnrrfgnns,, Jfgg kmb Bkgn Cfggnr.
Cnrrfgnns Cfggnr. :??<.
:??<. _rfmdfpgns he dhrphrktn rnjrkmbfm`.
rnjrkmbfm`. Nurhpnkm Ihurmkg he
Ckrantfm` 2: (>/5)9 >40—>>:.
Hgfms,, Pkg
Hgfms Pkggy
gy.. ;6<6.
;6<6. Dhrphrktn Fbnmtfty9 Ckafm` Jusfmnss Ttrktn`y Ufsfjgn tlrhu`l Bnsf`m. Ghmbhm9
Ghmbhm9
Rlkcns kmb Lubshm.
Lubshm.
Hgfms, Pkgg
Hgfms, kggyy ;66
;66>>. Rln Mnw @ufbn th Fbnmtfty. Kgbnr
Kgbnrslht
slht99 @hwnr _ujgfslfm`
_ujgfslfm `.
Zkik`hpkg kmb Zhcugh Tkmdlnz.
Tkmdlnz. :??2.
:??2. Dhmdnptukg kmkgysfs he jrkmb krdlftndturn kmb rngk-
tfhmslfps wftlfm prhbudt dktn`hrfns.
dktn`hrfns. Ihurmkg he Jrkmb Ckmk`ncnmt ;; ;;(4)9
(4)9 :44—:20.
vkm Zfng,
Zfng, Dnns J. C. ;66>.
;66>. _rfmdfpgns he Dhrphrktn
Dhr phrktn Dhccumfdktfhm. Lncng Lncpstnkb
L ncpstnkb11 Ghmbhm
Ghmbhm99
_rnmtfdn Lkgg.
Lkgg.
‒‒;660
‒‒ ;660.. Znsnkrdl fm dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm9 km hvnrvfnw he km ncnr`fm` ﬋ngb. ﬋ngb .
Ckmk`ncnmt Dhccumfdktfhm [ukrtnrgy ;; (:)9 :<<—4?6.
vkm Zfng,
Zfng, Dnns J. C. kmb Ehcjrum,
Ehcjrum, Dlkrgns.
Dlkrgns. :??0.
:??0. Nssnmtfkgs he Dhrphrktn Dhccumfdktfhm.
Ghmbhm99 Zhutgnb
Ghmbhm Zhutgnb`n`n..
Ykrkmthmnggh,, Gfk.
Ykrkmthmnggh Gfk. :??<.
:??<. K gftnrkturn rnvfnw he dhmsucnr-jksnb jrkmb sdkgns. Fm Lkmbjhha
hm Jrkmb kmb Nxpnrfnmdn Ckmk`ncnmt, nbs. Jnrmb L. Tdlcftt kmb Bkvfb G. Zh`nrs. Zh`nrs.
Dlngtnmlkc99 Nbwkrb Ng`kr _ujgfslfm` Gfcftnb,
Dlngtnmlkc Gfcftnb, ;<<—:;<.
;<<—:;<.
2
NC_GHVNZ JZKMBFM@

DHMRNMRT
Rlfs dlkptnr bnkgs wftl tln jrkmbfm` he tln ncpghynr fm rngktfhmslfp wftl
fts durrnmt kmb phtnmtfkg ncpghynns. Ft ﬋rst nxkcfmns stnps fm tln prhdnss he
ncpghynr jrkmbfm`, k prhdnss tlkt fs kfcnb prfckrfgy kt `nttfm` tln bnsfrnb
whraehrdn erhc tln gkjhur ckrant. Pn eurtlnr nxpgkfm tln bfeenrnmt kspndts he
fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm`, wlfdl fs kfcnb kt ncpghynns. Fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm` fs umbnr-
sthhb ks km kttncpt th rkfsn t ln kttrkdtfvnmnss he tln ncpghynr, jufgbfm` fts
hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtfty kmb dhcpntftfvn hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn.

2.; Dhrphrktn jrkmb

jrkmb kmb ncpghynns

Rlnhry stfpugktns tlkt k strhm` dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb fbnmtfty dkmmht jn jufgt wftl-
hut pnhpgn wlh jngfnvn fm tlnsn dhrphrktn vkguns kmb ckmfenst tlnc fm tlnfr nvnry-
bky fmtnrkdtfhms wftl dhmsucnrs kmb htlnr stkanlhgbnrs. Rln jngfne tlkt k dhrphr-
ktn jrkmb fs fmtnmbnb hmgy ehr nxtnrmkg kubfnmdns fs tlnrnehrn wrhm`. K `rhwfm`
mucjnr he kutlhrs su``nst tlkt nxtnrmkg kmb fmtnrmkg kdtfvftfns, fm dhmmndtfhm wftl
căn chỉnh
tln bnvnghpcnmt
bnvnghpcnmt he tln dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn jrkmb, mnnb th jn kgf`mnb (Tfcchms :??6
:??6).
). Rlfs
cnkms tlkt dhrphrktn jrkmbfm` slhugb jn bfrndtnb kt nxtnrmkg kubfnmdns, jut ft
slhugb jn jksnb hm tln ckmfenstktfhm he cnssk`ns/prhcfsns tlkt wnrn bfrndtnb kt
ncpghynns. Rrkfmnb ncpghynns krn tln hmns wlh dkm, th k gkr`n nxtnmt, rndrnktn tln
suddnss he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb wftl htlnr stkanlhgbnrs. Ncpghynns krn chrn tlkm
pkssfvn hjsnrvnrs wlh hmgy nxndutn hrbnrs he ckmk`ncnmt kmb prnsnmt tlnc th
dhmsucnrs1 tlny krn kdtfvn fmtnrprntnrs he fmstrudtfhms kmb cnssk`ns, kmb ckmfenst
tln dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb fts vkguns. Rlkt fs wly ncpghynns krn km fcphrtkmt tkr`nt
`rhup ehr prh`rkccns bnkgfm` wftl dhrphrktn jrkmb ckmk`ncnmt.
>? Ncpghynr jrkmbfm`

K dhcpkmy fm fts rhgn ks km ncpghy

ncpghynr nr bhns mht hmgy lkvn km utfgftkrfkm
utfgftkr fkm dhmtrkd-
tukg rngktfhm wftl
wf tl fts ncpghynns, jut ft mnnbs th bnv
bnvnghp
nghp sudl rngktfhmslfps tlkt gnkb
th lkrchmy jntwnnm km fmbfvfbukg kmb km hr`kmfzktfhm kmb wftl nvnrytlfm` tlkt
tln dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn jrkmb rnprnsnmts kmb prhcfsns.Rlfs dkggs ehr k dhcpgntn ckmk`ncnmt
prh`rkccn kfcnb kt sfcpgf﬋dktfhms, ehdus hm prfhrftfns, rkfsfm` prhbudtfvfty, kmb

fcprhvfm` tln rndruftcnmt,

pkmy cust bn﬋mn fts fbnmtftyrntnmtfhm kmb dhccftcnmt
ks km ncpghynr he ncpghynns.
wftl tln skcn Rln dhc-
dgkrfty, dhlnrnmdn kmb
dhccftcnmt tlkt ft usns wftl fts dhrphrktn jrkmbfm` kfcnb kt dhmsucnrs (Chsgny
:??0).
:??0 ). Tudl k ckmk`ncnmt erkcnwhra fmdgubns vkguns, systncs, phgfdfns kmb jnlkv-
fhur fm rngktfhm th kttrkdtfm`,
k ttrkdtfm`, chtfvktfm` kmb rntkfmfm` nxfstfm` kmb phtnmtfkg cnc-
jnrs he tln hr`kmfzktfhm, kt tln skcn tfcn `ufbfm` tlnc th jnlkvn fm sudl k wky
tlkt fs dhlnrnmt wftl tln stkmbkrbs kmb prhcfsns snt jy tln dhcpkmy kmb fts dhrphr- dhr phr-
ktn jrkmb. Rln prfckry
pr fckry `hkg he sudl ncpghynr prh`rkccns
prh`rkccns fs th ckan ncpghynns
kcjksskbhrs he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb — nvnry fmbfvfbukg wlh dhcns th tln
hr`kmfzktfhm hr whras ehr ft wfgg fmtnrmkgfzn
fmtnrmkg fzn fbnmtfty dlkrkdtnrfstfds he tln dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn
jrkmb ks k pkrt he tlnfr hwm snge-fck`n kmb wfgg gfvn tln dhrphrktn jrkmb. Fm tln
prhdnss, tln prfhrftfns kmb dhccftcnmts he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb jndhcn tln prfhr-
ftfns kmb dhccftcnmts he tln fmbfvfbukg. Rlfs kgsh fmdrnksns tln dhccftcnmt he tln
ncpghynns
ncpghy nns th tln hr`kmfzktfhm,
hr`kmfzk tfhm, wlfdl fs, jnsfbns tln rndh`mfzkjgn dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn jrkmb,
kmhtlnr ngncnmt fm kttrkdtfm` mnw dh-whranrs. Rln gftnrkturn bnsdrfjns
bnsdr fjns sudl prhd-
nssns ks “ncpghynr
“ncpghynr jrkmbfm`‖ hr “fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm`‖.

2.: Ncpghynr jrkmbfm`

ynr jrkmbfm` dkm jn bn﬋mnb ks k tkr`ntnb, ghm`-tnrc strktn`y th ckm-
Ncpghynr
Ncpgh
k`n tln kwkrnmnss kmb pnrdnptfhms he ncpghynns, phtnmtfkg ncpghynns kmb rngktnb
stkanlhgbnrs wftl rn`krbs th k pkrtfdugkr ﬋rc hr dhcpkmy tlkt wn try th prnsnmt
ks k `hhb pgkdn th whra (Tuggfvkm :??2).
:??2). Km ncpghynr jrkmb dkm jn bn﬋mnb ks
tln pnrdnptfhm he k dhcpkmy ks km ncpghynr fm tln nyns he nxfstfm` kmb phtnmtfkg
ncpghynns, bfrndtgy dhmmndtnb wftl tln ncpghycnmt nxpnrfnmdn hr k pnrdnptfhm
he lhw ft fs th whra fm/ehr tln dhcpkmy. Ft fmdgubns tkm`fjgn (sudl ks skgkry) ks
wngg ks fmtkm`fjgn
fmtkm` fjgn ngncnmts (n.`. hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn) (Jnr`strhc nt kg. :??:).
:??:). Rln
ncpghynr jrkmb rngktns th k cfx he eumdtfhmkg (n.`. bnvnghpcnmt he whra-rngktnb
amhwgnb`n), ndhmhcfd (n.`. cktnrfkg kmb chmntkrychmntkr y kwkrbs) kmb psydlhgh`fdkg jnm-
n﬋ts (n.`. rnputktfhm kmb vkgun he km fmbfvfbukg) tlkt krn prhvfbnb jy tln ncpghynr
kmb krn dhmmndtnb wftl ft (Kcjgnr kmb Jkrrhw ;665, ;665 , ;<0). Fm tln ckrantfm` gft-
nrkturn, tlnsn ngncnmts lkvn jnnm mkcnb tln “fmtnrmkg ckrantfm` cfx‖ (Ikm (Ikmddˀfdˀ
;66?).
;66? ). Rlny dhmstftutn k psydlhgh`fdkg k`rnncnmt jntwnnm tln dhcpkmy kmb tln
fmbfvfbukgs whrafm` ehr ft. Rln tnrc psydlhgh`fdkg dhmtrkdt, wlfdl fs mht km
nxpgfdftgy wrfttnm bhducnmt, fm tlfs dhmtnxt cnkms k rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm tln
dhcpkmy kmb tln ncpghynn. Ft fmvhgvns hvnrkgg nxpndtktfhms he tln ncpghynn kmb
tln hr`kmfzktfhm, bn﬋mfm` wlkt tln ncpghycnmt rngktfhmslfp wfgg jrfm` ehr jhtl
sfbns (Jnkrbw
(Jnkrbwnggngg nt kg. :??2).
:??2). K bfstfmdtfhm
bfstfmdtf hm slhugb jn ckbn jntwnnm fmstrucnmtkg
 Ncpghynr jrkmbfm` >;

kttrfjutns, rngktfm` th hjindtfvn, tkm`fjgn kmb plysfdkg kttrfjutns tlkt km hr`kmfzk-

tfhm nftlnr lks hr bhns mht lkvn, kmb sycjhgfd kttrkttrfjutns
fjutns tlkt krn sujindtfvn,
sujindtfvn, fmtkm-
`fjgn kmb kddrun
kdd run erhc lhw pnhpgn pnrdnfvn
pnrdnfvn tln hr`kmfzktfhm kmb erhc tln ekdt tlkt
tlny krn whrafm` ehr ft (Gfnvnms kmb Lf`llhusn :??4). :??4). Fmtnrnstfm`gy, stubfns lkvn
slhwm tlkt wlnm iub`fm` tln kttrkdtfvnmnss he km ncpghynr, sycjhgfd vkguns krn

sgf`ltgy
Rln chrn fcphrtkmt
nssnmdn tlkm utfgftkrfkm
utfgftkr
he tln ncpghynr jrkmbfkmfsvkguns.
tlkt ft ncplksfzns tln umfqun kspndts tlkt
tln dhcpkmy h﬏nrs th fts ncpghynns, sudl ks bfrndt dhcpnmsktfhm
d hcpnmsktfhm kmb k `hhb whra-
fm` nmvfrhmcnmt (Jkdalkus kmb Rfahh :??2). :??2). Rln jksfd hjindtfvns he ncpghynr
jrkmbfm` krn th kttrkdt, kdqufrn, bnvnghp kmb rntkfm any luckm rnshurdns (ncpghy-
nns) tlkt tln hr`kmfzktfhm mnnbs ehr fts suddnsseug hpnrktfhm. Rh cnnt tlnsn hjindt-
fvns, dhcpkmfns usn vkrfhus cnkms kmb ekdthrs tlkt bfstfm`ufsl tlnc erhc htlnrs
kmb fm﬊unmdn pkst, durrnmt kmb euturn pnrdnptfhm he tlnc jy phtnmtfkg ncpghynns.
Rlfs slhugb jn k dkrneuggy pgkmmnb kmb ckmk`nb strktn`y he lhw tln dhcpkmy
wfslns th jn pnrdnfvnb kmb rndh`mfznb hm tln gkjhur ckrant (Ef`urn 2.;). Ttrktn`fns
krn kfcnb kt nxfstfm` kmb phtnmtfkg ncpghynns kmb lkvn tln hjindtfvn th ckan tln
hr`kmfzktfhm kttrkdtfvn th ihj snnanrs. Hm tln hpnrktfhmkg gnvng, ncpghynr jrkmbfm`
dhmsfsts he tlrnn stnps (Jkdalkus kmb Rfahh :??2)9
:??2)9
• krtfdugktfhm he tln dhmtnmt kmb any prhcfsns he tln ncpghycnmt jrkmb1
• dhccumfdktfhm he tln kjhv
kjhvnn th ihj snnanrs kmb dhmtrhggfm` tlnfr suftkjfgfty1
• fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm`.

Fm tln 󿬋rst stnp

stnp, k dhcpkmy bnvnghps k prhphskg he any vkguns kmb kttrfjutns tlkt ft fmtnmbs
th nmdhbn fm tln ncpghynr jrkmb. Rlfs prhdnss slhugb jn jksnb hm fts hr`kmfzktfhmkg
dugturn kmb fbnmtfty
fb nmtfty,, ckmk`nr
ckmk`nrfkg
fkg stygn, nxfstfm` dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn fck`n, dkpkjfg
dkpkjfgftfns
ftfns kmb qukg-
qu kg-
ftfns he durrnmt ncpghynns, tln fck`n he tln dhcpkmy‖s prhbudts kmb snrvfdns kmb,
kjhvn kgg, tln dhrphrktn jrkmb. Dhmsfbnrktfhm he tlnsn ngncnmts `ukrkmtnns k dgnkr
krtfdugktfhm he wlkt tln dhcpkmy dkm h﬏nr th fts ncpghynns fm nxdlkm`n ehr tlnfr
whra (Tuggfvkm :??:).
:??:). Fm tlfs plksn, k bntkfgnb prh﬋gn slhugb jn ckbn he pnhpgn tlkt
tln dhcpkmy wfslns th rndruft kmb rntkfm. Mnxt, tln dhcpkmy slhugb fbnmtfey ekdthrs
kmb jnmn﬋ts tlkt kttrkdt ihj snnanrs kmb chtfvktn tlnc th ihfm tln dhcpkmy. Ft fs
kgsh fcphrtkmt th fbnmtfey any ekdthrs tlkt fm﬊unmdn ncpghynns‖ chtfvktfhm kmb tlnfr
k﬏ndtfvn dhccftcnmt th tln dhcpkmy. Pn cust annp fm cfmb, lhwnvnr, tlkt tlnsn
ekdthrs
ekdth rs vkry kddhrbfm`
kd dhrbfm` th bf﬏nrnmt
bf﬏ nrnmt prhenssfhmkg kmb pnrshmkg
pnr shmkg prh﬋gns. Fm tln mnxt stnp,
tln dhcpkmy bn﬋mns any vkguns tlkt dkm jn ehumb fm hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn kmb dhr-
phrktn fbnmtfty
f bnmtfty..Pn cust kgsh
kgs h mht ehr`nt
eh r`nt fbnmtfeyfm`
fbnmtf eyfm` nvfbnmdn
nvfbnmd n tlkt supphrts
s upphrts vkguns tlkt
tln dhcpkmy stkmbs ehr, tlus ckafm` tlnc drnbfjgn. Fm tln ﬋mkg plksn, k dgnkr kmb
umkcjf`uhus stktncnmt fs ehrcugktnb wlfdl slhugb prhvfbn rnkshms wly whrafm`
ehr tln dhcpkmy fs k `rnkt dkrnnr hpphrtumfty. K `hhb stktncnmt fs9

• umfqun hr bf﬏nrnmt erhc tln stktncnmts kmb rnkshms `fvnm jy ckfm dhcpntfthrs1
• dhmsfstnmt fm tnrcs he dhmtnmt kmb vfsukg fbnmtfty kmb dhm`runmt wftl tln dhr-
phrktn jrkmb1
>: Ncpghynr jrkmbfm`

• rngnvkmt kmb bfrndt, tlus kttrkdtfvn th tkr`nt `rhups1

• rnkg, cnkmfm` tlkt tlny prhcfsn hmgy wlkt tln dhcpkmy dkm, fm ekdt, `ukrkmtnn.

Fm tln sndhmb stnp he tln ncpghynr jrkmbfm` prhdnss, dhcpkmfns ﬋mb dkmbfbktns
ehr ncpghycnmt kmb fbnmtfey wkys th dhmvfmdn kmb kdqufrn tln chst dkpkjgn kmb

bnsfrkjgn luckm rnshurdns

Dhccumfdktfhm (ncpghynns)
he tln ncpghynr jrkmb fm
th tln gkjhurtkr`nt
nxtnrmkg ckrant ehr tln
`rhups custhr`kmfzktfhm.
jn dhm`ru-
nmt wftl kmb dhcpgncnmtkry th kgg htlnr kdtfvftfns fm dhmmndtfhm wftl tln dhr-
phrktn jrkmb kmb fts dhccumfdktfhm th tln nxtnrmkg nmvfrhmcnmt. Rln prhphskg
he ncpghynr jrkmb any vkguns snrvns ks k dnmtrkg cnssk`n tlkt fs trkmscfttnb th tln
gkjhur ckrant, nftlnr bfrndtgy th phtnmtfkg ncpghynns hr th k`nmdfns tlkt prhvfbn
snrvfdns fm tln luckm rnshurdns ckrant. ^sfm` vkrfhus cnbfk, wn dkm ehdus hm bfe-
enrnmt kspndts. Pn dkm bfstrf
bfstrfjutn
jutn km h﬏nr tlkt fmehrcs
fmehr cs phtnmtfkg dkmbfbktns tlkt tln
hr`kmfzktfhm h﬏nrs chrn tlkm htlnrs fm tnrcs he utfgftkrfkm kmb sycjhgfd vkguns.
Pn dkm ncplksfzn dlkrkdtnrfstfds
dlkrkdtnr fstfds he dhrphrktn kmb hr`kmfzktfhmkg
hr`kmfzktfhmk g fbnmtfty,
fbnmtfty, th`ntlnr
wftl km kppnkg tlkt tln dhcpkmy fs tln pnrendt pgkdn ehr ncpghycnmt fe tlhsn
dlkrkdtnrfstfds
dlkrkdtnr fstfds krn dhcpktfjgn wftl tln dkmbfbktn.
dkmbf bktn. Fmstnkb he krtfdugktfm`
krtfdugk tfm` tln bnsfrnb
pnrshmkg kttrfjutns he tln dkmbfbktn, wn dkm kgsh cnmtfhm hr`kmfzktfhmkg vkguns kmb
wlkt tln dhcpkmy stkmbs ehr. Kgtnrmktfvngy, wn dkm sfcpgy dhccumfdktn `hkgs kmb
hpphrtumftfns tlkt km ncpghynn whugb
whugb lkvn fe wn jngfnvn
jngfnvn tlkt tln rnkgfzktfhm he sudl
`hkgs kmb hpphrtumftfns whugb jn kttrkdtfvn th dkmbfbktns.
Fm tlfs plksn, ft fs fcphrtkmt th nxkcfmn wlntlnr kmb th wlkt nxtnmt tln fmbf-
vfbukg kmb tln hr`kmfzktfhm cktdl. Rln cktdl he fmtnrnst fs jntwnnm tln dlkrkdtnr-
fstfds kmb vkguns he tln fmbfvfbukg kmb tln fbnmtfty kmb vkguns he tln hr`kmfzktfhm,
ks pnrdnfvnb jy tln fmbfvfbukg (Vkmfv kmb Ekraks :??>).
:??>). Rln dhmdnpt he dhm`rufty
jntwnnm tln fmbfvfbukg kmb tln hr`kmfzktfhm nmdhcpkssns9

• tln bn`rnn th wlfdl fmbfvfbukg amhwgnb`n, safggs, dhcpntnmdns kmb kjfgftfns

cktdl ihj rnqufrncnmts1
• tln bn`rnn he dhm`runmdn jntwnnm fmbfvfbukg mnnbs kmb hr`kmfzktfhmkg
strudturns1
• tln cktdl jntwnnm fmbfvfbukgs‖ vkguns kmb hr`kmfzktfhmkg
hr`kmf zktfhmkg dugturn kmb vkguns1
• tln bn`rnn he sfcfgkrfty jntwnnm tln fmbfvfbukg pnrshmkgfty kmb pnrdnfvnb
hr`kmfzktfhmkg fck`n.

K mucjnr he rnsnkrdlns lkvn slhwm tlkt k lf`lnr cktdl jntwnnm tln fmbfvfbukg
kmb tln hr`kmfzktfhm phsftfvngy fm﬊unmdns tln rntnmtfhm rktn he ncpghy
ncpghynns,
nns, pnrshmkg
sktfsekdtfhm, hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm, snmsn he jnghm`fm`, prhbudtfvfty, ntd. Kgsh,
dhm`rufty jntwnnm tln fmbfvfbukg kmb tln hr`kmfzktfhm bfrndtgy fm﬊unmdns tln sud-
dnsseug ckmfenstktfhm kmb hpnrktfhm he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb, jndkusn sudl fmbfvfb-
ukgs krn fts jnst kcjksskbhrs (Lkrrfs kmb bn Dlnrmkthmy :??;).
:??; ).
Rln tlfrb stnp fm tln ncpghynr jrkmbfm` prhdnss rngktns th kdtfvftfns kfcnb kt tln
dhcpkmy‖s fmtnrmkg kubfnmdn, tlkt fs, tln dhcpkmy‖s ncpghynns. Dhcpkmy vkguns usnb
th rndruft mnw cncjnrs slhugb jn fmdhrphrktnb
fmdhr phrktnb fm tln nxfstfm` hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn.
 Ncpghynr jrkmbfm` >4

Rlfs prhdnss kfcs th prhcfsn k whra nxpnrfnmdn tlkt lks sfcfgkr vkguns kmb dhc-
cftcnmts ks tlny krn nxprnssnb th nxtnrmkg kubfnmdns tlrhu`l tln dhrphrktn jrkmb.
_rhdnssns kmb tksas tlkt kfc th kdlfnv
k dlfnvnn tlhsn hjindtfvns krn dkggnb fmtnrmkg
fmtnr mkg jrkmbfm`.
Rln kfc he jrkmbfm` fs th bnvnghp sudl luckm rnshurdns (ncpghynns) wlh krn
dhccfttnb th tln vkguns kmb hjindtfvns he tln hr`kmfzktfhm. Fe wn wkmt ncpghynns

th umfehr cgykmb
umfehrcgy
umbnrstkmb nxprnss
kddnpttln
tlndhrphrktn
dhr phrktn
jrkmb f m jrkmb
fm k wky nxtnrmkggy
nxtnrmkggy,, wn jy
tlkt fs bnsfrnb jcust
y tln﬋rst nmsurn tlkt(@kpp
hr`kmfzktfhm tlny
kmb Cnrrfgnns
Cnrr fgnns :??5,
:??5, ;02).

2.4 Fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm` prh`rkccns

Fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm` nmdhcpkssns tln kdtfvftfns he k dhcpkmy tlkt krn kfcnb kt
`nttfm` ncpghynns th kddnpt tln kttrfjutns he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb hm rktfhmkg kmb
nchtfhmkg gnv
g nvngs.
ngs.Rln ckfm hjindtfvn he sudl kdtfvftfns fs `kfmfm` dhcpntftfv
dhcpntftfvnn kbvkm-
tk`n hm tln ckrant jy cnkms he tln pnhpgn wlh krn cncjnrs he tln dhcpkmy kmb
rnprnsnmt fts jrkmb (Cklmnrt kmb Rhrrns :??0).:??0). Rh kdlfnvn tlkt, ncpghynns cust
drnktn jnlkvfhurkg kmb psydlhgh`fdkg dhmmndtfhms
dhm mndtfhms jntwnnm tlncsngvns
tlncsngvns kmb tln dhr-
phrktn jrkmb. Znsnkrdl slhws tlkt dhcpkmfns wftl dhmsfstnmt, rndh`mfzkjgn kmb
strhm` vkguns krn chrn suddnsseug tlkm dhcpkmfns wlhsn vkguns krn nxprnssnb gnss
strhm`gy (Dhggfms kmb _hrrks :??2).
:??2).
Rlkt fs wly fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm` fs ehdusnb hm kdlfnvfm` dhm`rufty jntwnnm tln
jnlkvfhur kmb tln kdtfhms he ncpghynns kmb tln dhrphrktn jrkmb fbnmtfty. Fe tln
ncpghynns umbnrstkmb tln kttrfjutns kmb vkguns he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb krn
dhccfttnb th tlnc (kbhpt tlnc ks tlnfr hwm), tlnm tlny wfgg, wftl tlnfr bkfgy
kdtfhms, euggy fcpgncnmt tln dhccftcnmts kmb prhcfsns tlkt tln dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn jrkmb fs
ckafm` th fts nxtnrmkg
nxtnr mkg stkanlhgbnrs, ehr nxkcpgn, dhmsucnrs (_umikfsrf
(_umikfsr f nt kg. :??6).
:??6).
Rlnrn krn ckmy tlnhrntfdkg kmb prkdtfdkg chbngs he fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm` usfm` k
mucjnr he prh`rkccns, fmdgubfm`9

• fm﬊unmdfm` tln ncpghynns‖ ksshdfktfhm wftl tln dhcpkmy kmb fts kdlfnvncnmts1
• fcpgncnmtktfhm he jusfmnss prhdnssns tlkt supphrt suddnsseug hpnrktfhm1
• ckafm` surn whra tksas krn kttrkdtfvn1
• krtfdugktfhm kmb dhccumfdktfhm he tln dhcpkmy‖s any vkguns th ncpghynns1
• jkgkmdfm` dkrnnr wftl prfvktn
pr fvktn kmb ekcfgy gfen1
• fssuns he rncumnrktfhm kmb dkrnnr ckmk`ncnmt1
ck mk`ncnmt1
• wkys th kdlfnvn kmb stnnr ncpghynn pkrtfdfpktfhm1
• drnktfm` k chtfvktfm` whrapgkdn kmb ncpghynn wngg-jnfm`1
• fmmhvktfvnmnss kmb n﬏ndtfvnmnss he whra tksas.

Hm tln hpnrktfv
hpnrktfvnn gnvng, fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm` dhmsfsts he (Jnr`strhc nt kg. :??:)9
:??:)9

• bnsf`mfm` sudl kspndts he tln dhrphrktn

dhr phrktn jrkmb tlkt krn kutlnmtfd kmb rngnvkmt
rngnvkmt th
ncpghynns
ncpghy nns kmb krtfdugktfm` tln dhmtnmts he tln ncpghy
ncpghynrnr jrkmb1
• dhccumfdktfm` tln jrkmb n﬏ndtfvngy th ncpghynns1
>2 Ncpghynr jrkmbfm`

Bntkfgnb kmkgysfs he bnsfrnb ncpghynn prhefgn

(bnch`rkplfds, pnrshmkg dlkrkdtnrfstfds, vkguns, mnnbs, nxpndtktfhms, prnenrnmdns, dhcpntnmdfns)

Bnefmftfhm he kfcs he ncpghynr jrkmbfm`

(bnch`rkplfds, pnrshmkg dlkrkdtnrfstfds, vkguns, mnnbs,
nxpndtktfhms, prnenrnmdns, dhcpntnmdfns)

Kttrkdt kmb sngndt Bnvnghp kmb rntkfm

any ncpghynns any ncpghynns

Tngndtfhm he rndruftcnmt ekdthrs Tngndtfhm he chtfvktfhm ekdthrs

(jnmnefts tlkt kttrkdt pnhpgn th rnsphmb th fmqufry)
fmq Bnefmftfhm he vkguns ehr (jnmnefts tlkt fmegunmdn dhccftcnmt th tln dh cpkmy
tln ncpghynn kmb rkfsn prhbudtfvfty)

Phrapgkdn dlkrkdtnrfstfds Dhcpkmy rnputktfhm Znwkrbs kmb hpphrtumftfns _nhpgn kmb dugturn

Ttktncnmt he ncpghynr jrkmb

(wly tln dhcpkmy fs tln jnst ncpghycnmt hpphrtumfty)

Dhm`rufty jntwnnm ncpghynn dlkrkdtnrfstfds

kmb dhcpkmy fbnmtfty

Luckm rnshurdns Fmtnrmkg Fmtnrmkg

ckmk`ncnmt dhccumfdktfhm ckrantfm`

Neendts he ncpghynr jrkmbfm`9

nmlkmdncnmt he dhcpkmy's rnputktfhm jy tln ncpghynns
nxtrk neehrt kmb dhmtrfjutfhm he ncpghynns th dhcpkmy's suddnss
ncpghynn fbnmtfefdktfhm wftl kmb dhccftcnmt th tln dhcpkmy

EF@^ZN 2.;
Ttnps fm ehrcktfhm he tln ncpghy
ncpghynr
nr jrkmb

• dhmvfmdfm` ncpghynns
ncpghynns he tln rngnvkmdn kmb whrtl he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb1
• suddnsseuggy gfmafm` nvnry ihj fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm th supphrt
supphr t tln n﬏ndtfvn dhc-
cumfdktfhm he tln jrkmb nssnmdn sh tlkt k sfcugtkmnhus ckmfenstktfhm he tln
dhrphrktn jrkmb fs kdlfnv
k dlfnvnb
nb fm kgg
k gg hr`kmfzktfhmkg
hr`kmfzktfhmk g gnvngs.

Dhcpkmfns mnnb th gfma tlnfr bnpkrtcnmts kmb ncpghynns umbnr k dhcchm syc-
jhg, sh tlkt ncpghynns krn kjgn th trkmsenr kmb ckmfenst tln dhrn he tln jrkmb fm tlnfr
fmtnrpnrshmkg rngktfhmslfps kmb fm tlnfr fmtnrkdtfhms wftl dhmsucnrs.
Fm kddhrbkmdn wftl tlkt, ﬋vn stnps fm fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm` he tln ncpghynr lkvn
jnnm nstkjgfslnb (Jnrtlhm nt kg. :??>).
:??>).

;. Rln ﬋rst stnp fs th umbnrstkmb yhur

yhur hr`kmfzktfhm wngg, fmdgubfm` fts fbnmtfty kmb
tln dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn jrkmb.
 Ncpghynr jrkmbfm` >>

:. Mnxt, tln jrkmb prhcfsn

prhcfsn ehr
ehr dusthcnrs slhugb jn cnkmfm`euggy kbkptnb th
jndhcn k dhcpnggfm` jrkmb prhcfsn ehr ncpghynns.
4. Ttkmbkrbs slhugb jn bnvnghpnb
bnvnghpnb th cnksurn
cnksurn tln eug﬋gcnmt
eug﬋gcnmt he tln jrkmb
prhcfsn.
2. Cnksurns slhugb jn bnsf`mnb tlkt wfgg bfrndt kgg ncpghynns‖
ncpghynns‖ kdtfvftfns fmth eug-

>. ﬋ggfm` tln

nb jrkmb
Tu``nstnb
Tu``nst prhcfsn.
kdtfvftfns
kdtfvft fns krn nxndutnb kmb tlnfr n﬏ndts cnksurnb.

Rln suddnss he sudl kdtfvftfns gkr`ngy bnpnmbs hm gfstnmfm` dkrneuggy th ncpghynns,

fmehrcfm`, `ufbfm`, bfrndtfm` kmb fmvhgvfm` tlnc.
Rln phsftfhmfm` he tln ncpghynr jrkmb fs, sfcfgkrgy th jrkmbfm`jrkmbf m` ehr nxtnrmkg
kubfnmdns, nspndfkggy dhmsucnrs,
dhmsucnr s, k usneug stnp fm tln fmtnrmkg
f mtnrmkg jrkmbfm` prhdnss. Chst
fcphrtkmtgy, k dhcpkmy cust drnktn bntkfgnb prh﬋gns he ncpghynns tlkt ft wkmts th
rndruft kmb rntkfm. Ft mnnbs th krtfdugktn any kttrfjutns tlkt wfgg chtfvktn k qukgfty
whraehrdn th ihfm kmb stky wftl tln dhcpkmy, sudl kttrfjutns tlkt wfgg chtfvktn
ncpghynns
ncpghy nns th whra bnvhtnbgy
bnvhtnbgy kmb jn dhccfttnb th tln hr`kmfzktfhm. Rln dhcpkmy
cust wrftn bhwm fts rngnvkmt any vkguns, fbnmtfty dlkrkdtnrfstfds kmb hr`kmfzktfhmkg
dugturn, fmdgubfm` tln ngncnmts tlkt prhvn tlhsn rnkggy nxfst. Efmkggy, tln prhdnss
dhmdgubns wftl k ehrcktfhm he k phsftfhm stktncnmt wlfdl, jksnb hm tlhsn ngnc-
nmts, umkcjf`uhusgy bndgkrns wly tln dhcpkmy fs tln pnrendt hr`kmfzktfhm th whra
ehr. Pn cust ﬋mb sudl rnkshms tlkt kttrkdt tln jnst ncpghynns kmb annp tlnc erhc
chvfm` th k dhcpntfthr.
Ehr fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm` prh`rkccns th jn suddnsseug, wn mnnb th pky spndfkg kttnm-
tfhm th tln sfcfgkrfty he cncjnrs hr ncpghynns, wlh wfgg rnprnsnmt tln dhrphrktn
jrkmb th tln hutsfbn, hm tln lhch`nmnfty kmb strnm`tl he vkguns tlkt cncjnrs he
tln hr`kmfzkt
hr`k mfzktfhm
fhm slkrn, kmb hm k suffl dfnmt fmtnmsf
f mtnmsfty
ty kmb cutukgfty
cutuk gfty he dhccumfdk
dh ccumfdk--
tfhm jntwnnm tlnc (Lkrrfs kmb bn Dlnrmkthmy :??;, :??;, 220). Rlnrn krn shcn htlnr
pftekggs tlkt dkm lfmbnr tln suddnss he fmtnrmkg
fmtnr mkg jrkmbfm` prh`rkccns, nspndfkggy
fssuns dhmmndtnb wftl tln fmtrhbudtfhm he dlkm`ns th hr`kmfzktfhms (kmb phtnm-
tfkg hpphsftfhm th dlkm`ns), (mhm)dhhpnrktfhm kchm` bnpkrtcnmts, rfvkgry kchm`
ncpghynns, ckmk`ncnmt stygn, `nttfm` supphrt erhc bf﬏nrnmt ckmk`ncnmt gnvngs ehr
jrkmbfm` prh`rkccns, drnktfm`, ckmk`fm` kmb (mhm)dhhpnrktfhm fm whra `rhups,
ckafm` surn tlkt kgg ncpghynns krn wngg fmehrcnb, dhcpntnmt nxdlkm`n he fmehr-
cktfhm kmb dhhrbfmktfhm wftlfm tln hr`kmfzktfhm (fmdgubfm` ghdktfm` kmb rnshgv-
fm` cfsdhccumfdktfhms), fmtn`rktfhm he bf﬏nrnmt hjindtfvns kmb strktn`fns, fssuns he
luckm rnshurdn ckmk`ncnmt, `nttfm` kdtfvn supphrt he ncpghynns ehr prh`rkccns
kmb, gkst jut mht gnkst, tln gnvng he kwkrnmnss kmb dhmdrntn nbudktfhm he ncpghynns
(Cklmnrt kmb Rhrrns :??0).
:??0).
Rlnsn ekdthrs fm﬊unmdn tln fck`n he tln dhcpkmy fm tln nyns he fts ncpghynns.
Rln fmtnrmkg ckrantfm` prh`rkccns krn kfcnb kt rkfsfm` tln kppnkg kmb tln kttrkdt-
fvnmnss he tln dhcpkmy ks km ncpghynr fm tln nyns he durrnmt ncpghynns, wlfdl
fm turm fm﬊unmdns tln rndruftcnmt he phtnmtfkg dkmbfbktns ehr ncpghycnmt. Rln
kttrkdtfvnmnsss he tln ncpghynr
kttrkdtfvnmns ncpghynr fs k pnrdnptfhm he jnmn﬋ts tlkt ncpghynns hr phtnm-
tfkg ncpghynns
ncpghynns tlfma tlny wfgg `nt fe tlny whra fm k spndf﬋d dhcpkmy
d hcpkmy (Jnrtlhm .
tfkg ncpghynns
ncpghynns tlfma tlny wfgg `nt fe tlny whra fm k spndf﬋d dhcpkmy
d hcpkmy (Jnrtlhm nt kg.

>5 Ncpghynr jrkmbfm`

:??>). Rlfs fs kdlfnvnb jy rkfsfm` phsftfvn ksshdfktfhms wftl kmb enngfm`s kjhut tln
:??>).
hr`kmfzktfhm. Rlnsn ksshdfktfhms kmb enngfm`s krn tlhu`lts, fbnks kmb bnbudtfhms tlkt
tln jrkmb krhusns fm tln cfmbs he ncpghynns, kmb krn k jksfs hm wlfdl k gkstfm`
fck`n he tln dhcpkmy fs drnktnb fm tln nyns he ncpghynns.
Rln bfcnmsfhms fmvhgvnb krn tln fmmhvktfvnmnss he tln dhcpkmy kmb fts whra
prhdnssns, `hhb kmb
sudl ks ﬋mkmdfkg rngktfhms
htlnr jntwnnm ncpghynns kmb
rnwkrbs, prhchtfhm kmb ihj
supnrfhrs,
sndurfty,eumdtfhmkg jnmn﬋ts,
rkfsfm` ncpghynns‖
snge-fck`n, pnrshmkg kmb prhenssfhmkg `rhwtl, kmb tln shdfkg kmb kgtrufstfd
kgtruf stfd kspndts he
jusfmnss kdtfvfty. Rlkt fs wly tln dhmsfstnmdy he tln fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm` prhdnss kmb
dhm`rufty
dhm`r ufty jntwnnm dhccumfdktfhms kmb tln dhmdrntn sftuktfhm fm tln dhcpkmy krn
he drudfkg
dru dfkg fcphrtkmdn.
fcphr tkmdn.

2.2 Fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm`

jrkmbfm` kmb hr`kmfzktfhmkg
hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtfty kmb dugturn
dugturn
_rh`rkccns he fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm` krn mht kfcnb shgngy kt krhusfm` phsftfvn kssh-
dfktfhms kmb dhmsnqunmtgy rkfsfm` tln kttrkdtfvnmnss he tln ncpghynr1 tlhsn prh-
`rkccns kgsh lngp th dhmstrudt hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtfty. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtfty
rngktns th tln dh`mftfvn kmb nchtfhmkg rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm km fmbfvfbukg kmb k
`rhup he dh-whranrs fm k dhcpkmy (Yklnnr nt kg. :??4). :??4). Ft fs bn﬋mnb ks tln dlkrkd-
dlkrk d-
tnrfstfds he km hr`kmfzktfhm tlkt krn chst dnmtrkg, rndh`mfzkjgn kmb burkjgn ehr tln
hr`kmfzktfhm‖s cncjnrs (Kgjnrt kmb Plnttnm ;6<>1 ;6<>1 Plnttnm kmb @hberny ;66<). ;66<).
Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtfty fs snnm ks km kmswnr ehr ncpghynns th tln qunstfhm, “Plh
krn wn ks km hr`kmfzktfhm8‖ (Plnttnm kmb @hberny ;66<) ;66<) wftlfm k wfbnr shdfkg
systnc, he wlfdl wn krn k pkrt (Efhg nt kg. ;66<).
;66<). Rln dnmtrkg ehdus fs hm stubyfm`
lhw cncjnrs he km hr`kmfzktfhm snn tln hr`kmfzktfhm kmb tlncsngvns, kmb lhw
tlny fmtnrprnt tln hr`kmfzktfhm (Lktdl kmb Tdlugtz ;660).;660). Ft fs tln enngfm` he hr`km-
fzktfhmkg fbnmtfty tlkt `ufbns km fmbfvfbukg‖s fmtnrprntktfhm he tln hr`kmfzktfhmkg
kdtfvfty kmb rnkgfty kmb,
k mb, fm tlfs wky
wky,, fm﬊unmdns fm tln ghm` tnrc
tnr c tln gfen he tln hr`km-
fzktfhm kmb tln dhccftcnmt he fts cncjnrs. Rln ncplksfs he fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm` fs
tlnrnehrn hm lhw
lhw th strnm`tlnm sudl k enngfm` he fbnmtfty tlkt fs dhm`runmt
dhm` runmt wftl tln
dhcpkmy‖ss strktn`fd hjindtfvns kmb fs kjgn th umfey tln fbnmtftfns he vkrfhus fmbfvfb-
dhcpkmy‖
ukgs kmb `rhups fmsfbn tln dhcpkmy.
Kmy bfsdussfhm hm fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm` kmb hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtfty dkmmht f`mhrn
tln dhmdnpts he hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn kmb dgfcktn. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn fs
bn﬋mnb ks k “`nmnrkg systnc he rugns tlkt `hvnrm cnkmfm`s fm hr`kmfzktfhms‖ (Efhg
nt kg. ;66<,
;66<, >5). Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dgfcktn fs km nstkjgfslnb wky he tlfmafm`, dhc-
cumfdktfm` kmb hpnrktfm` wftlfm km hr`kmfzktfhm ks k dhccumfty
d hccumfty..
Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn fs km nxprnssfhm he mhrcs kmb jnlkvfhurkg pkttnrms tlkt
nvhgvn tlrhu`l tfcn fm `rhups fmsfbn hr`kmfzktfhms (Yklnnr nt kg. :??4). :??4). Ft dkm
jn bnkgt wftl hm ckmy gnvngs, jut tlnrn slhugb jn jksfd kssucptfhms kt tln dhrn
he tln hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn, jksnb hm wlfdl `rhups fmsfbn hr`kmfzktfhms eumd-
tfhm wlnm kttncptfm` th kbkpt nxtnrmkggy kmb fmtn`rktn fmtnrmkggy. Htlnr gnvngs he
hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn krn jksfd vkguns, jnlkvfhurkg mhrcs, jnlkvfhurkg pkttnrms,
 Ncpghynr jrkmbfm` >0

krtfe kdts kmb sycjhgs he tln hr`kmfzktfhm (Tdlnfm ;6<>).

krtfekdts ;6<>). Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn
du gturn fs kgg
kjhut rngktfhms jntwnnm tln vfsfjgn kmb fmvfsfjgn gnvngs
gnvngs fm tln hr`kmfzktfhmkg rnkgfty
rnkgfty..
Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn bn﬋mnb fm sudl k wky fs k dhmtnxt fm wlfdl tln hr`kmfzk-
tfhm‖s fbnmtfty kmb dhrphrktn jrkmb ehrc, trkmsehrc, dlkm`n kmb bfsfmtn`rktn (Efhg
;66;11 Plnttnm kmb @hberny ;66<1
;66; ;66<1 vkm Znahc ;66<1
;66<1 Lktdl kmb Tdlugtz :??:).
:??: ).
Hr`kmfzktfhmkg
hr`kmfzktfhm, dgfcktn, jy
ks pnrdnfvnb hmftstln htlnr lkmb,
cncjnrs1 bnsdrfjns
ft fs tln tln ktchsplnrn
pnrdnptfhm fm tln
he tln sftuktfhm fm
tln hr`kmfzktfhm jy fts ncpghynns (Ryk`f ;6<>). ;6<>). Ft rngktns th tln dhmtnmts, phwnr
kmb stktn he hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn. Jhtl tln hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn kmb dgfcktn
krn trkmsenrkjgn jy mkturn jndkusn hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn trkmsenrs jy gnkrmfm` erhc
hmn `rhup th kmhtlnr (Cnsmnr-Kmbhgū
(Cnsmnr-Kmbhgūna ;66>,;66>, 0>), wlnrnks hr`kmfzktfhmkg dgfcktn
trkmsenrs tlrhu`l cutukg fm﬊unmdn kmb slkrfm` he enngfm`s jy fmbfvfbukgs wlnm
nvkguktfm` tlnfr kttftubn thw
thwkrb
krb tln hr`kmfzktfhm.
hr`kmf zktfhm. Lnmdn,
Lnmdn, hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn kmb
dgfcktn lkvn k bfrndt fm﬊unmdn hm tln fmbfvfbukg, tlnfr shdfkgfzktfhm
shdfkgfzktf hm kmb wngg-jnfm`
fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm.
Rln rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtfty
fbnmtfty,, dugturn kmb dgfcktn
dgf cktn hm tln hmn
lkmb, kmb dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn jrkmb hm tln htlnr, fs mht hmgyhm gy hmn-bfrndtfhmkg. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg
fbnmtfty kmb dugturn krn umbhujtnbgy kchm` tln chst fcphrtkmt ngncnmts he tln
dhrphrktn jrkmb fbnmtfty jndkusn tlny rngktn th tln sujindtfvn rnkgfty he vkguns kmb
kssucptfhms he ncpghynns kmb lhw tlny dhmbudt tlnfr jnlkvfhur (Lkrrfs kmb bn
Dlnrmkthmy :??;).
:??;). Rln dhmtnmts he tln fmtnrmkg
fmtnr mkg jrkmb dkm
d km jn brkwm erhc nxfstfm`
hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtfty, dugturn kmb vkguns. Fm turm, tln jrkmb — hmdn krtfdugktnb —
strnm`tlnms hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtfty
f bnmtfty,, dugturn kmb dgfcktn
dgf cktn fm sudl k wky tlkt sufts tln
hjindtfvns he tln hr`kmfzktfhm kmb fmdrnksns tln fbnmtf﬋dktfhm, snmsn he jnghm`fm`
kmb prhbudtfvfty he ncpghynns. Tfcfgkrgy, wn dkm tnst tln n﬏ndts he fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm`
prh`rkccns jy cnksurfm` tln hr`kmfzktfhmkg dgfcktn kmb tln pnrdnptfhms he htlnr
ncpghynns. Rln ktchsplnrn fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm fs k dgnkr sf`m he lhw fmbfvfbukgs
snn tlncsngvns kmb tlnfr rhgn fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm, lhw tlny nvkguktn tln nxdlkm`n
jntwnnm tlncsngvns
tlncsngvns kmb tln hr`kmfzktfhm, kmb wlntlnr k pnrdnfvnb dhcchm rnkg-
fty, drnktnb tlrhu`l dhccumfdktfhm he tln fmtnrmkg jrkmb, fs he sudl k mkturn tlkt
ft drnktns k enngfm` he dhccumfty fm tln fmbfvfbukg kmb drnktns k snmsn tlkt ln/
sln kdtfvngy lngps fm slkpfm` tln dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb tln dhcpkmy‖s fbnmtfty. Rln
fmtnrmkg jrkmb fs k thhg tlkt dhccumfdktns th fmbfvfbukgs kmb `rhups wftlfm tln
hr`kmfzktfhm tln sthry kjhut wlkt tln hr`kmfzktfhm fs, wlkt ft stkmbs ehr, wlkt ft
h﬏nrs th fts ncpghy
ncpghynns
nns fm nxdlkm`n kmb wlkt ft nxpndts he tlnc.
Fm tlfs wky, ft bfrndts, fm tln ghm` tnrc, tln kdtfhms he ncpghynns, fm﬊unmdns
tln dhcpkmy‖s fbnmtfty, ktchsplnrn kmb dugturn, wlfdl fm turm jrfm`s dhcpntftfvn
kbvkmtk`ns fm tln ehrc
ehr c he ncpghynns
ncpghynns kdtfm` ks kcjksskbhrs
kcjk sskbhrs he tln dhrphrktn
d hrphrktn jrkmb.
jrkm b.
Rln any vkgun he tln fmtnrmkg jrkmb fs tlus lfbbnm fm tln dhcpgnx tksa he dhhrb-
fmktfm` tln jngfnes he ncpghynns wftl tln cnssk`ns kmb prhcfsns he tln dhrphrktn
jrkmb th fts
f ts nxtnrmkg stkanlhgbnrs.
Rln suddnss he sudl kdtfhms dkm jn tnstnb jy usfm` vkrfhus cnksurncnmts,
sudl ks tln mucjnr he dkmbfbktns kppgyfm` ehr ncpghycnmt, qukgfty he whra erhc
ncpghynns, dhsts pnr ncpghycnmt, rntnmtfhm gnvng, prh﬋t pnr ncpghynn, gnvng he

>< Ncpghynr jrkmbfm`

whra kjsnmdn,
kjsnmd n, gnvngs he ncpghynn fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
fbnmtf﬋d ktfhm kmb
k mb dhccftcnmt,
dhccf tcnmt, gnvng he ncpghynn
sktfsekdtfhm, ntd.

DKTN9 CNZDKRHZ
Fm :??6, Cnrdkthr dngnjrktnb fts 5?tl kmmfvnrskry. Fts prnbndnsshr, tln dhc-
pkm y ųfvf gk Giujgikmk, wks ehumbnb fm ;626. Fm tln ;60?s kmb ;6<?s, wftl
Ckrikm @hsgkr ks tln ckmk`fm` bfrndthr, Cnrdkthr `rnw th jndhcn tln gkr-
`nst fmtn`rktnb jusfmnss systnc fm tln ehrcnr Vu`hs gkvfk. Fm tln nkrgy ;66?s,
tln dhcpkmy wks rnhr`kmfznb kkm mb ffm
m ;664 prfvktfznb t lrhu`l p ujg fd skgns
he slkrns. _urs ufm` k dgnkr strktn`y, hr`kmfd bnvnghpcnmt kmb sckrt kdqufsf-
tfhms fm tln pkst twh bndkbns, tln dhcpkmy jndkcn tln jf``nst Tghvnmfkm
rntkfgnr kmb hmn he tln gkr`nst rntkfgnrs he tnxtfgns, ngndtrhmfds kmb sphrts
nqufpcnmt fm Thutlnkst Nurhpn. Kmmukg rnvnmun he tln Cnrdkthr @rhup fs
hvnr ₧:.5 jfggfhm. Rln dhcpkmy lks k strhm` dhrphrktn jrkm b kmb k muc-
jnr he ht lnr snrvfdns (n.`. Fmtnrsphrt, Chbfkmk) kmb rntkfg jrkm bs (Gucpf,
Ybrkvh Žfv
Žfvginmin), kmb fs rn`ugkrgy rktnb kchm` tln chst rnputkjgn Tghvnmfkm
dhcpkmfns.
Rln dhcpkmy lks ;.2 cfggfhm Cnrdkthr _fak ghykgty dkrb usnrs. Fm :?;?, tln
dhcpkmy‖s vfsfhm wks krtfdugktnb, kddhrbfm` th wlfdl Cnrdkthr whugb jn tln
mucjnr hmn dlhfdn ehr purdlksn he `hhbs ehr nvnrybky usn. Cnrdkthr‖s cfssfhm
fs th `ukrkmtnn rnturm hm fmvnstcnmts tlrhu`l `rhwtl kmb ne﬋dfnmt hpnrktfm`,
kmb th fcprhvn tln qukgfty he gfen fm shdfkg kmb mkturkg nmvfrhmcnmts wlnrn
Cnrdkthr fs prnsnmt. Rln chst fcphrtkmt `hkg he Cnrdkthr fs th heenr tln jnst
phssfjgn snrvfdns kmb prhbudts ehr nvnrybky usn th fts dhmsucnrs.
Jy kttrkdtfm` qukgfty kmb chtfvktnb pnrshmmng, Cnrdkthr wkmts th heenr
tln jnst snrvfdn fm k pgnkskmt slhppfm` nmvfrhmcnmt. Cnrdkthr kbbrnssns
hvnr ::,??? ncpghynns wftl any vkguns he rnsphmsfjfgfty, lhmnsty, rnspndt,
gnkrmfm` kmb rnsphmsfvnmnss. Rln bnpkrtcnmt tlkt fs prfckr-
fdhhpnrktfhm,
gy dhmdnrmnb wftl ncpghynns fs tln Nxndutfvn Tndthr ehr Ttrktn`fd _nrshmmng
Ckmk`ncnmt kmb Dhrphrktn Dugturn, wlfdl fs k strktn`fd pkrtmnr he tln Jhkrb
he Bfrndthrs kmb kbvfsns tln Jhkrb hm qunstfhms rngktfm` th stkee ckmk`ncnmt
kmb fcpgncnmtktfhm he hr`kmfzktfhmkg dlkm`ns. Rln sndthr fs bfvfbnb fmth tln
LZ Bnpkrtcnmt, Bnpkrtcnmt ehr N budktfhm, Bnpkrtcnmt ehr Dhccumfdktfhm
wftl Ncpghynns, kmb LZ Bnvnghpcnmt Bnpkrtcnmt. Hmn he Cnrdkthr‖s snvnm
strktn`fd kfcs fm rngktfhm th stkee fs fts ncplksfs hm fmtnrmkg dhccumfdktfhm kmb
bfkgh`un wftl ncpghynns. Rln chst nxtnmsfvn pkrts he bfkgh`un krn tln kmmukg
fmtnrvfnws dhmbudtnb wftl kgg ncpghynns rn`krbgnss he tlnfr phsftfhm wftlfm
tln dhcpkmy. Fmtnrpnrshmkg fmtnrmkg dhccumfdktfhm tkans pgkdn fm cnntfm`s,
jhkrbs, vfbnh-dhmenrnmdns, prnsnmtktfhms, whraslhps, ehrucs, dhmsugtktfhms,
pkmng bfsdussfhms, ntd. Eurtlnrchrn, Cnrdkthr pujgfdgy rnwkrbs tln jnst skgns-
pnrshms, ckmk`nrs, fmtnrmkg spnkanrs, pkrtmnrs, wlfgn hmdn k ynkr tln Dlkfrckm
he tln Jhkrb fmvftns tln pujgfd th lfs he﬋dn.
 Ncpghynr jrkmbfm` >6

Ehrckg pkrt
pkr
p krtt he fmtnrmkg dhccumfdktfhms fm Cnrdkthr kgsh dhmsfsts he rn`ugkr
cnntfm`s wftl twh rnprnsnmtktfvn umfhms kmb wftl tln Cnrdkthr whras dhumdfg.
Rln chst dhcchm ehrcs he fmtnrmkg dhccumfdktfhm krn n-ckfgs, pnrshmkg gnt-
tnrs
nrs he `rktftubn, rnphrts, pgkms, cfmutns, cnssk`ns hm tln fmtrkmnt, cnssk`ns

hm mhtfdn jhkr
bnpkrtcnmt
b dhm`rktugktfhm dkrbs kt jfrtlbkys kmb kmmfvnrskrfns, ntd. Rln
ehr s,fmtnrmk g dhccumfdktfhm kgsh dghsngy dhhpnrktns wftl tln _Z
bnpkrtcnmt, wlfdl prnpkrns cnssk`ns ehr nxtnrmkg dhccumfdktfhm, jndkusn ft
enngs tlkt ft fs jnmn﬋dfkg th fmehrc ﬋rst tln fmtnrmkg kubfnmdns kjhut tln dhmtnmt
he n xtnrmkg cnssk`ns. Rln chst fcphrtkmt ehrc he wrfttnm dhccumfdktfhm fs
tln fmtnrmkg mnwspkpnr (n.`. Dˀkshcnr, Chi C, Fmeh C, Mkū C), wlfdl kfcs th
fmehrc ncpghynns kmb th strnm`tlnm tln bnsfrnb dhrphrktn dugturn. Cnrdkthr
fssuns fmtnrmkg mnwspkpnrs fm ﬋vn he fts fmtnrmktfhmkg ckrants, fm tln rnspndt-
fvn gkm`uk`ns. Fm tln mnwspkpnrs :? pnr dnmt he tln dhmtnmt usukggy bnkgs
wftl dhrphrktn fssuns wlfgn <? pnr dnmt krn nxdgusfvngy ghdkg. Cnrdkthr rums k
spndfkg wnj phrtkg, Akrfnrk, kfcnb kt ncpghynns kmb pnrshms snnafm` ncpghy-
cnmt, fmehrcfm` tlnc kjhut dkrnnr hpphrtumftfns, nvnmts ehr ncpghynns, kmb
pujgfslns pnrshmkg sthrfns kmb dkrnnr pktls he ncpghynns. Kgg mnw ncpghynns
rndnfvn, uphm sf`mfm` tln ncpghycnmt k`rnncnmt, k Ckmukg ehr mnw ncpghy-
nns tlkt heenrs prkdtfdkg fmehrcktfhm th lngp km fmbfvfbukg th fmtn`rktn nksfnr
fmth tln mnw whra nmvfrhmcnmt. Mnw ncpghynns kgsh rndnfvn k Dhbnx tlkt
bn﬋mns whra stkmbkrbs kmb vkguns uphm wlfdl Cnrdkthr‖
nrdkthr‖ss hr`kmfzktfhmkg dug-
turn fs jksnb.
Any prhcfsns tlkt Cnrdkthr ckans th fts ncpghynns krn whra fm k pgnkskmt
nmvfrhmcnmt, phssfjfgfty he eurtlnr trkfmfm` kmb nbudktfhm, pnrshmkg rnwkrb,
dkrnnr bnvnghpcnmt, fmtnrmktfhmkg hpphrtumftfns kmb cutukg lngp kmb shgfbkr-
fty. Rlkt fs wly t ln dhcpkmy r ums fts hwm Luckmftkrfkm ehumbktfhm, fts hwm
juusfmnss kdkbncy kmb htlnr fmstftutfhms ehr amhwgnb`n trkmsenr, supphrts kssh-
dfktfhms tlkt jrfm` th`ntlnr ncpghynns, hr`kmfzns sphrts kmb dugturkg nvnmts
ehr ncpghynns, supphrts fmtnrmkg chjfgfty he ncpghynns, supphrts k erfnmbgy
whra nmvfrhmcnmt kmb rn`ugkrgy cnksurns ncpghynn sktfsekdtfhm kmb hr`km-
fzktfhmkg dgfcktn. Cnrdkthr kfcs th jn km krnmk, wlnrn “nvnryjhby dkm drnktn
tlnfr hwm sthry‖.

Any tnrcs
Ncpghynr jrkmb. Rlfs fs tln pnrdnptfhm he k dhcpkmy ks km ncpghynr, fm tln nyns he
nxfstfm` kmb phtnmtfkg ncpghynns,
ncpghynns, bfrndtgy dhmmndtnb wftl
wf tl tln ncpghycnmt nxpnrf-
nxpnr f-
nmdn hr k pnrdnptfhm he lhw ft fs th whra fm/ehr tln dhcpkmy8 Ft rngktns th k cfx
he eumdtfhmkg (n.`. bnvnghpcnmt he whra-rngktnb amhwgnb`n), ndhmhcfd (n.`. cktnr-
fkg kmb chmntkry kwkrbs) kmb psydlhgh`fdkg jnmn﬋ts (n.`. rnputktfhm kmb vkgun he
km fmbfvfbukg) tlkt krn prhvfbnb jy tln ncpghynr kmb krn dhmmndtnb wftl ft. Rln
nssnmdn he tln ncpghynr jrkmb fs tlkt ft ncplksfzns tln umfqun kspndts tlkt tln
dhcpkmy h﬏nrs th fts ncpghynns.

5? Ncpghynr jrkmbfm`

jrkmb fm`.. K tkr`ntnb, ghm`-tnrc strktn`y th ckmk`n tln kwkrnmnss kmb pnr-
Ncpghynr jrkmbfm`
dnptfhms he ncpghynns, phtnmtfkg ncpghynns kmb rngktnb stkanlhgbnrs wftl rn`krbs
th k pkrtfdugkr ﬋rc hr dhcpkmy tlkt wn try th prnsnmt ks k `hhb pgkdn th whra.
Rln jksfd hjindtfvns he ncpghynr jrkmbfm` krn th kttrkdt, kdqufrn, bnvnghp kmb rntkfm
any luckm rnshurdns (ncpghynns) tlkt tln hr`kmfzktfhm mnnbs ehr fts suddnsseug
hpnrktfhm.
Fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm`. Rlfs nmdhcpkssns tln kdtfvftfns he k dhcpkmy tlkt krn kfcnb kt
`nttfm` ncpghynns th kddnpt tln kttrfjutns he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb hm rktfhmkg kmb
nchtfhmkg gnv
g nvngs.
ngs.Rln ckfm hjindtfvn he sudl kdtfvftfns fs `kfmfm` dhcpntftfv
dhcpntftfvnn kbvkm-
tk`n hm tln ckrant jy cnkms he tln pnhpgn wlh krn cncjnrs he tln dhcpkmy kmb
rnprnsnmt fts jrkmb. Ft fs ehdusnb hm kdlfnvfm` dhm`rufty
dhm` rufty jntwnnm tln jnlkvfhur kmb
tln kdtfhms he ncpghynns
ncpghynns kmb tln dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn jrkmb fbnmtfty
fbnmtfty..
_sydlhgh`fdkg dhmtrkdt. Rlfs rnenrs th k rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm tln dhcpkmy kmb tln
ncpghynn. Ft fmvhgvns hvnrkgg nxpndtktfhms he tln ncpghynn kmb tln hr`kmfzktfhm,
bn﬋mfm` wlkt tln ncpghycnmt rngktfhmslfp wfgg jrfm` ehr jhtl sfbns. Ft fs mht km
nxpgfdftgy wrfttnm bhducnmt, jut rktlnr rnprnsnmts tln cutukg jngfnes, pnrdnptfhms
kmb fmehrckg hjgf`ktfhms jntwnnm km ncpghynr kmb km ncpghynn.
Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtfty. Rlfs rngktns th tln dh`mftfvn kmb nchtfhmkg rngktfhmslfp
jntwnnm km fmbfvfbukg kmbkm b k `rhup
` rhup he dh-whranrs fm k dhcpkmy
dhcpkmy.. Ft fs bn﬋mnb ks tln
dlkrkdtnrfstfds
dlkrkdtnr fstfds he km hr`kmfzktfhm
hr`kmfzktfh m tlkt krn chst dnmtrkg, rndh`mfzkjgn kmb burkjgn ehr
tln hr`kmfzktfhm‖s cncjnrs.
Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn. Km nxprnssfhm he mhrcs
mhr cs kmb jnlkvfhurkg pkttnrms tlkt nvhgvn
nvhgvn
tlrhu`l tfcn fm `rhups fmsfbn hr`kmfzktfhms. Fs k dhmtnxt fm wlfdl tln hr`kmfzk-
tfhm‖ss fbnmtfty kmb dhr
tfhm‖ dhrphrktn
phrktn jrkmb ehrc, trkmsehrc, dlkm`n kmb bfsfmtn`rktn.
bfsfmtn` rktn.
dg fcktn.. Bnsdr
Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dgfcktn Bnsdrfjns
fjns tln ktchsplnrn fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm, ks pnrdnfvnb
pnrdnfvnb jy
fts cncjnrs1 ft fs tln pnrdnptfhm he tln sftuktfhm fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm jy fts ncpghy-

nns. Ft rngktns th tln dhmtnmts, phwnr kmb stktn he hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn.

ZNUFNP [^NTRFHMT
• Ply krn ncpghynns fcphrtkmt ehr dhrphrktn jrkmbfm`8
• Nxpgkfm tln nssnmdn he ncpghynr jrkmbfm` kmb bnsdrfjn tln ckfm stnps
he ncpghynr jrkmbfm`.
• Plfdl krn tln ckfm tksas he fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm`8 Lhw kmb wly bh dhc-
pkmfns dhmbudt dhrphrktn fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm`8
• Nxpgkfm tln bfeenrnmdn jntwnnm hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtfty, hr`kmfzktfhmkg
dugturn kmb hr`kmfzktfhmkg dgfcktn. Lhw krn tlnsn dhmdnpts fmtnrrngktnb
wftl fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm`8
 Ncpghynr jrkmbfm` 5;

Dkrneuggy rnkb tln Cnrdkthr dksn stuby. Plkt krn Cnrdkthr‖s ckfm dhccumfdk-
tfhm thhgs ehr dhccumfdktfm` wftl ncpghynns8 Tnkrdl ehr k sfcfgkr rntkfg dhcpkmy
(sudl
sudl ks Rnsdh, Plhgn Ehhbs, Kgbf, Pkg-Ckrt) kmb nxkcfmn fts dhccumfdktfhm wftl
ncpghynns. Plkt bhns tlfs dhcpkmy prhcfsn th fts prhspndtfvn ncpghynns8

Dhggndt bfeenrnmt ncpghynn kbs fm yhur ghdkg mnwspkpnr kmb dhcpkrn tlnfr
dhmtnmts kmb fm tln dhmtnxt he dhrphrktn jrkmbfm` ckan k drftfdkg nxkcfmktfhm.
Fck`fmn tlkt yhu krn k ihj snnanr kmb tlfma he tln dhrphrktn fck`n he tln dhc-
pkmfns erhc tln kbs jksnb hm tln dhccumfdktnb kttrfjutns. Phugb tln dhcpkmy
bnsdrfptfhms kmb heenrs keendt yhur bndfsfhm he wlfdl dhcpkmy th dlhhsn8

Znenrnmdns
Kgjnrt,, Ttukrt kmb Bkvfb Plnttnm.
Kgjnrt Plnttnm. ;6<>.
;6<>. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtfty.
fbnmtfty. Znsnkrdl fm Hr`kmfzktfhmkg
Jnlkvfhr 0099 :54—:6>.
Kcjgnr,, Rfc kmb Tfchm Jkrrhw.
Kcjgnr Jkrrhw. ;665.
;665. Rln ncpghynr jrkmb.
jrkmb. Ihurmkg he Jrkmb Ckmk`ncnmt 2
(4)9 ;<>—:?5.
Jkdalkus
Jkdalkus, , Arfstfm
jrkmbfm`.
jrkmbfm` . Dkrnnrkmb Turfmbnr Rfahh.
Rfahh. :??2.
:??2. Dhmdnptukgfzfm` kmb rnsnkrdlfm` ncpghynr
Bnvnghpcnmt Fmtnrmktfhmkg 6 (>)9 >?;—>;0.
Jnkrbwngg,, Fkm,
Jnkrbwngg Fkm, Gnm Lhgbnm kmb Rfc Dgkybhm. Dgkybhm. :??2.
:??2. Luckm Znshurdn Ckmk`ncnmt9 K
Dhmtncphrkry Kpprhkdl. Lkrghw9
Lkrghw9 Efmkmdfkg Rfcns _rnmtfdn Lkgg. Lkgg.
Jnr`strhc,, Kgkm,
Jnr`strhc Kgkm, Bkmmfnggn Jgucnmtlkg kmb Tdhtt Drhtlnrs. Drhtlnrs . :??:.
:??:. Ply fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm`
ckttnrs9 tln dksn he Tkkj.
Tkkj. Dhrphrktn Znputktfhm Znvfnw > (:/4)9 ;44—;2:.
Jnrtlhm,, _fnrrn,
Jnrtlhm _fnrrn, Cfdlkng Nwfm`
Nwf m` kmb Gf Gfkm Lkl.
Lkl. :??
:??>>. Dkptfvktfm` dhcpkmy9
dh cpkmy9 bfcnmsf
bfcnmsfhms
hms he
kttrkdtfvnmnss fm ncpghynr jrkmbfm`.
jrkmbfm`. Fmtnrmktfhmkg Ihurmkg Kbvnrtfsfm` :2 (:)9 ;>;—;0:.
Ihurmk g he Kbvnrtfsfm`
Dhggfms,, Ikcns Dlkrgns kmb Inrry F. _hrrks.
Dhggfms _hrrks . :??2.
:??2. Jufgt th Gkst9 Tuddnsseug Lkjfts he Ufsfhmkry
Dhcpkmfns. MnwM nw Vhra
Vhra99 LkrpnrJusfmnss.
LkrpnrJusfmnss.
Efhg,, Ckrg
Efhg Ckrgnmn
nmn D. ;66;.
;66;. Ckmk`
Ckmk`fm`fm` dugturn ks k dhcpntftfvn
dhcpn tftfvn rnshurdn9 km fbnmtfty-jksnb
fbnmtfty -jksnb vfnw he
sustkfmkjgn dhcpntftfvn kbvkmtk`n.
kbvkmtk`n. Ihurmkg he Ckmk`ncnmt ;0 (;)9 ;6;—:;;.
Efhg,, Ckrgnmn D.,
Efhg D., Ckry Ih Lktdl kmb Akrnm @hgbnm-Jfbbgn.
@hgbnm-Jfbbgn. ;66<.
;66<. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn kmb
fbnmtfty9 wlkt‖s tln bf﬏nrnmdn kmywky. Fm Fbnmtfty fm Hr`kmfzktfhms9 Jufgbfm` Rlnhry Rlrhu`l
Dhmvnrsktfhms , nbs. Bkvfb K.Plnt
Plnttnmtnm kmb _kug D. @hberny.
@hberny.Rlhus
Rlhuskmb
kmb Hkas, DK9
DK9 Tk`n,
Tk`n, >5—5:.
>5—5:.
@kpp,, Zhb kmb Jfgg Cnrrfgnns.
@kpp Cnrrfgnns. :??5.
:??5. Fcphrtkmt ekdthrs th dhmsfbnr wlnm usfm` fmtnrmkg
jrkmbfm` ks k ckmk`ncnmt strktn`y9 k lnkgtldkrn dksn stuby. stuby . Ihurmkg he Jrkmb Ckmk`ncnmt
;2 (;/:)9 ;5:—;05.
Lkrrfs,, Efhmk kmb
Lkrrfs km b bn Dlnr
D lnrmkthmy
mkthmy,, Gnsgfn.
Gnsgfn. :??
:??;;. Dhrphrktn jrkmbfm` kmb dhrphrktn
d hrphrktn jrkmb pnr-
ehrckmdn.. Nurhpnkm Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` 4> (4/2)9 22;—2>5.
ehrckmdn
Lktdl,, Ckry Ih kmb Ckianm Tdlugtz.
Lktdl Tdlugtz. ;660.
;660. Zngktfhms jntwnnm hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn, fbnm-
tfty kmb fck`n.
fck`n. Nurhpnkm Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` 4; (>/5)9 4>5—45>.
‒‒:??:
‒‒ :??:.. Rln bymkcfds he hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtfty.
fbnmtfty. Luckm Zngktfhms >> (<)9 6<6—;?;<.
Ikmddˀfdˀ, Ygktah.
Ikm Ygktah. ;66?.
;66?. Ckrantfm`9 strktn`fik cnmikvn. Giujgikmk9
Giujgikmk9 @hsphbkrsah vnstmfa9 Ttubfh
ckrantfm`..
ckrantfm`
Gfnvnms,, Efgfp kmb Tdhtt
Gfnvnms Td htt Lf`llhusn
Lf`ll husn.. :??
:??44.Rln rngktfhm he fmstrucnmtkg kmb sycjhgfd kttrfjutns
th k dhcpkmy‖s kttrkdtfvnmnss ks km ncpghynr.
ncpghynr. _nrshmmng _sydlhgh`y >5 >599 0>—;?:.
Cklmnrt, Akf E. kmb Kmm
Cklmnrt, Km m C. Rhr
hrrns
rns.. :??0.
:??0. Rln jrkmb fmsfbn9 tln ekdthrs he ekfgurn kmb suddnss
fm fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm`.
jrkmbfm`. Frfsl Ckrantfm` Znvfnw ;6 (;)9 >2—54.
5: Ncpghynr jrkmbfm`

Cnsmnr-Kmbhgūna
Cnsmnr-Kmbhgū na,, Bkmk.
Bkmk. ;66>.
;66>. Upgfv augturn mk hr`kmfzkdfisah struaturh. Giujgikmk9
Giujgikmk9 Ekaugtntk
zk bruŽ
bruŽjnmn vnbn.
vnbn.
Chsgny,, Zfdlkrb P. :??0.
Chsgny :??0. Dusthcnr nxpnrfnmdn, hr`kmfsktfhmkg dugturn kmb tln ncpghynr
jrkmb.. Ihurmkg he Jrkmb Ckmk`ncnmt ;> (:)9 ;:4—;42.
jrkmb
_umikfsrf,, Alkmykpuss,
_umikfsrf Alkmykpuss, Lnfmnr Nvkmsdlftzay kmb Kgkm Pfgshm.
Pfgshm. :??6.
:??6. Fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm`9 km
nmkjgnr he ncpghynns‖ jrkmb-supphrtfm` jnlkvfhurs.
jnlkvfhurs. Ihurmkg he Tnrvfdn
Tnr vfdn Ckmk`ncnmt :? (:)9
:?6—::5.
Tdlnfm, Nb`kr L. ;6<>.
Tdlnfm, ;6<>. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg Dugturn kmb Gnkbnrslfp. Tkm Erkmdfsdh, DK9
DK9 Ihssny-Jkss.
Ihssny-Jkss.
Tfcchms,, Ihlm Kybhm.
Tfcchms Kybhm. :??6.
:??6. Jhtl sfbns mhw9 kgf`mfm` nxtnrmkg kmb fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm` ehr k
shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn nrk.
nrk. Ckrantfm` Fmtnggf`nmdn & _gkmmfm` :0 (>)9 5<;—560.
Tuggfvkm,, Ihlm.
Tuggfvkm Ihlm. :??:.
:??:. Drketfm` k ghety ncpghycnmt jrkmb9 k dhstgy prhphsftfhm. Nrn-mnt, :>.
Mhvncjnr. Bhsphmh prna9 lttp9//www
lttp9//www.nrn.mnt/:??:/;;/:>/drk
.nrn.mnt/:??:/;;/:>/drketfm`-k-ghety-ncpgh
etfm`-k-ghety-ncpghy-
y-
cnmt-jrkmb-k-dhstgy-prhphsftfhm (6 Hdthjnr :?;?).
‒‒:??2
‒‒ :??2..Rln < ngncnmts
n gncnmts he k suddnsseug
sudd nsseug ncpghycnmt jrkmb. Nrn-mnt, :4. Enjrukry. Bhsphmh
prna9 lttp9//www
lttp9//www.nrn.mnt/:??2/?:/:4/tln-
.nrn.mnt/:??2/?:/:4/tln-<-ngncnmts-he-k-suddnsseug-ncpgh
<-ngncnmts-he-k-suddnsseug-ncpghycnmt-
ycnmt-
jrkmb (6 Hdthjnr :?;?).
Ryk`f,, _rkbnnp A. ;6<>.
Ryk`f ;6<>. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dgfcktn, fmnquftfns kmb kttrkdtfvnmnss he skgnspnrshm
rnwkrbs.. Ihurmkg he _nrshmkg Tnggfm` kmb Tkgns Ckmk`ncnmt
rnwkrbs Ckmk`ncnmt <> (>)9 4;—40.
vkm Znahc,
Znahc, Ihlm.
Ihlm. ;66<.
;66<. Dhrphrktn Fbnmtfty, Bnvnghpcnmt he tln Dhmdnpt kmb k Cnksurncnmt
Cntlhb. Bhdthrkg Bfssnrtktfhm. Zhttnrbkc9
Plnttnm
Plnttnm, , Bkvfb Kggrnb kmb _kug D.Zhttnrbkc
@hberny. 9;66<.
@hberny. Nrkscus
;66< ^mfvnrsftnft
. Fbnmtfty Zhttnrbkc
Zhttnrbkc.
fm Hr`kmfzktfhms9 .
Jufgbfm` Rlnhry
Rlrhu`l Dhmvnrsktfhms. Dkgfehrmfk9
Dkgfehrmfk9 Tk`n _ujgfdktfhms, Fmd.
Fmd.
Vkmfv
Vkmfv,, Nftkm kmb Enrnmd Ekraks.
Ekraks. :??>.
:??>. Rln fcpkdt he pnrshm-hr`kmfzktfhm ﬋t hm tln dhrphr-
dhr phr-
ktn jrkmb pnrdnptfhm he ncpghynns kmb he dusthcnrs.
dusthcnrs . Ihurmkg he Dlkm`n Ckmk`ncnmt > (2)9
220—25;.
Yklnnr,, Trfgktk,
Yklnnr Trfgktk, Ckr`krnt Tdlhckanr kmb Cnlcnt @nmd. @nmd. :??4.
:??4. Fbnmtfty vnrsus dugturn fm
cnr`nrs he nqukgs.
nqukgs. Nurhpnkm Ckmk`ncnmt Ihurmkg :; (:)9 ;<>—;6;.
>
NRLFDKG JZKMBFM@ KMB
DHZ_HZKRN
DHZ_HZK RN THDFKG ZNT_HMTFJFGFRV

DHMRNMRT
Rlfs dlkptnr ehdusns hm tln ntlfds he jrkmbfm` kmb fts pftekggs. Pn tkan k dghsnr
ghha kt dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty, fts bn﬋mftfhms kmb tln rhgn he shdfnty
nxpndtktfhms rn`krbfm` dhrphrktn rnsphmsfjfgfty. Eurtlnr, wn prnsnmt tln enk-
turns kmb thhgs h e shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty, km b wlkt dhcpkmfns slhugb tkan fmth
kddhumt wlnm dhccumfdktfm` kmb rnphrtfm` tlnfr shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty.

>.; Ntlfdkg jrkmbfm`

jrkmbfm` kmb fts
fts cfsusns
Fm tln gkst :? ynkrs, ckmy dhcpkmfns lkvn stkrtnb th kdamhwgnb`n dhrphrktn ntl-
fds kmb chrkg stkmbkrbs kmb htlnr kdtfhms tlkt dhmtrfjutn th tln wngg-jnfm` he tln
ghdkg nmvfrhmcnmt fm tln dhccumfdktfhm he tlnfr kttrfjutns kmb dlkrkdtnrfstfds.
dlkrkd tnrfstfds. Ehr
Ehr
shcn dhcpkmfns, tlfs fs cnrngy k rnsphmsn th `rh ` rhwfm`
wfm` prnssurns kmb bnckmbs erhc
vkrfhus pujgfds, wlfgn ehr htlnrs ft fs k bnenmdn strktn`y th prhtndt tlncsngvns erhc
drftfdfsc he tlnfr dhrphrktn bndfsfhms. K tlfrb `rhup he dhcpkmfns lkvn jufgt tlnfr
any dhcpntftfvn
dhcpntftfvn kbvkmtk`n hm ncplksfzfm` tlnfr rnsphmsfjfgfty thwkrb thwkrb shdfnty kmb/
hr mkturn kmb lkvn snt tlhsn vkguns ks tln dhrn kttrfjutns he tlnfr dhrphrktn jrkmb.
Tudl jrkmbfm` ncplksfzns tln ntlfdkg dhccftcnmts he tln dhcpkmy kmb fts chr-
kggy kmb shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn kdtfhms tkanm fm tln rngktfhmslfp wftl stkanlhgbnrs kmb
tln shdfnty (Ekm :??>1
:??>1 Chrsfm` kmb Tdlugtz
Tdlu gtz :??51
:??51 Jksu kmb _kgkzzh :??<):??<) kmb dkm
jn ckmfenstnb nftlnr hm tln prhbudt/snrvfdn gnvng hr hm tln dhrphrktn gnvng. Rln
fbnkg fs km fmtn`rktnb vnrsfhm he jhtl — chrkg hr ntlfdkg jrkmbs wftl tlnfr prhcfsn
tlkt km hr`kmfzktfhm
h r`kmfzktfhm — kmb wftl ft, kgg fts ncpghy
ncpghynns,
nns, prhbudts kmb snrvfdns — wfgg jn
kjgn th eug﬋g tln snt ntlfdkg stkmbkrbs kmb wfgg dhmsfstnmtgy fcpgncnmt chrkg bndf-
sfhms th wlfdl
wlf dl tlny lkvn dhccfttnb.Rln ﬋ngb he h e dgkssfd nxtnrmkg
nxtnr mkg kmb fmtnrmkg
f mtnrmkg dhr-
phrktn jrkmbfm` fmvhgvns dhmdnpts he chrkgfty, ntlfds kmb rnsphmsfjfgfty kmb h﬏nrs

52 Ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` kmb DTZ

k bf﬏nrnmt vfnw hm tln dhcpkmy‖s hpnrktfhms tlkt fs fmsnpkrkjgn erhc shdfnty. Rlfs
afmb he (dhrphrktn) jrkmbfm` fs, mnnbgnss th sky,
sky, prhjkjgy hmn he tln chst dhcpgnx
kmb bnckmbfm` hmns, jndkusn k dhcpkmy wftl sudl k strktn`y lks th ckan surn tlkt
tln jrkmb prhcfsn fs rnkgfznb hm kgg gnvngs kmb ehrcs he tln dhcpkmy‖s hpnrktfhms,
wlfgn kt tln skcn tfcn nvnryhmn — ncpghynns, jusfmnss pkrtmnrs, ckmk`nrs, hwmnrs
ks wngg ks dhmsucnrs
_rkdtfdkg nxkcpgns—slhw
lkvn tlkt
th jngfnvn
ckmy fm tlnsn dhccftcnmts
dhcpkmfns kmb gfvnfmjytlnfr
tlkt lkvn bndfbnb tlnc.
dhc-
cumfdktfhms th strnss ntlfdkg hr chrkg kttrfjutns kmb prhcfsns krn mht kjgn th euggy
kmb dhmsfstnmtgy nxnrdfsn tlnc hr lkvn mht nvnm trfnb th bh sh. Fmstnkb, tlny rnshrt
th ekjrfdktfm`, cfsgnkbfm` kmb nvnm gyfm`. Rlfs plnmhcnmhm fs amhwm jy vkrfhus
tnrcs wlfdl rkfsn k dusthcnr‖s sdnptfdfsc kmb pujgfd bfsgfan (DhrpPktdl :??;).:??;).
Hmn sudl nxkcpgn fs “`rnnmwkslfm`‖ , tln bndnptfvn pnrdnptfhm he tln nmvfrhm-
cnmtkg jnlkvfhur hr kbvkmtk`ns he prhbudts kmb snrvfdns k dhcpkmy prhvfbns. K
sfcfgkr tnrc fs “bnnp `rnnmwkslfm`‖ — dhcpkmfns hpnrktn kddhrbfm` th tln ntlfdkg
dhbns, wlfgn kt tln skcn tfcn tlny f`mhrn mktfhmkg kmb fmtnrmktfhmkg
fmtnr mktfhmkg nmvfrhmcnmtkg
k`rnncnmts kjhut nmvfrhmcnmtkg ckmk`ncnmt hr nvnm bfsrn`krb vkrfhus gkws kmb
rn`ugktfhms. “Jgunwkslfm`‖ fs k tnrc tlkt rnenrs th dhrphrktfhms tlkt umiustgy wrkp
tlncsngvns fm tln jgun ﬊k` he tln ^mftnb Mktfhms fm hrbnr th ksshdfktn tlncsngvns
(umiustgy) wftl tlncns he luckm rf`lts, gkjhur rf`lts kmb nmvfrhmcnmtkg prhtnd-
tfhm. Rln tnrc “swnktwksl‖ fs usnb th bnsdrfjn dhcpkmfns tlkt try th bfvnrt kttnm-
tfhm erhc tlnfr hwm ekdthrfns‖
ekdthr fns‖ prkdtfdns, ntlfdkggy
ntlfdkggy qunstfhmkjgn rngktfhmslfps thwkrb
ncpghynns
ncpghy nns hr sujdhmtrkdthrs kmb nvnm dlfgb gkjhur.
Tudl fmkbnquktn kmb lf`lgy bfsputkjgn dhcpkmy prkdtfdns dkm rnenr th bfsrnspndt-
fm` vkrfhus
vkrf hus ehrcs
ehr cs he rnsphmsfjfgftfns
rnsphmsfjfg ftfns tlkt dhcpkmfns
d hcpkmfns krn hjgf`nb
hjgf`n b th eug﬋g. Rnrrk
nrrkDlhfdn
Dlhfdn
Nmvfrhmcnmtkg Ckrantfm` Fmd. (:??0 (:??0)) rndh`mfznb sfx ekgsn hr cfsgnkbfm` nmvfr-
hmcnmtkg dgkfcs he `rnnmwkslfm` wlfdl lkvn jnnm krhumb tln ghm`nst.

;. Lfbbnm trkbn-h﬏ fs jksnb hm ncplksfzfm` k sfm`gn nmvfrhmcnmtkg kttrfjutn kmb

kt tln skcn tfcn mn`gndtfm` kgg nmvfrhmcnmtkg fssuns dkusnb jy tln eumdtfhm hr
prhbudtfhm he k dnrtkfm
d nrtkfm prhbudt. Tudl dgkfcs krn mht usukggy ekgsn, jut krn usnb
th pkfmt k chrn nmvfrhmcnmtkggy
nmvfrhmcnmtkggy erfnmbgy
er fnmbgy pfdturn he tln prhbudt.
:. Uk`unmnss rnenrs th dgkfcs tlkt krn sh phhrgy bn﬋mnb hr vk`un tlkt tlnfr rnkg
cnkmfm` fs gfangy th jn cfsumbnrsthhb. Thcn nxkcpgns he vk`unmnss krn dgkfcs
sudl ks k prhbudt jnfm` “mkturkg‖,
“mkturk g‖, “ndh‖
“ndh‖,, ntd.
4. Efjjfm` rnenrs th ckafm` ekgsn nmvfrhmcnmtkg dgkfcs. Chst he tlnsn krn cfsusn
hr cfsrnprnsnmtktfhm he ndhgh`fdkg
ndhgh`fdk g dnrtf﬋dktfhm.
dnrtf ﬋dktfhm.
2. Mh prhhe fs kmy nmvfrhmcnmtkg dgkfc tlkt dkmmht jn sujstkmtfktnb jy nksfgy
kddnssfjgn supphrtfm`
supphr tfm` fmehrcktfhm,
fmehr cktfhm, hr jy k rngfkjgn tlfrb pkrty hr “fmbnpnmbnmt‖
k`nmdy dnrtf﬋dktfhm.
dnr tf﬋dktfhm.
>. Rln prfmdfpgn he tln “gnssnr he twh nvfgs‖ bnsdrf
bnsdrfjns
jns prhbudts lkrceug th nmvfrhmcnmt
hr luckms wftlwf tl dgkfcs tlkt
tlk t cky jn trun wftlfm tln dktn`hry
dktn`hry,, jut mh vnrsfhm he
tlnsn prhbudts dkm ngfcfmktn tlnfr lkrceug lk rceug n﬏ndts.
5. Frrngnvkmdn fs ckafm` km umfcphrtkmt nmvfrhmcnmtkg dgkfc tlkt bfstrkdts tln
 dhmsucnr erhc ﬋mbfm` nmvfr
nmvfrhmcnmtkggy
hmcnmtkggy prnenrkjgn prhbudts.

Ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` kmb DTZ 5>

Dhcpkmfns stkrt usfm` trkmsehrcktfhms kmb ekgsf﬋dktfhms tlkt krn rngktnb th ntlfdkg
jrkmbfm` wlnm tlny jngfnvn tlkt jnmn﬋ts wfgg jn `rnktnr tlkm tln phtnmtfkg dhsts
fe sudl kdtfm` fs rnvnkgnb, hr wlnm tlny krn mht kjgn hr sfcpgy mht wfggfm` th eug﬋g
tlnfr prhcfsns. Fm chst dksns, tlny bnmy tln prhjgncs hr dlkggnm`ns tlny krn dhm-
erhmtnb wftl (H`hrngnd Pk`mnr :??0).
:??0). Fm sudl dksns, tln ﬋rst plksn fs usukggy tlkt,
hffl dfkggy
dfkg
f`mhrfm`
f`mhrf m`gy,, hr
tlnnvnm
prhjgnc b hns mhtdhmdnkgfm`
bhns
fmtnmtfhmkggy nxfst. Rln
dhmdnkg fm` ft.dhcpk
dhcpkmy
Fm tlnmysndhmb
bnm fnsplksn,
bnmfns tlnrn tln
f s kckmk`ncnmt
fs prhjgnc jy
ekdns tln prhjgnc kmb trfnstr fns th ﬋mb phtnmtfkg shgutfhms.
shgutfhm s. Ft dkm nftlnr snna kgtnrmktfv
kgtnr mktfvns
ns
th fcprhvn
fcprhvn hr shgvn tln prhjgnc hr ft iust ckans kppkrnmt dhrrndtfhms th prhtndt hr
fcprhvn fts pujgfd fck`n. Fm tln tlfrb plksn, tln dhcpkmy rnkgfzns tlkt tln mndns-
skry fcprhvncnmts hr nvnm shgutfhms krn thh nxpnmsfvn. Rlnrnehrn, ft stkrts snnafm`
th pursun dlnkpnr vkrfktfhms tlkt bh mht shgvn tln prhjgnc dhcpgntngy. Rln jksfd
prhjgnc rnckfms, jut mht mndnsskrfgy fm fts hrf`fmkg nxtnmt hr nvnm ﬋ngb. Fm tln gkst
plksn, tln kgtnrmktfvns th k eugg shgutfhm he tln prhjgnc hr dlkggnm`n krn phssfjgn
kmb enksfjgn — tln dhcpkmy h﬏nrs km kgtnrmktfvn prhbudt hr snrvfdn, kbkpts tln prh-
budtfhm prhdnss, fcprhvns fts rngktfhmslfp wftl tln `rhup he stkanlhgbnrs, kgtnrs fts
jusfmnss bndfsfhms, ntd., th rnshgvn tln kbvnrsn prhjgnc kmb prnvnmts fts rnpntftfhm.
Fe k dhcpkmy wkmts th jufgb fts jrkmb hm ntlfdkg kttrfjutns,
kttr fjutns, ft fs dgnkr tlkt tlfs dkm
hmgy jn nffl dfnmt kmb
k mb suddnsseug
sudd nsseug fe
f e k vnry dgnkr
dgnk r rnsphmsn fsf s ckbn th dlkggnm
dl kggnm`ns,
`ns, kmb
tln prfmdfpgns
pr fmdfpgns he dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty krn kdtukggy
kdtukgg y fcpgncnmtnb. Rln hmgy
wkrmfm` rngktnb th ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` kmb jksnb hm rnsphmsfjgn kdtfm` he tln dhc-
pkmy tlkt dkm jn `fv
` fvnm
nm kt tlfs phfmt fsf s tlkt gfns dkm qufdagy
qu fdagy jn bfsdhvnrnb
bfsdhvnrnb kmb tlkt, fm
tln jusfmnss whrgb, tln prfdn
pr fdn th pky ehr gyfm` fs sfcpgy thh jf` th nvnm dhmsfbnr ft.

>.: ^mbnrstkmbfm` dhrphrktn shdfkg

shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty
Fm tln ;6>?s, bfsdussfhms hm dhmdnpts he dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty fm tln
erkcnwhra he ckmk`ncnmt jndkcn chrn fmtnmsfvn (Dkrrhgg ;666),
;666 ), kmb jy tln
;65?s dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty wks bfsdussnb fm tln dhmtnxt he ckrantfm`
(Dlhublury ;602).
;602). Rhbky dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty lks jndhcn km fcphrtkmt
thpfd fm tln jusfmnss whrgb he ﬋rst whrgb dhumtrfns kmb fs fmdrnksfm`gy jndhcfm`
k “gfdnmdn‖ ehr k dhcpkmy‖s kdtfvftfns. Rln mhtfhm he dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty
“fs `rhumbnb fm tln shdfkg mkturn he jusfmnss kmb tln dhrphrktfhm‖ (Aghmhsaf ;66;,
;66; ,
;4), kt tln skcn tfcn kutlhrs ncplksfzn tln rhgn he shdfkg nxpndtktfhms thwkrb
dhcpkmfns (Ynmfsna ;6061
;6061 Cklhm kmb Cd@hwkm ;66;1 ;66;1 Lhpafms :??4).
:??4). Rln ckfm
fbnk he shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty fs tlkt “dhcpkmy kmb shdfnty krn dghsngy fmtnrwh
fmtnrwhvnm
vnm kmb
mht dhcpgntngy snpkrktn nmtftfns1 tln shdfnty lks dnrtkfm nxpndtktfhms kjhut suftkjgn
dhcpkmfns‖ jnlkvfhr kmb fts rnsugts‖ (Phhb ;66;,
;66;, 56>), kmb dhcpkmfns
dhcpkm fns lkvn th cnnt
tlnsn nxpndtktfhms th nmsurn umbfsturjnb eumdtfhmfm`.
Rln umbnrstkmbfm` he shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty th shcn nxtnmt bnpnmbs hm tln dlkr-
kdtnrfstfds he fmbfvfbukg shdfh-ndhmhcfd kmb phgftfdkg systncs, jksnb hm vkrfhus
dugturkg hrfnmtktfhms. Plkt fs dhmsfbnrnb ks shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty umkvhfbkjgy bfe-
enrs erhc hmn dhumtry th kmhtlnr. Fm pkrtfdugkr, tln ncplksns tlkt stkanlhgbnrs fm

55 Ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` kmb DTZ

vkrfhus dhumtrfns `fvn th shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn prkdtfdns krn bf﬏nrnmt. Rhbky, tln ehg-
ghwfm` prnv
prnvkfgfm`
kfgfm` chbngs he umbnrstkmbfm` dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty
dkm jn rndh`mfznb (@hghj :??5).
:??5).

• Rln Km`gh-Tkxhm chbng bfsdussns shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty fm k mkrrhw snmsn, erhc

tln kspndt
chbng he tln dhcpkmy‖s
fs wlntlnr hwm fmtnrnst.
dhrphrktn shdfkg Rln any
rnsphmsfjfgfty qunstfhmthkrfsfm`
dhmtrfjutns erhc tlfs
tln dhcpkmy‖s
prh﬋tkjfgfty kmb dhcpntftfvnmnss. Thdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty fs shcntlfm` tlkt mnnbs
th jn cnksurnb fm hrbnr
hrbn r th nmsurn tln dhcpkmy‖
dhcp kmy‖ss trkmspkrnmdy
trkmspk rnmdy fm pujgfd,
pujgf d, rnbudn
mn`ktfvn nxtnrmkg fcpkdts hm tln dhcpkmy kmb ckfmtkfm fts rnputktfhm fmtkdt.
Rln Km`gh-Tkxhm chbng dlkrkdtnrfzns tln systnc tlkt lks ghm` jnnm fcpgn-
cnmtnb fm tln ^TK kmb gnss sh fm tln ^A, wlnrn tln rhgn he tln `hvnrmcnmt
kmb tln wfbnr dhccumfty fm ehrcfm` shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn phgfdfns fs jndhc-
fm` chrn hjvfhus. Rln ^TK lks kgsh jnnm fmdrnksfm`gy ehgghwfm` tlfs trnmb.
Fm kbbftfhm th tln Km`gh-Tkxhm chbng, tlnrn krn kt gnkst ehur chrn nqukggy
fcphrtkmt chbngs prnsnmt fm tln Nurhpnkm krnk tlkt dh-slkpn tln “Nurhpnkm‖
dhmdnpt he dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty9 @nrckm, Gktfm, Mhrbfd—Butdl kmb
tln phst-shdfkgfst chbng (@hghj :??5).
:??5).
• K typfdkg dlkrkdtnrfstfd he tln @nrckm chbng fs tln ehrcktfhm he gn`kg erkcn-
whras ehr tln hpnrktfhm he dhcpkmfns
dhcpkm fns tlkt krn k rnsphmsn th pujgfd nxpndtktfhms.
nxpndtk tfhms.
Rlnsn gn`kg erkcnwhras
erkcnwhras krn ehrcnb fm bfkgh`un kchm` shdfkg pkrtmnrs wftl shdf-
nty rnprnsnmtktfvns (ncpghynns) kmb tln pujgfd pgkyfm` km fcphrtkmt rhgn. Rln
@nrckm trkbftfhm fs jksnb hm tln systnc tlkt `fvns k vhtn th nvnry kdthr/pkr-
tfdfpkmt fm tln dhcpkmy kmb ehrcs k sh-dkggnb dhggndtfvn bfsdfpgfmn tlkt dgnkrgy
stktns fts rnsphmsfjfgftfns. Dhcpkmy phgfdfns fm tln @nrckm chbng krn kddnptkjgn
kmb lkvn k cnkmfm` hmgy fe k jrhkbnr dhmsnmsus fs jufgt krhumb tlnc.
• Rln Gktfm chbng fs pkrtfkggy sfcfgkr th tln @nrckm hmn. Ft `fvns prfhrfty th ehr-
ckggy wrfttnm strudturns kmb rugns, jut wftl km fbnk he k “lf`lnr fbnkg‖ he snrv-
fm` pujgfd fmtnrnst jnlfmb tlnc, sh k dhcpkmy ks k dngg he tln shdfnty lks th
jn kbnquktngy rn`ugktnb kmb dhmtrhggnb. Rln gn`kg systnc fm tln Gktfm chbng
rn﬊ndts `nmnrkg pujgfd fmtnrnst, sh tln chst fcphrtkmt ekdthr ehr tln dhcpkmy
fs th rnspndt gn`kg prhvfsfhms. Erkmdn fs tln ﬋rst stktn tlkt bnckmbnb shdfkg
rnsphmsfjfgfty rnphrts jy gkw. Thdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty fm tln Gktfm chbng fs nspn-
dfkggy nxprnssnb fm tln rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm tln dhcpkmy kmb ncpghyncpghynns.
nns. Rln
gn`fsgktfhm pgkys k any rhgn fm tlfs chbng.
• Rln Mhrbfd—Butdl chbng supphrts tln dhmerhmtktfhm he hpfmfhms, jufgbfm` k
dhmsnmsus kmb cutukg kbkptktfhm. Rlfs bnckmbs tln ehrcktfhm he kpprhprfktn
stkanlhgbnr mntwhras, mnnbnb ehr tln dhcpkmy‖s eumdtfhmfm`. Rln dhcpkmy‖s
eumdtfhmfm` fs mht prfckrf
pr fckrfgy
gy bfrndtnb thwkrb cnntfm` hwmnrs‖ hr slkrnlhgbnrs‖
fmtnrnsts. Fm Tdkmbfmkvfkm dhumtrfns kmb tln Mntlnrgkmbs, tlnrn fs k lf`l gnvng

he nmvfrhmcnmt
nmvfrhmcnmtkgkmb kmbdhmsucnr
dhmsucnrprhtndtfhm
kdtfvfsc, krn
wlfgn kt tln
gn`kggy skcn tfcn, tln splnrns
rn`ugktnb.
• Rln phst-shdfkgfst chbng fs hmgy fm fts bnvnghpcnmt plksn kmb fts dlkrkdtnrfstfd
 fs km ncplksfzfm` fmtnrnst ehr prhjgncs he dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty. Rln

Ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` kmb DTZ 50

chbng `fvns prfhrfty th k jufgbfm` he k shdfkg stktn, supphrtfm` tln rhgn he tln
dfvfg shdfnty fm shdfh-ndhmhcfd qunstfhms, nmdhurk`fm` dhcpntftfvnmnss kmb
dhmdgubfm` tln pnrfhb he trkmsftfhm. Ft snncs tlkt dhumtrfns fmdgubnb fm tlfs
chbng krn snnafm` tln jkgkmdn jntwnnm tln prnvkfgfm` Km`gh-Tkxhm chbng
kmb fts tnmbnmdy thwkrb jf``nr dhcpntftfvnmnss kmb prh﬋tkjfgfty kmb nstkj-
gfslfm` shdfkg bfkgh`un wftl vkrfhus stkanlhgbnrs, brkwfm` erhc tln “trkbftfhm‖
wlnm tln nssnmdn he k dhcpkmy wks mht fts prh﬋tkjfgfty, jut fts ncpghycnmt
phssfjfgftfns.

Rln any bf﬏nrnmdn jntwnnm bf﬏nrnmt umbnrstkmbfm`s he dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsf-

jfgfty gfns wftlfm
wf tlfm tlnfr fcpgfdft kmb nxpgfdft kpprhkdl.
Fcpgfdft dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty fs jksnb hm ehrckg kmb fmehr-
ckg stktn fmstftutfhms tlkt krn k thhg ehr kttkdlfm` tln rnsphmsfjfgfty th dhcpkmfns.
Fcpgfdft shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty fs jksnb hm vkguns, mhrcs kmb rugns tlkt krn nxprnssnb
tlrhu`l bnckmbs thwkrb dhcpkmfns th bnkg wftl shdfkg qunstfhms. Rlnsn bnckmbs
krn hetnm ehrckgfznb
ehr ckgfznb ks phgfdfns, rn`ugktfhms
rn`ugktfhms hr gkws.
Nxpgfdft shdfkg rnsphm sfjfgfty fmdgubns phgfdfns gnb jy dhcpkmfns th tkan hvnr
rnsphmsfjfgfty hvnr
rnsphmsfjfgfty thwkrb dnrtkfm shdfkg bnckmbs. Ft fmdgubns phgfdfns tlkt krn jksnb hm
vhgumtnnrfm` ks wngg ks prh`rkccns kmb strktn`fns gnb jy tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s fmtnrnsts fm
kbbrnssfm` prhjgncs
prhjgncs fm shdfnty tlkt mnnb th jn fmdgubnb fm f m tln prhdnss he dhrphrktn
shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty kddhrbfm` th tln dhcpkmy kmb/hr fts stkanlhgbnrs. Rln nxpgfdft
chbng bhns mht lf`lgf`lt tln phwnr he tln fmstftutfhmkg erkcnw
erkcnwhra1
hra1 ft bnpnmbs hmgy
hm prnssurns he tln fmehrckg pujgfd kmb km b stkanlhgbnrs kmb trfns th kgtnr tlnc kddhrb-
fm` th fts hwm fmtnrnsts.

>.4 Thdfntkg nxpndtktfhms

nxpndtktfhms ks tln ehumbktfhm
ehumbktfhm he dhrphrktn
dhrphrktn
shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty

Dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty dkm jn umbnrsthhb ks shdfnty nxpndtktfhms he dhr-

phrktn jnlkvfhur tlkt fs shdfkggy nxpndtnb hr chrkggy rnqufrnb kmb fs tlnrnehrn ius-
tf﬋kjgy bnckmbnb he k jusfmnss (Plnttnm nt kg. :??;).:??;). Rlnfr nxpndtk
nxpndtktfhms,
tfhms, wlfdl krn
k rn
tln rnkshm kmb kt tln skcn tfcn tln ehumbktfhm he dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty,
krfsn
krf sn erhc tln “stkan‖ vkrfhus stkanlhgbnrs lkvlkvnn fm k dhcpkmy kmb wlh krn k﬏ndtnb
jy tln dhcpkmy‖
dhcpkmy‖ss shdfkggy
shdfkg gy rnsphmsfjgn jnlkvfhur
jnlkvfhur..Rln chst wfbngy quhtnb
quh tnb bn﬋mftfhm
he shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty stktns tlkt shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty nmdhcpkssns tln ndhmhcfd,
gn`kg, ntlfdkg kmb bfsdrntfhmkry nxpndtktfhms tlkt shdfnty lks he hr`kmfzktfhms kt k
`fvnm phfmt fm tfcn (Dkrrhgg ;606, ;606 , >??).Rlnsn nxpndtktfhms rnenr th vkrfhus kspndts
kmb hjgf`ktfhms he tln dhcpkmy th tln pujgfd. Rlnrnehrn
Rlnrnehrn,, dhcpkmfns slhugb ckan k
prh﬋t kmb bngfvnr rnpkycnmt he slkrnlhgbnrs‖ fmvnstcnmts, `ukrkmtnn ekfr pkycnmt
he wk`ns kmb dhmtrfjutfhms kmb kgsh prhvfbn `hhb prhbudts kmb snrvfdns kt kpprh-
prfktn
prfk tn prfdns
pr fdns ehr dhmsucnrs. Rlny lkvn
lkvn th rnspndt tln gkws kmb rugns
r ugns he tln jusfmnss
`kcn, kmb kdt fm rnspndt he wlkt fs rf`lt, iust kmb ekfr. Chst he kgg, tlny cust mht
dkusn lkrc
lkr c th stkanlhgbnrs. Kbbftfhmkggy
Kbbftfhmkggy,, tlny slhugb dhmtrfjutn
dhmtr fjutn th tln dhccumfty

5< Ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` kmb DTZ

kmb fcprhvn qukgfty he gfen. Fmtnrnstfm`gy, tln rnsnkrdlns strnss tlkt fm Nurhpnkm dug-
turkg shdfnty
shdfnty,, tln dhcphmnmts dhmdnrmfm
dhmdnrmfm`` mhm-ndhmhcfd
mhm-nd hmhcfd rnsphmsfjfgftfns (n.`. gn`kg,
ntlfdkg kmb plfgkmtlrhpfd)
plfgkm tlrhpfd) krn nspndfkggy fcphrtkmt, wlfgn ndhmhcfd rnsphmsfjfgftfns
krn, fm shcn dksns, nvnm mn`ktfvngy gfmanb wftl mhm-ndhmhcfd hmns (Kuppnrgn nt kg.
;6<>11 Ckf`mkm :??;1
;6<> :??;1 @hghj :??5).
:??5).
Thdfnty nxpndtktfhms rnprnsnmt tln cfmfckg gnvng he shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty hr krn
rnspndtfvngy bn﬋mfm` ft (Chmsnm ;60:,
rnspndtfvngy ;60:, ;:5—;:0). Nkdl dhcpkmy‖s kdtfhm tlkt bhns
mht gfvn up th shdfnty nxpndtktfhms qufdagy gnkbs th dhm﬊fdt kmb ckans tln dhc-
pkmy‖ss hpnrktfh
pkmy‖ hpn rktfhmm chrn bfffldugt (U (Ukggnm
kggnmtfm
tfm :??2
:??2).).
_rnssurns hm dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty he dhcpkmfns dkm jn bfvfbnb
fmth fmtnrmkg
fmtnr mkg kmb nxtnrmkg
nxtnr mkg prnssurns. Fmtnr
Fmtnrmkg
mkg prnssurns krn chstgy drnktnb jy ncpghy-
nns (K`ufgnrk nt kg. :??0).
:??0). Rln htlnr afmb he prnssurn fs nxtnrmkg prnssurn, wlfdl fs
chrn dhcchm (Tcftl ;66?1 ;66?1 Agnfm :??;).
:??;). Dhcpkmfns kmb jf` dhrphrktfhms dkm jn
pgkdnb umbnr sudl prnssurn jy fmbfvfbukgs fm vkrfhus rhgns, chst dhcchmgy ks kdtfvn
dftfznms, cncjnrs he bf﬏nrnmt mhm-`hvnrmcnmtkg hr`kmfzktfhms kmb prnssurn `rhups,
hr ks kwkrn dhmsucnrs. Eumdtfhmfm` he fmbfvfbukgs fs nxpgfdftgy hjvfhus kt tln dhm-
sucnr gnvng. Kgtlhu`l tln ckihrfty he dhmsucnrs krn fmkdtfvn, Bylr (:??4 (:??4)) mhtnb
tlkt ckmy kt gnkst bndgkrktfvngy ekvhur
ekvhur ntlfdkggy
ntlfdkgg y kmb shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn dhmsucptfhm,
dhmsucp tfhm,
nvnm tlhu`l tlny bh mht nxnrt tlfs phwnr fm prkdtfdn. Rln dhmsucnrs krn kwkrn he
tln gktnmt phwnr tlkt fs k `hhb nmhu`l chtfvkthr ehr tln dhcpkmfns
dhcpkmf ns th rnsphmb wftl
chrn shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn prkdtfdns hr prhbudts. K wngg-ehumbnb enkr he dhmsucnrs‖
gktnmt phwnr ckmfenstktfhm jy cnbfk prnssurn dhugb pnrsukbn shcn dhmsucnr sn`-
cnmts th jhydhtt k dhcpkmy. Bylr (:??4 (:??4)) kgsh enngs tlkt gn`fsgktfhm kmb tln stktn fm
`nmnrkg dkm jn phwnreug chtfvkthrs he shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn dhmsucptfhm. Kchm`
htlnr tlfm`s, tlfs dkm jn prhbudt gkjnggfm` wlfdl kgsh nmdhurk`ns ntlfdkg dhmsucp-
tfhm..Rln shdfkggy dhmsdfhus dhmsucnr fs k dhmsucnr wlh tkans fmth kddhumt tln
tfhm
pujgfd dhmsnqunmdns he lfs hr lnr prfv
pr fvktn
ktn dhmsucptfhm hr wlh kttncpts th usn lfs hr
lnr purdlksfm` phwnr th jrfm` kjhut shdfkg dlkm`n (Chlr nt kg. :??;, :??;, 20).
Ft whugb jn wrhm` th kssucn tlkt tln hmgy chtfvn dhcpkmfns lkvn th kdt shdfkggy
rnsphmsfjgn fs fm tlnfr n﬏hrt th `kfm k “gfdnmdn th hpnrktn‖ erhc tln pujgfd hr th
lkmbgn tln rfsas tlkt kgg dhcpkmfns krn ekdnb wftl bun th fmdrnksfm`gy drftfdkg kmb
kdtfvn kubfnmdns. Eurtlnr fcphrtkmt chtfvns krn `kfmfm` k bnsfrnb phsftfhm fm tln
nyns he tln tkr`nt pujgfd kmb dhcpkmy bf﬏nrnmtfktfhm erhc tln dhcpntftfhm. Ehr
k sf`mf﬋dkmt pkrt he tln pujgfd, gfmafm` tln dhcpkmy wftl shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty fs
sudl km fcphrtkmt kttrfjutn he tln dhcpkmy‖s h﬏nr tlkt dhmsucnrs krn wfggfm` th
pky chrn ehr ft, jn ghykg th ft kmb rndhccnmb ft th htlnrs. Rln skcn kppgfns ehr fts
ncpghynns
ncpghy nns wlh rnw
rnwkrb
krb tlnfr dhcpkmy‖
d hcpkmy‖ss shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty wftl fbnmtf﬋dktfhm kmb
dhccftcnmt th tln dhcpkmy,
dhcpkmy, jut kgsh wftl lf`lnr prhbudtfvfty kmb eumdtfhmfm`
eumdtf hmfm` fm
kddhrbkmdn wftl tln prhcfsns he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb (_kfmn :??4). :??4).
Pn dkm dhmdgubn wftl Ttnfmnr‖s (;600 (;600)) ﬋mbfm`s tlkt kt kmy tfcn kmb fm kmy

shdfnty
jntwnnmtlnrn fs k snt he
fmstftutfhms kmb`nmnrkggy kd dnptkjgn
kddnptkjgn
pnhpgn.Rlnsn rngktfhms,
rngktfhms hjgf`ktfhms
krn jksnb kmbdhmtrkdts‖.
hm “shdfkg dhccftcnmtsKmb
shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty fs gfmanb th tlnsn shdfkg dhmtrkdts, ks ft fs k snt he `nmnrkggy
 kddnptkjgn rngktfhms, hjgf`ktfhms kmb dhccftcnmts k﬏ndtfm` dhcpkmfns‖ fm﬊unmdn

Ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` kmb DTZ 56

kmb phwnr hvnr shdfkg wngg-jnfm` kmb `nmnrkg wngekrn tlkt rnwkrbs nvnryhmn fm tlfs
nxdlkm`n.

>.2 Fcpgncnmtktfhm he dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty

rnsphmsfjfgfty
Km kmswnr th lhwlhw dhcpkmfns slhugb fcpgncnmt tlnfr shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty fs h﬏nrnb
jy Gkmths (:??;
(:??;,, 5?;), wlh skys tlkt shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty lks th jn rn﬊ndtnb fm tln
jkgkmdn he k dhcpkmy‖
dhcpkmy‖ss kdtfvftfns.
kd tfvftfns. Rln dhcpkmy
dhcpk my cust jkgkmdn
jkg kmdn fts
f ts ndhmhcfd, ntlfdkg
kmb bfrndt shdfkg pnrehrckmdn, wlfgn kt tln skcn tfcn jkgkmdfm` tln fmtnrnsts he
cugtfpgn stkanlhgbnrs. Ft fs k ekdt tlkt ndhmhcfd ks wngg ks mhm-ndhmhcfd drftnrfk
krn jnmdlckras ehr shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn kdtfhms, jut dhcpkmfns dkm lkvn cugtfpgn
hjindtfvns (Gkmths :??;,
:??;, 5?;). Thdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty fs tln jkgkmdn he kgg bfcnm-
sfhms he rnsphmsfjfgfty kmb
k mb km kdtfvfty tlkt fs jkgkmdnb
jkgkmd nb jy stkanlhgbnrs‖ kmb shdfnty‖s
shdfnty‖s
nxpndtktfhms, vkguns kmb mhrcs
mhr cs (@hghj :??5).
:??5).
Dhcpkmfns lkvn th pky kttnmtfhm th fmtnrmkg ks wngg ks nxtnrmkg bfcnmsfhms he
tlnfr kdtfvftfns. Rln fmtnrmkg bfcnmsfhm he shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn prkdtfdns prf-
ckrfgy fmvhgvns ncpghynns kmb rngktns th fssuns sudl ks fmvnstfm` fm luckm dkpftkg,
lnkgtl kmb skenty, kmb ckmk`fm` dlkm`n, wlfgn nmvfrhmcnmtkggy rnsphmsfjgn prkdtfdns
rngktn ckfmgy th tln ckmk`ncnmt he mkturkg rnshurdns usnb fm prhbudtfhm kmb th tln
prhbudtfhm ftsnge (Nurhpnkm Dhccfssfhm :??;).
:??;). Ncpghy
Ncpghynns
nns pkrtfdfpktn
pkrtf dfpktn fm tln ehrck-
ehr ck-
tfhm he shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn phgfdfns hm twh gnvngs. Pn tkga kjhut bfrndt pkrtfdfpktfhm
wlnrn ncpghynns pkrtfdfpktn tlncsngvns, hr fmbfrndt pkrtfdfpktfhm wlnrn tlnfr rhgn fs
tkanm hvnr jy rnprnsnmtktfvns fm tln dhcpkmy
d hcpkmy.. Fm prkdtfdn, ncpghynns
ncpghynns chst
ch st dhcchmgy
dh cchmgy
pkrtfdfpktn fm shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn
rnsphmsfjgn prkdtfdns jy dhhpnrktfm` fm bf﬏nrnmt fmtnrmkg sur-
vnys (n.`. sktfsekdtfhm survnys) hr jy dh-drnktfm` tln ntlfdkg prfmdfpgns he dhcpkmy
eumdtfhmfm` (n.`. ehdus `rhups). Rlfs nmlkmdns dhrphrktn dugturkg fbnmtfty kmb dhm-
trfjutns th tln dhcpkmy‖s bnvnghpcnmt thwkrb shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty. Ncpghynns dkm
kgsh lkvn k chrn spndf﬋d rhgn fm tln fcpgncnmtktfhm he shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty1 usukggy
tlnfr rhgn k﬏ndts tln fmtnrmkg bfcnmsfhm he shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty, ehr nxkcpgn, whra
qukgfty,, whra nmvfrhmcnmt, lnkgtl kmb skenty
qukgfty sk enty kt whra, jut kgsh nmvfrhmcnmtkg fcpkdt
fcpkd t
he tlnfr whrafm` kdtfvftfns. K vnry fcphrtkmt dhcphmnmt fs kgsh fmtnrmkg dhccumf-
dktfhm kjhut ncpghynn sktfsekdtfhm. Ncpghynns‖ rhgns fm tln erkcnwhra he dhrphrktn
shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty dkm jn eurtlnr bn﬋mnb jy pkrtfdfpktfhm fm tlnsn ﬋ngbs9

• snttfm` up ntlfdkg prfmdfpgns kmb stkmbkrbs he hpnrktfhm (ncpghynn ehdus

`rhups)1
• dhrphrktn `hvnrmkmdn (ncpghynns‖ rnprnsnmtktfvns pkrtfdfpktfm` fm supnrvfshry
jhkrbs)1
• shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn fmvnstcnmt1
• ckrantfm` wftl tln supphrt he dlkrftfns (ncpghynns vhgumtnnrfm` ehr mhm-
prh﬋t kmb dlkrftkjgn
dlkr ftkjgn hr`kmfzktfhms)1
• pkrtmnrslfp fm tln ghdkg dhccumfty (vhgumtkry kssfstkmdn th ghdkg
 hr`kmfzktfhms)1

0? Ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` kmb DTZ

• cnksurfm` tln n﬏ndts he shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty kmb rnphrtfm` (fmbnpnmbnmt nvkgu-

ktfhm he dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty jy ncpghynns).
ncpghynns).

Rln nxtnrmkg bfcnmsfhm he shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty

rnsphmsfjfgfty rnenrs th cutukg rngktfhms wftl
stkanlhgbnrs kmb tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s fmtn`rktfhm
fmtn` rktfhm fm fts ghdkg nmvfr
nmvfrhmcnmt.
hmcnmt.Rlnsn krn rngk-
tfhms kmb n﬏ndts hm ghdkg dhccumftfns, jusfmnss pkrtmnrs, suppgfnrs kmbk mb dhmsucnrs,
ks wngg ks phgfdfns he dhmsfstnmtgy rnspndtfm` jksfd luckm rf`lts kmb nmvfrhmcnmt
prhtndtfhm jut kgsh kdtfvn fmvhgv
fmvhgvncnmt
ncnmt fm kdlfnvfm` `ghjkg nmvfr
nmvfrhmcnmtkg
hmcnmtkg kmb shdfkg
fcprhvncnmts (Nurhpnkm Dhccfssfhm :??;). :??;). Rln stuby he Jlkttkdlkryk kmb Tnm
(:??2
:??2)) kgsh bfstfm`ufslns jntwnnm fmtnrmkg kmb nxtnrmkg shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty kmb
bfvfbns vkrfhus shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn kdtfvftfns fmth sfx `rhups kddhrbfm` th chmntkry
chmntkr y
hr mhm-chmntkry
mhm-chmntkr y kfb, amhwgnb`n
amhwgnb`n kmb tfcn.

;. Dhccumfty supphrt fmdgubns tln supphrt he tln krts, lnkgtl kmb nbudktfhmkg
prh`rkccns fm tln dhccumfty.
:. Bfvnrsfty fmdgubns kssfstkmdn fm nstkjgfslfm` `nmbnr kmb rkdn nqukgfty.
nqukgfty.
4. Ncpghynn
Ncpghy nn supphrt rnenrs th dhmdnrm ehr whra skenty, ihj sndurfty, prh﬋t-slkrfm`
kmb ncpghynn fmvhgvncnmt.
2. Nmvfrhmcnmt fmdg
fmdgubns
ubns rndydgfm`, nmvfrhmcnmtkg
nmvfrhmcnmtkg prhtndtfhm kmb nmvfr
nmvfrhmcnmtkggy
hmcnmtkggy
erfnmbgy prhbudts.
>. Mhm-^T hpnrktfhms fmdgubn hpnrktfhms fm dhumtrfns wftl ckihr luckm rf`lts
vfhgktfhms kmb lf`l phvnrty rktns.
5. _rhbudt rnenrs th prhbudt skenty, ndhgh`fdkg prhbudts kmb tlnfr Z&B/
fmmhvktfhm, ntd.

Ahtgnr kmb Gnn (:??>

(:??>)) nxpghrn sfx fmftfktfvns tlkt krn umbnrtkanm jy dhcpkmfns th
eug﬋g tlnfr shdfkg
shdfk g rnsphmsfjfgfty hr th dhmtrfjutn
dhmtr fjutn th dhccumfty wngg-jnfm`.

;. Dkusn prhchtfhm krn fmftfktfvns ehr wlfdl k dhrphrktf

dhrphrktfhm
hm prhvfbns eumbs, fm-afmb
dhmtrfjutfhms, hr htlnr dhrphrktn rnshurdns th fmdrnksn kwkrnmnss kmb dhm-
dnrm kjhut k shdfkg dkusn hr th supphrt eumbrkfsfm`, pkrtfdfpktfhm, hr vhgumtnnr
rndruftcnmt ehr k dkusn.
:. Fm dkusn-rngktnb ckrantfm`, k dhrphrktfhm dhccfts th ckafm` k dhmtrfjutfhm hr
bhmktfm`
bhmktf m` k pnrdnmtk`n
pnrdnmtk` n he rnvnmuns
rnvnmuns th k spndf﬋d
spndf ﬋d dkusn
dkus n jksnb hm prhbudt skgns.
sk gns. Th,
tln dhrphrktfhm dkm kttrkdt mnw dhmsucnrs, rkfsn eumbs ehr tln spndf﬋d dkusn
kmb strnm`tlnm fts jrkmb, jut kgsh jrfb`n ckrant `kps, fmdrnksn skgns he k pkr-
tfdugkr prhbudt, `nmnrktn dghsn rngktfhms kmb jufgb k strhm` jrkmb fbnmtfty.
4. Fm dhrphrktn shdfkg ckrantfm`, k dhrphrktfhm supphrts tln bnvnghpcnmt kmb/
hr fcpgncnmtktfhm he k jnlkvfhur dlkm`n dkcpkf`m fmtnmbnb th fcprhvn
k spndf﬋d shdfkg prhjgnc (n.`. km kmtf-schafm` dkcpkf`m hr k dkcpkf`m ehr

nmdhurk`fm`
tln prhjgnc lnkgtly
dhfmdfbngfenstygns).
wftl tln Rlfs dkm rkfsn
dhcpkmy‖s dnrtkfm
`hkgs, qunstfhms,
hr dkm sudl ks
kpprhprfktn bhns
prhens-
sfhmkg supphrt jn `ukrkmtnnb8
 2. Dhrphrktn plfgkmtlrhpy fs wlnm k dhrphrktfhm ckans k bfrndt dhmtrfjutfhm th
k dlkrfty hr dkusn, chst hetnm fm tln ehrc he dksl `rkmts, bhmktfhms, prhbudts

Ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` kmb DTZ 0;

hr snrvfdns. Ft fs fcphrtkmt tlkt tln dhrphrktfhm dlhhsns k spndf﬋d dkusn tlkt

fs gfmanb wftl tln dhcpkmy‖s hpnrktfhms kmb fm kddhrbkmdn wftl fts strktn`fd
hrfnmtktfhm wlfdl nmkjgns fts ncpghynns th fbnmtfey wftl ft. Kmhtlnr fcphrt-
kmt ekdthr fs th dlhhsn k dkusn tlkt dkm jnmn﬋t erhc tln dhmtrfjutfhms kmb
tlkt kgghws tln dhcpkmy th dhccumfdktn kjhut tln dkcpkf`m‖s suddnss fm k
chbnst wky.
>. Dhccumfty vhgumtnnrfm` fs k shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn fmftfktfvn fm wlfdl k dhrphr-
ktfhm nmdhurk`ns ncpghynns, jusfmnss pkrtmnrs kmb erkmdlfsn cncjnrs th vhg-
umtnnr tlnfr tfcn th supphrt ghdkg dhccumfty dkusns. Fm tlfs ehrc he shdfkg
nm`k`ncnmt, tln kutlhrs su``nst tlkt k dhrphrktfhm cky usn ft wlnm htlnr
ehrcs he shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn prkdtfdns mnnb th jn kbbftfhmkggy supphrtnb jy
vhgumtnnrfm`, wlnm ncpghynns hr pkrtmnrs nxprnss tln wfggfm`mnss th lngp hr
wlnm tndlmhgh`y nmkjgns ncpghynns th lkvn k sfcpgn nm`k`ncnmt fm shdfkg
prhjgncs.
5. Fm shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn jusfmnss prkdtfdns, k dhrphrktfhm kbhpts kmb dhmbudts bfs-
drntfhmkry jusfmnss prkdtfdns kmb fmvnstcnmts tlkt supphrt shdfkg dkusns (sudl
ks, ehr nxkcpgn, suspnmsfhm he kgg ckrantfm` kdtfvftfns
k dtfvftfns kfcnb kt sdlhhgdlfgbrnm).
sdlhhgd lfgbrnm).
Rln ckihrfty he tlnsn prkdtfdns fmdgubn fmtnrmkg prhdnssns wftlfm k dhcpkmy,
sudl ks ckrantfm`
ck rantfm` sken hr ndhgh`fdkg
ndhgh`fd kg prhbudts.

Rlnrnehrn Ahtgnr kmb Gnn (:??>

(:??>)) su``nst tlkt k dhcpkmy mnnbs th kbbrnss sudl
fmftfktfvns jy bnvnghpfm` k prh`rkccn tlkt fmdgubns fbnmtf﬋dktfhm he mnnbs kmb
trun prhjgncs tlkt krn fmbfrndtgy nvnm jnmn﬋dfkg ehr tln dhcpkmy, km fmtn`rktnb
kpprhkdl th fcpgncnmtktfhm, kpprhprfktn dhccumfdktfhm wftl ncpghynns, nbudk-
tfhm, kmb k bn﬋mftfhm he `hkgs tlkt wfgg
wfg g jn eug﬋ggnb jy sudl km hpnrktfhm.

>.> Dhccumfdk
Dhccumfdktfm`
tfm` dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty
rnsphmsfjfgfty
DZT dhccumfdktfhm fs k prhdnss he kmtfdfpktfm` stkanlhgbnrs‖ nxpndtktfhms,
krtfdugktfhm he DTZ phgfdy kmb ckmk`fm` he bf﬏nrnmt hr`kmfzktfhm dhccumfdk-
tfhm thhgs bnsf`mnb th prhvfbn
prhvfbn trun kmb trkmspkrnmt fmehrcktfhm
fmehr cktfhm kjhut k dhcpkmy‖
dhcpkmy‖ss
hr k jrkmb‖s fmtn`rktfhm he fts jusfmnss hpnrktfhms, shdfkg kmb nmvfrhmcnmtkg dhm-
dnrms kmb fmtnrkdtfhms wftl stkanlhgbnrs (_hbmkr :??<).:??<). Pn lkvn th bfstfm`ufsl
jntwnnm pnrsuksfvn kmb fmehrcktfvn dhccumfdktfhm he dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsf-
jfgfty (CdPfggfkcs nt kg. :??5).
:??5).
Plfgn pnrsuksfvn dhccumfdktfhm kttncpts th phsftfvngy fm﬊unmdn dhmsucnr
kttftubns thwkrb prhbudts hr tln dhcpkmy ftsnge, fmehrcktfvn dhccumfdktfhm
cnrngy `fvns fmehrcktfhm kjhut tln DTZ prkdtfdns he tln ﬋rc kmb fs mht tryfm` th
pnrsukbn dhmsucnrs
dhmsucnr s th juy tln dhcpkmy‖
dhcpkmy‖ss prhbudts hr snrvfdns.
snr vfdns.
Plnm ft dhcns th dhccumfdktfm` dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty, tln skyfm`
“hmn kdtfhm
kd tfhm spnkas ghubnr tlkm k tlhuskmb whrbs‖ fs bn﬋mftngy trun.Ukrfhus kutlhrs
jngfnvn tlkt bf﬏nrnmt shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn fmftfktfvns hr prh`rkccns dhccumf-
dktn nmhu`l kmb kmy kbbftfhmkg thhgs ehr dhccumfdktfm` DTZ krn mht mndnsskry.
Ttkanlhgbnrs‖ nxtrncngy mn`ktfvn rnkdtfhms (kmb dhmsnqunmtgy tln lf`l dhst he

0: Ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` kmb DTZ

ngfcfmktfm` tlnc) thwkrb dhcpkmfns spnmbfm` chrn eumbs ehr dhccumfdktfm`

d hccumfdktfm` dhr-
phrktnn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfg
phrkt rnsph msfjfgfty
fty tlkm kdtukgg
kd tukggyy fmvnstfm`
fmvnstfm` fm DTZ
DT Z prh`rkccns
prh`rkccn s krn k suffl-
dfnmt wkrmfm` th nvnryhmn
nvnryhmn tlfmafm` he usfm` dhccumfdktfm` DZT th fcprhvn
fcprhvn tlnfr
pujgfd fck`n. Tudl kdtfhms krn vfsfjgn nxkcpgns he shdfkg frrnsphmsfjfgfty tlkt jrfm`
chrn bhujts kjhut tln trun fmtnmtfhms he shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn kdtfvftfns kmb dkusn
stkanlhgbnrs th rnsphmb th sudl kdtfvftfns wftl dkutfhm. Thcn
Thcn kutlhrs phfmt hut tlkt
dhcpkmfns tlkt krn
k rn kgrnkby pnrdnfvnb
pnrdnfvnb ks shdfkggy
shdfkgg y rnsphmsfjgn lkvn
lkvn gfttgn th `kfm erhc
pgkmmnb dhccumfdktfhm he tlfs ekdt (Ttukrt :??2). :??2). Plfgn hm tln dhmtrkry, htlnrs
wrftn tlkt dhccumfdktfm` dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty jrfm`s phsftfvn n﬏ndts,
nspndfkggy fm `kfmfm` stkanlhgbnrs‖ trust kmb kpprhvkg,
kpprhvkg, dhmsnqunmtgy fm﬊unmdfm` tln
dhcpkmy‖ss rnputktfhm (Chrsfm` kmb Tdlugtz :??5
dhcpkmy‖ :??5).). Lhwnv
Lhwnvnr,
nr, kutlh
kutlhrs
rs k`rnn
k `rnn tlkt tln
chst n﬏ndtfvn cntlhb he dhccumfdktfm` DTZ fs rnenrnmdns kmb rnphrts prnpkrnb
jy fmbnpnmbnmt stkanlhgbnrs, jn ft dhmsucnrs, mhm-`hvnrmcnmtkg
mhm-`hvnrmcnmtkg fmstftutfhms, htlnr
fmbnpnmbnmt hr`kmfzktfhms, cnbfk, fmtnrmnt dhccumftfns hr htlnrs. Tphmshrslfp fs
km fcphrtkmt
f cphrtkmt dhmtrhggnb dhccumfdktfhm thhg, wlfgn tln dhcpkmy‖
d hcpkmy‖ss wnjsftn, pujgfd
rngktfhms kmb kbvnrtfsfm` bnpkrtcnmts krn
k rn gnss n﬏ndtfvn
n﬏ndtfvn (Ttukrt :??2).
:??2 ).
@hghj (:??5
(:??5)) wrftns tlkt tln jnst thhg ehr dhccumfdktfm` kmb nvkguktfm` dhr-
phrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty fs k twh-wky dhccumfdktfhm chbng. Lkks (:??4 (:??4)) bfs-
dussns tln cnkmfm` he nstkjgfslfm` kdtukg kmb k mb sfcugktnb bfkgh`uns jntwnnm tln dhc-
pkmy kmb fts nmvfrhmcnmt. Pftl tln kdtukg bfkgh`un jntwnnm k dhcpkmy kmb fts
stkanlhgbnrs, tln gkttnr krn `fvnm tln phssfjfgfty th krtfdugktn tlnfr nxpndtktfhms kmb
drftfdfsc
drf tfdfsc tlkt dhugb dlkm`n tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s wky he hpnrktfhm. Dhcpkmfns slhugb mht
kvhfb pujgfd bfsdhursn hr fm﬊unmdn ft, jut rktlnr kdtfvngy pkrtfdfpktn kmb, fe mndns-
skry, nmdhurk`n ft. Lhwnvnr, wn dkmmht ehr`nt tlkt tln dhrn he dhccumfdktfhm kmb
fts nffl dfnmd
dfnmdyy fs mht tln cnssk`n
cnss k`n ftsnge
ft snge,, jut fs lfbbnm
lf bbnm fm tln dhcpkmy‖
dhc pkmy‖ss chtfvn ehr
sudl kdtfhm ks snnm jy stkanlhgbnrs. Rln dhmsucnrs phsftfvngy rnkdt th tln dhc-
pkmy‖s shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn hpnrktfm` kmb bntndt ft ks k wngg-fmtnmtfhmnb, lhmnst,
ghm`-tnrc kmb dhmsfstnmt fmvnstcnmt tlkt fs rngktnb th tln dhcpkmy‖s fbnmtfty kmb
vkguns, wlfgn hm tln htlnr lkmb slhrt-tnrc
slhrt-tnr c kdtfvftfns krn snnm ks hmn he tln kttncpts
th fcpgncnmt tln dhcpkmy‖
dhcpkmy‖ss n`hfstfd chtfvns kmb k trfd trfdaa th nmlkmdn skgns. Fm hrbnr
th n﬏ndtfvngy dhccumfdktn dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty kmb kdlfnvn ckxfcuc
fcpkdt, ft fs fcphrtkmt tlkt k dhcpkmy dhccumfdktns k prhindt tlkt fs dhm`runmt
wftl fts fbnmtfty
fb nmtfty,, kdtfvft
kdtfvftfns
fns kmb wftl
wft l tln prhjgnc tln dhcpkmy fs kbbrnssfm`.
kbb rnssfm`. _nrshmkg
fmvhgvncnmt he ncpghynns kmb tln dhcpkmy‖s dhmsucnrs fm tln prh`rkccn drnktns
`hhb dhmbftfhms ehr suddnsseug dhccumfdktfhm.
dh ccumfdktfhm.
Rln prnsnmdn he tln fcpgfdft chbng tlkt bnckmbs tlkt dhcpkmfns krn nxtrncngy
shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn, jut bhns mht kgghw tlnc th ghubgy dhccumfdktn kmb jufgb
tlnfr dhcpntftfvn kbvkmtk`n kmb rnputktfhm rnprnsnmts rnprnsnmts k jf` dlkggnm`n
dlkg gnm`n ehr tln ckm-
k`nrs wlh lkvn th iustfey tlnfr fmvnstcnmts fm shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty. Chrsfm` kmb
Tdlugtz (:??5
(:??5)) wrftn tlkt tln pktl slhugb jn dkrvnb erhc fmsfbn-hut. Rln “fmsfbn-

hut‖ kpprhkdl
lhgbnrs sfcpgy
fm shdfkggy cnkms tlkt
rnsphmsfjgn ncpghynns
ncpghynns
kdtfvftfns. Rlnkrn tln ﬋rst
﬋r st kmb chst
dhccumfdktfhm fcphrtkmt
prhdnss lks th stkan-
kdt fm
tln erkcnwhra he prhkdtfvn fmvhgvncnmt kmb pkrtfdfpktfhm he ncpghynns. Rlfs fs k
 sh-dkggnb prhkdtfvn nmbhrsncnmt, fm wlfdl ncpghynns ks fcphrtkmt stkanlhgbnrs

Ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` kmb DTZ 04

Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty, Ttkanlhgbnrs' bnckmbs

dhcpntnmdns kmb phgfdfns kmb nxpndtktfhms

Jusfmnss Thdfkg kmb nmvfrhmcnmtkg

hpnrktfhms ncplksns

DTZ
dhmtnmts

Fmtnrkdtfhms kmb bfkgh`un

wftl stkanlhgbnrs

Thdfkg, ndhmhcfd kmb mkturkg dhmtnxt

EF@^ZN >.; Rln erkcnw

erkcnwhra
hra he dhccumfdktfm` dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty

nxprnss tlnfr k`rnncnmt

k` rnncnmt kmb supphrt
supphr t he tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s shdfkggy
shdfkgg y rnsphmsfjgn fmftfktfvns.
Hetnm dhccumfdktfhm fmvhgvns kdtfvftfns tlkt k﬏ndt htlnr `rhups he stkanlhgbnrs,
sudl ks
k s tln ghdkg dhccumfty
dhccumfty..Rln ckmk`ncnmt lks th nmsurn tlkt ncpghy ncpghynns nns ks wngg
krn dhccfttnb th shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn phgfdfns kmb prkdtfdns. Rln dhrphrktn dhc-
cumfdktfhm hr _Z bnpkrtcnmt dkm prhchtn vkrfhus shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn phgfdfns,
jut wftlhut ncpghynns‖ kdtfvn fmvhgvncnmt hr “kbhptfhm‖ he tln skcn vfnw, tlnsn
phgfdfns wfgg mht jn supphrtnb fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm. Rln phgfdfns wfgg mht jn fcpgn-
cnmtnb fm prkdtfdn kmb trustwhrtly dhccumfdktfhm wfgg mht nvhgvn. Fe ncpghynns
bh mht pnrdnfvn tlnfr dhcpkmy ks k shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn hmn, tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s nxtnrmkg
nxtnr mkg
dhccumfdktfm` shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty bhns mht jufgb trust kmb drnbfjfgfty
drnbfjfgfty..
Rlnrnehrn, tln sckgg stnps tlkt k dhcpkmy ckans fm fts hwm nmvfrhmcnmt krn
he any fcphrtkmdn. Rlnsn cky fmdgubn jnttnr whra dhmbftfhms kmb k stfcugktfm`
whra nmvfrhmcnmt, ncpghynns‖ fmvhgvncnmt fm bndfsfhm-ckafm` prhdnssns, ekcfgy-
erfnmbgy phgfdfns, ntd. Fe tln fmtnrnst nxfsts, tln dhcpkmy dkm kdtfvngy nm`k`n fts
ncpghynns th kdt fm tln dhccumfty kmb jnyhmb, jut tlfs fs mht phssfjgn umgnss
ncpghynns krn sktfs﬋nb wftl tln fmtnrmkg bfcnmsfhm he shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn phg-
fdfns. Eurtlnr, ft fs fcphrtkmt tlkt ncpghynns krn euggy fmvhgvnb fm drnktfm` shdfkggy
rnsphmsfjgn prkdtfdns fmf m tln dhcpkmy kmb fm tln wfbnr nmvfrhmcnmt.Rlfs nmlkmdns
tlnfr dhccftcnmt kmb supphrt ehr tln shdfkggy
shdfkgg y rnsphmsfjgn phgfdy tlkt tln dhcpkmy
pursuns fm rngktfhm th htlnr stkanlhgbnrs kmb shdfnty. Kddhrbfm` th k Jrftfsl sur-
vny hm luckm rnshurdns, nvnry “fmvhgvnb‖ kmb chtfvktnb ncpghynn `nmnrktns kjhut

02 Ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` kmb DTZ

£:,>?? he kbbftfhmkg kmmukg prh﬋t. Fm tnrcs

tnr cs he shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty dhccumfdktfhm,
d hccumfdktfhm,
ft fs mht nmhu`l th cnrngy fmdgubn tln ncpghynns fm tln shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn prkd-
tfdns he tln dhcpkmy1 ft fs wfsn th fmdgubn tlnc fm tln prhdnss he dhccumfdktfhm ks
wngg. Jnsfbns tln cnbfk, ncpghynns
ncpghynns krn tln chst fcphrtkmt
fcphr tkmt `rhup
` rhup he stkanlhgbnrs th
nm`k`n fm bfrndt bfkgh`un wftl nxtnrmkg stkanlhgbnrs.
Fm prkdtfdn (snn Ef`urn >.;),
>.;), tlfs cnkms tlkt ncpghynns kmb ckmk`ncnmt rnprnsnmt-
ktfvns krn kdtfvngy fmvhgvnb fm tln fmtnrkdtfhm wftl vkrfhus fmtnrnst `rhups kmb lngp
drnktn tln nxtnrmkg
nxtnr mkg bfcnmsfhm he shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn prkdtfdns he tln dhcpkmy.
dhcpkmy. Plfgn
tlfs nm`k`ncnmt strnm`tlnms tlnfr dhccftcnmt th tln dhcpkmy kmb fts DTZ prkd-
tfdns, ft kgsh dhccumfdktns tln dhccftcnmt he ncpghynns th tlnfr dhcpkmy, wlfdl
rkfsns trust fm tln dhcpkmy kchm` tln `nmnrkg pujgfd kmb nmlkmdns tln dhcpkmy‖s
rnputktfhm. Fm tlfs wky, tln dhcpkmy dkm kvhfb tln umekvhurkjgn “jrk``fm`‖ kjhut fts
DTZ prkdtfdns wlfdl dkm jrfm` mn`ktfvn n﬏ndts kmb kbvnrsn pujgfd rnsphmsns.

>.5 Znphrtfm` dhrphrktn

dhrphrktn shdfkg
shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty
rnsphmsfjfgfty

Km fcphrtkmt dhcphmnmt he dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty dhccumfdktfhm

fs kgsh trkmspkrnmdy. Rlfs fs hmn he tln rnkshms ehr tln ncnr`nmdn he rnphrts hm
shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn kdtfvftfns, kmb shcn stkanlhgbnrs mhw nvnm nxpgfdftgy bnckmb
sudl rnphrts, wlfdl dkm jn bn﬋mnb ks k cnbfuc jy wlfdl fmehrcktfhm kjhut k
dhcpkmy‖s shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn kdtfvftfns kmb prh`rkccns k﬏ndtfm` tln dhcpkmy‖s
fck`n kchm` stkanlhgbnrs fs vhgumtkrfgy dhccumfdktnb (Kbkcs kmb Yutslf :??>).
:??> ).
Fmehrcktfhm hm tln dhcpkmy‖s hpnrktfhms fs dhcchmgy dhccumfdktnb nftlnr fm
k sndtfhm wftlfm fts kmmukg rnphrts hr ks k stkmb-kghmn rnphrt prnsnmtfm` hmgy tln
shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn prkdtfdns. Chst dhcchmgy, tlnsn rnphrts krn prhvfbnb fm lkrb
dhpy ehrckt ks wngg ks jnfm` kvkfgkjgn hm tln fmtnrmnt (Kbkcs kmb Yutslf :??>).
:??>).
@hghj (:??5
(:??5)) nstkjgfslnb tlkt rnphrtfm` shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty dkm jn bfvfbnb
rnsphmsfjfgfty
fmth tlrnn dktn`hrfns wlfdl fmdgubn ckmbkthry, shgfdftnb kmb vhgumtkry bfsdghsurn
(Phhbwkrb nt kg. ;6651
;6651 vkm bnr Gkkm :??2).
:??2).

• Uhgumtkry bfsdghsurn rnenrs th tnxtukggy cnbfktnb bfsdhursns kjhut k dhcpkmy‖s

hr`kmfzktfhmkg kdtfvftfns, hutputs kmb `hkgs wlfdl krn mht rnkbfgy hjsnrvkjgn th
stkanlhgbnrs. Rln dhmtnmt he sudl bfsdghsurns fs umrn`ugktnb, jndkusn tlny krn
k rnsugt he k vhgumtkry bndfsfhm he wlkt th rnphrt hm, usukggy fm tln ehrc he
stkmbkrb rnphrts hr jrhdlurns.
• Thgfdftnb bfsdghsurn rnenrs th bfsdghsfm` fmehrcktfhm rnqunstnb jy stkanlhgbnrs (vkm
bnr Gkkm :??2).
:??2). Chst typfdkggy
typfdkg gy ft tkans tln ehrc
ehr c he k bfkgh`un wftl tln
tl n dhcpkmy
hr fmtnrvfnws, stkmbkrbfznb qunstfhmmkfrns, fmbnpnmbnmt rnvfnws, ntd. Rln ckfm
fbnk he shgfdftnb bfsdghsurn fs tln bfcfmfslnb dhmtrhg hvnr tln nxtnmt kmb mkturn
he tln bfsdghsnb fmehrcktfhm, wlfdl kgsh bfcfmfslns tln dhcpkmy‖s phwnr.
• Ckmbkthry bfsdghsurn rnenrs th gn`kggy prnsdrfjnb rn`ugktfhms kmb kgsh htlnr ehrcs
he rn`ugktfhm he bnckmbnb fmehrcktfhm tlkt k rn`ugkthr rnqunsts erhc tln
 dhcpkmy.

Ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` kmb DTZ 0>

Fm tln ckihrfty he Nurhpnkm ^mfhm cncjnrs, tlnrn fs km hjgf`ktfhm th rnphrt

hm shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn prkdtfdns (Mfngsnm kmb Rlhcsnm :??0).
:??0). Fm shcn dhumtrfns,
kddhrbfm` th tlnfr mktfhmkg gn`fsgktfhm,
gn` fsgktfhm, gkr`n dhcpkmfns lkvn th bfsdghsn fmehrcktfhm
kjhut tlnfr nmvfrhmcnmtkg phgfdfns kmb whra nmvfrhmcnmt. Rlfs kpprhkdl fs jksnb
hm tln ekdt tlkt dhcpkmfns‖ fmtnrnsts kjhut wlkt kmb lhw th rnphrt bh mht mndns-
skrfgy dhrrnsphmb wftl fmtnrnsts he shdfnty kmb tln stktn kmb tlkt stkanlhgbnrs lkvn
phhr kddnss th fmehrcktfhm fm dhcpkrfshm wftl dhcpkmfns, tlnrnehrn gn`kg stnps
krn mndnsskry th nmsurn tlkt rngnvkmt kmb trkmspkrnmt fmehrcktfhm fs prhvfbnb th kgg
(Bhkmn :??:).
:??:).
Kbkcs kmb Yutslf (:??>
(:??>,, :;:—:;4) wrftn
wr ftn tlkt rn`krbgnss he tln dhccumfdktfhm
thhg usnb fm dhccumfdktfhm, rnphrts hm dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty slhugb jn
trkmspkrnmt kmb tln dhcpkmy slhugb bnchmstrktn fts fmtnmt he jnfm` rnsphmsfjgn
thwkrb
thw krb kgg stkanlhgbnrs. K rnphrt slhugb fmdgubn
fmdg ubn mn`ktfvn kmb phsftfvn n﬏ndts hm tln
nmvfrhmcnmt
nmvfr hmcnmt kmb shdfnty
shdfnty,, bnchmstrktn dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn kddnptkmdn he fts shdfkg, ntlfdkg kmb
nmvfrhmcnmtkg rnsphmsfjfgftfns, fmdhrphrktn bntkfgs he fcpkdt hm dhccumftfns kmb
tln nmvfrhmcnmt, kmb ft slhugb jn dhcpgntn. Rlnsn krn kgsh tln prfmdfpgns
pr fmdfpgns tlkt
tlk t gnkb
th k suddnsseug dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm jksnb hm dhrphrktn
shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty.

DKTN9
DKTN
DKTN99 AZ
AZAK
AK
Rln plkrckdnutfdkg gkjhrkthry Arak wks ehumbnb fm ;6>2 umbnr tln gnkbnrslfp
he Jhrfs Kmbrfikmf
rfikmfddˀ kmb lkb mfmn ncpghynns. Rhbky, tln Arak dhrphrktfhm erhc
Mhvh Cnsth fm Tghvnmfk wftl fts sujsfbfkrfns kmb rnprnsnmtktfvn he﬋dns kjrhkb
ncpghys kgchst <,??? pnhpgn. Hpnrktfm` fm chrn tlkm 0? ckrants whrgbwfbn,
Arak prhbudns krhumb ₧; jfggfhm he kmmukg mnt skgns rnvnmun.
Rln jksfd kdtfvfty he tln dhrphrktfhm fs tln prhbudtfhm kmb skgn he cnbfdfmkg
prh
rhbudts ehr luckm kmb vntnrfmkry usn, snge-cnbfdktfhm kmb dhscntfd prhb-
udts, jut tln `rhup kgsh heenrs snrvfdns fm thurfsc kmb lnkgtl rnshrts. Arak‖s
jksfd kfc fs th nmkjgn pnhpgn th gnkb k lnkgtly, `hhb-qukgfty gfen.
Rln dhcpkmy‖s vkguns krn “spnnb km b ﬊nxfjfgfty‖ fm bfsdhvnrfm` mnw mnnbs
fm t ln ckrants, jut k gsh fm skgns, swfet kdqufsftfhm he rn`fstrktfhm bhducnmtk-
fhm, bfstrfjutfhm kmb fm hvnrdhcfm` hjstkdgns. Rln dhcpkmy dhccumfdktns
tfhm,
fts “drnktfvfty kmb ne﬋dfnmdy‖, wlnrnks “pkrtmnrslfp kmb trust‖ fm tln rngktfhmslfp
wftl kgg stkanlhgbnrs he tln dhcpkmy krn fts dhrn vkguns.
Tfmdn fts jn`fmmfm`s, tln dhcpkmy lks jnnm dghsngy dhmmndtnb wftl tln
ghdkg kmb mktfhmkg nmvfrhmcnmt. Rln ckmk`ncnmt dhmtfmukggy rnke﬋rcs fts
dhccftcnmt th shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty. Arak lks kchm` htlnr tlfm`s dhccft-
tnnb th prnsnrvn ndhmhcfd, shdfkg kmb nmvfrhmcnmtkg rnsphmsfjfgfty he tln ghdkg
nmvfrhmcnmt. Arak bnchmstrktns fts shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty kmb rngktnb kdtfvftfns jy
ckfmtkfmfm` k dkrfm` rngktfhmslfp wftl fts ncpghynns, nmvfrhmcnmt prhtndtfhm
kdtfvftfns, `fvfm` ﬋mkmdfkg s upphrt fm tln ehrc he sphmshrslfps kmb bhmktfhms
05 Ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` kmb DTZ

th sdfnmdn, rnsnkrdl, dugturn, sphrts prhindts, kmb jy kdtfvngy supphrtfm` shcn

shdfkggy jnmn﬋dfkg fmftfktfvns.
Ncpghynn dkrn fs bnchmstrktnb jy tln gnvng he jnmn﬋ts kmb jhmusns,
wlfdl krn lf`lnr tlkm tlhsn snt hut fm tln dhggndtfvn k`rnncnmt ehr tln sndthr,
fmd gubfm` rncumnrktfhm ehr hvnrtfcn kmb stkmbjy buty kt whra hr kt lhcn,
kgghwkmdns ehr trkmsphrt, kmmukg gnkvn jhmus, ghm`-snrvfdn kwkrbs, kmb pky-
fm` tln lf`lnst prncfucs ehr suppgncnmtkry pnmsfhm fmsurkmdn. Arak kgsh
lngps fts ncpghynns rnshgvn lhusfm` fssuns jy cnkms he lhusfm` ghkms kmb tln
phssfjfgfty he rnmtfm` Arak-hwmnb ﬊kts. Rln dhcpkmy systncktfdkggy ncpghys
pnhpgn wftl bfskjfgftfns kmb kbkpts tlnfr whrapgkdns. Ft hr`kmfzns vkrfhus sphrt
kmb dugturkg prhindts ehr fts ncpghynns kmb rnmts lhgfbky kddhcchbktfhm,
wlfdl fs kgsh kvkfgkjgn th rntfrnb Arak stkee. Ft hr`kmfzns 0—;?-bky prnvnmtktfvn
lnkgtl kdtfvftfns kmb supphrts tln Arak Rrfc Dguj.
Rln dhcpkmy kdtfvngy supphrts tln Arak Dugturn kmb Krts Thdfnty, wlfdl
heenrs km krt `kggnry, k dlhfr, k brkck dguj kmb drnktfvn whraslhps, ks wngg
ks hr`kmfzfm` vfsfts th vkrfhus dugturkg nvnmts. Arak hr`kmfzns ckmy ncpghynn
`ktlnrfm`s burfm` tln ynkr, fmdgubfm` k shdfkg kmb sphrts nvnmt ehr kgg ncpghy-
nns, tln Arak Kwkrbs Bky, Mnw Vnkr‖s nvnmts lngb jy tln vkrfhus hr`kmfzktfhmkg
umfts, kmb cnntfm`s ehr rntfrnb Arak ncpghynns, ntd.
Nmvfrhmcnmtkg prhtndtfhm lks jnnm pkrt he Arak‖s bnvnghpcnmt sfmdn tln
vnry jn`fmmfm` kmb fs pkrt he kgg gnvngs he tln dhcpkmy‖s kdtfvftfns. K vftkg pkrt
he tlfs supphrt fs tln nmvfrhmcnmtkg ckmk`ncnmt systnc, wlfdl fs fm dhcpgf-
kmdn wftl tln rnqufrncnmts he tln FTH ;2??; stkmbkrb. Rln rn`ugktfhms kjhut
wkstn wktnr, wkstn ckmk`ncnmt, kfr kmb mhfsn krn kgsh cnt. Rln dhcpkmy‖s
Nmvfrhmcnmt _rhtndtfhm Tnrvfdn fs rnsphmsfjgn ehr tln fcpgncnmtktfhm he nmvfr-
hmcnmt prhtndtfhm prh`rkccns kmb ehr fmehrcfm`, dhmsugtfm` kmb nbudktfm`
ncpghynns. Arak fs kgsh whrafm` wftl nbudktfhmkg nstkjgfslcnmts kmb `fvns
stubnmts kmb rnsnkrdlnrs tln dlkmdn th whra wftl cnmthrs wlh krn rnsphm-
sfjgn ehr nmvfrhmcnmt prhtndtfhm.
Rln dhcpkmy supphrts vkrfhus ghdkg, mktfhmkg kmb fmtnrmktfhmkg prhindts
jy `fvfm` ﬋mkmdfkg hr hr`kmfzktfhmkg kfb kmb tlrhu`l ncpghynn pkrtfdfpktfhm.
Arak kgghdktns eumbs th lnkgtl fmstftutfhms ehr chbnrmfzktfhm kmb nqufpcnmt
up`rkbns jy bhmktfm` cnbfdkg nqufpcnmt, ft pkrtfdfpktns fm lnkgtl prnvnmtfvn
nvnmts kmb ft supphrts pujgfslfm` he prhenssfhmkg gftnrkturn. Ehr snvnrkg ynkrs
mhw, Arak lks jnnm tln ckihr bhmhr th tln dlkrfty Th ThŽŽftin Mhvh Cnsth, ehr
pnhpgn wftl gnkrmfm` bfskjfgftfns, kmb k prfckry sdlhhg ehr dlfgbrnm wftl spn-
dfkg mnnbs, Hů
Hů Brk`htfm Anttn fm Mhvh Cnsth. Arak kgsh `fvns bhmktfhms th tln
Znb Drhss kmb s upphrts tln mursfm` lhcn fm Mhvh Cnsth kmb dhmtrfjutns th
fts bnvnghpcnmt.
Tfmdn tln nkrgy ;60?s, Arak lks jnnm `fvfm` Arak Kwkrbs th nmdhurk`n yhum`
rnsnkrdlnrs, tlnfr cnmthrs, jut kgsh fmstftutfhms, lf`l sdlhhg stubnmts kmb stu-
bnmts. Rln dhcpkmy fs kdtfvngy supphrtfm` `rkbuktn stubfns kmb fs dhhpnrktfm`
 wftl umfvnrsftfns. Fm tln ﬋ngb he dugturn, Arak supphrts tln Ckrikm Ahzfmk cusfd

Ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` kmb DTZ 00

sdlhhg kmb tln Bhgnmisah rn`fhmkg cusnuc, tln Arak wfmb hrdlnstrk kmb
tln Kmthm _hbjnv
nvūūna tlnktrn. Arak lks kgsh supphrtnb tln Tghvnmfkm Kgpfmn
Cusnuc fm Bhvin kmb tln Gujgikmk Enstfvkg, ks wngg ks mucnrhus nxlfjftfhms
kmb nvnmts fm Dkmakrinv bhc. Tfmdn ;60;, t ln Arak Dugturn kmb Krts Thdfnty
lks jnnm kdtfvn fm tln dhcpkmy. Rln dhcpkmy kgsh lngps th ckra lfafm` trkfgs,
supphrts chrn tlkm :? sphrts shdfntfns, mucnrhus sphrt nvnmts, tnkcs kmb tln
Tghvnmfkm Hgycpfd tnkc. Kgg tlnsn kdtfvftfns nmkjgn Arak th kdlfnvn fts cfssfhm
he “Gfvfm` k lnkgtly gfen‖.

Any tnrcs
Chrkg hr ntlfdkg jrkmbfm`. Ncplksfzns tln ntlfdkg dhccftcnmts he tln dhcpkmy kmb
fts chrkggy kmb shdfkggy
shdfkg gy rnsphmsfjgn kdtfhms tkanm fm tln rngktfhmslfp wftl stkanlhgb-
nrs kmb tln shdfnty, kmb dkm jn ckmfenstnb nftlnr hm tln prhbudt/snrvfdn gnvng hr
hm tln dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn gnvng.Rln fbnkg fs km fmtn`rktnb vnrsfhm he jhtl — chrkg hr ntlfdkg

jrkmbs
udts kmbwftl tlnfr wfgg
snrvfdns, prhcfsn tlktthkmeug﬋g
jn kjgn hr`kmfz
hr`kmfzktfhm,
tln ktfhm, kmb wftl
snt ntlfdkg ft, kgg kmb
stkmbkrbs fts ncpghy
ncpghynns,
nns, prhb-
wfgg dhmsfstnmtgy
fcpgncnmt chrkg bndfsfhms th wlfdl
w lfdl tlny lkvn dhccfttnb.
Dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty (DTZ). K ehrc he dhrphrktn snge-rn`ugktfhm kmb dkm jn
umbnrsthhb ks shdfnty nxpndtktfhms he dhrphrktn jnlkvfhur tlkt fs shdfkggy nxpndtnb
hr chrkggy rnqufrnb kmb fs tlnrnehrn iustf﬋kjgy bnckmbnb he k jusfmnss. Thdfkg
rnsphmsfjfgfty nmdhcpkssns tln ndhmhcfd, gn`kg, ntlfdkg kmb bfsdrntfhmkry nxpndtk-
tfhms tlkt shdfnty lks
lk s he hr`kmfzktfhms kt
k t k `fv
` fvnm
nm phfmt fm tfcn.
Fcpgfdft dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty. Rlfs fs jksnb hm ehrckg kmb fmehrckg stktn
fmstftutfhms tlkt krn k thhg ehr kttkdlfm` tln rnsphmsfjfgfty th dhcpkmfns. Fcpgfdft
shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty fs jksnb hm vkguns, mhrcs kmb rugns tlkt krn nxprnssnb tlrhu`l
bnckmbs znbthwkrb
ehrckgfznb
ehrckgf dhcpkmfns
ks phgfdfns, th bnkghrwftl
rn`ugktfhms
rn`ugktfhms gkws.shdfkg qunstfhms. Rlnsn bnckmbs krn hetnm
Nxpgfdft shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty. Rlfs fmdgubns phgfdfns gnb jy dhcpkmfns th tkan hvnr
rnsphmsfjfgfty thwkrb dnrtkfm shdfkg bnckmbs. Ft fmdgubns phgfdfns tlkt krn jksnb hm
vhgumtnnrfm` ks wngg ks prh`rkccns kmb strktn`fns gnb jy tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s fmtnrnsts fm
kbbrnssfm` prhjgncs
prhjgncs fm shdfnty tlkt mnnb th jn fmdgubnb fm
f m tln prhdnss he dhrphrktn
shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty kddhrbfm` th tln dhcpkmy kmb/hr fts stkanlhgbnrs. Ft bnpnmbs
hmgy hm prnssurns he tln fmehrckg pujgfd kmb stkanlhgbnrs kmb trfns th kgtnr tlnc
kddhrbfm` th fts hwm fmtnrnsts.
Rln fmtnrmkg prkdtfdns. _r
fmtnr mkg bfcnmsfhm he shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn prkdtfdns. _rfckr
fckrfgy
fgy fmvhgvns
fmvhgvns ncpghynns
ncpghynns kmb
rngktns th fssuns sudl ks fmv
fmvnstfm`
nstfm` fm luckm dkpftkg,
dkpf tkg, lnkgtl kmb skenty
skenty,, kmb ckmk`fm`
ckmk` fm`
dlkm`n, wlfgn nmvfrhmcnmtkggy rnsphmsfjgn prkdtfdns rngktn ckfmgy th tln ckmk`n-
cnmt he mkturkg rnshurdns usnb fm prhbudtfhm kmb th tln prhbudtfhm ftsnge.
Rln nxtnrmkg rnsphmsfjfgfty.. Znenrs th cutukg rngktfhms wftl stkanlhgb-
nxtnr mkg bfcnmsfhm he shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty
nrs kmb tln dhcpkmy‖s fmtn`rktfhm fm fts ghdkg nmvfrhmcnmt. Rlnsn krn rngktfhms kmb

0< Ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` kmb DTZ

n﬏ndts hm ghdkg dhccumftfns, jusfmnss pkrtmnrs, suppgfnrs kmb dhmsucnrs, ks wngg ks

phgfdfns he dhmsfstnmtgy rnspndtfm` jksfd luckm rf`lts
r f`lts kmb nmvfrhmcnmt prhtndtfhm
prhtndtfhm jut
kgsh kdtfvn fmvhgvncnmt fm kdlfnvfm` `ghjkg nmvfrhmcnmtkg kmb shdfkg fcprhvncnmts.
DZT dhccumfdktfhm. K prhdnss he kmtfdfpktfm` stkanlhgbnrs‖ nxpndtktfhms, krtfdugk-
tfhm he DTZ phgfdy kmb ckmk`fm` he bf﬏nrnmt hr`kmfzktfhm dhccumfdktfhm thhgs
bnsf`mnb th prhvfbn trun kmb trkmspkrnmt fmehrcktfhm kjhut k dhcpkmy‖s hr k
jrkmb‖s fmtn`rktfhm he fts jusfmnss hpnrktfhms, shdfkg kmb nmvfrhmcnmtkg dhmdnrms
kmb fmtnrkdtfhms
fmtnrkdtfh ms wftl stkanlhgbnrs.
DTZ rnphrt. K cnbfuc jy wlfdl fmehrcktfhm kjhut k dhcpkmy‖s shdfkggy rnsphm-
sfjgn kdtfvftfns kmb prh`rkccns k﬏ndtfm` tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s fck`n kchm` stkanlhgbnrs
fs vhgumtkrfgy dhccumfdktnb. Znphrtfm` shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty dkm jn bfvfbnb fmth
tlrnn dktn`hrfns
dktn`hr fns wlfdl fmdgubn ckmbkthry
ckmbk thry,, shgfdftnb kmb vhgumtkry bfsdghsurn.

ZNUFNP [^NTRFHMT

• Plkt fs tln jksfd fbnk he ntlfdkg jrkmbfm`8 Fm tlfs dhmtnxt drftfdkggy nxkcfmn
tln fmkbnquktn dhcpkmy prkdtfdns kmb ﬋mb nxkcpgns he sudl prkdtfdns.
• Nxpgkfm bfeenrnmt umbnrstkmbfm`s kmb chbngs he dhrphrktn shdfkg
rnsphmsfjfgfty.
• Plkt fs tln rhgn he dusthcnrs kmb htlnr stkanlhgbnrs fm tln dhrphrktn
shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgftfns kmb wlkt fs tln rhgn he “shdfkg dhmtrkdt‖ wlnm bntnr-
cfmfm` tln rhgn tlkt dhcpkmfns lkvn fm k dhmtncphrkry shdfnty8
• Lhw kmb wly bh dhcpkmfns fcpgncnmt, dhccumfdktn kmb rnphrt tlnfr
dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty8

Ufsft tln Arak wnjsftn kmb nxpghrn wlkt kspndts he fts shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn jnlkvfhur
ft dhccumfdktns. Lhw bhns fts dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty rngktn th fts dhcpkmy
cfssfhm, vfsfhm kmb vkguns8 Mkcn tln chst shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn dhcpkmfns yhu
amhw,, kmb nxpgkfm wly yhu tlfma tlny krn tln chst shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn dhcpkmfns.
amhw
_ut yhursnge fm tln pgkdn he k dusthcnr kmb tlfma wlntlnr DTZ jnlkvfhur kmb dhc-
cumfdktfhm he k pkrtfdugkr dhcpkmy whugb keendt yhur juyfm` bndfsfhm. Phugb yhu
jn wfggfm` th pky chrn ehr km heenr erhc k shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn dhcpkmy dhcpkrnb
th k sfcfgkr heenr erhc k mhm-rnsphmsfjgn dhcpkmy8
dhcpkmy8 Bfsduss wlntlnr DTZ fs k dhc-
pntftfvn kbvkmtk`n hr fs ft
f t cnrngy k gfdnmdn th hpnrktn fm chbnrm shdfnty.
shdfnty.

Znenrnmdns
Kbkcs,, Dkrhg kmb Kcjfak Yutslf.
Kbkcs Yutslf. :??>.
:??>. Dhrphrktn bfsdghsurn kmb kubftfm`. Fm Rln Ntlfdkg
Dhmsucnr, nbs. Zhj Lkrrfshm,
Lkrrfshm, Rnrry Mnwlhgc kmb Bnfrbrn Tlkw. Tlkw. Ghmbhm9
Ghmbhm9 Tk`n
 _ujgfdktfhms Gtb,
Gtb, :?0—:;0.

Ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` kmb DTZ 06

K`ufgnrk, Zut
K`ufgnrk, Zutll U., Bnjhrkl N. Zupp,
Zupp, Dymtlf
Dymtlfkk K.Pfggfkcs kmb Iyhtf
I yhtf @kmkpktlf
@kmkp ktlf.. :??0.
:??0. _uttfm`
tln T jkda fm dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty9 k cugtf-gnvng tlnhry he shdfkg dlkm`n fm
hr`kmfzktfhms.. Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw 4: (4)9 <45—<54.
hr`kmfzktfhms
Kuppnrgn,, Anmmntl N.,
Kuppnrgn N., Krdlfn J. Dkrrhgg kmb Ihlm B. Lkt﬋ngb.
Lkt﬋ngb. ;6<>.
;6<>. Km ncpfrfdkg
ncpfr fdkg nxkcfm-
ktfhm he tln rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty kmb prh﬋tkjfgfty
prh﬋tkjfgfty.. Kdkbncy
he Ckmk`ncnmt Ihurmkg :< (:)9 225—254.
Jksu,, Aumkg kmb @ufbh _kgkzzh.
Jksu _kgkzzh. :??<.
:??<. Dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty9 k prhdnss chbng he
snmsnckafm`.. Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw 44 (;)9 ;::—;45.
snmsnckafm`
Jlkttkdlkryk,, D. J. kmb Tkmakr Tnm.
Jlkttkdlkryk Tnm. :??2.
:??2. Bhfm` jnttnr kt bhfm` `hhb9 wlnm, wly, kmb
lhw dhmsucnrs rnsphmb th dhrphrktn shdfkg fmftfktfvns.
fmftfktfvns. Dkgfehrmfk Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw 20
(;)9 6—:2.
Dkrrhgg,, Krdlfn J. ;606.
Dkrrhgg ;606. K tlrnn-bfcnmsfhmkg dhmdnptukg chbng he dhrphrktn pnrehrckmdn.
pnrehrckmdn .
Kdkbncy he he Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw 2 (2)9 260—>?>.
‒‒;666
‒‒ ;666.. Dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty.
rnsphmsfjfgfty. Jusfmnss kmb Thdfnty 4< (4)9 :5<—:6>.
Dlhublury,, _rkvkt A. ;602.
Dlhublury ;602. Thdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty9 km kgtnrmktn strktn`y he ckrantfm`.
ckrantfm`. Ihurmkg
Kdkbncy he Ckrantfm` Tdfnmdn : (;/2)9 :;4—:::.
he tln Kdkbncy
DhrpPktdl.. :??;.
DhrpPktdl :??;. @rnnmwksl Ekdt Tlnnt. Kvkfgkjgn kt9 lttp9//www.dhrpwktdl.hr`/krtfdgn.
plp8fb3:2: (:6 Mhvncjnr :??0).
Bhkmn,, Bnjhrkl.
Bhkmn Bnjhrkl. :??:.
:??:. Ckrant ekfgurn9 tln dksn ehr ckmbkthry shdfkg kmb nmvfrhmcnmtkg
rnphrtfm`. _kpnr prnsnmtnb th F__Z sncfmkr9 tln trkmspkrnmt dhcpkmy, :? Ckrdl. Kvkfgkjgn kt9
lttp9//www.lkpfmtnrmktfhmkg.hr`/phhg/﬋gns/bhkmnpkpnr;.pbe
lttp9//www .lkpfmtnrmktfhmkg.hr`/phhg/﬋gns/bhkmnpkpnr;.pbe (> Hdthjnr :?;?).
Bylr,, Ufggy
Bylr Ufgg y. :??4.
:??4. DTZ ks k dhcpntftfvn ekdthr fm k dhmsucnr pnrspndtfvn. Fm Dhrp Dhrphrktn
hrktn Ukguns
Ukguns
kmb Znsphmsfjfgfty — tln Dksn he Bnmckra , nbs. Cnttn Chrsfm` kmb Dlrfstfmk Rlyssnm. Rlyssnm.
Tkceumbsgfttnrktur99 Ernbnrfasjnr`.
Tkceumbsgfttnrktur Ernbnrfasjnr`. Kvkfgkjgn kt9 lttp9//www.ejr.ba/bnjkt/kggn/dsr-jhha
(> Cky :??>).
Nurhpnkm Dhccfssfhm.
Dhccfssfhm. :??;.
:??;. @ZNNM _K_NZ _rhchtfm` k Nurhpnkm erkcnwhra ehr
Dhrphrktn Thdfkg Znsphmsfjfgfty. _rnsnmtnb jy tln Dhccfssfhm. Jrussngs. Kvkfgkjgn
kt9 lttp9//nur-gnx.nurhpk.nu/Gnx^rfTnrv/Gnx^rfTnrv.bh8urf3DHC9:??;9?4559EFM
9nm9_BE..
9nm9_BE
Ekm,, Vfm`
Ekm Vfm`.. :??>.
:??>. Ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` kmb dhrphrktn rnputktfhm.
rnputktfhm. Dhrphrktn Dhccumfdktfhms9 Km
Fmtnrmktfhmkg Ihurmkg ;? (2)9 42;—4>?.
@hghj,, ^rū
@hghj ^rūk. :??5.
:??5. _hskcnzmfa fm bruŽ
bruŽjnmk hb`hvhr
hb`hvhrmhst
mhst phbintfi
p hbintfi v dˀksu trkmsehrckdfin sghvnmsan
bruŽ
bru Žjn. Bhathrsak bfsnrtkdfik. Giujgikmk9
Giujgikmk9 Ekaugtntk zk bruŽ
bruŽjnmn vnbn.
vnbn.
Lkks,, Rkm
Lkks kmmf
mf.. :??4.
:??4. Rhwkr
hwkrbb km “ntlfd he eutur
euturfty‖
fty‖.. Ckmk`ncnmt Dhccumfdktfhm [ukrtnrgy ;5 (2)9
5;:—5;0.
Lhpafms,, Cfdlkng
Lhpafms Cfdlkng.. :??
:??44. Rln _gkmntkry Jkr`kfm9 Dhrphrktn Thdfkg Znsphmsfjfgfty Ckttnrs. Ghmbhm9
Ghmbhm9
Nkrtlsdkm..
Nkrtlsdkm
Agnfm,, Mkhcf.
Agnfm Mkhcf. :??;.
:??;. Mh Gh`h. Ghmbhm9
Ghmbhm9 Egkcfm`h.
Egkcfm`h.
Aghmhsaf,, Zfdlkrb I. ;66;.
Aghmhsaf ;66;. Ehumbktfhmkg dhmsfbnrktfhms fm tln dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty
bnjktn.. Jusfmnss Lhrfzhms 42 (2)9 6—;<.
bnjktn
Ahtgnr,, _lfgfp kmb Mkmdy Gnn.
Ahtgnr Gnn. :??>.
:??>. Dhrphrktn Thdfkg Znsphmsfjfgfty. Lhjhanm,
Lhjh anm, MI 9 Ihlm Pfgny
kmb Thms,
Th ms, Fmd.
Fmd.
Gkmths,, @nh﬏rny _. :??;.
Gkmths :??;.Rln jhumbkrfns
jhumbkr fns he strktn`fd dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty.
rnsphmsfjfgfty. Ihurmkg he
Dhmsucnr Ckrantfm` ;< (0)9 >6>—54?.
Cklhm,, Ihlm E.
Cklhm E. kmb Zfdlk
Zf dlkrb
rb K. Cd@
Cd@hwkm
hwkm.. ;66;.
;66;. Tnkrdlfm` ehr tln dhcchm `hhb9 k prhdnss
hrfnmtnb kpprhkdl.
kpprhkdl. Jusfmnss Lhrfzhms 42 (2)9 06—<0.
Ckf`mkm,, Fskjnggn.
Ckf`mkm Fskjnggn. :??;.
:??;. Dhmsucnrs‖ pnrdnptfhms he dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgftfns9 k drhss-
dugturkg dhcpkrfshm.
dhcpkrfshm. Ihurmkg he Jusfmnss Ntlfds 4? (;)9 >0—0:.
CdPfggfkcs, Kjf`kfg,
CdPfggfkcs, Kjf`kfg, Bhmkgb T. Tfn`ng kmb _ktrfda
_ktr fda C. Pr
Prf`lt
f`lt.. :??
:??55. Dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphm
sfjfgfty9 strktn`fd
strktn`fd fcpgfdktfhms
fcpgfdktfhms.. Ihurmkg he Ckmk`ncnmt Ttubfns 24 (;)9 ;—;<.

<? Ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` kmb DTZ

Chlr, Ghfs K.,

Chlr, K., Bnjhrkl I. Pnjj kmb Aktlnrfmn N Lkrrfs. Lkrrfs . :??;.
:??;. Bh dhmsucnrs nxpndt dhc-
pkmfns th jn shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn8 Rln fcpkdt he dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty hm juyfm`
jnlkvfhur.. Ihurmkg he Dhmsucnr K﬏kfrs 4> (;)9 2>—04.
jnlkvfhur
Chmsnm,, Ihsnpl Z. ;60:.
Chmsnm ;60:. Thdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty kmb tln dhrphrktfhm9
dhr phrktfhm9 kgtnrmktfvns ehr tln euturn
he dkpftkgfsc.
dkpftkgfsc. Ihurmkg he Ndhmhcfd Fssuns 5 (;)9 ;:>—;2;.
Chrsfm`,, Cnttn kmb Ckianm Tdlugtz
Chrsfm` T dlugtz.. :??
:??55. Ttkanlhgbn
Ttkanlhgbnrr dhccumfdktfhm
dhccumfdktfh m strktn`fns.
strktn` fns. Fm Ttrktn`fd
DTZ Dhccumfdktfhm, nbs. Cnttn Chrsfm` Ch rsfm` kmb
k mb Tuzkmmn
Tuzkmm n D. Jndackmm
Jndackmm.. Dhpnmlk`nm9 BIHE
_ujgfslfm`,, ;4>—;5?.
_ujgfslfm` ;4>—;5?.
Mfngsnm,, Nggnrup Kmmn kmb Dlrfstk
Mfngsnm Dlr fstk Rlhcsnm
Rlhcsnm.. :??0.
:??0. Znphrtfm` DTZ — wlkt kmb lhw th sky
ft8 Dhrphrktn Dhccumfdktfhms9 Km Fmtnrmktfhmkg Ihur mkg ;: (;)9 :>—2?.
Fmtnr mktfhmkg Ihurmkg
H`hrngnd Pk`mnr
k`mnr,, Ufbk
Ufbk.. :??0.
:??0. Dgfcktn Dlkm`n kmb DTZ. _rnbkvkmin mk cnbmkrhbmf ahmenrnmdf
h bruŽ
bruŽjnmf hb`hvhrmhstf phbintfi, Rrnmbf mk phbrhdphbrhdˀiu bru Žjnmn hb`hvhrmhstf :??0. Giujgikmk9
bruŽ Giujgikmk9
@hsphbkrsak zjhrmfdk
zjhr mfdk Tghvnmfin.
Tghvnmfin.
_kfmn,, Gymm Tlkr
_kfmn Tl krpp. :??
:??44. Ukgun Tlfet9
Tl fet9Ply Dhcpkmfns
Dhcpkmfn s Cust Cnr`n Thdfkg
Th dfkg kmb
km b Efmkmdfkg
Efmkm dfkg Fcpnrktfvns
Fcpn rktfvns
th Kdlfnvn Tupnrfhr _nrehrckmdn. Mnw M nw Vhra
Vhra99 Cd@rkw-Lfgg
Cd@rkw-Lfgg..
_hbmkr,, Agncnmt.
_hbmkr Agncnmt. :??<.
:??<. @unst nbfthrfkg. Dhccumfdktfm` dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty. rnsphmsfjfgfty.
Dhccumfdktfhms ;2 (:)9 0>—<;.
Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` Dhccumfdktfhms
Tcftl,, Drkf` M. ;66?.
Tcftl ;66?. Chrkgfty kmb tln Ckrant9 Dhmsucnr _rnssurn ehr Dhrphrktn KddhumtkjfgftyKddhumtkjfgfty.
Ghmbhm99 Zhutgnb
Ghmbhm Zhutgnb`n `n..
Ttnfmnr, @nh
Ttnfmnr, @nhr`n
r`n K. ;60
;6000. Thdfkg phgfdfn
p hgfdfnss ehr jusfmnss.
jusfmns s. Fm Ckmk`fm` Dhrphrktn Thdfkg Znsphmsfjfgfty,
nb. Krdlfn J. Dkr
Dkrrhgg
rhgg.. Jhsthm9
Jhsthm9 Gfttgn, Jrhwm,
Jrhwm, 4;6—4:5.
Ttukrt,, Lngnm.
Ttukrt Lngnm. :??2.
:??2. Zfsay Jusfmnss9 Dhccumfdktfm` Dhr phrktn Thdfkg Znsphmsfjfgfty. Kvkfgkjgn kt9
Dhccumfdktfm` Dhrphrktn
lttp9//scfj.vuw
lttp9//scfj .vuw.kd.mz9<?<;/PPP/K
.kd.mz9<?<;/PPP/KMYCK MYCKD:??2/DBsftn/pkpnrs/Ttukrt;._BE
D:??2/DBsftn/pkpnrs/Ttukrt;._BE (;:
Hdthjnr :?;?).
RnrrkDlhfdn Nmvfrhmcnmtkg Ckrantfm` Fmd. Fmd. :??0.
:??0. Rln Tfx Tfms he @rnnmwkslfm` — K Ttuby
he Nmvfrhmcnmtkg Dgkfcs fm Mhrtl Kcnrfdkm Dhmsucnr Ckrants . Kvkfgkjgn kt9 lttp9//www.
dhrpwktdl.hr`/krtfdgn.plp8fb3;20>4 (;> Ikmukry :??<).
Ukggnmtfm,, Ttnnm.
Ukggnmtfm Ttnnm. :??2.
:??2. Dhrphrktn Thdfkg Znsphmsfjfgftfns kmb _ujgfd Hpfmfhm. N^_NZK/B@_uA
Dhmenrnmdn _ujgfd Zngktfhms kmb tln _ujgfd Tplnrn, :4—:5 Tnptncjnr9 Gnfpzf`. Gnfpzf`.
vkm bnr Gkkm,
Gkkm, Tkmb
Tkmbrkrk G. :??2.
:??2.Rln rhgn he tlnhry fm nxpgkfmfm` chtfvk chtfvktfhm
tfhm ehr dhrphrktn shdfkg
bfsdghsurns9 vhgumtkry bfsdghsurns vs. “shgfdftnb‖ bfsdghsurns. _kpnr kddnptnb ehr tln Ehurtl Ksfk Ksfk
_kdf󿬋d fmtnrbfsdfpgfmkry rnsnkrdl fm kddhumtfm` dhmenrnmdn , 2—5 Iugy. Kvkfgkjgn kt9 lttps9//www.
dhccnrdn.kbngkfbn.nbu.ku/rnsnkrdl/kkki/kpfrkX:??2/Efmkg%:?_kpnrs/;;64-vkm%:?
bnr%:?Gkkm.pbe (6 Hdthjnr :?;?).
Plnttnm,, Bkvfb Kggrnb,
Plnttnm Kggrnb, @hrbhm Zkmbs
Z kmbs kmbkm b _kug @hberny
@ hberny.. :??;.
:??;. Plkt krn tln
t ln rnsphmsfjfgf
rnsph msfjfgftfns
tfns
he jusfmnss th shdfnty8 Fm Lkmbjhha he Ttrktn`y kmb Ckmk`ncnmt, nbs. Kmbrnw _nttf`rnw, _nttf`rnw,
Lhwkrb Rlhcks kmb Zfdlkrb Z fdlkrb Plfttfm`
Plfttfm`thm thm.. Ghmbhm9
Ghmbhm9 Tk`n,
Tk`n, 404—2?<.
Phhb,, Bhm
Phhb Bhmmk
mk I. ;66
;66;;. Dhrphrktn shdfkg pnrehrckmdn rnvfsftnb.
rnvfsftnb. Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw
;5 (2)9 56;—0;<.
Phhbwkrb,, Bkvfb @.,
Phhbwkrb @., _kc Nbwkrbs kmb Erkma Jfrafm. Jfrafm. ;665.
;665. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg
Hr`kmfzktfhmkg gn`ftfckdy kmb
stkanlhgbnr fmehrcktfhm prh prhvfsfhm
vfsfhm.. Jrftfsl Ihurmkg he Ckmk`ncnmt 0 (2)9 4:6—420.
Ynmfsna,,Rlhc
Ynmfsna Rlhcks ks I. ;60
;6066. Dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty9 k dhmdnptukgfsktfhm jksnb hm hr`km-
fzktfhmkg gftnrkturn
gftnrkturn.. Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw 2 (4)9 4>6—45<.
5
TRKANLHGBNZ CKMK@NCNMR
TRKANLHGBNZ
KMB DHCC^MFDK
DHCC^MFDKRFHMT
RFHMT

DHMRNMRT
Rlfs dlkptnr ehdusns hm mkrrhw kmb jrhkb bn﬋mftfhms he tln stkanlhgbnr dhm-
dnpt. Ft lf`lgf`lts tln chst dhcchm dgkssf﬋dktfhms he stkanlhgbnrs, kmb ekdthrs
umbnrgyfm` sudl dgkssf﬋dktfhms. Ft nxpgkfms tln jksfd strktn`fns he stkanlhgbnr
ckmk`ncnmt kmb bnkgs wftl phssfjgn stkanlhgbnr kdtfvftfns fm rngktfhm th tln
hr`kmfzktfhm. Rln dlkptnr dhmdgubns wftl km nxpgkmktfhm he hjindtfvns, prfmdf-
pgns kmb cntlhbs he dhccumfdktfhm wftl stkanlhgbnrs.

5.; Ttkanlhgbnr pkrkbf`c

Rln stkanlhgbnr tlnhry kbbrnssns ckfmgy tln spndtruc he dhmmndtfhms, dhccumf-
dktfhms, nxdlkm`ns kmb rngktfhmslfps he k spndf﬋d dhrpus wftl fts nmvfrhmcnmt kmb
sujindts fm tlfs nmvfr
nmvfrhmcnmt.
hmcnmt. Fcphrtkmt th tln dhmdnpt he stkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt
fs tln hr`kmfzktfhm‖s mnnb th dhmtfmuhusgy nm`k`n kmb dhccumfdktn wftl bf﬏nr-
nmt fmbfvfbukgs, `rhups kmb/hr fmstftutfhms kmb th systncktfdkggy pky kttnmtfhm th
fmtnrnsts kmb rngktfhmslfps jntwnnm tln hr`kmfzktfhm
hr`kmfz ktfhm kmb fts stkanlhgbnrs, kmb ckan
surn tlkt tlnsn krn jkgkmdnb kmb kddnptkjgn (Dhhpnr :??4
:??4,, :4:). Rln jksfd qunstf
qunstfhm
hm
fs9 Plfdl he tln `rhups jnsfbn slkrnlhgbnrs kmb dhmsucnrs fm kddhrbkmdn wftl fts
“stkan‖ bnsnrvn tln kttnmtfhm he tln ckmk`ncnmt fm hrbnr th sndurn jnmn﬋ts ehr tln
hr`kmfzktfhm8
Rlnrn fs mh umf﬋nb umbnrstkmbfm` he stkanlhgbnrs fm tln tlnhry. Thcn kutlhrs
bn﬋mn ks stkanlhgbnrs hmgy sudl fmbfvfbukgs kmb `rhups wlh lkvn bfrndt rngnvkmdn

th
hr tln ﬋rc‖s
tlhsn wlhdhrn
lkvnndhmhcfd fmtnrnsts, hr
pgkdnb shcntlfm` kt wlh
rfsa fmkrnrngktfhmslfp
mndnsskry ehr tlntln
wftl ﬋rc‖s survfvkg,
﬋rc, hr krn
dhmtrkdthrs hr pkrtfdfpkmts fm nxdlkm`n rngktfhmslfps (Cftdlngg nt kg. ;660, ;660, <>0).
Rlfs fmdgubns kjhvn kgg pnhpgn wlhsn supphrt fs nssnmtfkg ehr tln hr`kmfzktfhm th

<: Ttkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt kmb dhccumfdktfhms

nxfst (Jhwfn ;6<<).

;6<<). Bn﬋mftfhms tlkt vfnw
vf nw stkanlhgbnrs fm k jrhkbnr dhmtnxt nxpkmb
rngktfhmslfps jksnb hm ndhmhcy th chrkg dhccftcnmts kmb rngktfhms kgsh fm tln
snmsn he tln iust bfstrfjutfhm he tln lkrceug kmb phsftfvn n﬏ndts he hr`kmfzktfhmkg
kdtfvftfns (Bhmkgbshm kmb _rnsthm ;66>).
;66>). Fm tlfs snmsn, tln stkanlhgbnrs he km hr`km-
fzktfhm krn nvnryjhby wlh lks hr dhugb lkvn kmy fmtnrnst th tln hr`kmfzktfhm, hr
tln hr`kmfzktfhm lks
l ks hr dhugb lkv
lkvnn km fmtnrnst fm tlnc, hr tlnrn dhugb jn k phtnmtfkg
fm﬊unmdn jntwnnm tln twh (@rky nt kg. ;665). ;665). Rlfs bhns mht hmgy fmdgubn pnhpgn,
`rhups kmb fmstftutfhms, jut kgsh htlnr gfvfm` jnfm`s, tln mkturkg nmvfrhmcnmt kmb
nvnm tln h﬏sprfm` (Ttkrfa ;662).
;662). Rlnsn jrhkb bn﬋mftfhms hrf`fmktn fm tln kdtukg
wfbn dhcpgnxfty he nmvfrhmcnmts fm wlfdl hr`kmfzktfhms
hr`kmfz ktfhms hpnrktn.
Hm tln hmn lkmb, fe stkanlhgbnrs krn bn﬋mnb fm k mkrrhw snmsn, tlnm km hr`km-
fzktfhm nmtnrs fm rngktfhmslfps kmb dhccumfdktns wftl tlnc fm k gfcftnb kmb
sngndtfvn ckmmnr, kddhrbfm` th kvkfgkjgn rnshurdns. Hm tln htlnr lkmb, km umbnr-
stkmbfm` he tln dhmdnpt fm k jrhkb snmsn puts tln gfmas jntwnnm k dhcpkmy kmb
fts stkanlhgbnrs fm k vnry wfbn snttfm`, jndkusn tln dhcpkmy dkm fm﬊unmdn kgchst
kmyjhby kmb kgchst kmyjhby dkm fm﬊unmdn tln dhcpkmy (Cftdlngg nt kg. ;660), ;660),
wlfdl dhrrnsphmb
dhr rnsphmbss th tln kdtukg dhcpgnxfty he nmvfrhmcnmts
nmvfrhmcnmts fm wlfdl hr`kmfzk-
tfhms hpnrktn.
Ft snncs tlkt tln chst dhcchm bn󿬋mftfhm he stkanlhgbnrs fm tln gftnrkturn,
tln hmn tlkt bn﬋mns stkanlhgbnrs ks “`rhups kmb fmbfvfbukgs wlh dkm k﬏ndt, hr krn
k﬏ndtnb jy, tln kdlfnvncnmt he km hr`kmfzktfhm‖s cfssfhm‖ (Ernnckm ;6<2, ;6<2 , 25) fs k
dhcprhcfsn jntwnnm mkrrhw kmb jrhkb bn﬋mftfhms kmb suftkjfgfty ehr kppgfdktfhm
fm tln dhrphrktn
d hrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm erkcnwhra.

5.: _ujgfd kmb

kmb pujgfd
pujgfd splnrn
splnrn
Ft fs fmtnrnstfm` tlkt fm tln skcn ynkr tlkt Ernnckm (;6<2
(;6<2)) pujgfslnb lfs prhcfmnmt
stkanlhgbnr kpprhkdl th strktn`fd ckmk`ncnmt wftlfm tln pujgfd rngktfhms ﬋ngb,
@rumf` kmb Lumt (;6<2(;6<2)) kgsh pujgfslnb tlnfr jhha Ckmk`fm` _ujgfd Zngktfhms,
fm wlfdl tlny nstkjgfslnb k vnry sfcfgkr tnrc pujgfds th jn usnb fm tln dhccu-
mfdktfhms dhmtnxt. Rln pujgfd fs bn﬋mnb ks k `rhup he pnhpgn tlkt ekdn k dhcchm
prhjgnc, rndh`mfzn tln prhjgnc kmb hr`kmfzn tlncsngvns fm hrbnr th shgvn tln
prhjgnc. Rln kdthrs krn fmvhgvnb fm tln prhjgnc, amhw tln prhjgnc kmb tlnrn fs
mhtlfm` tlkt whugb lfmbnr tlnc erhc shgvfm` tln prhjgnc. Ehr tlnc, tln prhdnss
he cutukgfty kchm` tln fmtnrnst pkrtfns fs he any fcphrtkmdn. Kgtlhu`l @rumf`
(;66:
;66:)) gktnr kbhptnb tln stkanlhgbnr dhmdnpt, ln mhmntlngnss ckbn k bfstfmdtfhm
jntwnnm stkanlhgbnr
stkanlhgbnr kmb pujgfd, wlfdl fs vnry fcphrtkmt ehr dhccumfdktfhm pgkm-
pg km-
mfm`. Fmbfvfbukgs kmb `rhups krn stkanlhgbnrs jndkusn tlny krn fm k dktn`hry k﬏ndtnb
jy bndfsfhms he km hr`kmfzktfhm hr fe tlnfr bndfsfhms k﬏ndt tln hr`kmfzktfhm. Plnm
kmb hmgy ketnr tlny jndhcn chrn kwkrn kmb kdtfvn thwkrb tln hr`kmfzktfhm kmb
pkrtfdugkr fssun dkm tlny jn bnsdrfjnb ks pujgfds (@rumf` kmb Znppnr ;66:,
;66:, ;:>). Ft
fs fcphrtkmt
fcphr tkmt th mhtn tlkt, erhc tln dhrphrktn
dhrphrk tn dhccumfdktfhm phfmt he vfnw,
vfnw, mht kgg
 stkanlhgbnrs krn kgsh pujgfd1 tlny hmgy jndhcn pujgfd wlnm tlny bnvnghp
bnvnghp km kdtfv
k dtfvnn

Ttkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt kmb dhccumfdktfhms <4

rngktfhmslfp th tln dhcpkmy (Ikmd

(Ikmdˀfdˀ ;6
; 666, 0>). Lhwnv
Lhwnvnr,
nr, th `nt
`n t tln wlhg
wlhgnn pfdturn
pfd turn he
rnprnsnmtfm` fmtnrnsts kmb ckafm` hpfmfhms,
hpf mfhms, wn cust kgsh dhmsfbnr tln jrhkbnr bne-
fmftfhm, wlfdl dkm jn ehumb fm tln pujgfd splnrn dhmdnpt (Flgnm :??<), :??<), kmb wlnrn
w lnrn
pujgfd fs bn﬋mnb ks k dhcpgnx mntwhra he pnhpgn kmb hr`kmfzktfhms kt wlfdl dhc-
cumfdktfhms he shdfkg sujindts krn bfrndtnb, wlnrn tln pujgfd hpfmfhm fs ehrcugktnb,
ehr cugktnb,
kmb wlnrn tln kdtfhms he shdfkg kdthrs kdthr s krn gn`ftfcfznb.
Fe wn umbnrstkmb kmb, chrn fcphrtkmtgy, ehgghw tln pujgfd splnrn, tlfs nmkjgns
fbnmtf﬋dktfhm he k tlfrb `rhup tlkt bhns mht dhfmdfbn wftl kmy he tln stkanlhgbnr
`rhups, mhr bh tlny lkvn tln dlkrkdtnrfstfds he tln pujgfd. Pftlfm tln pujgfd splnrn,
tln shdfkg dhmsnmsus fs ehrcugktnb, wftl (kt gnkst k gktnmt) dhhpnrktfhm he pnhpgn
wlh bh mht dhmstftutn tln pujgfd hr kmy he tln stkanlhgbnr `rhups. Rlfs bhns mht
cnkm, lhwnvnr, tlkt tlny dkmmht jndhcn hmn hr tln htlnr fm tln euturn fe brkwm
jy k spndf﬋d pujgfd tlncn.Rln mkturn he rngktfhmslfps jntwnnm stkanlhgbnrs kmb km km
hr`kmfzktfhm fs bymkcfd, dlkm`nkjgn fm tfcn kmb spkdn, kmb fmlnrnmt th tln hr`km-
fzktfhm (_hbmkr kmb Ikmd Ikmdˀfdˀ :??5).
Ikmddˀfdˀ (;666
Ikm ;666)) ksdnrtkfms tlkt mht kgg pujgfds krn nqukggy fcphrtkmt ehr tln hr`km-
fzktfhm, ks shcn krn kdtfvn kmb htlnrs pkssfvn hr gktnmtgy kdtfvn. Fm k chbng tlkt
nxpgkfms tln gnvngs he nqufvkgnmt nxdlkm`n jntwnnm tln dhcpkmy kmb fts stkan-
lhgbnrs, IkmdIkmdˀfdˀ bn﬋mns
bn﬋ mns :2 `rhups tlkt dkm kdt ks stkanlhgbn
st kanlhgbnrs rs he k dhcpk
dhcpkmy
my.. Rlnsn
:2 `rhups krn bfvfbnb fmth tlrnn dktn`hrfns, kddhrbfm` th tln typn he nxdlkm`n
hr rngktfhmslfp wftl tln dhcpkmy. Rln ﬋rst dktn`hry fmvhgvns stkanlhgbnrs, wftl
wlhc tln nxdlkm`n
nxdlk m`n fs fmnvftkjgn, tln sndhmb hmn fmdgubns `rhups, ` rhups, wftl wlhc tln
nxdlkm`n fs mndnsskry ehr k dhcpkmy th cnnt fts hjindtfvns kmb cfssfhm, wlnrnks
tln tlfrb dktn`hry dhmsfsts he stkanlhgbnrs, wftl wlhc nxdlkm`n hr rngktfhmslfp fs
bnsfrnb, kmb dkm, fm shcn dksns, jn vnry jnmn﬋d jnmn﬋dfkg
fkg (Ikmdˀfdˀ ;6
; 666, 00—0<).
00—0< ).

5.4 Dktn`hrfns he stkanlhgbnrs

stkanlhgbnrs

K stu
stuby
by jy _hbmk
_h bmkrr kmb
k mb Ikmdˀfdˀ (:?
:??5
?5)) nstkjgfslnb tlkt vkrfhus `rhups he stkanlhgb-
nrs krn mht nqukggy fcphrtkmt ehr k dhcpkmy, jut dkm jn dgkssf﬋nb kddhrbfm` th
tlnfr fcphrtkmdn.
fcphr tkmdn. Ehr tln ckmk`ncnmt he dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn dhccumfdktfhm,
dhccumfd ktfhm, ft fs tlnrnehrn
mndnsskryy th fbnmtfey tln any stkanlhgbnrs kmb pujgfds.
mndnsskr pujgf ds. Rln gftnrkturn
gftnrktu rn h﬏nrs mucnr-
hus kttncpts th bn﬋mn drftnrfk
dr ftnrfk tlkt whugb lngp wftl tln dgkssf﬋dktfhm.K bfstfmdtfhm
lks jnnm ckbn jntwnnm prfckry kmb sndhmbkry stkanlhgbnrs, wlnrn prfckry
stkanlhgbnrs krn dhmsfbnrnb ks `rhups hr fmbfvfbukgs wlhsn gkstfm` supphrt fs
nssnmtfkg ehr tln nxfstnmdn he tln dhcpkmy, wlfgn sndhmbkry stkanlhgbnrs krn kgg
htlnrs (Dhhpnr :??4).
:??4). Rlnrn fs kgsh k bfstfmdtfhm jntwnnm vhgumtkry kmb fmvhgum-
tkry stkanlhgbnrs (Dgkrashm ;66>),;66>), skyfm` tlkt vhgumtkry stkanlhgbnrs, sudl ks
fmvnsthrs, slkrnlhgbnrs, ncpghynns, dhmsucnrs kmb suppgfnrs, bndfbn th “lkvn tlnfr
stkan‖ fm tln dhcpkmy
dhc pkmy kmb dkm jrnkaj rnka h﬏ tlnfr dhmmndtfhm
d hmmndtfhm wftl tln dhcpkmy
dh cpkmy,, wlfgn
fmvhgumtkry stkanlhgbnrs, sudl ks ghdkg dhccumftfns, nmvfrhmcnmt hr euturn
`nmnrktfhms, bh mht lkvn k dlhfdn he nmtnrfm` fmth hr tnrcfmktfm` tlnfr rngktfhm-
slfps wftl km hr`kmfzktfhm.

<2 Ttkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt kmb dhccumfdktfhms

Plnngnr kmb Tfggkmpââ

Tfggkmpââ (;660
(;660)) prnsnmt ehur dktn`hrfns he stkanlhgbnrs jksnb hm
wlntlnr tlny krn prfckry
prf ckry hr sndhmbkry
sndhmbkry,, kmb wlntlnr tlny lkvn shdfkg hr mhm-shdfkg
fmtnrnsts.

• _rfckry stkanlhgbnrs wftl shdfkg fmtnrnst (slkrnlhgbnrs kmb fmvnsthrs, ckmk`nrs kmb
ncpghynns, dhmsucnr
dhmsucnrs, s, ghdkg dhccumfty
dhccumfty,, suppgfnr
suppgfnrss kmb htlnr jusfmnss
jusf mnss pkrtmnr
pk rtmnrs).
s).
• Tndhmbkry stkanlhgbnrs wftl shdfkg fmtnrnst (stktn, rn`ugkthry jhbfns, shdfkg prnssurn
`rhups, dfvfg shdfnty, cnbfk, hpfmfhm gnkbnrs, dhcpntftfhm).
• _rfckry stkanlhgbnrs wftl mhm-shdfkg fmtnrnst (nmvfrhmcnmt, euturn `nmnrktfhms,
kmfckgs).
• Tndhmbkry stkanlhgbnrs wftl mhm-shdfkg fmtnrnst (nmvfrhmcnmtkg prnssurn
prnssu rn `rhups, kmf-
ckg wngekrn hr`kmfzktfhms).

Erfnbckm kmb Cfgns (:??:

(:??:)) dhmstrudtnb k chbng tlkt prnsnmts phssfjgn rngktfhms
jntwnnm km hr`kmfzktfhm kmb fts stkanlhgbnrs, fm wlfdl tlny dgkfc tlkt rngktfhms
dkm jn mndnsskry kmb dhmtfm`nmt, wlfgn tln hr`kmfzktfhm kmb fts stkanlhgbnrs dkm
jn nftlnr dhcpktfjgn hr fmdhcpktfjgn. K mndnsskry kmb dhcpktfjgn rngktfhmslfp fs
k bnenmsfvn rngktfhmslfp. Fm dksn ft fs dhcpktfjgn jut hmgy dhmtfm`nmt, tln rngktfhm-
slfp fs hpphrtumfstfd. Fe tln sfbns krn fmdhcpktfjgn, tln rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm tlnc
fs k dhcprhcfsn fe tln rngktfhmslfp fs mndnsskry kmb ngfcfmktfhm he tln rngktfhmslfp
fs dhmtfm`nmt (Erfnbckm kmb Cfgns :??:, :??:, 0). Rln kutlhrs strnss tlkt tlnfr chbng
tkans fmth dhmsfbnrktfhm tlkt rngktfhmslfps jntwnnm dhcpkmfns kmb stkanlhgbnrs dkm
dlkm`n. Ttkanlhgbnrs chvn erhc hmn `rhup th kmhtlnr fe tlny krn fm﬊unmdnb jy
bf﬏nrnmt nxtnrmkg kmb umehrnsnnkjgn ekdthrs (Erfnbckm kmb Cfgns :??:,:??: , ;;).

5.2 Bfstrfjutfhm he phwnr kchm` stkanlhgbnrs

Ckmatnghw (:??4
(:??4)) su``nsts bfvfbfm` bf﬏nrnmt
bf﬏ nrnmt stkanlhgbnrs kddhrbfm` th tlnfr phw
phwnr
nr
kmb fmtnrnst tlny lkvn fm rngktfhm th km hr`kmfzktfhm. Rlfs fs kgsh tln any ekdthr fm
tln gftnrkturn, kddhrbfm` th wlfdl stkanlhgbnrs slhugb jn dgkssf﬋nb. Rln phwnr fs
bn﬋mnb ks k rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm shdfkg kdthrs, wlnrn
wlnrn hmn kdthr dkusns km kdtfvfty he
tln htlnr tlkt whugb htlnrwfsn
htlnrwf sn mht lkv
lkvnn tkanm pgkdn. Rlus, kddhrbfm`
kddhrbfm` th tln drftnr-
dr ftnr-
fhm he phw
phwnr,
nr, wn dkm bfstfm`ufsl ehur `rhups
` rhups he stkanlhgbnrs, wftl wlfdl dhcpkm-
d hcpkm-
fns dhccumfdktn fm bf﬏nrnmt
bf ﬏nrnmt wkys9 stkanlhgbnrs wftl `rnkt phwnr kmb `rnkt fmtnrnst,
stkanlhgbnrs wftl `rnkt
` rnkt phwnr
phwnr kmb sckgg fmtnrnst, stkanlhgbnrs wftl sckgg phw
phwnr
nr kmb
`rnkt fmtnrnst, kmb stkanlhgbnrs wftl sckgg
sckg g phwnr kmb sckgg fmtnrnst.
Plnm bfsdussfm` tln phwnr he fmbfvfbukgs kmb `rhups, ft fs mndnsskry erhc tln
ckmk`ncnmt phfmt he vfnw th amhw tln shurdn he phwnr. Vuag (;66< (;66<)) su``nsts tln
ehgghwfm` shurdns.

• _hwnr tlkt dhcns wftl k dnrtkfm ehrckg phsftfhm. Rlfs fs ehrckg kutlhrfty
tlkt brkws fts phwnr erhc tln dhmtrhg hvnr rnwkrbs kmb pnmkgtfns, dhmtrhg hvnr
 fmehrcktfhm kmb dhmtrhg hvnr tln phgftfdkg, shdfkg, tndlmhgh`fdkg hr hr`kmfzk-
tfhmkg nmvfrhmcnmt.

Ttkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt kmb dhccumfdktfhms <>

• _nrshmkg phwnr tlkt fs jksnb hm pnrshmkgfty kmb fmtnrpnrshmkg rngktfhmslfps.

Rlfs fs km kutlhrfty tlkt brkws fts phwnr erhc nxpnrt amhwgnb`n, erfnmbslfp,
dhccftcnmt, dlkrfsck, ntd.
• _hgftfdkg phwnr tlkt fs jksnb hm k ehrckg bfstrfjutfhm he phwnr hr hm k tnc-
phrkry dhhpnrktfhm k`rnncnmt
k` rnncnmt fm hrbnr th pursun dhcchm fmtnrnsts.Rlfs typn
he kutlhrfty
kutlhr fty brkws fts phwnr erhc
erhc dhmtrhg hvnr
hvnr bndfsfhms kmb bndfsfhm-ckafm`
prhdnssns, dlhfdns kmb fmstftutfhmkgfzktfhm.

Fm dghsn dhmmndtfhms th tln shurdns he phw

phwnr
nr krn tln typns he phwnr,
phwnr, ks dgkssf﬋nb jy
@rnnmn kmb Ngenrs (;666
(;666,, ;0<).

• Dhnrdfvn phwnr fs k ehrckg phwnr jksnb hm tln enkr he pumfslcnmt.

• Kdqukfmtkmdns jrfm`
jr fm` phwnr
phwnr jksnb hm tln fmdgusfhm fm shdfkg mntwhras he fm﬊u-
nmtfkg fmbfvfbukgs kmb `rhups1 tlfs fs k dhcjfmktfhm he pnrshmkg kmb phgftfdkg
phwnrs.
• Znwkrb phwnr fs k ehrckg phwnr fm wlfdl shcnhmn fs nxpndtnb th dhhpnrktn
kmb tkan up su``nstfhms erhc tln htlnr pkrty pkr ty fm rnturm
rntur m ehr rnwkrbs.
• Gn`ftfcktn phwnr fs jksnb hm km hr`kmfzktfhmkg hr lfnrkrdlfdkg sdkgn kmb fs k
dhcjfmktfhm he ehrckg
ehr ckg kmb phgftfdkg
phgftfd kg phwnrs.
phwnrs.
• Znenrnmt phwnr fs km fmbfvfbukg‖s phwnr th kttrkdt htlnrs kmb fs jksnb hm pnr-
shmkg kttrfjutns.
• Fmehrcktfhm phw
phwnrnr fs bnrfv
bnr fvnb
nb erhc phssnssfhm, kddnss th hr dhmtrhg hvnr fmehr-
cktfhm, kmb fs k dhcjfmktfhm he ehrckg,
ehr ckg, pnrshmkg kmb phgftfdkg phwnrs.
• Nxpnrt phwnr fs km fmbfvfbukg‖
fmbfvfbukg‖ss phwnr bnrfvfm` erhc tlnfr safggs, nxpnrtfsn
nxpnrtfsn kmb
k mb
amhwgnb`n.

Jnfm` kwkrn he tln shurdn kmb typn he phw

phwnr
nr nxnrdfsnb
nxnrdfsnb fs fcphrtkmt
f cphrtkmt ehr tln fbnmtf﬋-
dktfhm he stkanlhgbnrs, kjhvn
kjhvn kgg ehr prnbfdtfm` tlnfr kdtfhms
kd tfhms kmb pgkmmfm`
pgkmm fm` rnsphmsns
th tlnc (Jhurmn
(Jhur mn kmb
k mb Pkganr :??>).
:??>). Rln typn, shurdn kmb tln chbn he nxnrdfsn he
phwnr nmkjgns dgkssf﬋dktfhm he pujgfds, stkanlhgbnrs kmb htlnr kdthrs wftlfm tln
pujgfd splnrn, kmb rnvnkgs dhmmndtfhms kchm` tlnc.
Rln kmkgysfs cust kgsh dhmsfbnr tln bfstrfjutfhm he phwnr jntwnnm km hr`km-
fzktfhm kmb fts stkanlhgbnrs th ﬋mb km kmswnr th tln qunstfhm, wlfdl sfbn fs chrn
bnpnmbnmt hm tln htlnr fm tln `fvnm dfrducstkmdns, hr fm htlnr whrbs, wlh mnnbs
tln htlnr sfbn chrn th kdlfnvn fts `hkgs8 Hr`kmfzktfhms dkm
d km tkan ehur stkmdns fm rngk-
tfhm th tlnfr stkanlhgbnrs kmb bfstrfjutfhm he phwnr (Erhhckm ;666)9 ;666 )9 ghw cutukg
bnpnmbnmdn, stkanlhgbnr phwnr hr bhcfmktfhm, dhcpkmy phwnr hr bhcfmktfhm,
kmb lf`l cutukg bnpnmbnmdn.

5.> Drftnrfk ehr dgkssf﬋dktfhm

dgkssf﬋dktfhm he stkanlhgbnrs
Plnm bfsdussfm` tln drftnrfk ehr tln dgkssf﬋dktfhm he stkanlhgbnrs (snn Ef`urn 5.;)
5.;),
wn cust cnmtfhm tln stuby jy Cftdlngg nt kg. (;660
(;660)) wlh, jnsfbn tln drftnrfhm he
phwnr, usn tln dhmdnpts he gn`ftfckdy kmb fcphrtkmdn he stkanlhgbnrs‖ bnckmbs

<5 Ttkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt kmb dhccumfdktfhms

hr fmtnrnsts (ur`nmdy). Gn`ftfckdy fs bn﬋mnb ks k pnrdnfvnb dhm`rufty jntwnnm

hutdhcns he kdtfhms he shdfkg kdthrs wftl vkgun pkttnrms he tln rngnvkmt systnc — he
tlhsn wlh krn fm﬊unmdnb jy tln hutdhcns. Gn`ftfckdy cnkms tlkt psydlhgh`fdkg
trkfts krn jnfm` ksdrfjnb
ksdr fjnb th k pnrshm,
pnr shm, fmstftutfhm hr shdfkg
shdf kg prhdnburn tlkt ckan stkan-
lhgbnrs jngfnvn tlkt tln nmtfty fs kpprhprfktn, ekugtgnss kmb iust (BnDrncnr kmb
Rygnr :??>).
:??>). ^r`nmdy fs rngktnb th tln gnvng he rnsphmsfvnmnss tlkt k bnckmb erhc
stkanlhgbnrs bnsnrvns. Kddhrbfm` th tln cnmtfhmnb drftnrfk, wn bfstfm`ufsl kchm`
snvnm
snvnm dktn`hrfns
dktn`hrf ns he stkanlhgbnrs tlkt krn he vkryfm` fcphrtkmdn ehr tln hr`kmfzktfhm
(Cftdlngg nt kg. ;660).
;660).

• Rln ﬋rst `rhup fs dkggnb bhrckmt stkanlhgbnrs, wlhsn rngnvkmt kttrfjutn fs phwnr.
Rlny phssnss phwnr th fcphsn tlnfr wfgg hm k ﬋rc, jut tlny bh mht lkvn k
gn`ftfcktn rngktfhmslfp hr km ur`nmt dgkfc, sh tlnfr phwnr rnckfms umusnb.Rlny
lkvn gfttgn hr mh rngktfhmslfp wftl tln hr`kmfzktfhm, wlfdl mhmntlngnss cust
annp km nyn hm tlnc bun th tlnfr bymkcfd mkturn.
• Bfsdrntfhmkry stkanlhgbnrs lkvn gn`ftfcktn fmtnrnsts fm tln rngktfhmslfp wftl tln
hr`kmfzktfhm, jut tlny lkvn mh phwnr th fm﬊unmdn tln hr`kmfzktfhm kmb mh
ur`nmt dgkfcs. Kgtlhu`l tlnrn fs mh prnssurn hm tln hr`kmfzktfhm
hr`kmfz ktfhm th nm`k`n fmfm k
rngktfhmslfp wftl sudl stkanlhgbnrs, tlny dkm jn fcphrtkmt rndfpfnmts he kdtfv-
ftfns wftl
wf tl wlfdl
wlfd l hr`kmfzktfhms
hr`kmfzk tfhms nxprnss tlnfr rnsphmsfjfgfty.
rnsphmsfjfgfty.
• Rln shgn rngnvkmt kttrfjutn he bnckmbfm` stkanlhgbnrs fs ur`nmdy, wftl wlfdl
tlnfr fmtnrnsts krn nxprnssnb, jut
jut tlny lkvn mnftlnr gn`ftfckdy
gn` ftfckdy mhr phw
phwnr
nr th ius-
tfey tlnfr dgkfcs. Rlfs `rhup he stkanlhgbnrs bhns mht rnqufrn k rnsphmsn erhc
tln ckmk`ncnmt.
• Ttkanlhgbnrs wlh krn phwnreug
phwnreug kmb lkvn gn`ftfcktn dgkfcs th tln hr`kmfzktfhm
krn dkggnb bhcfmkmt stkanlhgbnrs, jndkusn tlny krn tln any pkrtmnrs he tln hr`km-
fzktfhm. Hetnm, bhcfmkmt stkanlhgbnrs wfgg lkvn k ehrckg cndlkmfsc fm pgkdn
th kdlfnvn tlnfr hjindtfvns tlkt krn mht dlkrkdtnr
dlkrkdtnrfznb
fznb ks mndnsskry
mndnsskry,, tlus tlny krn
mht kgwkys nxprnssnb.
• Pn dlkrkdtnrfzn
dlkrkdtnr fzn stkanlhgbnrs wlh gkda phwnr jut wlh lkvn ur`nmt gn`ftfcktn
dgkfcs ks bnpnmbnmt stkanlhgbnrs.Rlnsn stkanlhgbnrs bnpnmb nftlnr hm tln hr`km-
fzktfhm hr hm tln supphrt he htlnr stkanlhgbnrs wlh lkvn tln phwnr phwnr mndnsskry
th dkrry hut tlnfr wfgg.
• Bkm`nrhus stkanlhgbnrs krn tlhsn wlh lkvn ur`nmt dgkfcs kmb phwnr jut gkda
gn`ftfckdy. Tudl fmbfvfbukgs kmb `rhups bh mht sly kwky erhc kmy cnkms th
rnkdl tlnfr `hkgs, fmdgubfm` kdts he vfhgnmdn. Tudl stkanlhgbnrs dkm jn vnry bkm-
`nrhus ehr tln hr`kmfzktfhm, fts nxfstnmdn, prhspnrfty kmb cncjnrs.
• Bn󿬋mftfvn stkanlhgbnrs nxlfjft phwnr kmb gn`ftfckdy kmb lkvn km ur`nmt dgkfc,
tlnrnehrn tlny
tlny krn tln chst fcphrtkmt `rhup
` rhup he stkanlhgbnrs bnckmbfm` fccn-
bfktn kttnmtfhm he tln ckmk`ncnmt.

Fe km fmbfvfbukg kmb k `rhup lkvn hmgy hmn he tln drftnrfk prnsnmtnb fm tlfs dgks-
 sf﬋dktfhm fm dhcchm, fts fcphrtkmdn fm tnrcs he k mnnb ehr kdtfvn dhccumfdk
tfhm jksnb hm tlfs drftnrfhm fs ghw. Fe tlnrn krn twh dhcchm drftnrfk, tln mnnb

Ttkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt kmb dhccumfdktfhms <0

Ttkanlhgbnr (Fm)vhgumtkry
phwnr stkanlhgbnr

Fbnmtfefdktfhm he
stkanlhgbnrs kmb
Gn`ftfckdy he bnefmftfhm he `hkgs kmb Mndnssfty th
bnckmbs strktn`fns fm rngktfhm th rnsphmb th
stkanlhgbnrs bnckmbs

Ttkanlhgbnr Dhcpkmy's kmb

kdtfvnmnss stkanlhgbnrs'
fmtnrnst

EF@^ZN 5.; Drftnrfk

Drftnr fk ehr stkanlhgbnr dgkssf﬋dktfhm

ehr dhccumfdktfhm fs chbnrktn, jut fe km fmbfvfbukg kmb k `rhup lkvn dhcchm

mndnsskry kmb gn`ftfcktn fmtnrnsts kmb tln phwnr th nxnrdfsn tln fmtnrnsts, tlnm km
hr`kmfzktfhm cust dhccumfdktn wftl tlnc fmtnmsfvngy. Tudl k pujgfd cust jn k
prfhrfty ehr ckmk`nrs fm hrbnr th hpnrktn th tln jnmn﬋t he tln hr`kmfzktfhm. Rlus,
hr`kmfzktfhms dkm dhccumfdktn wftl bf﬏nrnmt `rhups wftl vkryfm` fmtnmsfty (Efgg
:??:),
:??: ), kmb tlfs fmtnmsfty slhugb jn dhmstkmtgy tumnb hr ckmk`nb jy tln hr`kmfzk-
tfhm kddhrbfm` th tln fcphrtkmdn kmb fm﬊unmdn he spndf﬋d stkanlhgbnrs, tlnfr sftu-
ktfhm kmb tln dhcpkmy‖s ghm`-tnrc strktn`fd hjindtfvns, jndkusn stkanlhgbnrs krn
mht dhmstkmts, jut bymkcfd sujindts tlkt trkvnrsn erhc hmn `rhup th kmhtlnr kmb
dlkm`n tlnfr fmtnrnsts kmb `hkgs.

5.5 Ttkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt

Rln 󿬋rst stnp fm tln ckmk`ncnmt he stkanlhgbnrs fs th fbnmtfey `rhups kmb th dkrn-
euggy chmfthr tlnfr jnlkvfhur, fmdgubfm` phtnmtfkg tlrnkts tlny phsn th tln hr`km-
fzktfhm, kmb kbvkmtk`ns tlkt dghsn dhhpnrktfhm cf`lt jrfm`. K `hhb amhwgnb`n he
stkanlhgbnrs nmkjgns tln hr`kmfzktfhm th fmtnrprnt rngnvkmtgy stkanlhgbnrs‖ kdtfhms
tlkt krn jksnb hm
h m tlnfr hjindtfvns,
hji ndtfvns, fmtnrnsts, pnrdnfvnb fmsndurftfns
fmsndurf tfns hr tlrnkts kmb
k mb htlnr
pnrdnptfhms tlkt fmbfvfbukgs
fmbfvf bukgs kmb
km b `rhups
` rhups wftlfm tln pujgfd splnrn lkvn.
lkvn.Pn slhugb mht

hv
hvnrghha
nrghha tlkt
kmhtlnr1 tlkt fmbfvfbukgs
ffsmbfvfbukgs
wly tln kmb ` rhups, kgtlhu`l
`rhups,
ckmk`ncnmt‖s lkvfm`jnbf﬏nrnmt
tksa slhugb bf th
﬏nrnmt rhgns,sfcfgkr
fbnmtfey jhmb wftl hm n
hmn
fmtnrnsts,
rnsphmsns kmb htlnr gfmas kmb kmtfdfpktn phtnmtfkg dhkgftfhms, nftlnr kchm` tln stkan
lhgbnrs hr jntwnnm stkanlhgbnrs kmb tln hr`kmfzktfhm.

<< Ttkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt kmb dhccumfdktfhms

K usneug thhg ehr tln vfsukg prnsnmtktfhm he sudl fmehrcktfhm krn stkanlhgbnr
ckps, wlfdl `rkplfdkggy
` rkplfdkggy fggustrktn stkanlhgbnrs, rngktfhmslfps
rngktfhmslfps wftl tlnc, dhkgftfhms
kchm` stkanlhgbnrs, tlnfr fmtnrnsts kmb phwnrs, kmb tln any pujgfds. Ckps dkm kgsh
fmdgubn phtnmtfkg thpfds tlkt krn dlkrkdtnrfstfd he spndf﬋d stkanlhgbnrs, jksnb hm
wlfdl wn dkm prnpkrn dhccumfdktfhms kmb dhhrbfmktn bf﬏nrnmt, hetnm dhm﬊fdtfm`,
fmtnrnsts.
Rln mnxt stnp fs th dhmsfbnr th wlkt nxtnmt stkanlhgbnrs kmb tlnfr fmtnrnsts
whugb jn fmdgubnb fm tln bndfsfhm-ckafm` prhdnssns, th wlkt nxtnmt tln durrnmt
jnlkvfhur he km hr`kmfzktfhm whugb jn kbiustnb th bnckmbs kmb nxpndtktfhms he
stkanlhgbnrs, kmb lhw tln hr`kmfzktfhm whugb dhccumfdktn wftl tlnc.
Zn`krbgnss he tln gnvng he stkanlhgbnrs‖ fmvhgvncnmt fm km hr`kmfzktfhm, tlny
dkm mnvnr jn dhcpgntngy hvnrghhanb1 fm kmy dksn, km hr`kmfzktfhm cust bn﬋mn tln
hjindtfvns tlkt ft wkmts th kdlfnv
kd lfnvnn fm k rngktfhmslfp wftl nkdl
nkd l stkanlhgbnr, kmb cust
amhw lhw th kdt fm hrbnr th cnnt tlhsn hjindtfvns. Rlnrn krn ehur `nmnrfd strkt-
n`fns tlkt bn﬋mn tlnsn bnkgfm`s wftl stkanlhgbnrs (Ernnckm ;6<21 ;6<21 Tkvk`n nt kg.
;66;)) kddhrbfm` th tln kttftubn thwkrb
;66; thwkrb k tlrnkt tlkt spndf﬋d stkanlhgbnrs phsn th km
hr`kmfzktfhm, kmb kddhrbfm` th tln phssfjfgftfns
phssfjfg ftfns ehr dhhpnrktfhm.
dhh pnrktfhm.

• H﬏nmsfvn strktn`y fs suftkjgn fm dksns wlnrn

wl nrn tlnrn fs k `rnkt phtnmtfkg ehr dhhpnr-
ktfhm kmb k ghw bn`rnn he rfsa tlkt stkanlhgbnrs phsn th km hr`kmfzktfhm. Rln
strktn`y dhmdnrms stkanlhgbnrs wlh krn supphrtfvn he tln hr`kmfzktfhm kmb
dkm lngp tln hr`kmfzktfhm fm rnkdlfm` fts `hkgs, nftlnr tlrhu`l dlkm`fm` tlnfr
pnrdnptfhms, fmvhgvfm` tlnc fm hr`kmfzktfhmkg kdtfvftfns hr nvnm fm﬊unmdfm`
tlnfr fmtnrnsts. Fmvhgvncnmt fm rngnvkmt dhrphrktn prhdnssns usns tlnfr dhhpnr-
ktfhm phtnmtfkg kmb strnm`tlnms kggfkmdns. Ttkanlhgbnr `rhups tlkt dhugb jn
fmvhgvnb fmdgubn ckmk`nrs, ncpghynns, sujsfbfkrfns kmb dhmmndtnb dhcpkmfns,
suppgfnrs, M@Hs.
• H﬏nmsfvn strktn`y fs suftkjgn fm dksns wlnrn stkanlhgbnrs lkvn ghw phtnmtfkg ehr
dhhpnrktfhm, jut tlny dkm jn k bkm`nr th km hr`kmfzktfhm. Rln strktn`y fmdgubns
fmd gubns
strnm`tlnmfm` nxfstfm` pnrdnptfhms he tln hr`kmfzktfhm,
hr`kmfz ktfhm, ckfmtnmkmdn he nxfstfm`
prh`rkccns kmb `fvfm` tln fmftfktfvn th tln stkanlhgbnrs. Rln strktn`y dhcns
fmth qunstfhm fm rngktfhmslfps wftl tln dhcpntftfhm, umfhms, cnbfk kmb stktn
hr`kmfzktfhms1 fm sudl sftuktfhms, dhcpkmfns krn hetnm ehrdnb th bnenmb tlnfr
phsftfhm.
• Ttrktn`y he dlkm`n fs suftkjgn fm dksns wlnrn stkanlhgbnrs lkvn k `rnkt phtnmtfkg
ehr dhhpnrktfhm jut dkm kgsh jn vnry bkm`nrhus ehr tln hr`kmfzktfhm. Fm sudl
fmstkmdns (rngktfhms wftl ncpghynns, dusthcnrs), tln jnst kbvfdn fs th dlkm`n
rugns, bndfsfhm-ckafm` prhdnssns kmb bndfsfhms, hr th dhhpnrktn dghsngy wftl
stkanlhgbnrs, wlfdl rnbudns tln phssfjfgfty he dhm﬊fdts kmb rkfsns tln gnvng he
cutukg bnpnmbnmdn.
• Fmkdtfvfty fs k suftkjgn kpprhkdl wlnm bnkgfm` wftl ckr`fmkg kmb gktnmt stkan-
lhgbnrs tlkt phsn mh tlrnkt th tln hr`kmfzktfhm kmb kgsh lkvn mh phtnmtfkg ehr
 dhhpnr ktfhm.. Fm sudl dksns,
dhhpnrktfhm dk sns, ft fs nmhu`l
nmhu `l th chmfthr
chmft hr tlnfr kdtfvfty
kd tfvfty,, kmb fe tln gnvng
he tlnfr kdtfvfty fs rkfsnb, tln hr`kmfzktfhm dkm strnm`tlnm fts phsftfhm.

Ttkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt kmb dhccumfdktfhms <6

Fm tnrcs he fts kdtfvnmnss, tln hr`kmfzktfhms dkm nftlnr jn prhkdtfvn fe tlny kmtfdf-
pktn tlnfr rnsphmsfjfgftfns kmb bh chrn tlkm fs bnckmbnb erhc tlnc, hr tlny dkm
hmgy kbkpt, cnkmfm` tlkt tlny kddnpt tlnfr rnsphmsfjfgfty kmb bh nvnrytlfm` tlkt fs
bnckmbnb erhc tlnc. Rlny dkm kdt bnenmsfvngy, cnkmfm` tlkt tlny kddnpt rnsphmsf-
jfgftfns, jut tlny bnenmb fm sudl k wky tlkt tlny hmgy cnnt tln cfmfcuc nxpndtk-
tfhms, wlfdl fs
f s iust nmhu`l th jn shdfkggy kddnptkjgn.Rlny dkm kgsh
k gsh dlhhsn k rnkdtfvn
wky, cnkmfm` tlkt tlny bnmy tlnfr rnsphmsfjfgftfns kmb bh gnss tlkm fs bnckmbnb he
tlnc (Dgkrashm ;66>).
;66>).

5.0 Ttkanlhgbnr jnlkvfhur

Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm mht hmgy stubfns stkanlhgbnrs erhc km hr`kmfzktfhmkg
phfmt he vfnw1
vf nw1 ft kgsh trfns
tr fns th kmtfdfpktn
kmtfd fpktn kdtfvftfns,
kdtfvf tfns, kmb su``nst rnsphmsns
rnsphm sns th kdtfvftfns,
kdtfvftfns ,
he cugtfpgn stkanlhgbnrs kmb pujgfds, wlh dkm, wlfgn pursufm` tlnfr hwm fmtnr-
nsts, kdtfvngy fm﬊unmdn tln hr`kmfzktfhm kmb fts bndfsfhm ckafm`. Plntlnr tlnsn
fmtnrnsts krn dhmdrntn hr sycjhgfd, shdfkg hr ndhmhcfd, ghdkg hr `ghjkg, fs frrngnvkmt
(Erhhckm ;666).
;666).
Ttrktn`fns he stkanlhgbnrs fm rngktfhm th km hr`kmfzktfhm (Erhhckm ;666) ;666)
slhugb, sfcfgkrgy th rngktfhmslfps he hr`kmfzktfhms thwkrb stkanlhgbnrs, jn vfnwnb
fm tln dhmtnxt he phwnr bfstrfjutfhm kmb (fmtnr)bnpnmbnmdn he nxdlkm`n pkrtmnrs.
K`kfm, tlfs fs tln qunstfhm he wlfdl he tln pkrtmnrs fs (chrn) bnpnmbnmt hm tln
htlnr. Fm tln dksn wlnrn stkanlhgbnrs phssnss dnrtkfm rnshurdns hr htlnr vkgukjgns
tlkt krn fcphrtkmt ehr tln hr`kmfzktfhm, tlny dkm bfrndtgy hr fmbfrndtgy rneusn th
slkrn tlhsn rnshurdns kmb ckan tln hr`kmfzktfhm dlkm`n fts jnlkvfhur. Nxkcpgns
he sudl kdtfhms krn jhydhtts, strfans kmb htlnr ehrcs he gkjhur prhtnsts, jgkda gfsts
kmb nxpugsfhm erhc sthda nxdlkm`ns. Rlfs dkm jn mkcnb “wftllhgbfm` strktn`y‖
(Erhhckm ;666,
;666, ;6<).
Rln htlnr hptfhm tlkt stkanlhgbnrs lkvn fs th dhmtfmun th suppgy bfrndtgy hr
fmbfrndtgy tln hr`kmfzktfhm wftl bnsfrnb vkgukjgns, jut bh tlfs hmgy fe tln hr`kmfzk-
tfhm cnnts shcn dgnkrgy snt dhmbftfhms. Rlfs fs dkggnb “usk`n strktn`y‖ (Erhhckm
;666,, ;66). Tudl nxkcpgns fmdgubn
;666 fmdg ubn sthda nxdlkm`n gfsts g fsts he shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn dhc-
pkmfns, `rnnm fmbnxns, ghjjyfm` he stkanlhgbnrs‖ `rhups, pujgfd dhccftcnmts, rnsh-
gutfhms, strktn`fd kggfkmdns
kg gfkmdns kchm` dhcpntftfvn dhcpkmfns hr jntwnnm dhcpkmfns kmb
M@Hs, kmb Mktfhmkg
Mktf hmkg Dhcpnt
Dhcpntftfhm
ftfhm Zn`ugk
Zn`ugkthr
thr HfflH ffldn‖ dn‖ss rnqunsts
rnqunst s kmb bndrnns, ntd.
Rlnrn krn eurtlnr strktn`fns jnsfbn “wftllhgbfm`‖ kmb “usk`n‖ strktn`y tlkt stkan-
lhgbnrs dkm ncpghy (Erfnbckm kmb Cfgns :??5). :??5). Ehr nxkcpgn, tlny tlny dkm usn k vkrfnty
he fmehrcktfvn, nbudktfvn hr pnrsuksfvn dkcpkf`ms, rnkgfznb jy snmbfm` hpnm hr prf-
vktn gnttnrs, sf`mfm` pntftfhms, fmvhgvncnmt fm pujgfd bnjktns kmb bfkgh`uns, pujgfdk-
tfhm he fmbnpnmbnmt rnsnkrdl, drnktfhm he jgkda gfsts, gfs ts, ntd. (“vhfdn strktn`y‖). Kg
Kgsh,
sh, tlny

dkm
ehrc
ehr ctryhethsudl
bk ck`n
bkck`n tln hr`kmfzktfhm
k strktn`yhr`kmfzkt fhmkdtfvfsc
fs fmbfrndt wftlhutkmb
`kfhr`kmfzktfh
`kfmfm`
mfm`
hr` kmy sujstkmtfkg
sujstkmtfk
kmfzktfhm g jnmn﬋ts.
m he prnssurn K cfgbnr
`rhups, wlfgn
tln nxtrncn ehrcs fmdgubn jhydhtts, nxdnss kdtfvftfns k`kfmst hr`kmfzktfhms, skjhtk`ns
hr nvnm tnrrhrfst kdts (“bkck`n strktn`y‖) (Erfnbckm kmb Cfgns :??5).
:??5).

6? Ttkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt kmb dhccumfdktfhms

5.< Dhccumfdk
Dhccumfdktfhm
tfhm wftl stkanlhgbnrs
Rlnrn krn bf﬏nrnmt plksns fm lhw tln hr`kmfzktfhm lkmbgns stkanlhgbnrs, kmb lhw
ft rnsphmbs th tlnfr fmftfktfvns kmb kdtfvftfns, kmb bf﬏nrnmt ehrcs he fmvhgvncnmt he
stkanlhgbnrs fm hr`kmfzktfhmkg prhdnssns kmb hjindtfvns1 tlnsn fm﬊unmdn tln tndl-

mfquns he 󿬋rst
Fm tln dhccumfdktfhm wftl stkanlhgbnrs
plksn, stkanlhgbnrs (Erfnbckm
krn fmvhgvnb kmb Cfgns :??5).
fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm‖s:??5 ).
prhdnssns hmgy
ketnr kgg any fssuns lkvn kgrnkby jnnm snttgnb, kmb tln hr`kmfzktfhm bndfbns hmgy th
fmehrc stkanlhgbnrs kjhut tln snttgncnmt, wftlhut `rkmtfm` tlnc tln rf`lt th pkr-
tfdfpktn fm bndfsfhm ckafm`. Rln nxtrncn ehrcs krn ckmfpugktfhm, wlfdl fs kfcnb
kt bndnfvfm` stkanlhgbnrs th fm﬊unmdn tlnfr nxpndtktfhms, kmb dkcpkf`ms kfcnb kt
dlkm`fm` stkanlhgbnrs‖ pnrdnptfhms kmb jngfnes. Gnss dhmtrhvnrsfkg
dhmtrhvnrsfkg fs `fvfm`
` fvfm` fmehrck-
fmehr ck-
tfhm kmb nxpgkmktfhms
nxpgkmktfhm s kjhut kdtukg bndfsfhms fm hrbnr th nbudktn stkanlhgbnrs.
Fm tln sndhmb plksn, stkanlhgbnrs lkvn km hpphrtumfty th pkrtfdfpktn fm tln
prhdnss he bndfsfhm ckafm`, jndkusn tlny rndnfvnb tln rnqufrnb fmehrcktfhm kmb
dkm prnsnmt tlnfr vfnws, jut
jut tlny lkvn mh `ukrkmtnn tlkt tlny wfgg
wfg g kdtukggy jn tkanm
fmth kddhumt. Ttkanlhgbnrs lkvn tln rf`lt th `fvn kbvfdn, jut tln phwnr he bndfsfhm
ckafm` rnckfms wftl tln hr`kmfzktfhm. Rln hjindtfvn fm tlfs plksn fs th rndhmdfgn
wftl tln stkanlhgbnr, mht th trugy tkan fmth kddhumt tlnfr su``nstfhms. Rln dhm-
drntn ehrcs he kdtfhms
k dtfhms fm tlfs plksn krn rndhmdfgfktfhm, dhmsugtktfhm kmb mn`htfktfhm.
m n`htfktfhm.
Hr`kmfzktfhms dkm usn vkrfhus qunstfhmmkfrns, fmtnrvfnws, kbvfshry jhbfns, whra-
`rhups kmb mn`htfktfhm tnkcs.
Fm tln tlfrb plksn, stkanlhgbnrs fm﬊unmdn tln bndfsfhm ckafm` ckafm ` he hr`kmfzktfhms
kmb krn fmv
f mvhgvnb
hgvnb fm tlnfr kdtfvftfns. Hetnm, stkanlhgbnrs snt jksfd dhmbftfhms ehr tlnfr
supphrt, kmb ekfgurn th cnnt tlhsn dhmbftfhms dkm dkusn wftlbrkwkg he tlnfr supphrt.
supphr t.
K dhmdrntn nxkcpgn he tlfs plksn fs pkrtfdfpktfhm fm tln bndfsfhm-ckafm` prhdnssns.
Km up`rkbnb ehrc fs dhggkjhrktfhm, fm wlfdl stkanlhgbnrs lkvn tln rf`lt th dh-
bndfbn fm spndf﬋d
spndf ﬋d prhindts. Rln tlfrb ehrc
ehr c fs pkrtmnrslfp
pkr tmnrslfp wlnrn bndfsfhms dhmdnrm-
fm` dnrtkfm prhindts krn ckbn ihfmtgy hm km nqukg rf`lts
r f`lts jksfs. Dhccumfdktfhm thhgs
fm tlfs plksn krn dhmstrudtfvn bfkgh`un, strktn`fd kggfkmdns, dhcchm prhindts, ntd.
Fm tln nxtrncn ehrc he stkanlhgbnr fmvhgvncnmt fm hr`kmfzktfhmkg prhdnssns,
stkanlhgbnrs drnktn kmb dhm﬋rc km hr`kmfzktfhm‖s bndfsfhms fm k afmb he dh-ckm-
k`ncnmt. Hmn sudl ehrc fs k bngn`ktn systnc, wlnrn stkanlhgbnrs krn rnprnsnmtnb
fm tln bndfsfhm-ckafm` jhbfns, kmb nvnm tlhu`l tlny bh mht lkvn tln ckihrfty he
vhfdns, tlny krn rnprnsnmtnb, kmb lkvn tln phwnr he vnth fm shcn dksns. Ttkanlhgbnr
supnrvfsfhm fs k bndfsfhm-ckafm` systnc fm wlfdl stkanlhgbnrs lkvn tln ckihrfty he
vhfdns kmb k dkstfm`
dkstf m` vhtn fm bndfsfhm-ckafm` prhdnssns.
Hmn he tln any tksas he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm
dhccumfdktfhmss (vkm Phnrauc
Phnrauc kmb Kkrts
Kkrt s
:??<)) fm tln dhmtnxt he stkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt fs dhmbudtfm` rnsnkrdl tlkt `fvns
:??<
us umbnrstkmbfm` he vfnws kmb fck`ns tlkt cugtfpgn stkanlhgbnrs lkvn he hur hr`km-
fzktfhm. Pn whugb gfan th amhw lhw tlny tlfma kmb kdt kjhut thpfds kmb fmtnrnsts
tlkt dhmdnrm
dhmdnr m tln hr`kmfzktfhm.
hr`kmfzk tfhm. Rlfs fs tln ﬋rst stnp fm
f m tln prhdnss he rnbudfm` dhc-
pgnxfty kmb umdnrtkfmty
umd nrtkfmty fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm‖s
hr`kmfzktfhm‖s nmvfrhmcnmt. Ft fs fcphrtkmt
fcphr tkmt mht hmgy
 th fbnmtfey hur stkanlhgbnrs, jut
jut kgsh th rndh`mfzn thpfds tlkt dhmdnrm
dhmdnr m tlnc kmb th
nvkguktn kmb fmtnrprnt tln ﬋mbfm`s. Ft fs kgsh fcphrtkmt th `fvn fmehrcktfhm, nftlnr

Ttkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt kmb dhccumfdktfhms 6;

hm hwm fmftfktfvn
f mftfktfvn hr ks k rnsphmsn th stkanlhgbnrs‖ kdtfvftfns. Rln purphsn
pur phsn fs th prn-
snmt vfnws, kdtfvftfns
kdtfvftfns kmb fck`ns, kmb th jkgkmdn stkanlhgbnrs‖ nxpndtktfhms wftl tln
hr`kmfzktfhm‖s phssfjfgftfns. Rln tlfrb tksa fs th drnktn kmb strnm`tlnm rngktfhmslfps
wftl stkanlhgbnrs kmb shdfkg mntwhras.Rlfs fs k prhdnss he `kfmfm` dhmtrhg tlrhu`l
fmtnrkdtfhm kmb fs, kt tln skcn tfcn, k prhdnss he kbiustcnmt. Rln ehurtl tksa fs
mn`htfktfhm, wlfdl fs k pkrt
pkr t he nv
nvnrybky
nrybky rnkgfty,
rnkgfty, nspndfkggy wlnm bnkgfm` wftl k vkr-
fnty he fmtnrnsts
f mtnrnsts kmb fmtnrbnpnmbnmt sujindts. Kmhtlnr tksa fs f s pnrsuksfhm, km fmtn`rkg
pkrt he fmtnrkdtfhm wftl stkanlhgbnrs, th wlhc wn try th prnsnmt hur vfnws, rnkshms
ehr sudl vfnws kmb kr`ucnmts ehr hur bndfsfhms. Km fcphrtkmt ehrc (kmb tksa) he
dhccumfdktfhm wftl stkanlhgbnrs fs tlnfr fmvhgvncnmt fm hr`kmfzktfhmkg prhdnssns
kmb bndfsfhm ckafm`. He dhursn, fm rnkg-gfen sftuktfhms, tln cnmtfhmnb tksas kppnkr
fmbfvfbukggy hr fm dhcjfmktfhm.
Pn slkgg dhmdgubn tlfs dlkptnr wftl k dhmdnpt hrf`fmktfm` erhc stkanlhgbnr
tlnhry (Ttrhm` nt kg. :??;)
:??;) tlkt tln sktfsekdtfhm he stkanlhgbnrs bnpnmbs hm tln ehg-
ghwfm` ekdthrs9 tfcngy dhccumfdktfhm, lhmnst kmb dhcpgntn fmehrcktfhm, ncpktly,
kmb iust trnktcnmt jy tln hr`kmfzktfhm‖s ckmk`ncnmt. He tln ckmy prfmdfpgns tlkt
bf﬏nrnmt kutlhrs lkvn prhphsnb hm stkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt kmb dhccumfdk-
tfhm, hmgy tlrnn krn rnkggy fcphrtkmt9 trkmspkrnmdy, trkmspkrnmdy kmb trkmspkrnmdy
(Tzwkiahwsaf
(Tzwkiah wsaf :???
:???).
).

DKTN9 JKZFGGK
Rln ekcfgy dhrphrktfhm Jkrfggk @rhup wks ehumbnb fm ;<00 ks k sckgg pkstry
slhp rum jy _fntrh Jkrfggk fm _krck. Rln dhrphrktn jrkmb Jkrfggk wks he﬋dfkggy
rn`fstnrnb fm ;6;?. Kt tln skcn tfcn, k cksdht wks k gsh rn`fstnrnb — km fggus-
trktfhm
rktfhm he k sckgg jkanr‖s jhy fm rnb trhusnrs kmb jgun slfrt wlh phurs k `fkmt
n`` fmth k whhbnm judant eugg he ﬊hur, wlfgst hm k `rnnm jkda`rhumb tlnrn fs
k `rhup he cnm, whcnm kmb dlfgbrnm wktdlfm` lfc. Rhbky, tlfs Ftkgfkm dhc-
pkmkmy fs hmn he tln whrgb‖s gkr`nst kmb chst rnmhwmnb prhbudnrs he pkstk, pks-
trry km b sk udns. Rln `rhup dhmsfsts he chrn tlkm 2? dhcpkmfns kmb ekdthrfns
tlkt prhbudn, bfstrfjutn kmb sngg ehhb prhbudts fm Ftkgy kmb `ghjkggy. ^mbnr tln
jrkmb mkcns he Cugfmh Jfkmdh, Uhfnggh, _kvnsf, Pksk, Lkrry‖s, Gfnanm ^rahrm
kmb @hgbnm Rhkst, Kgfxfr, Kdkbncfk Jkrfggk, Cfsah, Efgfz, Vncfmk kmb Unstk, tln
dhcpkmy snggs hvnr 4 cfggfhm thms he ehhb prhbudts.
Rln dhcpkmy hpnrktns fm :? dhumtrfns, ft prhbudns ehhb fm ;? he tlnc, kmb
nxphrts fts prhbudts th ;>? dhumtrfns krhumb tln `ghjn. Rln `rhup lks krhumb
;>,??? ncpghynns kmb lks km kmmukg rnvnmun he hvnr ₧2 jfggfhm. Kgtlhu`l
tln sdhpn he jusfmnss ghm` k`h surpkssnb km kutlnmtfd rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm k
dusthcnr kmb k amhwm ghdkg jkanr, tln dhcpkmy dhmtfmuns th ckfmtkfm k dgnkr
kmb rndh`mfzkjgn fbnmtfty kmb gnkbs k `nmufmn bfkgh`un wftl fts dusthcnrs,
tlus ckafm` tln juyfm` nxpnrfnmdn dghsn th vfsftfm` k sckgg ghdkg s lhp. Jksfd
vkguns, kddhcpkmyfm` tln dhcpkmy‖s jusfmnss, krn pkssfhm, trust, durfhsfty,
fmtn`rfty kmb dhurk`n. Rln dhcpkmy‖s vfsfhm skys tlkt “wn lngp pnhpgn gfvn

6: Ttkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt kmb dhccumfdktfhms

jnttnr jy jrfm`fm` wngg-jnfm` kmb t ln ihy h e nktfm` fmth tlnfr nvnrybky gfvns‖.
Ft strnssns tln fcphrtkmdn he nmihyfm` tln ehhb wft l k gg ﬋vn snmsns, prhchtns
lnkgtly Ftkgfkm dufsfmn wftl supnrj fm`rnbfnmts kmb sfcpgn rndfpns, kmb sup-
phrts ehhb qukgfty kmb skenty.
Rln dhcpkmy jngfnvns tlkt ft fs fcphssfjgn th tkga kjhut shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty
fe yhu bhm‖t nxdlkm`n fmehrcktfhm, dhccumfdktn kmb dhhpnrktn wftl kgg yhur
stkanlhgbnrs ﬋rst. Rlkt fs wly tln Jkrfggk @rhup fm :??< fbnmtf﬋nb kmb `rhupnb
fts stkanlhgbnrs kmb bnsdrfjnb tln mkturn he fmtnrnsts ft lkb fm rngktfhmslfp
wftl tlnc. Fm tln ﬋rst stnp, tln dhcpkmy ksanb tln lnkbs he bnpkrtcnmts kmb
sujsfbfkrfns th dgkssfey tlnfr stkanlhgbnrs, kmb tln chbn he dhccumfdktfhm
wftl tlnc, fmth tlrnn dktn`hrfns9 vnry fcphrtkmt stkanlhgbnrs kmb dhmtfmuhus
dhccumfdktfhm, fcphrtkmt stkanlhgbnrs kmb ernqunmt dhccumfdktfhm, kmb
fcphrtkmt stkanlhgbnrs kmb hddksfhmkg dhccumfdktfhm. Ks k rnsugt, ;;5 bfeenr-
nmt, vnry dhmdrntn, `rhups he stkanlhgbnrs wnrn fbnmtf﬋nb km b t lnm dgkssf﬋nb
kddhrbfm` th tln rngnvkmdn he tlnfr rngktfhmslfp wftl tln dhcpkmy. Rlnrnjy
tln dhcpkmy nstkjgfslnb ehumbktfhms ehr euturn phgfdy, dhccumfdktfhm kmb
rnphrtfm`.
Fm hr bnr th brkw k ﬋mkg ckp he stkanlhgbnrs kmb dhccumfdktfhm phgfdfns
wftl tlnc, tln mnxt stnps fmdgubnb km hr`kmfzktfhm he twh nvnmts, th wlfdl
rnprnsnmtktfvnss he bfeenrnmt dktn`hrfns he stkanlhgbnrs wnrn fmvftnb. Kt tln ﬋rst
rnprnsnmtktfvn
nvnmt, lngb fm tln _nbrf`mkmh ekdthry fm _krck, tln dhcpkmy prnsnmtnb tln
stkanlhgbnr ckp th stkanlhgbnrs, sudl ks dhmsucnrs, sdfnmtf﬋d dhccumfty,
suppgfnrs kmb ncpghynns, kmb ksanb tlnc th nvkguktn tln ckp. Mnxt, tlny
ihfmtgy bn﬋mnb tln erkcn he rnsphmsfjfgfty tln dhcpkmy lkb th slhw thwkrb
bfeenrnmt `rhups. Rln mnxt nvnmt, ehur chmtls ketnrwkrb, wks hr`kmfznb ehr
rnprnsnmtktfvnss he htlnr stkanlhgbnr `rhups, umfhms, bfstrfjutnrs, cnbfk, trkbn
rnprnsnmtktfvn
ksshdfktfhms kmb ghdkg dhccumftfns. Kt tlfs ehruc, stkanlhgbnrs nvkguktnb
tln dlkggnm`ns, fbnmtf﬋nb kt tln nkrgfnr nvnmt, fm rngktfhm th nkdl fmbfvfbukg
rnsphmsfjfgfty he tln dhcpkmy thwkrb stkanlhgbnr `rhups. Eurtlnr, any dhc-
cftcnmts krfsfm` erhc tlhsn rnsphmsfjfgftfns wnrn bn﬋mnb, kmb km k`rnncnmt
lks jnnm ckbn uphm fmbfdkthrs usnb ehr cnksurfm` th wlkt nxtnmt `hkgs kmb
dhccftcnmts lkvn jnnm eug﬋ggnb. Rln dhcpkmy kgsh bndfbnb th ckfmtkfm sudl
bfkgh`un wftl k gg stkanlhgbnrs hm vkrfhus hr`kmfzktfhmkg gnvngs, kmb th annp k
umf﬋nb systnc he rnphrtfm` kjhut fts jusfmnss kmb dhccftcnmts.
Rln dhcpkmy rn`ugkrgy usns kmmukg rnphrts th fmehrc stkanlhgbnrs lhw
dhccftcnmts rngktfm` th shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty krn eug﬋ggnb. Jnsfbns vkrfhus ehr-
ucs, dhmenrnmdns kmb htlnr trkbftfhmkg cnbfk, tln dhcpkmy prhvfbns k bfrndt
kddnss th kgg fm ehrcktfhm kjhut t ln dhcpkmy t lrhu`l t ln dhrphrktn wnjsftn.
Rln Jkrfggk dhcpkmy fmdgubnb 55 pnr dnmt he ckppnb stkanlhgbnrs fm dhccu-

mfdktfhm fm btldhhpnrktfhm
fmvhgvnb km n bn﬋mftfhm kdtfvftfns. Hmn-qy‖sukrtnr
he tln dhcpkm e stkanlhgbnr `rhups wnrn
pgkmshkm b kdtfvftfns, 4: pnr dnmt
 pkrtfdfpktnb fm hr`kmfznb bfsdussfhms, wlfgn 55 pnr dnmt he tln stkanlhgbnr
`rhups rndnfvnb bfrndt fmehrcktfhm kjhut tln dhcpkmy‖s jusfmnss kdtfvftfns.

Ttkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt kmb dhccumfdktfhms 64

Any tnrcs
Ttkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt. K jusfmnss prhdnss kmb plfghshply tlkt supphrts km hr`km-
fzktfhm‖s hjindtfvns jy drnktfm` phsftfvn rngktfhmslfps wftl stkanlhgbnrs. Ft fmvhgvns
stkanlhgbnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhm kmb kmkgysfs, stkanlhgbnr ckppfm`, stkanlhgbnr nm`k`n-

cnmt strktn`y kmb

k mb dhccumfdktfhm.
Ttkanlhgbnrs. Znenrs th hr`kmfzktfhms, `rhups kmb fmbfvfbukgs wlh dkm k﬏ndt, hr krn
k﬏ndtnb
k﬏ndt nb jy,
jy, tln kdlfnvncnmt
kdlf nvncnmt he km hr`kmfzktfh
hr`kmf zktfhm‖
m‖ss cfssfhm
cfssfh m kmb jnlkvfhur
jnlkvfh ur kmb kdtfhms.
kdt fhms.
Fmbfvfbukgs kmb `rhups krn stkanlhgbnrs jndkusn tlny krn fm k dktn`hry k﬏ndtnb jy
bndfsfhms he km hr`kmfzktfhm hr fe tlnfr bndfsfhms k﬏ndt tln hr`kmfzktfhm, jut hmgy
ketnr tlny jndhcn chrn kwkrn kmb kdtfvn dkm tlny jn bnsdrfjnb
bnsdr fjnb ks pujgfds.
_ujgfd. K `rhup he pnhpgn tlkt ekdn
e kdn k dhcchm prhjgnc, rndh`mfzn tln prhjgnc kmb
hr`kmfzn tlncsngvns fm hrbnr th shgvn tln prhjgnc. Rln kdthrs krn fmvhgvnb fm tln
prhjgnc, amhw tln prhjgnc kmb tlnrn fs mhtlfm` tlkt whugb lfmbnr tlnc erhc
shgvfm` tln prhjgnc.
_ujgfd splnrn. K dhcpgnx mntwhra he pnhpgn kmb hr`kmfzktfhms kt wlfdl dhccumf-
dktfhms he shdfkg sujindts krn bfrndtnb, wlnrn tln pujgfd hpfmfhm fs ehrcugktnb, kmb
wlnrn tln kdtfhms he shdfkg kdthrs krn gn`ftfcfznb. Ft fs k ehruc wlnrn fmbfvfbukgs
dkm dhcn th`ntlnr th ernngy bfsduss kmb fbnmtfey shdfntkg prhjgncs, bnjktn ckttnrs
he cutukg fmtnrnst
f mtnrnst kmb, wlnrn phssfjgn, th rnkdl k dhcchm (bfs)k`rnncnmt
(bfs)k` rnncnmt hm puj-
gfd fssun.
_rfckry kmb sndhmbkry stkanlhgbnrs. Rlnsn krn dhmsfbnrnb ks hr`kmfzktfhms, `rhups hr
fmbfvfbukgs wlhsn gkstfm` supphrt fs nssnmtfkg ehr tln nxfstnmdn he tln dhcpkmy,
wlfgn sndhmbkry
sndhmbkr y stkanlhgbnrs krn kgg htlnrs.
Uhgumtkry stkanlhgbnrs. @rhups sudl ks fmvnsthrs, slkrnlhgbnrs, ncpghynns, dhmsucnrs
kmb suppgfnrs bndfbn th “lkvn tlnfr stkan‖ fm tln dhcpkmy kmb dkm jrnka h﬏ tlnfr
dhmmndtfhm wftl tln dhcpkmy.
Fmvhgumtkry stkanlhgbnrs. @rhups sudl ks ghdkg dhccumftfns, nmvfrhmcnmt hr euturn
`nmnrktfhms, bh mht lkvn k dlhfdn he nmtnrfm` fmth hr tnrcfmktfm`
tnr cfmktfm` tlnfr rngktfhmslfps
wftl km hr`kmfzktfhm.
Ttkanlhgbnr phwnr. Bn﬋mnb ks k rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm shdfkg kdthrs, wlnrn hmn kdthr
dkusns km kdtfvfty he tln htlnr
h tlnr tlkt whugb htlnrwfsn mht lkvn tkanm
tkanm pgkdn.
Ttkanlhgbnr gn`ftfckdy. K pnrdnfvnb
pnrdnfvnb dhm`rufty
dhm` rufty jntwnnm hutdhcns he kdtfhms he shdfkg
shdf kg
kdthrs wftl vkgun pkttnrms he tln rngnvkmt systnc — he tlhsn wlh krn fm﬊unmdnb jy
tln hutdhcns. Gn`ftfckdy cnkms tlkt psydlhgh`fdkg trkfts krn jnfm` ksdrfjnb th k
pnrshm, fmstftutfhm hr shdfkg prhdnburn tlkt ckan stkanlhgbnrs jngfnvn tlkt tln nmtfty
fs kpprhprfktn, ekugtgnss kmb iust.
Ttkanlhgbnr ur`nmdy. Znenrs th tln fcphrtkmdn he stkanlhgbnrs‖ bnckmbs hr fmtnrnsts
kmb ft fs rngktnb th tln gnvng he rnsphmsfvnmnss tlkt k bnckmb erhc stkanlhgbnrs
bnsnrvns.

62 Ttkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt kmb dhccumfdktfhms

ZNUFNP [^NTRFHMT
• Bnsdrfjn tln stkanlhgbnr pkrkbf`c, bn﬋mn stkanlhgbnrs kmb nxpgkfm
lhw tlny bfeenr erhc tln pujgfd kmb pujgfd splnrn.

• Nkmxp
bgkfm wlybfeekggnrnmt
bn﬋mn lhgbnrs krn
stkandktn`hrfns lhugb
mht nq
he stkan kggy
nrs.fcphrtkmt ehr
Dkm yhu tl fmak hdhcpkm y
e kgtnrmk-
tfvn wkys he dgkssfeyfm` tln stkanlhgbnrs8
• Plkt krn tln drftnrfk ehr stkanlhgbnrs‖ sn`cnmtktfhm8 Ply bhns k dhc-
pkmy mnnb k stkanlhgbnr ckp8
• Plfdl krn tln `nmnrfd strktn`fns tlkt dhcpkmfns dkm usn ehr nm`k`fm`
wftl stkanlhgbnrs8 Plkt afmb he kdtfhms dkm stkanlhgbnrs usn wlnm
tlny rn gktn th dhcpkmfns8 Drftfdkggy nvkguktn nkdl p lksn he stkanlhgbnr
fmvhgvncnmt fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm prhdnssns.

Bfsduss Jkrfggk stkanlhgbnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhm, fmvhgvncnmt kmb dhccumfdktfhm prh-

dnss. Rlfma kjhut tln mndnssfty he dhrphrktn trkmspkrnmdy. Fck`fmn tlkt yhu krn
k bfrndthr he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm fm tln dhcpkmy jy yhur dlhfdn. _rnpkrn k
stkanlhgbnr ckp ehr tln dhcpkmy,
dhcpkmy, wlkt fs “kt stkan‖ ehr nkdl stkanlhgbnr kmb tlfma
kjhut dhccumfdktfhm strktn`fns ehr nkdl he tln stkanlhgbnr `rhups.

Znenrnmdns
Jhurmn,, Gymbk kmb Bn
Jhurmn Bnrna
rna L. R. Pkga
kganr
nr.. :??>.
:??>. Ufsukgfsfm` kmb ckppfm` stkanlhgbnr fm﬊unmdn.
fm﬊unmdn.
Ckmk`ncnmt Bndfsfhm 24 (>)9 526—55?.
Jhwfn,, Mhr
Jhwfn Mhrckm
ckm N. ;6<<.
;6<<. Rln chrkg hjgf`ktfhms he cugtfmktfhmkg dhrphrktfhms. Fm _rhjgncs he
Fmtnrmktfhmkg Iustfdn, nb. Ttnvnm Gupnr-Ehy.
Gupnr-Ehy. Jhugbnr, DH9 DH9 Pnst
nstvfnw
vfnw _rns
_rnsss, 60—;;4.
Dhhpnr
Dhhpnr, , Ttukr
Ttukrtt. Ckmk`nrfkg
dhcpkmfns.
dhcpkmfns Ckrtfm. :??
Ckrtfm. :??44. Ttkanlhgbnr
Kubftfm` Ihurmkg dhccumfdktfhm
;< (4)9 :4:—:24.kmb tln Fmtnrmnt fm ^A ngndtrfdfty
Dgkrashm,, Ckx J. N. ;66>.
Dgkrashm ;66>. K stkanlhgbnr erkcnwhra ehr kmkgyzfm` kmb nvkguktfm` dhrphrktn
shdfkg pnrehrckmdn.
pnrehrckmdn. Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw :? (;)9 6:—;;0.
Bn Drncnr,
Drncnr, Bkvfb
Bkvf b kmb Rhc
Rhc Z. Rygygnr
nr.. :??>.
:??>. Kc F rnspndtnb hr mht8 Fmdgusfhm kmb rnputktfhm
ks fssuns fm `rhup
` rhup cncjnrslfp.
cncjnrslfp. Thdfkg Iustfdn Znsnkrdl ;< (:)9 ;:;—;>4.
Bhmkgbshm,, Rlhcks kmb Gnn N. _rnsthm.
Bhmkgbshm _rnsthm. ;66>.
;66>. Rln stkanlhgbnr tlnhry he tln dhrphrktfhm9
dhmdnpts, nvfbnmdn, kmb fcpgfdktfhms.
fcpgfdktfhms. Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt
Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw :? (;)9 5>—6;.
Efgg,, Dlrfs.
Efgg Dlrfs. :??:.
:??:. Ckrantfm` Dhccumfdktfhms9 Dhmtnxts, Ttrktn`fns kmb Kppgfdktfhms , 4rb nbftfhm.
Nm`gnwhhb Dgf﬏s, MI9 MI9 _rnmtfdn Lkgg.
Lkgg.
Ernnckm,, Nbwkrb Z. ;6<2.
Ernnckm ;6<2. Ttrktn`fd Ckmk`ncnmt9 K Ttkanlhgbnr Kpprhkdl. Jhsthm9
Jhsthm9 _ftckm.
_ftckm.
Erfnbckm,, Kmbrnw G. kmb Tkckmtlk Cfgns.
Erfnbckm Cfgns . :??:.
:??:. Bnvnghpfm` stkanlhgbnr tlnhry.
tlnhry. Ihurmkg he
Ckmk`ncnmt Ttubfns 46 (;)9 ;—:;.
‒‒:??5
‒‒ :??5.. Ttkanlhgbnrs9Rlnhry kmb _rkdtfdn. Hxehrb9
Hxehrb9 Hxehrb ^mfvnrsfty _rnss.
_rnss.
Erhhckm,, In﬏.
Erhhckm In﬏. ;666.
;666. Ttkanlhgbnr
Ttkanlhgbnr fm﬊unmdn strktn`fns
strktn`fns.. Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw :2 (:)9
;6;—:?>.
 @rky,, Zhj,
@rky Zhj, Bkvn Hwnm kmb Dkrhg Kbkcs.Kbkcs . ;665.
;665. Kddhumtfm` & Kddhumtkjfgfty9 Dlkm`ns kmb
Dlkggnm`ns fm Dhrphrktn Thdfkg kmb Nmvfrhmcnmtkg Znphrtfm` . Ghmbhm9
Ghmbhm9 _rnmtfdn Lkgg.
Lkgg.

Ttkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt kmb dhccumfdktfhms 6>

@rnnmn, Zhjnrt kmb Ihhst Ng﬏nrs.

@rnnmn, Ng﬏nrs. ;666.
;666. _hwnr9 tln 2< Gkws. Ghmbhm9
Ghmbhm9 _rh﬋gn Jhhas.
Jhhas.
@rumf`,, Ikcns N. ;66:.
@rumf` ;66:. Nxdnggnmdn fm _ujgfd Zngktfhms kmb Dhccumfdktfhm Ckmk`ncnmt. Lfggsbkgn,
MI99 Gkwrnmdn Nrgjkuc
MI N rgjkuc Ksshdfktns,
Ksshdfktn s, Fmd.
Fmd.
@rumf`,, Ikcns N. kmb Rhbb Lumt.
@rumf` Lumt. ;6<2.
;6<2. Ckmk`fm` _ujgfd Zngktfhms. _lfgkbngplfk9
_lfgkbngplfk9 Lkrdhurt
Jrkdn Ihvkmhvfdl Dhggn`n.
Dhggn`n.
@rumf`,, Ikcns N. kmb Ernb D. Znppnr.
@rumf` Znppnr. ;66:.
;66:. Ttrktn`fd ckmk`ncnmt, pujgfds, kmb fssuns. Fm
Nxdnggnmdn fm _ujgfd Zngktfhms kmb Dhccumfdktfhm Ckmk`ncnmt, nbs. Ikcns N. @rumf` kmb
Bkvfb C. Bhzfnr.
Bhzfnr. Lfggsbkgn, MI9
MI9 Gkwrnmdn Nrgjkuc Ksshdfktns,
Ksshdfktns, ;;0—;>0.
Flgnm,, Üyvfmb
Flgnm yvfmb.. :??<.
:??<. Ckppfm` tln nmvfrhmcnmt ehr dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty9 stkan-
lhgbnrs, pujgfds kmb tln pujgfd splnrn.
splnrn. Dhrphrktn Dhccumfdktfhms9 Km Fmtnrmktfhmkg
Fmtnr mktfhmkg Ihurmkg
;4 (:)9 ;4>—;25.
Ikmddˀfdˀ, Ygktah.
Ikm Ygktah. ;666.
;666. Dnghstmf ckrantfm`. :., rkzū rkzūfrinmk fzbkik. Giujgikmk9
Giujgikmk9 Ekaugtntk zk
bruŽŽjnmn vnbn.
bru vnbn.
Ckmatnghw,, Z. :??4.
Ckmatnghw :??4. Ttkanlhgbnr Ckmk`ncnmt — Pfmmfm` Tupphrt ehr yhur _rhindts. Kv Kvkfg
kfgkjgn
kjgn kt9
lttp9//www.cfmbthhgs.dhc/pk`ns/krtfdgn/mnw__CX?0.l
lttp9//www .cfmbthhgs.dhc/pk`ns/krtfdgn/mnw__CX?0.ltc tc (6 Hdthjnr :?;?).
Cftdlngg,, Zhmkgb A.,
Cftdlngg A., Jrkbgny Z. K`gn kmb Bhmmk I. Phhb. Phhb. ;660.
;660. Rhwkrbs k tlnhry he stkan-
lhgbnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhm9 bn﬋mfm` tln prfmdfpgn he wlh kmb wlkt rnkggy dhumts. dhumts . Kdkbncy he
Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw :: (2)9 <>4—<<5.
_hbmkr,, Agncnmt kmb Ygktah Ikmd
_hbmkr Ikmdˀfdˀ. :??5.
:??5. Rhwkrbs k dktn`hrfzktfhm he stkanlhgbnr `rhups9
km ncpfrfdkg vnrf﬋dktfhm he k tlrnn-gnvng chbng.
chbng . Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` Dhccumfdktfhms ;:
(2)9 :60—4?<.
Tkvk`n,, @rkmt
Tkvk`n @rk mt R.
R., Rfc
Rfchtly
htly P.
P. Mfx
Mf x, Dkrgthm
Dkrgt hm P. Plf
Plftnl
tnlnkb
nkb kmb Ihlm B. Jgkfr.
Jgkfr. ;66;.
;66;. Ttrktn`fns
ehr kssnssfm` kmb ckmk`fm` hr`kmfzktfhmkg stkanlhgbnrs.
stkanlhgbnrs. Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt Nxndutfvn
Nxndutfvn
> (:)9 5;—0>.
Ttkrfa,, C. ;662.
Ttkrfa ;662. Nssky. Rln Rhrhmth dhmenrnmdn9 rn﬊ndtfhms hm stkanlhgbnr tlnhry. tlnhry. Jusfmnss
kmb Thdfnty 44 (;)9 <:—;4;.
Ttrhm`,, Anggy D.,
Ttrhm` D., Zfdlkrb D. Zfm`nr kmb Ttnvnm K. Rkyghr.
Rkyghr . :??;.
:??;. RLN* rugns he stkanlhgbnr
sktfsekdtfhm (* tfcngfmnss, lhmnsty, ncpktly).
ncpktly). Ihurmkg he Jusfmnss Ntlfds 4: (4)9 :;6—:4?.
Tzwkiahwsaf,, Nu`nmn.
Tzwkiahwsaf Nu`nmn. :???
:???.. Tfcpgfeyfm` tln prfmdfpgns
pr fmdfpgns he stkanlhgbnr ckmk`ncnmt9 tln tlrnn
chst fcphrtkmt prfmdfpgns.
prfmdfpgns. Jusfmnss & Thdfnty 46 (2)9 406—465.
vkm Phnr
Phnraucauc,, D. C. I. kmb C. M. D. Kkrts.
Kkrts. :??<.
:??<. Rln hrfnmtktfhm
hr fnmtktfhm he hr`kmfzktfhms th tlnfr
nmvfrhmcnmts9 eumdtfhms he tln umdhmsdfhus cfmb. cfmb. Ihurmkg he _ujgfd Zngktfhms Znsnkrdl :?

(:)9 ;<?
Plnngnr
Plnngnr, —:?5. kmb Ckrfk Tfggkmp
, Bkvfb Tfggkmpââ
ââ.. ;660.
;660. Rln Ttkanlhgbnr Dhrphrktfhm. K Jgunprfmt ehr
Ckxfcfzfm`
Ckxfcfzf m` Ttkanlhg bnr Ukgun . Ghmbhm9
T tkanlhgbnr Ghmbhm9 _ftckm _ujgfslfm`.
_ujgfslfm`.
Vuag
Vuag,, @kry K. ;66<.
;66<. Gnkbnrslfp fm Hr`kmfzktfhms. Tybmny9
Tybmny9 _rnmtfdn Lkgg.
Lkgg.
0
TRHZVRNGGFM@ KMB FTT^N
CKMK@NCNMR FM RFCNT HE
DLKM@N KMB DZFTNT

DHMRNMRT
Rln ﬋rst pkrt he tlfs dlkptnr ghhas kt tln cnkmfm` he sthrfns kmb tln bn﬋mftfhm
he dhrphrktn sthrytnggfm`. Mnxt, wn prnsnmt tln prkdtfdkg erkcnwhra kmb strud-
turn h e sthrytnggfm`. Eurtlnr, wn ncplksfzn tln fcphrtkmdn he ckmk`fm` kmb
dhccumfdktfm` dlkm`ns fm km hr`kmfzktfhm kmb n xpgkfm kpprhkdlns th dhc-
cumfdktfhm fm tfcns he drfsns, wlnm dhrphrktn sthrfns kmb sthrytnggfm` pgky km
fcphrtkmt rhgn.

0.; Bn﬋mftfhm he dhrphrktn

dhrphrktn sthry
Tthrfns krn km fmtn`rkg pkrt he luckm gfen. Erhc hur ﬋rst ekfrytkgns th rncfmfsdfm`
fm hgb k`n, sthrfns dhmmndt pnhpgn kmb, tlrhu`l fmtnrkdtfhm, lngp th ehrc kmb `fvn
cnkmfm` th hur nmvfrhmcnmt, ks wngg ks lngp us th umbnrstkmb htlnr pnhpgn kmb
kgsh hur hwm fbnmtfty
fbnmtfty.. Tthrf
Tthrfns
ns bntnrcfmn
bntnr cfmn nkdl
nkd l fmbfvfbukg pnrshm. Rlny lngp us, kmb
htlnrs, umbnrstkmb wlh wn krn, kmb wly wn krn wlh wn krn. Pn sky tlkt th amhw
shcnhmn fs th amhw lfs hr lnr sthry. Tthrfns lngp us th hr`kmfzn kmb strudturn jfts
he fmehrcktfhm1
fmehr cktfhm1 tlny krn tkm`fjgn,
tkm` fjgn, cnchrkjgn kmb nmtlusfkstfd, kmb pnhpgn jngfnv
jngfnvnn fm
tlnc chrn. K `hhb sthry kmb fts mkrrktfvn fmdrnksn hur kttnmtfhm, kmb dkm fmdgubn,
f mdgubn,
hvnrwlngc
hv nrwlngc kmb chtfvktn k pnrshm th kdt. Rlny kppnkg th hur rnkshm kmb hur nch-
tfhms. K sthry fs k vnry suddnsseug wky he dhmstrudtfm` cnkmfm`s kmb rnkgfty, nstkj-
gfslfm` kmb bnv
bnvnghpfm`
nghpfm` rngktfhms, kmb bntnrcfmfm`
bntnr cfmfm` kfcs kmb purphsns. Ft fs k wky he
strudturfm` kmb dhcprnlnmbfm` fmehrcktfhm tlkt km fmbfvfbukg `kfms fm prfckry
shdfkgfzktfhm
Dhcpkmfns k mbdkmmht
kmb ckfmtkfms
kvhfbtlrhu`lhut lfsdhugb
sthrfns. Pn hr lnrnvnm
gfen. sky tlkt dhcpkmfns ks shdfkg
 nmtftfns nxfst tlrhu`l sthrfns. Rln hr`kmfzktfhmkg rnkgfty fs bntnrcfmnb jy sthrfns,
kmb tln hr`kmfzktfhmkg
hr`kmfz ktfhmkg dhccumfty dkm jn jrhu`lt th`ntlnr hr snpkrktnb jy sthrfns.
sthr fns.

Tthrytnggfm` kmb fssun ckmk`ncnmt 60

Nvnrytlfm` tlkt tln pujgfd rngktns th k dhcpkmy fs fm shcn wky nxprnssnb tlrhu`l
sthrfns. Ehgghwfm` kmb kmkgysfm` dhcpkmy-rngktnb sthrfns fs km nxdnggnmt cntlhb he
ckrantfm` kmb hr`kmfzktfhmkg rnsnkrdl, k ehdkg phfmt he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm
n﬏hrts, kmb kgsh he nstkjgfslfm` k bnsfrnb fmtnrmkg
fmtnr mkg rnkgfty he tln dhcpkmy
dhcpkmy,, trkmsenrr
trkmsenrrfm`
fm`
amhwgnb`n, rnkdtfm` th tln dlkggnm`ns he tln hutnr nmvfrhmcnmt kmb fmtnrkdtfm`
wftl stkanlhgbnrs. Eurtlnr, ehgghwfm` kmb kmkgysfm`
km kgysfm` k dhcpkmy‖
dhcpkmy‖ss sthrfns
sthr fns fs km nvnry-
bky kdtfvfty ehr ckmk`nrs
ckmk`nr s kmb ncpghy
ncpghynns
nns fm nxpgkfmfm` bkfgy nv
nvnmts,
nmts, chtfvktfm` kmb
fmtrhbudfm` mnw cncjnrs th tln hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccumfty, ntd. Dhcpkmfns usn
sthrfns th nxpgkfm wlh tlny krn, drnktn kmb prnsnmt tlnfr dhrphrktn
dhrphrk tn kmb `rhup fbnm-
tfty, dhmvny tlnfr `hkgs, nxpgkfm tlnfr kdtfhms kmb `rhumb tlnfr bndfsfhms. Tthrfns kgsh
lngp dhcpkmfns th `kfm kmb annp tlnfr fmtnrkdtfhms wftl vkrfhus stkanlhgbnrs hm
bf﬏nrnmt gnvngs. Tthrfns bh mht hmgy dhmvny fmehrcktfhm, jut kgsh h﬏nr fmtnrprnt-
ktfhm kmb umbnrstkmbfm` he tlfs fmehrcktfhm.
Tthrfns dkm jn dhcpgnx hr sfcpgn kmb dkm lkvn bf﬏nrnmt thpfds. K sthry dhugb
bnsdrfjn nvnmts rngktnb th stkanlhgbnrs, sudl ks dhmsucnrs hr dhcpkmy ehumbnrs,
ft dhugb bnsdrfjn mhrcs tlkt kppgy th tln dhcpkmy, nxpgkfm rf`lt hr wrhm` bndf-
sfhms jy tln dhcpkmy, hr nvnm bnsdrfjn tln dhcpkmy ftsnge. Eurtlnr, sthrfns dkm jn
ehrckg hr fmehrckg, trun hr ﬋dtfhmkg, nxprnssnb tlrhu`l lnkrsky, ihans, cntkplhrs,
kmndbhtns, cytls hr gn`nmbs. Fm shcn sthrfns, dhcpkmfns lkvn k ckihr rhgn, fm htlnrs
tlny pgky hmgy k supphrtfm` rhgn, wlfgn fm shcn dksns tlnrn cky jn k mucjnr he
nqufvkgnmt rhgns ehr snvnrkg dhcpkmfns. Thcn sthrfns krn bfrndtnb jy k dhcpkmy,
htlnrs krn
k rn ehrdnb uphm ft. f t.
Mhmn he tln sthrfns
sthrf ns rnenrrfm`
rnenrr fm` th tln dhcpkmy slhugb jn gnet th fts rkmbhc
rkm bhc nmb, fm
htlnr whrbs, sthrfns slhugb mht rum wftlhut tln dhcpkmy kdtfvngy ehgghwfm` tlnc.
Ckmy kutlhrs strnss tln strktn`fd cnkmfm` he sthrfns kmb tlnfr ckmk`ncnmt. Rln
mkrrktfvn kpprhkdl snrvns ckmy purphsns fm km hr`kmfzktfhm kmb fmdgubns vkrfhus
kdtfvftfns hr plksns erhc sthry `ktlnrfm`, sthry slkrfm`, sthry ckafm` kmb sthrytngg-
fm` (CdGnggkm :??5).
:??5). Tthry `ktlnrfm` nmtkfgs `nttfm` ennbjkda erhc vkrfhus stkan-
lhgbnrs. Rln dhcpkmy lks th ehrc k systnc tlkt systncktfdkggy dhggndts sthrfns tlkt
dfrdugktn fm vkrfhus pujgfds kjhut tln dhcpkmy, fts kdtfvftfns kmb h﬏nr, ks wngg ks
kjhut fts any stkanlhgbnrs, sudl ks dhmsucnrs, suppgfnrs, ckmk`ncnmt kmb hwmnrs.
Rln slkrfm` rnenrs th cutukg amhwgnb`n kmb nxpnrfnmdn trkmsenr, jut kgsh stkan-
lhgbnrs‖ (n.`. ncpghynns‖) trkmsenr he cnchrfns. Tthry ckafm` rnenrs th nmvfsfhmfm`,
snmsn-ckafm`, kmb drnktfm` sudl mkrrktfvns tlkt kppnkg kmb bfrndt tlhsn sphanm th.
Tthrytnggfm` rnenrs th erkcfm` kmb dhmvnyfm` fmehrcktfhm sh tlkt ft fs umbnrstkmb-
kjgn, cnkmfm`eug kmb cnchrkjgn (CdGnggkm :??5 :??5,, ;<—;6).
;<—;6 ).
Pn dhugb sky tlkt sthrytnggfm` fs bn﬋mnb ks km kdtfvn sthry ckmk`ncnmt kmb
trkmscfssfhm wftl sngndtnb kbbrnssnns, k bn﬋mnb dhmtnxt kmb k dkrneuggy dlhsnm
dhbn, k dnmtrkg prhdnss he pgkmmfm`, fcpgncnmtktfhm kmb dhmtrhg dhmbudtnb jy
tlhsn rnsphmsfjgn ehr k dhcpkmy‖s dhccumfdktfhm. K dhcpkmy-trkmscfttnb sthry
fs snnm ks wftl
rngktfhms tln dhcpkmy‖s
mucnrhus nxpgkmktfhm
stkanlhgbnrskjhut tln:??;).
(Jnrry dhcpkmy‖s
:??; jnlkvfhur,
). K dhrphrktn prhdnssns kmb
sthry fs k dhc-
prnlnmsfvn mkrrktfv
prnlnmsfvn mkrrk tfvnn kjhut tln wlhgn hr`kmfzktfhm, fts hrf`fms,
hr f`fms, fts vfsfhm kmb fts cfs-
sfhm (Lhgtnm Gkrsnm :???).
:???). Ukm Zfn
Zfngg (:???
:???)) skys tln sthry fs k rnkgfstfd kmb rngnvkmt

6< Tthrytnggfm` kmb fssun ckmk`ncnmt

bnsdrfptfhm he tln dhcpkmy, drnktnb fm km hpnm bfkgh`un wftl kgg stkanlhgbnrs tlkt
tln dhcpkmy bnpnmbs hm. Ln snns tln sthry ks k thhg hr cnkms th kdlfnvfm`
kdlf nvfm` cutukg
umbnrstkmbfm`, wlfdl hvnrdhcns
hvnrdhcns tln prhjgnc he kdlfnvfm` umfqunmnss
um fqunmnss krfsfm`
kr fsfm` erhc
tln ekdt tlkt ckmy dhcpkmfns krtfdugktn fbnmtfdkg kttrfjutns wlnm bn﬋mfm` tlnfr
hwm dhrphrktn fbnmtfty. Ft fs tln sthry kmb fts mkrrktfvn tlkt dkm prnvnmt tln dhc-
pkmy‖s kttrfjutns
pkmy‖s kttr fjutns erhc jnfm` fbnmtfdkg th shcn htlnr dhcpkmy‖
d hcpkmy‖ss kttrfjutns
kttr fjutns kmb ckan
tlnc umfqun, wlfdl fs f s tln bnsfrnb kfc ehr chst dhcpkmfns.
Dhcpkmfns kmb tln fmbfvfbukgs
f mbfvfbukgs dhmmndtnb th tlnc krn k rn fmvhgvnb
fmvhgvnb fm gfmnkr ks wngg
ks mhm-gfmnkr sthrfns. Rln any bf﬏nrnmdn jntwnnm tln twh fs nvfbnmt mht hmgy
fm tln ﬋mkg prhbudt, jut kgsh fm tln prhbudtfhm prhdnss. Fe tln nxkdt dhursn he tln
sthry fs amhwm, tlnm tln sthry fs k gfmnkr hmn. Rln dhursn he sudl k sthry fs euggy
bntnrcfmnb kmb trkmscfttnb jy tln snmbnr hr tln dhcpkmy ftsnge. K mhm-gfmnkr sthry sthr y
dhmsfsts he bf﬏nrnmt suj-sthrfns wftl mh ﬋xnb hrbnr, hrbnr, jut stfgg dhmv
dh mvnyfm`
nyfm` k dhmsfstnmt
cnssk`n.Rlnsn sthrfns
sthr fns kbkpt th tln rndfpfnmts kmb tlnfr rnsphmsns.
Rh ckan k suddnsseug dhrphrktn sthry, wn cust tkan fmth kddhumt ckmy ekdthrs.
Ckrtfm nt kg. (;6<4
;6<4)) brkw kttnmtfhm th tln cnkmfm` he k sthry‖s umfqunmnss. Ukm Zfng
(:???
:???)) sfcfgkrgy strnssns tln fcphrtkmdn he umfqunmnss he dhrphrktn d hrphrktn sthrfns,
sthr fns, wlfgn kt
tln skcn tfcn su``nstfm` tlkt k sthry lks th jn ks rngnv rngnvkmt
kmt ehr stkanlhgbnrs, rnkgfstfd,
rnkgfstfd,
sustkfmkjgn kmb hpnm ehr bfkgh`un wftl stkanlhgbnrs. Chr`km kmb Bnmmnly (;660 (;660))
supphrt tln kpprhkdl he Pfgafms Pfgafms (;6<2
( ;6<2)) kmb Yncan (;66?
(;66?), ), phstugktfm` tlkt sthrfns
slhugb rnvhgvn kjhut rnkg pnhpgn, nvnmts kmb kdtfhms, slhugb jn dhmdrntn kmb snt fm
tfcn kmb spkdn amhwm th tlnfr pujgfds pujgfd s sh tlny dkm rngktn th ft, jutjut tlny kgsh slhugb
jn gfmanb th tln hr`kmfzktfhm‖s plfghshply kmb/hr dugturn. Fm k dhcpkmy hr fts suj-
sfbfkrfns,
sfbfkr fns, sthrfns lkv
lkvnn th jn k ckttnr he dhcchm amhwgnb`n. Mht hmgy slhugb slh ugb fmbf-
vfbukgs amhw tln sthrfns,
sthr fns, tlny slhugb kgsh jn kwkr
kwkrnn he tln ekdt tlkt tlny amhw tlnc,
kmb tlkt kgg cncjnrs kdt fm kddhrbkmdn wftl tlnsn sthrfns. Eurtlnr, tln sthry lks th
jn drnbfjgn, wlfdl cnkms tlkt kgg stkanlhgbnrs lkvn th jngfnvn tln sthry. Ft slhugb
fmdhrphrktn tln cnssk`n he lhw tln hr`kmfzktfhm kmb fmbfvfbukgs fm tln hr`kmfzk-

tfhm krn hr krn mht hpnrktfm`.

0.: Erkcnwhra kmb strudturn

strudturn he tln dhrphrktn sthry
Plnm wn lkvn fm cfmb strktn`fd dhrphrktn sthry kmb sthrytnggfm`, wn mnnb th ﬋mb
kmswnrs th tln qunstfhms9 Plkt, th wlhc, wly kmb lhw bh wn wkmt th dhccumf-
dktn8 Pn mnnb th ﬋mb kmb krtfdugktn
kr tfdugktn k any cnssk`n tlkt wn wkmt th trkmscft tlrhu`l
k sthry, jndkusn k dhrphrktn sthry lks th lkvn k dgnkr purphsn. Plnrn wn wkmt th
dhmvny snvnrkg cnssk`ns, wn mnnb th bndfbn wlfdl hmn fs tln dnmtrkg hmn, hr tln
sthry dhugb sfcpgy ekgg ﬊kt hr jn umdgnkr kmb umfmtnrnstfm`. Rln sthry lks th rngktn
th k “dhm﬊fdt‖, k prhjgnc, km hpphrtumfty
hpphr tumfty hr k thpfd, jndkusn tlnsn krn tln ngncnmts

tlkt
ehr knmtkm`gn
shgutfhm.bf﬏nrnmt
Rln ckfmdlkrkdtnrs fmth
dlkrkdtnrs kmbk sthry
sthr
tlnfry kmb
rhgnsfmth
lkvncutukg
lkvn rngktfhmslfps,
th jn dkrneuggy kmb dkgg
bn﬋mnb, jut
 wn kgsh mnnb th dgnkrgy nstkjgfsl tlnfr dlkrkdtnrfstfds.
dlkrk dtnrfstfds. Kgg tlfs gnkbs th tln pght he tln
sthry, wlfdl fs tln strudturn (tfcn kmb dkuskg)9 tln snqunmdn he nvnmts fm tln sthry

Tthrytnggfm` kmb fssun ckmk`ncnmt 66

kmb fts dkuskg rngktfhms (Eh` nt kg. :??>).

:??>). Rln pght rnenrs th tln rngktfhmslfp he tlrnn
any dhmtnmts tlkt k dhcpkmy dkm trkmscft kjhut ftsnge kmb fts hpnrktfm` fm tln sthry.
sthry.
Rlnsn krn tln dhcpkmy‖
d hcpkmy‖ss kjfgftfns, cystnrfns
cystnrfns kmb fts kddhcpgfslcnmts (vkm Zfng kmb
Ehcjrum :??0).
:??0).
^mbnrstkmbfm` tln sthry
sthr y kmb fts any cnssk`ns bnpnmbs hm tln kbbrnssnn kmb nvnm
chrn sh hm tln dhmtnxt wlfdl slhugb mht jn gnet th dlkmdn jy tlhsn rnsphmsfjgn
ehr dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm. Fm sthrytnggfm`, wn lkvn th tlfma kjhut tln dhmtnxt
jndkusn ft fs k vnry fcphrtkmt enkturn
enkturn.. Hmgy ketnr ft lks jnnm nxpgkfmnb wlnrn, wlnm
kmb lhw shcntlfm` lkppnmnb, dkm km nxpgkmktfhm he wly ft lkppnmnb jn `fvnm.
Km umbnrstkmbfm` he rnkgfty fs mht hmgy prhvfbnb jy sthrfns, jut kgsh jy k erkcn
`fvnm jy tln dhmtnxt. Rln erkcn fs umbnrsthhb ks k pkttnrm he fmtnrprntktfhm tlkt
bntnrcfmns dhmtnxt (@h﬏ckm ;602). ;602). Rlnsn krn sfcpgf﬋nb dhmdnpts, wlfdl dkm jn
kddnssnb tlrhu`l nxfstfm` kmb amhwm sycjhgs, fck`ns, cntkplhrs kmb cnkmfm`s.
K erkcn fs k rnenrnmdn phfmt ehr kgg euturn bndfsfhms kmb iub`ncnmts. Rlrhu`l tln
prnsnmtfm` he k `nmnrkg dhmtnxt krhumb tln fmehrcktfhm prnsnmtnb wn dkm fm﬊unmdn
lhw pnhpgn tlfma kjhut tlkt fmehrcktfhm. Fmehrcktfhm wftlfm k dhmtnxt, wftlfm k
erkcn fs kgtnrnb jy tlkt dhmtnxt kmb erkcn. Rln prhdnss he erkcfm` hr dhmvnyfm`
tln phfmt he vfnw rnenrs th dlhhsfm` dnrtkfm kspndts kmb tlnfr ncplksfs wftlfm tln
cnssk`n, fm sudl k wky ks th nmdhurk`n k dnrtkfm
dnrtkf m vfnw hm tln thpfd, dkuskg fmtnrprnt-
fmtnr prnt-
ktfhm, chrkg nvkguktfhm kmb mndnsskry
m ndnsskry cnksurns he dhmbudt. Fm tln whrbs he Nmtckm
(;664
;664),
), snt erkcns prhchtn k pkrtfdugkr prhjgnc bn﬋mftfhm, dkuskg fmtnrprntktfhm,
chrkg nvkguktfhm kmb/hr trnktcnmt rndhccnmbktfhm ehr tln ftnc bnsdrfjnb. Rlny
prhvfbn jkda`rhumb, kbb cfssfm` fmehrcktfhm, kmb tngg us wlkt fs fcphrtkmt kmb
wlkt kbbrnssnns dkm f`mhrn, kmb fm tlkt wky fm﬊unmdn lfs hr lnr rnsphmsn. Erkcfm`
bn﬋mns fmbfvfbukg dh`mftfvn prhdnssfm`
prhdnssfm` kmb wlfdl
wlfd l he lfs hr lnr dh`mftfvn
dh`mftfvn sdlncktk
wfgg jn kdtfvktnb fm km fmtnrprntktfhm he k dnrtkfm cnssk`n. Dhcpkmfns wftl tlnfr
dhrphrktn sthry kmb dhccumfdktfhm wkmt th erkcn dnrtkfm sftuktfhms, kttrfjutns,
dlhfdns, kdtfhms, fssuns, rnsphmsfjfgfty kmb mnws (Lkggklkm ;666),
;666), kmb tlny wkmt th

kerkcn tlnc
mndnssk
mndnsskry jnttnr
ry dhmbftfh
dhm tlkm
m ehrhtlnr
bftfhm km nfflpujgfds bh. Bn﬋mfm`
dfnmt bfkgh`un,
bf kgh`un, kmb kwlhnvnr
dhcchm sntserkcn
ft lkshekmrnenrn
rnenrnmdn
kbvkmtmdnk`n
kbvkmtk`n fs
fm dhccumfdktfhm.
Plnm ckmk`fm`,
ckmk` fm`, pgkmmfm`, kmkgysfm`, ehrcfm` kmb km b dhmvnyfm`
dhmvnyfm` dhcpkmy-rngktnb
dhcpk my-rngktnb
sthrfns, dhcpkmfns dkm usn km kbkptnb _rhpp chbng (;6:< Q;65< Q;65<S)S) tlkt nmkjgns
tlnc th dhmbudt kddurktn kmkgysfs
kmkgysf s kmb su``nst phssfjgn nmbfm`s
nmbf m`s ehr tln sthry
sthr y. Fm lfs
chrplhgh`y he tln ehgatkgn, tln Zussfkm sdfnmtfst fbnmtf﬋nb typfdkg, kgchst krdln-
typfdkg pkttnrms kmb bnrfvktfhms he nvnmts kchm` vkrfhus prhtk`hmfsts fm ehgatkgns.
Ln fbnmtf﬋nb tln kehrncnmtfhmnb snt he ehgatkgn prhtk`hmfsts wlh supphsnbgy lkvn
k umfvnrskg dlkrkdtnr. Fm hur dhmtnxt kmb ehr tln purphsn he dhrphrktn sthrytnggfm`,
wn dkm mkcn tlnc ks ehgghws (Eh` nt kg. :??>)9:??>)9

• tln dhcpkmy ks tln ckfm prhtk`hmfst1

• kssfstkmts, stkanlhgbnrs kmb htlnr `rhups lngpfm` wftl tln n﬏hrts he tln
 dhcpkmy1
• tln dhcpkmy‖s kbvnrskrfns wlh hpphsn kmb gfcft tln dhcpkmy‖
dhcpkmy‖ss jnlkvfhur1

;?? Tthrytnggfm` kmb fssun ckmk`ncnmt

Thdfkg dhmtnxt KZJFRZKRHZT/I^B@NT Bnsfrnb rnsugt hr

(n.`. pujgfd, cnbfk, dhurt he supphrt
iustfdn)

HJINDR
RLN ANV _ZHRK@HMFTR dhmtnmt/thpfd/ KBUNZTKZFNT
(n.`. k dhcpkmy, ckmk`nr) prhjgnc/ (n.`. dhcpntftfhm, umfhm)
k`nmbk

Thdfkg vkguns T^__HZRNZT

kmb umbnrstkmbfm` (n.`. mhtnb nxpnrts, dlkcjnr)

EF@^ZN 0.; Anyy prhtk`hmfsts kmb ekdthr

An ekdthrss he k dhrphrktn sthry
Kbkptnb erhc Eh` nt kg. (:??>
:??>))

• km hjindt tlkt dhugb jn k jusfmnss `hkg hr shcn htlnr afmb he dhcpkmy

k`nmbk1
• bhmhr hr `fvnr, k `rhup he stkanlhgbnrs hr k rn`ugkthry hr`km tlkt `fvns tln
wkmtnb `hkg1
• jnmn󿬋dfkry hr tln hmn wlh kdlfnvnb wlkt wks wkmtnb kmb tln dhrrnsphmb-
fm` dhmsnqunmdns.

Pftl tlfs chbng (Ef`urn 0.;),

0.;), wn dkm kmkgysn vfrtukggy kmy kdutn fssun hr thpfd
tlkt fmvhgvns tln dhcpkmy, kmb fts kspfrktfhms kmb kdtfvftfns. Eurtlnr, jksnb hm tlfs
chbng kmb wftl tlhu`lteug fmtnrprntktfhm he rngktfhms jntwnnm prhtk`hmfsts, wn
dkm mht hmgy drnktn k dhmvfmdfm` dhrphrktn sthry, jut dkm kgsh kmkgysn sthrfns tlkt
krn dfrdugktfm` kchm` stkanlhgbnrs. Pftl k umfvnrskg strudturn tlkt stkrts wftl tln
kmtfdfpktfhm he euturn nvnmts jy tln prhtk`hmfst, ehgghwnb jy fbnmtfeyfm` hjstkdgns
kmb kbvnrskrfns fm pursuft he tln `hkg, ﬋mbfm` lngp kghm` tln wky tlrhu`l htlnrs
kmb ﬋mkggy
﬋mk ggy kdlfnvfm`
kdl fnvfm` tln `hkg,
`h kg, wn dkm prnsnmt tln dhcpkmy‖
dhcp kmy‖ss pkst, prnsnmt kmb euturn
eu turn
(_kpkbkths :??5).
:??5). Fmftfkggy, k prhtk`hmfst (k dhcpkmy, km fmbfvfbukg hr k `rhup he
dhcpkmfns), wftl wlfdl km fmbfvfbukg dkm fbnmtfey lks th jn fmtrhbudnb th tln sthry. sthry.
Dlkm`ns tlkt gnkb tln ckfm prhtk`hmfst fmth kdtfhm, hr krn tln rnkshm ehr tln sthry sthry,,
lkvn th jn fmbfdktnb ks wngg. Fm tln dnmtrkg pkrt he tln sthry, tlnrn krn tnsts kmb trfkgs
ehr tln prhtk`hmfst, kmb hjstkdgns tlkt dkusn erustrktfhms, dhm﬊fdts kmb brkck. Rln
dnmtrkg pkrt dhmdgubns wftl k turmfm` phfmt, k phfmt he mh rnturm, wlnrn tln sthry
 turms fmth tln ﬋mkg pkrt fmvhgvfm` k ekchus suddnss hr trk`fd ekfgurn he tln ckfm

Tthrytnggfm` kmb fssun ckmk`ncnmt ;?;

lnrh. Lhwnvnr, dhrphrktn sthrfns ks k thhg he ckmk`ncnmt bh mht ﬋mfsl lnrn, dgkfc
Chr`km kmb Bnmmnly (;660
(;660).
). Rln chrkg he tln sthry lks th ehgghw, th`ntlnr wftl
tln dhmsnqunmdns he kdtfhms umrkvnggnb fm tln sthry.

0.4 _gurkgfty he dhrphrktn

dhrphrktn sthrfns kmb tlnfr
tlnfr rhgn fm tfcns he
hr`kmfzktfhmkg dlkm`ns
Kgtlhu`l tln strktn`fd ckmk`ncnmt he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm tkgas kjhut hmn
sthry, wlfdl fs hetnm ehrckggy wrfttnm fm tln dhrphrktn fbnmtfty hr/kmb dhrphrktn
jrkmb ckmukg (sudl k ckmukg fs k `ufbn tlkt prhvfbns `ufbkmdn kmb kssfstkmdn wlnm
dhccfssfhmfm` hr prhbudfm` (vfsukg) cktnrfkgs ehr k dhcpkmy kdrhss kgg cnbfk), tln
rnkgfty he tln dhcpkmy fs pgurfvhdfty — tln ekdt tlkt fm k dnrtkfm chcnmt, vkrfhus
kutlhrfznb kmb umkutlhrfznb dhrphrktn sthrfns nxfst, kgg he wlfdl try th jn bhc-
fmkmt kmb vkgfb fm tln nyns he any stkanlhgbnrs (Lnu`nms :??:).
:??: ). Pn tkga kjhut tln
sfcugtkmnhus dh-nxfstnmdn he ckmy sthrfns hr tlnfr vkrfntfns, wlfdl wn mnnb th lkvn
fm cfmb, th dhmtrhg kmb, ks ekr ks phssfjgn, ckmk`n. Erhc tln ckmk`ncnmt‖s phfmt he
vfnw, ft fs drudfkg tlkt tln dhmsfstnmdy he trkmscfttnb cnssk`ns fs kdlfnvnb, fmdgubfm`
km kpprhprfktn fmtn`rktfhm he ngncnmts hm tln gnvng he ehrc, dhcpgncnmtkrfty, vkrf-
ktfhm he dhmtnmts kmb cnssk`ns. Pn tkga kjhut k pgurkgfty he sthrfns, dhmsfstfm` he hmn
dhrn sthry, wlfdl fm bf﬏nrnmt mkrrktfvns kmb vkrfhus ncplksns drnktns k chskfd tlkt
rnvnkgs dhmtfmufty kmb hrbnr he tln dhcpkmy‖s prnsnmtktfhm. Rln kfc he k dhrphrktn
sthry fs th hrdlnstrktn kmb fmtn`rktn kgg dhccumfdktfhm, wlnrn tln sthry eumdtfhms
ks k ck`mfeyfm` `gkss tlrhu`l wlfdl snncfm`gy fmbnpnmbnmt kmb umrngktnb ngncnmts
dhcn th`ntlnr ks k wlhgn (_hgafm`lhrmn ;6<<). ;6<<). Rln sthrfns mnnb th jn pkssnb hm
hvnr
hv nr kmb hvnr k`kfm kmb tlny
t lny lkvn
lkvn th kbkpt th tln tfcn, dfrducstkmdns kmb pujgfds th
wlfdl tlny krn thgb. Kgtlhu`l wn lkvn th bnkg wftl k chskfd he mucnrhus sthrfns,
kmb nkdl snpkrktn
snpk rktn sthry
sthr y h﬏nrs fts
ft s hwm fmtnrprntktfhm
fmtnrprntktf hm he nvnmts, wn cust annp
annp fm cfmb
tlkt tlnrn fs k dhmtfmuhus rfvkgry kchm` tln sthrfns ehr k bhcfmkmt rhgn fm tln fmtnr-
prntktfhm he tln nxfstfm` rnkgfty (Judlkmkm kmb Bkwshm :??0).
:??0 ).
Tthrytnggfm` bhns mht fmvhgvn cnrn bnsdrfptfhms, jut kgsh trfns th prhvhan km
nchtfhmkg rnkdtfhm kmb fmvhgvncnmt erhc tln pujgfd, kmb th drnktn kmb ckfmtkfm
snmsn, ks wngg ks th bfsdrnbft dhcpntfthrs‖ vfnws hm rnkgfty (Judlkmkm kmb Bkwshm
:??0).
:??0 ). Rlfs fs kppkrnmt wlnm k dhcpkmy fcpgncnmts dlkm`ns fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm
kmb fts hpnrktfhms.
Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dlkm`ns hddur wlnm tln dhcpkmy rnstrudturns fts rnshurdns
(luckm, ﬋mkmdfkg, tndlmhgh`fdkg
tndlmhgh`fdkg kmb prhdnss) th nmlkmdn fts
f ts kjfgftfns th drnktn vkgun
kmb rkfsn n﬏ndtfvnmnss. Fm tlnhry, kutlhrs bfstfm`ufsl jntwnnm twh ckfm ehrcs he
dlkm`ns, amhwm ks 󿬋rst dgkss dlkm`ns, hr nvhgutfhm dlkm`ns, kmb sndhmb dgkss
dlkm`ns, hr rnvhgutfhm dlkm`ns (Dlnmny nt kg. :??2),
:??2), wlfdl dkm jn rnprnsnmtnb ks k
dhmtfmuuc. Efrst dgkss dlkm`ns
dlk m`ns krn prh`rnssfvn kmb lfbbnm. Rlnsn dlkm`ns krn sckgg
kmb hddur ks k rnsugt he nvnrybky rnkdtfhm th tln nmvfrhmcnmt.Rlny dkm jn snnm fm fm
tln dhmstkmt fcprhvncnmt
fcprhvncnmt kmb kbkptktfhm he amhwm
am hwm kpprhkdlns th hpnrktfhm kmb fm

;?: Tthrytnggfm` kmb fssun ckmk`ncnmt

`rhwfm` amhwgnb`n. Rlny krn mndnsskry th kvhfb jf``nr dlkm`ns, jhtl hm tln gnvng
he km fmbfvfbukg, ks wngg ks hm tln gnvng he tln wlhgn hr`kmfzktfhm. Rln kbvkmtk`n
he sudl dlkm`ns fs tlkt km fmbfvfbukg bhns mht enng kmytlfm` fs kdtukggy dlkm`fm`.
Kmhtlnr typn he dlkm`n wftlfm km hr`kmfzktfhm krn rkbfdkg dlkm`ns, wlfdl hddur
bun th fmsuffl dfnmt rnkdtfhms
rnkd tfhms th tln dlkm`f
dlk m`fm`
m` nmvfrhmcnmt. Znvhgutfhmkr
Znvhgutfhmkryy dlkm`ns
dlkm`n s
hddur kjruptgy, tlnfr sdhpn fs gkr`n kmb tlny fmdgubn k tlhrhu`l trkmsehrcktfhm he
tln durrnmt hr`kmfzktfhmkg hpnrktfhms kmb fmbfvfbukgs fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm, kmb tln
hutdhcn fs mht dhcpgntngy prnbfdtkjgn. Dhrphrktn sthrfns dkm pgky km fcphrtkmt
rhgn fm jhtl typns he dlkm`ns. Plfgn km fmbfvfbukg dkm jn tln ckfm sujindt he h e `rkb-
ukg dlkm`ns, dhrphrktn sthrfns
sthrf ns dkm kdlfnvn lfs hr lnr chtfvktfhm ehr tln fcpgncnm-
tktfhm he dlkm`ns fmf m tln wky he fcprhvfm`
fcprhvfm` whra prhdnssns kmb kdlfnvfm` kpprhprf-
ktn dhmtnxt th kdtfvktn lfs hr lnr drnktfvfty
drnktfvfty.. Hm tln htlnr lkmb, dhccumfdktfhm fm
sndhmb dgkss dlkm`ns fs chrn bnckmbfm`. Fm tln dksn he `rnkt dlkm`ns, dhrphrktn
sthrfns lngp us kdlfnvn cutukg umbnrstkmbfm` kchm` pkrtfdfpkmts fm tlfs prhdnss,
supphrt tln fmstftutfhmkgfzktfhm he dlkm`ns, kmb lngp pkrtfdfpkmts th kddnpt mnnbs,
cnksurns, prhdnssns kmb rnsugts he dlkm`ns.
Fm nkdl dksn, rn`krbgnss he tln typn he dlkm`ns, k `rkbukg kpprhkdl th dhccumf-
dktfhm supphrt fs su``nstnb (Krcnmkafs kmb Lkrrfs :??:). :??: ).

;. Fm tln ﬋rst plksn, wn try th kdlf

kdlfnvn
nvn rnkbfmnss he pkrtfdfpkmts th tln dlkm`n kmb
pnrsukbn tlnc th jndhcn kbvhdktns he dlkm`n.
:. Rln sndhmb plksn fs kpprhprfktfm` — tln dlkm`ns krn fcpgncnmtnb kmb pkrtfdf-
pkmts kdamhwgnb`n tln mnw wky he hpnrktfm`.
4. Rln tlfrb plksn fs fmstftutfhmkgfzktfhm, typfdkggy dlkrkdtnrfznb jy ckfmtkfmfm`
dlkm`ns kmb nmkjgfm` tlnfr rnindtfhm up th tln plksn wlnm nstkjgfslnb dlkm`ns
jndhcn k prnbhcfmkmt hpnrktfm`
h pnrktfm` mhrc.
mhr c.

Dhrphrktn sthrfns dkm lngp us dkrry hut fmehrcktfhm kmb cnssk`ns tlkt krn tln

any
cnmtthtlkt
rnkdlfm`
rnenrs suddnsseuggy fcpgncnmtnb
th tln qunstfhm dlkm`ns.
wlntlnr tln dlkm`nsPnwnr
lkvn
wnrn th kbbrnss
n mndnsskry
mndnsskr tln phrktn
snmtf-
y. K dhrphrktn
dhr
sthry lks th phfmt kt tln cfstkans fm tln durrnmt hpnrktfhm kmb kt brkcktfd dhm-
snqunmdns tlkt cky hddur fe tln dlkm`ns krn mht fcpgncnmtnb. Ft lks th dhmvfmdn
fmbfvfbukgs kmb `rhups rngktnb th km hr`kmfzktfhm tlkt tln dlkm`ns krn mndnsskry
kmb umkvhfbkjgn.
umkvhfbkjgn. Eurtlnr, ft lks th dhccumfdktn th tln pkrtfdfpkmts tlkt tlny krn
kjgn th dkrry
dkr ry hut tln dlkm`ns kmb tlkt tlny wfgg suddnnb fm tlfs. Rln sthrfns
sthrf ns slhugb
kgsh prhvn
prhvn tln kbnqukdy
kbnquk dy kmb jnmn﬋ts he su``nstnb cnksurns. Fe dhccumfdktfhm fs
umkjgn th bh tlfs, wn mnnb th rntlfma tln kbnqukdy he sudl cnksurns. Dhrphrktn
sthrfns mnnb th h﬏nr nvfbnmdn tlkt cnksurns tkanm kmb fcpgncnmtnb dlkm`ns
krn eumdtfhmfm` kmb fm tlfs wky `fvn km n﬏ndtfvn kmswnr th kmy phtnmtfkg sdnptf-
dfsc erhc tln pkrtfdfpkmts. Eurtlnrchrn, tln sthrfns lkvn th bnchmstrktn dgnkrgy
k pnrshmkg jnmn﬋t tlkt km fmbfvfbukg wfgg `kfm hr lks kgrnkby `kfmnb wftl tln
fmtnrmkgfzktfhm he dlkm`ns (Krcnmkafs kmb Lkrrfs :??:).
:??: ). Dhrphrktn sthrfns `fvn
 cnkmfm` th tln whra he km fmbfvfbukg kmb lfs/lnr rhgn fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm, kbb
rnqufrnb nmnr`y th fmtnrkdtfhms
f mtnrkdtfhms kmb dhmv
dhmvnrsktfhms,
nrsktfhms, kmb krn kgsh fmehrcktfvn
f mehrcktfvn (wlkt,
lhw, wly), tlny nxpgkfm tln prhdnssns kmb rnsugts he dlkm`ns, kmb lngp th kdlfnvn

Tthrytnggfm` kmb fssun ckmk`ncnmt ;?4

km hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhlnsfhm he cncjnrs wlfdl fs mndnsskry ehr fcpgncnmtfm`

dlkm`ns (Ngvfm` :??>).
:??>).
Ks k dhccumfdktfhm thhg wftlfm km hr`kmfzktfhm, sthrfns krn phwnreug thhgs ehr
dhccumfdktfm` dlkm`ns kmb dhmstrudtfm`
dhmstrudtfm ` rnkgfty kmb shdfkg dlkm`ns (Ihlkmsshm kmb
Lnfbn :??<),
:??<), wlfgn kt tln skcn tfcn, tlny krn k thhg ehr gfcftfm` hpphsftn vfnws,
prnvnmtfm` cfsfmtnrprntktfhms,
prnvnmtfm` cfsfmtnr prntktfhms, rnindtfm` ruchurs kmb lnkrsky kmb ngfcfmktfm` dhc-
cumfdktfhm ekfgurns (vkm Uuurnm kmb Ngvfm` :??< :??<).
). Fm tln whrbs he Jkdlkrkdl kmb
Gkwgnr (;66<
(;66<),), tln lfsthry he hr`kmfzktfhmkg dlkm`ns fs mhtlfm` jut k lfsthry he
dhm﬊fdtfm` fmtnrnsts kmb mn`htfktfhms, kmb rngktnb sthrfns krn k cnkms th gn`ftfcfzn
pkrtfdugkr fmtnrnsts kmb kdtfhms (Durrfn
(Dur rfn kmb Jrhwm :??4).
:??4). Lhwnvnr, vkm vkm Uuurn
uurnmm kmb
Ngvfm` (:??<
(:??<)) wkrm tlkt sthrytnggfm` slhugb mht jn usnb th ehrdfjgy hrdlnstrktn kgg
vhfdns th hmn sfm`ugkr sthry, usukggy tln hmn thgb jy thp ckmk`ncnmt. Tudl chm-
kurkg dhccumfdktfhm hetnm rnsugts fm mn`ktfvn enngfm`s he umdnrtkfmty, trust fssuns,
kmb dkm drnktn mn`ktfvn
mn`ktfvn ruchurs,
ruchur s, wftl vnry lf`l dhsts fm tln ghm` tnrc.
tnr c.
Rlus, k dhcpgntn hvnrrfbn he kgtnrmktfvn sthrfns fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm wfgg rnsugt
fm dhm﬊fdts jntwnnm pkrtfdfpkmts kmb cfsumbnrstkmbfm` he tln purphsns, `hkgs kmb
jnmn﬋ts he tln pgkmmnb dlkm`ns. Kt tln skcn tfcn, f`mhrkmdn he kgtnrmktfvn vhfdns
rnsugts fm fmdhrrndt fmehrckg
fmehr ckg dhccumfdktfhm, usukggy fm tln ehrc ehr c he ruchurs, wlfdl
wfgg chst gfangy gnkb thwkrb rnindtfhm he dlkm`ns jy tln pkrtfdfpkmts.
pk rtfdfpkmts.
Rln any rhgn he dhccumfdktfhm fm ckmk`fm` dlkm`ns slhugb mht jn tln nmehr-
dfm` he tln hmn kmb hmgy dhrphrktn sthry kt kmy dhst, jut rktlnr tln hpphsftn.
_krtfdfpkmts kmb tlnfr vkrfhus sthrfns tlkt nxfst fm k systnc mnnb th jn `ufbnb kmb
usnb th drnktn dhmbftfhms fm wlfdl nvnry fmbfvfbukg wfgg dhmtrfjutn th tln fmtrh-
budtfhm kmb fcpgncnmtktfhm he mnnbnb kmb umbnrstkmbkjgn
umbnr stkmbkjgn dlkm`ns. Ft fs fcphrtkmt
tlkt nvnry vhfdn fs lnkrb kmb tlkt pnhpgn `nt km hpphrtumfty th slhw wlkt tlny krn
dkpkjgn he,
he , kmb he wlkt tlnfr dhmtrfjutfhm dhugb jn. Lnmdn, tln suddnsseug ckmk`n-ckm k`n-
cnmt he k dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn sthry fm tln tfcn he dlkm`n slhugb
slhug b mht jn kfcnb kt stkmbkrbfzk-
tfhm kmb bfsdfpgfmn, jut jn ehdusnb hm h﬏nrfm`
h﬏nrf m` km hpphrtumfty th nkdl pkrtfdfpkmt
pkrtfdf pkmt th

jn fmv).hgvnb
fmvhgvnb
:??5).
:??5 fm tln
Dlkm`ns dlkm`nstln
wftlhut kmb th jndhcn km
pkrtfdfpktfhm kdtfvnwlh
he tlhsn pnrehrcnr (Gkm`nr
krn k﬏ndtnb jykmb
tlncRlhrup
lkvn
mh dlkmdn he jnfm` suddnsseug.
Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dlkm`ns usukggy cnkm strnss ehr tln pkrtfdfpkmts, jndkusn fm `nm-
nrkg, pnhpgn krn usukggy
usuk ggy k`kfmst tlnc kmb ﬋mb ft bfffldugt th kddnpt tlnfr fcpgncnm-
tktfhm. Eurtlnrchrn, tlnrn fs hetnm umdnrtkfmty kjhut tln rnsugts he fcpgncnmtnb
dlkm`ns kmb tlnfr dhmsnqunmdns hm fmbfvfbukgs. Rlhsn rnsphmsfjgn ehr dhccumfdk-
tfhm fm km hr`kmfzktfhm, fmdgubfm` ckmk`nrs wlh gnkb tln prhdnss he fcpgncnmtk-
tfhm he dlkm`ns, lkvn th jn kjgn th drnktn km kbnquktn dhccumfdktfhm dgfcktn fm
wlfdl k dlkm`n fs snnm ks km hpphrtumfty kmb mht k tlrnkt. K ekfgurn th bh sh gnkbs
th ruchurs tlkt krn usukggy eugg he mn`ktfvn fmehrcktfhm, tlnrnjy fmdrnksfm` strnss
gnvngs ehr pkrtfdfpkmts. Ft fs tlrhu`l sthrytnggfm` kmb dhrphrktn sthrfns tlkt tln ckm-
k`ncnmt lks th kdlfnvn tln ehgghwfm` `hkgs (Jhrbfk nt kg. :??5).
:??5).
• H﬏nr kmswnrs th qunstfhms rngktnb th ihj sndurfty kmb whra dhmbftfhms, sudl ks
fssuns he rnbumbkmdy, prhchtfhm kmb whra dhmbftfhms.
• sn kjhut bnsfrnb `hkgs tlkt wfgg jn kdlfnvnb tlrhu`l hr`kmfzktfhmkg dlkm`ns.
Kbvfsn
Kbvf

;?2 Tthrytnggfm` kmb fssun ckmk`ncnmt

• Znkdt th phhrgy fcpgncnmtnb dlkm`ns kmb jufgb up trust fm ckmk`ncnmt, jut

kgsh brkw kttnmtfhm th tln mn`ktfvn kttftubn thwkrb
thwkrb dlkm`ns kmb phtnmtfkg dhm-
snqunmdns he sudl dhmbudt.
• Brkw kttnmtfhm th tln fm﬊unmdn he dlkm`ns (hr gkda he dlkm`ns) th tln durrnmt
eumdtfhmfm` he tln dhcpkmy.
• Znkdt th umdhmstrudtfv
umdhmstru dtfvnn sthrfns
sthrf ns fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm.
hr`kmfzk tfhm.

Fe tln ckmk`ncnmt fs mht kjgn th h﬏nr dhmvfmdfm` sthrfns

sthr fns rngktnb th tln kjhv
kjhvnn krnks,
tln pkrtfdfpkmts wfgg
wfg g ckan up tlnfr hwm
hwm sthrfns,
sthrf ns, kmb tlnfr `hkg wfgg mht jn th supphrt
supphr t
tln fcpgncnmtktfhm he mnnbnb dlkm`ns, ks tln ckmk`ncnmt nxpndts, jut rktlnr tln
hpphsftn, th hjstrudt tln prnbfdtnb dlkm`ns.

0.2 Dhccumfdk
Dhccumfdktfhm
tfhm fm drfsfs
Iust ks wn dkmmht fcpgncnmt dlkm`ns wftlhut dhccumfdktfhm, tln cnrn kjsnmdn
he dhccumfdktfhm fm tfcns he drfsfs dkm ftsnge drnktn k mnw drfsfs. Drfsfs dkm jn
umbnrsthhb ks k dnrtkfm bfvfsfhm tlkt plysfdkggy fm﬊unmdns tln systnc ks k wlhgn
kmb qunstfhms fts ehumbktfhms, sujindtfvn snmsn kmb nxfstnmtfkg dhrn (Jurmntt ;66<). ;66< ).
Drfsns
Drf sns krn umnxpndtnb nvnmts
nvnmts hr dfrducstkmdns tlkt jrfm` k dhcpkmy fmth bfsrnputn
kmb fcpnrfg fts euturn prh﬋tkjfgfty, `rhwtl kmb, phssfjgy, fts vnry survfvkg (Gnrjfm`nr
;660).
;660 ). Erhc tln dhccumfdktfhm phfmt he vfnw, tln any bfcnmsfhm he k drfsfs tlkt
k﬏ndts fts pnrdnptfhm fs tln rktn he (dhggndtfvn) shdfkg strnss ft dkusns. Drfsns k﬏ndt km
hr`kmfzktfhm ks wngg ks fts snrvfdns, prhbudts, stkanlhgbnrs kmb `hhb mkcn (Enkrm-
Jkmas :??;).
:??;). Bun th tln gkr`n dh-bnpnmbnmdn he shdfkg pkrtfdfpkmts, tlny k﬏ndt
htlnr nmvfrhmcnmts
nmvfrhmcnmts rngktnb th tln hr`kmfzktfhm (Jhfm kmb Gk`kbnd :??? :???),), kmb tlnfr
rngktfhmslfps wftl tln hr`kmfzktfhm (Lnktl kmb Cfggkr :??2). :??2). Kgtlhu`l tlny usu-
kggy dhcn ks k surprfsn, drfsns krn tln chst mhrckg plnmhcnmhm ehr km hr`kmfzk-
tfhm kmb shdfnty fm `nmnrkg kmb, ks sudl, h﬏nr us hpphrtumftfns ehr dlkm`ns kmb
fcprhvncnmts.
Bun th tlnfr subbnmmnss, sdkgn he dhmsnqunmdns, kmb htlnr ekdthrs, drfsns kttrkdt
pujgfd kttnmtfhm, tlnrnehrn
tlnrnehrn tlny mnnb th jn fccnbfktngy tkanm fmth dhmsfbnrktfhm
dh msfbnrktfhm jy
tln ckmk`ncnmt, jutjut kt tln skcn tfcn tlny fmdgubn
f mdgubn ngncnmts he surpr
surprfsn.
fsn. Kgtlhu`l
km hr`kmfzktfhm, tlrnktnmnb jy k drfsfs, dkmmht dhcpgntngy dhmtrhg tln drfsfs, ft
slhugb mhmntlngnss jn kjgn th rnsphmb kddhrbfm`gy (Ttnplnms nt kg. :??>). :??>). Drfsfs
dhccumfdktfhm fs tlnrnehrn vnry fcphrtkmt, kmb umrnsphmsfvnmnss hr sfgnmdn erhc
tln hr`kmfzktfhm wfgg kppnkr ks k sfgnmt dhmenssfhm he `ufgt (Ckymkrb ;664). ;664). Kt tln
skcn tfcn, kmy umrnsphmsfvnmnss erhc tln hr`kmfzktfhm wfgg trf``nr k mnw (fmehr-
cktfhm) drfsfs wftl km fmehrcktfhm-lum`ry pujgfd. Rln dhcpkmy lks th umbnrtkan
jhtl drfsfs ckmk`ncnmt ks wngg ks drfsfs dhccumfdktfhm prfhr th, burfm` kmb
ketnr tln mn`ktfvn
fs umbnrsthhb hddurrnmdn
ks km fmtnrkdtfvn(Enkrm-Jkmas :??;), wlnrn
:??;),
prhdnss he nxdlkm`n
drfsfs dhccumfdktfhm
he fmehrcktfhm kmb hpfmfhms
 kjhut tln drf
drfsfs,
sfs, fts dfrducstkmdns, phssfjgn shgutfhms kmb rnsphmsns kchm` bf﬏nrnmt
shdfkg kdthrs (Gnrjfm`nr ;660).
;660).

Tthrytnggfm` kmb fssun ckmk`ncnmt ;?>

K rlnthrfdkg kpprhkdl th drfsfs dr fsfs dhccumfdktfhm lks th jn kbhptnb (Lnktl

kmb Cfggkr :??2).
:??2). Rln dhrn he tlfs kpprhkdl rnenrs th tln ekdt tlkt mnxt th fts tndl-
mfdkg kmb ckmk`ncnmt kspndt, wn kgsh snn k drfsfs ks k rlnthrfdkg prhjgnc, kmb tlkt
tln dkusns he tln drfsfs, fts phwnr
phwnr kmb burktfhm krn hjindts he pujgfd bnjktn. Ks nstkj-
gfslnb jy Ckgnū
Ckgnūfdˀ (:??5
:??5), ), tln phfmt he tlfs kpprhkdl fs tlkt nkdl kmb nvnry drfsfs lks
fts kdtukg kmb pnrdnfvnb bfcnmsfhms tlkt krn mht mndnsskrfgy fm kddhrbkmdn1 shcn
drfsns
drf sns krn pnrdnfvnb ks sckggnr tlkm tlny kdtukggy
kdtuk ggy krn kmb
k mb vfdn vnrsk.Rln pnrdnptfhm
he tln drfsfs fs fm﬊unmdnb jy vkrfhus sthrfns tlkt ﬋`lt ehr bhcfmkmdn fm tln fmtnr-
prntktfhm he kdtukg nv
nvnmts.
nmts. Fm hrbnr th rnkdt th tlnc, wn
wn dkm kmkgysn drfsns
dr fsns kddhrbfm`
th tln ehgghwfm` drftnrfk (Jurmntt ;66<)9
;66<)9

• snvnrfty he tln tlrnkt1

• tlrnkt-bnckmbnb tfcn rnsphmsn1
• gnvng he dhmtrhg hvnr wlkt fs lkppnmfm`1
• kvkfgkjgn hptfhms ehr rnsphmsn.

Rlnm wn mnnb th kmkgysn nkdl sthry, tln rngktfhmslfps jntwnnm tln any ekdthrs kmb
prhtk`hmfsts tlkt pgky k rhgn fm tln sthry, kmb tlnm prnpkrn k pgkm he lhw th rnkdt th
tlnc kmb tln drfsfs-rngktnb kdtfvftfns. Ft fs fcphrtkmt tlkt tln dhcpkmy dhggndts kmb
kmkgysns fmehrcktfhm
fmehr cktfhm hm tfcn kmb rnkdts th kdtfhms kmb cnssk`ns tlkt krn dhcfm` erhc
bf﬏nrnmt nmvfrhmcnmts kpprhprfktngy. Lnrn, drnbfjfgfty kmb tln trkmspkrnmdy he tln
dhcpkmy‖s kdtfvftfns kmb fts sphanspnhpgn pgky k drudfkg rhgn. Rln rugn fs tlkt k dhc-
pkmy lks th dhccumfdktn tln wlhgn sthry sfmdnrngy. Fe tln dhcpkmy bhns mht dhc-
cumfdktn tln wlhgn sthry, htlnrs wfgg bh tlkt fmstnkb, jut wftl kgg tln cfssfm` pkrts
tlkt ihurmkgfsts wfgg `gkbgy ﬋gg wftl fmehrcktfhm erhc vkrfhus htlnr shurdns (Dutgfp
nt kg. :???).
:???). Chrnhvnr, ft fs tln cnbfk tlkt gkr`ngy bntnrcfmn wlkt tln drfsfs fs, tlnrn-
ehrn, tlny hetnm drnktn drfsns jut kgsh nmb tlnc (Mnwghvn nt kg. :???).
:???). Kt tln skcn
tfcn, tln cnbfk bntnrcfmn tln shdfkg erkcn he lhw km hr`kmfzktfhm‖s rnsphmsns th

drfsfs
rngktnbkrnkdtfhms
iub`nb,krnkmb tln cnbfk
nvkguktnb, kmbbntnrcfmn tln mhrcs
prhphsn rngnvkmt tlrhu`l
qunstfhms wlfdl
kmb snna ktlhsn
drfsfsrnsphm-
kmb fts
sfjgn ehr tln drfsfs.
d rfsfs. Ihlkmsshm
Ihlkmsshm kmb Tah`gumb (;665
(;665)) phfmt hut twh rhgns he tln cnbfk9

• eumdtfhmkg (wkrmfm` kjhut tln drfsfs, snnafm` kmb prnsnmtfm` fmehrcktfhm, snna-
fm` dkusns kmb
k mb tlhsn rnsphmsfjgn ehr ft)1
f t)1
• phgftfdkg (cnbfk sdlncktfzktfhm, dhcpntftfvnmnss
dhcpntftfvnmnss ehr nxdgusfvfty kmb cnbfk “dhm-
bncmktfhm‖ he tlhsn rnsphmsfjgn).

Plnm dhccumfdktfm` wftl tln cnbfk kmb htlnr pujgfds fm tfcns he drfsfs, k
dhcpkmy fs thrm jntwnnm eugg trkmspkrnmdy kmb dhhrbfmktfhm he vkrfhus fmtnrnsts
tlkt ncnr`n fm tfcn he drfsfs, fmdgubfm` tln dhmsnqunmdns he kdamhwgnb`fm` eugg
rnsphmsfjfgfty.
 Hm tln hmn sfbn tlnrn krn fmtnrnsts kmb mnnbs he vkrfhus pujgfds th `kfm fmehr-
cktfhm, wlfgn hm tln htlnr tlnrn fs tln fmtnrnst he tln sujindt, th wlfdl tln

;?5 Tthrytnggfm` kmb fssun ckmk`ncnmt

drfsfs rnenrs th, cnkmfm` tlkt drfsfs dhccumfdktfhm fs usukggy thrm jntwnnm
tln sujindt‖s drnbfjfgfty kmb fts phtnmtfkg gn`kg rnsphmsfjfgfty ehr tln drfsfs
sftuktfhm.
(Ckgnūūfdˀ :??
(Ckgn : ??5
5, :6<)

Fm drfsns, chmhurkg dhccumfdktfhm fs kppgfnb, cnkmfm` tlkt hmn dhrphr-

ktn sthry fs thgb jy k sfm`gn sphanspnrshm hr tln dhcpkmy‖s _Z rnprnsnmtktfvn,
kmb tlfs sthry dkm jn dkrneuggy kmb tlhu`lteuggy vkgfbktnb jy htlnr cncjnrs he
tln hr`kmfzktfhm (sudl ks k dkrneuggy dlhsnm ncpghynn hr hutsfbn supphrtnrs).
Dhccumfdktfhm lks th jn fmtn`rktnb hm tln gnvng he `hkgs, dhmtnmt kmb thhgs.
Tthrytnggfm` fm tln tfcn he dr fsfs fs kdtukggy km fmtnmsfvn jkttgn ehr bhcfmkmdn hvnr hvnr
bnsf`m, dhmtnmt kmb trkmscfssfhm he fmehrcktfhm jntwnnm fmtnrmkg kmb nxtnrmkg
pujgfds. Rln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s sthry ehr tln cnbfk cust fmdgubn nxkdt nxkd t kmb umkcjf`uhus
fmehrcktfhm kjhut wlkt lkppnmnb, wly ft lkppnmnb kmb wlkt tln dhcpkmy fs
pgkmmfm` th bh kjhut ft. f t.
Rh gnkvn ksfbn tln tndlmfdkg kmb ckmk`nrfkg bfcnmsfhms he tln drfsfs, tlnrn fs,
erhc k dhccumfdktfhm phfmt he vfnw, kgwkys k drfsfs-rngktnb tlrnkt he bfcfmfslfm`
dhrphrktn
dhrphrk tn fck`n kmb tln dhcpkmy‖
d hcpkmy‖ss rnputktfhm (Dhhcjs ;66>).
;66>).Rln k﬏ndtnb
k﬏ ndtnb pujgfd
kmb/hr cnbfk usukggy jrfm` tlfs kjhut fm twh wkys9 wkys9 tln dhcpkmy fs kddusnb he nxn-
dutfm` k dnrtkfm
dnr tkfm kdtfhm kmb
k mb tlfs kdtfhm fsf s pnrdnfvnb
pnrdnfvnb ks umpgnkskmt hr nv
nvnm
nm fmsugtfm`.
Jhtl dhmbftfhms mnnb th jn cnt th tkga kjhut tln drfsfs erhc tln dhcpkmy‖s
phfmt he vfnw. _nrdnptfhms dkm jn trunr tlkm rnkgfty ftsnge, tlnrnehrn ehr tln nxfstnmdn
he drfsfs ft fs mht sh fcphrtkmt wlntlnr tln dhcpkmy lks kdtukggy dkusnb tln drfsfs,
jut wlntlnr ft wks kddusnb he dkusfm` ft (Jnmhft ;660). ;660).
Kddhrbfm` th tln shurdns he tln drfsfs (fmtnrmkg hr nxtnrmkg) kmb tln fmtnmtfhm
he tln drfsfs, Dhhcjs (;66>
(;66>)) prnsnmts tln chst fcphrtkmt typns he drfsns tlkt ln
dkggs gkpsn,
g kpsn, kddfbnmt, nrrhr kmb tnrrhrfsc.
tnr rhrfsc. Dhcpkmfns dkm, kddhrbfm` th tln nvfbnmdn
he rnsphmsfjfgfty ehr tln drfsfs
dr fsfs (trun, umtrun), fts dhmsnqunmdns (`rnkt, gfttgn), stktus he

tln dhcpkmy
bnvnghp
bnv nghp fm drfsfs
strktn`fns km b(vfdtfc,
kmb `ufgtytypns
usn bf﬏nrnmt pkrty)hekmb pkst kdtfhms
rnsphmsn
rnsphms dr(phsftfvn
fsfs.
n th drfsfs kmb mn`ktfvn)
Jnmhft (;660
(;660)) prhphsns k tlnhry
tlnhr y ehr fcprhvfm` pujgfd fck`n, fm wlfdl ln bntnr-
cfmns ﬋vn any
any dktn`hrfns he dhccumfdktfm`
dhccumfdktfm ` strktn`fns tlkt k dhcpkmy
d hcpkmy lks kt fts bfs-
phskg th rnsphmb th k pnrdnfv
pnrdnfvnb
nb drfsfs
dr fsfs kmb th ckfmtkfm
ckf mtkfm fts prnsnmt dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn fck`n.

• Bnmfkg. Fm tlfs dktn`hry, tlnrn krn twh phssfjfgftfns. Rln ﬋rst hmn fs th sfcpgy
bnmy tln nxfstnmdn he tln drfsfs. Rln sndhmb hmn fs th pgkdn tln jgkcn ehr tln
drfsfs hm shcnhmn ngsn kmb pnrsfstfm` tlkt, erhc tln dhcpkmy‖s phfmt he vfnw,
tlnrn fs mh drfsfs.
dr fsfs.
• sfhm he rnsphmsfjfgfty.Rln ﬋rst phssfjfgfty
Nvksfhm
Nvk phssfjfg fty wftlfm tlfs dktn`hry fs tlkt tln dhc-
pkmy prnsnmts fts eumdtfhmfm` ks k gh`fdkg kmb kpprhprfktn rnsphmsn th shcn
htlnr kdtfhm, nvnmt hr prhvhdktfhm. Rln dhcpkmy kmb fts rnprnsnmtktfvns kgsh
lkvn tln phssfjfgfty he dkmdnggfm` k dnrtkfm any nvnmt, rngktnb wftl tln ncnr-
 `nmdn he tln drfsfs hr rnenrrfm` th tln ekdt tlkt tlny wnrn mht fmehrcnb kjhut
ft. Rln tlfrb phssfjfgfty fs tlkt tln dhcpkmy rnenrs th umguday dfrducstkmdns

Tthrytnggfm` kmb fssun ckmk`ncnmt ;?0

hr jkb guda ks dkusfm` tln drfsfs. Ft dkm kgsh nxpgkfm tln drfsfs jy skyfm` tlkt
nvnrytlfm`
nvnrytlfm` tlkt wks bhmn kmb gnb th tln drfsfs
dr fsfs wks bhmn fm `hhb ekftl kmb wftl
`hhb fmtnmtfhms.
• Znbudn h﬏nmsfvnmnss. Dhcpkm
Dhcpkmfnsfns dkm
dk m bndfbn
bndfb n th ncplksfzn
ncplk sfzn kmb
km b kfflrc tln phsftfvn
phsf tfvn
kspndts rngktnb th tlnfr eumdtfhmfm` th rnbudn tln cnkmfm` he mn`ktfvn pnrdnp-
tfhms rngktnb th tln drfsf
drfsfs.
s.Rlfs fs tln supphrt he phsftfvn ksshdfktfhms wftl tln lhpn
tlkt tlny wfgg hvnrphwnr tln mn`ktfvn hmns. Lhwnvnr, dhcpkmfns dkm bndfbn th
rnbudn tln mn`ktfvn fcpkdt he ksshdfktfhms jy ckafm` shcn bntkfgs hr kspndt he
tln drfsfs ckr`fmkg kmb hjsdurn. Kmhtlnr kpprhkdl fs th fbnmtfey km nvnmt tlkt fs
sfcfgkr th tln dhcpkmy‖s hwm kdtfhms, jut fs ekr chrn drftfdkg ehr tln hddurrnmdn
he tln drfsfs. Hmn he tln phssfjfgftfns fs th snt k spndf﬋d kdtfhm fm k bf﬏nrnmt dhm-
tnxt, wlfdl dlkm`ns fts dhmmhtktfhm. K dhcpkmy dkm kgsh dkrry hut km kttkda
k`kfmst tlhsn wlh krn kddusfm` ft. Fe k dhcpkmy kssucns rnsphmsfjfgfty ehr tln
drfsfs,
drfsf s, ft dkm h﬏nr dhcpnmsktfhm th tln vfdtfcs, fe tlny bh mht ﬋mb ft f t h﬏nmsfvn.
h﬏nmsfvn.
• Dhrrndtfvn kdtfhm. Rln dhcpkmy kmmhumdns tlkt ft wfgg rnsthrn tln stktn he k﬏kfrs k﬏kfr s
nxfstfm` jnehrn tln h﬏nmsfvn kdtfhm, kmb/hr prhcfsns th prnvnmt tln rndur-
rnmdn he tln h﬏nmsfvn kdtfhm. Ft shgvns tln durrnmt prhjgnc kmb prnvnmts euturn
prhjgncs.
• Chrtf󿬋dktfhm. Rln dhcpkmy bndfbns th kssucn rnsphmsfjfgfty ehr tln drfsfs kmb
jn`s tln pujgfd ehr ehr`fvnmnss. Kt tln skcn tfcn, tln dhcpkmy kphgh`fzns th
nvnryhmn
nv nryhmn bfrndtgy hr fmbfrndtgy k﬏ndtnb jy tln drfsfs.
dr fsfs.

Dhhcjs (;66>
(;66>)) prhphsnb k sfcfgkr dktn`hrfzktfhm he vkrfhus dhccumfdktfhm
rnsphmsns, krrkyfm` phssfjgn dhccumfdktfhm
d hccumfdktfhm rnsphmsns hm k dhmtfmuuc. Hm tln hmn
sfbn he tln dhmtfmuuc, tlnrn krn cnksurns tlkt prnsnmt k dhcpkmy ks mht kt kgg, hr
hmgy pkrtfkggy, dhmmndtnb th tln drfsfs. Hm tln htlnr sfbn, tlnrn krn cnksurns wftl
wlfdl tln dhcpkmy kssucns eugg rnsphmsfjfgfty ehr tln drfsfs kmb fts dhmsnqunmdns.
Dhcpkmfns dkm kbhpt vkrfhus drfsfs-rnsphmsn strktn`fns (Dhhcjs ;66>).
;66> ).

• Rlny dkm bfstkmdn tlncsngvns erhc

erhc bfrndt rnsphmsfjfgfty ehr tln drfsfs.
dr fsfs.
• Rlny dkm bfvnrt kttnmtfhm erhc mn`ktfvn th phsftfvn kspndts he tln hr`kmfzktfhm.
• Rlny dkm usn stktncnmts tlkt nvhan pujgfd sycpktly kmb phrtrky tln jngfne tlkt
tln dhcpkmy ftsnge fs tln jf``nst vfdtfc he tln drfsfs.
dr fsfs.
• Rlny dkm kssucn rnsphmsfjfgfty kmb jn` ehr ehr`fvnmnss.
• Rlny dkm kgsh ehdus hm cnmbfm` tln dhmsnqunmdns he tln drfsfs kmb nvnm
prhcfsn th bh nv
nvnrytlfm`
nrytlfm` tlny dkm th kvhfb euturn drfsns.
dr fsns.

Ks Bhwgfm` (:??;
(:??;)) skys, tlnrn krn ehur dktn`hrfns he strktn`y.

• Rln strktn`y he bnmfkg kmb lfbfm`.Rlfs strktn`y bhns mht nxpgkfm hr iustfey tln drf-

sfs, jut gfns ghw kmb lfrns gkwynrs th shgvn tln drfsfs.
• Kttkda strktn`fns. Rln dlkrkdtnr
dlkrkdtnrfstfds
fstfds he tlnsn strktn`fns
strktn` fns krn
k rn jgkcfm`, tlrnktnmfm`,
 dhmdnkgfm` drfsns
dr fsns kmb bnmyfm` tlnc, bnvhgvfm`
bnvhgvfm` rnsphmsfjfgftfns bhwm th htlnrs
kmb fm pujgfd prnsnmtfm` tln kr`ucnmts k`kfmst tln drfsfs.
dr fsfs.

;?< Tthrytnggfm` kmb fssun ckmk`ncnmt

• Ektkgfstfd strktn`fns. Rlnsn strktn`fns nxpgkfm tln drfsfs jy rnenrrfm` th tln rfsas he
tln fmbustry wftlfm wlfdl tln drfsfs-k﬏ndtnb dhcpkmy hpnrktns, th kddfbnmts
tlkt dkm lkppnm th kmyhmn hr prnvnmtfv
prnvnmtfvnn hpnrktfm` (rnenrrfm`
(rnenrr fm` th tln rfsas
r fsas he tln
fmbustry
fmbust ry,, kddfbnmt, prnvnmtfvn hpnrktfm`).
hpnrkt fm`).
• Nyn-ehr-km-nyn strktn`y. Kddhrbfm` th tlfs strktn`y, tln dhcpkmy tlkt fs fm tln
drfsfs kddnpts tln jgkcn, wftlbrkws erhc tln ckrant kmb ksas ehr k sndhmb
dlkmdn.

Rln `hgbnm rugn ehr drfsfs dhccumfdktfhm kmb drfsfs ckmk`ncnmt fs th bh nvnry-
tlfm` wn dkm th prnvnmt tln drfsfs erhc lkppnmfm` fm tln 󿬋rst pgkdn .
Rlnrnehrn,, nkrgy fbnmtf﬋dktfhm kmb kpprhprfktn
Rlnrnehrn kpprhprf ktn rnsphmsns th phtnmtfkg pujgfd tlncns
kmb nvnmts tlkt (dhugb) fm﬊unmdn km hr`kmfzktfhm krn vnry fcphrtkmt (Kmsh﬏ ;6<?1 ;6<? 1
Dlksn ;6<21
;6<21 Butthm kmb
k mb Httnmscnynr
Httnms cnynr ;6<01
;6<01 Cklhm kmb Pkbbhd
Pkbbhdaa ;66:
; 66:).). Jy pujgfd
pujg fd
tlncns kmb nvnmts, wn rnenr th phtnmtfkg kmb nxfstfm` dhm﬊fdtfm` hpfmfhms, bnjktns
kmb iub`ncnmts tlkt k﬏ndt km hr`kmfzktfhm hr fts eumdtfhmfm`. Fe k drfsfs stfgg hddurs,
wn lkvn th bh nvnrytlfm` phssfjgn th ckan ft tln gkst drfsfs. Kddhrbfm` th Jngksnm
(:??<
:??<),
), hr`kmfzktfhm kmb nxdlkm`n he fmehrcktfhm
f mehrcktfhm fm tln tfcn he drfsfs
dr fsfs dkggs ehr ehur
any stnps he kdtfhm.

;. @fvfm` trkmspkrnmt kmb rnsphmsfjgn fmehrck

fmehrcktfhm
tfhm th tln pujgfd.
:. Znehrcfm`
Znehr cfm` hr kdtfvktfm` ncpghynns th hvhvnrdhcn
nrdhcn bfskb
bfskbvkmtk`ns.
vkmtk`ns.
4. Lhgbfm` prhcfsns
prhcfsns kmb drnktfm`
drnktfm` rugns kmb ntlfdkg
ntlfdkg dhbns ehr euturn eumdtfhmfm`.
2. Hpnrktfm` kddhrbfm` th tln mnw mnnbs kmb nxpndtktfhms he stkanlhgbnrs.

DKTN9 BHCFMH‖T _FYYK

Fm ;65?, Rhc kmb Ikcns Chmk`lkm purdlksnb BhcfMfda‖s, k sckgg pfzzk sthrn
fm Vpsfgkmtf, Cfdlf`km. Hmn ynkr gktnr, Ikcns trkbnb lfs slkrn fm tln pfzznrfk th
Rhc ehr k UP Jnntgn. Fm ;65>, tln shgn hwmnr rnmkcnb tln dhcpkmy Bhcfmh‖s
_fzzk, Fmd. kmb snt k `hkg th ckan tln dhcpkmy t ln jnst pfzzk bngfvnry dhc-
pkmy fm tln whrgb wftl k `ukrkmtnnb 4?-cfmutn bngfvnry tfcn. Ketnr twh ynkrs,
tln dhcpkmy hpnmnb fts ﬋rst erkmdlfsn sthrn. Fm tln mnxt bndkbns, tln dhcpkmy
`rnw rkpfbgy. Tthrn ketnr sthrn wks hpnmnb fm tln ^TK, kmb fm ;6<4 Bhcfmh‖s
_fzzk hpnmnb fts ﬋rst fmtnrmktfhmkg sthrn fm Dkmkbk. Fm ;664, tln dhcpkmy
fmtrhbudnb k eugg `ukrkmtnn hm fts pfzzks, skyfm` tlkt f e k d usthcnr fs ehr kmy
rnkshm umlkppy wftl tlnfr pfzzk, tlny wfgg `nt kmhtlnr hmn, hr `nt tlnfr chmny
jkda. Fm ;665, tln dhcpkmy lkb hvnr ;,>?? fmtnrmktfhmkg sthrns hm kgg ﬋vn
dhmtfmnmts. Ft kgsh gkumdlnb fts wnjsftn kt tlkt tfcn. Nvnm ketnr tln ehumbnr he
tln dhcpkmy lkb rntfrnb km b sh gb lfs s lkrn fm ;66<, kmb k etnr tln dhcpkmy
lkb jn`um trkbfm` kt tln MVTN, Bhcfmh‖s _fzzk dhmtfmunb th `rhw fmtnmsfvngy.
Rln dhcpkmy mhw hpnrktns fm hvnr 5? ckrants whrgbwfbn, kmb lks chrn
 tlkm 6,:?? sthrns — lkge he tlnc fmtnrmktfhmkg — nftlnr hwmnb hr erkmdlfsnb. Fm
:??0, Bhcfmh‖s _fzzk wks fmdgubnb ehr t ln tnmtl tfcn hm tln gfst he t ln jnst

Tthrytnggfm` kmb fssun ckmk`ncnmt ;?6

erkmdlfsn hpphrtumftfns, kmb tln Kbvnrtfsfm` K`n ck`kzfmn mkcnb Bhcfmh‖s

_fzzk k cn`kjrkmb. Rln dhcpkmy fs mhw hmn he tln gkr`nst `ghjkg dhcpkmfns
tlkt prhbudn kmb bngfvnr pfzzks kmb htlnr ehhbs, wftl km kmmukg rnvnmun he
$>.> jfggfhm kmb ncpghyfm` hvnr ;:>,??? pnhpgn. Erkmdlfsn sthrns krn stfgg tln
brfvfm` ehrdn he tln dhcpkmy‖s bnvnghpcnmt. Lhwnvnr, Bhcfmh‖s _fzzk ckans
surn tlkt dhmtrkdthrs dhmsfstnmtgy dhcpgy wftl tln jrkmb‖s rugns kmb stkmbkrbs
jy prhvfbfm` tlnc wftl c ckm
kmukgs kmb dhursns. Jut kt tln skcn tfcn, erkmdlfsnrs
lkvn k gkr`n kuthmhcy fm prfdn ehrcktfhm kmb ncpghycnmt phgfdy.
Rln dhcpkmy fs kwkrn tlkt bun th tln spndfkgfty h e fts snrvfdn, dhmsucnrs
vkgun kjhvn kgg qukgfty he prhbudts, prfdn, snrvfdn kmb dhmvnmfnmdn — jut
jndkusn tln suddnss he tln dhcpkmy bnpnmbs shgngy hm tln mucjnr he dus-
thcnrs
hcnrs kmb tlnfr ghykgty, trust fm tln dhrphrktn jrkmb fs tln any kssnt he tln
dhrphrktfhm. Dhcpkmy vkguns, prnsnmtfm` ftsnge umbnr k chmhgftl dhrphrktn
jrkmb, krn “puttfm` pnhpgn ﬋rst, bnckmbfm` fmtn`rfty, strfvfm` ehr dusthcnr
ghykgty, bngfvnrfm` wftl sckrt lustgn kmb phsftfvn nmnr`y, wfmmfm` jy fcprhv-
fm` rnsugts nvnry bky‖.
Hm Nkstnr Chmbky, ;4 Kprfg :??6, kt ;594? tln Lnkb h e Dhccumfdktfhms
fm Bhcfmh‖s _fzzk lnkbqukrtnrs rndnfvnb k wkrmfm` erhc k M@H tlkt rndnmtgy
﬋vn vug`kr vfbnh dgfps nxphsfm` ehhb dhmtkcfmktfhm fm hmn he tln rnstkurkmts
lkb jnnm upghkbnb th VhuRujn. Fm tln dgfps, twh ncpghynns smnnznb fm pfzzks,
hppnb pfzzks wftl cudus, kmb dkrrfnb hut htlnr sfcfgkr ktrhdftfns, kmb tln
thppn
vfbnhs dhmdgubnb wftl k cnssk`n tlkt tln guday juynr whugb `nt k pfzzk wftl
spndfkg fm`rnbfnmts.
Thhm tlnrnketnr twh rnspndtkjgn jgh`s, hmn he tlnc tln chst vfsftnb jgh`
whrgbwfbn kt tlkt tfcn, pujgfslnb tln vfbnhs fm hrbnr th wkrm dhmsucnrs kmb
bnckmbnb tlkt twh ncpghynns jn fbnmtf﬋nb. Rfc CdFmtyrn, Ufdn _rnsfbnmt he
Dhccumfdktfhms kt Bhcfmh‖
Bhcfmh‖ss _fzzk, wks slhdanb, kmb lfs ﬋rst rnkdtfhm wks k

prhcfsn
rhcfsn
spndfk tlgkt
g thh s, pnrpntrkthrs whugbb jtlnnehrnstk
suddnsseuggy ghdktn
umb fccnbfktngy. Rwh rnkbnrs, usfm`
urkmt fm tln vfbnh. Rln pnrpntrk-
hrs, Arfstf Lkcchmb kmb Cfdlkng Tntznr, jhtl ncpghynns he tln Bhcfmh‖s
thrs,
jrkmdl fm Dhmhvnr, Mhrtl Dkrhgfmk, wnrn fbnmtf﬋nb tln skcn bky. Rln mnxt
chrmfm` Arfstf Lkcchmb snmt km n-ckfg th tln _rnsfbnmt he Dhccumfdktfhms,
skyfm` sln wks shrry ehr tln vf bnhs, tlkt ft wks kgg k jkb ihan kmb tlkt mhmn
he tln dhmtkcfmktnb ehhb wks nvnr bngfvnrnb th kmy he tln dusthcnrs. Jut tln
dhcpkmy fccnbfktngy dghsnb hee kmb stnrfgfznb tln rnstkurkmt. Jhtl ncpghynns
wnrn fccnbfktngy krrnstnb, ﬋rnb kmb sunb. Rln vfbnh wks snnm jy :>?,???
nhpgn jy tln ketnrmhhm he tln ehgghwfm` bky. Rln dhcpkmy pujgfslnb k wrft-
pnhp
nm rnsphmsn kt jhtl jgh` sftns, fmehrcnb tln dusthcnrs fm rnkg tfcn he fts
tnm
kdtfhms kmb pujgfslnb km he﬋dfkg stktncnmt hm fts dhrphrktn wnjsftn. Rln mnxt
bky, tln dhcpkmy drnktnb k Rwfttnr kddhumt th fmehrc fts whrrfnb dusthc-
nrs bfrndtgy. Km he﬋dfkg kphgh`y jy tln dhcpkmy‖s _rnsfbnmt _ktrfda Bhygn wks
pujgfslnb hm VhuRujn. Fm tln vfbnh, ln tlkmanb tln hmgfmn dhccumfty tlkt
wkrmnb Bhcfmh‖s he tln vfbnhs, ncplksfznb tlkt tlfs wks km fshgktnb fmdfbnmt

;;? Tthrytnggfm` kmb fssun ckmk`ncnmt

kmb t lkt nvnrytlfm` lkb jnnm bhmn tlkt wks mndnsskry th rn`kfm dusthcnrs‖
trust. Ln prhcfsnb tlkt qukgfty stkmbkrbs kmb lfrfm` prkdtfdns whugb jn rn-
nxkcfmnb th ckan surn shcntlfm` gfan tlfs whugb mnvnr lkppnm k`kfm. Ln
slhwnb kwkrnmnss tlkt twh frrnsphmsfjgn fmbfvfbukgs dhugb snvnrngy fmiurn tln
rnputktfhm he tln nmtfrn dhcpkmy kmb he kgg fts ncpghynns. Rln mucjnr he
vfnws he tln ﬋vn vfbnhs rhsn erhc >??,??? th hmn cfggfhm wftlfm k enw lhurs.
Kt :;94?, tln dhcpkmy suddnnbnb fm dhmvfmdfm` VhuRujn th rnchvn tln dhm-
trhvnrsfkg vfbnhs. Hm ;5 Kprfg, k rnphrtnr erhc JJD dhmtkdtnb tln dhcpkmy
kmb pujgfslnb tln mnws he tln vfbnhs hutsfbn tln hmgfmn dhccumfty. Ghdkg
jrkmdlns he Bhcfmh‖s _fzzk rndhrbnb k bndrnksn he >? pnr dnmt fm tln mucjnr
he hrbnrs. Kgsh tln sthda prfdn engg bun th tln sdkmbkg. Jut ketnr ;< Kprfg, tln
drfsfs stkrtnb th dkgc bhwm. Rln cnbfk pujgfslnb rnphrts erhc tln trfkg kmb
spndugktnb wlh wks rnsphmsfjgn ehr tln bkck`n. Kgsh shcn pkrhbfns he tln
vfbnhs kppnkrnb hmgfmn.

Any tnrcs
Tthrytnggfm`. K cnkms ehr slkrfm` kmb fmtnrprntfm` nxpnrfnmdns kmb cnssk`ns. Ft dkm
jn bn﬋mnb ks km kdtfvn sthry ckmk`ncnmt kmb trkmscfssfhm wftl sngndtnb kbbrnss-
nns, k bn﬋mnb dhmtnxt kmb k dkrneuggy dlhsnm dhbn, k dnmtrkg prhdnss he pgkmmfm`,
fcpgncnmtktfhm kmb dhmtrhg dhmbudtnb jy tlhsn rnsphmsfjgn ehr km hr`kmfzktfhm‖s
dhccumfdktfhm.
Dhrphrktn sthry. K dhcprnlnmsfvn mkrrktfhm kjhut tln hr`kmfzktfhm, fts hrf`fms, fts
vfsfhm kmb fts cfssfhm, kmb fts rngktfhms wftl mucnrhus stkanlhgbnrs. Ft cust jn k
rnkgfstfd kmb rngnv
rngnvkmt
kmt bnsdrfptfhm
bnsdr fptfhm he tln dhcpkmy,
dhcpkmy, drnktnb fm km
k m hpnm bfkgh`un wftl
kgg stkanlhgbnrs tlkt tln dhcpkmy bnpnmbs hm.
Erkcfm`. K sdlnck he fmtnrprntktfhm hr dhmv
d hmvnyfm`
nyfm` tln phfmt he vfnw rnenrs th dlhhs-
fm` dnrtkfm kspndts kmb tlnfr ncplksfs wftlfm tln cnssk`n, fm sudl k wky ks th
nmdhurk`n k dnrtkfm vfnw hm tln thpfd, dkuskg fmtnrprntktfhm, chrkg nvkguktfhm kmb
mndnsskry cnksurns he dhmbudt. Rln erkcn fs umbnrsthhb ks k pkttnrm he fmtnrprnt-
ktfhm tlkt bntnrcfmns dhmtnxt. Ft fs k rnenrnmdn phfmt ehr kgg euturn bndfsfhms kmb
iub`ncnmts. Rlrhu`l tln prnsnmtfm` he k `nmnrkg dhmtnxt krhumb tln fmehrcktfhm
f mehrcktfhm
prnsnmtnb wn
wn dkm fm﬊unmdn lhw pnhpgn tlfma kjhutk jhut tlkt fmehrcktfhm.
fmehr cktfhm. Fmehrcktfhm
wftlfm k dhmtnxt, wftlfm k erkcn fs kgtnrnb
kg tnrnb jy tlkt dhmtnxt kmb erkcn.
_gurfvhdfty. K ekdt tlkt fm k dnrtkfm chcnmt, vkrfhus kutlhrfznb kmb umkutlhrfznb
dhrphrktn sthrfns nxfst kmb tlkt kgg he tlnc try th jn bhcfmkmt kmb vkgfb fm tln
nyns he any stkanlhgbnrs. Tfcugtkmnhus dh-nxfstnmdn he ckmy sthrfns hr tlnfr vkr-
fntfns, wlfdl hr`kmfzktfhms mnnb th lkvn fm cfmb, th dhmtrhg kmb, ks ekr ks phssfjgn,
 ckmk`n.
Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dlkm`n. Hddurs wlnm tln dhcpkmy rnstrudturns fts rnshurdns (luckm,
﬋mkmdfkg, tndlmhgh`fdkg
tndlmhgh`fdkg kmb prhdnss) th nmlkmdn fts kjfgftfns
kjfgf tfns th drnktn vkgun kmb rkfsn

Tthrytnggfm` kmb fssun ckmk`ncnmt ;;;

n﬏ndtfvnmnss. Fm tlnhry, kutlhrs bfstfm`ufsl jntwnnm twh ckfm ehrcs he dlkm`ns,

amhwm ks ﬋rst dgkss
dg kss dlkm`ns,
dlkm `ns, hr nvhgutfhm dlkm`ns,
dlkm `ns, kmb sndhmb
sndhm b dgkss dlkm`ns,
dlk m`ns, hr rnvh-
rnvh-
gutfhm dlkm`ns wlfdl dkm jn rnprnsnmtnb ks k dhmtfmuuc. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dlkm`n
fs k strudturnb kpprhkdl fm km hr`kmfzktfhm ehr nmsurfm` tlkt dlkm`ns krn schhtlgy
kmb suddnsseuggy fcpgncnmtnb th kdlfnv
kdl fnvnn gkstfm` jnmn﬋ts.
Drfsfs. K dnrtkfm bfvfsfhm tlkt plysfdkggy fm﬊unmdns tln systnc ks k wlhgn kmb quns-
tfhms fts ehumbktfhms, sujindtfvn snmsn kmb nxfstnmtfkg dhrn. Rlnsn krn umnxpndtnb
nvnmts hr dfrducstkmdns tlkt jrfm` k dhcpkmy fmth bfsrnputn kmb fcpnrfg fts euturn
prh﬋tkjfgfty
prh﬋tkjf gfty,, `rhwtl
`rhwtl kmb, phssfjgy,
phssfjgy, fts vnry sur
survfvkg.
vfvkg.
Drfsfs dhccumfdktfhm. Km fmtnrkdtfvn prhdnss he nxdlkm`n he fmehrcktfhm kmb hpfm-
dhccumfdktfhm.
fhms kjhut tln drfsf
drfsfs,
s, fts dfrducstkmdns, phssfjgn shgutfhms kmb rnsphmsns kchm` bfe-
enrnmt shdfkg kdthrs.

ZNUFNP [^NTRFHMT

• Ply krn sthrfns fcphrtkmt fm t ln gfen he km fmbfvfbukg kmb wlkt fs sthry-

tnggfm` fm km hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhmtnxt8
• Ply fs dhmtnxt fcphrtkmt fm dhrphrktn sthr ytnggfm`8 Lhw bh erkcns
bn﬋mn tln cnkmfm` he mkrrktfvn kmb lhw dkm erkcfm` jn usnb jy dhr-
phrktn dhccumfdkthrs8 Plh krn tln any prhtk`hmfsts fm tln sthrfns8
• Lhw dkm jn sthrytnggfm` jn usnb ehr kdlfnvfm` dlkm`n wftlfm km hr`km-
fzktfhm8 Plkt krn tln `hkgs kmb stk`ns fm kdlfnvfm` hr`kmfzktfhmkg
dlkm`n8
• Plkt fs tln rlnthrfdkg kpprhkdl th drfsfs dhccumfdktfhm8 Plkt krn tln
ckfm dhccumfdktfhm rnsphmsns th drfsfs tlkt dhcpkmfns dkm usn8

Lhw slhugb Bhcfmh‖s lkvn rnsphmbnb th tln drfsfs8 Plkt afmb he strktn`y whugb
yhu usn fe yhu wnrn k dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm ckmk`nr kt Bhcfmh‖s
Bhcfmh‖s kt tln tfcn
he drfsfs8 Lhw whugb yhu rnkdt8 Fbnmtfey k dhrphrktn drfsfs/fssun fm tln mnws. Pftl
tln lngp he tln any prhtk`hmfst chbng kmkgysn tln fssun kmb su``nst tln chst
neendtfvn wkys he fssun ckmk`ncnmt.

Znenrnmdns
Kmsh﬏, F`hr L. ;6<?.
Kmsh﬏, ;6<?. Ttrktn`fd fssun ckmk`ncnmt.
ckmk`ncnmt. Ttrktn`fd Ckmk`ncnmt Ihurmkg ; (:)9
;4;—;2<.
Krcnmkafs,, Kdlfggns K. kmb Ttkmgny @. Lkrrfs.
Krcnmkafs Lkrrfs . :??:.
:??:. Drketfm` k dlkm`n cnssk`n th drnktn
trkmsehrcktfhmkg rnkbfmnss.
rnkbfmnss. Ihurmkg he Hr`kmfzktfhmkg Dlkm`n Ckmk`ncnmt ;> (:)9 ;56—;<4.
Jkdlkrkdl, Tkcung J. kmb Nbwkrb I. Gkwgnr.
Jkdlkrkdl, Gkwgnr. ;66<.
;66<. _hgftfdkg kgf`mcnmts fm hr`kmfzk-
tfhms9 dhmtnxtukgfzktfhm, chjfgfzktfhm kmb dhhrbfmktfhm. Fm _hwnr kmb Fm󿬊unmdn fm
Hr`kmfzktfhms, nbs. Zhbnrfda C. Arkcnr kmb Ckr`krnt K. Mnkgn.
Mnkgn. Rlhuskmb Hkas, DK9
DK9
Tk`n _ujgfdktfhms.
_ujgfdktfhms.

;;: Tthrytnggfm` kmb fssun ckmk`ncnmt

Jngksnm,, Kgk
Jngksnm Kgkmm R.
R. :??<
:??<.. Rln Rlnhry kmb _rkdtfdn he Dhrphrktn Dhccumfdktfhm9 K Dhcpntfm` Ukguns
_nrspndtfvn. Ghs Km`ngns
Km`ngns99 Tk`n _ujgfdktfhms, Fmd.
Fmd.
Jnmhft,, Pfggfkc G. ;660.
Jnmhft ;660. Fck`n rnpkfr bfsdhursn kmb drfsfs dhccumfdktfhm.
dhccumfdktfhm. _ujgfd Zngktfhms
Znvfnw :4 (:)9 ;00—;<5.
Jnrry,, @rn`hry Z. :??;.
Jnrry :??;. Ckafm` snmsn he tln nmvfrhmcnmtkg jnlkvfhr he dlncfdkg ﬋rcs. ﬋rcs .
Ihurmkg he Ckmk`ncnmt Fmqufry ;? (;)9 ><—04.
Jhfm,, Krinm kmb _ktrfda Gk`kbnd.
Jhfm Gk`kbnd. :???.
:???. _rnpkrfm` ehr tln euturn9 drftfdkg dlkggnm`ns fm drfsfs
ckmk`ncnmt.. Ihurmkg he Dhmtfm`nmdfns kmb Drfsfs Ckmk`ncnmt < (2)9 ;<>—;6;.
ckmk`ncnmt
Jhrbfk,, _rkslkmt,
Jhrbfk _rkslkmt, Ngfzkjntl Ihmns,
Ihmns, Dfmby @kgghfs, Ufdthr I. Dkggkm kmb Mfdlhgks BfEhmzh. BfEhmzh.
:??5.. Ckmk`ncnmt krn kgfnms! Zuchrs kmb strnss burfm` hr`kmfzktfhmkg dlkm`n.
:??5 dlkm`n . @rhup
Hr`kmfzktfhm Ckmk`ncnmt 4; (>)9 5?;—5:;.
Judlkmkm,, Bkvfb kmb _ktrfda Bkwshm.
Judlkmkm Bkwshm. :??0.
:??0. Bfsdhursn kmb kubfnmdn9 hr`kmfzktfhmkg dlkm`n
ks cugtf-sthry prhdnss.
prhdnss. Ihurmkg he Ckmk`ncnmt Ttubfns 22 (>)9 556—5<5.
Jurmntt,, Ihlm
Jurmntt Ihlm I. ;66
;66<<. K strktn`fd kpprhkdl th ckmk`fm` drfsnsd rfsns.. _ujgfd Zngktfhms Znvfnw :2 (2)9
20>—2<<.
Dlksn,, Lhwkrb P. ;6<2.
Dlksn ;6<2. Fssun Ckmk`ncnmt9 Hrf`fms he tln Euturn. Ttkcehrb, DR9 DR9 Fssun Kdtfhm
_ujgfdktfhms..
_ujgfdktfhms
Dlnmny,, @nhr`n,
Dlnmny @nhr`n, Dlrfstnmsnm Gkrs Rlh`nr,
Rlh`nr, Rlnhbhrn N. Yhrm kmb Tlfv @kmnsl. @kmnsl. :??2.
:??2.
Hr`kmfsktfhmkg Dhccumfdktfhm fm km K`n he @ghjkgfzktfhm. Fssuns, Zn󿬊ndtfhms, _rkdtfdns . Ghm`
@rhvn, FG9FG9 Pkvngkmb _rns
_rnsss.
Dhhcjs,, Rfchtly P. ;66>.
Dhhcjs ;66>. Dlhhsfm` tln rf`lt whrbs9 tln bnvnghpcnmt he `ufbngfmns ehr
tln sngndtfhm he tln “kpprhprfktn‖ drfsfs rnsphmsn strktn`fns.
strktn`fns . Ckmk`ncnmt Dhccumfdktfhm
[ukrtnrgy < (2)9 220—205.
Durrfn,, @rkncn kmb Kmbrnw B. Jrhwm.
Durrfn Jrhwm. :??4.
:??4. K mkrrkthgh`fdkg kpprhkdl th umbnrstkmbfm`
prhdnssns he hr`kmfzfm` fm k ^A lhspftkglhspftkg.. Luckm Zngktfhms >5 (>)9 >54—><5.
Dutgfp,, Tdhtt C.
Dutgfp C.,,Kggnm L. Dnmtnr kmb @gnm C. Jrhhc Jrhhc.. :??
:????. N﬏ndtfvn _ujgfd Zngktfhms. Ghmb
Ghmbhm
hm99
_rnmtfdn Lkgg Fmtnrmktfhmkg.
Fmtnrmktfhmkg.
Bhwgfm`,, @rklkcn.
Bhwgfm` @rklkcn. :??;.
:??;. Drnktfm` Dhrphrktn Znputktfhms. Mnw Vhra9 Vhra9 Hxehrb ^mfvnrsfty
_rnss..
_rnss
Butthm,, Ikmn N. kmb Nbwkrb Httnmscnynr.
Butthm Httnmscnynr. ;6<0.
;6<0. Ttrktn`fd fssun ckmk`ncnmt systncs9 ehrcs,
eumdtfhms, kmb dhmtnxts.
dhmtnxts. Kdkbncy he he Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw ;: (:)9 4>>—45>.
Ngvfm`,, Pfc I. G. :??>.
Ngvfm` :??>. Rln rhgn he dhccumfdktfhm fm hr`kmfzktfhmkg dlkm`n. dlkm`n. Dhrphrktn
Dhccumfdktfhms9 Km Fmtnrmktfhmkg Ihurmkg ;? (:)9 ;:6—;4<.
Nmtckm,, Zhjnrt C. ;664.
Nmtckm ;664. Erkcfm`9 thwkrb
thwkrb dgkrf﬋dktfhm
dgkr f﬋dktfhm he k erkdturnb pkrkbf`c . Ihurmkg he
Dhccumfdktfhm 24 (2)9 >;—><.
Enkrm-Jkmas,, Aktlgnnm.
Enkrm-Jkmas Aktlgnnm. :??;.
:??;. Drfsfs dhccumfdktfhm9 k rnvfnw he shcn jnst prkdtfdns. Fm
Lkmbjhha he _ujgfd Zngktfhms, nbs. Zhjnrt Gkwrnmdn Lnktl kmb @kjrfng C. Uksqunz. Uksqunz.
Rlhuskmb Hkas, DK9 DK9 Tk`n _ujgfdktfhms,
_ujgfdktfhms, 206—2<5.
Eh`,, Agkus,
Eh` Agkus, Dlr
Dlrfstfkm
fstfkm Jubtz kmb
k mb Jkrfs
Jkr fs Vkakjhygu
kakjhygu.. :??>.
:??>. Tthrytnggfm`9 Jrkmbfm` fm _rkdtfdn. Jnrgfm,
Jnrgf m,
Lnfbngjnr`99 Tprfm`nr.
Lnfbngjnr` Tprfm`nr.
@h﬏ckm,, Nrvfm`.
@h﬏ckm Nrvfm`. ;602.
;602. Erkcn Kmkgysfs9 Km Nssky hm tln Hr`kmfzktfhm he Nxpnrfnmdn. Mnw M nw Vhr
Vhraa9
Lkrpnr & Zhw.Zhw.
Lkggklkm,, Afra.
Lkggklkm Afra. ;666.
;666. Tnvnm chbngs he erkcfm`9 fcpgfdktfhms ehr pujgfd rngktfhms.rngktfhms . Ihurmkg he
_ujgfd Zngktfhms Znsnkrdl ;; (4)9 :?>—:2:.
Lnktl,, Zhjnr
Lnktl Zhjnrtt Gkwrnmdn kmb Bkm _ygn _y gn Cfggkr.
Cfggkr. :??2.
:??2. K rlnthrfdkg kpprhkdl th drfsfs dhccu-
mfdktfhm9 ckmk`ncnmt, dhccumfdktfhm prhdnssns, kmb strktn`fd rnsphmsns. Fm Znsphmbfm`
Drf sfs9 K Zlnthrfdkg Kpprhkdl th Drfsfs Dhccumfdktfhm, nbs. Bkm _ygn Cfggkr kmb Zhjnrt
th Drfsfs9
 Gkwrnmdn Lnktl.
Lnktl. Cklwkl, MI9
MI9 Gkwrnmdn Nrgjkuc Ksshdfktns,
Ksshdfktns, ;—;<.
Lnu`nms,, _ursny _. C. K. Z. :??:.
Lnu`nms :??:. Ttrktn`fd
Ttrktn`fd fssuns ckmk`ncnmt9 fcpgfdktfhms ehr dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn
pnrehrckmdn.. Jusfmnss Thdfnty 2; (2)9 2>5—25<.
pnrehrckmdn

Tthrytnggfm` kmb fssun ckmk`ncnmt ;;4

Lhgtnm Gkrsnm,
Gkrsnm, Chr`nms
Chr`nms.. :???.
:???. Ckmk`fm` tln dhrphrktn sthry. Fm Rln Nxprnssfvn Hr`kmfsktfhm9
Gfmafm` Fbnmtfty, Znputktfhm, kmb tln Dhrphrktn Jrkmb , nbs. Ckianm Tdlugtz, Tdlugtz, Ckry Ih Lktdl
kmb Chr`nms Lhgtnm Gkrsnm. Gkrsnm. Hxehrb9
Hxehrb9 Hxehrb ^mfvnrsfty _rnss,
_rnss, ;65—:?0.
;65—:?0.
Ihlkmsshm,, Dktr
Ihlkmsshm Dktrfmfm kmb Ckts Lnfbn
Lnfb n. :??
:??<<. Tpnkaf
Tpnkafm`
m` he dlkm`n9 tlrnn dhccumfdktfhm
dhccumf dktfhm kpprhkdlns
kpprhkdl ns
fm stubfns he hr`kmfzktfhmkg dlkm`n. dlkm`n. Dhrphrktn Dhccumfdktfhms ;4 (4)9 :<<—4?>.
Ihlkmsshm,, Fm`rfb kmb _nr Tah`gumb.
Ihlkmsshm Tah`gumb. ;665.
;665. Drfsfs Ckmk`ncnmt kt tln Mktfhmkg Gnvng.
Tthdalhgc99 HDJ.
Tthdalhgc HDJ.
Gkm`nr,, Zhy
Gkm`nr Zhy kmb
km b Tf`mn
T f`mn Rlhrup.
Rlhrup. :?? :??55. Jufgbfm` trust fm tfcns he drfsfs9
dr fsfs9 sthrytnggfm` kmb dlkm`n
d lkm`n
dhccumfdktfhm fm km kfrgfmn dhcpkmy. dhcpkmy. Dhrphrktn Dhccumfdktfhms9 Km Fmtnrmktfhmkg
Fmtnr mktfhmkg Ihurmkg
;; (2)9 40;—46?.
Gnrjfm`nr,, Htth.
Gnrjfm`nr Htth. ;660.
;660. Rln Drfsfs Ckmk`nr9 Ekdfm` Zfsa kmb Znsphmsfjfgfty . Cklwkl, MI9 MI9
Gkwrnmdn
Gkwr nmdn Nrgjkuc Ksshdfktns.
Ksshdfktns.
Cklhm,, Ihlm E. kmb Tkm
Cklhm Tkmbrk
brk K. Pkb kbbhd
bhdaa. ;66:.
;66:. Ttrktn`fd
Ttrktn`fd fssuns ckmk`ncnmt9 km fmtn`rktfhm he
fssun gfendydgn pnrspndtfv
pnr spndtfvns ns.. Jusfmnss Thdfnty 4; (;)9 ;6—4:.
Ckgnūūfdˀ, Ckrikm.
Ckgn Ckrikm. :??5.
:??5. Rnhrfik arfzmn`k ahcumfdfrkmik.
ahcumfdfrkmik. ^ick :? :?.. Kvkfgkjgn kt9 lttp9//www.
shs;;:.sf/sgh/tbhds/uick/:??5/ckgnsfdX:.pbe (;< Hdthjnr :?;?).
Ckrtfm,, Ihkmmn,
Ckrtfm Ihkmmn, Ckrtlk T. Engbckm,
Engbckm, Ckry Ih Lktdl kmb Tfc J. Tftafm. Tftafm. ;6<4.
;6<4. Rln umfqun
umfqunmnss
mnss
pkrkbhxx fm hr`kmfzktfhmkg sthrfns
pkrkbh sthr fns.. Kbcfmfstrktfvn Tdfnmdn [ukrtnrgy :< (4)9 24<—2>4.
Ckymkrb,, Zhjnrtk.
Ckymkrb Zhjnrtk. ;664.
;664. Lkmbgfm` k drfsfs n﬏ndtfvngy.
n﬏ndtfvngy. Mktfhm‖s Jusfmnss <; (;:)9 >2—>>.
CdGnggkm,, Lfgkry.
CdGnggkm Lfgkry. :??5.
:??5. Dhrphrktn sthrytnggfm` pnrspndtfvns.
pnrspndtfvns. Rln Ihurmkg ehr [ukgfty kmb
_krtfdfpktfhm :6 (;)9 ;0—:?.
Chr`km,, Tkmbrk kmb Zhjnrt E. Bnmmnly.
Chr`km Bnmmnly. ;660.
;660. Rln phwnr he hr`kmfzktfhmkg sthrytnggfm`9
k ckmk`ncnmt bnvnghpcnmt pnrspndtfvn. pnrspndtfvn. Ihurmkg he Ckmk`ncnmt Bnvnghpcnmt ;5 (0)9
262—>?;.
Mnwghvn,, Gfmby
Mnwghvn Gfmb y, Nr
Nrfd
fd A. Ttnr
Ttnrmm kmb Gfmk Tvnbfm
T vnbfm.. :??
:????. Kudagkmb ^mpgu``nb
^mpgu``nb. Tthdalh
Tthdalhgc gc99 ÕDJ/
Rln Twnbfsl K`nmdy ehr Dfvfg Ncnr`nmdy _gkmmfm`. _gkmmfm`.
_kpkbkths,, Dkrhgfmn.
_kpkbkths Dkrhgfmn. :??5.
:??5. Rln krt he sthrytnggfm`9 lhw ghykgty ckrantnrs dkm jufgb nchtfhmkg
dhmmndtfhms th tlnfr jrkmbs.
jrkmbs. Ihurmkg he Dhmsucnr Ckrantfm` :4 (0)9 4<:—4<2.
_hgafm`lhrmn,, Bhmkgb N. ;6<<.
_hgafm`lhrmn ;6<<. Mkrrktfvn Amhwfm` kmb tln Luckm Tdfnmdns. Kgjkmy9 Kgjkmy9 Ttktn
^mfvnrsfty he Mnw Vhra _rnss _rnss..
_rhpp,,Ugkbfcfr Ikah
_rhpp Ikahvgnvf
vgnvfddˀ. ;6:< Q;65<S. Chrplhgh`y he tln Ehgatkgn. ^mftnb
^mftnb Ttktns he Kcnrfdk9
Kcnrfdk9
Kcnrfdkm Ehgaghrn Thdfnty kmb Fmbfkmk ^mfvnrsfty. ^mfvnrsfty.
Ttnplnms
Ttnplnms,, Anrf A.
stkanlhgbnrs A.,, _kttykDkggfsl
burfm` Dkggf slnvkguk
dr fsfs9
drfsfs9 Ckghmtfm`
Ckghmn n kmb
nvkguktfm` D lrfstfmn
Dlrf
cnssk`n stfmn C.fns.
strktn` Jkfgny
Jkfgny.
strktn`fns . :??
:??>
. Ihurmkg >. Dhccumfdk
Dhccumfdktfm`tfm` wftl
he Jusfmnss Dhccumfdktfhm
2: (2)9 46?—2;6.
vkm Zfng,
Zfng, Dnns J. C. :???.
:???. Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm hrdlnstrktnb jy k sustkfmkjgn dhr-
phrktn sthry. Fm Rln Nxprnssfvn Hr`kmfzktfhm9 Gfmafm` Fbnmtfty, Znputktfhm, kmb tln Dhrphrktn
Jrkmb, nbs. Ckianm Tdlugtz,
Tdlugtz, Ckry Ih Lktdl kmb Chr`nms Lhgtnm Gkrsnm. Gkrsnm . Mnw Vhra9
Vhra9
Hxehrb ^mfvnrsfty _rnss, Fmd.,Fmd., ;>0—;<;.
;>0—;<;.
vkm Zfng,
Zfng, Dnns J. C. kmb Dlkrgns I. Ehcjrum.Ehcjrum. :??0.
:??0. Nssnmtfkgs he Dhrphrktn Dhccumfdktfhm9
Fcpgncnmtfm` _rkdtfdns ehr N﬏ndtfvn Znputktfhm Ckmk`ncnmt. Ghmbhm Ghm bhm11 Mnw Vhra
Vhra99 Zhutgn
Zhutgnb`n
b`n..
vkm Uuurn
Uuurnmm, Ckra kmb Pfc I. G. Ngvfm`.Ngvfm`. :??<.
:??<. Dhccumfdktfhm, snmsnckafm` kmb dlkm`n ks
k dlhrb he tlrnn strkmbs9 prkdtfdkg fcpgfdktfhms kmb k rnsnkrdl k`nmbk ehr dhccumfdktfm`
hr`kmfzktfhmkg dlkm`n.
dlkm`n. Dhrphrktn Dhccumfdktfhms9 Km Fmtnrmktfhmkg
Fmtnr mktfhmkg Ihurmkg ;4 (4)9 426—4>6.
Pfgafms,, Kgkm G. ;6<2.
Pfgafms ;6<2. Rln drnktfhm he dhcpkmy dugturns9 tln rhgn he sthrfns kmb luckm
rnshurdn systnc.
systnc. Luckm Znshurdn Ckmk`ncnmt :4 (4)9 2;—5?.
Yncan,, Zhm.
Yncan Zhm. ;66?.
;66?. Tthrytnggfm`9 jkda th jksfds.
jksfds. Rrkfmfm` Ck`kzfmn :0 (4)9 22—>?.
<
DHZ_HZKRN DHCC^MFDKRFHMT

DHMRNMRT
Rlfs dlkptnr lf`lgf`lts shcn kspndts he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm tlkt pgky
km fcphrtkmt rhgn fm trkmscfttfm` dhrphrktn sthrfns. Ft bfsdussns tln rhgn he
tln dhcpkmy‖s sphanspnrshm kmb thp ckmk`ncnmt, nxkcfmns lhw dngnjrfty
nmbhrsnrs krn usnb jy dhcpkmfns kmb prnsnmts ngncnmts he tln dhcpkmy‖s
vfsukg fck`n, dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm` kmb fmehrckg dhccumfdktfhms kchm`
stkanlhgbnrs.

<.; _urphsn he dhrphrktn

dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms
dhccumfdktfhms

Km fcphrtkmt
phrktn pkrtk dgnkr
sthry wftl he sthrytnggfm`
purphsn hefs dhmvfmdfm`
mkrrktfhm tlkt
tln rnenrs th trkmscfttfm`
rndnfvnrs tln dhr-
kjhut tln rnkgfty kmb
rf`ltmnss he tln dhcpkmy‖s kdtfhms. Rln sthrfns dhcn th gfen wlnm tlny krn trkms-
cfttnb tlrhu`l vkrfhus cnbfk, ckafm` tln tkr`nt pujgfds kddnpt tln sthrfns ks tlnfr
hwm. Rln sthrfns lkvn tlnfr jn`fmmfm`, dgfckx kmb bndgfmn, kmb mnnb th jn rnvftkg-
fznb rnpnktnbgy. Rlfs cust jn snnm fm tnrcs he CdGulkm‖s gkw tlkt tln cnbfuc,
tln cnkms tlrhu`l wlfdl tln dhrphrktn sthry fs trkmscfttnb, fs ftsnge k cnssk`n
(CdGulkm ;652).
;652). Bun th tln sycjfhtfd rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm tln cnbfuc kmb
tln cnssk`n, kmb bnpnmbfm` hm tln dlkrkdtnrfstfds he tln cnbfuc, kmb tln gnvng he
fmvhgvncnmt
fmv hgvncnmt he tln rnsphmbnmts, tln cnbfuc strhm`gy fm﬊unmdns lhw tln cnssk`n
fs pnrdnfvnb kmb umbnrsthhb. Rlfs rnsugts fm k mnnb th hrdlnstrktn kmb fmtn`rktn kgg
dhccumfdktfhms he k dhcpkmy fm tln erkcnwhra he fmtn`rktnb (ckrant) dhccu-
mfdktfhm kmb pujgfd rngktfhms. Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm ks km hr`kmfzktfhmkg eumd-
 tfhm lks th jn rnsphmsfjgn ehr tln fmtn`rktfhm he tln fmtnrmkg kmb nxtnrmkg
nxtnr mkg dhccumf
dktfhms he tln dhcpkmy
dhcpkmy.. Ft kdts ks k supphrt ehr tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s prfmdfpkg
pr fmdfpkg kdtfvftfns
kd tfvftfns kmb
tksas, jut kgsh lngps wftl tln shdfkgfzktfhm
shdfkgfzk tfhm he cncjnrs fm tln dhcpkmy.
dhcpkmy. Ft ckans surn

Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms ;;>

Nxtnrmkg shdfkg Fmtnrmkg shdfkg

mntwhras mntwhras
(nxtnrmkg (fmtnrmkg
stkanlhgbnrs) stkanlhgbnrs)

T^__HZR
_ZFCKZVRH
KDRFUFRFNT
he tln dhcpkmy

BFEENZNMRFKRFHM DHZ_HZKRN THDFKGFYKRFHM

he tln dhrphrktn DHCC^MFDKRFHM he ncpghynns
jrkmb fmth tln hr`kmfzktfhm

FMEHZCFM@ kmb
BFKGH@^N wftl
stkanlhgbnrs

EF@^ZN <.; Anyy tksas he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm

An

tlkt fmtnrmkg
fmtnrmk g kmb nxtnrmkg stkanlhgbnrs krn suftkjgy fmehrcnb, kmb ft hrdlnstrktns tln
kppnkrkmdn he tln dhcpkmy
d hcpkmy fm sudl k wky tlkt ft nmsurns bf﬏nrnmtfktfhm he tln dhr-
d hr-
phrktn jrkmb hm vkrfhus ckrants (snn Ef`urn <.;).<.;).
Nvnm tlhu`l wn wn bh mht wkmt th gfst kmb bnsdrfjn
bnsdr fjn kgg typns he dhccumfdktfh
dhccumfdktfhm m
tlkt nxfst fm shdfkg sdfnmdns, wn stfgg mnnb th phfmt hut tlhsn tlkt lkvn km nspndfkggy
fcphrtkmt rhgn fm tln bfssncfmktfhm he tln dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn sthry,
sthry, mkcngy dhccumfdktfhm
jy DNHs kmb tln dhcpkmy‖s lf`lnst ckmk`ncnmt, dngnjrfty hr cnbfk pnrshmkg-
ftfns, sudl ks dhcpkmy nmbhrsnrs, dhrphrktn vfsukg fbnmtfty, dhrphrktn ckrantfm`,
kmb ruchurs.
r uchurs.

<.: Ckmk`ncnmt ks tln dhcpkmy‖s sphanspnr

sphanspnrshm
shm
Rln mkrrkthr
mkr rkthr lks th ckstnr tln prfmdfpgns
pr fmdfpgns he dgkssfd
dg kssfd rlnthrfd.
rlnthr fd.Rlny lkvn
lkvn th lkvn pnr-
ehrcfm` safggs, pnrsuksfvn phwnr
phwnr kmb dlkrkdtnrfstfds
dlkrkdtnr fstfds tlkt rkfsn dhm﬋bnmdn1 tlny cust
jn kjgn th dgnkrgy
dgnkrg y bn﬋mn tln dhmtnxt he tln sthry
sthr y, amhw lhw
lhw th trkmscft tln sthry fm

;;5 Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms

km fmtnrnstfm` wky, kmb mnnb th nxpgkfm tln cnkmfm` he nvnmts fm tln sthry, ks wngg
ks kmy dhmsnqunmdns krfsfm` erhc tln nvnmts. Dhcpkmfns hetnm usn spndfkg, wngg-
trkfmnb sphanspnhpgn ehr trkmscfttfm` dhrphrktn sthrfns kmb kttftubns, kmb spndfkg
pujgfd rngktfhms nxpnrts ehr rngktfhms wftl tln cnbfk. Kgtlhu`l tln twh rhgns bf﬏nr,
tlny jhtl mnnb k dhccumfdktfhm spndfkgfst th bh tln ihj. Tphanspnhpgn lkvn th
ckstnr tln tndlmfquns, jut slhugb kgsh lkvn strktn`fd amhwgnb`n.
Jndkusn dhcpkmfns lkvn th jn fm bfkgh`un wftl tlnfr stkanlhgbnrs kmb dhccu-
mfdktn strktn`fd
strktn` fd bndfsfhms th tlnc, tlntln Dlkfr hr Ufdn-Dlkfr he tln Jhkrb vnry hetnm
tkans hm tln ehrckg rhgn he dhcpkmy sphanspnrshm. Pn sky tlkt tln Dlkfr he tln
Jhkrb fs k sycjhgfd rnprnsn
rnprnsnmtktfhm
mtktfhm he tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s vkguns kmb jngfnes hr tlkt ln/
sln fs tln ﬋rst pnrshm th pnrshmfey tln dhcpkmy. Rln kdtfhms he tln Dlkfr, jhkrb
cncjnrs kmb he supnrvfshry jhkrb cncjnrs snrvn ks km nxkcpgn — tlny jufgb
hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn, kmb kt tln skcn tfcn, nmdhurk`n htlnr ncpghynns th kdt fm
tln skcn wky.
Rln pnhpgn wlh lkvn tln lf`lnst pgkdn fm tln hr`kmfzktfhmkg lfnrkrdly fm tlnfr
prnsnmtktfhms usukggy brkw erhc tln rnenrnmtfkg rnputktfhm kmb ehrckg phwnr tlny
`nt erhc tlnfr phsftfhm fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm. Lhwnvnr, tln ehrckg eumdtfhm fs mht
nmhu`l ehr k suddnsseug bfssncfmktfhm he tln dhrphrktn sthry. Rln mkrrkthr‖s rnpu-
tktfhm tlkt sf`mf﬋dkmtgy dhmtrfjutns th tln kddnptkmdn kmb nffldfnmdy he lfs/lnr
cnssk`n rnsts hm tlrnn ckfm ehumbktfhms9 tln kjfgftfns, kdtfvftfns kmb kdlfnvncnmts
he tln pnrshm wlh fs jnfm` nvkguktnb. Rlnrnehrn, wn spnka he tln tlrnn “Ds‖ tlkt
ckan up tln rnputktfhm he DNHs kmb km b jhkrb cncjnrs9 drnbfjfgfty,
drnbfjfgfty, dhbn he pnrshmkg
pnr shmkg
kmb prhenssfhmkg ntlfds, kmb dhccumfdktfhm he tln dhrphrktn vfsfhm th fmtnrmkg kmb
nxtnrmkg nmvfr
nmvfrhmcnmts.
hmcnmts. Tfcfgkr ﬋mbfm`s wnr wnrnn ckbn jy tln ﬋rc
﬋r c Jurshm-Ckrstnggnr,
Jurshm- Ckrstnggnr,
wlfdl phsfts tlkt lkge he tln dhcpkmy‖s hvnrkgg rnputktfhm fs jksnb hm tln rnputk-
tfhm he tln ckmk`ncnmt. Rln ckfm ngncnmts tlkt dhmtrfjutn th tln rnputktfhm he
ckmk`nrs krn drnbfjfgfty,
drnbfjfgfty, lf`l ntlfdkg stkmbkrbs, suddnsseug fmtnrmkg
fmtnr mkg dhccumfdktfhm,
d hccumfdktfhm,
suddnsseug
suddn sseug ncpghycnmt phgfd phgfdyy, kjfgfty th chtfvktn ncpghynns, dusthcnr dkrn, nffl-

dfnmt dr fsfs ckmk`ncnmt,

drfsfs
th fmdrnksn tln dhcpkmy‖ssuddnsseug dhccumfdktfhm
ckrant vkgun kmb suddnsseugwftlckmk`ncnmt
nxtnr mkg pujgfds,
nxtnrmkg cnksurns
cnksurns
fm kddhrbkmdn
wftl tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s strktn`fd
strktn` fd vfsfhm.
vf sfhm.
Lhwnvnr, tlnrn fs k bfstfmdtfhm jntwnnm k ckmk`nr‖s rnputktfhm kmb tlnfr phpu-
gkrfty hr dngnjrfty stktus fm tln cnbfk (Zfmbhvk nt kg. :??51 :??51 Rrnk
rnkbwky
bwky nt kg. :??6).
:??6).
_hpugkrfty dkm krfsn k rfsn erhc k ckmk`nr‖s
ckmk`nr‖s hr sphanspnrshm‖s
sphanspnrshm‖s kdtfhms kmb k mb pnrshmkg rnpu-
tktfhm, kmb ks sudl bfrndtgy rnenrs th tlnfr kjfgftfns
kjf gftfns kmb kdlfnv
kd lfnvncnmts
ncnmts (Zfmbhvk
(Zfmbhvk nt kg.
:??5).
:??5 ). _nrshmkg rnputktfhm rnenrs th dhggndtfvngy pnrdnfvnb fbnmtfty tlkt rn﬊ndts
k dhcpgnx dhcjfmktfhm he bfstfm`ufslfm` pnrshmkg dlkrkdtnrfstfds kmb kdlfnvn-
cnmts, kdtfhms kmb prhindtnb fck`ns prnsnmtnb fm tln spndf﬋nb tfcn erkcn tlkt krn
hjsnrvnb bfrndtgy kmb/hr rnphrtnb kjhut jy sndhmbkry shurdns (Enrrfs nt kg. :??4, :??4,
:;>). Lhwnv
Lhwnvnr, nr, ft fs mht
m ht mndnsskr
mnd nsskrfgy
fgy sh.Rln dhcpkmy‖
dh cpkmy‖ss sphanspnhpgn
sphanspnh pgn dkmdk m nkrm
nkr m dngnj-
dngn j-
rfty stktus sfcpgy jy jnfm` k ernqunmt `unst he tln cnbfk. Lnrn,
Lnrn, tlnfr rnkg kjfgftfns
kjfgftf ns hr
 kdlfnvncnmts bh mht
kdlfnvncnmts mh t pgky km fcphrtkmt
fcphr tkmt rhgn hr krn nvnm cfsrnprnsnmtnb hr wrhm`gy
drnbftnb th tlnc jy rnphrtnrs hr tln pujgfd. Fm tlfs dksn, tln sfm`gn dlkrkdtnrfstfd
dlkrkdtnr fstfd he
tln ckmk`nr‖s phpugkrfty fs tln ekdt tlkt tlny krn ekchus (Jhhrstfm ;65;).
;65;).

Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms ;;0

K dhcjfmktfhm he jhtl fs kgsh phssfjgn. Rlfs lkppnms wlnm ihurmkgfsts prkfsn

k dnrtkfm ckmk`nr bun th rnkg kttrfjutns, bndfsfhms kmb kdlfnvncnmts, kmb kt tln
skcn tfcn — fm kddhrbkmdn wftl kttrfjutfhm tlnhry (Anggny ;60:) ;60: ) — ksdrfjn htlnr
kttrfjutns hr nxk``nrktn fm kdtukg bnsdrfptfhms. Rlfs dkm, hm tln hmn lkmb, fm﬊u-
nmdn tln kdtukg dlkrkdtnr
dlkrkdtnrfstfds
fstfds kmb bndfsfhms
bndfsfh ms he km fmbfvfbukg, wlfgn hm tln htlnr,
ft dkm rkfsn tln pujgfd nxpndtktfhms kjhut tln dhcpkmy‖s pnrehrckmdn (Lkywkrb
nt kg. :??2).
:??2).
Fe k ckmk`nr wkmts th stnp hut he cnbfhdrfty kmb jn phpugkr hr nvnm kdlfnvn
dngnjrfty
dngnjrf ty stktus, tln tlnhry su``nsts usfm` k dhcjfmktfhm
dhcjf mktfhm he bf﬏nrnmtfktfhm kmb dhm-
sfstnmdy. Rlny slhugb jrnka mhrcs th shcn sckgg nxtnmt, jut bh sh fm k dhmsfstnmt
ckmmnr (Lkywkrb nt kg. :??2).:??2). Ckmk`nrs mnnb th amhw lhw th usn bndfsfhm kmb
jnlkvfhur pkttnrms tlkt krn bf﬏nrnmt erhc rn`ugkr hmns, jut mnnb th bh tlkt dhmsfst-
nmtgy, rn`krbgnss he tln dfrducstkmdns, tfcn kmb pgkdn. Rlfs fs wlkt ihurmkgfsts rnd-
h`mfzn ks tln ckfm rnkshm ehr k dhcpkmy‖s suddnss, kmb jy nxphsfm` sudl k pnrshm
kmb kttrfjutfm` th tlnc kbbftfhmkg dlkrkdtnrfstfds, ihurmkgfsts nmkjgn tlnc th kppnkr
ernqunmtgy fm tln cnbfk, wlfdl rnsugts fm dngnjrfty
d ngnjrfty stktus.
Fm tln dhmtnxt
dh mtnxt he tln rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm rnputktfhm kmb ekcn, e kcn, wn cust cnm-
tfhm km Kcnrfdkm survny tlkt bfvfbnb ckmk`nrs fmth ehur `rhups. Rln ﬋rst `rhup
krn dkggnb tln fdhms. Ft fmdgubns ckmk`nrs wlh lkvn jhtl rnputktfhm kmb ekcn. Rlnsn
ckmk`nrs dhcjfmn stygn kmb sckrt dlhfdns fm tlnfr whra, kmb nmihy dngnjrfty stk-
tus fm pujgfd. Ekchus ckmk`nrs wlh w lh gkda rnputktfhm krn tln lhumb-bh`s. Rlfs `rhup
lks `kfmnb ckmy mnw cncjnrs ketnr ckihr ﬋mkmdfkg sdkmbkgs fm tln ^TK, wlnm
tln tnrc ckmk`nr jndkcn kgchst k symhmyc ehr erkub kmb sdkcs. Rln lfbbnm `ncs
krn ckmk`nrs wlh krn mht ekchus, jut lkvn k rnputktfhm. Rlnsn krn usukggy vnry
dhcpntnmt ckmk`nrs nmihyfm` k `rnkt rnputktfhm wftl tln prhenssfhmkg pujgfd kmb
wftl tln dhcpntftfhm1 tlnfr whra fs vnry suddnsseug. Rln gkst `rhup he ckmk`nrs
wlh krn (kgchst) umamhwm, kmb lkvn mh rnputktfhm, krn amhwm ks tln sfgnmt afggnrs.
Rlnsn ckmk`nrs lkv lkvnn suddnsseuggy kv
kvhfbnb
hfbnb pujgfd kttnmtfhm
k ttnmtfhm hr lkvn dhvnrnb
dhvnrnb up tlnfr

umsuddnsseug kdtfhms.
lkrceug kdtfhms Rlny
rnckfm krn hetnm
nrnbnv
umbfsdhvnrnb
umbfsdhv nvnm
nm umdhmbncmnb.
kmb whrsn
umd tlkm tln lhumb-bh`s jndkusn tlnfr
hmbncmnb.
Rln rnputktfhm kmb dhccumfdktfhm safggs he ckmk`nrs krn k rnsugt he tlnfr
fmmhvktfvn strktn`fd lkmbgfm` kmb drnktfm` vkguns ehr tln dhcpkmy, wlfgn tlnfr
dngnjrfty stktus fs drnktnb jy tln cnbfk. Ft fs k ekdt tlkt DNHs krn jndhcfm` dngnj-
rftfns, kmb tlhu`l tlnrn fs mh mnnb ehr tlnc th jn hmn, ft bhnsm‖t bh kmy lkrc.
Znsnkrdl slhws tlkt pnrshmkg rndh`mftfhm,
rndh`mftf hm, rnputktfhm hr nvnm dngnjrfty stktus
stktu s kdtu-
kggy dhmtrfjutn th k dhcpkmy‖s rnputktfhm kmb tlnrnehrn th fts suddnss. Lhwnvnr,
tlfs dhmmndtfhm fs mht dgnkr kmb hmn-bfcnmsfhmkg, sfmdn rnputkjgn hr dngnjrfty
ckmk`ncnmt ftsnge dkmmht prnvnmt tln phtnmtfkg ekfgurn he tln dhcpkmy. Nftlnr
wky, tlnrn fs k phsftfvn dhmmndtfhm jntwnnm rnputktfhm kmb dngnjrfty stktus kmb
jhmusns ehr sudl ckmk`nrs1
ck mk`nrs1 lhwnv
lhwnvnr,
nr, tlfs bhns mht `fvn
` fvn tlnc ncpghycnmt sndurfty
sndur fty
(Nbwkrbs :??51
:??51 Rrnkbwky nt kg. :??6).
:??6). Kgtlhu`l tln prnsnmdn he ckmk`nrs fm tln
cnbfk slhugb kt gnkst jn k cfmhr `hkg he ckmk`ncnmt, wn slhugb wkrm tlkt ckm-
k`nrs slhugb bnvhtn chrn kttnmtfhm th fcprhvfm` tln dhcpkmy‖s jusfmnss tlkm th
tlnfr hwm prhchtfhm (Nbwkrbs :??5).
:??5).

;;< Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms

<.4 Dhcpkmy‖s dngnjrfty nmbhrsnr

nmbhrsnrss
Dngnjrfty supphrt fm tln prhchtfhm he tln dhcpkmy kmb fts prhbudts fs k bndkbns-
hgb tndlmfqun. _rfckrfgy dhmdnrmnb krn dngnjrfty kmb cnbfk pnrshmkgftfns wlh
kppnkr ks dhcpkmy supphrtnrs kmb usn tlnfr vfsfjfgfty th supphrt kmb prhchtn k
dnrtkfm prhbudt, snrvfdn
sthry. Dngnjrfty hr dhcpkmy,
fs bn﬋mnb dhcpkmy , hr th dhccumfdktn
ks tln bn`rnn kmb pnrshmfey
th wlfdl k shdfkg k dhrphrktn
kdthr fs bhducnmtnb
jy tln cnbfk kmb vfnwnb ks jnfm` wngg amhwm, phwnreug, prnstf`fhus kmb kbcfrnb
jy cnbfk kubfnmdns (_nrryckm :??<).
:??<). Rlfs dktn`hry fmdgubns mht hmgy ﬋gc, tngn-
vfsfhm kmb php stkrs, jut kgsh sphrts stkrs, phgftfdfkms, wrftnrs, jusfmnsspnhpgn kmb
pnhpgn erhc htlnr prhenssfhms wlh bfrndtgy supphrt k dhcpkmy,
dhcpkmy, pujgfdgy kmmhumdn
tlnfr supphrt ehr k dhcpkmy, fts prhbudts hr snrvfdns, hr dkgg hm htlnrs ehr sup-
phrt (CdDrkdanm ;6<6).
;6<6). Kgtlhu`l cudl kttnmtfhm fs `fvnm th dngnjrftfns,
d ngnjrftfns, tlnrn krn
htlnr dlkrkdtnrs tlkt ckrantfm` bnpkrtcnmts dkm nm`k`n fm hrbnr th pnrshmkgfzn k
dhcpkmy hr fts prhbudts, sudl ks dkrthhm dlkrkdtnrs, ekmtksy lnrhns (Jnga ;6<6), ;6<6 ),
cfmhr dngnjrftfns, nxpnrts kmb `nmnrkg dhmsucnrs (Bkmnslvkry kmb Tdlwnr :???). :???).
Dngnjrfty nmbhrsncnmts hetnm fmvhgvn ehur typns he sdlnck9 sdrfpts, rhgn sdlnck,
fmbfvfbukg pnrshm sdlnck kmb hjindt sdlnck (Tpnda nt kg. ;6<<). ;6<<). Tdrfpts krn nvnmt
sdlnck tlkt bnsdrfjn tln prhthtypfd strudturn he dhcchmpgkdn kdtfhms, sudl ks,
“Brfmafm` fm k jkr‖. Zhgns krn rngktfhmkg sdlnck usnb th nxpgkfm tln fmtnmtfhm kmb
jnlkvfhur he pnhpgn fm spndf﬋d sftuktfhms. Fmbfvfbukg pnrshm sdlnck kmb hjindt
sdlnck krn trkft-jksnb fcprnssfhms he spndf﬋d pnhpgn kmb tlfm`s (Tpnda nt kg. ;6<<, ;6<<,
0?). Ekchus nvnmts (n.`. tln Hgycpfd @kcns) dkm jn usnb ehr nmbhrsncnmt ks
wngg (@wfmmnr ;660).
;660).
Nkrgy stubfns he dngnjrfty nmbhrsncnmt (Erfnbckm kmb Erfnbckm ;6061 ;606 1 Ktafm
kmb Jghda ;6<41
;6<41 Akcfms nt kg. ;6<6),
;6<6), ks wngg ks shcn mnwnr hmns (Ekrngg nt kg. :???1
:???1
Jyrmn nt kg. :??4),
:??4), slhw tlkt dngnjr
dng njrfty
fty supphrt
supp hrt gnkbs
g nkbs th lf`lnr
l f`lnr nffl dfnmd
dfnmdyy he dhc-
cumfdktfhm. Rln n﬏ndts he dngnjrfty nmbhrsncnmt fmdgubn lf`lnr kttnmtfvnmnss th
kbvnrtfsncnmts, lf`lnr rndkgg, jnttnr gfankjfgfty he kbvnrts kmb jrkmbs, lf`lnr jrkmb
kwkrnmnss kmb jnttnr jrkmb fck`n. Htlnr stubfns nstkjgfslnb k phsftfvn dhrrngktfhm
th purdlksn fmtnmt (Aklgn kmb Lhcnr ;6<>1 ;6<>1 Lh nt kg. ;6601
;6601 Bkmnslvkry kmb Tdlwnr
:???),
:??? ), lf`lnr skgns (Ghm`ckm ;660),
;660), kmb th `rnktnr ckrant vkgun he tln dhcpkmy
(Ekrngg nt kg. :???).
:???). Dngnjrf
Dngnjrftfns
tfns kgsh kppnkr ks prhchtnrs he phsftfvn shdfkg vkguns kmb
bnsfrnb jnlkvfhurs, sudl ks KFBT prnvnmtfhm (Jrhwm kmb Jksfg ;66>1 ;66>1 Jksfg ;6651
;6651
Erksnr kmb Jrh
Jrhwm
wm :??:),
:??:), tnnmk`n snxukg jnlkvfhur
jnlkvfhur,, nqukg rf`lts
r f`lts ehr whcnm (Erksnr
kmb Jrhwm :??:),
:??:), rf`lts he tln dlfgb (n.`. ^MFDNE @hhbwfgg Kcjksskbhrs), ntd.
Dngnjrftfns pgky km fcphrtkmt rhgn fm phgftfdkg ckrantfm`, nspndfkggy fm tln prhch-
tfhm he phgftfdkg prh`rkccns, dkmbfbktns kmb pkrtfns
pkr tfns (Tcftl :??;),
:??;), jndkusn dngnjrfty
dngnjr fty
nmbhrsncnmt dkm fmdrnksn tln drnbfjfgfty kmb kttrkdtfvnmnss he phgftfdkg dkmbfbktns
kmb phgftfdkg pkrtfns. Rln jnmn﬋dfkg n﬏ndts krn nvnm `rnktnr fe nmbhrsnrs
nmbhr snrs bh mht prn-
snmt hmgy phsftfvn fmehrcktfhm, jut try th rnphrt fm k jkgkmdnb ckmmnr (Akcfms
nt kg. ;6<6).
;6<6).
 Rln any kbvkmtk`
kbvkmtk`ns ns he usfm` dngnjrfty nmbhrsncnmt krn tln fmdrnksnb kttnm-
tfhm he stkanlhgbnrs, fmdrnksnb kwkrnmnss he tln dhcpkmy kmb fts h﬏nr, kmb k phsftfvn

Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms ;;6

fm﬊unmdn hm tln jnlkvfhurkg kmb purdlksn bndfsfhms he tkr`nt kubfnmdns (Twnrbghw

kmb Twnrbghw :??4).
:??4). Dngnjrftfns dkm jn k ekdthr
e kdthr tlkt fm﬊unmdns fbnmtf﬋dktfhm he any
stkanlhgbnrs, kjhvn kgg dhmsucnrs, wftl k dhcpkmy (_hbmkr :??2).
:??2). Lhwnvnr, dngnj-
rfty nmbhrsncnmt lks fts bfskbvkmtk`ns, thh (Twnrbghw kmb Twnrbghw :??4)9 :??4)9

• lf`l dhst rngktnb th dngnjrfty

dngnjr fty supphrt1
• fssuns krfsfm` erhc tln fcphssfjfgfty he dhmtrhggfm` tln dngnjrfty‖s pujgfd
fck`n1
• tln nxtnmt he tln drnbfjfgfty kmb n﬏ndtfv
n﬏ndtfvnmnss
nmnss he dngnjrfty
dngnjr fty supphrt1
• phssfjgn supphrt he htlnr dhcpkmfns erhc k dngnjrfty1
dngnjr fty1
• vkcpfrfsc, k plnmhcnmhm wlnrn k supphrtnr jndhcns chrn fmtnrnstfm` kmb
fcphrtkmt th tln pujgfd tlkm tln dkusn
dku sn hr jusfmnss tlny krn supphrtfm`.

Rln suddnsseug usn he dngnjrfty nmbhrsncnmt ehdusns hm tln cnkmfm`s tlkt k sup-
phrtnr dkm jrfm` fm tln prhdnss he pnrdnptfhm he cnssk`ns. K cnkmfm` trkmsenr lk lks,
s,
kddhrbfm` th CdDrkdanm (;6<6
(;6<6),
), tlrnn stk`ns. Fm tln ﬋rst, k strktn`fd dhccumfdk-
tfhm pgkm bn﬋mns cnkmfm`s tlkt krn fmtnmbnb ehr km nmtfty sudl ks prhbudt, snrvfdn
hr dhcpkmy.
dhcpkmy. Tudl bn﬋mftfhms slhugb jn ckbn jksnb hm tln tkr`nt kubfnmdn kmb fts
dugturkg erkcnwhra. Ketnr tln cnkmfm`s lkvn jnnm bn﬋mnb, suftkjgn pnhpgn, dhmtnxts
kmb hjindts krn fbnmtf﬋nb tlkt rnprnsnmt sngndtnb cnkmfm`s kmb ckan tlnc tkm`fjgn. tkm` fjgn.
Rlfs stk`n fs kdtukggy k snkrdl ehr shcn afmb he dugturkg prhthtypns hr rnprnsnmtk-
tfhms he sngndtnb cnkmfm`s tlkt krn prnsnmt fm km nmvfrhmcnmt. Ft fs fcphrtkmt tlkt
tln sngndtnb nmtftfns krn trustwhrtly, drnbfjgn, lhcngy, gfakjgn kmb sfcfgkr th tln tkr-
`nt `rhup
` rhup..Rlnsn krn tln any ekdthrs
ekd thrs tlkt lkvn tln gkr`nst fm﬊unmdn hm fbnmtf﬋dktfhm.
fbnmtf ﬋dktfhm.
Dngnjrftfns
Dngnjrf tfns cust jn kjgn th ckan
ck an tkr`nt dhmsucnrs fbnmtfey wftlw ftl tlnc. Kddhrbfm` th
Jyrmn nt kg. (:??4
:??4),
), k dlhsnm dngnjrfty slhugb jn kjgn th ckan k dhmsucnr fbnmtfey
wftl tlnc (Jyrmn nt kg. :??4,
:??4, :6?) kmb jn dhm`r
dhm`runmt
unmt wftl tln nmtfty tlny nmbhrsn.
Fm tln sndhmb stk`n, tln cnkmfm` fs trkmsenrrnb erhc tln dngnjrfty
dngnjr fty th k prhbudt, snr-
vfdn hr dhcpkmy
dhcpkmy.. Rlfs fs bhmn jy tln dhmsucnr wlh rnkgfzns tlkt cnkmfm`s cnkmfm `s rngktnb
th hjindts, dhmtnxt hr pnhpgn fm k cnssk`n krn slkrnb jy k prhbudt hr dhcpkmy tlkt
kppnkrs th`ntlnr wftl tln ehrcnr. “Rln dhmsucnr subbnmgy ‗snns– tln sfcfgkrfty
jntwnnm tln dngnjrfty kmbk mb tln prhbudt, kmb fs prnpkrnb th kddnpt tlkt tln cnkmfm`s
fm tln dngnjrfty krn fm tln prhbudt‖ (CdDrkdanm ;6<6, ;6<6 , 4;5). Fm tln tlfrb stk`n, tln
cnkmfm`s erhc tln dhcpkmy kmb tln prhbudt krn trkmsenrrnb th dhmsucnrs. Rlny
usn kmb tkan kbvkmtk`n he tln cnkmfm`s rngktnb th tln dhcpkmy,
dhcpkmy, prhbudt hr snrvfdn
snr vfdn
th drnktn tlnfr hwm fbnmtfty.
Rln cnkmfm` trkmsenr dkm hddur nftlnr jksnb hm cnrn hwmnrslfp he k prhbudt
hr snrvfdn, hr he tlnfr fmdhrphrktfhm fm hmn‖s hwm fbnmtfty, hr he tln kddnptkmdn
he cnkmfm`s, hr tlnfr ckmfpugktfhm fm tln prhdnss he drnktfm` k umfqun fbnmtfty.
Zndnfvnb kmb kbhptnb cnkmfm`s lngp fmbfvfbukgs th drnktn tlnfr hwm fbnmtfty kmb

cnkmfm`s
jumbgns hetlkt dhmstrudt
utfgfty tlnfrthgfvns.
wftl wlfdl snrvnDhmsucnrs turmsktfsey
eumdtfhms kmb th tlnfr `hhbs
mnnbs, mht ks
jut kgsh hmgy ks
jum-
bgns he cnkmfm` wftl wlfdl th ekslfhm wlh tlny krn kmb tln whrgb fm wlfdl
tlny gfvn (Jnga ;6<6).
;6<6). Plnm tlfs fs bhmn, tln chvncnmt he cnkmfm` fs dhcpgntn.

;:? Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms

Rln cnkmfm` tlkt jn`km fm tln dugturkggy dhmstftutnb whrgb lks ﬋mkggy dhcn th
rnst fm tln gfen kmb nxpnrfnmdn he tln dhmsucnr. “Rln dugturkg dfrduft fs dhcpgntn‖
(CdDrkdanm ;6<6,
;6<6, 4;2).
Plnm usfm` dngnjrfty nmbhrsnrs fm supphrt he k dhcpkmy kmb fts h﬏nr, ft fs
fcphrtkmt th ckan tln rf`lt sngndtfhm. Rln any drftnrfhm ehr tln sngndtfhm fs,
kddhrbfm` th nkrgy stubfns, tln drnbfjfgfty he tln nmbhrsnr, dhmsfstfm` he lfs/lnr
nxpnrtfsn, trustwhrtlfmnss kmb kttrkdtfvnmnss (Hlkmfkm ;66;).
;66;). Fm kbbftfhm, wlnm
sngndtfm` suftkjgn nmbhrsnrs, dhcpkmfns slhugb ckan surn tlkt tlny krn (Twnrbghw
kmb Twnrbghw :??4)9
:??4)9

• nksy th rndh`mfzn kmb fmh﬏nmsfvn th tln tkr`nt ckrant1

• rngnvkmt
rngnvkmt fm tnrcs tlkt tlny ﬋t tln nmbhrsnb prhbudt1
• kpprndfktnb kmb vkgunb jy tln tkr`nt kubfnmdn1
• bfstfmdt nmhu`l erhc htlnr kbvnrtfsfm` th dktdl tln nyn he tln tkr`nt ckrant1
• rngfkjgn,, cnkmfm` tlkt tln pnrshm‖s pkst jnlkvfhur fmbfdktns ln/sln whugb jn km
rngfkjgn km
hm`hfm` kssnt th tln prhbudt dkcpkf`m.

<.2 Dhrphrktn vfsukg

vfsukg fbnmtfty
fbnmtfty (DUF)
Rln vfsukg fbnmtfty he k dhcpkmy ckans k dhcpkmy vfsfjgn, tkm`fjgn kmb rndh`-
mfzkjgn, kmb kgsh bn﬋mns k dhmtnxtukg erkcnwhra ehr tln dhmtnmts tlkt k dhcpkmy
dhccumfdktns. Ft dkm jn bn﬋mnb ks tln “suc he kgg tln wkys k dhcpkmy dlhhsns
th fbnmtfey ftsnge th kgg fts pujgfds‖ (Ckr`ugfns ;600, 55). Ufsukg fbnmtfty fs k vfs-
fjgn pkrt he dhrphrktn fbnmtfty (Jkanr kmb Jkgcnr ;6601
;660 1 Cngnwkr :??;),
:??;), nxprnssnb
tlrhu`l shcn any ngncnmts, sudl ks tln mkcn kmb gh`h he k dhcpkmy, fts sf`mkturn
dhghurs, typh`rkply,
typh`rkply, tk`gfmn kmb htlnr dhcpkmy bnsdrfpthrs.
bnsdr fpthrs. Dkrneuggy pgkmmnb kmb
bnsf`mnb vfsukg ngncnmts krn kppgfnb th vkrfhus cnbfk, sudl ks jkmmnrs, dghtlfm`,

sf`mphsts, stkcps,
kmb nxtnrmkg stktfhmnry,
krdlftndturn he prnsnmtktfhm
tln dhcpkmy‖s tncpgktns,
prhpnrtyvnlfdgn ﬊nnts,
(vkm bnm kmb nt
Jhsdl tlnkgfmtnrmkg
. :??5).
:??5).
Ufsukg fbnmtfty he k dhcpkmy fmdgubns ngncnmts tlkt krn mht hmgy vfsukg, jut dkm
kgsh jn pnrdnfvnb wftl htlnr snmsns, sudl ks k typfdkg shumb, scngg hr enng, wlfdl k
dhcpkmy usns th dhccumfdktn fts sthry hr th prhchtn fts h﬏nr. Ufsukg fbnmtfty fs
usukggy stkmbkrbfznb kmb sfcpgf﬋ns tln ckmmnr fm wlfdl k dhcpkmy prnsnmts ftsnge
th tln pujgfd (Ckrqufs ;60?,
;60?, 4).
Rln prhdnss he bnsf`mfm` vfsukg fbnmtfty kmb dhccumfdktfhms fmdgubns tln drn-
ktfhm he tln strudturn kmb ehrc he vfsukg fmehrcktfhm,
f mehrcktfhm, erhc
erhc fts dhmdnptfhm,
dhm dnptfhm, pgkmmfm`,
brketfm`, th ﬋mkg fcpgncnmtktfhm. Ufsukg fbnmtfty, ks k dgnkr kmb kddurktn rnprnsnm-
tktfhm systnc, mht hmgy trfns th nxprnss tln nxfstfm` dhrphrktn fbnmtfty, jut chrn-
hvnr trfns th hr`kmfzn, kmb fm﬊unmdn, km fmbfvfbukg‖s pnrdnptfhm, umbnrstkmbfm` kmb
enngfm` kjhut tln dhcpkmy (Tturanm kmb Dkrtwrf`lt :??;).
:??; ). Rln vfsukg fbnmtfty
 systnc ks k wlhgn, ks wngg ks fts fmbfvfbukg pkrts, eumdtfhms ks k sycjhg tlkt stkmbs
fm pgkdn he shcntlfm`, hr fm pgkdn he fts hjindt, nftlnr fmbnpnmbnmtgy hr fm dhcjfm-
ktfhm ks km fdhm, fmbfdktfhm hr sycjhg (_nfrdn ;64>).
;64>). Ks k sf`m hr sf`m systnc, vfsukg

Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms ;:;

fbnmtfty eumdtfhms jhtl wftlfm tln sycjhg, knstlntfd kmb ekmtksy systncs, ks wngg ks
wftlfm tln dhmvnmtfhm systnc, kmb pgkys bf﬏nrnmt dhccumfdktfhm rhgns, erhc fbnm-
tf﬋dktfhm, nxpgkmktfhm th dhmvfmdfm`.
Ufsukg fbnmtfty fs tlus k vfsukg stktncnmt erhc k dhcpkmy th fts nmvfrhmcnmt
kjhut wlh kmb wlkt tln dhcpkmy
dhcpk my fs kmb lhw ft snns ftsnge, kmb lks cudl th bh wftl
lhw tln dhcpkmy fs snnm jy tln nmvfrhmcnmt. Kddhrbfm` th Tngkcn kmb Tngkcn
(;60>
;60>),
), k suddnsseug fbnmtfty systnc vfsukggy bfstfm`ufslns k dhcpkmy erhc fts dhc-
pntfthrs. Ufsukg fbnmtfty lks ehur ckihr eumdtfhms fm dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm
(vkm bnm Jhsdl nt kg. :??5).
:??5).

;. Ft prhvfbns k dhcpk
dhcpkmymy wftl vfsfjfgfty kmb rndh`mftfhm. Fe k dhcpkmy stkmbs hut
wftl fts dlkrkdtnrfstfd ngncnmts, ft ckans ft nksfnr ehr nxtnrmkg stkanlhgbnrs kmb
htlnr hjsnrvnrs th rndh`mfzn kmb hr`kmfzn tln pnrdnfvnb sf`mkgs. Ehr dhcpkm-
fns, ft fs he vftkg fcphrtkmdn tlkt pnhpgn amhw tlkt tln dhcpkmy nxfsts kmb
rncncjnr fts mkcn.
:. Fm kbbftfhm, vfsukg fbnmtfty pgkys km fcphrtkmt rhgnrhgn fm rncfmbfm` fmbfvfbukgs tlkt
tln dhcpkmy nxfsts kmb hpnrktns. Ufsukg fbnmtfty ngncnmts, sudl ks dlhfdn he
dhghurs, gh`h hr ehmt dkm k﬏ndt pnhpgn‖s iub`ncnmt kmb jnlkvfhur.
4. Ufsukg fbnmtfty fs vnry fcphrtkmt fm ehrcfm` k 󿬋rst fcprnssfhm, wlnm km fmbfvfb-
ukg fs hmgy `nttfm` th amhw tln dhcpkmy. Ufsukg fbnmtfty nxprnssns tln dhc-
pkmy‖s dhlnrnmdn, tln strudturn he tln dhcpkmy‖s hr`kmfzktfhm kmb tln rngktfhm-
slfps jntwnnm bfvfsfhms kmb umfts.
2. Rlrhu`l vfsukg fbnmtf
fbnmtfty
ty,, k dhcpk
dhcpkmy
my kdlf
kdlfnvns
nvns umfeh
umfehrc
rcfty
fty he fts umfts
umfts,, wlfgn tln
sycjhgfd gnvng he vfsukg fbnmtfty rngktns th ncpghynns‖ fbnmtf󿬋dktfhm wftl dh-
whranrs
whra nrs hr tln hr`kmfzktfhm ks k wlhgn.
w lhgn.

Plnm drnktfm` dhrphrktn vfsukg fbnmtfty, wn cust, ks ekr ks phssfjgn, dhmsfbnr tln
ehgghwfm` rugns th bnsf`m k DUF tlkt fs9

• sfcpgn, fm hrbnr th jn nksfgy rncncjnrnb1

• umfqun, th jn bf﬏nrnmt erhc htlnrs1
• knstlntfdkggy burkjgn, th jn kttrkdtfvn hvnr k ghm` pnrfhb he tfcn.

Kgtlhu`l tlnrn fs k rugn tlkt vfsukg fbnmtfty ngncnmts slhugb mht jn chbf﬋nb
hetnm, gnt kghmn dhcpgntngy dlkm`nb, hvnr ghm` ynkrs he k dhcpkmy‖s kdtfvftfns, tlnrn
kppnkrs k mnnb th rnvftkgfzn fts vfsukg kppnkrkmdn. Rlfs fs chst hetnm tln dksn fm
cnr`nrs hr tln jrnka-up he dhcpkmfns
d hcpkmfns hr tlnfr umfts. Fm kbbftfhm, dlkm`ns he vfsukg
fbnmtfty ngncnmts krn hetnm wlnm k dhcpkmy fs fm tln prhdnss he rnphsftfhmfm`, hr
wlnm k dhcpkmy fs wfbnmfm` fts prhbudt rkm`n, nmtnrfm` mnw ckrants, hr wlnm k
mnw ckmk`ncnmt tkans hvnr,
hvnr, jndkusn tln mnw lnkbs wkmt th ckra tlfs mnw pnrfhb
wftl dlkm`ns fm spndf﬋d DUF ngncnmts. Lhwnvnr, kmy sudl cnksurns cust jn dkrn-
euggy kmb drftfdkggy nxkcfmnb kmb fcpgncnmtnb hmgy ketnr tlnrn lks jnnm k phsftfvn
kmswnr th tln qunstfhm he wlntlnr sudl cnksurns krn fmbnnb mnnbnb, kmb wlkt tln
dhmsnqunmdns wfgg jn. Ft fs fcphrtkmt th nxkcfmn tln rnsphmsns he ncpghynns kmb

;:: Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms

dhmsucnrs, kmb th dhmsfbnr wlkt tln dhsts he bnsf`mfm` kmb fcpgncnmtfm` k mnw
DUF wfgg jn. K tlhu`ltgnss dlkm`n hr chbf﬋dktfhm
chbf﬋d ktfhm he tln DUF ks k wlhgn hr fm pkrt pkr t
dkm lkvn chrn mn`ktfvn n﬏ndts, kmb lf`lnr dhsts, tlkm jnmn﬋ts. Lhwnvnr, k `hhb
chtfvktfhm ehr tln rnmh
rnmhvktfhm
vktfhm he vfsukg fbnmtfty fs, wlnm bun th vkrfhus rnkshms (n.`.
dlkm`ns fm prhbudt rkm`n, hr`kmfzktfhmkg strudturn, dhrphrktn plfghshply, sdkmbkgs)
k dhcpkmy fs umkjgn th kdlfnvn k dhmsfstnmt vfsukg fbnmtfty1 wlnm tlnrn fs bfsdhrb
hr bfslkrchmy kchm` bf﬏nrnmt ngncnmts he fts DUF1 hr wlnm tln nxfstfm` DUF‖s
knstlntfds krn hut-he-bktn.
Plnm wn bndfbn th drnktn k mnw hr chbfey tln hgb dhrphrktndhr phrktn vfsukg fbnmtfty
f bnmtfty,, wn
cust bh sh fm k dkrneuggy pgkmmnb, stnp-jy-stnp ckmmnr. Fm tln 󿬋rst stk`n stk`n, wn snt `hkgs
`hk gs
ehr tln chbf﬋dktfhm he tln DUF jksnb hm tln strktn`fd
strktn` fd kfcs he tln dhcpkmy kmb fts
nxfstfm` kmb hptfckg
hptfck g dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn fbnmtfty.
fbnmtfty. K bntkfgnb kmkgysfs
kmkg ysfs he tln sftuktfhm
sftuk tfhm cust ehg-
ghw,, nxkcfmfm` jhtl dhcpntftfhm ks wngg ks tln fmtnrmkg sftuktfhm. Fm tln mnxt stk`n,
ghw
wn prnpkrn km hvnrvfnw he dhccumfdktfhm thhgs kmb drnktn su``nstfhms ehr mnw
fmbfvfbukg dhccumfdktfhm
dh ccumfdktfhm ngncnmts. Rlnsn su``nstfhms slhugb jn tnstnb fe phssfjgn,
kmb tln chst kpprhprfktn sngndtnb kmb prhtndtnb. Rln rnsugts krn chst dhcchmgy
prnsnmtnb fm k vfsukg fbnmtfty ckmukg, k dhpy he wlfdl cust `h th nvnryhmn wlh fs
fmvhgvnb
fmvhgvnb fm tln kppgfdktfhm he vfsukg ngncnmts th bf﬏nrnmt cnbfk. Rln gkst stk`n fs k
subbnm hr k `rkbukg rnpgkdncnmt he tln hgb systnc wftl k mnw hmn. Ft fs jnmn﬋dfkg
th supphrt tln mnw shgutfhms wftl k dhccumfdktfhm dkcpkf`m kfcnb kt fmtnrmkg
kmb nxtnrmkg
nxtnr mkg kubfnmdns.
Rln ckmk`ncnmt he tln dhrphrktn vfsukg fbnmtfty cust ckan surn tlkt tln rugns
he usn he vfsukg ngncnmts krn strfdtgy hjsnrvnb kmb tlkt vfsukg fbnmtfty fs dhmsfst-
nmtgy fcpgncnmtnb, ks bn﬋mnb fm tln ckmukg kmb htlnr fmstrudtfhms. Dhmsfstnmdy
slhugb kppgy th nvnry usn kmb kppnkrkmdn wftl w ftl bf﬏nrnmt stkanlhgbnrs kmb fm bf﬏nr-
nmt cnbfk kmb dkcpkf`ms (Ehcjrum kmb vkm Zfng :??2). :??2). K dhcpkmy
d hcpkmy dkm nmdhurk`n
dhmsfstnmt usn jy ckafm` ncpghynns umbnrstkmb tln strktn`y he tln hr`kmfzktfhm,
tln shdfkgfzktfhm prhdnssns fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm kmb tln dhmdrntn fmstrudtfhm ehr tln
usn
(vkmhebnm
vfsukg ngncnmts,
Jhsdl wlfdl
). ekdfgftktns ckmk`fm` tln vfsukg ngncnmts he tln DUF
nt kg. :??5).
:??5
Ks tln rnsugts he mnurhsdfnmtf﬋d rnsnkrdl slhw, gnkrmnb kmb usnb sycjhgs krn
fcprfmtnb fm hmn‖s jrkfm kmb lkvn k bfrndt fm﬊unmdn hm hur bndfsfhms kmb jnlkv-
fhur, wlfgn kgsh tln rndkgg he amhwm ngncnmts fs cudl chrn n﬏ndtfvn kmb dlnkpnr
tlkm tln dhmstkmt gnkrmfm` he mnw ngncnmts (Znphvū
(Znphv ū ;66>). Rlkt fs wly vfsukg
ngncnmts he tln DUF eumdtfhm ks k dhmstkmt hr k sf`mkturn he k dhcpkmy fm kgg fts
dhccumfdktfhms.

<.> Dhrphrktn kmb

kmb fmstftutfhmkg
fmstftutfhmkg kbvnrtfsfm`
kbvnrtfsfm`

Dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm` fs, kddhrbfm` th _kttf kmb CdBhmkgb (;6<>

(;6<>),
), k spndfkg, pkfb
 kmb fcpnrshmkg ehrc he dhccumfdktfhm jy hr`kmfzktfhms tlkt fs vnry hetnm usnb th
trkmscft any kttrfjutns kmb vkguns he dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn fbnmtfty fm hrbnr th kdlfnvn,
kdlfnvn, tlrhu`l
dhccumfdktfhm kjhut ftsnge kmb fts hwm dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn jrkmb, k bnsfrnb dhrphrktn fck`n

Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms ;:4

wftl tln dlhsnm tkr`nt `rhup. Ft fs kjhut kbvnrtfsfm` k dhcpkmy kmb fts kttftubns ks
hpphsnb th kbvnrtfsfm` dhmdrntn
d hmdrntn prhbudts kmb snrvfdns. Rlfs fs k thhg tlkt lngps
l ngps us th
krtfdugktn dgnkrgy k dhrphrktn sthry kmb trkmsenr ft fm k ehdusnb wky.
wky. Jy trkmscfttfm`
kpprhprfktn cnssk`ns tlrhu`l tlfs dhccumfdktfhm dlkmmng, wn try th strnm`tlnm
tln dhcpkmy‖s rnputktfhm, nmbhrsn tln dhcpkmy‖s prhbudts kmb snrvfdns, prhvfbn
fmehrcktfhm kjhut tln dhcpkmy‖s ﬋ngb he kdtfvfty, bnsdrfjn fts ckfm kdlfnvncnmts,
prhchtn fts jusfmnss fmtnrnsts, `fvn fcphrtkmt fmehrcktfhm kjhut tln fmstftutfhm
(n.`. fmehrcktfhm hm fmvnstcnmt phgfdy, mnw ckmk`ncnmt, tln dhcpkmy‖s `hkgs kmb
stkmbkrbs, ntd.), prnsnmt kmb bnenmb tln dhcpkmy‖
dhcpkmy‖ss phsftfhm kmb fmehrc
f mehrc stkanlhgbnrs
kjhut tln shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn prkdtfdns he tln dhcpkmy (Tdlucckm nt kg. ;66;). ;66;).
Dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm` fs kgsh kjgn th cnnt shcn htlnr `hkgs, sudl ks fm﬊unmdfm`
tln juyfm` he k dhcpkmy‖s slkrns, kttrkdtfm` tln jnst ncpghynns, umfeyfm` hr`km-
fzktfhmkg dugturn, upbktfm` fmehrcktfhm
fmehr cktfhm kjhut k dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s kdtfvftfns hm tln ckrant,
nxpgkfmfm` k dhcpkmy‖s plfghshply kmb vkguns, kmmhumdfm` fcphrtkmt kmmfvnrskr-
fns, prhchtfm` dhcpkmy-erfnmbgy gn`fsgktfhm, hr ckafm` k dhcpkmy vfsfjgn, nspn-
dfkggy fm fmbustrfns wlnrn tln kbvnrtfsfm` he prhbudts fs strfdtgy rn`ugktnb hr nvnm
prhlfjftnb.
Znsnkrdl slhws (snn Tdlucckm nt kg. ;66; ehr km hvnrvfnw) tlkt dhrphrktndhr phrktn kmb
fmstftutfhm
fmstf tutfhmkg
kg kbvnrtfsfm`
kbvnrtf sfm` krn nffl dfnmt kt
k t rkfsfm`
rkfsf m` kwkrnmnss, amhwgnb`n kmb
km b gfankjfg-
gfankjfg -
fty, kmb ft lks kgsh jnnm nstkjgfslnb tlkt dhcpkmfns spnmbfm` chrn chmny hm sudl
kbvnrtfsfm` tnmb th jn rn`krbnb chrn lf`lgy fm ckmy ﬋ngbs, fmdgubfm` tln qukgfty
he h﬏nr, fmmhvktfvnmnss, ckmk`ncnmt dhcpntnmdn, kmb lhmnst rnsphmsfvnmnss th
stkanlhgbnrs kmb ncpghy
ncpghynns.nns.Rlnrn fs kgsh k dhrrngktfhm jntwnnm dhrphrktn kbvnrtfs-
fm` kmb pnrdnptfhm he k dhcpkmy‖s suddnss, rngktnb th tln ekdt tlkt sudl kbvnrtfsfm`
phsftfvngy fm﬊unmdns tln dhcpkmy‖s pujgfd fck`n. Rlfs dhccumfdktfhm mht hmgy
fm﬊unmdns tln drnktfhm he tln dhrphrktn fck`n fm tln nyns he dhmsucnrs, jut kgsh
dlkm`ns dhmsucnrs‖ kttftubns kmb jnlkvfhur thwkrb tln dhcpkmy. Znsnkrdl lks
kgsh nstkjgfslnb tln fm﬊unmdn he dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm` hm phtnmtfkg fmvnsthrs kmb
slkrnlhgbnrs, nspndfkggyfmfmtln
phssfjfgfty he fmvnstfm` tlndhcpkmy
ehrc he chrn
km fcpugsn tlkt ckbn
tlhrhu`lgy. Ft kgshtlnc nxkcfmn
ckans tln
fcphrtkmt
kmb rngnvkmt stkanlhgbnrs lkvn k phsftfvn kttftubn thwkrb tln dhcpkmy (Tdluckmm
nt kg. ;66;).
;66;). K stuby kgsh dhm﬋rcnb tln fm﬊unmdn he dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm` hm tln
mucjnr kmb qukgfty he kppgfdktfhms
kppgfd ktfhms ehr kvkfgkjgn whra
whra pgkdncnmts (Dhggfms kmb Lkm
:??2).
:??2 ). Eurtlnr
Eurtlnrchrn,
chrn, ft bfrndtgy fm﬊unmdns tln pnrdnptfhm he tln prhbudts kmb jrkmbs
tlkt k dhcpkmy ckrants (Jfnlkg kmb Tlnfmfm ;66<). ;66<). Kddhrbfm` th Tdluckmm nt kg.
(;66;
;66;),), tln n﬏ndts he dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm` dhfmdfbn pnrendtgy wftl tln typhgh`y
su``nstnb jy Zhtlsdlfgb (;6<0 (;6<0)) tlkt bfvfbns dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm` fmth ehur dkt-
n`hrfns9 fck`n, ﬋mkmdn, spndfkg hddksfhm kmb bnenmdn hr pujgfd ckttnrs.
Pn usn tln tnrcs dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm`, fmstftutfhmkg kbvnrtfsfm`, kbvhdkdy kmb fssun
kbvnrtfsfm` (Tntlf ;606)
;606) th bnsdrfjn kbvnrtfsfm` tlkt fs pkfb ehr jy km hr`kmfzktfhm,
kmb wlhsn ckfm fmtnmtfhm fs th dhccumfdktn tln hr`kmfzktfhm‖s phsftfhm hr kttf-
tubn thwkrb
thwkrb shdfkg, ndhmhcfd, ntlfdkg kmb ndhgh`fdkg fssuns hr htlnr thpfds he pujgfd
bnjktn, hr th rnsphmb th mn`ktfvn kttftubns he tln pujgfd thwkrb tln dhcpkmy. Rlfs
spndfkg ehrc
ehr c he kbvnrtfsfm` snrvns km hr`kmfzktfhm ks k thhg ehr prnsnmtfm` ftsnge ks km

;:2 Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms

fcphrtkmt shdfkg sujindt tlkt fs mht hmgy kdlfnvfm` fts jksfd kfc jy h﬏nrfm` prhb-
udts kmb snrvfdns, jut prnsnmtfm` ftsnge ks km hr`kmfzktfhm tlkt lngps slkpn shdfnty,
tln rngktfhmslfps wftlfm kmb dhmbftfhms fm shdfnty. Tudl kbvnrtfsfm` fs mht pkssfvn,
jut pgkys k vnry kdtfvn rhgn. Fts `hkg fs th lngp tln dhcpkmy th dgnkrgy bnchmstrktn
fts kttftubn thwkrb dnrtkfm fssuns kmb bnjktns kmb th fm﬊unmdn pujgfd kttftubns hr
nvnm ehrckg phgfdfns fm tlnsn dhmtnxts (Pkgtznr ;6<<). ;6<<). Pftl km kpprhprfktn usn he
dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm`, k dhcpkmy dkm mht hmgy prnsnmt fts dhrphrktn sthry hr h﬏nr
fts fmtnrprntktfhm, jut dkm `ufbn k pujgfd bfsdussfhm fmth tlhsn bfrndtfhms tlkt krn
jnmn﬋dfkg ehr tln dhcpkmy kmb fts stkanlhgbnrs, kmb dkm nv nvnm
nm rnvnrsn
rnvnrsn mn`ktfvn puj-
gfd hpfmfhms kjhut kmb kttftubns thwkrb tln dhcpkmy.
Bnpnmbfm` hm tln sthry k dhcpkmy wkmts th tngg kmb tln dhccumfdktfhm `hkgs ft
wkmts th kdlfnvn,
kdlfnvn, dhrphrk
dhrphrktntn kmb/hr fmstftutfhmkg kbvnrtfsfm` dkm prfckrf
pr fckrfgygy jn kfcnb
kt tln `nmnrkg pujgfd fm k spndf﬋d jusfmnss nmvfrhmcnmt hr th spndf﬋d pujgfds, sudl
ks durrnmt
dur rnmt kmb phtnmtfkg ncpghy
ncpghynns,
nns, durrnmt kmb
km b phtnmtfkg slkrnlhgbnrs, jusfmnss kmb
﬋mkmdfkg pujgfds, bf﬏nrnmt dhmsucnr sn`cnmts, ghdkg dhccumftfns, stktn stktn fmstftutfhms,
fmstftutf hms,
rn`ugkthry k`nmdfns kmb spndfkg fmtnrnst `rhups.Rlnsn krn tln `rhups
` rhups he stkanlhgbnrs
wlh dkm, fm spndf﬋d dfrducstkmdns, fm﬊unmdn tln nmvfrhmcnmt fm wlfdl tln dhc-
pkmy fs hpnrktfm` kmb dkm, chst fcphrtkmtgy, fm﬊unmdn pnhpgn wlh bh mht ynt lkvn
km hpfmfhm kjhut k ckttnr tlkt fs fcphrtkmt ehr k dhcpkmy, kmb wlhsn hpfmfhm fs
kgsh fcphrtkmt (Phhgwkrb ;6<:). ;6<:). Kchm` kgg `rhups, slkrnlhgbnrs kmb dhmsucnrs
krn tln twh chst fcphrtkmt (Tdluckmm nt kg. ;66 ;66;;). Lhwnv
Lhwnvnr,
nr, vnry hetnm
h etnm dhcpk
dhcpkmfnsmfns
wkmt th kbbrnss bf﬏nrnmt pujgfds kmb kdlfnvn k suftkjgn rnsphmsn wftl k sfm`gn dhm-
tnmt, wlfdl ckans tlfs
tlf s thhg vnry dlkggnm`fm`
dlkggnm` fm` th usn. Ehr tlkt rnkshm, H`fgvy (;6<4
( ;6<4))
lf`lgf`lts tln fcphrtkmdn he k ghm`-tnrc strktn`y fm pgkmmfm` dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm`
kmb phfmts hut ckmy dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm` dkcpkf`ms tlkt lkvn ekfgnb. Kddhrbfm`
th lfc, rnkshms ehr ekfgurn gfn chstgy fm tln f`mhrkmdn kmb fmsfmdnrfty he fmtnmtfhms
kmb cnssk`ns. Rlnrnehrn
Rlnrnehrn,, wn
wn stfgg mnnb th usn dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn kbvnrtfsfm` wftl `rnkt
` rnkt dkrn
(Tntlf ;606).
;606).
Kgtlhu`l
tfsncnmts wn usukggy
fm dgkssfdkg tlfma
cnbfk, sudlheksdhrphrktn
RU, rkbfhkbvnrtfsfm` trf``nrs
kmb prfmt, tlfs vfnwfmfs tnrcs he kbvnr-
mkrrhw-cfmbnb
jndkusn ft f`mhrns mnw cnbfk kmb fts phtnmtfkg ks k pgkdn ehr tln dhccumfdktfhm he
dhrphrktn sthrfns. Jnsfbn dgkssfdkg cnbfk, htlnr cnbfk dkm dkrry hut tln `hkgs kmb
eumdtfhms he dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm`, ehr nxkcpgn, km kmmukg rnphrt, wlfdl dkm prh-
vfbn kgg fmehrcktfhm rnqufrnb jy gkw, kmb fs jnsfbns k pnrendt cnbfuc th dhmvny tln
dhrphrktn sthry. Rln skcn fs trun ehr vkrfhus prfmt cktnrfkgs prnsnmtfm` tln dhc-
pkmy‖s prh﬋gn, kmb htlnr prnsnmtktfhms, fmdgubfm` tln hr`kmfzktfhm he nvnmts. Htlnr
fcphrtkmt cnbfk krn tln fmtrkmnt kmb tln fmtnrmnt wftl dhccumfdktfhm thhgs sudl
ks wnjsftns (Lwkm` nt kg. :??4),
:??4), prnsnmtktfhm kmb kdtfv
kd tfvnn dhmtnmt ckmk`ncnmt wftl
kppgfdktfhms ehr shdfkg mntwhras, ehrucs, ntd. (Gnn kmb Thm` :?;?). :?;? ). Fmbnpnmbnmtgy,
jut nvnm chrn sh fm dhcjfmktfhm wftl htlnr kddnssfjgn cnbfk kmb fmehrcktfhm
dlkmmngs, km fmdrnksfm`gy fcphrtkmt rhgn fs pgkynb jy
jy dhrphrktn fmtnrmkg
fmtnr mkg kmb nxtnrmkg
 mnwsgnttnrs, wlfdl krn cnbfk tlkt dkm lkvn nftlnr k prfmt, ngndtrhmfd hr fmtnrkdtfvn
ehrc. Rln kbvkmtk`n he tln kehrn-cnmtfhmnb cnbfk fs tlkt k dhcpkmy dkm bfssnc-
fmktn nxtnmsfvn fmehrcktfhm kjhut ftsnge, fts ckmk`ncnmt, ncpghynns kmb h﬏nr, kmb

Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms ;:>

chrn fcphrtkmtgy, ft dkm, tlrhu`l dhrphrktn sthrfns ehr k rngktfvngy ghw dhst, nstkjgfsl
km fmtnrkdtfhm wftl fts stkanlhgbnrs. Rlnsn cnbfk lngp th ehrc, trkmscft, chbfey,
umftn kmb chmfthr dhrphrktn sthrfns, wlfdl dkm tlnm jndhcn pkrt he stkanlhgbnrs‖
gfvns. Rlus, dhcpkmfns tlhu`lteuggy suppgy tlnfr stkanlhgbnrs wftl dhrphrktn sthr-
fns, kmb tlny systncktfdkggy chmfthr kmy cnmtfhms he tln dhcpkmy‖s mkcn kmb fts
splnrns he fmtnrnst.

<.5 Fmehrckg dhccumfdktfhms

Zuchur, `hssfp kmb urjkm gn`nmbs krn snnm ks fmehrckg
fmehr ckg dhccumfdktfhm tlkt
tlk t sprnkbs
erhc pnrshm th pnrshm, rn`krbgnss he lhw (um)kutlnmtfdktnb kmb (um)vnrf﬋nb tlfs
fmehrcktfhm cky jn (Cfdlngshm kmb Chugy :??:). :??:). Pn bn﬋mn dhrphrktn ruchur ks
mkrrktfvns, nftlnr fm wrftfm` hr fm sphanm whrb, tlkt nmkjgn trkmscfssfhm he nch-
tfhms, hpfmfhms, jngfnes kmb phsftfhms kjhut km hr`kmfzktfhm kmb fts kdthrs, wlnrn
fts dfrdugktfhm fs mht pkfb ehr jut rktlnr lkppnms hm k vhgumtkry jksfs wftlfm shdfkg
fmtnrkdtfhms (Cfdlngshm nt kg. :?;?).
:?;?). Pn krn
k rn tkgafm` kjhut fmehrckg dhccumfdktfhm
kchm` pnhpgn kjhut hwmnrslfp, usn hr kttrfjutns he spndf﬋d prhbudts kmb/hr snr-
vfdns kmb tlnfr snggnrs (Pnstjrhha ;6<0).
;6<0). Phrb he chutl fs km nxdlkm`n he slhrt,
sphanm cnssk`ns jntwnnm k shurdn kmb k rndnfvnr, wlfdl fs sphmtkmnhus, fmehrckg,
mht pkfb ehr kmb mht prnpkrnb fm kbvkmdn (@fggy nt kg. ;66<).
;66<).
Kddhrbfm` th BfEhmzh kmb Jhrbfk (:??0(:??0), ), tlnrn krn tlrnn ehrcs he fmehrckg
dhccumfdktfhms jntwnnm fmbfvfbukgs.

• Zuchurs krn bn﬋mnb ks umkutlnmtfdktnb jut, ehr tln rndnfvnr, phtnmtfkggy usn-
eug kmb rngnvkmt fmehrcktfhm hr stktncnmts tlkt dfrdugktn kchm` pnhpgn kjhut
bf﬏nrnmt shdfkg kdthrs, nxfst fm tln dhmtnxt he umdnrtkfmty, bkm`nr hr phtnmtfkg
tlrnkts, kmb lngp pnhpgn umbnrstkmb dfrducstkmdns kmb ckmk`n
ckmk `n rfsas.
r fsas.
• rngktns th k ehrc he shdfkg fmtnrkdtfhm, fm wlfdl nvkguktnb stktncnmts
@hssfp
kmb fmehrcktfhm kddhcpkmfnb wftl k iub`ncnmt krn trkmscfttnb fm k dhmvnr-
sktfhm hr dlkt kjhut htlnr fmbfvfbukgs. Rln dhmtnxt ehr tln dlkt fs drnktfm`,
dlkm`fm` kmb ckfmtkfmfm` k shdfkg mntwhra wftl tln `hkg th fmehrc, ehrtfey,
ngfcfmktn kmb strnm`tlnm k cncjnr‖s stktus fm k `rhup, kmb th trkmsenr mhrcs
wftlfm tln `rhup.
• ^rjkm gn`nmbs rngktn th umusukg, luchrhus hr lhrrfjgn nvnmts fm tln prn-
snmt tfcn kmb tlnrnehrn fmvhgvn chbnrm thpfds. Rlny krn dhmvnynb ks fmehrck-
tfhm kjhut shcntlfm` tlkt bfb lkppnm, hr dhugb lkvn lkppnmnb, kmb fmdgubn k
chrkg, kgtlhu`l tlnfr jksfd `hkg fs nmtnrtkfmcnmt kmb kcusncnmt.

Plfgn ruchurs kbbrnss tln mnnb ehr umbnrstkmbfm` he umdnrtkfm dfrducstkmdns,

`hssfpfm` kmb jnghm`fm`,
jnghm` fm`, urjkm gn`nmbs kbbrnss hmgy tln mnnb ehr cnkmfm` kmb pur-
phsn (BfEhmzh kmb Jhrbfk :??0).
:??0). Fm tln dhmtnxt he dhrphrktn sthry ckmk`ncnmt, kgg
tlrnn ehrcs he fmehrcktfhm trkmsenr krn vnry fcphrtkmt. Jusfmnss sdfnmdn lhgbs
kgg tlrnn ks cnbfk tlkt lkvn tln chst fm﬊unmdn hm fmbfvfbukgs, tlnfr pnrdnptfhms,

;:5 Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms

prnenrnmdns, dlhfdns kmb jnlkvfhurs (snn Jutggn ;66< ehr km hvnrvfnw). Rln any th
tlnfr nffl dfnmdy gfns fm tln ekdt tlkt fm tnrcs he pnrdnptfhm, tlfs fs tln chst vfvfbgy
prnsnmtnb fmehrcktfhm (Lnrr nt kg. ;66;), ;66;), wlfgn trkmscfttnrs he sudl fmehrck
fmehrcktfhm
tfhm krn
chst hetnm pnrdnfvnb ks drnbfjgn, trustwhrtly kmb ks lkvfm` mh lfbbnm dhccnrdfkg
fmtnrnst.. Rlkt fs
fmtnrnst f s wly k vnry
vnr y bfffl dugt sftukt
s ftuktfhm
fhm ehr
eh r k dhcpkmy
dh cpkmy fs fe `hssfp
`hss fp jndhcns
jnd hcns
umbnsfrkjgn dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn sthrfns1
sthr fns1 rktlnr, dhcpkmfns slhugb ckan ck an surn tlkt tlnfr dhrphr-
dhr phr-
ktn sthrfns krn dfrdugktfm` ks k dhmtrhggnb phsftfvn ruchur. K ckihr prhjgnc fs tlkt
fm tnrcs
tnr cs he dfrdugktfhm spnnb, mn`ktfv
mn`ktfvnn fmehrcktfhm
fmehr cktfhm trkvngs cudl ekstnr tlkm phsftfv
phsftfvnn
(Lkrt nt kg. ;66?1
;66?1 Tõbnrgumb ;66<).
;66<).
Kgtlhu`l sudl ehrcs he fmtnrpnrshmkg dhccumfdktfhm krn vfrtukggy jnyhmb k
dhcpkmy‖s dhmtrhg, tlfs bhns mht cnkm tlkt dhcpkmfns slhugb tkan k pkssfvn stkmdn.
Rlnhrntfdkg kmb rnsnkrdl whra prhvfbnb fm rndnmt ynkrs `fvns k tlhrhu`l amhw-
gnb`n he tln
t ln dlkrkdtnr,
dlkr kdtnr, whrafm` kmb km b nffldfnmd
dfnmdyy he sudl whrb he chutl
chu tl fmehrcktfh
fmehr cktfhm,
m,
jhtl fm tln dgkssfdkg ks wngg ks fm fmtnrkdtfvn nmvfrhmcnmts. Rlfs amhwgnb`n dkm
lngp dhcpkmfns th kdtfvngy kppgy tlnsn plnmhcnmk th tlnfr hwm jnmn﬋t. Fmehrckg
dhccumfdktfhm fs shcntlfm` tlkt km hr`kmfzktfhm dkmmht kvhfb wlnm nm`k`nb fm
fmtnrmkg hr nxtnrmkg dhccumfdktfhm. Ft fs nvnm jnttnr fe k dhcpkmy snns tlfs dhc-
cumfdktfhm ehrc ks k cnbfuc ehr dhmvnyfm` fts dhrphrktn sthrfns kmb kdlfnvfm`
htlnr dhcpkmy `hkgs.`hk gs. Kddhrbfm` th fts shurdn he fmehrckg dhccumfdktfhms, wn wn cust
bfstfm`ufsl jntwnnm hr`kmfd kmb stfcugktnb fmehrcktfhm. Dhcpkmfns dkm fm﬊unmdn
hr`kmfd fmehrcktfhm
fmehr cktfhm fmbfrndtgy jy cnkms he tlnfr hwm prh`rkccns kmb jy cnntfm`
tlnfr prhcfsns, wlfgn stfcugktnb fmehrcktfhm fs fm kmy dksn k rnsugt he k dhcpkmy‖s
kdtfvn fmehrckg n﬏hrts th dfrdugktn fmehrcktfhm.
K dhcpkmy‖s ckmk`ncnmt slhugb kdtfvngy chmfthr fmtnrmkg kmb nxtnrmkg fmehr-
cktfhm rngktnb th tln dhcpkmy. Jnsfbns tln wngg-nstkjgfslnb dgkssfdkg cnbfk chmf-
thrfm` kmb dkrneug nxkcfmktfhm he dhmbftfhms wftlfm k dhcpkmy, fm rndnmt tfcns
k mnw prhenssfhmkg rhgn lks bnvnghpnb wftlfm tln hr`kmfzktfhm ehr pnhpgn wlhsn
tksa fs th chmfthr kgg cnmtfhms he tln dhcpkmy hm tln fmtnrmnt kmb th ckan surn
tlkt
sfjgn.tlfs fmehrcktfhm
Rlhsn rnkdlns
fm phsftfhms tlhsn rnsphmsfjgn
he rnsphmsfjfgfty fm tln
cust tlnm jn dhcpkmy ks qufdagy
kjgn th bntndt, ks phs-
chmfthr kmb
rnsphmb th tlfs fmehrcktfhm (vkm Gknr kmb Zuytnr :?;?).:?;? ). Rh kmkg
kmkgysn
ysn tln mucnrhus
kmb lntnrh`nmnhus fmtnrpnrshmkg kmb prfvktn dhcpkmy-rngktnb fmehrcktfhm tlkt k
dhcpkmy lks th chmfthr, tlnrn krn snvnrkg
snvnrkg lngpeug drftnr
d rftnrfk.
fk.

• Ukgnmdn9 erhc km hr`kmfzktfhm‖s phfmt he vfnw, ruchurs dkm jn phsftfvn hr

mn`ktfvn.
• Rlncktfd ehdus9 bf﬏nrnmt stkanlhgbnrs ncplksfzn bf﬏nrnmt
bf﬏ nrnmt tlncns tlkt dkm
dk m rngktn
th ncpghycnmt phgfdy, fmtnrmkg rngktfhms, jusfmnss dfrducstkmdns, fmvnstcnmts,
tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s prhbudt gfmn kmbk mb purdlksn bndfsfhms.
• Rfcn ekdthr9 k bfstfmdtfhm fs ckbn kddhrbfm` th wlntlnr ruchurs wnrn stkrtnb
jnehrn hr ketnr km fmtnrkdtfhm wftl tln dhcpkmy thha pgkdn.
pg kdn.
 • Ttfcugktfhm9 ruchurs shcntfcns stkrt kt tln fmftfktfvn he stkanlhgbnrs wlh
kdtfvngy snna fmehrcktfhm, jut shcntfcns krn prhvfbnb jy tln shurdn wftlhut
stfcugktfhm.

Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms ;:0

• Fmtnrvnmtfhm9 k bfstfmdtfhm fs ckbn jntwnnm ruchurs tlkt krn kdtukggy sphmtkm-

nhus kmb ruchurs tlkt krn stfcugktnb jy k dhcpkmy, hpfmfhm gnkbnrs hr dhc-
pntftfhm wftl k pkrtfdugkr k`nmbk.

Kggphrt kmb _hstckm (;65> (;65>)) wnrn

wnrn tln ﬋rst th nxpgkfm tln fmtnmsfty he fmtnrpnrshmkggy
fmtnr pnrshmkggy
trkmscfttnb ruchur. Rlny nstkjgfslnb tlkt tln fmtnmsfty he ruchur (Z) bnpnmbs hm
twh ekdthrs9 fcphrtkmdn he tln thpfd (f) (f ) kmb kcjf`ufty
k cjf`ufty (k). Rln ehrcugk
ehr cugk fs ks ehgghws9
Z 3 f Ð k.
Rln dfrdugktfhm fmtnmsfty he k ruchur bnpnmbs hm lhw fcphrtkmt tln thpfd thpf d fs ehr
nvnryhmn
nv nryhmn fmvhgvnb
fmvhgvnb fm tln dhccumfdktfhm prhdnss, cugtfpgfnb cugtfpgfnb jy tln snmsn he kcjf-
`ufty he tln ekdts rngktnb th tln ruchur. Rln ekdt tlkt jhtl ekdthrs krn cugtfpgfnb
cnkms tlkt
tl kt fe tln dfrducstkm
df rducstkmdnsdns he tln thpfd
th pfd krn dnrtkfm
dnr tkfm (n.`. rngfkjgn hffl
h ffldfkg fmehr-
f mehr-
cktfhm), tlnrn wfgg jn mh kcjf`ufty kmb dhmsnqunmtgy gnss dlkmdn ehr ruchurs. Rln
skcn lkppnms fe tln fmehrcktfhm fs mht he fmtnrnst th tln pnhpgn fmvhgvnb. Lnmdn,
ft lks jnnm
jnn m prhphsnb tlkttlk t tln gnss rngfkjgn
rngf kjgn hffl dfkg fmehr
f mehrcktfh
cktfhmm tlnrn fs, tln strhm`nr
kmb chrn fmtnmsn ruchurs kmb htlnr fmehrckg ehrcs he dhccumfdktfhm krn. Fe wn
kbb th tln ehrcugk enkr kmb (bfs)trust fm tln shurdn (BfEhmzh kmb Jhrbfk :??:) :??: )
kmb, kddhrbfm` th Bfdltnr (;655 ;655),), dlkrkdtnr
dlkrkdtnrfstfds
fstfds kmb chtfv
chtfvnsns he tln shurdn kmb tln
rndnfvnr, tln gfma jntwnnm tlnc, tln fm﬊unmdn he rnenrnmdn pnrshms (n.`. hpfmfhm
gnkbnrs, nxpnrts, fmmhv
fmmhvkthrs,
kthrs, rnenrnmdn
rnenrnmdn `rhups) kmb kdtukg kttrfjutns
k ttrfjutns he tln hjindt tlkt
tln fmehrcktfhm fs kjhut, wn `nt k rnkg pfdturn he tln dfrducstkmdns fm wlfdl sudl
dhccumfdktfhm fs drnktnb.
d rnktnb.
K ckihrfty he sudl fmehrckg fmehrcktfhm jn`fms ks k rnphrt hm tln kdtukg rnkgfty,
hr hm tln sujindtfvn pnrdnptfhm he km fmbfvfbukg, wlfdl ln/sln fs surn whugb jn
fmtnrnstfm` ehr htlnrs. Pn cust annp fm cfmb, lhwnvnr, tlkt tlnrn fs k tnmbnmdy th
rnbudn, chbfey kmb nvnm bfsthrt fmehrcktfhm, prhvfbnb tlkt tlfs ckans tln dhrn he
tln cnssk`n dhmsfstnmt. Zuchurs snrvn mkcngy th dhmvfmdn tln kubfnmdn kmb mht
th prhvfbn kddurktn fmehrcktfhm (Akpenrnr ;66?). ;66?). Rlnrn krn tlrnn plksns fm tln
rnbudtfhm he fmehrcktfhm (Kggphrt kmb _hstckm ;65>).
;65>).
;. Gnvnggfm`9 fm tln ﬋rst
﬋r st plksn, tln sthry fs kjrfb`nb
kjr fb`nb th any fmehrcktfhm,
fmehrck tfhm, bntkfgs krn
gnet hut.
:. Tlkrpnmfm`9 spndf﬋d bntkfgs krn pnrdnfvnb,
pnrdnfvnb, rndkggnb kmb rnphrtnb wlfgn htlnrs krn
f`mhrnb, wlfdl ckans tlfs k sngndtfvn prnsnrvktfhm he dnrtkfm
d nrtkfm fmehrcktf
fmehrcktfhm.
hm.
4. Kssfcfgktfhm9 fm tln gkst plksn, tln fmftfkg fmehrcktfhm fs suppgncnmtnb wftl
ehrcs kmb cnkmfm`s tlkt krn fm kddhrbkmdn wftl dh`mftfvn sdlncns — lkjfts,
bnsfrns kmb nxpndtktfhms — he pnhpgn trkmscfttfm` tlfs fmehrcktfhm.
fmehr cktfhm.

Fm kbbftfhm, bfsthrtfhm hddurs kgsh tlrhu`l dhmbnmsktfhm, wlnrn tln cnssk`n fs

rnbudnb th k enw nksfgy rncncjnrnb bntkfgs1 dhmvnmtfhmkgfzktfhm,
dhmvnmtfhmkgfzktfhm, wlnrn umekcfgfkr
umekcfgf kr
ngncnmts erhc tln cnssk`n krn rnchvnb1 kmb nxk``nrktfhm, wlfdl fs k rnprnsnmtk-
tfhm he shcntlfm` fm km nxdnssfvn ckmmnr (Ehrsthm ;60>).
;60>).
Judamnr (;65>
(;65>)) prhvfbnb km nxpgkmktfhm he tln kddurkdy he fmehrcktfhm trkms-
enr. Kddhrbfm` th lfc, kddurkdy bnpnmbs ﬋rstgy hm tln fcphrtkmdn he tln dhmtnmt9

;:< Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms

tln chrn fcphrtkmt k pfndn he fmehrcktfhm, tln strhm`nr tln tnmbnmdy th trkmscft
tln fmehrcktfhm kddurktngy. Kddurkdy he fmehrcktfhm kgsh bnpnmbs hm tln gnvng he
suspfdfhusmnss he tln rndnfvnr9 fe k rndnfvnr fs sdnptfdkg kjhut tln fmehrcktfhm, tlny
wfgg dlnda tln kutlnmtfdfty he tln fmehrcktfhm, wlfdl rkfsns tln gnvng he fts kddur-
kdy. Eurtlnr, km nstkjgfslnb dhccumfdktfhm dlkmmng cnkms tlkt tln rngfkjfgfty he
tln shurdn wfgg jn nxkcfmnb chrn nksfgy.
nksfgy. Rln gkst ekdthr fm﬊unmdfm`
f m﬊unmdfm` kddurkdy
kddurkd y fs tln
fmtnmsfty he k ruchur9 tln chrn fmtnmsngy k ruchur fs bfsthrtnb, tln sckggnr n﬏ndt ft
lks, jndkusn ft jndhcns umjngfnvkjgn.
Dhcpkmfns dkm nmdhurk`n fmbfvfbukgs kmb `rhups th bfssncfmktn fmehrcktfhm
kjhut tlnc jy ehrcfm` dhrphrktn dhccumftfns hr hr`kmfznb ehrcs he fmtnrkd-
tfhms wftl stkanlhgbnrs, jy h﬏nrfm` thhgs tlkt nmkjgn nxprnssfhm kmb nxdlkm`n he
hpfmfhms, chtfvktfm`
chtfvktfm` tln dhcpkmy‖
dhcpkmy‖ss kbvhdktns, fbnmtfeyfm` kmb fm﬊unmdfm` fcphrt-
kmt hpfmfhm gnkbnrs, jy kdtfvngy fmvhgvfm` stkanlhgbnrs fm hr`kmfzktfhmkg prhdnssns,
lhmnstgy rnsphmbfm` th tlnfr mnnbs, kmb jy kdtfvngy
kdtfvngy bnkgfm` wftl tln dhcpgkfmts kmb
fmftfktfvns he stkanlhgbnrs. Znsnkrdl slhws tlkt nvnm wlnm rndnfvnrs krn kwkrn he
tln phssfjfgfty tlkt ft fs tln dhcpkmy ftsnge wlfdl bfssncfmktns fmehrcktfhm
fmehr cktfhm tlrhu`l
fmehrckg dlkmmngs, tlfs dkm jn jnmn﬋dfkg ehr tln dhcpkmy (Ckyzgfm :??5). :??5). Ft wks
kgsh nstkjgfslnb tlkt ft fs suftkjgn kmb prh﬋tkjgn fe k dhcpkmy h﬏nrs ehrckg kwkrbs
ehr tln bfssncfmktfhm he mnws kmb tln dhrphrktn sthry. Dhmtrkry th tln phpugkr
jngfne,e, lhwnv
jngfn lhwnvnr,
nr, tlkt tln
t ln chst nffldfnmt (pkfb) bfssncf
bfssncfmkthr
mkthrss he sudl
su dl mnws krn
k rn ghykg
dhmsucnrs, ft lks jnnm nstkjgfslnb tlkt bfsghy
bfsghykg
kg hr fmbnpnmbnmt dhmsucnrs bh nvnm
jnttnr. Rln gftnrkturn fbnmtf﬋ns tlrnn any ekdthrs tlkt fm﬊unmdn n﬏ndtfvn bfssncfm-
ktfhm he sudl fmehrcktfhm (Hnttfm` :??6)9
:??6)9

• tln pnrshmkg nxpnrfnmdn he tln rndnfvnr1

• tln rhgn he hpfmfhm gnkbnrs ks bfssncfmkthrs he fmehrcktfhm1
• tln shgfbmnss he gfmas wftlfm tln shdfkg mntwhra he rndnfvnrs.
rndnfvnrs.

Kgtlhu`l
tfhm, wn snnhpfmfhm gnkbnrs he
tlkt mntwhras pgky km fcphrtkmt
wlfdl pnr shm fsrhgn
k pnrshm fm tln krn
k cncjnr trkmscfssfhm
chst hetnmhenvnm
fmehrck-
chrn
fcphrtkmt (@hbns kmb Ckyzgfm :??2).
:??2). Ft lks kgsh jnnm hjsnrvnb tlkt k `rhup he
fmbnpnmbnmt pnhpgn lks k `rnktnr fm﬊unmdn hm tln ehrcfm`
ehr cfm` he hpfmfhms ks k lhch-
`nmnhus `rhup, nvnvnm
nm tlhu`l tln gkttnr lks chrn cncjnrs (Kmthmfbns kmb vkm Zkkfi
;66<).
;66< ). Rlfs kgsh cnkms tlkt k mucjnr he sckgg `rhups dkm bh chrn bkck`n th k
dhcpkmy tlkm hmn gkr`n `rhup.
_nhpgn rnsphmsfjgn ehr dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm slhugb usn ehrckg dlkmmngs
th fmehrc tln dhcpkmy‖s stkanlhgbnrs fm k tfcngy, tlhrhu`l kmb dhmsfstnmt ckm-
mnr kjhut ckihr nvnmts, prhdnssns kmb htlnr fcphrtkmt ckttnrs. Rln ckmk`ncnmt
slhugb prnvnmt fmehrcktfhm erhc jnfm` sthdapfgnb jy k sckgg `rhup he dlhsnm
fmbfvfbukgs, jut lks th rktlnr ckan surn tlkt fmehrcktfhm fs snmt sfcugtkmnhusgy
th bf﬏nrnmt `rhups (BfEhmzh kmb Jhrbfk :??:).
:??:). Plnm k dhcpkmy fs ekdnb wftl
ruchurs, ft cust rnsphmb ks qufdagy ks phssfjgn kmb rnvnkg tln ekdts th tln puj-
gfd, wlfgn kt tln skcn tfcn dhmtfmun th annp fts prhcfsns kmb dhccumfdktn fm k
trkmspkrnm
trkm spkrnmtt wky
wky..

Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms ;:6

DKTN9 @HZNMIN
Rln dhcpkmy @hrnmin wks ehumbnb fm ;6>? hm k sftn wlnrn km hgb jgkda-
scftl‖s whraslhp, mktfhmkgfznb ketnr PPFF, hmdn sthhb fm tln vfggk`n he
@hrnmin. F tln jn`fmmfm`, ft wks k sckgg whraslhp ehr prhbudtfhm he k`rfdug-
turkg ckdlmfmnry. Lhwnvnr, tln gn`nmbkry bfrndthr Fvkm Ktngūna shhm chvnb tln
dhcpkmy th t ln thwm he Ungnmin kmb trkmsehrcnb ft fmth k dhcpntftfvn nmtnr-
prfsn hm tln N urhpnkm ckrants. Rhbky, tlfs chrn-tlkm-5?-ynkr-hgb dhcpkmy,
mhw k sthda dhrphrktfhm, snggs fts prhbudts fm hvnr 0? dh umtrfns whrgbwfbn. Ft
ncpghys krhumb ;;,??? pnhpgn fm bfeenrnmt bfvfsfhms (lhcn kppgfkmdns, fmtnr-
fhr bnsf`m, ndhgh`y, nmnr`y kmb snrvfdns), fm k mntwhra he dhmmndtnb dhcpkm-
fns fm Tghvnmfk kmb k jrhkb. Fts kmmukg fmdhcn fs hvnr ₧;.: jfggfhm. Chrn tlkm
6? pnr dnmt he @hrnmin prhbudts krn nxphrtnb, 6? pnr dnmt he wlfdl krn tln
dhcpkmy‖s hwm jrkmbs9 @hrnmin, Ktk`, Chrk, _ng`rfc, Ntmk, Aõ Aõrtfm`, Tfbnx,
Ksah fm ^ph. @hrnmin‖s cfssfhm fs “th drnktn fmmhvktfvn, bnsf`m-brfvnm prhbudts
kmb snrvfdns tlkt jrfm` sfcpgfdfty th hur usnrs‖. Rln `rnktnst dhmdnrms he tln
dhcpkmy krn th sktfsey tln dhmsucnrs kmb th drnktn vkgun ehr nvnry stkanlhgbnr
fm k shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn wky.
@hrnmin strfvns th jndhcn tln whrgb‖s ‖s jnst bnsf`m-brfvnm fmmhvkthr he
lhcn prhbudts, stfdafm` th tln prfmdfpgns he sustkfmkjgn bnvnghpcnmt kmb
kbkptfm` th dlkm`fm` dhmsucnr mnnbs. Rlfs strktn`y fs dhmsfstnmt wftl dhc-
pkm
kmy lfsthry sfmdn @hrnmin ncpghynb fts ﬋rst fmbustrfkg bnsf`mnr fm ;654, kmb
k enw ynkrs gktnr k bnsf`m dnmtrn wks ehrcnb tlkt stfgg nxfsts thbky ks @hrnmin
Bnsf`m Ttubfh. Rln dhcpkmy‖s bnvhtfhm th thp bnsf`m fs nmdhbnb kgsh fm fts
fbnmtfty sf`m — “@hrnmin‖ usns Lngvntfdk typnekdn, wlfdl kppnkrs ks k sycjhg he
chbnrmfsc, nspndfkggy fm tln phst-PPFF fmtnrmktfhmkg stygn. Rln typnekdn usns
sfcpgn kmb dgnkr gfmns, fs nksy th rnkb, fs tfcngnss kmb nksfgy trkmsenrkjgn.
Fm tln ;66?s, @hrnmin eurtlnrnb fts hwm prh`rkccns he bnsf`m kmb bnvng-
hpcnmt, jut ft kgsh stkrtnb th dhhpnrktn wftl shcn whrgb-ekchus bnsf`mnrs
kmb jrkmbs. Jy t ln nmb h e t ln twnmtfntl dnmtury, t ln dhcpkmy‖s bnvhtfhm th
bnsf`m rnsugtnb fm ckmy prhbudt snrfns, sudl ks @hrnmin _fmfmekrfmk, @hrnmin
kppgfkmdns ckbn wftl Twkrhvsaf ngncnmts, @hrnmin Hrk-ÈÈth, th, @hrnmin kppgf-
kmdns ehr f_hb kmb @hrnmin bnsf`mnb jy Akrfc Zkslfb.
Nvnm tlhu`l tlnrn fs k prhbudt gfmn erhc @hrnmin ehr nkdl prfdn sn`cnmt he
dhmsucnr, tln dhcpkmy‖s dhccumfdktfhms kgwkys ncplksfzn ﬋rst dgkss bnsf`m,
fmmhvktfhm kmb tndlmhgh`fdkg dhcpntnmdn ks fts any dhcpntftfvn kbvkmtk`ns.
_rhbudts drnktnb fm dhhpnrktfhm wftl ht lnr qukgfty bnsf`mnr jrkmbs wnrn mht
cnrngy jnst snggfm` prhbudts jut kgsh vnry fcphrtkmt ngncnmts he tln dhrphrktn
sthry hm wlfdl @hrnmin jksnb fts vfsfjfgfty kmb ckrant phsftfhm.
Hmn sudl strktn`fd chvn wks th gkumdl k spndfkg gfmn he rnerf`nrkthr-ernnznrs
wftl lkmb snt drystkgs he rnspndtnb Kustrfkm ckmuekdturnr Twkrhvsaf fm Nurhpn
fm :??>. Jnsfbns sfgvnr hr slfmy jgkda kppgfkmdns wftl 4,>?? drystkgs tlkt wnrn
kvkfgkjgn fm sthrns, tlnrn wnrn kgsh ﬋vn umfqun jgkda rnerf`nrkthrs wftl 0,???

;4? Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms

drystkgs nkdl tlkt wnrn shgb kt k dlkrfty kudtfhm. Rln ﬋rst dlkrfty kudtfhm nvnmt
wks hr`kmfznb kktt tln ekchus Hpnrk Jkgg fm Judlkrnst fm :??5. Rln mnxt kudtfhm
thha pgkdn fm Giujgikmk kmb tln chmny rkfsnb wnmt th ^mfdne Tghvnmfik. Kt tln
Chsdhw kudtfhm, tln rnerf`nrkthr wks jhu`lt jy k Zussfkm cfggfhmkfrn, Zustkc
Rkrfah, ehr ^T$;;?,???, wlfdl wks `fvnm th tln Tum Dfrdgn chvncnmt lngp-
fm` lhcngnss Zussfkm dlfgbrnm. Fm Tnptncjnr :??5, kmhtlnr suddnsseug kudtfhm
thha pgkdn fm @gks`hw. K tngnvfsfhm jrhkbdkst hm Dlkmmng > wks lhstnb jy
bnsf`m `urus Iustfm Zykm kmb Dhgfm CdKggfstnr. Rln gkst kudtfhm wks hr`kmfznb
ks pkrt he hmn he tln chst vfsfjgn Jrftfsl d lkrfty nvnmts, Dlfgbrnm fm Mnnb, fm
:??5. Ft wks jrhkbdkst hm Zkbfh : fm k “Chmny Dkm‖t Juy‖ slhw lhstnb jy
Rnrry Ph`km. K @hrnmin rnerf`nrkthr wks shgb ehr ₢44,??? hm k rkbfh d lkmmng
tlkt rnkdlns ;4 cfggfhm gfstnmnrs pnr wnna. Kgsh fm :??5, k @hrnmin-Twkrhvsaf
rnerf`nrkthr wks kgsh nxlfjftnb kt Lkrrhbs bnpkrtcnmt sthrn, wlfdl wks kt
tlkt tfcn bndhrktnb fm gfmn wftl tln mnw Ikcns Jhmb ﬋gc, Dksfmh Zhykgn, kmb
mkcnb Dlrfstcks Zhykgn :??0.
Kgtlhu`l tln dkcpkf`m‖s jub`nt wks ekfrgy ghw (kjhut ₧4?,???), tln rnsugts
wnrn `rnkt. Fmstnkb he tln pgkmmnb 4?? rnerf`nrkthrs shgb jy tln nmb he :??5,
@hrnmin shgb k enw tlhuskmb he tlnc, wlfgst fts wnjsftn rndhrbnb ﬋vn tfcns
chrn vfsfthrs tlkm pgkmmnb. Chst fcphrtkmtgy, cnbfk rnphrts fm vkrfhus dhum-
trfns (fm @rnkt Jrftkfm kghmn tlnrn wnrn <? umpkfb krtfdgns) sndurnb @hrnmin
km fccnmsn cnbfk prnsnmdn. Rh juy sudl kbvnrtfsfm` spkdn whugb lkvn dhst
cfggfhms he N urhs. Rln dkcpkf`m kgsh hpnmnb bhhrs th shcn bfstrfjuthrs tlkt
prnvfhusgy lkvn jnnm dghsnb.

Any tnrcs
Dhrphrktn sphanspnrshm. Tpndfkg, wngg-trkfmnb pnrshm nm`k`nb hr ngndtnb th spnka hm
jnlkge he km hr`kmfzktfhm.
hr`kmf zktfhm. Lfs rhgn fs th nmsurn tlkt pujgfd kmmhumdncnmts
kmmh umdncnmts krn ckbn
fm tln chst n﬏ndtfv
n﬏ndtfvnn wky kmb tlrhu`l tln chst kpprhprfktn
k pprhprfktn dlkmmngs.
Dngnjrfty. Bn﬋mnb ks tln bn`rnn th wlfdl k shdfkg kdthr fs bhducnmtnb
bhdu cnmtnb jy tln cnbfk
kmb vfnwnb ks jnfm` wngg amhwm, phwnreug, prnstf`fhus kmb kbcfrnb jy cnbfk kubf-
nmdns. Rlfs dktn`hry
dktn`hr y fmdgubns mht hmgy ﬋gc, tngnvfsfhm kmb php stkrs, jut
jut kgsh sphrts
stkrs, phgftfdfkms, wrftnrs, jusfmnss pnhpgn kmb pnhpgn erhc htlnr prhenssfhms wlh
bfrndtgy supphrt k dhcpkmy, pujgfdgy kmmhumdn tlnfr supphrt ehr k dhcpkmy, fts
prhbudts hr snrvfdns, hr dkgg hm htlnrs ehr supphrt.
Dhrphrktn vfsukg fbnmtfty. Rln suc he kgg vfsukg duns stkmbkrbfzns kmb sfcpgf﬋ns tln
ckmmnr k dhcpkmy dlhhsns th fbnmtfey ftsnge th kgg
k gg fts pujgfds. Rln vfsukg pkrt
pkr t he dhr-
phrktn fbnmtfty nxprnssnb tlrhu`l shcn any ngncnmts, sudl ks tln mkcn kmb gh`h he
 k dhcpkmy
dhcpk my,, fts sf`mkturn
sf`mk turn dhghurs,
dhghu rs, typh`r
typh`rkply
kply,, tk`gf
tk`gfmn
mn kmb htlnr
htln r dhcpkmy bnsdr
bns drfpthr
fpthrs.
s.
Rln vfsukg fbnmtfty he k dhcpkmy fmdgubns ngncnmts tlkt krn mht hmgy vfsukg, vfsuk g, jut dkm
kgsh jn pnrdnfvnb wftl htlnr snmsns, sudl ks k typfdkg shumb, scngg hr enng, wlfdl k
dhcpkmy usns th dhccumfdktn fts sthry sthr y hr th prhchtn fts h﬏nr.

Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms ;4;

Dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm`. K spndfkg ehrc he kbvnrtfsfm` tlkt fs pkfb ehr jy km hr`kmfzktfhm,

hr`kmfz ktfhm,
kmb wlhsn ckfm fmtnmtfhm fs th dhccumfdktn tln hr`kmfzktfhm‖s phsftfhm hr kttf-
tubn thwkrb
thwkrb shdfkg, ndhmhcfd, ntlfdkg kmb ndhgh`fdkg fssuns hr htlnr thpfds he pujgfd
bnjktn, hr th rnsphmb th mn`ktfvn kttftubns he tln pujgfd thwkrb tln dhcpkmy. Rlfs
spndfkg ehrc
ehr c he kbvnrtfsfm` snrvns km hr`kmfzktfhm ks k thhg ehr prnsnmtfm` ftsnge ks km
fcphrtkmt shdfkg sujindt
suji ndt tlkt fs mht hmgy kdlfnvfm` fts jksfd kfc jy h﬏nrfm`
h﬏nr fm` prhbudts
kmb snrvfdns, jut prnsnmtfm` ftsnge ks km hr`kmfzktfhm tlkt lngps slkpn shdfnty, tln
rngktfhmslfps wftlfm kmb dhmbftfhms
dhmbf tfhms fm shdfnty
shdfnty..
Fmehrckg dhccumfdktfhms. Zuchur, `hssfp kmb urjkm gn`nmbs krn snnm ks whrb he
chutl dhccumfdktfhm tlkt sprnkbs erhc pnrshm th pnrshm, rn`krbgnss he lhw (um)
kutlnmtfdktnb kmb (um)vnrf﬋nb tlfs fmehrcktfhm
fmehr cktfhm cky jn. Rlny krn mkrrktfv
mkr rktfvns,
ns, nftlnr
fm wrftfm`
wr ftfm` hr fm sphanm whrb, tlkt nmkjgn trkmscfssfhm he nchtfhms, hpfmfhms, jngfnes
kmb phsftfhms kjhut km hr`kmfzktfhm kmb fts kdthrs, wlnrn fts dfrdugktfhm fs mht pkfb
ehr jut rktlnr lkppnms hm k vhgumtkry jksfs wftlfm shdfkg fmtnrkdtfhms.

ZNUFNP [^NTRFHMT
• Nxpgkfm tln any tksas he tln dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm bnpkrtcnmt kmb
fts rngktfhm th htlnr bnpkrtcnmts fm km hr`kmfzktfhm.
• Plkt fs tln rhgn he tln DNH fm dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms8 Lhw bhns tln
DNH‖s rnputktfhm rngktn th tln dhcpkmy‖s rnputktfhm (kmb vfdn vnrsk)8
• Plkt krn tln kbvkmtk`ns kmb bfskbvkmtk`ns he usfm` dngnjrftfns ks cnkms
ehr dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms8 Ply kmb lhw dkm whrb he chutl jn
chmfthrnb kmb stfcugktnb jy dhcpkmfns8
• Plkt fs tln strktn`fd rhgn he dhrphrktn vfsukg fbnmtfty kmb wlkt fs fcphrt-
kmt wlnm ft dhcns th fts rnvftkgfzktfhm8 Lhw fs vfsukg fbnmtfty rn gktnb th
dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm`8 Lhw dkm jn k dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsncnmt jn pgkdnb
fm tln mnw cnbfk8

Bfsduss lhw @hrnmin hvnrdkcn tln hjstkdgns he k ghw jub`nt dkcpkf`m. Plkt wks
tln nssnmdn he fts suddnss8 Rlfma kjhut kgtnrmktfvn kmb mnw cnbfk kmb tlnfr usn
ehr
hr dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm purphsns. Lhw dkm bfeenrnmt dhccumfdktfhm thhgs jn
usnb th jufgb neendtfvn dkcpkf`ms (tlfma kjhut tln bfeenrnmt usns he vfsukg fbnmtfty
fbnmtfty,,
pujgfdfty,, shdfkg cnbfk, ntd.)8
pujgfdfty

Znenrnmdns
Kggphrt, @hrbhm Pfggkrb kmb Gnh _hstckm.
Kggphrt, _hstckm . ;65>.
;65>. Rln _sydlhgh`y he Zuchr. Mnw
M nw Vhra
Vhra99 Zussng
Zussnggg
& Zussngg.
Zussngg.
Kmthmfbns,, @nrrft kmb Ernb P. vkm Zkkfi.
Kmthmfbns Zkkfi. ;66<.
;66<. Dhmsucnr Jnlkvfhur9 K Nurhpnkm _nrspndtfvn.
Dlfdlnstnr99 Ihlm Pfgny
Dlfdlnstnr Pfg ny..

;4: Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms

Ktafm,, Dlkrgns kmb Ckrtfm Jghda.

Ktafm Jghda. ;6<4.
;6<4. N﬏ndtfvnmnss he dngnjrdngnjrfty
fty nmbhr
nmbhrsnrs
snrs . Ihurmkg he
Znsnkrdl :4 (;)9 >0—5;.
Kbvnrtfsfm` Znsnkrdl
Jkanr,, Cfdlkng
Jkanr Cfdlkn g I. kmb Ihlm
Ihl m C.R. Jkgcnr.
Jkgcnr. ;66
;6600.Ufsukg fbnmtft
fbnmtfty9
y9 trkppfm`s hr sujstkm
sujstkmdn
dn.. Nurhpnkm
Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` 4; (>/5)9 455—40>.
Jksfg,, B. Cfdlkng.
Jksfg Cfdlkng. ;665.
;665. Fbnmtf﬋d
Fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
ktfhm ks k cnbfkthr he dngnjr
dng njrfty
fty n﬏ndts
n﬏ ndts . Ihurmkg he Jrhkbdkstfm`
Jrhkbdkstfm`

Cnbfk 2? (2)9 20<—26>.

Jnga&, Ngndtrhmfd
Jnga, Zussngg P. ;6<6. N﬏ndts he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftl dhcfd jhha lnrhns kmb vfggkfms he
;6<6.
dhmsucptfhm hm cktnrfkgfsc kchm` ehrcnr dhcfd jhha rnkbnrs. rnkbnrs . Kbvkmdns fm Dhmsucnr
Znsnkrdl ;5
;599 2;2—2;6.
Jfnlkg,, @kjr
Jfnlkg @kjrfng
fng I. kmb Bkmfng K. Tlnfmfm
Tlnfmfm.. ;66
;66<<. Ckmk`fm` tln jrkmb fm k dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm`
nmvfrhmcnmt.. Ihurmkg he Kbvnrtfsfm` :0 (:)9 66—;;?.
nmvfrhmcnmt
Jhhrstfm,, Bkmfng I. ;65;.
Jhhrstfm ;65;. Rln Fck`n9 K @ufbn th _snubh-nvnmts fm Kcnrfdk . Mnw M nw Vhr
Vhraa9 Lkrpnr
& Zhw.
Zhw.
Jrhwm,, Pfggfkc I. kmb Cfdlkng B. Jksfg.
Jrhwm Jksfg. ;66>.
;66>. Cnbfk dngnjrftfns kmb pujgfd lnkgtl9 rnsphmsns
th “Ck`fd‖ Ihlmshm‖
Ihlmshm‖ss LFU bfsdghsurn kmb fts fcpkdt hm KFBT rfsa kmb lf`l-rfsa jnlkvfhrsjnlkvfhrs..
Lnkgtl Dhccumfdktfhm 0 (2)9 42>—40;.
Judamnr,, Rkyghr L. ;65>.
Judamnr ;65>. K tlnhry he ruchr trkmscfssfhm.
trkmscfssfhm. Rln _ujgfd Hpfmfhm [ukrtnrgy :6
(;)9 >2—0?.
Jutggn,, Erkmdfs K. ;66<.
Jutggn ;66<. Phrb he chutl9 umbnrstkmbfm` kmb ckmk`fm` rnenrrkg ckrantfm`. ckrantfm`.
Ihurmkg he Ttrktn`fd Ckrantfm` 5 (4)9 :2;—:>2.
Jyrmn,, Km`ngk,
Jyrmn Km`ngk, Ckurnnm Plftnlnkb kmb Ttnvnm Jrnnm. Jrnnm. :??4.
:??4. Rln mkanb trutl he dngnjrfty
nmbhrsncnmt.. Jrftfsl Ehhb Ihurmkg ;?> (2/>)9 :<<—:65.
nmbhrsncnmt
Dhggfms,, Dlr
Dhggfms Dlrfsthpln
fsthplnrr I. kmb Ifkm Lkm
Lkm.. :??
:??22. Nxpghr
Nxpghrfm`
fm` kppgfdkmt
kppgfdk mt phhg qukmtfty kmb qukgfty9
quk gfty9 tln
n﬏ndts he nkrgy rndruftcnmt prkdtfdn strktn`fns, dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm`, kmb ﬋rc ﬋r c rnputktfhm.
_nrshmmng _sydlhgh`y >0 (4)9 5<>—0;0.
Bkmnslvkry,, Znmmkn kmb Anftl Z. Tdlwnr.
Bkmnslvkry Tdlwnr. :???.
:???. Rln ksshdfktfhm nmbhrsncnmt kmb dhm-
sucnrs‖ fmtnmtfhm th purdlksn.
purdlksn. Ihurmkg he Dhmsucnr Ckrantfm` ;0 (4)9 :?4—:;4.
Bfdltnr,, Nrmnst.
Bfdltnr Nrmnst. ;655.
;655. Lhw whrb-he-chutl kbvnrtfsfm` whras. whras. Lkrvkrb Jusfmnss Znvfnw 22
(5)9 ;20—;55.
BfEhmzh,, Mfdlhgk
BfEhmzh Mfdlhgkss kmb _rkslkmt Jhrbfk.
Jhrbfk . :??
:??::. Zuchrs kmb stkjgn-dkusn kttrfjutfhm fm prnbfd-
tfhm kmb jnlkvfhr.
jnlkvfhr. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg Jnlkvfhr kmb Luckm Bndfsfhm _rhdnssns << (:)9 0<>—<??.
‒‒:??0
‒‒ :??0.. Zuchr _sydlhgh`y9 Thdfkg kmb Hr`kmfzktfhmkg Kpprhkdlns.Pkslf kslfm`th
m`thm,
m, BD9
BD 9 Kcnr
Kcnrfdkm
fdkm
_sydlhgh`fdkg Ksshdfktfhm.
Ksshdfktfhm.
Nbwkrbs, Gnn.
Nbwkrbs, Gnn. :??5.
:??5. Zntlfmafm` phwnr fm pujgfd rngktfhms. rngktfhms. _ujgfd Zngktfhms Znvfnw 4: (4)9
::6—:4;.
Ekrrngg,, Aktlgnnm K.,
Ekrrngg K., @hrbhm U. Akrngs,
Akrngs, Anmmntl P. Chmtehrt kmb Dlr Dlrfstfmn
fstfmn K. CdDgktdlny
CdDgkt dlny..
:???.. Dngnjr
:??? Dngnjrfty
fty pnrehr
pnr ehrckmdn
ckmdn kmb nmbhrnmbhrsncnmt
sncnmt vkgun9 tln dksn he Rf`nr Phhbs hhbs.. Ckmk`nrfkg
Efmkmdn :5 (0)9 ;—;>.
Enrrfs,, @nrkgb Z.
Enrrfs Z.,, Ernb Z. Jgks
Jgksss, Dnks
Dnkskr
kr Bhu`
Bhu`gks,
gks, Zhjnrt
Zhjn rt P. Ahghb
Ahghbfms
fmsay
ay kmb
k mb Bkr
B krrnm
rnm D.Rrnkb
rnkbwky
wky..
:??4.. _nrshmkg rnputktfhm fm hr`kmfzktfhms. Fm Hr`kmfzktfhmkg Jnlkvfhr9Rln Ttktn he tln Tdfnmdn,
:??4
nb. Inrkgb @rnnmjnr`.
@rnnmjnr`. Cklwkl, MI9 MI9 Gkwrnmdn Nrgjkuc Ksshdfktns, Fmd., Fmd., :;;—:25.
Ehcjrum,, Dlkr
Ehcjrum Dlkrgns
gns I. kmb Dnns
D nns J. C. vkm Zfng
Zf ng.. :??
:??22. Ekcn kmb Ehrtumn9 Lhw
Lhw Tuddnsseug Dhcpkmfns
Jufgb Pfmmfm` Znputktfhms. ^ppnr Tkbbgn Tkbbg n Zfvnr, MI MI99 Efmkmdfkg Rfcns _rnmtfdn Lkgg.
Lkgg.
Ehrsthm,, Zhjnrt E. ;60>.
Ehrsthm ;60>. Tnmsn kmb mhm-snmsn9 iury trfkg dhccumfdktfhm.
dhccumfdktfhm. Jrf`lkc Vhum`
^mfvnrsfty Gkw Znvfnw 4 499 5?;—540.

Erksnr,, Jnmshm _. kmb Pfgg

Erksnr Pfggfkc
fkc I. Jrhwm
Jrhwm.. :??:.
:??:. Cnbfk, dngnjrftfns, kmb shdfkg fm﬊unmdn9 fbnmtf-
 ﬋dktfhm wftl Ngvfs _rnsgny.
_rnsgny. Ckss Dhccumfdktfhm kmb Thdfnty > (:)9 ;<4—:?5.
Erfnbckm,, Lnrslny L. kmb Gfmbk Erfnbckm.
Erfnbckm Erfnbckm. ;606.
;606. Nmbhrsnr n﬏ndtfvnmnss jy prhbudt typn.
typn.
Znsnkrdl ;6 (>)9 50—0;.
Ihurmkg he Kbvnrtfsfm` Znsnkrdl

Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms ;44

@fggy, Ckry D.,

@fggy, D., Ihlm G. @rklkc,
@rklkc, Ckry Efmgny Phg﬋mjkr`nr kmb Gkurk I. Vkgn.
Vkgn. ;66<.
;66<. K bykbfd
stuby he fmtnrpnrshmkg fmehrcktfhm snkrdl.
snkrdl. Ihurmkg he tln Kdkbncy he Ckrantfm` Tdfnmdn :5
(:)9 <4—;??.
@hbns,, Bkvfb kmb Bfmk Ckyzgfm.
@hbns Ckyzgfm. :??2.
:??2. ^sfm` hmgfmn dhmvnrsktfhms th stuby whrb he chutl
dhccumfdktfhm.. Ckrantfm` Tdfnmdn :4 (2)9 >2>—>5?.
dhccumfdktfhm

@wfmmnr
@wfmmnr, , Anvfm.
AnvfmCkrantfm`
Fmtnrmktfhmkg . ;660.
;660. K Znvfnw
chbng ;2 he fck`n
(4)9 ;2>drnktfhm
—;><. kmb fck`n trkmsenr fm nvnmt sphmshrslfp.
sphmshrslfp.
Lkrt,, Dlrfsthplnr P. G.,
Lkrt G., Ikcns G. Lnsantt kmb Nkrg P. Tkssnr, Tkssnr , Ir. ;66?.
;66?. Rln prh﬋tkjgn krt he
rndhvnry.. Lkrvkrb Jusfmnss Znvfnw 5< (2)9 ;2<—;>5.
rndhvnry
Lkywkrb,, Cktlnw G. K.,
Lkywkrb K., Ufhgfmk _. Zfmbhvk kmb Rfchtly @. _hgghda. _hgghda. :??2.
:??2. Jngfnvfm` hmn‖s
hwm prnss9 tln dkusns kmb km b dhmsnqunmdns
dhmsnqunmd ns he DNH dngnjr
dn gnjrfty
fty.. Ttrktn`fd Ckmk`ncnmt Ihurmkg :>:>99
540—5>4.
Lnrr,, _kug C.,
Lnrr C. , Erkma Z. Akrbns kmb Ihlm Afc Afc.. ;66
;66;;. N﬏ndts he whrb-he-chutl
whrb-he-c hutl kmb prhbudt-
prhbud t-
kttrfjutn fmehrcktfhm
fmehr cktfhm hm pnrsuksfhm9
pnr suksfhm9 km kddnssfjfgfty-bfk`mhsftfdfty pnrspndtfvn.
pnrspndtfvn. Ihurmkg he
Dhmsucnr Znsnkrdl ;0 (2)9 2>2—25:.
Lh,, Ehh Mfm,
Lh Mfm, Tdhtt I.Uftn
Uftngggg,, Ikcns L. Jkrmns kmb Znmn Bnsjhrbn.
Bnsjhrbn. ;660.
;660. Ntlfdkg dhrrngktns
dhr rngktns he
rhgn dhm﬊fdt kmb kcjf`ufty fm ckrantfm`9 tln cnbfktfm` rhgn he dh`mftfvn chrkg bnvnghp-
cnmt.. Ihurmkg he tln Kdkbncy he Ckrantfm` Tdfnmdn :> (:)9 ;;0—;:5.
cnmt
Lwkm`,, Ikm`-Tum,
Lwkm` Ikm`-Tum, Tkggy I. CdCfggkm kmb @ufhla Gnn. Gnn. :??4.
:??4. Dhrphrktn wnj sftns ks kbvnrtfs-
fm`9 km kmkgysfs
kmkg ysfs he eumdtfh
eumdtfhm, m, kubfnmdn, kmb cnssk`n
cnssk `n strktn`y. Ihurmkg he Fmtnrkdtfvn Kbvnrtfsfm`
4 (:)9 ;?—:4.
Aklgn,, Gymm Z. kmb _kcngk C. Lhcnr.
Aklgn Lhcnr. ;6<>.
;6<>. _lysfdkg kttrkdtfvnmnss
kttrkdtfvnmnss he tln dngnjrfty
dngnjr fty nmbhr-
snr9 k shdfkg kbkptktfhm pnrspndtfvn.
pnrspndtfvn. Ihurmkg he Dhmsucnr Znsnkrdl ;; (2)9 6>2—65;.
Akcfms,, Cfdlkng K.,
Akcfms K., Cnrnbftl I. Jrkmb, Jrkmb, Ttukrt K. Lhnan kmb Ihlm D. Chn. Chn. ;6<6.
;6<6. Rwh-
sfbnb vnrsus hmn-sfbnb dngnjrfty
dngnjr fty nmbhrsncnmt9 tln fcpkdt hm kbvnrtfsfm` n﬏ndtfvnmnss
n﬏ndtfvnmnss kmb
dngnjrfty.. Ihurmkg he Kbvnrtfsfm` ;< (:)9 2—;?.
dngnjrfty
Akpenrnr,, Inkm-Mhng.
Akpenrnr Inkm-Mhng. ;66?.
;66?. Zuchurs9 ^snrs, Fmtnrprntktfhms kmb ^snrs. Mnw Jrumswfda, MI9 MI9
Rrkmskdtfhm _ujgfslnrs.
_ujgfslnrs.
Anggny,, Lkrhgb L. ;60:.
Anggny ;60:. Kttrfjutfhm fm shdfkg fmtnrkdtfhm. Fm _nrdnfvfm` tln Dkusns he Jnlkvfhr,
nbs. Nbwkrb N. Ihmns,Ihmns, Bkvfb N. Akmhusn, Lkrhgb L. Anggny, Zfdlkrb N. Mfsjntt, Ttukrt
Ukgfms kmb JnrJnrmkrb
mkrb Pnfmnr
Pnfmnr.. ChrrChrrfsthwm,
fsthwm, MI9
MI9 @nmnrkg Gnkrmfm` _rnss,
_rnss, ;—:5.
Gnn,, Vhum` Gyhug kmb Tnhawhh Thm`.
Gnn Thm`. :?;?.
:?;?. Km ncpfrfdkg fmvnstf`ktfhm he ngndtrhmfd whrb-
he-chutl9 fmehrcktfhmkg chtfvn kmb dhrphrktn rnsphmsn strktn`y. strktn`y. Dhcputnrs fm Luckm
Jnlkvfhr :5 (>)9 ;?04—;?<?.
Ghm`ckm,, Ihlm _. ;660.
Ghm`ckm ;660. Nmbhrsncnmts ehr skgn.
skgn. ^T Mnws km b Phrgb Znphrt ;:4 (<)9 ;;.
Mn ws kmb ;;.
Ckr`ugfns,, Pkgtnr _. ;600.
Ckr`ugfns ;600. Ckan tln chst he yhur dhrphrktn fbnmtfty.
fbnmtfty. Lkrvkrb Jusfmnss Znvfnw
>> (2)9 55—0:.
Ckrqufs,, Lkrhgb L. ;60?.
Ckrqufs ;60?. Rln Dlkm`fm` Dhrphrktn Fck`n. Mnw
M nw Vhra
Vhra99 Kcnrfdkm Ckmk`ncnmt
Ksshdfktfhm, Fmd.
Fmd.
Ckyzgfm,, Bfmk.
Ckyzgfm Bfmk. :??5.
:??5. _rhchtfhmkg dlkt hm tln fmtnrmnt
fmtnrmnt.. Ckrantfm` Tdfnmdn :> (:)9 ;>>—;54.
CdDrkdanm,, @rkmt.
CdDrkdanm @rkmt. ;6<6.
;6<6. Plh fs tln dngnjrfty nmbhrsnr8 Dugturkg ehumbktfhms he tln
nmbhrsncnmt prhdnss.
prhdnss. Ihurmkg he Dhmsucnr Znsnkrdl ;5 (4)9 4;?—4:;.
CdGulkm,, Ckrslkgg.
CdGulkm Ckrslkgg. ;652.
;652. ^mbnrstkmbfm` Cnbfk9 Rln Nxtnmsfhms he Ckm . Ghmbhm1 Mnw Vhra1
Rhrhmth99 Cd@rkw-Lfgg.
Rhrhmth Cd@rkw-Lfgg.
Cngnwkr,, R. D. :??;.
Cngnwkr :??;. Cnksurfm` vfsukg fbnmtfty9 k cugtf-dhmstrudt stuby. stuby. Dhrphrktn
Dhccumfdktfhms9 Km Fmtnrmktfhmkg Ihurmkg 5 (;)9 45—2;.
45—2;.
Cfdlngshm, @rkmt,
Cfdlngshm, 5 (;)9 45Pkbbfm`thm.
@rkmt, Kb vkm Ftnrshm kmb Aktlrym 2;.
Pkbbfm`thm . :?;?.
:?;?. @hssfp fm hr`kmfzk-
tfhms9 dhmtnxts, dhmsnqunmdns, kmb dhmtrhvnrsfns `rhup.
`rhup. Hr`kmfzktfhm Ckmk`ncnmt 4> (2)9
40;—46?..
40;—46?

;42 Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms

Cfdlngshm, @rkmt kmb Tudlftrk U. Chugy.

Cfdlngshm, Chugy. :??:.
:??:. “Vhu bfbm‖t lnkr ft erhc us jut…‖9 thwkrbs km
umbnrstkmbfm` he ruchur kmb `hssfp fm hr`kmfsktfhms.
hr`kmfsktfhms . Kustrkgfkm Ihurmkg he Ckmk`ncnmt :0
Kustrkgfkm
(;)9 >0—5>.
Hnttfm`,, Ckrtfm.
Hnttfm` Ckrtfm. :??6.
:??6. Zfppgn N﬏ndt9 Lhw Ncphwnrnb Fmvhgvncnmt Brfvns Phrb he Chutl.
Pfnsjkbnm99 @kjgnr.
Pfnsjkbnm @kjgnr.

H`fgvy
H`fgvy,
Hlkmfkm,
Hlkmfkm , Bkvfb.
Bkvfb. ;6<4.
;6<4. .;66;.
, Zhhjfmk.
Zhhjfmk Dhmenssfhms he km Kbvnrtfsfm` Ckm. Mnw
;66; M nw Vhr
. Rln fcpkdt he dngnjrfty sphanspnrshms‖ Vhraa9 Bngg.
Bngg .
pnrdnfvnb fck`n hm dhm-
sucnrs‖ fmtnmtfhm th purdlksn.
purdlksn. Ihurmkg he Kbvnrtfsfm` Znsnkrdl 4; (;)9 25—>:.
_kttf,, Dlkrgns L. kmb Ihlm _. CdBhmkgb.
_kttf CdBhmkgb. ;6<>. ;6<>. Dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm`9 prhdnss, prkdtfdns, kmb
pnrspndtfvns.. Ihurmkg he Kbvnrtfsfm` ;2 (;)9 2:—26.
pnrspndtfvns
_nfrdn,, Dlkrgns Tkmbnrs
_nfrdn Tkm bnrs.. ;64
;64>>. Dhggndtnb _kpnrs he Dlkrgns Tkmbnrs _nfrdn,Uhgu hgucn
cn FFF. Dkcjr
Dkc jrfb`
fb`nn,
CK9 Lkrvkrb ^mfvnrsfty _rnss. _rnss.
_nrryckm,, Kgn
_nrryckm Kgnxk
xk K. :??<.
:??< . Gfmafm
Gfmafm`` dngnjrfty
dngnjr fty th 󿬋rc
󿬋r c pnrehrckmdn9
pnrehrc kmdn9 K cugtf-gnvng kmkgysfs.
km kgysfs.K Bfssnrtktfhm
Bfssnrtk tfhm
sujcfttnb th tln Bnpkrtcnmt he Ckmk`ncnmt fm pkrtfkg eug󿬋ggcnmt he tln rnqufrncnmts ehr tln bn`rnn
he Bhdthr he _lfghshply. Kvkfgkjgn kt9 lttp9//ntb.gfj
lttp9//ntb.gfj.esu.nbu/tlnsns/kv
.esu.nbu/tlnsns/kvkfgkjgn/ntb-?2?4:??<-
kfgkjgn/ntb-?2?4:??<-
?6;2>2/umrnstrfdtnb/_nrryckmKTprfm`:??<.pbe (:? Hdthjnr :?;?).
_hbmkr,, Agncnmt.
_hbmkr Agncnmt. :??2.
:??2. ^`gnb, hr`kmfzkdfisak fbnmtf󿬋akdfik fm zkvnzkmhst zkphsgnmfl. Bhathrsak
bfsnrtkdfik. Giujgikmk9
Giujgikmk9 Ekaugtntk zk bruŽ
bruŽjnmn vnbn.vnbn.
Znphvūū, Inrmni.
Znphv Inrmni. ;66>.
;66>. Akah mkstkik fm bnguin ud udˀfmahvftk, trŽ
trŽmh uscnrinmk dnghstmk `rk󿬋d
`rk󿬋dˀmk phbhjk
aht bng sfcjhgmn`k fbnmtftntmn`k sfstnck hr`kmfzkdfi. Giujgikm
Giujgikmkk9 Ttubfh Ckrantfm`.
Ckrantfm`.
Zfmbhvk,,Ufh
Zfmbhvk Ufhgfgfmk
mk _., Rfchtly @. _hggkda kmb Cktlnw G. K. Lkywkrb.Lkywkrb. :??5.
:??5. Dngnjrfty ﬋rcs9
tln shdfkg dhmstrudt he ckrant phpugkrfty.
phpugkrfty . Rln Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw 4; (;)9
>?—0;.
Zhtlsdlfgb,, Cfdlkng G. ;6<0.
Zhtlsdlfgb ;6<0. Kbvnrtfsfm`9 Erhc Eumbkcnmtkgs th Ttrktn`fns. Gnxfm`thm, CK9 CK9 B.
D. Lnktl kmb Dhcpkmy.
Dhcpkmy.
Tdlucckm,, Bkvfb P.,
Tdlucckm P., Ikm C. Lktldhtn kmb Tuskm Pnst. Pnst. ;66;.
;66;. Dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm` fm
Kcnrfdk9 k rnvfnw he pujgfslnb stubfns hm usn, cnksurncnmt, kmb n﬏ndtfvnmnss.
n﬏ndtfvnmnss . Ihurmkg he
Kbvnrtfsfm` :? (4)9 4>—>5.
Tngkcn,, Ngfmhr kmb Ihsnpl Tngkcn.
Tngkcn Tngkcn. ;60>.
;60>. Bnvnghpfm` k Dhrphrktn Fbnmtfty. Lhw th Ttkmb Hut fm
tln Drhwb. MnwM nw Vhr
Vhraa9 Gnjlkr-Erfnbckm Jhhas.
Jhhas.
Tntlf,, _rkaksl T. ;606.
Tntlf ;606. Fmstftutfhmkg/fck`n
Fmstftutfhmkg/fck`n kbvnrtfsfm` kmb fbnk/fssun kbvnrtfsfm` ks ckrant-
fm` thhgs9 shcn pujgfd phgfdy fssuns.
fssuns . Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` 24 (;)9 5<—0<.
Tcftl, @krntl.
Tcftl, @krntl. :??
:??;;.Rln :??; `nmnrkg ngndtfhm9 ekdthrs fm﬊unmdfm` tln jrkmb fck`n he phgft-
fdkg pkrtfns kmb tlnfr gnkbnrs.
gnkbnrs. Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` Ckmk`ncnmt ;0 (6/;?)9 6<6—;??5.
Tõbnrgumb
bnrgumb,, Ck`mu
Ck`muss. ;66
;66<<. Dusthcnr sktfsekdtfhm kmb fts dhmsnqunmdns hm dusthcnr jnlkvfhur
rnvfsftnb9 tln fcpkdt he bf﬏nrnmt gnvngs he sktfsekdtfhm hm whrb-he-chutl, ennbjkda th tln
suppgfnr kmb ghykgty.
ghykgty. Fmtnrmktfhmkg Ihurmkg he Tnrvfdn Fmbustry Ckmk`ncnmt 6 (:)9 ;56—;<<.
Tpnda,, _kug Tur`f,
Tpnda Tur`f, Bkvfb P. Tdluckmm kmb Drkf` Rlhcpshm. Rlhcpshm. ;6<<.
;6<<. Dngnjrfty nmbhrsn-
cnmt — sdrfpts, sdlncks kmb rhgns9 tlnhrntfdkg erkcnwhra kmb prngfcfmkry tnsts. tnsts . Kbvkmdn
Kbvkmdnss
fm Dhmsucnr Znsnkrdl ;> (;)9 56—05.
Tturanm,, Ckrftk kmb Gfsk Dkrtwrf`lt
Tturanm Dkrtwrf`lt.. :??
:??;;. _rkdtfdns he Ghhafm`9Km Fmtrhbudtfhm th Ufsukg Dugturn.
Hxehrb1
Hxeh rb1 Mnw
M nw Vhra
hra99 Hxehrb ^mfvnrsfty _rnss.
_rnss.
Twnrbghw,, Zhjnrt K. kmb Ckrgnnm Z. Twnrbghw :??4.
Twnrbghw :??4. Dngnjrfty nmbhrsnrs9 sphanspnrshm
sngndtfhm drftnrfk kmb dksn nxkcpgns he EZNBB.EZNBB. Kdkbncy he Ckrantfm` Ttubfns Ihurmkg 0
(:)9 ;4—:5.
 Rrnkbwky
Rrnkbwky,
, Bkrrnm
cnsh-gnvng
cnsh-gnv D., @krry G. Kbkcs,
D.,
ng dhmdnptukgfzktfhm Kbkcs
he DNH, Kmmnttn
dngnjrftyG.n﬏ndtfvnmns
Zkmet kmbs. @nrkgb
n﬏ndtfvnmnss Z. [ukrtnrgy
Gnkbnrslfp Enrrfs. :??6.
Enrrfs. :??6 .K
:? (2)9
>>2—>0?.

Dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms ;4>

vkm bnm Jhsdl,

Jhsdl, Kmmnttn G. C.,
C., Pfc I. G. Ngvfm` kmb Cnmmh B. R. bn Ihm`. Ihm`. :??5.
:??5. Rln fcpkdt
he hr`kmfsktfhmkg dlkrkdtnrfstfds hm dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn vfsukg fbnmtfty.
fbnmtfty. Nurhpnkm Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm`
2? (0/<)9 <0?—<<>.
vkm Gknr,
Gknr, Rhc kmb Ah bn Zuytnr.
Zuytnr. :?;?.
:?;?. Fm sthrfns wn trust9 lhw mkrrktfvn kphgh`fns prh-
vfbn dhvnr ehr dhcpntftfvn vugmnrkjfgfty ketnr fmtn`rfty-vfhgktfm` jgh` phsts.
phsts. Fmtnrmktfhmkg
Ihurmkg he Znsnkrdl fm Ckrantfm` :0 (:)9 ;52—;02.
Pkgtznr
Pkgtznr,
, Lnrjnrt.
Lnrjnrt. ;6<<.
;6<<. Dhrphrktn kbvhdkdy kbvnrtfsfm` kmb phgftfdkg fm﬊unmdn.
fm﬊unmdn. _ujgfd
Zngktfhms Znvfnw ;2 (;)9 2;—>>.
Pnstjrhha,, Zhjnrt K. ;6<0.
Pnstjrhha ;6<0. _rhbudt/dhmsucptfhm-jksnb k﬏ndtfvn rnsphmsns kmb phstpur-
dlksn prhdnssns.
prhdnssns. Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` Znsnkrdl :2 (4)9 :><—:0?.
Phhgwkrb,, Fkfm.
Phhgwkrb Fkfm. ;6<:.
;6<:. Zntlfmafm` dhrphrktn kbvhdkdy cnbfk strktn`y.
strktn`y. Fmbustrfkg Ckrantfm`
50 (>)9 02—0<.
6
DHZ_HZKRN KTTHDFKRFHMT
Fbnmtfty trkfts kmb dhrphrktn fck`n

DHMRNMRT
Dlkptnr 6 bnkgs wftl dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms kmb ehdusns hm dhcpkmy fbnmtfty
trkfts kmb dhcpkmy fck`n. Rlfs dlkptnr prnsnmts lhw dhcpkmfns krn pnrdnfvnb
jy fmbfvfbukgs, kmb bfsdussns tln bfcnmsfhms he pnrdnfvnb fbnmtfty trkfts kmb
tln prhdnss he kmtlrhphchrplfzktfhm. Rln dhcphmnmts he dhrphrktn fck`n
kmb snvnrkg fmstrucnmts ehr fts cnksurncnmt krn prnsnmtnb. Rln d lkptnr kgsh
prnsnmts shcn drftfdkg vfnws he dhrphrktn fck`n kmb dhmdgubns wftl snvnrkg
fcpgfdktfhms ks th wlkt dhcpkmfns slhugb pky kttnmtfhm th fm hrbnr th kdlfnvn
k bnsfrnb phsftfvn pnrdnptfhm fm tln cfmbs he fmbfvfbukgs.

6.; Dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms

Dhcpkmfns umbnrtkan ckmy ckrantfm` kmb dhccumfdktfhm n﬏hrts th fm﬊unmdn
stkanlhgbnrs‖ pnrdnptfhm kmb kdlfnvn bnsfrnb ksshdfktfhms fm tln cfmbs he fmbfvfb-
ukgs. Jndkusn pnhpgn thbky krn ekdnb wftl fmehrcktfhm hvnrghkb, dhcpkmfns lkvn
`rhwfm` bfffldugtfns jufgbfm` rndh`mftfhm kmb dkm mh ghm`nr nxpndt tlkt tlnfr tkr`nt
`rhups he dhmsucnrs wfgg lkvn km hpfmfhm kjhut tlnc. Ft fs jndhcfm` k dlkggnm`n
ehr dhcpkmfns th dhccumfdktn dgnkr-dut cnssk`ns tlkt wfgg phsftfvngy fm﬊unmdn
tln dhcpkmy fck`n fm tln cfmbs he stkanlhgbnrs. Fe dhcpkmfns wkmt fmbfvfbukgs th
pnrdnfvnn kmb fmtnrprnt
pnrdnfv fmtnr prnt fmehrcktfhm, nspndfkggy fmehrcktfhm tlkt fs mht rndh`mfznb ks
rngnvkmt hr fmvhgvfm`, tlny mnnb th fmvnst k ght he n﬏hrt — wlfdl fs, lhwnvnr, mndns-
skry jndkusn dhcpkmfns kmbkm b tlnfr suddnss krn th k gkr`n nxtnmt bfrndtgy kmb fmbfrndtgy
 bnpnmbnmt hm phsftfvn stkanlhgbnr pnrdnptfhm. Eurtlnrchrn, pnhpgn wlh lkvn km
hpfmfhm kjhut k dhcpkmy mh ghm`nr tlfma he k dhcpkmy hmgy fm mkrrhw tnrcs
he `hhb kmb jkb. _nhpgn bh mht lhgb ksshdfktfhms jy sfcpgy iub`fm` k dhcpkmy‖s

Fbnmtfty trkfts kmb dhrphrktn fck`n ;40

prhbudts hr snrvfdns (tlhu`l tlnsn krn mht th jn mn`gndtnb nftlnr) jut ckan dhc-
pgnx ksshdfktfhms rngktfm` th bf﬏nrnmt kspndts he tln vfsfjfgfty kmb kdtfvftfns he dhc-
pkmfns, rnkdlfm`
rnkdlfm` ekr jny
jnyhmb
hmb tln mkrrhwgy bn﬋mnb stkanlhgbnr fmtnrnsts. Rlkt fs wly
tln tnrc dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms bnmhtns kgg fmehrcktfhm tlkt km fmbfvfbukg lks
kjhut k dhcpkmy. Rlfs dhcprfsns lntnrh`nmnhus pnrdnptfhms rngktfm` th bf﬏nrnmt
kspndts he k dhcpkmy kmb dkm jn chstgy bfvfbnb fmth twh `rhups9 ksshdfktfhms kjhut
prhbudts kmb snrvfdns kmb ksshdfktfhms kjhut tln dhcpkmy ks k wlhgn (Jrhwm kmb
Bkdfm ;660).
;660).
Jrhwm kmb Dhx (;660 (;660)) usn tln tnrc dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms ks k `nmnrfd gkjng
ehr kgg tln fmehrcktfhm kjhut k dhcpkmy tlkt k pnrshm lhgbs. Kddhrbfm` th Jrhwm
kmb Dhx (;660
(;660,, 4>),

dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms ehr k pkrtfdugkr dhcpkmy hr hr`kmfzktfhm fmdgubn dh`-

mftfhms, k﬏ndts, nvkguktfhms kttkdlfm` th spndf﬋d dh`mftfhms hr k﬏ndts kmb/hr
pkttnrms he ksshdfktfhms
ksshdfktfhm s wftl rnspndt th k pkrtfdugkr dhcpkmy wlfdl krn jksnb
hm k snt he cnchry
cnchr y fmputs kmb/hr durrnmt
dur rnmt snmshry pnrdnptfhms.

Dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms
k sshdfktfhms krn tkafm` pgkdn kt km fmbfvfbukg gnv
gnvng1
ng1 ksshdfktfhms dhmsfst he
tln wfbnst snts he pnrdnptfhms kmb ksdrfjnb cnkmfm`s tlkt dkm jn — jut mht mndns-
skrfgy — dhmmndtnb hmn th kmhtlnr. Jrhwm kmb Dhx (;660 (;660,, 45) dgkssf﬋nb dhrphrktn
ksshdfktfhms fmth sfx dktn`hrfns9

• dhrphrktn kjfgftfns kmb suddnss1

sudd nss1
• fmtnrkdtfhm wftl nxdlkm`n
nxdlk m`n pkrtmnrs1
• fmtnrkdtfhm wftl ncpghynns1
• shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty kmb dhmtrfjutfhms1
d hmtrfjutfhms1
• ckrantfm` dhmsfbnrktfhms1
• prhbudt dhmsfbnrktfhms.

Rln any shurdn he dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms krn tln prhbudts kmb snrvfdns he k dhc-
pkmy, fts dhccumfdktfhms, cnbfk, tlfrb pkrtfns kmb `nmnrkgfznb prhthtypns (Jrhwm
kmb Dhx ;660,
;660, 40). Dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms dhcprfsn tln `nmnrkg pnrdnptfhm he k
dhcpkmy kmb fts fbnmtfty trkfts, ks wngg ks fts fck`n, rnputktfhm kmb trustwhrtlfmnss
(Jnrnms :??2).
:??2).

6.: _nrdnptfhm he k dhcpkmy

dhcpkmy
Rln tnrc pnrdnptfhm bnmhtns k snmshry dhcprnlnmsfhm he tln cktnrfkg whrgb
hr fm htlnr whrbs k sngndtfhm, hr`kmfzktfhm kmb fmtnrprntktfhm he snmshry fcpugsns
jy km fmbfvfbukg
dhcjfmfm`, fm hrbnr
fmtn`rktfm` kmbthfmtnrprntfm`
ckan snmsnfmehrcktfhm
f mtnrprntfm` he lfs/lnr
fmehr cktfhmnmvfrhmcnmt. Ft fsfmkhrbnr
kjhut tln htlnr prhdnss he
th jn
kjgn th umbnrstkmb ft. Fcphrtkmt ekdthrs fm tln prhdnss he pnrdnptfhm krn dh`mftfvn

;4< Fbnmtfty trkfts kmb dhrphrktn fck`n

sdlncns, wlfdl krn kjstrkdt amhwgnb`n strudturns skvnb fm cnchry, hr mnurkg mnt-
whras fm tln jrkfm tlkt nmkjgn
nmkjgn hr`kmfzktfhm kmb fmtnrprntktfhm he fmehrcktfhm
fmehr cktfhm kjhut
k pnrdnfvnb nmtfty. K sdlncn fs km hr`kmfznb snt he fmehrcktfhm kjhut km hjindt,
plnmhcnmhm hr nvnmt. K rngktnb dhmdnpt fs k sdrfpt, wlfdl fs, erhc k psydlh-
gh`fdkg phfmt he vfnw,
vfnw, tln hr`kmfzktfhm he fmehrcktfhm
fmehr cktfhm kjhut km kdtfhm. Tdlncns kmb
sdrfpts
sdrf pts krn rnsugts he pkst nxpnrfnmdn
nxpnrfnmd n kmb amhwgnb`n erhc vkrfhus shurdns. Tdlncns
kmb sdrfpts bntnrcfmn wlfdl fmehrcktfhm fs pnrdnfvnb kmb wlfdl fs mht, kmb lhw
tln fmehrcktfhm fs fmtnrprntnb. Hmdn tln sdlncns lkvn jnnm dhmstrudtnb tlny krn
umgfangy th dlkm`n.Rlny krn eumdtfhmkg
eumdtfhmk g jndkusn
jndku sn tlny strudturn
str udturn tln whrgb krhumb us,
jut dkm jn byseumdtfhmkg fe jksnb hm wrhm` fmehrcktfhm. Kmhtlnr ekdthr fm﬊unm-
dfm` km fmbfvfbukg‖
fmbfvfbukg‖ss pnrdnptfhm fs lfs/lnr chtfvktfhmkg stktn, wlfdl fmdgubns
fmd gubns mnnbs,
vkguns kmb bnsfrns. He dhursn, shcn htlnr dfrducstkmdns cust jn dhmsfbnrnb ks
wngg, sudl ks plysfdkg kmb nchtfhmkg dhmbftfhms, kmb tln chhb he tln pnrdnfvfm`
pnrshm. Lhwnvnr, wn cust pky kttnmtfhm th jfks kmb cfstkans wlfdl krn vnry typ-
fdkg he tln pnrdnptfhm prhdnss. Hmn sudl jfks fs tln 󿬋rst fcprnssfhm n﬏ndt, cnkmfm`
tlkt tln ﬋rst fmehrcktfhm tlkt k pnrshm `nts kjhut tln hjindt he pnrdnptfhm lks tln

`rnktnst
phssfjgn fm﬊unmdn
jfks fs tlnhmsngndtfvn
tln hv
hvnrkgg
nrkgg pnrdnptfhm
pnrdnptfhm km btlkt
kmb
, cnkmfm` nvkguktfhm he tlkt hjindt.
km fmbfvfbukg Kmhtlnr
jy bnekugt pkys
kttnmtfhm hmgy th hmn pkrt he tln fmehrcktfhm. Kgsh fcphrtkmt krn tln dhmtrkst n﬏ndt,
wlfdl cnkms tlkt tln wky tlkt htlnrs htlnr s pnrdnfvn
pnrdnfvn km hjindt
hji ndt fm﬊unmdns kmk m fmbfvfbukg‖s
fmbfvfbukg‖s
pnrdnptfhm he tlkt hjindt1 kmb tln sh-dkggnb lkgh n﬏ndt, wlfdl nxpgkfms lhw `nm-
nrkg pnrdnptfhm fm﬊unmdns tln pnrdnptfhm he spndf﬋d dlkrkdtnrfstfds. Rln n﬏ndts he
strfdtmnss, gnmfnmdn kmb kvnrk`nmnss dkgg kttnmtfhm th tln ekdt tlkt pnhpgn lkvn bf﬏nrnmt
drftnrfk he pnrdnptfhm kmb nvkguktfhm. Hm tln htlnr lkmb, tln sfcfgkrfty n﬏ndt slhws
tlkt tln pnhpgn tlkt krn pnrdnfvnb ks sfcfgkr th hursngvns krn nvkguktnb jnttnr tlkm
tln hmns tlkt krn pnrdnfvnb ks bf﬏nrnmt erhc us. Eurtlnr, ft lks jnnm nstkjgfslnb tlkt
tln amhwgnb`n he tln nmtfty kmb k mb fts kttftubns fm﬊unmdns km fmbfvfbukg‖
fmbfvfbukg‖ss pnrdnptfhm he
tln nmtfty, cnkmfm` tlkt amhwgnb`n gnkbs th gfafm`. Rlnsn n﬏ndts kppgy th kgg pnrdnfvnb
hjindts kmb dhcpkmfns krn mh nxdnptfhms.
Plnm nxpgkfmfm` tln pnrdnptfhm he dhcpkmfns, hmn he tln chst fmtnrnstfm` pln-
mhcnmk fs kmtlrhphchrplfzktfhm, wlfdl fs bn﬋mnb ks “kttrfjutfm` luckmgfan
prhpnrtfns, dlkrkdtnrfstfds, hr cnmtkg stktns th rnkg hr fck`fmnb mhmluckm k`nmts
kmb hjindts‖ (Npgny nt kg. :??0,
:??0, <5>). Ft fs k ehrc he fmbudtfvn fmenrnmdn usnb jy
pnhpgn fm hrbnr th umbnrstkmb
umbnr stkmb stfcugf tlrhu`l pnrdnptfhm he k jnttnr-amhwm sfcf-
gkr stfcugus sh tlkt km fmkmfcktn hjindt `nts luckm dlkrkdtnrfstfds kmb jndhcns k
sujindt. Cftlnm kmb Jhynr (;665
(;665)) nxpgkfm kmtlrhphchrplfsc ks k dhcjfmktfhm he
pnrdnptfhm nrrhrs tlkt krn mkturkg kmb fmnvftkjgn. Kmtlrhphchrplfsc fs k tnmbnmdy
th pnrshmfey hjindts kmb tln fmkmfcktn whrgb krhumb us kmb fs k umfvnrskg luckm
qukgfty wlfdl lngps fmbfvfbukgs th rnbudn tln dhcpgnxfty he tln nmvfrhmcnmt kmb
nxpnrfnmdn, tlus
tlus ckafm` tlnfr gfen nksfnr. Ttkanlhgbnrs tlkt lkvn mh prhjgncs kttrfj-
kttr fj-
 utfm` luckm dlkrkdtnrfstfds th dhcpkmfns krn gfangy th kmtlrhphchrplfzn jndkusn
he tln bnsfrn ehr nxpndtnb fmtnrkdtfhms kmb kppkrnmt ehrnsnnkjfgfty tlkt nmlkmdns tln
umbnrstkmbfm` he tln hjindt fm tln prnsnmt kmb rngktfhms wftl ft fm tln euturn (Npgny
nt kg. :??0).
:??0).

Fbnmtfty trkfts kmb dhrphrktn fck`n ;46

6.4 Fbnmtfty trkfts

Jndkusn dhcpkmfns dhccumfdktn vnry spndf﬋d
spndf ﬋d cnssk`ns, pnhpgn tnmb th drnktn sfcf-
gkr mntwhras he pnrdnptfhms kmb ksshdfktfhms kjhut k dhcpkmy tlkt tlny drnktn kjhut
htlnr pnhpgn. Fm jhtl dksns, pnhpgn usn dh`mftfv
dh`mftfvnn kmb nchtfhmkg strudturns
str udturns th drnktn
fck`ns .Rlnsn krn fmtnrm
fck`ns. fmtn rmkg
kg pnrdnptfhms
pnrdnpt fhms hr sdlncns,
sdl ncns, usukgg
usukggyy he k dhggndtfvn
dhggnd tfvn mkturn, tlkt
lkvn jnnm dhmstrudtnb tlrhu`l shdfkg gnkrmfm` kmb dhmehrcfty. Kddhrbfm` th tln
fcpgfdft tlnhry, pnhpgn usn tln skcn snt he dhmstrudts th bnsdrfjn kmb nvkguktn
htlnr pnhpgn tlkt tlny usn ehr tlncsngvns. Tfcfgkrgy, fmbfvfbukgs lkvn “umfqun snts
he kjfgftfns, fmdgfmktfhms, vkguns kmb nxpnrfnmdns tlkt lngp th slkpn tlnfr fmbfvfbukg
fcprnssfhms‖ (Jrhcgny :??;, :??;, 4:?). Jndkusn he tln fm﬊unmdn
fm﬊unmd n he dhmehrcfty
dhmehr cfty kmb fmbf-
vfbukgfty hm bnsdrfptfhm
bnsdr fptfhm hr nvkguktfhm kssf`mcnmts (nftlnr he pnhpgn hr dhcpkmfns),
tln kttrfjutns krn bfstrfjutnb fm k typfdkg I-durvn. K lf`l ernqunmdy he kttrfjutns
phfmts kt slkrnb nxpnrfnmdn kmb tln dhmehrcfty n﬏ndt, wlfgn ghw ernqunmdfns kmb
fbfhsymdrktfd kttrfjutns
kttr fjutns bnsf`mktn tln fm﬊unmdn he umfqunmnss (Jrhcgny (Jrhcgny ;664,
;664, :??
:??;;).
Rlfs cnkms tlkt dh`mftfv
dh`mftfvnn ckps he fmbfvfbukgs
f mbfvfbukgs krn, wlnm bnsdrfjfm`
bnsdr fjfm` pnhpgn hr dhc-
pkmfns, dhcphsnb he k sckgg mucjnr he kttrfjutns kttr fjutns tlkt krn slkrnb jy tln ckihrfty he
rnsphmbnmts kmb k gkr`ng kr`n mucjnr he kttrfjutns
kttr fjutns tlkt kppnkr fmbfvfbukggy
fmbfvfbukggy..
Jnsfbn tln bfstrfjutfhm he kttrfjutns fm dh`mftfvn ckps, wlkt fs kgsh fcphrtkmt
fs tln dhmtnmt he kttrfjutns. Tlkrnb dhmtnmt fs nxprnssnb tlrhu`l gkm`uk`n bnsf`mk-
tfhms tlkt pnhpgn usn ehr bnsdrfptfhm hr nvkguktfhm he htlnr pnhpgn kmb dhcpkmfns.
Kddhrbfm` th Tpndthr (;65; (;65;),), tlnrn krn twh ckihr dktn`hrfns he gkm`uk`n bnsf`mk-
tfhms, kttrfjutns hr trkfts tlkt dkm jn usnb th bnsdrfjn pnhpgn kmb dhcpkmfns.

• Gkm`uk`n bnsf`mktfhms, usnb th bnsdrfjn bntnrcfmkmts he fbnmtfty dlkrkd-

tnrfstfds hr fbnmtfty trkfts. Rlfs dktn`hry fmdgubns tln rnsugts he km fmbfvfbukg‖s
jnlkvfhur ks wngg ks kmy htlnr tlfm` tlkt dkm jn bfrndtgy pnrdnfvnb
pnrdnfvnb wftl rn`krb
th tln fmbfvfbukg (Bfiastnrlufs kmb Jkr`l :??;). :??;). Rlnsn kttrfjutns
kttr fjutns nmkjgn k pnr-
shm th fcpgfdftgy fmenr tln fbnmtfty trkfts
trk fts he km nmtfty wlnm ln/sln fs fm dhmtkdt
dhm tkdt
wftl ft.
• K `rhup he gkm`uk`n bnsf`mktfhms bnsdrfjfm`
bnsdr fjfm` pnrdnfvnb
pnrdnfvnb fbnmtfty dlkrkdtnrfs-
tfds hr tln psydlhgh`fdkg trkfts he km nmtfty. Rlnsn trkfts krn mht pnrdnfvnb bfr-
ndtgy jndkusn tln hjsnrvnr
hjsnr vnr ckans
ckans fmenrnmdns kjhut tlnfr nxfstnmdn erhc lfs/lnr
pnrdnptfhm he tln nmtfty‖
nmtfty‖ss jnlkvfhur fm k `fv
` fvnm
nm tfcn kmb spkdn. Rlfs cnkms tlkt
fbnmtfty trkfts kmb tlnfr bfcnmsfhms krn dh`mftfvn
dh`mftfvn dhmstrudtfhms he h e tln hjsnrvnrs
kmb mht psydlhgh`fdkg dlkrkdtnrfstfds
dlkrkdtnr fstfds he tln hjsnrvnb. Fmenrr
Fmenrrfm`
fm` fbnmtfty trkfts fs
k sphmtkmnhus, umdhmsdfhus kmb dhmstkmt prhdnss kmb km fmtn`rkg fmtn` rkg pkrt he nvnry-
nvnry-
bky shdfkg pnrdnptfhms (Bfiastnrlufs kmb Jkr`l :??;). :??;).

Jy bfvfbfm` kttrfjutns fmth twh `rhups, mkcngy fbnmtfty dlkrkdtnrfstfds kmb bntnr-
cfmkmts
fmbfvfbukgshe fbnmtfty dlkrkdtnrfstfds,
kmb ehr dhcpkmfns) wn snn he
kttrfjutns tlkt
tlnkchm` umfqun
“fbnmtfty kttrfjutns (jhtl
dlkrkdtnrfstfds ehr
bntnrcf-
mkmts‖ `rhup prnvkfg, wlfgn chst he tln slkrnb kttrfjutns
kttrf jutns krn erhc tln “fbnmtfty dlkr-
kdtnrfstfds‖
kdtnrf stfds‖ `rhup (snn Ef`urn 6.;). Lhwnvnr, tln cnmtfhmnb sfcfgkrftfns fm dh`mftfhm

;2? Fbnmtfty trkfts kmb dhrphrktn fck`n

Fmtnrmkg
bntnrcfmkmts he fbnmtfty
dlkrkdtnrfstfds

ncpghynn
dkrn
`hhb fmmhvktfvn
ckmk`ncnmt hr`kmfzktfhmkg drnktfvn rngfkjgn
skgkrfns strudturn chbnrm
trnmby lhmnst trust-
`hhb fmtnrnstfm` whrtly
whrafm` whra hr`kmfznb nxkdt shdfkggy
nmvfrhmcnmt fmbnpnmbnmt rnsphmsfjgn
ncpghynn prheftkjgn dhhpnrktfvn
rngktfhmslfps neefdfnmt lngpeug mfdn ndhgh`fdkg
pnhpgn suddnsseug pnmntrktfm`
phgftn dhccumfdktfvn
jf` dhcpntftfvn kbkptkjgn

nxpkmbnb nxpnrt

`hhb qukgfty
dlhfdn prhbudts
sphmshrslfp mfdn stkee
jnst juy jnmnefts
mfdn kbs
ckrantfm` ghw prfdns whrafm`
lhurs dhcpntnmt
`hhb _Z `hhb stkee
sthrns

Nxtnrmkg Fbnmtfty dlkrkdtnrfstfds

bntnrcfmkmts he fbnmtfty
dlkrkdtnrfstfds

EF@^ZN 6.; Dhrphrktn fck`n strudturn

ehrcktfhm, strudturn kmb hr`kmfzktfhm slhugb mht cfsgnkb us fmth cfstkafm` tlnc
ehr snckmtfd sfcfgkrfty. Tnvnrkg stubfns lkvn slhwm tlkt rnsphmbnmts hmgy rkrngy
slkrn kttrfjutns wlnm bnsdrfjf
bnsdrfjfm`
m` pnhpgn hr dhcpkmfns
d hcpkmfns kmb tlkt, fm chst dksns, tlny
usn vnry bf﬏nrnmt kttrfjutns. Rlkt fs wly spndfkg dkrn fs mnnbnb wlnm trkmsenr-
rfm` nxprnssfhms kmb bfcnmsfhms tlkt bnsf`mktn pnrdnfvnb pnrshmkg dlkrkdtnrfstfds he
pnhpgn th tln dhrphrktn gnvng (Bkvfns kmb Dlum :??4). :??4).
Ft fs fmtnrnstfm` th snn tlkt tln skcn trkfts krn usnb th bnsdrfjn bf﬏nrnmt nmtftfns.
Jut pnrlkps fm tlfs dhmtnxt km nvnm chrn fcphrtkmt ﬋mbfm` fs tlkt tln chrn shcn-
hmn usns “fbnmtfty dlkrkdtnrfstfds‖
dlkrkdtnr fstfds‖ kttrfjutns th bnsdrfjn pnhpgn (kmb dhcpkmfns),
dhcpkmf ns), tln
gnss tlny usn kttrfjutns erhc tln dktn`hry “bntnrcfmkmts he fbnmtfty dlkrkdtnrfstfds‖.
 Kgsh,
chrntln chrn
hetnm tlnytlkt
wfggshcnhmn
usn tlncusns
th fbnmtfty
bnsdrfjn dlkrkdtnr
dlkrkdtnrfstfds
fstfds
pnhpgn1 tln th bnsdrfjn
skcn bnsdr fjnehr
fs trun dhcpkmfns, tln
tln bntnrcf-
mkmts he fbnmtfty dlkrkdtnrfstfds.
dlkrkd tnrfstfds. Rlkt cnkms tlkt hm tln ckdrh gnvng, tlnrn krn twh
`rhups he pnhpgn (_hbmkr :??:,
:??:, :??2)9
:??2)9

Fbnmtfty trkfts kmb dhrphrktn fck`n ;2;

• Rln ﬋rst `rhup dhmsfsts he rnsphmbnmts tlkt tnmb th bnsdrfjn nmtftfns usfm`
fbnmtfty dlkrkdtnrfstfds.
dlkrkdtnr fstfds.
• Rln sndhmb `rhup tnmbs th bnsdrfjn nmtftfns usfm` bntnrcfmkmts he fbnmtfty
dlkrkdtnrfstfds.

Plnm wn krn bnkgfm` wftl dhmdrntn pnrdnptfhms he dhcpkmfns, nspndfkggy fe wn wkmt

th cnksurn tln pnrdnptfhms, wn cust annp fm cfmb tlkt ehrcktfhm he ksshdfktfhms
fs mht k hmn-bfcnmsfhmkg
hmn-bf cnmsfhmkg prhdnss. K hmn-bfcnmsfhmkg prhdnss whugb cnkm tlkt
wn krn hmgy fmtnrnstnb fm wlkt k pnrshm tlfmas kjhut k pnrdnfvnb nmtfty jksnb hm
fmehrcktfhm
fmehrck tfhm bfrndtgy trkmscfttnb jy tln nmtfty
nmtfty,, wlfgn dhcpgntngy f`mhr
f`mhrfm`
fm` wlkt tln
pnrshm tlfmas tlkt tln nmtfty tlfmas kjhut lfc/lnr. Rlfs fmehrcktfhm dkm rkbfdkggy
dlkm`n km fmbfvfbukg‖s pnrdnptfhm kmb lfs/lnr nvkguktfhm he tln pnrdnfvnb nmtfty
kmb tlkt fs wly wn cust kgwkys annp fm cfmb tln twh-bfcnmsfhmkg prhdnss
he ehrcfm` ksshdfktfhms. Rln ehrcktfhm he dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms fs mht km nmb fm
ftsnge jut fs fcphrtkmt jndkusn dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms strhm`gy fm﬊unmdn tln bndf-
sfhms kmb jnlkvfhur he km fmbfvfbukg, rn`krbgnss he lfs/lnr stkanlhgbnr phsftfhm. Ks

rnsnkrdl slhwskmb
tln dhcpkmy (Ckktlufs
mht hmgy;666
;666),
), tln
kjhut ftssfm`gn ekdt hr
prhbudts tlktsnrvfdns
k pnrshm
dkmlksgnkb
km hpfmfhm kjhut
th tln bnsfrnb
n﬏ndt tlkt tln prhbudts kmb snrvfdns he sudl dhcpkmfns krn nvkguktnb jnttnr tlkm
sfcfgkr prhbudts hr snrvfdns he dhcpkmfns kjhut wlfdl tlfs pnrshm lks mh hpfmfhm.
Rlfs n﬏ndt dkm hmgy tkan pgkdn fe tln dhcpkmy fs dhm`runmt wftl fts prhbudts kmb
snrvfdns (Ckbrf`kg :???).
:???).

6.2 Dhrphrktn fck`n

Rln fm﬊unmdn he dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms hm dhmsucnr bndfsfhms kmb jnlkvfhur fm
rngktfhmslfp th dhcpkmfns fs tln ckfm rnkshm wly dhcpkmy (hr dhrphrktn) fck`n
kmb fts ckmk`ncnmt fs hmn he tln chst stubfnb ﬋ngbs fm ckrantfm`. Lhwnvnr, hmn
slhugb bnkg wftl tlfs cugtftubn he rnsnkrdl wftl k dnrtkfm
dnr tkfm bn`rnn he dkutfhm jndkusn
tlnrn krn ckmy bf﬏nrnmt cntlhbs kmb kpprhkdlns th tln stuby he dhrphrktn fck`n.
Zhu`lgy,, gftnrkturn bnkgfm` wftl dhrphrktn fck`n dkm jn bfvfbnb kddhrbfm` th twh
Zhu`lgy
drftnrfk9 ﬋rstgy, kddhrbfm` th tln typn he fck`n (fck`n he k dhcpkmy, sujsfbfkry hr
jrkmdl, jrkmb fck`n, ntd.) kmb sndhmbgy, kddhrbfm` th tln ehdus9 wlntlnr tln stubfns
dhmdnmtrktn hm tln nmtfty tlkt trkmscfts tln fck`n (fm wlfdl dksn fck`n fs umbnr-
sthhb ks shcntlfm` th jn trkmscfttnb) hr hm tln rndfpfnmts he tln fck`n (fm wlfdl
dksn fck`n fs umbnrsthhb ks k cnmtkg dhmstrudt). Kmhtlnr kpprhkdl fs th stuby tln
fmtnrprntktfhm he tln fck`ns, hr stubyfm` “jngfnes kjhut jngfnes‖. Nvnm tlhu`l tlnsn
kpprhkdlns snnc vnry lntnrh`nmnhus, k dlrhmhgh`fdkg hvnrvfnw he bf﬏nrnmt bn﬋-
mftfhms he dhrphrktn fck`n (_hbmkr :??:,:??:, :??2)
:??2) rnvnkgs tlkt kgg kpprhkdlns lkvn
dhcchm ngncnmts. fck`n fs chst hetnm umbnrsthhb ks k cnmtkg dhmdnptfhm he tln
Fm tln gftnrkturn,
dhcpkmy ckbn fm tln dhmsucnr‖s cfmb. Fck`ns krn pnrdnptfhms hr snts he jngfnes,
kttftubns kmb fcprnssfhms he km fmbfvfbukg kjhut km hjindt wlfdl krn drnktnb fm tln

;2: Fbnmtfty trkfts kmb dhrphrktn fck`n

dhmsucnr‖s cfmb wlnm

dhmsucnr‖s w lnm tlny tlfma kjhut k dhcpkmy hr fts prhbudts/snrvfdns. Fck`n
fs hetnm bn﬋mnb ks km fccnbfktn cnmtkg dhmdnptfhm he km fmbfvfbukg kjhut km
hr`kmfzktfhm (Fmb ;66?1
;66?1 Jkgcnr ;660).
;660). Fck`n bn﬋mnb ks km fcprnssfhm hr k sdlncn
ckbn jy km fmbfvfbukg kjhut tln sujindt wftl wlfdl wlf dl ln/sln fmtnrkdts shdfkggy fm﬊u-
nmdns tln jnlkvfhur he tln fmbfvfbukg fm rngktfhm th htlnrs (Jrhcgny ;664, ;664 , :2—:>).
Fck`n fs nxprnssnb tlrhu`l k snt he cnkmfm`s tlkt krn typfdkg he tln hjindt kmb tlkt
pnhpgn hetnm usn th bnsdrfjn, cnchrfzn hr rngktn th tln hjindt.
h jindt. Ft fs k rnsugt he fmtnr-
kdtfhms kchm` jngfnes, fbnks, nchtfhms kmb fcprnssfhms he km fmbfvfbukg kjhut tln
hjindt wlfdl, kddhrbfm` th tfcn kmb dfrducstkmdns, rkpfbgy dlkm`ns — tlkt fs wly ft
fs bnsdrfjnb ks k bymkcfd dhmdnpt. Fck`ns krn mht stkjgn kmb dlkm`n kddhrbfm` th
tln rnenrnmdn erkcnwhra he tln hjsnrvnr. Fck`n fs k dhcphsftfhm he hjindtfvn kmb
sujindtfvn,, dhrrndt kmb
sujindtfvn km b ekgsn pnrdnptfhms, kttftubns kmb nxpnrfnmdns kjhut km hjindt.
Cnmtkg fck`ns krn drnktnb tlrhu`l bfrndt hr fmbfrndt nxpnrfnmdn kmb dkm jn rktfhmkg
hr frrktfhmkg, dhrrndt hr ekgsn. Plkt fs kgsh nvfbnmt fs tlkt dhrphrktn fck`n bf﬏nrs
erhc hmn pnrshm th kmhtlnr kmb tlkt bf﬏nrnmt `rhups lkvn bf﬏nrnmt fck`ns kjhut
hmn dhcpkmy. Ks sudl, fck`n lks twh ckihr dhcphmnmts9 eumdtfhmkg kmb nchtfhmkg

(Anmmnby ;600). Plfgn

;600).
he tln pnrdnfvnb nmtfty,tln
tlneumdtfhmkg
nchtfhmkgdhcphmnmt
dhcphmnmtrngktns
rngktnsththtln
tlntkm`fjgn
ksdrfjnbprhpnrtfns
psydlh-
gh`fdkg dlkrkdtnrfstfds he tln pnrdnfvnb nmtfty tlkt krn ckmfenstnb tlrhu`l nchtfhms
kmb rngktfhmslfps th tln dhcpkmy
d hcpkmy (M`uynm
(M`uynm kmb Gnjgkmd :??;).
:??; ).
Ttubfns he dhrphrktn fck`n cust tkan fmth dhmsfbnrktfhm tln lfnrkrdlfdkg chbng
he rndnfvfm` kmb hr`kmfzfm` fmehrcktfhm,
fmehr cktfhm, cnkmfm` tlkt rnsnkrdlnrs slhugb pky kttnm-
tfhm th wlntlnr rnsphmbnmts amhw tln dhcpkmy tlny krn th nvkguktn hr mht. Rln
amhwgnb`n he tln dhcpkmy fs, kddhrbfm` th shcn kutlhrs (Jkythm ;6>61 ;6>61 Dkrgshm
;654),
;654 ), k prndhmbftfhm ehr tln nvkguktfhm he dhrphrktn fck`n. Amhwgnb`n fs k mndns-
skry dhmbftfhm ehr km fmbfvfbukg th drnktn k dhrphrktn fck`n1 lhwnvnr amhwgnb`n
kghmn fs mht nmhu`l. Lnmdn, Ckdgnhb (;650 (;650)) skys tlkt dhrphrktn fck`n lks tlrnn
lfnrkrdly gnvngs tlkt krn fmtnrbnpnmbnmt1 tln ﬋rst gnvng fs amhwgnb`n, tln sndhmb
phsftfvn kttftubn, wlfgn tln tlfrb dhmsfsts he spndfkg kmb spndf﬋d kttrfjutns tlkt krn
dhmmndtnb wftl tln dhcpkmy kmb nxfst fm pnhpgn‖s cfmbs.
K pnrshm tlkt
tlk t lks mnvnr lnkrb he k dhcpkmy lks mh mhtfhm
mhtf hm he fts fck`n. Thcnhmn
tlkt lks fmehrcktfhm
fmehr cktfhm kjhut
kjhu t k dhcpkmy jut tln fmehrcktfhm
fmehrc ktfhm fs fmdhcpgntn
fmdhc pgntn hr fmsuffl-
dfnmt fs dhmeusnb hm lnkrfm`
lnkr fm` tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s mkcn jndkusn tlfs pnrshm fs umdnrtkfm he
lhw th nvkguktn kmb dgkssfey tln dhcpkmy.
dhcpkmy. Hmgy ketnr rndh`mftfhm he tln tl n dhcpkmy‖
dhcpk my‖ss
mkcn lks jnnm wngg nstkjgfslnb, dkm wn `h hm th jufgb dhrphrktn fck`n. Jut nvnm
ketnr tlfs stnp lks jnnm ckbn kmb fmbfvfbukgs rndh`mfzn tln dhcpkmy umkcjf`u-
husgy, fts dhrphrktn fck`n dkm stfgg jn umdgnkr. Plnm pnhpgn rndh`mfzn k dhcpkmy
kmb krn kjgn th rndkgg fts dlkrkdtnrfstfds, tlny jndhcn ekcfgfkr wftl ft. Rln jnttnr tlny
amhw tln dhcpkmy, tln chrn bntkfgnb dhrphrktn fck`n dkm tlny rndkgg. Kgsh, k pnr-
shm wlh amhws k dhcpkmy wngg fs chrn gfangy th lkvn k phsftfvn kttftubn thwkrb
 tln dhcpkmy
dh cpkmy..Rln chrn phsftfvn fck`n k pnrshm
pnr shm lks
lk s he k dhcpkmy
dhcp kmy,, tln chrn phsftfvn
tlnfr jnlkvfhur thwkrb tln dhcpkmy fs. _hsftfvn kttftubn kgsh sf`mf﬋dkmtgy fm﬊unmdns
tln “pnrdnptfhm kmb krtfdugktfhm he kttrfjutns, spndf﬋d th tln dhcpkmy fm qunstfhm‖
(Ckdgnhb ;650,
;650, ;6). Fe k dnrtkfm fck`n snncs stkjgn kmb fe rnenrnmdn `rhups krhumb

Fbnmtfty trkfts kmb dhrphrktn fck`n ;24

tln fmbfvfbukg supphrt tln fck`n, tln fmbfvfbukg wfgg rnsfst fmtnrmkg kmb nxtnrmkg ekd-
thrs tlkt cf`lt dhmtrkbfdt tlfs fck`n. Rlfs tlfrb gnvng he dhrphrktn fck`n fs cugtfbf-
cnmsfhmkg kmb dhmsfsts
dhmsf sts he prhbudt hpfmfhms,
hpfm fhms, tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s ckrant phsftfhm, rngktfhm-
slfp th dhmsucnrs kmb ncpghynns, tln dhcpkmy‖s ntlfds, kmb htlnr bfcnmsfhms.
Dhrphrktn fck`ns krn drnktnb hm tln jksfs he tln dhggndtfhm he kgg nxpnrfnmdns
he tln nmtfty kmb he htlnr ekdthrs tlkt tln nmtfty fs umkjgn th dhmtrhg. Rln mucjnr
he dlkmmngs tlrhu`l wlfdl k pnrshm `nts fmehrcktfhm kjhut tln dhcpkmy phsf-
tfvngy
tfvngy fm﬊unmdns tln stkjfgfty
stkjfg fty kmb strnm`tl he tln dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn fck`n. Dhrphrktn fck`n
dlkm`ns sf`mf﬋dkmtgy kddhrbfm` th tln shurdn he nxpnrfnmdn tlkt pnhpgn lkvn wftl
tln dhcpkmy kmb kddhrbfm` th tln rnenrnmdn erkcn he tln hjsnrvnr. Ehr nxkcpgn,
pnhpgn wlh krn pnrshmkggy kdqukfmtnb wftl ncpghynns he k dhcpkmy lkvn k chrn
phsftfvn kmb bntkfgnb fck`n he k dhcpkmy dhcpkrnb th pnhpgn wftl mh kdqukfmt-
kmdns fm tln dhcpkmy. Chrnhvnr, jnttnr fmehrcnb rnsphmbnmts dlkm`n tlnfr rngk-
tfhmslfp wftl tln dhcpkmy gnss hetnm tlkm rnsphmbnmts wlh lkvn gnss fmehrcktfhm
kjhut tln dhcpk
dhcpkmy
my..
Jkrfdl kmb Ahtgnr (;66;
(;66;)) wrftn tlkt k dhcpkmy lks ckmy fck`ns jndkusn dhm-

strudtfhm he km fck`nthbnpnmbs
pkmy‖s dhmtrfjutfhm shdfnty, hm ckmythwkrb
kttftubn ekdthrs ncpghynns,
sudl ks jusfmnss
qukgftysuddnss, tln dhc-
he prhbudts kmb
snrvfdns, tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s dhccumfdktfhms, skgns tnkc, bfstrfjutfhm dlkmmngs
d lkmmngs kmb snr-
vfdns tlkt supphrt
supph rt tln dhcpkmy‖
dhcpkmy‖ss rngktfhmslfp wftl tln stkanlhgbnrs. @krjntt (;6<<
(;6<<))
sfcfgkrgy wrftns tlkt nvnry dhcpkmy, rn`krbgnss fe ft fs kwkrn he ft hr mht, lks km fbnm-
tfty kmb tlnrnehrn prhindts k dnrtkfm fck`n (@krjntt ;6<<,
;6<<, 4). Kddhrbfm` th @krjntt
(;6<<
;6<<),), dhrphrktn fck`n fs fm﬊unmdnb jy sfx ekdthrs. Rln rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm tlnsn
ekdthrs, rnkgfty (Z), mnwswhrtlfmnss (M), bfvnrsfty (B), dhccumfdktfhm n﬏hrts (D),
tfcn (R) kmb cnchry bndky (C), kmb tlnfr fm﬊unmdn hm tln dhrphrktn fck`n (F) fs
rnprnsnmtnb fm tln sfcpgn ehrcugk9

M
C F

B Ð R

Rln ehgghwfm` ekdthrs fm tln kjhvn ehrcugk fm﬊unmdn dhrphrktn fck`n (@krjntt
;6<<).
;6<<).

• Znkgfty he k dhcpkmy (Z). Rlfs dktn`hry

dktn`hr y fmdgubns dhcpkmy dlkrkdtnrfstfds,
dlkrkdtnr fstfds, sudl
ks sfzn, strudturn, jrkmdl he fmbustry, prhbudts kmb snrvfdns, ncpghynns kmb tlnfr
fmtnrkdtfhms wftl tln nmvfrhmcnmt.
• Mnwswhrtlfmnss he k dhcpkmy kmb fts kdtfvftfns (M). K dhcpkmy dkm jn mnws-
whrtly nftlnr fm k phsftfvn hr fm k mn`ktfvn wky. Lhwnvnr, fm chst dksns, tln
pujgfd fs mht fmtnrnstnb fm tln dhcpkmy kt kgg, sh tln hr`kmfzktfhm cust ckan
km n﬏hrt th kdlfnvn phsftfvn
phsftfvn pujgfdfty kmb th kttrkdt phsftfvn kttnmtfhm tlrhu`l
 fts hpnrktfhms.
• Bfvnrsfty he k dhcpkmy (B). K bfvnrsn dhcpkmy dhccumfdktns vnry bfvnrsn
cnssk`ns. Dhmsnqunmtgy ft fs lkrbnr th jn dhlnsfvn kmb th drnktn k dhmsfstnmt
dhrphrktn fck`n.

;22 Fbnmtfty trkfts kmb dhrphrktn fck`n

• Dhccumfdktfhm
Dhccumfdktf n﬏hr t (D). Rlnrn fs k strhm` dhmmndtfhm jntwnnm n﬏hrts fmvnstnb
hm n﬏hrt
fm dhccumfdktfhms kmb rndh`mftfhm kmb k phsftfvn dhrphrktn fck`n.
• Rfcn (R). Zhcn wksm‖t jufgt fm k bky kmb mhr fs k phsftfvn dhrphrktn fck`n.
Dhccumfdktfhm n﬏hrts slhugb jn ckbn hvnr k ghm`nr pnrfhb he tfcn fm hrbnr
th drnktn k strhm` dhrphrktn fck`n.
• Cnchry bndky (C). @krjntt (;6<<
(;6<<,, 2—>) skys tlkt cnchry bndky he tln pujgfd fs
fs
k snrfhus prhjgnc. K ght he dhccumfdktfhm n﬏hrt fs mnnbnb th annp tln dhc-
pkmy fm pnhpgn‖s cfmbs, gnt kghmn th fcprhvn fts phsftfhm.

Jy stubyfm` dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn fck`n, tln prhdnssns he fts dhmstrudtfhm kmb k mb tln ekdthrs
ekdthr s fm﬊u-
nmdfm` ft, dhcpkmfns lkvnlkvn bfsdhvnrnb
bfsdhvnrnb tlkt, fm spftn he tln ekdt tlkt tln fck`n fs dhm-
strudtnb jy tln fmbfvfbukg, dhcpkmfns dkm ckmk`n fck`n jy dhmtrhggfm` tlnfr pujgfd
kppnkrkmdn
kppnk rkmdn kmb
k mb tlnfr
tlnf r ckmmnr
ckmm nr he dhccumfdk
dh ccumfdktfhm.
tfhm. Rhbky
hbky,, nvnry prh`rkccn
prh`rk ccn bnsf`mnb
bnsf `mnb
th fm﬊unmdn k dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s pujgfd kppnkrkmdn cust jn jksnb hm k dgnkrgy d gnkrgy bn﬋mnb dhr-
phrktn fbnmtfty.
fbnmtfty. Ft fs fcphssfjgn
f cphssfjgn th drnktn k suftkjgn prh`rkccn th dhccumfdktn tln
bnsfrnb dhrphrktn fck`n fe tln ckmk`ncnmt bhns mht umbnrstkmb wlh tln dhcpkmy d hcpkmy
fs, wlkt tln vfsfhm fs kmb wlkt fts euturn pgkms krn.
Kt tln skcn tfcn, dhrphrktn fck`n slhugb jn cnksurnb. Pn cust kmkgysn dkrn-
euggy kmb dhmtfmuhusgy wlkt tln durrnmt dhrphrktn fck`n he tln hr`kmfzktfhm fs fm
tln nyns he bf﬏nrnmt `rhups he stkanlhgbnrs kmb tkr`nt dhmsucnr `rhups. Jnrmstnfm
(;6<2
;6<2)) wrftns tlkt dhrphrktn fck`n fs fcphrtkmt jut mht fm tlkt ckmmnr tlkt ft
slhugb jn “prhbudnb‖ jut jndkusn wn dkm usn ft th nxkcfmn wlntlnr hur cnssk`ns
krn rndnfvnb kddhrbfm` th nxpndtktfhms kmb th fmvnstf`ktn fe tln fck`n dhrrnsphmbs
wftl tln dhcpkmy‖
dhcpkmy‖ss fck`n fm tln ny
nyns
ns he ckmk`ncnmt.
ckmk `ncnmt. K dhcpkmy mnnbs th fbnmtfey
bf﬏nrnmt fck`ns kmb rnenrnmdn phfmts tlkt nxfst fm tln cfmbs he pnhpgn he bf﬏nrnmt
`rhups kmb dhccumftfns. K dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s ckmk`ncnmt cust bndfbn hm wlfdl fck`ns fck `ns
th cnksurn kmb wlh wfgg bh tln cnksurfm`. Fm tlfs plksn, shcn qunstfhms krn he
spndfkg fcphrtkmdn9
fcphr tkmdn9 “Plfdl ekdthrs
e kdthrs wfgg jn cnksurnb8‖, “Plfdl h﬏nrs
h﬏nr s wfgg jn cnks-
urnb8‖, “Plfdl pujgfds wfgg jn fmdgubnb fm tln survny8‖, “Lhw ckmy rnsphmbnmts,
kmb wlfdl spndf﬋d rnsphmbnmts erhc nkdl he tln stkanlhgbnr `rhups wfgg jn fm tln
skcpgn8‖, “Plh fs tln rngnvkmt dhcpntftfhm8‖, “Lhw ernqunmt slhugb tln cnksurn-
cnmt jn rnpnktnb8‖, ntd.
Hmgy ketnr tlnsn qunstfhms lkvn jnnm dhmsfbnrnb, dkm k survny jn bnsf`mnb kmb
dkrrfnb hut th `ktlnr bnsfrnb fmehrcktfhm. Jksnb hm tln kmkgysfs, kpprhprfktn stnps
dkm jn tkanm fm hrbnr th rnkdl `hkgs snt jy tln hr`kmfzktfhm kmb cnnt tln nxpndtk-
tfhms he stkanlhgbnrs.

6.> Cnksurfm` dhrphrktn fck`n

 Pfmfda (;65?
(;65?)) wks hmn he tln ﬋rst sdlhgkrs th h﬏nr km hvnrvfnw he phssfjgn cntl-
hbs he dhrphrktn fck`n cnksurncnmt. Ln su``nstnb tlrnn kpprhkdlns
k pprhkdlns th ncpfr-
fdkg nxkcfmktfhm, mkcngy prhindtfhm tndlmfquns, hpnm qunstfhms kmb strudturnb
qunstfhmmkfrns. Rln ﬋rst twh kpprhkdlns wnrn supphsnb th `fvn tln jnst kmb chst

Fbnmtfty trkfts kmb dhrphrktn fck`n ;2>

rnkgfstfd rnsugts, tlkmas th umstrudturnb kmswnrs, jut k qukmtftktfvn kmkgysfs he sudl

rnsugts dkm
d km jn k bfffl
bf ffldugt kmb
k mb dhstgy
dhst gy umbnrtka
umbn rtkafm`.
fm`. Rln tlfrb
tlf rb kpprhkdl fs,
f s, kddh
kddhrbfm`
rbfm` th
tln kutlhr,
kut lhr,“tln chst
ch st sdfnmtf﬋d
sdf nmtf﬋d hmn‖ kmb nmkjgns
nmk jgns qukmtf﬋dk
qukm tf﬋dktfhm
tfhm he bktk. Lhwnv
Lhwnvnr,nr, tln
tlfrb kpprhkdl dhugb jn usnb hmgy ketnr hmn he tln ﬋rst ﬋ rst twh lks jnnm tnstnb. Pfmfda
kgsh su``nsts usfm` gfm`ufstfd-ksshdfktfvn tndlmfquns gfan tln snckmtfd bf﬏nrnmtfkg,
[-shrt, kbindtfvn dkrbs, vfsukg tndlmfquns, tlnrchcntnr tndlmfquns, ntd.
Pfmfda (;65?
(;65?)) phfmts hut tlkt nvnry rnsnkrdlnr ekdns tln bfgncck he wlntlnr
th prnsnmt tln rnsugts fmbfvfbukggy ehr nkdl he tln cnksurnb fck`n bfcnmsfhms ehr
sfcfgkr dhcpkmfns hr ks k dhcpgntn fck`n dhmstrudt ehr nkdl he tln dhcpkmfns fm
dhcpkrfshm.
dhcpkr fshm. Fe k dhcpkmy
d hcpkmy wkmts th brkw jnmn﬋ts erhc fts dhrphrktn fck`n stubfns,
fck`n cnksurncnmts slhugb usn umbnrstkmbkjgn dlkrkdtnrfstfds tlkt cnksurn bfcnm-
sfhms usnb jy rnsphmbnmts wlnm nvkguktfm` dhrphrktn fck`n. Tfcfgkrgy, vkm Zfng kmb
dhggnk`uns (;66<
(;66<)) nstkjgfsl tlkt tlnrn fs mht hmn sfm`gn kmb umfehrc
umfehr c wky th cnksurn
cnksurn
dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn fck`n,
f ck`n, kmb tlkt tlnt ln sngndtfhm
sngnd tfhm he tln
tl n jnst suftnb
suf tnb cntlhb
cntlh b dkm jn k bfffl bf ffl-
dugt tksa. Rlkt fs wly tlny ckan km hvnrvfnw kmb dhcpkrfshmdhcpkr fshm he shcn he tln chst
hetnm usnb hpnm kmb dghsnb cntlhbs he dhrphrktn fck`n cnksurncnmt, fmdgubfm`

kttftubn cnksurncnmt,
Rln kutlhrs nstkjgfslnb[-shrt, plhth
tlkt tln shrt, gkbbnrfm`,
bndfsfhm Anggy
ehr tln hpnm hr cntlhb kmb mkturkg
dghsnb cntlhb shrt.
bnpnmbs
hm tln purphsn he tln dhrphrktn fck`n stuby.
stuby. Tfcfgkrgy th Pfmfda‖
Pfmfda‖ss ﬋mbfm`s, hpnm
rnsnkrdl cntlhbs wnrn
wnrn ehumb suftkjgn ehr bfsdhv
bfsdhvnrfm`
nrfm` bfcnmsfhms he fck`n jndkusn
tlny `fvn rfdl kmb bnnp dhmtnxtukg bktk. Znsugts hjtkfmnb wftl hpnm cntlhbs dkm
jn usnb th bnsf`m dghsnb rnsnkrdl cntlhbs. Rln ehgghwfm` hpnm tndlmfquns dkm jn
vnry usneug wlnm cnksurfm`
cnksur fm` k dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s fck`n fm tln nynyns
ns he fmbfvfbukgs.

;. Ksshdfktfhm tndlmfquns
k. Rln ﬋rst whrb
whrb tlkt dhcns th cfmb hm lnkr
lnkrfm`
fm` tln anyw
anywhrb.
hrb.
j. K snrfns he whrbs tlkt dhcn th cfmb hm lnkrfm` tln anyw
anywhrb
hrb (rnkdtfhm
tfcn fs cnksurnb, kmkgysfs slhws wlntlnr tlnrn krn mn`ktfvn ksshdfktfhms,
ntd.).
:. Dhcpgntfhm tndlmfquns
k. Dhcpgntfhm he k snmtnmdn (rnsphmbnmts krn ksanb th dhcpgntn km um﬋m-
fslnb snmtnmdn kjhut tln dhcpkmy).
j. Dhcpgntfhm he k sthry (rnsphmbnmts krn ksanb mht hmgy th dhcpgntn k snm-
snm-
tnmdn jut th dhmtfmun k sthry kjhut tln dhcpkmy1 ft fs up th tln rnsphmb-
nmt‖s fck`fmktfhm lhw tln sthry nmbs1 kmkgysfs rnvnkgs wlfdl krn tln chst
dhcchm thpfds).
4. Dhmstrudtfhm tndlmfquns
k. Dhcfd (rnsphmbnmts
(rnsphmbnmts wrf
wrftn
tn bhwm wlkt tln pnhpgn fm tln brkwfm`s sky
kjhut k dhcpkmy).
j. “Rlfrb pnrshm‖ tndlmfqun (rnsphmbnmts
(rnsphmbnmts kmswn
kmswnrr qunstfhms
qunstfhms kjhut wlkt dnr-
 tkfm pnhpgn, ehr nxkcpgn, k typfdkg dhmsucnr, tlfma kjhut tln dhcpkmy).

Dghsnb cntlhbs he cnksurfm` dhrphrktn fck`n krn dhmsfbnrnb th jn chrn suftkjgn

fm fmstkmdns wlnm rnsnkrdl `hkgs krn ghm`ftubfmkg cnksurncnmt hr dhcpkrfshm th

;25 Fbnmtfty trkfts kmb dhrphrktn fck`n

dhcpntftfhm. Dghsnb cntlhbs kgsh kgghw ehr cnksurfm` bf﬏nrnmdns fm stkanlhgb-

nrs‖ pnrdnptfhm he fcphrtkmt fck`n bfcnmsfhms. Rln chst fcphrtkmt dghsnb cntl-
hbs krn wngg amhwm fm tln kttftubn cnksurfm` cntlhbhgh`y, mkcngy tln Gfanrt sdkgn,
snckmtfd bf﬏nrnmtfkg kmb rkm`n sdkgn.
Rln Gfanrt sdkgn fs rngktfvngy nksy th usn (jhtl ehr tln bktk dhggndthr kmb ehr tln
rnsphmbnmt) kmb th fmtnrprnt1 tlfs fs wly ft fs tln chst ernqunmtgy usnb kttftubfmkg
sdkgn. Znsphmbnmts ckra hr wrftn bhwm k gnvng th wlfdl tlny k`rnn hr bfsk`rnn
wftl nkdl gfstnb ftnc tlkt bnsdrfjns tln hjindt he fmtnrnst. Rln sdkgn dhmsfsts he tln
skcn mucjnr he k`rnncnmt/bfsk`rnncnmt dlhfdns snpkrktnb jy k mnutrkg dlhfdn. K
rkm`n sdkgn fs usnb wlnm rnsphmbnmts rkm`n fmbfvfbukg ftncs, fm hur dksn dhcpkmfns,
kddhrbfm` th bf﬏nrnmt drftnrfk sudl ks `nmnrkg qukgfty, prfdn th vkgun rktfh, ntd.
Zkm`n sdkgn cnksurns `fvn fcphrtkmt lfmts kjhut wlfdl ﬋ngbs he k dhcpkmy‖s
kdtfvfty dkm jn fcprhvnb. Tnckmtfd bf﬏nrnmtfkg fs, sfcfgkrgy th tln Gfanrt sdkgn, nksy
th bnsf`m kmb usn. Rln sdkgn dhmsfsts he jfphgkr kbindtfvns (n.`. `hhb—jkb, lht—dhgb,
nxpnmsfvn—dlnkp)
nxpnmsfv n—dlnkp) pgkdnb hm nkdl
nkd l sfbn he tln hbb-mucjnrnb (usukggy >- hr 0-phfmt)
ftnc. Znsphmbnmts nvkguktn tln hjindt (prhbudt, dhcpkmy, ntd.) jy sngndtfm` k phfmt

fm tln dhmtfmuuc
d hmtfmuuc
bf﬏nrnmtfkg slhugbtlkt jnst bnsdrfjns
cnksurn tlnfr enngfm`s
tlrnn bfcnmsfhms he tlnhrstubfnb
jngfnes.dhmdnpt9
Rln “hr
“hrf`fmkg‖
f`fmkg‖ snckmtfd

k. nvkguk tfhm,
nvkguktfh m, n.`. jnk
jnkutf
utfeug
eug—u`
—u`gy
gy,, `hh
`hhb—j
b—jkb1
kb1
j. strnm`tl
strnm `tl,, n.`. jf`
jf`—sck
—sckgg,gg, strhm
strhm`—wnk
`—wnka1 a1
d. kdtfvnmnss
kdt fvnmnss,, n.`. ek
ekst—s
st—sghw
ghw,, ghu
ghub—s
b—sfgnfgnmt.
mt.

Km fcphrtkmt kbvkmtk`n he tln snckmtfd bf﬏nrnmtfkg hvnr htlnr tndlmfquns fs tlkt

ft nmkjgns k `rkplfd rnprnsnmtktfhm he tln hjindt he rnsnkrdl. Tnckmtfd bf﬏nrnmtfkgs
dkm jn usnb fm ckmy sdnmkrfhs, ehr nxkcpgn, th dhcpkrn dhmsucnrs‖ pnrdnptfhm
he dhcpntftfvn dhcpkmfns hr ks km fmbfdkthr he phssfjgn fcprhvncnmts fmsfbn tln
dhcpkmy (jy dhcpkrfm` tln pnrdnptfhm he tln “kdtukg‖ dhcpkmy th tln pnrdnptfhm
he tln
t ln “fbnkg‖ dhcpkmy).
Tfmdn fts bnvnghpcnmt fm tln ;6>?s kmb ;65?s (Hs`hhb nt kg. ;6>01 ;6>01 Dgnvnm`nr
nt kg. ;65>),
;65>), tln snckmtfd bf﬏nrnmtfkg lks jnnm tln chst phpugkr cntlhb usnb fm
stubyfm` dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn fck`n jndkusn ft prhvfbns tln rnsnkrdlnr
rnsnkrdlnr wftl ckmy bfcnmsfhms
he tln fck`n, bhns mht `fvn stnrnhtypfdkg kmswnrs kmb prnvnmts shcn prhjgncs tlkt
dhugb krfsn fm tln hpnm qunstfhms cntlhb, ehr nxkcpgn vk`unmnss (Cfmbka ;65;, ;65; ,
:6). Cfmbka
C fmbka (;65;
;65;)) kgsh su``nsts shcn kbkptktfhms he tln hrf`fmkg vnrsfhm he tln
snckmtfd bf﬏nrnmtfkg, ehr nxkcpgn usfm` plrksns kmb mhums kmb mht hmgy kbindtfv kbi ndtfvns,
ns,
usfm` mht hmgy strfdtgy
str fdtgy jfphgkr kbindtfvns jut cfgbnr vnrsfhms kmb usfm` mhm-stkmbkrb
sdkgns kbkptnb th k dhmdrntn
dhmd rntn prhjgnc.
prhjgnc. Tnckmtfd bf﬏nrnmtfkgs dkm jn usnb th cnksurn
`nmnrkg dlkrkdtnrfstfds he k dhcpkmy, fts fbnmtfty trkfts hr dhcpkmy vkguns ks pnr-
dnfvnb jy fmbfvfbukgs. Znsugts he sudl stubfns dkm `fvn us k usneug kmswnr kmb dkm
 jn usnb ehr k jksfs ehr euturn dhccumfdktfhm kdtfvftfns wlfdl dkm mkrrhw tln `kp
jntwnnm bnsfrnb kmb cnksurnb dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn fck`n.
Rhbky dhrphrktn fck`n cnksurncnmts dhcjfmn qukgftktfvn kmb qukmtftktfvn
cntlhbs. K usneug kpprhkdl th cnksurn dhrphrktn fck`n fs jksnb hm tln cntlhb

Fbnmtfty trkfts kmb dhrphrktn fck`n ;20

ehr shdfkg mntwhra kmkgysfs wlfdl kmkgysns dhmmndtfhms kchm` kttrfjutns tlkt kppnkr
fm dhcjfmktfhm wftl k dhcpkmy hr k `rhup he dhcpkmfns. Rlnrn krn k mucjnr he
shetwkrn pkdak`ns
pkd ak`ns (n.`. _kina,
_kina, Bnx, f`r
f`rkpl,
kpl, (_ytlhm) Mntwhra\,
Mntwhra \, Hrk) tlkt
tl kt `fvn
` fvn `rnkt
rnsugts, h﬏nr k `rkplfd
` rkplfd prnsnmtktfhm he any kttrfjutns
kttrf jutns kmb dhmmndtfhms kchm`
k chm` tlnc,
tlus nmkjgfm` tln fbnmtf﬋dktfhm he dnmtrkg kttrfjutns
kttr fjutns fm tln dh`mftfv
dh`mftfvnn mntwhra.

6.5 Drftfquns he dhrphrktn

dhrphrktn fck`n
fck`n
Zfgny kmb Gnvy (;654
(;654,, ;<>—;<5) fbnmtf﬋nb ehur an
anyy kpprhkdlns th dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn fck`n
dhmstrudtfhm, kddhrbfm` th wlntlnr k dhcpkmy rnkdts th fmtnrmkg hr nxtnrmkg
nxtnr mkg stfcugf
kmb lhw ft rnsphmbs th tln nxpndtktfhms he stkanlhgbnrs.

• Rln ndgndtfd kpprhkdl fs dlkrkdtnrfstfd he dhcpkmfns tlkt h﬏nr dhmsucnr `hhbs.

Dhcpkmfns `ktlnr fmehrcktfhm kjhut dlkm`ns fm rngktfhmslfps kmb fm juyfm`
jnlkvfhur erhc bf﬏nrnmt hutsfbn shurdns. Dhcpkmfns try tr y th rnsphmb th dlkm`ns
fccnbfktngy jy usfm` tln wlhgn spndtruc he dhccumfdktfhm thhgs th prhindt
k `nmnrkg fck`n bnsf`mnb fm sudl k wky tlkt ft whugb kppnkg th chst he tln
pnhpgn chst he tln tfcn.
• Rln fmbudtfvn kpprhkdl fs typfdkg he bfvnrsf﬋nb dhcpkmfns tlkt bnkg wftl snvnrkg
pujgfds. Dhcpkmfns krn ehdusnb hm tln euturn tlkt fs stubfnb kmb prnbfdtnb.
Jksnb hm tln stubfns, k sngndtfhm he tln kpprhprfktn dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn fck`n fs ckbn.
• Rln bnbudtfvn kpprhkdl fs typfdkg he dhcpkmfns prhbudfm` dhmsucnr `hhbs kmb
snrvfdn dhcpkmfns. Fck`n(s) fs (krn) dhmstrudtnb fm kddhrbkmdn wftl pujgfd
nxpndtktfhms fm tln spndf﬋d sndthr. Rln bndfsfhm wlntlnr th prhindt hmn hr
chrn fck`n fs tkdtfdkg
tkd tfdkg kmb fs nksfgy dlkm`nb
d lkm`nb tlrhu`l tfcn.
• Rln nvhgutfhm kpprhkdl fs dlkrkdtnrfstfd he dhcpkmfns wftl k ghm` trkbftfhm kmb
k bn﬋mnb dhcpkmy cfssfhm. Dhrphrktn fck`n fs jksnb hm tln pkst kmb kbkpts
hmgy sghwgy th tln dlkggnm`ns he tln prnsnmt.
Ndgndtfd kmb nvhgutfhm kpprhkdlns th dhrphrktn fck`n, kddhrbfm` th tln kutlhrs,
drnktn “`nmnrkg fck`n‖ wlfgn tln fmbudtfvn kmb bnbudtfvn
bnbudtfvn kpprhkdlns drnktn “spn-
df󿬋d fck`ns‖ kbkptnb th bf﬏nrnmt pujgfds. Dhmstrudtfhm he tln dhrphrktn
dhrphrk tn fck`n fs
mht km nmb fm ftsnge jut slhugb jn hmn he tln ghm`-tnrc `hkgs he tln dhcpkmy. Kgsh,
dhrphrktn fck`n fs gfcftnb jy tln nxfstfm` fck`ns he tln stkanlhgbnrs kmb, jndkusn
he tln dhcpkmy‖s bnsfrn th pgnksn, tln ckmk`ncnmt dhugb jn tncptnb th prnsnmt k
jnttnr dhrphrktn fck`n tlkm ft rnkggy fs. Kgrnkby fm tln ;65?s, nmdhurk`nb jy ern-
qunmt dhcpkmfns‖ prkdtfdns th dhccumfdktn ekgsn fck`ns he tlncsngvns, Jhhrstfm
(;65;
;65;)) bnvnghpnb lfs fck`n tlnhry. Jhhrstfm‖s ckfm dhmtrfjutfhm fs lfs snpkr-
ktfhm jntwnnm tln rnkg kmb tln pnrdnfvnb, jntwnnm tln rnkgfty “hut tlnrn‖ kmb wlkt
wn tlfma kmb jngfnvn tlkt fs rnkg. Ln bfsdussns tln dhmtrkst jntwnnm tln whrgb kmb
psnubh-whrgb tlkt fs jnst fggustrktnb
fg gustrktnb jy tln bf﬏nrnmdn jntwnnm nvnmts
nvnmts kmb psnubh-
nvnmts. Dhrphrktn fck`n fs, kddhrbfm` th Jhhrstfm, k psnubh-nvnmt kmb fs ks sudl
psnubh-rnkg, cnkmfm` tlkt ft fs km krtf﬋dfkg prhbudt, ekgsn kmb umrnkg. Jy ckmk`fm`

;2< Fbnmtfty trkfts kmb dhrphrktn fck`n

dhrphrktn fck`n, wn fm﬊unmdn rnkgfty tlkt fs jndhcfm` chrn kmb chrn umrnkg, k
dhmstrudtnb rnkgfty. Fck`n — ks k psnubh-fbnkg — fs fm lfs hpfmfhm fmtrfmsfdkggy krtf﬋-
dfkg, prhjkjgn, pkssfvn, fmtnmsfvn, sfcpgf﬋nb kmb kcjf`uhus (Jhhrstfm ;65;).
;65;).

• Km fck`n fs symtlntfd. Rlfs cnkms tlkt fck`n “fs pgkmmnb9 drnktnb nspndfkggy th
snrvn k purphsn,
pur phsn, th ckan k dnrtkfm
dnr tkfm afmb he fcprnssfhm‖ (Jhhrstfm ;65;,
;65; , ;<>). Ft
fs mht hmgy kjhut tln trkbnckra, bnsf`m, sgh`km hr cnchrkjgn vfsukg fbnmtfty,
jut fs kjhut tln dkrneuggy dhmstrudtnb pnrshmkg prh﬋gn he k pnrshm, fmstftutfhm,
dhcpkmy, prhbudt hr snrvfdn dhmstrudtnb kmb nstkjgfslnb wftl tln gktnst tndl-
mfquns he tln `rkplfd
` rkplfd rnvhgutfhm. Tudl bn﬋mftfhm he fck`n kgghws ehr bf﬏nrnm-
tfktfhm jntwnnm wlkt fs snnm kmb wlkt fs rnkggy tlnrn (Jhhrstfm ;65;,
;65;, ;<5).
;<5 ). Rln
kutlhr su``nsts tln bf﬏nrnmdn jntwnnm tln vfsfjgn “pujgfd pnrshmkgfty‖ kmb tln
fmvfsfjgn “prfvktn dlkrkdtnr‖.
d lkrkdtnr‖. Kddhrbfm` th Jhhrstfm (;65;
;65;),
), sudl km fck`n dkm
kgwkys jn — chrn hr gnss suddnsseuggy — ckbn, dhmtrhggnb, rnpkfrnb, rnmhvktnb
kmb fcprhvnb, wlfdl, lhwnvnr, dkmmht jn bhmn wftl tln “hrf`fmkg‖ tlkt tlfs
fck`n rnprnsnmts.

• Km fck`n fs jngfnv kjgn. Rlfs cnkms tlkt “ft snrvns mh purphsn fe pnhpgn bh mht
jngfnvkjgn
jngfnvn ft. Fm tlnfr hwm lnkb tlny cust ckan ft stkmb ehr tln pnrshm hr fmstf-
tutfhm fck`fmnb‖ (Jhhrstfm ;65;,
;65;, ;<<). Kddhrbfm` th Jhhrstfm
Jhhr stfm (;65;
( ;65;),
), tln chst
suddnsseug fck`ns
f ck`ns krn tlhsn tlkt
tlk t krn dhmstrudtnb
dhmstru dtnb fm k vnry jngfnvkjgn
jng fnvkjgn ckmmnr.Rln
jnst tndlmfqun fm dhmstrudtfm` sudl fck`ns fs th chbnrktngy rn﬊ndt rnkgfty.
• Km fck`n fs pkssfvn. Jndkusn fck`n slhugb jn dhm`runmt wftl rnkgfty, tln hmn
wlh ckans tln fck`n fs nxpndtnb th kbiust th tln nxfstfm` fck`n rktlnr tlkm
﬋`lt ft. Rln skcn fs trun ehr tln rndnfvnr hr tln “fck`n usnr‖. Hmdn k prhjkjgn,
dhmvfmdfm` kmb phpugkr fck`n lks jnnm dhmstrudtnb, pnhpgn supphsn tlkt ft
hrf`fmktns erhc rnkg gfen. “Fm tln jn`fmmfm` tln fck`n fs k gfanmnss he tln dhr-
phrktfhm1 ﬋mkggy tln dhrphrktfhm jndhcns k gfanmnss he tln fck`n. Rln fck`n
(umgfan kdtukg dhmbudt) dkm jn pnrendt. Ft dkm jn k prndfsn pkttnrm wlfdl wfgg
sktfsey nvnryjhby‖ (Jhhrstfm
(Jhhrstfm ;65;
;65;,, ;<6). Fm lfs jhha, Jhhrstfm kgsh wkrms tlkt
dhcpkmfns tlkt rnmhvktn tlnfr dhrphrktn fck`n bh mht bndfbn hm k “dlkm`n he
lnkrt‖ jut chrn hm k “dlkm`n he ekdn‖.
ekd n‖. Jndkusn fck`n fs pkssfvn ft bhns mht lkvn
cudl th bh wftl tln kdtfvftfns he tln rnkg dhcpkmy. Bun th fts pkssfvfty, fck`n
gnkbs th dhmehrcfty.
• Km fck`n fs vfvfb kmb dhmdrntn. Rlfs cnkms tlkt fck`n snrvns fts purphsn
pur phsn jnst fe ft
kbbrnssns hur snmsns. Ft lks th jn prndfsn. “Ft fs mht nmhu`l fe tln prhbudt, tln
ckm, hr tln fmstftutfhm lks ckmy `hhb qukgftfns kpprhprfktn th ft. f t. Hmn hr k enw
cust jn sngndtnb ehr vfvfb phrtrkykg‖ (Jhhrstfm ;65;,
;65; , ;64).
• Km fck`n fs sfcpgf󿬋nb. Rlfs cnkms tlkt km fck`n lks lk s th jn sfcpgnr tlkm tln
hjindt tlkt fs rnprnsnmtn
rnprnsnmtnbb fm hrbnr th snpkrktn bnsfrnb kspndts he tln fck`n erhc
umbnsfrnb hmns. “Rln chst n﬏ndtfvn fck`n fs hmn sfcpgn kmb bfstfmdtfvn nmhu`l
 th jn rncncjnrnb, ynt mht sh lkmby ks th snnc tln mkturkg sycjhg ehr tln
wlhgn dgkss he hjindts ft bnsdrfjns‖ (Jhhrstfm ;65;,
;65;, ;64).
• Km fck`n fs kcjf`uhus. Rlfs cnkms tlkt fck`n “﬊hkts shcnwlnrn jntwnnm tln
fck`fmktfhm kmb tln snmsns, jntwnnm nxpndtktfhm kmb rnkgfty‖ (Jhhrstfm ;65;,
;65; ,

Fbnmtfty trkfts kmb dhrphrktn fck`n ;26

;64). Ft mnnbs th dhrrnsphmb wftl umnxpndtnb euturn `hkgs kmb umnxpndtnb

dlkm`ns he tkstn. Kt tln skcn tfcn ft mnnbs th suft tln prnsnmt kmb euturn bnsfrns
he bf﬏nrnmt `rhups he pnhpgn (Jhhrstfm ;65;,
;65;, ;64—;62).

^mbnr tln fm﬊unmdn he Jhhrstfm‖s tlnhry, Jnrmkys (;600 (;600)) wnmt sh ekr ks th wrftn
km krtfdgn
kr tfdgn tftgnb “Bhwm Pftl Fck`n, ^p Pftl Znkgfty‖ fm wlfdl ln dgkfcs dgkf cs tlkt tln
usn he tln tnrc fck`n slhugb jn prhlfjftnb fm pujgfd rngktfhms jndkusn tln tnrc
su``nsts tlkt _Z bnkgs wftl fggusfhms. @rumf` (;664(;664)) gktnr iucps hm tln jkmbwk`hm
jy bf﬏nrnmtfktfm` jntwnnm sycjhgfd (dhccumfdktfhm) kmb jnlkvfhurkg rngktfhm-
slfps jntwnnm km hr`kmfzktfhm kmb fts stkanlhgbnrs kmb kr`uns k`kfmst k `kfmst tln usn he tln
whrb “fck`n‖ fm tlhsn twh dhmtnxts. Hmn he lfs kr`ucnmts k`kfmst tln whrb fs fts
pnihrktfvn cnkmfm`. Fck`n wks supphsnb th lkvn k mn`ktfvn dhmmhtktfhm, bnmhtfm`
tln hpphsftn he rnkgfty
rnkgfty,, km fcftktfhm he shcntlfm`, km fggusfhm tlkt lks mhtlfm`
mhtlf m` th bh
wftl tln rnkg jnlkvfhur he km hr`kmfzktfhm jndkusn ft fs krtf﬋dfkg, dhmstrudtnb kmb
prhindtnb wftlhut kmy k my sujstkmdn. @rumf` (;664
;664)) kgsh jngfnvnb tlkt fck`n wks hmn he
tln rnkshms wly tln pujgfd rngktfhms sndthr lkb k jkb rnputktfhm kt tlkt tfcn. @rumf`
bf﬏nrnmtfktnb jntwnnm
jut jngfnvnb tlkt jhtl sycjhgfd (fck`n) kmbdhmdnpts
krn dhcpgncnmtkry jnlkvfhurkg (sujstkmdn)
kmb slhugb rngktfhmslfps
mht jn snpkrktnb
hmn erhc tln htlnr. Fe wn dhmdnmtrktn hmgy hm sycjhgfd rngktfhmslfps (dhccumf-
dktfhm) kmb mn`gndt cudl chrn fcphrtkmt jnlkvfhurkg rngktfhmslfps, _Z jndhcns
km fck`n jufgbnr.

_ujgfd rngktfhms prkdtftfhmnrs … h﬏nr gfttgn he vkgun th tln hr`kmfzktfhms tlny

kbvfsn jndkusn tlny su``nst tln prhjgncs fm rngktfhmslfps wftl pujgfds dkm
jn shgvnb jy usfm` tln prhpnr cnssk`n — bfssncfmktnb tlrhu`l pujgfdfty hr
cnbfk rngktfhms — th dlkm`n
dlk m`n km fck`n he km
k m hr`kmfzktfhm.
(@rumf` ;664,
;664, ;45)

6.0 Kdlfnvfm` bnsfrnb dhrphrktn

dhrphrktn fck`n
Annpfm` tlkt fm cfmb, ft fs mhw chrn tlkm nvnr kbvfskjgn tlkt tln prhindtnb fck`n
he k dhcpkmy slhugb jn jksnb hm dlkrkdtnrfstfds
dlkrkdtnr fstfds kmb fbnmtftfns tlkt krn rnkg.

Fe km fck`n ekfgs th jn fmbfvfbukg kmb bfstfmdtfvn, ft wfgg lkvn mh rngktfhm th

rnkgfty f.n., tln kdtukg dhrphrktn pnrshmkgfty. Ft wfgg jn hmgy k ekjrfdktfhm. Ks
sudl, ft mn`ktns hmn ckihr prncfsn he fts nxfstnmdn — tlkt km h﬏nrnb fck`n dkm
ckan up ehr tln pujgfd‖s gkda he bfrndt dhmtkdt kmb rnprnsnmts km kttncpt th
ckan pnhpgn tlfma wlkt tln dhrphrktfhm wkmts th tlfma, rktlnr tlkm th `fvn
tlnc k `rksp
`rk sp he wlkt tln dhrphrktfhm
d hrphrktfhm fs rnkggy gfan.
 (Efmm ;65;,
;65;, ;45)

Rlnhrfns bnkgfm` wftl tln pnrsuksfvn phwnr he cnssk`ns su``nst tlkt cnssk`ns tlkt
krn pnrdnfvnb ks lhmnst tnmb th jn rndnfvnb ekstnr kmb lkvn k `rnktnr fm﬊unmdn hm

;>? Fbnmtfty trkfts kmb dhrphrktn fck`n

tln rndnfvnrs. Fm tln hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhmtnxt, lhmnsty cnkms tlkt k dhcpkmy slkrns
wftl tln pujgfd kgg fmehrcktfhm tlkt rngktns th rnkg kttrfjutns he tln dhcpkmy. K
dhcpkmy cust kgsh jn dkpkjgn he `fvfm` km nxkdt kmb umjfksnb fck`n he ftsnge.
Rln tlfrb dhmbftfhm tlkt mnnbs th jn cnt fm hrbnr th drnktn k bnsfrnb fck`n fm
tln nyns he stkanlhgbnrs fs dhmsfstnmdy. Rln chrn dhmsfstnmtgy tlkt
tlk t fbnmtfty dlkrkdtnr-
fstfds krn nxprnssnb tlrhu`l tfcn, tln chrn stkanlhgbnrs dkm drnktn k stkjgn fck`n he
tln dhcpkmy (vkm Lkgbnrnm kmb vkm Zfng :??5, :??5, 5—;:).Ukm Lkgbnrnm kmb vkm ZfngZf ng
(:??5
:??5)) fm tlnfr dhrphrktn nxprnssfvnmnss chbng su``nst fmbfdkthrs tlkt fm﬊unmdn
lhmnst, trkmspkrnmt kmb dhmsfstnmt nxprnssfhm.
Fm hrbnr th jn pnrdnfvnb ks lhmnst, dhcpkmfns tnmb th nxprnss tlnfr fbnmtfty jy
rnvnkgfm` hr`kmfzktfhmkg vkguns th dhm﬋rc tln mhrcs, nxpndtktfhms kmb vkguns he
stkanlhgbnrs. Dhmsnqunmtgy, dhcpkmfns tlkt bnenmb shdfkggy kddnptkjgn vkguns jut
bh mht supphrt tlnfr bfsphsftfhm wftl kdtfhms tnmb th jn pnrdnfvnb ks bfslhmnst.
Dhcpkmfns cust kgsh ckan surn tlkt tlnfr fbnmtfty fs kutlnmtfd kmb tlkt ft lks jnnm k
pkrt he tln dhcpkmy
d hcpkmy ehr k dnrtkfm pnrfhb he tfcn. Hmn he tln thhgs tlkt dkm dhmvfmdn
pnhpgn he tln dhcpkmy‖s kutlnmtfdfty fs rnenrrfm` th tln dhcpkmy‖s lfsthry. Jut fm
bhfm` sh, dhcpkmfns
he cfstkans custcust
hr bfslhmnsty, ncpghy k dnrtkfm
kssucn bn`rnn he
rnsphmsfjfgfty ehrsnge-drftfdfsc
tlnfr kdtfhms.kmb, fm dksn
Dhcpkmfns
cust nvkguktn tlnfr fbnmtfty kmb jnlkvfhur snge-drftfdkggy kmb cust jn rnkby ehr
dhmstkmt fcprhvncnmts.
Dhcpkmfns slhugb kgsh whra thwkrb trkmspkrnmdy kmb jn kjgn th rnvnkg kgg `nm-
nrkg fmehrcktfhm kjhut tlnc. Dhcpkmfns slhugb prhvfbn tlnfr stkanlhgbnrs wftl
kgg mndnsskry fmehrcktfhm mnnbnb th nvkguktn tln dhcpkmy fm hrbnr th sktfsey tlnfr
mnnb ehr fmehrcktfhm. Mndnsskry pfndns he fmehrcktfhm krn9

• strktn`fd kmb shdfkg `hkgs1

• durrnmt jusfmnss fm
f m rngktfhm th tlhsn `hkgs1
• euturn `hkgs kmb kdtfvftfns, umbnrtkanm jy k dhcpkmy th kdlfnvn bnsfrnb rnsugts.

Dhcpkmfns cust vhudl ehr tln rngfkjfgfty kmb rngnvkmd

rngnvkmdnn he fmehrcktfhm.
fmehr cktfhm. Zn`krbgnss he
tln qukmtfty he fmehrcktfhm
fmehr cktfhm snmt th tln pujgfd, stkanlhgbnrs bhujt fts rngfkjfgfty kmb
rngnvkmdn. Rh rnbudn sdnptfdfsc, dhcpkmfns dhugb prnsnmt th tln pujgfd tln ckmmnr
fm wlfdl tln fmehrcktfhm fs prnpkrnb kmb slkrnb. Zngfkjfgfty he fmehrcktfhm dhugb
jn nmlkmdnb fe fmehrcktfhm fs kbbftfhmkggy prnsnmtnb jy km fmbnpnmbnmt shurdn.
Ft fs kgsh mndnsskry tlkt k dhcpkmy, jnsfbns gnkbfm` k dhmtfmuhus bfkgh`un wftl fts
stkanlhgbnrs, drnktns k prhkdtfvn dhccumfdktfhms strktn`y, cnkmfm` tlkt hpnmmnss
ehr bfkgh`un fs fmdgubnb fm kgg dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhms kmb tlkt stkanlhgbnrs‖
ennbjkda hm tln dhcpkmy‖s kdtfvftfns fs pujgfdgy rnvnkgnb.
Fm hrbnr th kdlfnvn tln bnsfrnb fck`n, dhcpkmfns cust jn dhmsfstnmt fm drnktfm`
tlnfr dhrphrktn cnssk`ns. Kgtlhu`l bf﬏nrnmt dhrphrktn cnssk`ns cky jn kbbrnssnb
 th bf﬏nrnmt pujgfds, tlny slhugb, hm tln wlhgn, lkvn k dhcchm fbnmtfty. Jndkusn
tln dhcpkmy‖s fbnmtfty fs usukggy nxprnssnb tlrhu`l tln dhcpkmy vfsfhm, cfssfhm,
vkguns kmb sgh`km, k dhmsfstnmt fck`n fs drnktnb jy rnpnktnbgy rngktfm` th tln sh-
dkggnb fbnmtfty ngncnmts.

Fbnmtfty trkfts kmb dhrphrktn fck`n ;>;

Jut dhmsfstnmdy wlnm nxprnssfm` dhrphrktn fbnmtfty fm dhrphrktn cnssk`ns fs mht

nmhu`l th drnktn k bnsfrnb fck`n fm tln stkanlhgbnrs‖ nyns. Dhcpkmfns cust kgsh
nxprnss dhmsfstnmdy tlrhu`l tfcn. Ttkanlhgbnrs wfgg bhujt tln sfmdnrfty
sfmdnr fty he tln fbnm-
f bnm-
tfty fe ft dlkm`ns vnry hetnm. Znsnkrdl lks slhwm tlkt tlnrn fs k strhm` dhrrngktfhm
jntwnnm tln kdtukg mkturn he tln dhcpkmy kmb tln fck`n tlkt k dhcpkmy wkmts th
prhindt. Dhrphrktn fck`n fs k pkrt he rnkgfty kmb mht fts sujstftutn. Fe k dhcpkmy fs
ekdnb wftl prhjgncs rn`krbfm` dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms kmb fck`n, fts ckfm dhmdnrm
slhugb jn tln dhm`rufty jntwnnm fts rnkg fbnmtfty kmb tln tlfm`s tlkt tln dhcpkmy
skys kjhut ftsnge.
ftsnge . Dhrphrktn fck`n, nvnvnm
nm tlhu`l nxdgusfvn
nxdgusfvngy
gy k prhbudt he fmbfvfbukg
pnrdnptfhm, cust jn k pkrt he tln hjindtfvn rnkgfty kmb mht fts sujstftutn. Hmgy ketnr
km fmbfvfbukg lks mh chrn prhjgncs rndh`mfzfm` tln dhcpkmy, lks k dgnkr fbnk he
fts dlkrkdtnrfstfds, amhws wlkt tln dhcpkmy fs kmb wlkt ft stkmbs ehr, kmb — chst
fcphrtkmtgy — gfans
gf ans tlfs fck`n, hmgy tlnm dkm dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn ksshdfktfhms jndhcn k `hhb
jksfs ehr tln ehrcktfhm he dhrphrktn
d hrphrktn rnputktfhm kmb kgg tln htlnr jnmn﬋ts tlkt dhcn
wftl k `hhb mkcn.

DKTN9 TF.CHJFG
Rln chjfgn hpnrkthr Tf.chjfg wks ehumbnb fm ;660 jy ehur Tghvnmfkm dhc-
pkmfns.
kmfns. Ft prnsnmtnb fts snrvfdns th usnrs fm Ckrdl ;666 jy h eenrfm` k prnpkfb
snrvfdn, Lkgh. Rln dhcpkmy lkb iust hvnr ;4? ncpghynns kmb wks tln shgn
dhcpntfthr th tln hmgy htlnr chjfgn hpnrkthr fm Tghvnmfk, wlfdl lkb jnnm hm
tln ckrant sfmdn ;66;. Rln Tf.chjfg jrkmb nxprnssnb chbnrmfty, yhutl, euturn
jut kgsh qukgfty kmb keehrbkjgn prfdns. Rln snrvfdn wks gkumdlnb kddhcpkmfnb
wftl k wngg-rndnfvnb ckrantfm` dkcpkf`m enkturfm` tln tlnm Cfss Tghvnmfk.
Jut fm tln ﬋rst ynkr hmgy ;0,??? usnrs jn`km th usn fts snrvfdns, chst he tlnc
jndkusn t lny wnrn mht lkppy wft l t ln ckrant‖s gnkbfm` hpnrkthr. _nrdnptfhm
stubfns lkvn slhwm tlkt Tf.chjfg‖s ckfm wnkamnssns, dhcpkrnb th tln gnkbfm`
hpnrkthr,, wnrn phhr kddnss kmb fck`n.
hpnrkthr
Fm :??;, wlnm k tlfrb dhcpkmy nmtnrnb Tghvnmfk‖s chjfgn ckrant,
chjfgahc kustrfk jndkcn k pkrt hwmnr he Tf.chjfg. Tf.chjfg‖s ckmk`ncnmt
rnbn﬋mnb fts strktn`fd `ufbngfmns kmb rnmhvktnb tln dhcpkmy‖s vfsukg fbnm-
fty. K mnw sgh`km wks dhfmnb “Kgwkys ehr cn‖ (sg. Unbmh zkcn). Rln dhc-
tft
pkmy‖s vfsfhm wks ehrcugktnb, stktfm` tlkt Tf.chjfg wkmtnb th jndhcn tln
chst phpugkr Tghvnmfkm chjfgn hpnrkthr wlfdl whugb, wftl rnsphmsfjfgfty kmb
nxdnggnmdn, cnnt nvnry mnnb he fts usnrs. Fm fts ckrantfm` dhccumfdktfhms tln
dhcpkmy strnssnb fts fmbfvfbukgfty, bntnrcfmktfhm kmb sfcpgn jut usneug prhb-
udts kt keehrbkjgn prfdns. Fm :??: Tf.chjfg gkumdlnb k mnw snrvfdn HZRH kfcnb
kt tln prfdn-snmsftfvn yhutl sn`cnmt. Ketnr tlrnn ynkrs he fmtnmsfvn prnsnmdn hm
 ln ckrant, Tf.chjfg `kfmnb hvnr 4??,??? usnrs kmb k ckrant slkrn he :: pnr
tdnmt. Znsphmbnmts skw Tf.chjfg ks k chjfgn hpnrkthr wlfdl fs stfgg jnlfmb tln
gnkbfm` dhcpkmy jut heenrs `hhb snrvfdn, fs prfdn ne﬋dfnmt, yhum` kmb ernsl.

;>: Fbnmtfty trkfts kmb dhrphrktn fck`n

Jndkusn he tln Kustrfkm ckihrfty hwmnr, fm :??4 Tf.chjfg jndkcn k pkrtmnr

th tln jf``nst chjfgn hpnrkthr fm Nurhpn — Uhbkehmn. Kgg ckrantfm` kdtfvftfns
wnrn mhw umbnr k dhcchm jrkmb Tf.chjfg — Uhbkehmn kmb wftl k mnw sgh-
`km “Dktdl tln whrgb‖ (sg. ^incf svnt). Dhrphrktn cnssk`ns ncplksfznb tln
jnmn﬋ts he tlfs strktn`fd dhmmndtfhm ehr tln dhmsucnr, qukgfty snrvfdns kmb
ekvhurkjgn prfdn. Rln dhcpkmy wkmtnb th jndhcn tln chst kttrkdtfvn chjfgn
hpnrkthr fm Tghvnmfk kmb stkrtnb th fmtrhbudn fts ﬋rst shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn dkc-
pkf`ms. Fm :??2 Tf.chjfg rnkdlnb `rnnm ﬋`urns ehr tln ﬋rst tfcn fm fts lfsthry.
^snrs bnsdrfjnb Tf.chjfg ks k dhcpkmy tlkt “heenrs jnst suftnb snrvfdns‖, “cnnts
nxpndtktfhms‖, “lks kttrkdtfvn heenrs‖, “fs mfdn‖, “dhccumfdktns wngg wftl fts usnrs‖,
“ckans mfdn kbvnrtfsncnmts‖ kmb, chst he kgg, lks “ekvhurkjgn dkgg dlkr`ns‖,
“`hhb dhmmndtfhms th ehrnf`m hpnrkthrs‖ kmb “spnkas th yhum` pnhpgn‖.
Fm :??5, chjfgahc kustrfk jndkcn tln shgn hwmnr he tln dhcpkmy, wlfdl
fm tln skcn ynkr kdqufrnb tln ^CRT ernqunmdy, wks mkcnb tln Tghvnmfkm
kbvnrtfsnr he tln ynkr kmb `kfmnb hvnr 2??,??? usnrs.
Fm tln ehgghwfm` ynkr tln dhcpkmy kpphfmtnb k mnw Dlkfrckm he tln
Ckmk`ncnmt Jhkrb wlh dhmtfmunb tln strktn`y he qukgfty snrvfdns ehr hptf-
cuc prfdns. Tf.chjfg stkrtnb th nxlkustfvngy strnss fts dhccftcnmt th hpnrkt-
fm` fm k shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn wk y. Ft rndnfvnb t ln “ Znputkjgn Ncpghynr‖ kwkrb
kmb tln “ Ekcfgy-erfnmbgy dhcpkmy‖ dnrtf﬋dktn. Tf.chjfg gkumdlnb fm-dhcpkmy
kdtfvftfns fcpgncnmtfm` sckgg jut fcphrtkmt fbnks kjhut nvnrybky bndfsfhms,
kdtfhms kmb kttftubns tryfm` th pnrsukbn fmbfvfbukgs fmth ehgghwfm` k rnsphm-
sfjgn wky he gfen. Rln prhindt wks mkcnb Zn.tlfma (sg. Zn.cfsgf) kmb jndkcn hmn
he Tf.chjfg‖‖ss jrkmbs. Rln dhcpkmy chbnrmfznb tln dhrphrktn jrkmb vfsukggy
kmb sujstkmtfkggy kmb k`kfm stkrtnb th kppnkr hm tln ckrant fmbfvfbukggy wftl
fts sgh`km “Tky shcntlfm` jnkutfeug‖. Rln dhcpkmy rnmhvktnb fts jrkmb krdlf-
tndturn kmb fts snrvfdn pkdak`ns. Rln mucjnr he usnrs rnkdlnb >??,??? kmb
fmdhcn fmdrnksnb erhc ₧;:: cfggfhm th hvnr ₧;<? cfggfhm. Kgtlhu`l fm :??0
Tf.chjfg‖s fck`n wks stfgg sgf`ltgy jnlfmb fts hmgy dhcpntfthr, tln ehgghwfm`
dlkrkdtnrfstfds wnrn lf`lgf`ltnb9 Tf.chjfg wks km hpnrkthr wftl ekvhurkjgn dkgg
dlkr`ns wlnrn usnrs `nt tln chst ehr tlnfr chmny, lks kttrkdtfvn snrvfdns kmb
chjfgn plhmns kmb fs bymkcfd kmb chbnrm.
Rln dhcpkmy dhmtfmunb th dhmsfstnmtgy strnss fts shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty kmb
supphrtnb ft jy hpnmfm` tln ﬋rst nmvfrhmcnmtkggy erfnmbgy sthrn, nmvfrhmcnm-
tkg dnrtf﬋dktn FTH ;2??; kmb ehumbfm` km fmbnpnmbnmt mhm-prh﬋t hr`kmfzk-
tfhm Tf.vhbk w lhsn kfc fs th supphrt tln n eehrts fm annpfm` wktnr fm Tghvnmfk
dgnkm kmb lnkgtly. Tf.chjfg usnrs dhugb bhmktn ₧; wft l km TCT hr dhugb ihfm
tln Zn.tlfma prhindt kmb bhmktn ₧; nvnry chmtl. Rln ynkr :??6 wks eugg he
kwkrbs mht hmgy ehr t ln dhcpkmy (@hgbnm Rlrnkb Kwkrb ehr jnst ncpghynrs,
 kbvnrtfsnr he tln ynkr, Nxdng Cnrft Kwkrb, @hgb [ufgg Kwkrb, Jusfmnss Fssun
Kwkrb, chst fmmhvktfvn stkee prkdtfdn, ntd.) jut kgsh ehr tln D lkfrckm he tln
Ckmk`ncnmt Jhkrb, Bnikm Rura, wlh wks sngndtnb ks Jnst Bfrndthr :??6 jy
jusfmnss ihurmkgfsts.

Fbnmtfty trkfts kmb dhrphrktn fck`n ;>4

Tf.chjfg durrnmtgy ncpghys hvnr 4>? pnhpgn, lks hvnr 5??,??? usnrs kmb
drnktns km fmdhcn he hvnr ₧:?? cfggfhm kmmukggy. Ft fs tln gnkbfm` chjfgn hpnr-
kthr fm shcn sn`cnmts (yhum` pnhpgn). Ehr tln ﬋rst tfcn fm tln dhcpkmy‖s
lfsthry, Tf.chjfg fs rktnb jnttnr fm kgchst kgg enkturns kddhrbfm` th Tf.chjfg
usnrs, fm dhcpkrfshm th fts ckfm dhcpntfthr. Kgsh ft lks dku`lt up wftl fts
ckfm dhcpntfthr fm tln ﬋ngb he pnrdnfvnb shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty wlfdl wks umtfg
rndnmtgy t ln bhckfm he tln gnkbfm` chjfgn hpnrkthr. Rln `nmnrkg p ujgfd pnr-
dnfvns Tf.chjfg fm shcn dktn`hrfns ks jnttnr tlkm tln gnkbfm` hpnrkthr. Rln
dhcpkmy‖s fck`n fmdgubns tln ehgghwfm` kttrfjutns9 “ekvhurkjgn dkgg kmb snr-
vfdn dlkr`ns‖, “pkssfhmktn kmb bkrfm`‖, “heenrs cudl ehr tln prfdn tlkt usnrs
pkky‖, “rnwkrbs ghykgty‖, “trnmby‖, “heenrs qukgfty plhmns kt ekvhurkjgn prfdns‖,
“bymkcfd‖, “heenrs dkggs erhc kjrhkb kt ekvhurkjgn prfdns‖, “fs k cncjnr he k
`ghjkg `rhup‖, “lhgbs fts prhcfsns‖ kmb fs “ lhmnst‖. Thcn fmbnpnmbnmt stubfns
lkvn slhwm tlkt ft fs hmn he tln chst rnputkjgn kmb chst shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn
dhcpkmfns fm Tghvnmfk.

Any tnrcs
Dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms. Rlfs tnrc bnmhtns kgg fmehrcktfhm
fmehr cktfhm tlkt km fmbfvfbukg lks kjhut
k jhut
k dhcpkmy. Dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms dhcprfsn tln `nmnrkg pnrdnptfhm he k dhcpkmy
kmb fts fbnmtfty trkfts, ks wngg ks fts fck`n, rnputktfhm kmb trust.
_nrdnptfhm. K snmshry dhcprnlnmsfhm he tln cktnrfkg whrgb hr fm htlnr whrbs k
sngndtfhm, hr`kmfzktfhm kmb fmtnrprntktfhm he snmshry fcpugsns jy km fmbfvfbukg
fm hrbnr th ckan snmsn he lfs/lnr nmvfrhmcnmt. Ft fs k prhdnss he dhcjfmfm`,
fmtn`rktfm` kmb fmtnrprntfm` fmehrcktfhm kjhut tln htlnr fm hrbnr th jn kjgn th
umbnrstkmb ft.
Dh`mftfvn sdlncns kmb sdrfpts. Tdlncns krn kjstrkdt amhwgnb`n strudturns skvnb fm
cnchry, hr mnurkg mntwhras fm tln jrkfm tlkt nmkjgn hr`kmfzktfhm kmb fmtnrprnt-
ktfhm he fmehrcktfhm kjhut k pnrdnfvnb nmtfty. K sdlncn fs km hr`kmfznb snt he
fmehrcktfhm
fmehrcktf hm kjhut km hjindt, plnmhcnmhm hr nvnmt. K sdrfpt
sdr fpt fs tln hr`kmfzktfhm he
fmehrcktfhm
fmehrcktf hm kjhut km kdtfhm. Tdlncns kmb sdrfpts
sdr fpts krn rnsugts he pkst nxpnrfnmdn kmb
amhwgnb`n erhc vkrfhus shurdns.
Kmtlrhphchrplfzktfhm. K prhdnss he kttrfjutfm` luckm-gfan prhpnrtfns, dlkrkdtnrfstfds
hr cnmtkg stktns th rnkg hr fck`fmnb mhm-luckm k`nmts kmb hjindts. Ft fs k ehrc
he fmbudtfvn fmenrnmdn usnb jy pnhpgn fm hrbnr th umbnrstkmb stfcugf tlrhu`l pnr-
dnptfhm he k jnttnr-amhwm sfcfgkr stfcugus sh tlkt km fmkmfcktn hjindt `nts luckm
dlkrkdtnrfstfds kmb jndhcns k sujindt.
Fbnmtfty trkfts. Nmburfm` pkttnrms he pnrdnfvfm`, rngktfm` th kmb tlfmafm` kjhut tln
pkrtfdugkr nmtfty. Kddhrbfm` th tln fcpgfdft tlnhry, pnhpgn usn tln skcn snt he dhm-
strudts th bnsdrfjn kmb nvkguktn htlnr pnhpgn tlkt tlny usn ehr tlncsngvns. Tfcfgkr
trkfts krn usnb th bnsdrfjn bf﬏nrnmt nmtftfns.

;>2 Fbnmtfty trkfts kmb dhrphrktn fck`n

Dhrphrktn fck`n. K pnrshmkg fcprnssfhm hr cnmtkg pfdturn kjhut k pnrdnfvnb nmtfty.

Ft fs k cnmtkg dhmdnptfhm he tln hr`kmfzktfhm
hr`km fzktfhm ckbn fm tln dhmsucnr‖s
dhmsucnr‖s cfmb. Fck`ns
krn pnrdnptfhms hr snts he jngfnes,
jngf nes, kttftubns kmb fcprnssfhms he km fmbfvfbukg kjhut
kjhu t km
hjindt wlfdl krn drnktnb fm tln fmbfvfbukg‖s cfmb wlnm tlny tlfma kjhut k dhc-
pkmy hr fts prhbudts/snrvfdns. Fck`n fs k dhcphsftfhm he hjindtfvn kmb sujindtfvn,
dhrrndt kmb ekgsn pnrdnptfhms, kttftubns kmb nxpnrfnmdns kjhut km hjindt. Cnmtkg
fck`ns krn drnktnb tlrhu`l bfrndt hr fmbfrndt nxpnrfnmdn kmb dkm jn rktfhmkg hr
frrktfhmkg,
frrktfh mkg, dhrrndt hr ekgsn.
e kgsn.

ZNUFNP [^NTRFHMT
• Plkt fs dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhm kmb wly ft fs fcphrtkmt8
• Plkt krn tln any bntnrcfmkmts he dhcpkmy pnrdnptfhms8 Plkt fs ktl-
rhphchrplfzktfhm8 Plkt krn tln sfcfgkrftfns kmb bfeenrnmdns jntwnnm
pnrdnptfhms he luckms kmb dhcpkmfns8
• Bn﬋mn dhrphrktn fck`n, ckan k drftfdkg rn﬊ndtfhm he tln dhmdnpt kmb,
wftl tln lngp he @krjntt‖s ehrcugk, nxpgkfm fts any bntnrcfmkmts.
• Lhw dkm dhrphrktn fck`n jn cnksurnb kmb “ckmk`nb‖8

Bfsduss lhw Tf.chjfg lks dlkm`nb fts dhrphrktn fck`n. Fs ft phssfjgn th dlkm`n
dhrphrktn fck`n wftlhut dlkm`fm` dhrphrktn fbnmtfty8 Lhw dkm dhrphrktn dhc-
cumfdktfhm rnsphmb th drftfds tlkt dhrphrktn fck`n fs k psnubh-nvnmt, wlfdl lks
mhtlfm` th bh wftl rnkgfty8

Znenrnmdns
Jkgcnr,, Ihlm C. R. ;660.
Jkgcnr ;660. Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty9 wlkt fs ft8 Plkt he ft8 Kmb wlkt fs mnxt8
Dhrphrktn Znputktfhm Znvfnw ; (:)9 ;<4—;<<.
Jkrfdl,, Lhwkrb kmb _lfgfp Ahtgnr.
Jkrfdl Ahtgnr. ;66;.
;66;. K erkcnwhra ehr ckrantfm` fck`n ckmk`ncnmt.
ckmk`ncnmt.
Tghkm Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw 4: (:)9 62—;?2.
Jkythm,, Ikcns.
Jkythm Ikcns. ;6>6.
;6>6. Znsnkrdlfm` tln dhrphrktn fck`n.
fck`n. _ujgfd Zngktfhms Ihurmkg 2
(;?)9 4—<.
Jnrnms,, @ufbh K. I. C. :??2.
Jnrnms :??2. Dhrphrktn Jrkmbfm`9 Rln Bnvnghpcnmt he Dhrphrktn Ksshdfktfhms
kmb tlnfr Fm󿬊unmdn hm Ttkanlhgbnr Znkdtfhms . Zhttnrbkc9
Zhttnrbkc9 Nrkscus Znsnkrdl Fmstftutn he
Ckmk`ncnmt, Nrkscus ^mfvnrsfty Zhttnrbkc.
Zhttnrbkc.
Jnrmkys,, Nbwkrb G. ;600.
Jnrmkys ;600. Bhwm wftl fck`n, up wftl rnkgfty.
rnkgfty. _ujgfd Zngktfhms [ukrtnrgy ::
(;)9 ;:—;2.
Jnrmstnfm,, Bkvfb.
Jnrmstnfm Bkvfb. ;6<2.
;6<2. Dhcpkmy Fck`n kmb Znkgfty9 K Drftfqun he Dhrphrktn Dhccumfdktfhms .
 Nkstjhurmn9
Nkstjhurmn
Jhhrstfm
Jhhrstfm, 9 Lhgt,
, Bkmfng Zfmnlkrt
I. ;65;.
;65; kmb Pfmsthm
. Rln Fck`n9 Gtb_snubh-nvnmts
Gtb.
K @ufbn th . fm Kcnrfdk. Mnw
M nw Vhr
Vhraa9 Zkmbhc
Lhusn..
Lhusn

Fbnmtfty trkfts kmb dhrphrktn fck`n ;>>

Jrhcgny, Bnmmfs Jksfg.

Jrhcgny, Jksfg. ;664.
;664. Znputktfhm, Fck`n kmb Fcprnssfhm Ckmk`ncnmt. Dlfdlnstnr9
Dlfdlnstnr9 Ihlm
Pfgny..
Pfgny
‒‒:??;
‒‒ :??;.. Zngktfhmslfps jntwnnm pnrshmkg kmb dhrphrktn rnputktfhm.
rnputktfhm . Nurhpnkm Ihurmkg he
Ckrantfm` 4> (4/2)9 4;5—442.
Jrhwm,, Rhc I. kmb Nbwfm Dhx.
Jrhwm Dhx. ;660.
;660. Dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms fm ckrantfm` kmb dhmsucnr
rnsnkrdl9 k rnvfnw.
rnvfnw. Dhrphrktn Znputktfhm Znvfnw ; (;/:)9 42—4<.
Jrhwm,Rhc I. fm _ntn
Jrhwm, _ntnrr K. Bkdfm
Bkdf m. ;660.
;660. Rln dhcpkmy kmb tln prhbudt9 dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms
kmb dhmsucnr prhbudt rnsphmsns.
rnsphmsns. Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` 5; (;)9 5<—<2.
Dkrgshm,, Zhjnrt H. ;654.
Dkrgshm ;654. Rln mkturn he dhrphrktn fck`ns. Fm Rln Dhrphrktfhm kmb fts _ujgfds9
Nsskys hm tln Dhrphrktn Fck`n, nbs. Ihlm P. Zfgny, Zfgny, Ir. kmb Ckr`unrftn E. Gnvy.
Gnvy. Mnw
M nw Vhr
Vhraa9
Ihlm Pfgny kmb Thms Thms,, :2—20.
Dgnvnm`nr,, Rlnhbhrn,
Dgnvnm`nr Rlnhbhrn, @fgjnrt K. Gkzfnr kmb Ckr`krnt Gnftmnr Dgkra D gkra.. ;65>.
;65>. Cnksurncnmt
Cnksurncnmt he
dhrphrktn fck`ns jy tln snckmtfd bf﬏nrnmtfkg.
bf﬏nrnmtfkg. Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm`
Ckra ntfm` Znsnkrdl : (;)9 <?—<:.
Bkvfns,, @kry kmb Zhsk Dlum.
Bkvfns Dlum. :??4.:??4. Rln usn he cntkplhr fm tln nxpghrktfhm he tln jrkmb
dhmdnpt.. Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` Ckmk`ncnmt ;6 (;/:)9 2>—0:.
dhmdnpt
Bfiastnrlufs,, Kp kmb Ihlm K. Jkr`l.
Bfiastnrlufs Jkr`l. :??;.
:??;. Rln pnrdnptfhm-jnlkvfhr nxprnsswky9 kuthcktfd
n﬏ndts he shdfkg pnrdnptfhm hm shdfkg jnlkvfhr.jnlkvfhr. KbvKbvkmdns
kmdns fm Nxpnrfcnmtkg Thdfkg _sydlhgh`y
4499 ;—2?.
44
Npgny,, Mfdlhgks,
Npgny Mfdlhgks, Kbkc Pkytz
Pkytz kmb Ihlm R. R. Dkdfhpp
Dkdf hpphh. :??0.
:??0. Hm snnfm` luckm9 k tlrnn-ekdthr
tlnhry he kmtlrhphchrplfsc.
kmtlrhphchrplfsc. _sydlhgh`fdkg Znvfnw ;;2 (2)9 <52—<<5.
Efmm,, Kgk
Efmm Kgkmm. ;65;.
;65;. Rln prfdn
pr fdn he dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn vkmfty.
vkmfty. Lkrvkrb Jusfmnss Znvfnw 46 (2)9 ;4>—;24.
@krjntt,, Rlhcks E. ;6<<.
@krjntt ;6<<. Lhw th Jufgb k Dhrphrktfhm‖
Dhrphrktfhm‖ss Fbnmtfty kmb _rhindt fts Fck`n. Gnxfm`thm,
CK99 Gnxfm`thm Jhhas.
CK Jhhas.
@rumf`,, Ikcns N. ;66
@rumf` ;6644. Fck`n kmb sujstkmdn9
sujs tkmdn9 erhc sycjhgfd th jnlkvfhrkg
jn lkvfhrkg rngktfhmslfps
rngktfhms lfps.. _ujgfd
Zngktfhms Znvfnw ;6 (:)9 ;:;—;46.
Fmb,, Mfdlhgks.
Fmb Mfdlhgks. ;66?.
;66?. Rln Dhrphrktn Fck`n9 Ttrktn`fns ehr N﬏ndtfvn Fbnmtfty _rh`rkccns . Ghmbhm9 Ghmbhm9
Ah`km _k`n.
_k`n.
Anmmnby,, Tlnrrfg L. ;600.
Anmmnby ;600. Murturfm` dhrphrktn fck`ns. fck`ns. Nurhpnkm Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` ;; (4)9
;:?—;52.
Ckktlufs,, Hmmh Ihlkmmns Ckrfk.
Ckktlufs Ckrfk. ;666.
;666. Dhrphrktn jrkmbfm`9 tln vkgun he tln dhrphrktn jrkmb th
dusthcnrs kmb ckmk`nrs. ^mpujgfslnb _lB tlnsfs. Zhttnrbkc9 Zhttnrbkc9 Nrkscus ^mfvnrsfty.
^mfvnrsfty.
Ckdgnhb,, Inmmfenr.
Ckdgnhb Inmmfenr. ;650.
;650. Rln ncplksfs fs hm dhrphrktn rnputktfhm
rnputktfhm.. _ujgfd Zngktfhms Ihurmkg ;<
(<)9 ;<—:?.
Ckbrf`kg,, Zhjnrt.
Ckbrf`kg Zhjnrt. :???.
:???. Rln rhgn he dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms fm mnw prhbudt nvkguktfhm. nvkguktfhm .
Kbvkmdns
Kbv Znsnkrdl :0 (;)9 <?—<5.
kmdns fm Dhmsucnr Znsnkrdl
Cfmbka,, Pfgg
Cfmbka Pfggfkc
fkc K. ;65;
;6 5;.. Efttfm` tln snckmtfd bf﬏nrnmtfkg th tln ckrantfm` prhjgnc. prhjgnc. Ihurmkg
he Ckrantfm` :> :>99 :<—44.
Cftlnm,, Ttnpln
Cftlnm Ttnplnmm kmb _ksdkg Jhynr.
Jhynr. ;66
;6655. Kmtlrhphchr
Kmtlrhphchrplfsc plfsc kmb tln nvhgutfhm
nvhgutf hm he dh`mftfhm
dh`mftfh m.
Rln Ihurmkg he tln ZhyZhykg Kmtlrhphgh`fdkg Fmstftutn : (2)9 0;0—0:;.
kg Kmtlrhphgh`fdkg
M`uynm,, Mlk kmb @ksthm Gnjgkmd.
M`uynm Gnjgkmd. :??;.
:??;. Dhrphrktn fck`n kmb dhrphrktn rnputktfhm fm dus-
thcnrs‖ rntnmtfhm bndfsfhms fm snrvfdns.snrvfdns. Ihurmkg he Zntkfgfm` kmb Dhmsucnr Tnrvfdns < (2)9
::0—:45.
Hs`hhb,, Dlkrgns N.,
Hs`hhb N., @nhr`n I. Tudf kmb _nrdy L. Rkmmnmjkuc.Rkmmnmjkuc. ;6>0.;6>0. Rln Cnksurncnmt he
Cnkmfm`. ^rjkmk9
^rjkmk9 ^mfvnrsfty he Fggfmhfs _rnss._rnss.
_hbmkr,, Agncnmt.
_hbmkr Agncnmt. :??:.
:??:. Znsmf
Znsmfddˀmhst fm mnrnsmfd
mnrnsmfdˀmhst fbnmtftntn phbintik9 kmkgfzk tnhrntsan`k havfrk
 ahrp hrktfvmn fbnmtftntn. Ck`fstrsah bngh. Giujgikmk
uprkvgikmik ahrphrktfvmn Giujgikmk99 Ekaugtntk zk bruŽ
bruŽjnmn vnbn.
vnbn.
‒‒:??2.. ^`gnb, hr`kmfzkdfisak fbnmtf󿬋akdfik fm zkvnzkmhst
‒‒:??2 zkphsgnmfl. Bhathrsak bfsnrtkdfik.
Giujgikmk99 Ekaugtntk zk bruŽjnmn vnbn.
Giujgikmk vnbn.
Zfgny,, Ihlm P.
Zfgny P. kmb Ckr`krnt E. Gnvy.
Gnvy. ;654.
;654. Rln fck`n fm pnrspn
p nrspndtfvn.
dtfvn. Fm Rln Dhrphrktfhm kmb
fts _ujgfds, nb. Ihlm P. Zfgny.
Zfgny. Mnw
M nw Vhr
Vhraa9 Ihlm
Ihlm Pfgny kmb Thms
T hms,, ;05—;<6.

;>5 Fbnmtfty trkfts kmb dhrphrktn fck`n

Tpndthr, Kkrhm I. ;65;.

Tpndthr, ;65;. Jksfd bfcnmsfhms he tln dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn fck`n.
fck`n. Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` :> (5)9
20—>;.
vkm Lkgbnrnm,
Lkgbnrnm, Cf`mhm B. kmb Dnns J. C. vkm Zfng. Zfng. :??5.
:??5. Bnvnghpfm` k dhrphrktn nxprnssfvnmnss
chbng ehr ckmk`fm` ekvhrkjgn fcprnssfhms kchm` stkanlhgbnrs. Kvkfgkjgn kt9 lttp9//www.rnputk-
ekvhrkjgn
tfhmfmstftutn.dhc/cncjnrs/myd?5/ZfngXLkgbnrnmX:??5.pbe (:; Hdthjnr :?;?).
vkm Zfng,
Zfng, Dnns J. C.,
C., Mktkslk Ttrhnanr kmb Hmmh Ckktlus.
Ckktlus . ;66<.
;66<. Cnksurfm` dhrphrktn
fck`ns.. Dhrphrktn Znputktfhm Znvfnw ; (2)9 4;4—4:5.
fck`ns
Pfmfda,, Dlkrgns.
Pfmfda Dlkrgns. ;65?.
;65?. Lhw th ﬋mb hut wlkt afmb he fck`n yhu lkvn. Fm Bnvnghpfm` tln
Dhrphrktn Fck`n, nb. Gnn Lkstfm`s Jrfsthg.
Jrfsthg. Mnw
M nw Vhra
Vhra99 Dlkrgns Tdrfjmnr‖s Thms,
Thms, :4—2?.
;?
DHZ_HZKRN KTTHDFKRFHMT
Znputktfhm kmb trust

DHMRNMRT
Dlkptnr ;? dhmtfmuns wftl k bfsdussfhm hm spndfkg ehrcs he dhrphrktn ksshdf-
ktfhms, mkcngy rnputktfhm kmb trust. Ft bn﬋mns dhrphrktn rnputktfhm kmb prnsnmts
fts bfcnmsfhms kmb aanny ckmk`ncnmt fssuns. Pn ncplksfzn tln rhgn he pnrdnfvnb
nxtnrmkg prnstf`n he tln dhcpkmy kmb bfsduss tln dhmsnqunmdns he rnputktfhm
th fggustrktn wly rnputktfhm fs tln chst vkgukjgn fmtkm`fjgn kssnt he tln dhc-
pkmy. Fm tln ﬋mkg pkrt he tln dlkptnr, wn strnss tln fcphrtkmdn he stkanlhgbnrs‖
trust fm tln dhcpkmy. Pn hpnrktfhmkgfzn tln dhmdnpt usfm` rngfkjfgfty, lhmnsty
kmb jnmnvhgnmdn, kmb prnsnmt kdtfhms tlkt dkm gnkb th cfstrust, sdnptfdfsc hr
dymfdfsc he stkanlhgbnrs.

;?.; Dhrphrktn rnputktfhm

Kgtlhu`l tln gftnrkturn ghm` lngb dhrphrktn fck`n kmb rnputktfhm ks symhmycs,
thbky tlny krn trnktnb ks twh dghsngy rngktnb jut bf﬏nrnmt typns he dhrphrktn kssh-
dfktfhms. Jhtl dhmdnpts krn bymkcfd fm mkturn jut k rngnvkmt bf﬏nrnmdn jntwnnm
tln twh dhmdnpts fs tlkt dhrphrktn fck`n rngktns th km fmbfvfbukg‖s chcnmtkry
pnrdnptfhm he k dhcpkmy, wlfgn dhrphrktn rnputktfhm fs ehrcnb hvnr tfcn kmb fs
jksnb hm wlkt tln hr`kmfzktfhm lks bhmn kmb lhw ft lks jnlkvnb (Jkgcnr :??4, :??4,
;00). Jhtl dhmdnpts krn fmtnrdhmmndtnb1 hm tln hmn lkmb, rnputktfhm fm tln puj-
gfd th k gkr`n nxtnmt bnpnmbs hm bky-th-bky fck`ns tlkt fmbfvfbukgs ckan kjhut k
dhcpkmy, wlfgn hm tln htlnr tln nxfstfm` rnputktfhm (hr kjsnmdn he ft), kghm` wftl
htlnr ekdthrs, fm﬊unmdns bky-th-bky dhrphrktn fck`n drnktfhm. Rln rngktfhmslfp
jntwnnm fck`n kmb rnputktfhm fs pkrkggng th tln rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm km fmbfvfb-
ukg kmb k shdfkg `rhup tlkt tln fmbfvfbukg jnghm`s th. Plnm fmbfvfbukgs dhmstrudt
km fck`n he k dhcpkmy jksnb hm fmehrcktfhm tlny `nt erhc tln dhcpkmy, tlny

;>< Znputktfhm kmb trust

suppgncnmt tlnfr amhwgnb`n wftl fmehrcktfhm erhc htlnr shurdns, wlfgn tlny
dlnda tln dhrrndtmnss, dhm`rufty kmb dhlnsfhm he tlnfr dhmstrudtfhm wftlfm tln
shdfkg `rhup hr pujgfd
pu jgfd he wlfdl
wl fdl tlny krn k cncjnr.
cnc jnr.Rln prhdnss, fm wlfdl
wlfd l fmbfvfb-
ukgs dlnda wlntlnr tlnfr dhmstrudtfhms cktdl wftl tlhsn he tlnfr shdfkg `rhup, fs
dkggnb tln kddrnbftktfhm
kd drnbftktfhm prhdnss. Burfm` tlfs prhdnss, km fmbfvfbukg ckans tln `rhup
kddnpt pkrt he tln kttrfjutns
kttr fjutns he lfs/lnr dhmstrudtfhm. Km fmbfvfbukg ﬋rst dhmstrudts
km fck`n he km hr`kmfzktfhm, wlfdl tlrhu`l tfcn jy sngndtfhm he fck`n ngncnmts
(tlrhu`l tln ﬋gtnr he shdfkg mhrcs) rn﬊ndts fm k `nmnrkg nvkguktfhm rnsfbfm` ks k
shdfkg nmtfty fm tln pujgfd. Rlfs cnkms tlkt rnputktfhm fs wlhggy k shdfkg dktn`hry,
km kdtfvn kjstrkdt, tlkt nxfsts fmbnpnmbnmtgy ks ghm` ks k `rhup he pnhpgn lkvn ft fm
dhcchm (_hbmkr :???).:???).
Znputktfhm hr pujgfd fck`n (Jrhcgny ;664) ;664) fs umbnrsthhb ks km hvnrkgg
nvkguktfhm kmb, th k dnrtkfm bn`rnn, k sfcpgf﬋nb nstfcktfhm he k dhcpkmy jy fts
stkanlhgbnrs (Ehcjrum ;665).;665). Znputktfhm rngktns th tln qunstfhm he lhw spn-
df﬋d pujgfds nvnvkguktn
kguktn tln dhcpkmy fm f m tnrcs
tnr cs he shdfkg stkmbkrbs, jngfnes kmb vkguns
(_hbmkr :???).
:???). Znputktfhm fs kjhut dktn`hrfzfm` dhcpkmfns kddhrbfm` th dnr-
tkfm drftnrfk,
rngktfvn wlfdl
phsftfhm ks khr`kmfzktfhm
he km wlhgn (wlfdl fs chrn
fm tln tlkm
nyns he fts kstkanlhgbnrs
suc he fts pkrts) drnktn
(Tlnmakr kmbk
Vudltc
V udltckm-V
km-Vkkr
kkr ;660
;6 60,, ;45:). Bhwgfm` (:??;
:??;,, ;6) rngktns th tln dhrphrktn
d hrphrktn rnputk-
tfhm kttrfjutnb vkguns (sudl ks kutlnmtfdfty, lhmnsty, rnsphmsfjfgfty kmb fmtn`rfty)
nvhanb erhc tln pnrshm‖s dhrphrktn fck`n. Znputktfhm pnr sn fmdgubns iub`n-
cnmts, wftl wlfdl tln dhcpkmy nvkguktns ftsnge, kmb iub`ncnmt he kttrfjutnskttr fjutns tlkt
k dnrtkfm
dnr tkfm pujgfd ksshdfktns wftl tln dhcpkmy.
dhcpkmy. Znputktfhm fs k dhcpgntn kmb nvkgu-
ktnb fcprnssfhm he km hr`kmfzktfhm tlkt rn﬊ndts pnrdnptfhms he fmbfvfbukg stkan-
lhgbnr `rhups (Ehcjrum kmb Tlkmgny ;66?). ;66?). Kddhrbfm` th Lnrjf` kmb Cfgnwfdz
(;664
;664),), k dhcpkmy‖s rnputktfhm fs ehrcnb fm k prhdnss he kdducugktfhm he hpfm-
fhms kmb nstfcktfhms he cugtfpgn `rhups tlkt fmtnrkdt wftl tln dhcpkmy tlrhu`l
tfcn. Ehcjrum‖s (;665
(;665)) bn﬋mftfhm fs sfcfgkr, bn﬋mfm` rnputktfhm ks k pnrdnptfhm
he pkst kdtfhms kmb euturn nxpndtktfhms he k dhcpkmy tlkt bnsdrfjn tln hvnrkgg
kttrkdtfvnmnss he k dhcpkmy fm dhcpkrfshm th tln dhcpntftfhm fm tln nyns he fts
any stkanlhgbnrs. Rln rnputktfhm tlkt dhmstftunmts ksdrfjn th k dhcpkmy fs tln
k``rn`ktn he ckmy pnrshmkg iub`ncnmts kjhut tln dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s drnbfjfgfty,
drnbfjfgfty, rngfkjfg-
rngfkjfg-
fty, rnsphmsfjfgfty kmb trustwhrtlfmnss (Ehcjrum ;665,
;665, 0:). Ehcjrum bnsdrfjns
rnputktfhm ks k mnt he pnrdnptfhms he k ﬋rc‖s dkpkjfgftfns th cnnt tln nxpndtk-
tfhms he kgg fts stkanlhgbnrs (Ehcjrum nt kg. :???,
:???, ;4). Dhrphrktn rnputktfhm tlus
jy bn﬋mftfhm rngktns th tln nstfcktfhm he dkpkjfgftfns, kdtfvftfns kmb kdlfnvncnmts he
k dhcpkmy hr pnrdnptfhm kmb jngfnes kjhut tln dhcpkmy. Mndnsskry dhmbftfhms
ehr rnputktfhm krn, jnsfbn tln dhcpkmy‖s kdtfvnmnss, tln pnrdnptfhm he tln dhc-
pkmy jy stkanlhgbnr `rhups, tlnfr bfrndt hr fmbfrndt nxpnrfnmdn, kmb k dhmtnxt he
vkguns fm wlfdl tln dhcpkmy fs nvkguktnb. Ft fs fmtnrnstfm` tlkt rnputktfhm lks km
 nxdgusfvngy phsftfvn
phsftfvn dhmmhtktfhm kmb dkm jn fm tlfs
tlf s snmsn bfstfm`ufslnb erhc ekcn.
Dhcpkmfns kmb htlnr nmtftfns dkm jn ekchus jndkusn he rndh`mfzkjgn phsftfvn hr
mn`ktfvnn dlkrkdtnrfstfds,
mn`ktfv dlkrkdtnr fstfds, wlfdl krn mht mndnsskrfgy trun, wlfgn rnputktfhm dkm hmgy
jn `kfmnb wftl shdfkggy
shdfk ggy kddnptkjgn
kdd nptkjgn jnlkvfhur.

Znputktfhm kmb trust ;>6

;?.: Bfcnmsfhms he dhrphrktn rnputktfhm

Plnm tryfm` th umbnrstkmb, cnksurn kmb ckmk`n dhrphrktn
dhrph rktn rnputktfhm, ft fs fcphrt-
fcphr t-
kmt th mhtn tlkt bf﬏nrnmt pujgfds kmb stkanlhgbnrs nstkjgfsl bf﬏nrnmt rnputktfhms he
tln dhcpkmy,
dhcpkmy, kmb tlkt tlny nvkguktn tln dhcpkmy kddhrbfm` th spndf﬋d drftnr
drftnrfkfk tlkt
tlny snn ks rngnvkmt (Ehcjrum ;665). ;665). Rlfs cnkms tlkt bf﬏nrnmt pujgfds kmb stkan-
lhgbnrs pnrdnfvn k bf﬏nrnmt rnputktfhm he tln skcn dhcpkmy, wlfdl fs jksnb hm
tlnfr ndhmhcfd, shdfkg hr pnrshmkg jkda`rhumb (@htsf kmb Pfgshm :??;). :??; ). Kmhtlnr
vfnw tlkt fs fm gfmn wftl tlhsn cnmtfhmnb kjhvn fs Dkrukmk‖s (;660 ( ;66011 Dkrukmk kmb
Dlfrdhp :???)
:???) wlh skys tlkt rnputktfhm dhmsfsts he `nmnrkg nvkguktfhms he tln puj-
gfd kmb spndf﬋d nvkguktfhms tlkt pnrtkfm th k spndf﬋d hjindt he nvkguktfhm kmb bf﬏nr
hmn erhc kmhtlnr kddhrbfm` th tln stkanlhgbnr `rhup. Ks wks nstkjgfslnb vnry nkrgy
hm jy Ckrtfmnku (;6><(;6><),), bf﬏nrnmdns kchm` vkrfhus `rhups hddur jndkusn he bfe-
enrnmdns fm tlnfr pnrdnptfhms, nxpndtktfhms kmb bnsfrns tlkt fmbfvfbukgs lkvn wftl
rnspndt th tln
t ln dhcpkmy
dhcp kmy.. Fm lfs hvnrvfnw he bf﬏nrnmt
b f﬏nrnmt kpprhkdlns
kp prhkdlns th
t h “rnputk
“rnputktfhm
tfhm sdkgns‖
sd kgns‖
(de. Thjhg nt kg. ;66:)
;66:) tlkt krn nxndutnb kmb pujgfslnb jy jusfmnss cnbfk, supnrvf-
sfhm hr`kms hr trkbn ksshdfktfhms, Ehcjrum nstkjgfslnb tlkt chst he tlnc hpnrktn
wftl mhm-systncktfd drftnrfk,
dr ftnrfk, usukggy dhvnrfm`
dhvnrfm` mkrrhw vfnws, spndf﬋d hmgy ehr shcn
stkanlhgbnr
stkanlhg bnr `rhups.
` rhups. Rlkt fsf s wly ﬋mbfm`s
﬋mbfm `s he sudl
sud l rnsnkrdl krn
k rn bfffldugt th `nmnrk
`nmnrkgfzn
gfzn
sfmdn bf﬏nrnmt cntlhbs prhbudn bf﬏nrnmt rnsugts. Kttnmtfhm th drftnrfk tlkt whugb
jnst nxpgkfm tln rnputktfhm dhmstrudt fs tlnrnehrn cudl mnnbnb. Fbnmtf﬋dktfhm he
sudl drftnrfk nmkjgns tln bnvnghpcnmt he k cntlhbhgh`fdkg thhg tlkt whugb nmkjgn
kmb ekdfgftktn tln dhcpkrfshm he rnsugts. Rlkt fs wly Jrhcgny (;664 (;664)) spnkas he “tln
`nmnrkg ekdthr (hr snt he ekdthrs) dhcchm th chst hr kgg tln kttrfjutns he rnputktfhm
QtlktS prhvfbns k vkgukjgn, qukmtftktfvn, hpnrktfhmkg bn﬋mftfhm he rnputktfhm ehr cka-
fm` dhcpkrfshms
dhcpkr fshms jntwnnm nmtftfns‖ (Jrhcgn
(Jrhcgnyy ;664,
;664, ;<4). K trun rnputktfhm fmbnx
slhugb fmdgubn k rnprnsnmtktfvn skcpgn he vkrfhus stkanlhgbnrs kmb tlnfr drftnrfk.
Ft slhugb jn jksnb hm km kssucptfhm tlkt dhcpkmfns dkm jn phsftfvngy rkmanb jy

dhmsucnrs, fmvnsthrs,
kttrfjutns (snn `nmnrkg
Ef`urn ;?.; ) tlktpujgfd kmbtln
fmdgubn ncpghynns, kmb hm k﬋mkmdfkg
shdfkg, nchtfhmkg, stkmbkrbfznb snt he
kmb hr`km-
fzktfhmkg trkfts he k dhcpkmy. K ehumbktfhm hm wlfdl tlfs dhugb jn dhmstrudtnb fs
Ehcjrum‖s nstkjgfslcnmt he k rngktfvngy gfcftnb snt he drftnrfk usnb ehr tln nvkgu-
ktfhm he dhcpkmy rnputktfhm, tlkt fs, km k``rn`ktn he stkanlhgbnr fmtnrnsts (Ehcjrum
;66<,, 44<).
;66<
Rlnrn krn ckmy nxkcpgns he hv hvnrkgg
nrkgg rnputktfhm cnksurncnmt he dhcpkmfns (ehr
km hvnrvfnw snn Drkvnms nt kg. :??4).:??4). Hmn he tln chrn fmtnrnstfm` nxkcpgns fs tln
HZD chbng tlkt fbnmtf﬋ns
fbnmtf﬋ ns sfx ngncnmts he rnputktfhm (@rnysnr ;666,
;666, ;06)9

• dhcpntftfvn n﬏ndtfvnmnss (sudl ks qukgfty ckmk`ncnmt, Z&B fmvnstcnmts, ﬋mkm-

dfkg strnm`tl)1
• ckrant gnkbnrslfp (sudl ks ckrant phsftfhm wftlfm fmbustry, bf﬏nrnmtfktnb prhb-
udts, dhmmndtfhms th tln ckrant)1
• dhmsucnr ehdus (sudl ks lf`l qukgfty ehr k `hhb prfdn, dhccftcnmt th
dhmsucnrs)1

;5? Znputktfhm kmb trust

[ukgfty heenr Efmkmdfkg phwnr kmb Thdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty

suddnss

Dhmsucnr-hrfnmtktfhm @hhb ckmk`ncnmt Ncpghynn dkrn

kmb vfsfhm

Ufsfjfgfty kmb rndh`mftfhm

EF@^ZN ;?.; Znputktfhm bfcnmsfhms

• ekcfgfkrfty hr ekvhur kjfgfty1

ekvhurkjfgfty
• dhrphrktn dugturn (sudl ks lf`l ntlfdkg stkmbkrbs, vfsfjgn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty
rnsphmsfjfgfty,, safggnb
ncpghynns)1
• dhccumfdktfhms (sudl ks kbvnrtfsfm`, sphmshrslfps, nvnmt ckmk`ncnmt).

Rln Lkrrfs/Ehcjrum Dhrphrktn Znputktfhm [uhtfnmt (Z[), hmn he tln jnst

amhwm chbngs tnstnb fm kgchst kgg Pnstnrm
Pnstnrm dhumtrf
dhumtrfns,
ns, fs k sfx-bfcnmsfhmkg cnksur-
fm` fmstrucnmt (Ehcjrum nt kg. :???,
:???, :>41 Ehcjrum kmb vkm Zfng :??2)9
:??2)9

•• nchtfhmkg kppnkg (trust, rnspndt, kbcfrktfhm, enngfm` `hhb kjhut tln dhcpkmy)1
prhbudts kmb snrvfdns (lf`l qukgfty, fmmhvktfvnmnss, vkgun ehr tln chmny,
`ukrkmtnn)1
• 󿬋mkmdfkg pnrehrckmdn (prh﬋tkjfgfty, ghw bn`rnn he fmvnstcnmt rfsa, `rhwtl, nb`n
hvnr dhcpntftfhm)1
• vfsfhm kmb gnkbnrslfp (ckrant hpphrtumftfns,
hpphr tumftfns, nxdnggnmt gnkbnrslfp,
gnkbnr slfp, dgnkr vfsfhm ehr
tln euturn)1
eu turn)1
• whrapgkdn nmvfrhmcnmt (`hhb ckmk`ncnmt, whra nmvfrhmcnmt kmb ncpghynns)1
• shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty (supphrt he `hhb dkusns, rnsphmsfjfgfty thwkrb nmvfrhmcnmt
kmb dhccumfty).

Cnksurncnmts lkvn slhwm tlkt tln ekdthr wftl tln chst fm﬊unmdn hm rnputk-
 tfhm fs nchtfhmkg kppnkg, wlfdl fs, fm pkrtfdugkr ehr tln `nmnrkg pujgfd, tln ckfm
“brfvnr‖ he rnputktfhm. Rln Znputktfhm Fmstftutn eurtlnr bnvnghpnb Z[ wftl tln
Znptrka chbng, wlfdl fs k stkmbkrbfznb chbng he cnksurfm` rnputktfhm kppgfnb fm
ckmy dhumtrfns kmb kchm` cugtfpgn stkanlhgbnrs, kmb surchumts
sur chumts snvnrkg
snvnrkg cnksurfm`
cnksurf m`

Znputktfhm kmb trust ;5;

bfffl dugtf
dugtfns
ns typfdkg
typf dkg he
h e Z[, sudl ks
k s vkgfbfty
vkgfbf ty kmb rngfkjf
rngfkjfgfty
gfty he
h e tln chbng.
ch bng. Rln chbng
ch bng
rntkfmnb sfx bfcnmsfhms tlkt krn rngktnb th tln dhcpkmy9 kdtfm` ks k `hhb dftfznm,d ftfznm, tln
dhcpkmy‖s ckmk`ncnmt, suddnsseugmnss, prhbudts kmb snrvfdns, fmmhvktfvnmnss kmb
jusfmnss nmvfrhmcnmt
nmvfrhmcnmt (vkm Zfng kmb Ehcjrum :??0). :??0).
Rln gktnst rnsnkrdl (Pkgsl . :??6)
:??6) fm cnksurfm` rnputktfhm fm tln nyns he
nt kg
dhmsucnrs (ks hmn he tln chst fcphrtkmt stkanlhgbnr `rhups ehr nvnry dhcpkmy)
bfsdhvnrnb tlkt bfcnmsfhms he rnputktfhm fmdgubn fmbfdkthrs tlkt cnksurn k dhc-
pkmy‖s kttftubn thwkrb dhmsucnrs, fts rngktfhmslfp wftl ncpghynns, pnrdnptfhms he
tln dhcpkmy‖s rngfkjfgfty kmb ﬋mkmdfkg stkjfgfty, pnrdnfvnb qukgfty he prhbudts kmb
snrvfdns, kmb tln dhcpkmy‖s shdfkg kmb nmvfrhmcnmtkg rnsphmsfjfgfty.
Ks wn dkm snn, bf﬏nrnmt sdkgns rn﬊ndt ﬋mbfm`s he ncpfrfdkg stubfns wlnrn rnpu-
tktfhm fs k rnsugt he dhmsucnr pnrdnptfhms, wlfdl krn fm﬊unmdnb jy k mucjnr he
ekdthrs, sudl ks prh﬋tkjfgfty, fmtnmsfty he dhccumfdktfhm, dhcpkmy sfzn, kddhumt-
fm` rfsa, kchumt he bfvfbnmbs, ckrant suddnss, hwmnrslfp strudturn, cnbfk kppnkr-
kmdn, shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty kmb tln dhcpkmy‖
dhcpkmy‖ss kttftubn thw
thwkrbkrb shdfnty (Ehcjrum kmb
Tlkmgny ;66?).
;66?). Pn slhugb kbb kgsh k phsftfvn rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm k dhcpkmy‖s
cnbfk kppnkrkmdn
ckmk`ncnmt kmb rnputktfhm,
kmb rnputktfhm he tlncutukg fm﬊unmdn
dhcpkmy, jntwnnm
kmb tln fm﬊unmdntlnhe
rnputktfhm he tln
jrkmdl rnputk-
tfhm hm tln dhcpkmy rnputktfhm, wlfdl eurtlnr supphrts
supphr ts tln dgkfc he wlkt k lf`lgy
dhcpgnx tksa rnputktfhm ckmk`ncnmt fs.f s.

;?.4 Dhrphrktn rnputktfhm

rnputktfhm ckmk`ncnmt
ckmk`ncnmt
K suddnsseug kpprhkdl th rnputktfhm ckmk`ncnmt kgwkys stkrts wftl amhwfm`
tln nxpndtktfhms he stkanlhgbnrs wngg kmb tlnfr pnrdnptfhms he tln dhcpkmy. Kt fts
dhrn, nspndfkggy fm tnrcs he fts ckmk`ncnmt, rnputktfhm cust kgwkys jn jksnb hm
dhrphrktn fbnmtfty kmb hm tln dkpkjfgfty he ckmk`nrs th dhmvfmdn stkanlhgbnrs he

tln nxdnggnmdn
bn﬋mnb lhw thkmb kdtumfqun dkpkdftfns he
fm rngktfhmslfps wftl tlnnkdl
dhcpkmy. Kgsh,stkanlhgbnr
fmbfvfbukg ft mnnbs th jn dgnkrgy
. Ehcjrum‖s
(;665
;665)) rnsnkrdl bn﬋mnb tln ckfm fbnmtfty trkfts hm wlfdl th jufgb rnputktfhm
fm tln nyns he any stkanlhgbnrs. Ehr k dhcpkmy th jn rnputkjgn fm tln nyns he fts
ncpghynns, ft slhugb bnvnghp trust, `fvn kutlhrfty kmb krhusn prfbn. Tudl trkfts
nmkjgn bnvnghpcnmt he k jngfne tlkt tln dhcpkmy fs k trustwhrtly pkrtmnr. Pftl
rnspndt th fmv
fmvnsthrs,
nsthrs, tln any fbnmtfty trkfts
trkf ts krn prh﬋tkjfgfty
prh﬋tkjf gfty,, ckfmtnmkmd
ckfmtnmkmdnn he stkjfgfty
stkj fgfty
kmb phtnmtfkg
ph tnmtfkg ehr `rh
` rhwtl,
wtl, wlfdl ckan tln dhcpkmy drnbfjgn.
d rnbfjgn.Rh jn snnm ks rngfkjgn
wftl rnspndt th dhmsucnrs, twh any ekdthrs krn nxdnggnmdn kmb qukgfty he prhbudts
kmb snrvfdns,
snrvfd ns, kmb `hhb rngktfhmslfps
rngktfhmslf ps wftl dhmsucnrs.
dhmsucnr s. Fm tnrcs he rngktfhmslfps
rngktfhm slfps wftl
shdfnty, ft fs fcphrtkmt th jn shdfkggy rnsphmsfjgn, th snrvn tln dhccumfty kmb th
dkrn ehr tln nmvfrhmcnmt, wlfdl ckans tln dhcpkmy‖s hvnrkgg kdtfhms rnsphmsfjgn
(Ehcjrum ;665).
;665). Dhcpkmfns cust kgsh pky kttnmtfhm th tln rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm
phsftfvn kmb mn`ktfvn kspndts he rnkgfty kmb pnrdnptfhms , kmb kmy bnvfktfhms lkrcfm`
phsftfvn rnkgfty cust jn rncnbfnb fccnbfktng
fccnbfktngyy. Plnm k dhcpkmy‖
dhcpkmy‖ss kdtfhms
kdtf hms krn jnt-
j nt-
tnr tlkm pnrdnfvnb kmb nstfcktnb kdtfhms, ft slhugb dhccumfdktn fmtnmsfvngy, kmb

;5: Znputktfhm kmb trust

wlnm fts pnrdnfvnb kdtfhms krn jnttnr tlkm kdtukg hmns, tln dhcpkmy slhugb bh
kmytlfm` ft dkm th bnsnrvn sudl k phsftfvn nvkguktfhm.
Znputktfhm fs `kfmnb kmb jufgt tlrhu`l dhmsfstnmt kdtfvftfns kmb kgtlhu`l tln
jufgbfm` up he rnputktfhm fs k ghm` kmb dhmtfmuhus prhdnss, ft dkm qufdagy jn

bnstrhynb. Jndkusn
he stkanlhgbnrs‖ rnputktfhmjksnb
nxpndtktfhms fs k rnsugt he tln
hm tlhsn prnvfhus
kdtfhms, kdtfhms he fs
tln dhcpkmy
tln fks dhcpkmy kmb
kgwkys sdrutf-
mfznb wlntlnr ft f t lhgbs fts
f ts prhcfsns kmb dhccftcnmts hr mht. Fm kgg dksns, rnputktfhm
fs k rnsugt he lkrb whra kmb ckmy n﬏hrts, kmb k dhcpkmy lks th nkrm ft. Jnsfbns, tln
dhcpkmy lks mh bfrndt dhmtrhg hvnr rnputktfhm jndkusn ft fs kttrfjutnb jy spndf﬋d
kubfnmdns, hr mht.

;?.2 _nrdnfvnb nxtnrmkg prnstf`n he k dhcpkmy

Rln fcphrtkmt fm﬊unmdn he tln hvnrkgg rnputktfhm kmb fts ckmk`ncnmt hm bf﬏nr-
nmt stkanlhgbnrs kmb tlnfr pnrdnptfhms kmb rnsphmsns fs rn﬊ndtnb fm tln dhmdnpt he
pnrdnfvnb nxtnrmkg prnstf`n. Rln dhmdnpt wks bn﬋mnb jy Butthm kmb Buanrfdl Buanrf dl
(;66;
;66;)) ks k wky fm wlfdl tln hr`kmfzktfhm cncjnrs tlfma tlkt htlnrs (mhm-cnc-
jnrs, nxtnrmkg kubfnmdns) snn tln hr`kmfzktfhm, wlkt tlny tlfma kjhut ft kmb lhw
tlny nvkguktn ft. Hr, ks lks jnnm ehrcugktnb jy Butthm nt kg. (;662 ;662),
), pnrdnfvnb
nxtnrmkg prnstf`n rngktns th “k cncjnr‖s jngfnes kjhut tln hutsfbnrs‖ pnrdnptfhms he
tln hr`kmfzktfhm‖
hr`kmfz ktfhm‖ (Butthm nt kg. ;662,
;662, :2<). _rnstf`n fs snnm ks km (nxtnrmkg) rnputk-
tfhm ks nvkguktnb jy tln hr`kmfzktfhm‖s fmtnrmkg cncjnrs. Ft dkm jn k dhmsnqunmdn
he fmehrcktfhm erhc bf﬏nrnmt shurdns, ehr nxkcpgn, rnenrnmdn `rhup hpfmfhms, puj-
gfdfty, dhmtrhggnb nxtnrmkg dhccumfdktfhms, kmb nvnm tln dhcpkmy‖s fmtnrmkg dhc-
cumfdktfhm kjhut lhw ft fs pnrdnfvnb jy nxtnrmkg kubfnmdns. Chst hetnm, pnrdnfvnb
nxtnrmkg prnstf`n fs trnktnb ks k vkrfkjgn hm tln gnvng he km fmbfvfbukg tlkt sf`mf﬋ns
tlnfr fmtnrprntktfhm kmb nstfcktfhm he k dhcpkmy‖s rnputktfhm jksnb hm tlnfr hwm

nxphsurn th fmehrcktfhm
dkm lkvn vkryfm` kjhut
pnrdnptfhms he tln hr`kmfzktfhm.
nxtnrmkg Rlkt
prnstf`n hr fs wly (Tcfbts
rnputktfhm bf﬏nrnmtntcncjnrs
kg. :??;,
:??;,
;?>:). Jut pnrdnfvnb nxtnrmkg prnstf`n fs chrn tlkm iust fmehrcktfhm kjhut tln
phssfjgn shdfkg nvkguktfhm he tln dhcpkmy. Ft prhvfbns km kmswnr th cncjnrs‖ quns-
tfhms sudl ks “Lhw bh hutsfbnrs tlfma he cn jndkusn he cy ksshdfktfhm wftl tlfs
hr`kmfzktfhm8‖ (Butthm nt kg. ;662,
;662, :2<—:26). _nrdnfvnb nxtnrmkg prnstf`n eumdtfhms
ks k phwnreug cfrrhr tlkt `fvns cncjnrs he km hr`kmfzktfhm km fck`n he lhw tln
hr`kmfzktfhm kmb jnlkvfhur he fts cncjnrs krn snnm jy nxtnrmkg kubfnmdns. Ngsjkdl
kmb Arkcnr (;665
(;665)) umbnrthha rnsnkrdl tlkt fmdgubnb cncjnrs he :? he tln chst
prnstf`fhus jusfmnss sdlhhgs kmb nstkjgfslnb tlkt fmbfvfbukgs dlkm`n kmb kbiust tlnfr
hwm pnrdnptfhms he hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtfty jksnb hm kvkfgkjgn fmehrcktfhm kjhut
lhw htlnrs snn tln hr`kmfzktfhm. Fm tln stuby,
stuby, rnsphmbnmts dhugb dlkm`n kmb dhrrndt
dhr rndt
 tlnfr hpfmfhms kddhrbfm` th tln bfsdrnpkmdy jntwnnm tlnfr hrf`fmkg nvkguktfhms kmb
fmehrcktfhm
fmehrck tfhm tlny rndnfvnb
rndnfvnb kjhut lhw htlnrs
htlnr s snn tln hr`kmfzktfhm.
h r`kmfzktfhm.
Rln fcphrtkmdn he pnrdnfvnb
pnrdnfvnb nxtnrmkg prnstf`n gfns fm tln ekdt
ek dt tlkt Jrnmmkm brnw
kttnmtfhm th bndkbns k`h9 ft fs tln luckm mkturn he ncpghynns
ncpghynns tlkt tlny wkmt th jn

Znputktfhm kmb trust ;54

prhub he tln dhcpkmy tlny whra ehr kmb he tln prhbudts kmb snrvfdns tlny prhbudn
(Jrnmmkm ;65?,;65?, 2:). Drnktfhm he fck`ns kmb prfbn he ncpghynns fs mht hmgy fm﬊u-
nmdnb jy tlnfr bfrndt nxpnrfnmdn kmb pnrdnptfhm he dhrphrktn kmb hr`kmfzktfhmkg
fbnmtfty
fbnmtf ty,, ks nstkjgfslnb
nstkjgf slnb jy Jnr`kcf kmb
k mb Jk`hzzf
Jk`hz zf (:???
(:???),
), jut kgsh jy lhw tln ncpghy-
ncpg hy-

nns
hmnsnn tlkt htlnrs
dhcpkmyhtlnr
erhcs pnrdnfvn tlnfrekdfgftktn
htlnrs kmb dhcpkmy
dhcpkmy. . Znputktfhm
Znputktfhm
mnnbs bhns mht
he fmbfvfbukgs hmgy bf﬏nrnmtfktn
th dktn`hrfzn tlnc-
sngvns kmb htlnrs, ft kgsh fm﬊unmdns, tlrhu`l pnrdnfvnb nxtnrmkg prnstf`n, tln sndhmb
fcphrtkmt mnnb wftlfm tln shdfkg fbnmtfty kpprhkdl, tlkt fs tln fcprhvncnmt he
snge-fck`n (Jnr`kcf kmb Jk`hzzf :???).:???).
Butthm nt kg. (;662
(;662,, :>;) usn ﬋mbfm`s he tln shdfkg fbnmtfty kpprhkdl th rngktn
nxtnrmkg rnputktfhm wftl9

• snge-dhmtfmufty he tln fmbfvfbukg9 fe cncjnrs jngfnvn hutsfbnrs vfnw tln hr`km-

fzktfhmkg rnputktfhm fm tnrcs tlkt krn dghsn th lhw tlny snn tlncsngvns, tlnm
cncjnrslfp prhvfbns km hpphrtumfty th ckfmtkfm k dhlnrnmt kmb dhmsfstnmt
snmsn he snge1
• snge-bfstfmdtfvnmnss he tln fmbfvfbukg9 pnrdnfvnb nxtnrmkg prnstf`n tlkt nmlkmdns k
cncjnr‖s bfstfmdtfvnmnss fm fmtnrpnrshmkg dhmtnxts fs snnm ks chrn kttrkdtfvn,
jndkusn fts eug﬋gs
eug﬋g s tln cncjnr‖s
cncjnr‖s mnnb th jn bf﬏nrnmt th tln htlnrs (hutsfbnrs)1
• snge-nmlkmdncnmt he tln fmbfvfbukg9 k cncjnr jksns tlnfr phsftfvn snge-dhmdnpt hm
kpprkfskgs he tln dhcpkmy jy nxtnrmkg
nxtnr mkg pujgfds.

Butthm nt kg. (;662

;662)) phfmt hut tlkt pnrdnfvnb nxtnrmkg prnstf`n he k dhcpkmy
dh cpkmy fs fm k
dghsn rngktfhmslfp wftl tln shdfkg fbnmtfty he km fmbfvfbukg.

Plnm cncjnrs dhmstrun tln nxtnrmkg fck`n ks kttrkdtfvn — cnkmfm` tlkt

tlny jngfnvn tlfs fck`n lks ngncnmts tlkt htlnrs krn gfangy th vkgun — tlnm
hr`kmfzktfhmkg kfflgfktfhm drnktns k phsftfv
phsftfvnn shdfkg
shdfk g fbnmtfty tlkt fmdrnksns tln
gnvng he hvnrgkp jntwnnm lhw k cncjnr bn﬋mns lfc- hr lnrsnge kmb tln
hr`kmfzktfhm.
(Butthm nt kg. ;662,
;662, :>?)

Rlfs cnkms tlkt pnrdnfvnb nxtnrmkg prnstf`n fmdrnksns tln fbnmtf﬋dktfhm he ncpghy-
nns wftl tln hr`kmfzktfhm, jndkusn fmbfvfbukgs fmlnrnmtgy gfan th snn tlncsngvns fm
k phsftfvn wky
wky sfmdn phsftfvn snge-fck`n fmdrnksns snge-rnspndt (Jlkttkdlkryk
(Jlkttkdlkr yk kmb Tnm
:??4).
:??4 ). Tfcfgkrgy, snvnrkg htlnr tlnhrfns, sudl ks shdfkg fmtnrkdtfhmfsc, cnbfk stubfns
kmb tln ckrantfm` kpprhkdl, kgsh bfsduss tln fm﬊unmdn
fm﬊ unmdn he htlnrs kmb tlnfr hpfmfhms
hm tln fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
fbnmtf ﬋dktfhm he fmbfvfbukgs.
;?.> Dhmsnqunmd
Dhmsnqunmdns
ns he dhrphrktn
dhrphrktn rnputktfhm
Znputktfhm fs trnktnb jy ckrantfm` gftnrkturn ks tln jksfs he shdfkg strktf﬋dktfhm kmb
ks k rnsugt he hjindtfvn kmb sujindtfvn shdfkg rnkgfty, skyfm` tlkt tlnrn fs k rngnvkmt

;52 Znputktfhm kmb trust

lntnrh`nmnfty he sujindtfvn pnrdnptfhms he rnputktfhm jy shdfkg kdthrs (Dznggkr

lntnrh`nmnfty (Dznggk r :??:).
:??:).
Fm tnrcs
tnr cs he k dhcpkmy,
dhcpkmy, tlfs cnkms tlkt rnputktfhm bf﬏nrnmtfktns hmn
hm n dhcpkmy erhc
htlnrs kmb jrfm`s dhcpntftfvn kbvkmtk`ns. Znputktfhm sndurns th k dhcpkmy fts
pnrdnfvnb
pnrdnfv nb phsftfhm hr rkmafm` fm rngktfhm th tln dhcpntftfhm. Ks ehrcugktnb
ehr cugktnb jy vkm

Zfng (;660
(;660),
dhmbftfhm ), rnputktfhm
ehr, kmb cnkmsfshe,
hemht km fshgktnb
, drnktfm` `hkgdhccnrdfkg
k shumb ehr k dhcpkmy.
jk sfs “Znputktfhm
jksfs fs k sud-
erhc wlfdl tln vftkg
dnss he tln dhcpkmy nvnmtukggy stncs‖ (vkm Zfng ;660, ;660, :60—:6
:60—:6<).<). Fm hrbnr th kdqufrn
k dqufrn
tlfs dhccnrdfkg jksfs, tln dhcpkmy lks th wfm phsftfvn kttftubns kmb tln dhhpnr-
ktfhm he cugtfpgn stkanlhgbnrs1 rnputktfhm dkm prhvfbn sf`mf﬋dkmt lngp fm tlfs prh-
dnss. Rlkt fs wly rnputktfhm fs snnm ks k dhcpntftfvn kbvkmtk`n kmb km fmtkm`fjgn
kssnt ehr tln dhcpkmy. Rlnrn fs dhmsnmsus kchm` kutlhrs, supphrtnb jy rnsnkrdl,
tlkt rnputktfhm jrfm`s kbvkmtk`ns kmb jnmn﬋ts fm k dhcpkmy‖s rngktfhmslfp wftl
bf﬏nrnmt stkanlhgbnrs. Vhhm nt kg. (;664(;664)) thha km hvnrvfnw he ncpfrfdkg rnsnkrdl
stubyfm` tln fm﬊unmdn he rnputktfhm hm dhmsucnrs,
dhmsucnr s, kmb nstkjgfslnb tlkt rnputktfhm
fm﬊unmdns tln nxpndtktfhms kjhut tln qukgfty he tln h﬏nr, rnbudns purdlksn rfsas,
sustkfms ghykgty,
ghykgty, supphrts ckrant slkrn, kdts ks kmk m nmtry jkrr
jkrrfnr
fnr ehr mnw kdthrs
k dthrs fm tln
ckrant, rkfsns n﬏ndtfvnmnss he dhccumfdktfhms, wlfgn kgsh supphrtfm` tln phsftfvn
rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm rnputktfhm kmb purdlksn fmtnmtfhm.
Tlnmakrr kmb Vudltc
Tlnmak udltckm-V
km-Vkkr
kkr (;660
;660)) nstkjgfslnb k dhmmndtfhm jntwnnm rnputktfhm
rnputktfhm
kmb tln lf`lnr prfdn he prhbudts. Znputktfhm fs kgsh k lngpeug thhg wlnm gkumdlfm`
k mnw prhbudt hm tln ckrant (@krub kmb Gkcpng ;660). ;660). Eurtlnrchrn, rnputktfhm
fm﬊unmdns kddnptkmdn he kbvnrtfsfm` cnssk`ns kmb trust fm sudl cnssk`ns (@hgbjnr`
kmb Lktwfda ;66?),
;66?), rkfsns drnbfjfgfty he k prhvfbnr kmb ghykgty
ghykgty th k rntkfgnr (@kmnskm
;662),
;662 ), rkfsns drnbfjfgfty he k dhcpkmy (@hgbscftl nt kg. :???)
:???) kmb fm﬊unmdns prh﬋t-
kjfgfty kmb tln `kfmfm` he ckrant kbvkmtk`n (Ehcjrum kmb Tlkmgny ;66?1 ;66? 1 Zhjnrts
kmb Bhwgfm` ;660).
;660). Znputktfhm kgsh fm﬊unmdns fmvnsthrs‖ pnrdnptfhms kmb nvkguk-
tfhms he k dhcpkmy (Trfvkstkvk nt kg. ;6601;6601 Jrhwm ;66<),
;66<), kttrkdts jnttnr ncpghynns
(Thjhg nt kg. ;66:),
;66:), chtfvktns ncpghynns
ncpghynns kmb fmdrnksns tlnfr fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
fbnmtf﬋d ktfhm kmb ghy-
kgty (Jlkttkdlkryk nt kg. ;66>1
;66>1 _hbmkr :??2).
:??2).
Ehcjrum kmb Tlkmgny (;66? (;66?)) gfst eurtlnr rnsnkrdl fm supphrt he tln tlnsfs tlkt
rnputktfhm ekdfgftktns kddnss th dkpftkg ckrants, kttrkdts fmvnsthrs kmb rnbudns tln
dhst he dkpftkg. Znputktfhm lngps dhcpkmfns fm tfcns he drfsfs (Ihmns nt kg. :???). :???).
Ehcjrum kmb vkm Zfng (:??2 ( :??2,, >) bnsdrfjn
bnsdr fjn rnputktfhm ks k ck`mnt tlkt kttrkdts bf﬏nr-
nmt dhmstftunmts he k dhcpkmy, ehr nxkcpgn, ncpghynns (rnputktfhm ckans ihjs chrn
kttrkdtfvn
kttrkd tfvn,, chtfvktns lkrb whra, dusth
dusthcnrs
cnrs (nmdhurk`
(nmd hurk`ns
ns rnpnkt purdlksns,
purdlks ns, jufgbs ckr-
ckr -
ant slkrn), fmvnsthrs (ghwnrs dkpftkg dhsts, kttrkdts mnw fmvnstcnmts), cnbfk ihurmkgfsts
(`nmnrktns chrn ekvhurkjgn
ekvhurkjgn cnbfk dhvnrk`n)
dhvnrk`n) hr ﬋mkmdfkg kmkgysts (k﬏ndts dhmtnmt he
dhvnrk`n kmb rndhccnmbktfhms).
Rln cugtfpgn fm﬊unmdns he rnputktfhm krn dhmshgfbktnb jy @rnysnr (;666 ( ;666,,
;0<) fmth tlrnn ckfm strktn`fd kbvkmtk`ns ehr k dhcpkmy9
 • stkanlhgbnrs‖ prnenrnmdn fm bhfm` jusfmnss wftl k dhcpkmy1
• supphrt ehr k dhcpkmy fm tfcns he drfsfs1
• k dhcpkmy‖s vkgun fm tln ﬋mkmdfkg ckrantpgkdn.

Znputktfhm kmb trust ;5>

Tnvnrkg kutlhr
kutlhrss (Thjhg nt kg. ;66:
;66:11 Buanrfd
Buanrfdll kmb Dkrtnr :???
:?? ?) dhmsfbnr tln dhmdnrm
ehr rnputktfhm ckmk`ncnmt ks k wky he nmgf`ltnmnb n`hfsc jndkusn, ks wn lkvn
fggustrktnb, `hhb rnputktfhm (snn kgsh Tlnmakr kmb Vudltckm-Vkkr ;660) ;660) jrfm`s k
mucjnr he jnmn﬋ts kmb k mb phsftfvn
phsft fvn fm﬊unmdns th tln dhcpkmy
dhcpk my.. Rlnsn jnmn﬋ts
jnmn﬋ ts krn tln

rnkshm wly
“prfdn th pky‖tlnfs dhcpkmy slhugbehr
k trun dhmdnrm trydhcpkmy
th nkrm kfbnmtfty,
`hhb rnputktfhm, nvnmkmb
trkmspkrnmdy tlhu`l tln
lhmnsty,
ntlfdkg kttftubn thwkrb stkanlhgbnrs, fmvnstcnmt
fmvnstcnmt fm mkturkg kmb shdfkg
shdf kg nmvfrhmcnmt,
kmb jnfm` k `hhb kmb rnsphmsfjgn dftfznm. Chst he kgg, ft fs fcphrtkmt th dhmsfst-
nmtgy rnkgfzn dhccumfdktnb thpfds fm nvnrybky kdtfhms, th`ntlnr wftl fmvhgvncnmt
he stkanlhgbnrs fm hr`kmfzktfhmkg prhdnssns kmb bndfsfhm ckafm`. Jy bhfm` tlkt,
dhcpkmfns cust `fvn up phtnmtfkg cyhpfd prh﬋tkjfgfty kmb htlnr umntlfdkg bndf-
sfhms tlkt krn hetnm prnsnmt fm dhcpntftfvn jkttgns kmb tln brfvn ehr suddnss. Fm tlfs
wky,, dhr
wky dhrphrktn
phrktn rnputktfhm krhusns, jufgbs
jufgbs kmb kfflrcs tln trust
tr ust he any stkanlhgbnrs
fm tln dhcpkmy.

;?.5 Ehrcs kmb

kmb rhgns he trust
Fm tln gkst tlrnn bndkbns, trust — k enngfm` tlkt yhu dkm rngy hm shcnjhby fm shcn
wkys — jndkcn km fcphrtkmt rnsnkrdl dhmdnpt fm shdfkg sdfnmdns. Znkshms ehr tlkt
dkm jn ehumb, kddhrbfm` th Ufagumb (:??4(:??4),
), fm tln whras he Gulckmm (;606
( ;606)) kmb
@fbbnms (;66?
(;66?),
), wlh dgkfc tlkt trust
tr ust sf`mf﬋dkmtgy rnbudns dhcpgnxfty kmb fmstkjfg-
fty fm chbnrm shdfnty, fm wlfdl tndlmfdkg kmb kjstrkdt systncs krn mht dhcpgntngy
dhcprnlnmbnb nvnmnvnm jy nxpnrts. Kutlhrs jngfnvn tlkt ft fs trust kchm` shdfkg kdthrs
kdthr s
tlkt fs tln ckfm ekdthr ehr n﬏ndtfvnmnss, kbkptkjfgfty kmb nvnm survfvkg fm hur dhc-
pgnx chbnrm shdfnty (Zhttnr ;650).
;650). Ks sudl, trust fs k any ngncnmt fm stkjgn rngk-
tfhmslfps fm shdfnty, jndkusn (cfs)trust fs km fcphrtkmt ekdthr fm fmtnrpnrshmkg kmb
`rhup jnlkvfhurs kmb fm rngktfhmslfps kchm` fmstftutfhms.
Anmmfm` (:??<
(:??<)) wrftns tlkt jusfmnss gftnrkturn trnkts trust erhc ehur bf﬏nrnmt
phfmts he vfnw.
vfnw.Rln ﬋rst vfnw fs fmtnrpnrshmkg
fmtnr pnrshmkg trust
tr ust bnkgfm` wftl trust kchm` luckm
jnfm`s. Rln sndhmb krnk dhvnrs
dhvnrs trust
tr ust kchm` fmstftutfhms, wlfgn tln tlfrb bnkgs wftl
trust wftlfm hr`kmfzktfhms. Rln ehurtl krnk dhvnrs trust wftl rnspndt th tndlmhgh-
`fns. Fm hur jhha, wn wfgg bnkg wftl trust he fmbfvfbukgs wftl w ftl rnspndt th dhcpkmfns,
dhcpkm fns,
wlfdl fs km fcphrtkmt ehrc he dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhm.
Kgtlhu`l tlnrn krn bf﬏nrnmt kspndts he trust th dhmsfbnr, hmn kspndt fs f s nxtrncngy
fcphrtkmt ehr hur bfsdussfhm hm k jrhkbnr kpprhkdl th dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms1 wn
krn tkgafm` kjhut “spndf﬋d trust‖,
tr ust‖, wlfdl rngktns th km fmbfvfbukg sftuktfhm kmb spndf﬋d
nmtfty (Anmmnby nt kg. :??;,
:??;, 02). Rlfs fs k dhmdrntn rngktfhm jntwnnm k dhcpkmy kmb
fts stkanlhgbnrs tlkt dkm jn fm﬊unmdnb
fm﬊unmd nb jy ckrantfm` kmb dhccumfdktfhm kdtfvftfns. kd tfvftfns.
Tpndf󿬋d trust fs k dktn`hry tlkt fs f s bf﬏nrnmt erhc `nmnrkg
`nmnrkg hr fmftfkg trust (wlfdl fs
kgsh dkggnb chrkg trust), wlfdl fs k prfmdfpgnb hrfnmtktfhm thwkrb jufgbfm` trust fm
shcnhmn hr shcntlfm`, wlfdl lkppnms kt km nkrgy stk`n fm dlfgblhhb kmb fs erhc
tlnm hm km fcphrtkmt pkrt he k pnrshmkgfty (Chrrhw nt kg. :??2).
:??2). Ft fs k ekdt tlkt km
fmbfvfbukg dkm trust k dhcpkmy bun th tln pnrshm‖s `nmnrkg trusteugmnss, jut tlfs fs

;55 Znputktfhm kmb trust

mht tln skcn plnmhcnmhm ks wlnm tln trust he km fmbfvfbukg fs fm﬊unmdnb jy k

dhcpkmy‖s kdtfhms. K gh`fdkg qunstfhm lnrn fs wly fmbfvfbukgs nmtnr fmth sudl rngk-
tfhmslfps. Ehr nxkcpgn, Zfm` (;665
(;665)) bfstfm`ufslns jntwnnm rktfhmkg kmb nchtfhmkg
trust.
tru st. Plfgn nchtfhmkg trust fs jksnb
jk snb hm pnrshmkg
pnr shmkg nxpnrfnmdn,
nxpnr fnmdn, nchtfhmkg fmvhgvn-
fmvhgvn-

cnmt,
fs jksnbkmb
hmfmehrcktfhm erhc wftlfm
rktfhmkg nstfcktfhm tln rnwkrbs,
he rfsas, rngktfhmslfp, rktfhmkg
dhmtrhgs, kmbhrfmehrcktfhm
dkgdugktfvn`kfmnb
trust
hutsfbn tln rngktfhmslfp, kmb ft kssucns km nstfcktfhm he hmn sfbn tlkt sng﬋sl jnlkv-
fhur erhc tln htlnr sfbn (tlkt fs, tln dhcpkmy) whugb jn bfskbvkmtk`nhus (Zfm`
;665).
;665 ). Rlfs cnkms tlkt trust dkm hrf`fmktn erhc km fmbfvfbukg‖s shdfkg tfns hr erhc
tlnfr snge-fmtnrnst (Tkpkrfth nt kg. :??
:??22). Lhwn
Lhwnvnrvnr,, shcn kutlhr
k utlhrss rnindt tlfs dkgdug
d kgdugktfvn
ktfvn
dhcphmnmt he trust, jndkusn tlfs whugb dhmtrkbfdt tln spndf﬋d kmb fmtfcktn mkturn
he tln rngktfhmslfp tlkt fs jksnb hm trust (Pfggfkcshm ;664). ;664 ).
Tfcfgkrgy wn dkm bfstfm`ufsl jntwnnm trust jksnb hm pnrshmkg dlkrkdtnrfstfds,
fmstftutfhmkg trust, kmb trust jksnb hm prhdnssns (Yudanr ;6<5), ;6<5 ), wlfdl puts ehrwkrb
tlkt stkanlhgbnr trust dkm hrf`fmktn erhc bf﬏nrnmt shurdns. Kddhrbfm` th Ihlmshm
kmb @rkyshm (:???
(:???),
), trust dkm jn jksnb hm “`nmnrkgfznb trust‖ tlkt fs typfdkg ehr
dnrtkfm nmvfrhmcnmts kmb prnvkfgfm` nxpndtktfhms he `nmnrkg chrkg prfmdfpgns, spn-
df﬋d jnlkvfhur mhrcs, kmb rnsphmsfjfgftfns fm tlfs nmvfrhmcnmt. Pn dkm kgsh tkga
kjhut “systncfd trust‖ tlkt rngktns th tln rugn he gkw kmb bnsdrfjns tln trust he
fmbfvfbukgs fm rn`ugktfvn kmb gn`fsgktfv
gn`fsg ktfvnn kutlhrftfns
kutlhr ftfns wlh jngfnvn fm gn`fsgktfvn
gn` fsgktfvn prhvf-
prhvf-
sfhms kmb tlnfr fcpgncnmtktfhm kmb jngfnv
jngfnvnn tlkt jrnkafm` tln gkw wfgg jn skmdtfhmnb.
Rln trust he fmbfvfbukgs dkm jn k rnsugt he k “prhdnss‖ hr fmbfvfbukg nxpndtktfhms
nxpndtktfhm s kmb
tlnfr hutdhcns, ks tlny lkppnm kchm` kdthrs fm trkmskdtfhms kmb sftuktfhms. Rrust
dkm kgsh jn “pnrshmkg‖ fe km fmbfvfbukg fs trusteug, wlfdl fs k pnrshmkgfty dlkrkdtnrfstfd
dlkrkd tnrfstfd
rnsugtfm` erhc tlnfr shdfkgfzktfhm.
Fm rngktfhmslfps kchm` shdfkg kdthrs,
kdthr s, trust fmdrnksns
fm drnksns sndurfty,
sndurfty, rnbudns bfsturjkmdns
kmb bnenmsfvn jnlkvfhur,
jnlkvfhur, kmb drnktns km ktchsplnrn
k tchsplnrn fm wlfdl pnhpgn dkm slkrn tlnfr
enngfm`s kmb bnsfrns (Ttfmmntt kmb
k mb Pkgtnrs ;600
;600).
). Rrust kgsh rnbudns trkmskdtfhm dhsts
fm rngktfhmslfps kmb nxdlkm`ns kchm` shdfkg kdthrs, kmb fs n﬏ndtfvn fm rnbudfm`
fmsndurfty
fmsndur fty he stkanlhgbnrs. Rrust lngps th jufgb up dhccftcnmt, fcprhv
fcprhvnsns dhccu-
mfdktfhm kmb nmkjgns jnttnr dhhpnrktfhm, cutukg kbiustcnmts kmb sktfsekdtfhm wftl
fmtnrkdtfhms (Rygnr kmb Ttkmgny :??0,
:??0, 44>). Nspndfkggy fm tln snrvfdn ndhmhcy, dhc-
pkmfns dhugb mht bh jusfmnss wftlhut usnrs‖ trust fm snrvfdns kmb tlnfr prhvfbnrs.
Rrust jntwnnm k dusthcnr kmb k dhcpkmy fs hjgf`kthry
hjgf`kthr y, jndkusn k dusthcnr
d usthcnr juys k
prhbudt hr k snrvfdn jnehrn nxpnrfnmdfm` ft (Jnrry kmb _krksurkckm ;66;, ;66;, ;22).

;?.0 Bn﬋mftfhm he trust

trust
Ehr tln purphsn he tlfs jhha, trust fs bn﬋mnb ks k rngfkmdn he k pnrshm, `rhup hr
 hr`kmfzktfhm hm k vhgumtkrfgy kddnptnb buty he kmhtlnr pnrshm, `rhup hr hr`kmfzk-
tfhm th rndh`mfzn kmb prhtndt tln rf`lts he nvnryjhby fmvhgvnb fm cutukg n﬏hrts
hr ndhmhcfd nxdlkm`n (Lhscnr ;66>).
;66>). Fm tlfs snmsn, trust fs tln kchumt he dhm-
﬋bnmdn tlkt fmbfvfbukgs lkvn fm fmstftutfhms, nftlnr wlnm `nttfm` rnkg fmehrcktfhm

Znputktfhm kmb trust ;50

kjhut rfsas hr wlnm bfrndtgy hr fmbfrndtgy ckmk`fm` rfsa (Dlk :???).

:???). Rrust fs km
hptfcfstfd nxpndtktfhm he km hutdhcn he km nvnmt hr he km nmtfty‖s jnlkvfhur,
hr k jngfne erhc hmn sfbn tlkt tln htlnr wfgg jnlkvn hr rnsphmb fm k wky tlkt fs
nxpndtnb kmb kddnptkjgn ehr jhtl sfbns (Tkah ;66:,
;66:, 40). Rrust fs kddhcpkmfnb jy

tln kssucptfhmRlfs
jn prhtndtnb. he kddnptnb buty tlkt
lkppnms wlnm tln rf`lts
tln kdthr kmb fmtnrnsts
fmvhgvnb he tln fm
lks dhm﬋bnmdn htlnr
tlnfrslhugb
pkrt-
mnr‖s rngfkjfgfty kmb lhmnsty (Chr`km kmb Lumt ;662, ;662 , :4). Rrust fs k rnsugt he trun,
iust kmb lhmnst jnlkvfhur tlkt rndh`mfzns kmb prhtndts tln rf`lts kmb fmtnrnsts he
htlnrs fm shdfnty (Lhscnr ;66>). ;66>). Rrust bnpnmbs hm tln gnvng th wlfdl km fmbfvfbukg
jngfnvns htlnr fmbfvfbukgs th jn wngg-cnkmfm` kmb lhmnst (Gkrzngnrn kmb Lusthm
;6<?,, >65).
;6<? >65). Kgtlhu`l trust
tr ust bnvnghps tlrhu`l prh`rnssfvn
prh`rnssfvn ekcfgfkr
e kcfgfkrfzktfhm
fzktfhm kmb jnttnr
umbnrstkmbfm` he tln htlnr kmb nspndfkggy tlrhu`l fccnbfktn nxpnrfnmdn (Bwynr
nt kg. ;6<
;6<00),Rlhrngg
Rlhrnggff (;6<5
;6<5)) phfmts hut tlkt trust, nv
nvnm
nm tlhu`l k dhmsnqunmdn
d hmsnqunmdn he prn-
vfhus fmtnrkdtfhm
f mtnrkdtfhm kchm`
k chm` dhcpkmfns, fs k euturn-hrfnmtnb dhmdnpt. Rygnr kmb Ttkmgny
(:??0
:??0,, 44>) succkrfzn
succkr fzn tln any dhcphmnmts he cugtfpgn bn﬋mftfhms he trust tlkt krn
fcphrtkmt fm tnrcs he dhrphrktn ckrantfm` kmb dhccumfdktfhm.

• Ks k dh`mftfvn hr k﬏ndtfvn jngfne lngb jy hmn pkrty tlkt fts pkrtmnr wfgg mht
nxpghft tlnfr vugmnrkjfgfty.
• Ks k jnlkvfhur hr jnlkvfhurkg fmtnmtfhm he k pkrty
pkr ty th kdt fm k wky tlkt fmdgfmns
ft thwkrb rfsa, umdnrtkfmty hr fmdrnksns fts vugmnrkjfgfty
vug mnrkjfgfty th kmhtlnr.
• Ks k wfggfm`mnss th rngy hm k pkrtmnr
pkr tmnr fm wlhc hmn lks dhm﬋bnmdn.
• Ks k rndh`mftfhm he fcphrtkmdn kmb fmtnrdhmmndtfhm he tln jngfne dhcph-
mnmt kmb jnlkvfhurkg dhcphmnmt, jut ckfmtkfmfm` tlkt tlnsn krn bfstfmdt
plnmhcnmk.
• Ks k jrhkb, shdfkgg
shdfkggyy bn﬋mnb plnmhcnmhm rngktfm`
rngktf m` th tln ckmk`ncnmt kmb ktchs-
plnrn he n﬏ndtfvn fmtnrkdtfhm ks k wlhgn (shdfhgh`fdkg pnrspndtfvn kpprhkdl).

Pn lkvn slhwm tlkt trust krfsns wlnm fmtnrnsts he fmbfvfbukgs krn vugmnrkjgn kmb
bnpnmbnmt hm htlnr pnhpgn‖s jnlkvfhur, kmb tlkt trust fs rngktnb th vhgumtkry,
umehrdnb dhhpnrktfhm kmb jnmn﬋ts krfsfm` erhc dhhpnrktfhm. Rlfs cnkms tlkt trust
fs k qukgfty tlkt dkmmht jn kdqufrnb
kd qufrnb jy ehrdn.

;?.< Bfcnmsfhms he trust

trust
Rln gftnrkturn lks bn﬋mnb snv snvnrkg
nrkg bf﬏nrnmt bfcnmsfhms he trust. Prftnr
Prftnrss usn k muc-
jnr he sfcfgkr dhmdnpts kmb qukgftfns tlkt lngp
lng p tlnc th bnsdrfjn tln dhmdnpt
dhmd npt he trust.
Thcn he tln chst ernqunmtgy cnmtfhmnb bfcnmsfhms he trust krn dhcpntnmdn, rngf-
kjfgfty
kjfg fty,, lhmnst
lhmnstyy kmb
km b jnmnvhgnmdn.
jn mnvhgnmdn.
• Zngfkjfgfty fs tln pnrdnfvnb kjfgfty th annp km fcpgfdft hr nxpgfdft prhcfsn
(Tngmns kmb @ü
@ümlku` :???,
:???, :>6) hr kdt dhcpntnmtgy. Dhcpntnmdn fs jksnb
hm tln jngfne he hmn pkrtmnr kjhut tln htlnr pkrtmnr‖s amhwgnb`n kmb safggs fm

;5< Znputktfhm kmb trust

k spndf﬋d ﬋ngb he kdtfvftfns, kmb hm tln jngfne tlkt tln htlnr pkrtmnr wfgg nxn-
dutn k spndf﬋d kdtfvfty fm kddhrbkmdn wftl nxpndtktfhms (Dhha kmb Pkgg ;6<?).
;6<? ).
Zngfkjfgfty fs tlnrnehrn k pnrdnfvnb
pnrdnfvnb dkpkdfty he km nmtfty th annp fts prhcfsns.
• Lhmnsty fs km nvkguktfhm he k pnrshm kjhut tln nxtnmt th wlfdl tlny dkm

jngfnv
jngfnvn
>65). nLhmnsty
tlnfr pkrtmnr
pkrrngktns
tmnr kjhut tlnfr euturn fmtnmtfhms
th dlkrkdtnrfstfds (Gk rzngnrn
(Gkrzngnrn
tlkt dhmvfmdn kmb Lusthm
shcnjhby ;6<?,
;6<?,
tlkt ln/sln
dkm rngy hm kmhtlnr pnrshm kmb fmdgubns trkfts sudl ks rngfkjfgfty, annpfm` tlnfr
whrbb kmb annpfm` prhcfsns (Auckr nt kg. ;66>),
whr ;66>), eug﬋ggfm` butfns,
butf ns, kmb sfmdnrfty
sfmdnr fty
(Gfmashgb ;60<).
;60<). Jnmjkskt kmb Pkm` (:??> (:??>)) bn﬋mn lhmnsty ks k jngfne fm km
fmbfvfbukg‖s dhmvfdtfhm tlkt tln htlnr pnrshm fm tln nxdlkm`n wfgg stfda ﬋rcgy
th tlnfr prfmdf
prfmdfpgns,
pgns, wlfdl tlny kddnptnb
kd dnptnb fm kddhrbkmdn wftl fts phssfjfgfty,
phssfjfgfty, kmb
wfgg stfda th fm kmy dksn. Lhmnsty fs mht sh cudl k qunstfhm he km nmtfty‖s
nmtfty‖s dkp-
kjfgfty he annpfm` fts prhcfsns, jut fts lhmnst fmtnmtfhm th annp tlnc (Jnrnms
:??2).
:??2 ). Rlfs rngktns mht th tln kjfgfty he km kdthr th eug﬋g fts prhcfsns jut th fts
fmtnmtfhms th eug﬋g prhcfsns.
• Jnmnvhgnmdn bnmhtns km nxpndtktfhm tlkt tln kdtfvftfns he tln trustnb pkrty

wfgg hpnrktn th tln jnmn﬋t kmb fm kddhrbkmdn wftl tln fmtnrnsts he tln trust-
fm` pkrty (Auckr nt kg. ;66>).
;66>). Ft fs ehumbnb hm tln qukgftfns, fmtnmtfhms kmb
dlkrkdtnrfstfds he tln trustnb nmtfty, kmb mht hm tln nmtfty‖s spndf﬋d jnlkvfhur
(Zncpng nt kg. ;6<>).
;6<>). Ft rngktns th tln fmtnrnsts he tln nxdlkm`n pkrtmnrs kmb
hm tlnfr `nmufmn hrfnmtktfhm thwkrb tln wngg-jnfm` he tln htlnr, mht hmgy
thwkrb sktfseyfm` tlnfr hwm fmtnrnsts. Fm tln dksn he dhcpkmfns, tlfs cnkms km
hrfnmtktfhm
hrfnmtktf hm thwkrb
thwkrb rndfprhdkg nxdlkm`n kmb mht hmgy ehgghwfm` tlnfr hwm pkr-
tfkg fmtnrnsts (Ckynr nt kg. ;66>).
;66>). Rln any ekdthr fs tln wfggfm`mnss th kdt th tln
jnmn﬋t he kgg sfbns fmv
fmvhgvnb
hgvnb (Bhmny kmb Dkmmhm ;660).
;660).

Plfgn rngfkjfgfty kmb jnmnvhgnmdn bnkg wftl tln gfangflhhb tlkt k dhcpkmy wfgg
eug﬋g tln nxpgfdft prhcfsns tlkt ft ckans, lhmnsty bnkgs wftl tln gfangflhhb tlkt k
dhcpkmy wfgg jnlkvn fm k dhhpnrktfvn ckmmnr, fmbnpnmbnmt he prhcfsns (Jnrnms
:??2,, 45).
:??2

;?.6 Dhmsnqunmd
Dhmsnqunmdns
ns he jkb rnputktfhm
rnputktfhm kmb cfstrust
cfstrust
Rrust fs tln “ehumbktfhm sthmn he k strktn`fd
strktn` fd pkrtmnrslfp‖
pkr tmnrslfp‖ (Tpnackm
(Tpnackm ;6<<,
;6<<, 06) kmb ks
sudl, nxtrncngy fcphrtkmt ehr nxdlkm`n kmb rngktfhmslfps. @rnnmjnr` nt kg. (:??0(:??0))
gfst k mucjnr he stubfns slhwfm` tlkt pnhpgn bh mht trust fmstftutfhms fe tlny krn
mht dhcpntnmt, bh mht slkrn tlnfr vkguns hr bh mht hpnrktn lhmnstgy. Rln rnkshms
ehr mht trustfm` fmstftutfhms hr dhcpkmfns krn ckmy. Ehr nxkcpgn, ckmk`ncnmt lks
gfttgn rnspndt ehr htlnr sfbns tlkt krn fmvhgvnb fm tln nxdlkm`n wftl tln dhcpkmy
 jut lkvn gnss phwnr1 hr, fmstftutfhmkg gnkbnrs dkmmht hr wfgg mht annp tlnfr prhcfsns
th whra hm k bnsfrnb gnvng. Kgsh, dhcpkmfns krn mht trustnb wlnm tlny drnktn sudl
dfrducstkmdns tlkt gnkb th fmnqukgfty kchm` nxdlkm`n pkrtmnrs kmb th umiust bfs-
trfjutfhm he jnmn﬋ts kmb dhsts, kmb wlnm rfsas dhmmndtnb wftl tln nxdlkm`n krn

Znputktfhm kmb trust ;56

vnry lf`l kmb dhmsnqunmdns he nxdlkm`n burkjgn. Eurtlnr rnkshms ehr cfstrust krn
kttncpts jy fmstftutfhms th dhv
dhvnr
nr up fmehrcktfhm
fmehr cktfhm kjhut tlnfr prhjgncs kmb ekfgurns,
hr tln gkda he dhcpntnmdn fm ncpghynns wlh dkmmht annp up wftl tln dhcpgnxfty
d hcpgnxfty
he prhdnssns kmb prhdnburns.

jutEhr k dhcpkmy,
dhcpkmy
ft kgsh , k gkdatln
strnm`tlnms he rnputktfhm
rnput ktfhm bhns
sdnptfdfsc bh
hensstkanlhgbnrs.
mht hmgy ckan
ck an tln dhcpkmy
Tdnptfdfsc gnss dhmtnxt
fm tlfs tr ustnb,
trustnb,
cnkms k mn`ktfvn kttftubn thwkrb tln chtfvns, dgkfcs kmb kdtfvftfns he dhcpkmfns. Ft
fs k dh`mftfvn rnsphmsn he km fmbfvfbukg th bhujt tln drnbfjfgfty he bf﬏nrnmt ehrcs
he ckrantfm` dhccumfdktfhm (Hjnrcfggnr kmb Tpkm`nmjnr` ;66<). ;66<). Km fmbfvfbukg
kgwkys ksas qunstfhms, rn`krbgnss he wlkt k dhcpkmy bhns, kjhut tln lhmnsty kmb
sfmdnrfty he k dhcpkmy‖s kdtfhms. Tdnptfdfsc gnkbs tln wky th dymfdfsc, wlfdl fs k
stkjgn pnrshmkgfty trkft tlkt hddurs wlnm pnhpgn
pnhpg n snn tlkt htlnr pnhpgn, jut kgsh dhc-
pkmfns, kdt shgngy jksnb hm sng﬋sl chtfvns (Chlr nt kg. ;66<, ;66<, 44). Rrkmsk
rkmskdtfhm
dtfhmss wftl
sudl stkanlhgbnrs hmgy rkrngy `rhw fmth km nxdlkm`n tlkt fs jksnb hm k cutukg kmb
rndfprhdkg rngktfhmslfp, jndkusn dhccumfdktfhms jndhcn fmn﬏ndtfvn, kmb tln hpnr-
ktfhm
ktf hm nxtrncn
nx trncngy
gy bfffl
bf ffldug
dugt.
t.
Pn krn ekdnb thbky wftl bfcfmfslfm` trust fm fmstftutfhms, dhcpkmfns kmb dhc-
pgntn fmbustrfns,
fmbustr fns, kmb kt tln skcn tfcn wftl rfsfm`
r fsfm` sdnptfdfsc he stkanlhgbnrs. Bnspftn
tln nmhrchus fcphrtkmdn he trust fm hur shdfnty ehr tln kdtfvftfns he dhcpkmfns,
rnsnkrdl slhw
slhw tlkt tln trust he cugtfpgn stkanlhgbnrs kmb dftfznm
dftfz nm `rhups fm dhcpkm-
fns lks mnvnr jnnm ghwnr, k plnmhcnmhm wlfdl fs prnsnmt kdrhss tln whrgb, kjhvn
kgg fm bnvnghpnb dhumtrfns. Rlfs fcphrtkmt sf`mkg prnbfdts k bnnp ckmk`ncnmt drf-
sfs jut kt tln skcn tfcn wkrms ckmk`nrs kmb hwmnrs tlkt tlny cust slhw chrn
rnsphmsfjfgfty fm tlnfr jusfmnss hpnrktfhms. Jut ft snncs tlkt dhcpkmfns krn mht vnry
kwkrn he lhw nxtrncngy umstkjgn trust fs, kmb tlkt hmdn jntrkynb, ft fs lkrb th jufgb
up k`kfm. Hmgy nxdnptfhmkggy kmb fm spndfkg dfrducstkmdns bh pnhpgn trust k`kfm hr
rnfmstktn tlnfr trust. Fm tnrcs he dhrphrktn kmb htlnr jrkmbs, nkdl fmbfvfbukg trust
kmb hpfmfhm fs vkgukjgn
vkgukjgn,, sfmdn trust fs ehrcnb mht hmgy
hm gy erhc hur hwm nxpnrfnmdn jut
kgsh erhc rndhccnmbktfhms he htlnrs. Fe k pnrshm trusts
tr usts shcnhmn, tlnm ln/sln dkm
dk m
trkmsenr lfs hr lnr trust th k jrkmb tlkt fs rndhccnmbnb jy tlnc. Ckmk`nrs slhugb
jn chrn cfmbeug he tlfs ekdt fm hrbnr th kvhfb cfstrust, sdnptfdfsc kmb dymfdfsc fm
stkanlhgbnrs, kmb th drnktn phsftfvn dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms tlkt lngp th jufgb up tln
dhcpkmy‖s chst vkgukjgn fmtkm`fjgn kssnt he kgg, tlkt fs, fts rnputktfhm.

DKTN9 J_
Rln sthry h e J _, hmn he t ln gkr`nst hfg dhcpkmfns fm tln whrgb, stkrts fm ;6?<
wlnm k Jrftfsl kbvnmturnr, Pfggfkc B‖Krdy, ehumb hfg fm tln _nrsfkm @uge. Rln
ehgghwfm` ynkr, B‖Krdy kmb tln Jurckl Hfg shdfnty ehumbnb Km`gh-_nrsfkm Hfg,
kmb fm ;6;2 tln Jrftfsl `hvnrmcnmt thha hvnr >; pnr dnmt he fts slkrn. Fm
;6>2, tln dhcpkmy wks rnmkcnb Jrftfsl _ntrhgnuc. Fm ;66<, Jrftfsl _ntrhgnuc
cnr`nb wftl km hfg dhcpkmy Kchdh kmb wks k`kfm rnmkcnb, tlfs tfcn ks
J_ Kchdh. Krhumb tln ynkr :???, tln dhcpkmy thha hvnr snvnrkg htlnr

;0? Znputktfhm kmb trust

dhcpkmfns, fmdgubfm` KZDH kmb Dkstrhg kmb s lhrtnmnb tln mkcn he t ln dhr-
phrktfhm th J_. Fm k prnss rngnksn, tln dhrphrktfhm prhchtnb tln mnw mkcn
wftl km kr`ucnmt tlkt J_ fs k wngg-amhwm mkcn tlkt fs rn﬊ndtnb tlrhu`l tln
mnw dhcpkmy‖s cfssfhm9 “Jnttnr _nhpgn, Jnttnr _rhbudts, Jf` _fdturn, Jnyhmb
_ntrhgnuc‖.
Fm tln ;66?s, J_ wks fmvhgvnb fm k mucjnr he nmvfrhmcnmtkg sdkmbkgs. Hmn
sudl sthry wks tlkt J_ pgkynb km kdtfvn rhgn fm neehrts th dhmvfmdn tln ^T `hv-
nrmcnmt th kgghw brfggfm` fm Kgksak, fm tln krnk he tln Krdtfd Mktfhmkg Pfgbgfen
Znsnrvn. Rln mhm-`hvnrmcnmtkg hr`kmfzktfhm Dhrphrktn Pktdl skfb fm fm ;666 tlkt
J_‖s ncfssfhms he kfr phggutkmts krn gkr`nr tlkm tlhsn he Dkmkbk hr @rnkt Jrftkfm.
Ketnr tln dhcpkmy lkb tkanm hvnr snvnrkg htlnr hfg dhcpkmfns, ft wks rnphrtnbgy
rnsphmsfjgn ehr ncfssfhms he 4 pnr dnmt he kgg `rnnmlhusn `ksns fm tln whrgb.
Bnspftn tln ekdt tlkt tln dhcpkmy, tlrhu`lhut fts lfsthry, lkb k rnputktfhm
ehr dhmsnqunmtgy dkusfm` bntnrfhrktfhm he tln mkturkg nmvfrhmcnmt fm wlfdl
ft wks kdtfvn kmb trkcpgfm` bhwm luckm rf`lts fm bnvnghpfm` dhumtrfns, J_

ckfmtkfmn b rnputtktfhm he jnfm` km nmvfrhmcnmtkggy prh`rnssfvn dhcpkmy.

Hmn he tln fts
chvns lkt wnrn fcphrtkmt ehr tln prnsnrvktfhm he sudl rnputk-
tfhm wks tln bndfsfhm he t ln dhcpkmy‖s _rnsfbnmt Ghrb IIhhlm Jrhwmn th wftl-
brkw erhc tln “@ghjkg Dgfcktn Dhkgftfhm‖, wlfdl wks ehrcnb jy hfg `fkmts tlkt
bnmfnb `ghjkg wkrmfm`. Ketnr J_ lkb gnet tln dhkgftfhm, ft skfb pujgfdgy tlkt
`ghjkg wkrcfm` fs fmbnnb k jf` `ghjkg prhjgnc. Ihlm Tkwlfgg, hmn he tln gnkb-
fm` ckmk`nrs he tln Kcnrfdkm J_, skfb tlkt _rnsfbnmt Jrhwmn skw lnrn km
hpphrtumfty th bfstfmdt J_ erhc htlnr dhcpkmfns fm tln fmbustry. Rln bndfsfhm
th gnkvn tln dhkgftfhm wks ckbn prndfsngy kt t ln chcnmt wlnm tln dhcpkmy
wks drftfdfznb lnkvfgy ehr fts jusfmnss fm Dhghcjfk.
Tfcugtkmnhusgy wftl tln dlkm`n he mkcn th J_, tln dhrphrktn jrkmb wks
kgsh rnphsftfhmnb. Kbvnrtfsfm` k`nmdy H`fgvy Phrgbwfbn rnvftkgfznb tln gh`h
kmb nqufppnb ft wftl tln tk`gfmn “Jnyhmb _ntrhgnuc‖. Rln k`nmdy dgkfcnb tlkt
tln dlkm`n he mkcn rnphsftfhmnb tln dhcpkmy fmth k `ghjkg nmnr`y dhcpkmy
he k mnw nrk tlkt fs rnkby th ekdn dlkggnm`ns sudl ks tln dhm﬊fdt jntwnnm nmvfr-
hmcnmtkg kmb nmnr`y mnnbs kmb tlkt dkrrfns hut kdtfvftfns tlkt krn cudl chrn
phsftfvn (tlhsn tlkt hmn whugb nxpndt erhc km hfg dhcpkmy). Fm dhhpnrktfhm
wftl tln k`nmdy, J_ gkumdlnb k `ghjkg dhccumfdktfhm dkcpkf`m whrtl hvnr
^T$5?? cfggfhm kmb prnsnmtnb ftsnge ks k mnw, nmvfrhmcnmtk ggy kwkrn nmnr`y
dhcpkmy. Fm :??;, tln dkcpkf`m rndnfvnb ckmy kwkrbs ehr jnfm` hmn he tln
jnst _Z dkcpkf`ms.
Nvnm chrn wks bhmn ehr J_‖s rnputktfhm fm tln ^TK, wlnrn tln dhcpkmy
wkmtnb th prh﬋gn ftsnge kchm` dhcpntfthrs. Km nxtnmsfvn rnputktfhm-jufgbfm`
prh`rkccn wks drnktnb hm wlfdl k spndfkg tnkc he pnhpgn wks whrafm`.
 @hkgs wnrn th rkfsn rnputktfhm, th fmdrnksn tln vkgun he slkrns, th rkfsn skgns
kmb th `nt mnw fmvnsthrs. Rln `hkg wks kgsh th dhmvfmdn ncpghynns th fbnmtfey
wftl tln “mnw‖ dhcpkmy, kmb mht wftl dhcpkmy lfsthry. Hutsfbn dhccnmtk-
thrs rnphrtnb tlkt tln prh`rkccn wks vnry sfcfgkr th k phgftfdkg dkcpkf`m.

Znputktfhm kmb trust ;0;

Thcn vnry nxpgfdft `hkgs wnrn th fmdrnksn rnputktfhm wftl hpfmfhm gnkbnrs,
rkfsn rndh`mftfhm rktn erhc 0? pnr dnmt th 6? pnr dnmt kmb th jn kchm` tln
thp
hp > dhcpkmfns gfstnb fm t ln Ehrtumn >?? gfst, jnehrn Tlngg kmb Nxxhm Chjfg.

b mucan
Kn﬋mn jnr he stubfnstlwnrn
y cnssk`ns thbjnhudhcc
dkrrfn
kt wnrn t kchm` b tulsrhstkan
vkrfh
umfdktn u`llkhvkrfnt
gbnr `rh
y hu
e ps th
dhc-
cumfdktfhm thhgs. Ks k rnsugt, k :??-pk`n rnputktfhm ckmk`ncnmt ckmukg wks
pujgfslnb wftl fmstrudtfhms ehr ckmk`nrs wlh dhugb usn tln ckmukg ks k shrt
he “dhhajhha‖.
Kdtfvftfns jrhu`lt `rnkt rnsugts1 sphmtkmnhus jrkmb rndkgg fmdrnksnb th 26
pnr
nr dnmt fm tln `nmnrkg pujgfd1 tln dhcpkmy wks rktnb lf`l kchm` fmvns-
hrs kmb hpfmfhm gnkbnrs. Rlnrn wnrn k `rnkt bnkg chrn hpfmfhm gnkbnrs tlkt
thrs
jngfnvnb tlkt J_ p prh
rhbudnb dgnkrnr nmnr`y, tlkt J_ fs k gnkbfm` nmvfrhmcnmtkgfst
fm tln fmbustry, tlkt J_ rnbn﬋mns nmnr`y jusfmnss kmb tlkt J_ fs k dhcpkmy
kttrkdtfvn th fmvnstcnmts. Jut tln jnst rnsugt wks tln phsftfhm hm tln Ehrtumn
gfst, wlfdl dkcpkf`m ckmk`nrs jngfnvnb th jn tln jnst fmbfdkthr he dhcpkmy

rnputktfhm — fm :??;, J_ rnkdlnb ehurtl pgkdn fm fts fmbustry, wlfgn fm :??4 ft

rnkdlnb ﬋rst pgkdn fm fts fmbustry. Bnspftn fts suddnss fm tln fmbustry, J_ bfb mht
rnkdl tln thp :> fm tln hvnrkgg dktn`hry.
Kgtlhu`l _Z nxpnrts rnpnktnbgy dgkfc tlkt tln dkcpkf`m wks wngg pgkmmnb,
tlnrn wnrn mucnrhus wkrmfm`s erhc tln cnbfk kmb M@Hs tlkt J_ wks mht
bhfm` tlfm`s fm tln wky ft lkb skfb ft whugb. Rln chst-lnkrb drftfdfsc wks tlkt
ft mn`gndtnb sndurfty he hfg brfggfm` hpnrktfhms. Zhjnrt Nddgns, km nxpnrt hm drfsfs
dhccumfdktfhms, wrhtn ehr Lkrvkrbkrvkrb Jusfmnss Znvfnw tlkt “wlnm tln rnputktfhm
he k dhcpkmy fs chrn phsftfvn tlkm fts umbnrgyfm` rnkgfty, tlfs `kp phsns k suj-
stkmtfkg rfsa … J_ kppnkrs th jn gnkrmfm` tlfs tln lkrb wky‖. Fm :??> kmb :??5
tln dhcpkmy ekdnb twh ckihr kddfbnmts fm Rnxks kmb fm Kgksak, ehgghwnb jy k
cudl gkr`nr kddfbnmt fm tln @uge he Cnxfdh. J_‖s rnputktfhm pguccntnb brks-
fdkggy. Eurtlnrchrn, rnphrts slhw t lkt hmgy : pnr dnmt he J _‖s rnvnmun dkcn
tfdk
erhc kgtnrmktfvn nmnr`y shurdns, bnspftn tln ckfm cnssk`n uphm wlfdl tln
dhrphrktn rnputktfhm lks jnnm jufgt, jnfm` “Jnyhmb _ntrhgnuc‖.

Any tnrcs
Dhrphrktn rnputktfhm hr pujgfd fck`n. Km hvnrkgg nvkguktfhm kmb, th k dnrtkfm bn`rnn, k
sfcpgf﬋nb nstfcktfhm he k dhcpkmy jy fts stkanlhgbnrs. Znputktfhm rngktns th tln
qunstfhm he lhw spndf﬋d pujgfds nvkguktn tln dhcpkmy fm tnrcs
tnr cs he shdfkg stkmbkrbs,
jngfnes kmb vkguns. Ft rnenrs th tln dktn`hrfzktfhm he dhcpkmfns kddhrbfm` th dnrtkfm
drftnrfk, wlfdl ks k wlhgn (wlfdl fs chrn tlkm k suc he fts pkrts) drnktn k rngktfvn
phsftfhm he km hr`kmfzktfhm fm tln nyns he fts stkanlhgbnrs.
_nrdnfvnb nxtnrmkg prnstf`n. K wky fm wlfdl tln hr`kmfzktfhm cncjnrs tlfma tlkt
htlnrs (mhm-cncjnrs, nxtnrmkg kubfnmdns) snn tln hr`kmfzktfhm, wlkt tlny tlfma
kjhut ft kmb lhw tlny nvkguktn ft. Ks sudl ft rngktns th k cncjnr‖s
cncjnr‖s jngfnes kjhut tln
hutsfbnrs‖ pnrdnptfhms
pnrdnptfhms he tln hr`kmfzktfhm.
hr`kmfz ktfhm.

;0: Znputktfhm kmb trust

Rrust. Hptfcfstfd enngfm`

enngfm ` he shcnhmn, tlkt ln hr sln dkm rngy hm shcnjhby fm shcn
wkys. Ft fs k rngfkmdn he k pnrshm, `rhup hr hr`kmfzktfhm hm k vhgumtkrfgy kddnptnb
buty he kmhtlnr pnrshm, `rhup hr hr`kmfzktfhm th rndh`mfzn kmb prhtndt tln rf`lts
he nvnryjhby fmvhgvnb
fmvhgvnb fm cutukg n﬏hrts
n﬏hr ts hr ndhmhcfd nxdlkm`n. Fm tlfs snmsn, trust fs

tln
rnkg kchumt he dhm﬋bnmdn
dhm
fmehrcktfhm ﬋bnmdn
kjhut rfsastlkt
hr fmbfvfbukgs lkvn
wlnm bfrndtgy hrfmfmbfrndtgy
fmstftutfhms, nftlnr wlnm
ckmk`fm` rfsa. `nttfm`
Zngfkjfgfty. Rln pnrdnfvnb kjfgfty hr dkpkdfty he km fbnmtfty th annp km fcpgfdft hr
nxpgfdft prhcfsn (hr kdt dhcpntnmtgy).
Lhmnsty. Znenrs th km nvkguktfhm he k pnrshm kjhut tln nxtnmt th wlfdl tlny dkm
jngfnvn tlnfr pkrtmnr kjhut tlnfr euturn fmtnmtfhms. Ft fs mht sh cudl k qunstfhm he
km nmtfty‖s
nmtfty‖s dkpkjfgfty
dkpkjfgf ty he annpfm` fts prhcfsns, jut fts lhmnst
l hmnst fmtnmtfhm th annp tlnc.
Rlfs rngktns mht th tln kjfgfty he km kdthr th eug﬋g fts prhcfsns jut th fts fmtnmtfhms
th eug﬋g prhcfsns.
Jnmnvhgnmdn. Bnmhtns km nxpndtktfhm tlkt tln kdtfvftfns he tln trustnb pkrty wfgg
hpnrktn th tln jnmn﬋t kmb fm kddhrbkmdn wftl tln fmtnrnsts he tln trustfm` pkrty. Ft
rngktns th tln fmtnrnsts he tln nxdlkm`n pkrtmnrs kmb hm tlnfr `nmufmn hrfnmtktfhm
thwkrb tln wngg-jnfm` he tln htlnr, mht hmgy thwkrb sktfseyfm` tlnfr hwm fmtnrnsts.

ZNUFNP [^NTRFHMT
• Bn﬋mn dhrphrktn rnputktfhm, fts bfcnmsfhms kmb fts dhmsnqunmdns.
• Plkt fs pnrdnfvnb nxtnrmkg prnstf`n kmb wly ft fs fcphrtkmt8
• Plkt fs dhrphrktn trust, fts bfcnmsfhms kmb lhw dkm tlny jn ckmk`nb8
• Plkt krn tln phssfjgn dhmsnqunmdns he dhrphrktn sdnptfdfsc kmb
dymfdfsc8

Ufsft J_‖s
J_‖s `ghjkg wnjsftn kmb rnvfnw lhw ft
f t kbbrnssns fts nmvfrhmcnmtkg fcpkdt. Bh
yhu tlfma tlkt dhcpkmfns fm pkrtfdugkr fmbustrfns wftl k mn`ktfvn fck`n, sudl ks
tln hfg fmbustry, thjkddh, dlncfstry, ntd. dkm `kfm pujgfd trust rn`krbfm` tlnfr sus-
tkfmkjfgfty8 Rlfma kjhut fmbustrfns kmb dhcpkmfns wlfdl lkvn prhjgncs wftl tlnfr
rnputktfhms. Plkt strktn`fns dkm tlny usn th `kfm tln trust he tln pujgfd8

Znenrnmdns
Jkgcnr,, Ihlm C. R. :??4.
Jkgcnr :??4. Znvnkgfm` tln Dhrphrktfhm. Ghmbhm1 Mnw Vhra9
Vhra9 Zhutgnb
Zhutgnb`n
`n..
 Jnmjkskt, Fzka kmb Pnfqukm Pkm`.
Jnmjkskt, Pkm`. :??>.
:??>. Rrust fm kmb kbhptfhm he hmgfmn rndhccnmbktfhm
k`nmts.. Ihurmkg he tln Ksshdfktfhm ehr Fmehrcktfhm
k`nmts Fmehrcktfhm Tystncs 5 (4)9 0:—;?;.
Jnrnms,, @ufbh K. I. C. :??2.
Jnrnms :??2. Dhrphrktn Jrkmbfm`9 Rln Bnvnghpcnmt he Dhrphrktn Ksshdfktfhms
kmb tlnfr Fm󿬊unmdn hm Ttkanlhgbnr Znkdtfhms . Zhttnrbkc9
Zhttnrbkc9 Nrkscus Znsnkrdl Fmstftutn he
Ckmk`ncnmt, Nrkscus ^mfvnrsfty Zhttnrbkc.Zhttnrbkc.

Znputktfhm kmb trust ;04

Jnr`kcf, Ckssfch kmb Zfdlkrb _. Jk`hzzf.

Jnr`kcf, Jk`hzzf. :???.
:???. Tnge-dktn`hrfzktfhm, k﬏ndtfvn dhccftcnmt,
kmb `rhup snge-nstnnc ks bfstfmdt kspndts he shdfkg fbnmtfty fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm.
hr`kmfzktfhm . Jrftfsl
Ihurmkg he Thdfkg _sydlhgh`y 46 (0)9 >>>—>00.
Jnrry,, Gnhmkrb G. kmb K. _krksurkckm.
Jnrry _krksurkckm. ;66;.
;66;. Ckrantfm` Tnrvfdns9 Dhcpntfm` Rlrhu`l [ukgfty.
Mnw Vhra
hra99 Ernn _rnss
_rns s.
Jlkttkdlkryk, D. J. kmb Tkmakr Tnm.
Jlkttkdlkryk, Tnm. :??4.
:??4. Dhmsucnr—dhcpkmy fbnmtf﬋dktfhm9 k erkcn-
whra ehr umbnrstkmbfm` dhmsucnrs‖ rngktfhmslfps wftl jrkmbs. jrkmbs. Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` 50 (:)9
05—<<.
Jlkttkdlkryk,, D. J.,
Jlkttkdlkryk J., Lkyk`rnnvk Zkh kmb Ckry Kmm @gymm. @gymm. ;66>.
;66>. ^mbnrstkmbfm` tln jhmb
he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm9 km fmvnstf`ktfhm he fts dhrrngktns kchm` krt cusnuc cncjnrs. cncjnrs. Rln
Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` >6 (2)9 25—>0.
Jrnmmkm,, Pfggfkc.
Jrnmmkm Pfggfkc. ;65?.
;65?.Rln fck`nf ck`n kchm` yhur ncpghynns.
ncpg hynns. Fm Bnvnghpfm` tln Dhrphrktn Fck`n,
nb. Gnn Lkstfm`s Jrfsthg
Jr fsthg.. Mnw
M nw Vhra
Vhra99 Dlkrgns Tdrfjmnr‖s Thms,
Thms, 2;—2<.
Jrhcgny,, Bnmmfs Jksfg.
Jrhcgny Jksfg. ;664.
;664. Znputktfhm, Fck`n kmb Fcprnssfhm Ckmk`ncnmt. Dlfdlnstnr9
Dlfdlnstnr9 Ihlm
Pfgny kmb Thms.
Thms.
Jrhwm,, Rhc I. ;66<.
Jrhwm ;66<. Dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms fm ckrantfm`9 kmtndnbnmts kmb dhmsnqunmdns.
dhmsnqunmdns.
Dhrphrktn Znputktfhm Znvfnw ; (4)9 :;>—:44.
Dkrukmk,, Kgjnrt.
Dkrukmk Kgjnrt. ;660.
;660. Dhrphrktn rnputktfhm9 dhmdnpt kmb cnksurncnmt.
cnksurncnmt. Ihurmkg he _rhbudt
kmb Jrkmb Ckmk`ncnmt 5 (:)9 ;?6—;;<.
Dkrukmk
Dkrukmk, , Kgjnr
Kgjnrtt kmb Tkvfhur Dlfrdhp
D lfrdhp.. :???.
:???. Cnksurfm` dhrphrktn rnputktfhm9 k dksn nxkcpgn.
nxkcpgn.
Dhrphrktn Znputktfhm Znvfnw 4 (;)9 24—>0.
Dlk,, Vhm
Dlk hm`-I
`-Ifm
fm.. :???.
:???. Zfsa pnrdnptfhm fm Ahrnk9 k dhcpkrfshm wftl Ikpkm kmb tln ^mftnb
Ttktns.. Ihurmkg he Zfsa Znsnkrdl 4 (2)9 4:;—44:.
Ttktns
Dhha,, Ihlm km
Dhha kmbb Rhjy
Rhjy Pkg
Pkggg. ;6<?.
;6<?. Mnw whra kttftubn cnksurns he trust, hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhc-
cftcnmt kmb pnrshmkg mnnb mhm-eug﬋ggcnmt. Ihurmkg he Hddupktfhmkg _sydlhgh`y >4 (;)9
46—>:.
Drkvnms,, Akrnm,
Drkvnms Akrnm, Ngfzkjntl @hkb Hgfvnr kmb Trfblkr Zkckchhrtf.Zkckchhrtf. :??4.
:??4. Rln rnputktfhm
fmbnx9 cnksurfm` kmb ckmk`fm` dhrphrktn rnputktfhm. rnputktfhm . Nurhpnkm Ckmk`ncnmt Ihurmkg :;
(:)9 :?;—:;:.
Dznggkr,, Tkmbhr.
Dznggkr Tkmbhr. :??:.
:??:. Km Nxpghrkthry
Nxpghrkthry Fmqufry hm tln Kmtndnbnmts he _rnstf`n Iub`cnmts
Iub`cnmts.. Dhmenrnmdn
_rhdnnbfm`s. Kustfm,
Kustfm , R\
R\99 Thdfnty ehr Dhmsucnr _sydlhgh`y.
_sydlhgh`y.
Bhmny,, _ktrfdfk C. kmb Ihsnpl _. Dkmmhm.
Bhmny Dkmmhm. ;660.
;660. Km nxkcfmktfhm he tln mkturn he trust fm
juynr—snggnr
juy nr—snggnr rngktfhmslfps
rngktfhmslfps.. Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` 5; (:)9 4>—>;.
Bhwgfm`,, @rklkcn.
Bhwgfm` @rklkcn. :??;.
:??;. Drnktfm` Dhrphrktn Znputktfhms9 Fbnmtfty, Fck`n kmb _nrehrckmdn .
Hxehrb99 Hxehrb ^mfvnrsfty _rnss.
Hxehrb _rnss.
Buanrfdl,, Ikmnt C. kmb Tuzkmmn C. Dkrtnr.
Buanrfdl Dkrtnr . :???.
:???. Bfsthrtnb fck`ns kmb rnputktfhm rnpkfr.
Fm Rln Nxprnssfvn Hr`kmfzktfhm9 Gfmafm` Fbnmtfty, Znputktfhm kmb tln Dhrphrktn Jrkmb , nbs.
Ckfianm Tdlugz,
Tdlugz, Ckry Ikmn Lktdl kmb Ch`nms Lhgtnm Gkrsnm. Gkrsnm. Hxe
Hxehrb
hrb99 Hxehrb ^mfvnrsfty
^mfvnrsf ty
_rnss,, 60—;;:.
_rnss
Butthm,, Ikmn N. kmb Ikmnt C. Buanrfdl.
Butthm Buanrfdl . ;66
;66;;. Annpfm` km nyn hm tln
tl n cfrrhr9
cfr rhr9 fck`n kmb
km b fbnm-
tfty fm hr`kmfzktfhmkg kbkptfhm.
kbkptfhm. Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt
Ckmk`ncnmt Ihurmkg 42 (;)9 >;0—>>2.
Butthm,, Ikmn N.,
Butthm N., Ikmnt C. Buanrfdl kmb Dngfk U. Lkrqukfg.
Lkrqukfg. ;662.
;662. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fck`ns kmb
cncjnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhm.
fbnmtf﬋dktfhm. Kbcfmfstrktfvn Tdfnmdn [ukrtnrgy 46 (:)9 :46—:54.
Bwynr,, Zhjnrt E.,
Bwynr E., _kug L. Tdlurr kmb Tnih Hl. Hl. ;6<0.
;6<0. Bnvnghpfm` juynr-snggnr rngktfhmslfps.
rngktfhmslfps.
Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` >; (:)9 ;;—:0.
Ngsjkdl, Afcjnrg
Ngsjkdl, Afcjnrgyy B. kmb Zhbnr
Z hbnrfda
fda C. Arkcnr.
Arkcnr. ;665.
;665. Cncjnrs‖ rnsphmsns th hr`kmfzktfhmkg
fbnmtfty tlrnkts9 nmdhumtnrfm` kmb dhumtnrfm` tln jusfmnss wnna rkmafm`s.
rkmafm`s. Kbcfmfstrktfvn
Tdfnmdn [ukrtnrgy 2; (4)9 22:—205.
Ehcjrum,, Dlkrgns I. ;665.
Ehcjrum ;665. Znputktfhm9 Znkgfzfm` Ukgun erhc tln Dhrphrktn Fck`n. Jhsthm, CK9
CK9
Lkrvkrb Jusfmnss Tdlhhg _rnss.
_rnss.

;02 Znputktfhm kmb trust

‒‒;66<.. Fmbfdn
‒‒;66< Fmbfdnss he dhrphrktn
dhrp hrktn rnputktfhm9
rnputktf hm9 km kmkgysfs he cnbfk
cnb fk rkmafm`s kmb shdfkg
shd fkg chmfthrs‖
chmfthr s‖
rktfm`s.. Dhrphrktn Znputktfhm Znvfnw ; (2)9 4:0—42?.
rktfm`s
Ehcjrum,, Dlkrgns I. kmb Ckra Tlkmgny.
Ehcjrum Tlkmgny. ;66?.
;66?.Plkt‖
Plkt‖ss fm k mkcn9
mkcn 9 rnputktfhm jufgbfm` kmb dhr-
d hr-
phrktn strktn`y.
strktn`y. Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt
Ckmk`ncnmt Ihurmkg 44 (:)9 :44—:><.
Ehcjrum,, Dlkrgns I. kmb Dnns J. C. vkm Zfng.
Ehcjrum Zfng . :??2.
:??2. Ekcn kmb Ehrtumn9 Lhw Tuddnsseug
Dhcpkmfns Jufgb Pfmmfm` Znputktfhms. Ghmbhm9
Ghmbhm9 _nkrshm Efmkmdfkg
E fmkmdfkg Rfcns.
Rfcns.
Ehcjrum, Dlkrgns I.,
Ehcjrum, I., Mkhcf K. @krbjnr` kmb Ihy C. Tnvnr.
Tnvnr. :???.
:???. Rln rnputktfhm quhtfnmt9
k cugtf-stkanlhgbnr cnksurn he dhrphrktn rnputktfhm.
rnputktfhm. Rln Ihurmkg he Jrkmb Ckmk`ncnmt
0 (2)9 :2;—:>>.
@kmnskm,, Tlkmakr.
@kmnskm Tlkmakr. ;662.
;662. Bntnrcfmkmts he ghm`-tnrc hrfnmtktfhm fm juynr-
juynr-snggnr
snggnr rngktfhmslfp.
rngktfhmslfp.
Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` >< (:)9 ;—;6.
@krub,, Zk`lu kmb Ihsnpl Gkcpng
@krub Gk cpng.. ;66
;6600. _rhbudt
_rhbudt kmmhumdncnmts kmb dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn rnputktfhms.
rnputktfhms.
Dhrphrktn Znputktfhm Znvfnw ; (;/:)9 ;;2—;;<.
@fbbnms,, Kmtlhmy.
@fbbnms Kmtlhmy. ;66?.
;66?. Rln Dhmsnqunmdns he Chbnrmfty. Ttkmehrb, DR9 DR9 Ttkmehrb ^mfvnrsfty
_rnss..
_rnss
@hgbjnr`,, Ckrvfm N. kmb Ihm Lkrtwfda.
@hgbjnr` Lkrtwfda. ;66?.
;66?. Rln n﬏ndts he kbvnrtfsnr rnputktfhm kmb
nxtrncfty he kbvnrtfsfm` dgkfc hm kbvnrtfsfm` n﬏ndtfvnmnss.
n﬏ndtfvnmnss . Ihurmkg he Dhmsucnr Znsnkrdl
;0 (:)9 ;0:—;06.
@hgbscftl
@hgbscftl, , Zhmkgb,
drnbfjfgftyZhmkgb , Jkrjkrkkttftubns
hm dhmsucnr Gk﬏nrty kmb
kmb Ttnplnm
purdlksnMnwngg.
Mnwngg
fmtnmt.. Dhrphrktn
fmtnmt. :???. RlnZnputktfhm
:???. fm﬊unmdn Znvfnw
he dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn
4 (2)9
4?2—4;6.
@htsf,, Ckmth kmb Kgkm Pfgshm.
@htsf Pfgshm. :??;.
:??;. Dhrphrktn rnputktfhm ckmk`ncnmt9 gfvfm` tln jrkmb. jrkmb.
Ckmk`ncnmt Bndfsfhm 46 (:)9 66—;?2.
@rnnmjnr`,, _nmnghpn Tun,
@rnnmjnr` Tun, Zkgpl L. @rnnmjnr` kmb Vvhmmn Gnbnrnr Kmthmuddf. Kmthmuddf. :??0.:??0.
Drnktfm` kmb sustkfmfm` trust fm vfrtukg tnkcs.
tnkcs . Jusfmnss Lhrfzhms >? (2)9 4:>—444.
@rnysnr,, Ttnplnm K. ;666.
@rnysnr ;666. Kbvkmdfm` kmb nmlkmdfm` dhrphrktn rnputktfhm. rnputktfhm. Dhrphrktn
Dhccumfdktfhms 2 (2)9 ;00—;<;.
Lnrjf`,, _kug kmb Ihlm Cfgnwfdz.
Lnrjf` Cfgnwfdz. ;664.
;664. Rln rngktfhmslfp he rnputktfhm kmb drnbfjfgfty th
jrkmb suddnss.
suddnss. Ihurmkg he Dhmsucnr Ckrantfm` ;? (4)9 ;<—:2.
Lhscnr,, Gkrun Rhmn.
Lhscnr Rhmn. ;66>.
;66>. Rrust9 tln dhmmndtfm` gfma jntwnnm hr`kmfzktfhmkg tlnhry kmb
plfghshplfdkg ntlfds.
ntlfds. Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw :? (:)9 406—2?4.
Ihlmshm,, Bnvhm kmb Anmt @rkyshm
Ihlmshm @rkyshm.. :??
:????. Thurdns kmb bfcnmsfhms he trusttr ust fm snrvfdn
snr vfdn rngktfhm-
slfps. Fm Lkmbjhha he Tnrvfdns Ckrantfm`, nbs. Bkwm
Bkwm Fkdhjudd
Fkdhjuddff kmb
km b Rnrnsk Twkrtz
Twkrtz.. Rlhuskmb
Hkas, DK9
DK9 Tk`n,
Tk`n, 4>0—40?.
Ihmns,, @kry L.,
Ihmns L., Jntl L. Ihmns kmb _lfgfp Gfttgn.Gfttgn. :???.
:???. Znputktfhm ks rnsnrvhfr9 ju﬏nrfm`
k`kfmst ghss fm tfcns he ndhmhcfd drfsfs.
drfsfs. Dhrphrktn Znputktfhm Znvfnw 4 (;)9 :;—:6.
Anmmnby,, Ckry T.,
Anmmnby T., Gfmbk A. Enrrng kmb Bnjjfn R. R. GnDgkfr.
GnDgkfr. :??;.
:??;. Dhmsucn
Dhmsucnrs‖ rs‖ trust he
h e skgnspnr-
skgnspn r-
shm kmb ckmuekdturnr9 km ncpfrfdkg stuby.stuby. Ihurmkg he Jusfmnss Znsnkrdl >; (;)9 04—<5.
Anmmfm`,, _ntnr.
Anmmfm` _ntnr. :??<.
:??<. Rln fm﬊unmdn he `nmnrkg trust kmb spndf﬋d trust hm juyfm` jnlkvfhur. jnlkvfhur.
Fmtnrmktfhmkg Ihurmkg he Zntkfg & Bfstrfjutfhm Ckmk`ncnmt 45 (5)9 25;—205.
Auckr,, Mfrckgyk,
Auckr Mfrckgyk, Gfsk A. Tdlnnr kmb Ikm-Jnmnbfdt N. C. Ttnnmakcp. Ttnnmakcp. ;66>.
;66>. Rln n﬏ndts he
suppgfnr ekfrmnss hm vugmnrkjgn rnsnggnrs.
rnsnggnrs. Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` Znsnkrdl 4: (;)9 >2—5>.
Gkrzngnrn,, Zhjnrt N. kmb Rnb G. Lusthm.
Gkrzngnrn Lusthm. ;6<?.
;6<?. Rln bykbfd trust sdkgn9 thwkrb umbnrstkmb-
fm` fmtnrpnrshmkg trust fm dghsn rngktfhmslfps.
rngktfhmslfps. Ihurmkg he Ckrrfk`n kmb tln Ekcfgy 2: (4)9
>6>—5?2.
 Gfmashgb, Tvnmm
Gfmashgb, Tvnmm.. ;60<.
;60<.Rrust bnvnghpcnmt, tln @ZFR prhphskg kmb tln n﬏ndts
n ﬏ndts he
h e dhmdfgfkthr
dhmdfg fkthryy
kdts hm dhm﬊fdt kmb dhhpnrktfhm.
dhhpnrktfhm. _sydlhgh`fdkg Juggntfm <> (2)9 00:—064.
Gulckmm,, Mfagks.
Gulckmm Mfagks. ;606.
;606. Rrust kmb _hwnr. Dlfdlnstnr9
Dlfdlnstnr9 Ihlm Pfgny
Pfg ny..
Ckrtfmnku,, _fnrrn.
Ckrtfmnku _fnrrn. ;6><.
;6><. Tlkrpnr ehdus ehr tln dhrphrktn fck`n.
fck`n. Lkrvkrb Jusfmnss Znvfnw 45
(5)9 26—><.

Znputktfhm kmb trust ;0>

Ckynr, Zh`nr D.,

Ckynr, D., Ikcns L. Bkvfs kmb Bkvfb E. Tdlhhrckm.
Tdlhhrckm. ;66>.
;66>. Km fmtn`rktfvn chbng he
hr`kmfzktfhmkg trust.
trust. Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt
Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw :? (4)9 0?6—042.
Chlr,, Ghfs K.,
Chlr K., Bh`km Nrh`gu kmb _kc Tdlhgbnr Nggnm.
Nggnm. ;66<.
;66<. Rln bnvnghpcnmt kmb tnstfm`
he k cnksurn he sanptfdfsc thwkrb nmvfrhmcnmtkg dgkfcs fm ckrantnrs‖ dhccumfdktfhms.
dhccumfdktfhms .
Ihurmkg he Dhmsucnr K﬏kfrs 4: (;)9 4?—>>.
Chr`km, Zhjnrt C. kmb Tlngjy B. Lumt.
Chr`km, Lumt. ;662.
;662. Rln dhccftcnmt-trust tlnhry he rngktfhm-
slfp ckrantfm`.
ckrantfm`. Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` >< (4)9 :?—4<.
Chrrhw,, I. G.,
Chrrhw G., Ir., Ckra L. Lkmsnm kmb Kggfshm P. _nkrshm.
_nkrshm. :??2.
:??2. Rln dh`mftfvn
d h`mftfvn kmb k﬏ndtfvn
kmtndnbnmts he `nmnrkg trust
tr ust wftlfm dhhpnrktfvn hr`kmfzktfhms.
hr`kmfzktfhms. Ihurmkg he Ckmk`nrfkg Fssuns
;5 (;)9 2<—52.
Hjnrcfggnr,, Dkrg kmb Tpkm`nmjnr`
Hjnrcfggnr Tpkm` nmjnr`,, N. Z. ;66<
;66 <. Bnvnghpcnmt he k sdkgn
sdkg n th cnksurn dhmsucnr
dhms ucnr
sanptfdfsc thwkrb kbvnrtfsfm`.
kbvnrtfsfm`. Ihurmkg he Dhmsucnr _sydlhgh`y 0 (:)9 ;>6—;<5.
_hbmkr,, Agncnmt
_hbmkr Agncnmt.. :???.
:???. Ahrphrktfvmk fbnmtftntk, fcfbŽ
fcfbŽ fm u`gnb.
u`g nb. Fm Urn`hv zjhrmfa, nb. Tgkvah
Tpgfdlkg.. Giujgikmk9
Tpgfdlkg Giujgikmk9 Nvrhpsaf fmū
fmūtftut zk ahcumfdfrkmin fm augturh9 Ekaugtntk zk bruŽ bruŽjnmn
vnbn,, ;04—;<;.
vnbn
‒‒:??2
‒‒ :??2.. ^`gnb, hr`kmfzkdfisak fbnmtf󿬋akdfik fm zkvnzkmhst zkphsgnmfl. Bhathrsak bfsnrtkdfik.
Giujgikmk99 Ekaugtntk zk bruŽjnmn vnbn.
Giujgikmk vnbn.
Zncpng,, Ihlm A.,
Zncpng A., Ihlm @. Lhgcns kmb Ckra _. Ykmmk. Ykmmk. ;6<>.
;6<>. Rrust fm dghsn rngktfhmslfps.
rngktfhmslfps.
Ihurmkg he _nrshmkgfty kmb Thdfkg _sydlhgh`y 26 (;)9 6>—;;:.
Zfm`
Zfm`, , _ntnr Tcftl.
Tcftl. ;665.
;665. Erk`fgn kmb rnsfgfnmt trust kmb tlnfr rhgns fm ndhmhcfd nxdlkm`n
jusfmnss shdfnty.
shdfnty. Jusfmnss Thdfnty Iumn 4> (:)9 ;2<—;0>.
Zhjnrts,, _ntnr P. kmb @rklkcn Z. Bhwgfm`.
Zhjnrts Bhwgfm`. ;660.
;660. Rln vkgun he k ﬋rc‖s dhrphrktn rnputk-
tfhm.. Dhrphrktn Znputktfhm Znvfnw ; (;)9 0:—05.
tfhm
Zhttnr,, Iugfk
Zhttnr Iugfkmm J. ;65
;6500.K mnw sdkgn ehr cnksurncnmt he fmtnrpnrshmkg
fmtnrpnr shmkg trust.
trust. Ihurmkg he _nrshmkgfty
4> (2)9 5>;—55>.
Tkah,, Ckrf.
Tkah Ckrf. ;66:.
;66:. _rfdn
_rfdnss, [ukgft
[ukgftyy, kmb Rrust9 Fmtnr-󿬋rc
Fmtnr-󿬋r c Zngktfhms Jr ftkfm kmb Ikpkm . Dkcjrfb`n9
Zngkt fhms fm Jrftkfm Dkcjrfb`n9
Dkcjrfb`n ^mfvnrsfty _rnss. _rnss.
Tkpkrfth,, _ktr
Tkpkrfth _ktrfda
fda K.,
K., Dlkh D. Dlnm kmb Lkrr L krryy I. Tkpfnmzk
Tkpfnmzk.. :??
:??22.Rln rhgn he rngktfhmkg trust fm
jkma—sckgg ﬋rc rngktfhmslfps. Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt Ihurmkg 20 (4)9 2??—2;?.
Tngmns,, Ernb kmb Aingg
Tngmns Ai ngg @ü
@ümlku`
mlku`.. :???.
:???. N﬏ndts he suppgfnr rngfkjfgfty kmb jnmnvhgnmdn fm jusf-
mnss ckrantfm`.
ckrantfm`. Ihurmkg he Jusfmnss Znsnkrdl 26 (4)9 :>6—:0;.
Tlnmakr,, Hbnb kmb Nplrkfmc Vudltckm-Vkkr.
Tlnmakr Vudltckm-Vkkr. ;660. ;660. Znputktfhm, fck`n, prnstf`n kmb `hhb-
wfgg9 km fmtnrbfsdfpgfmkry kpprhkdl th hr`kmfzktfhmkg stkmbfm`. stkmbfm`. Luckm Zngktfhms >? (;;)9
;45;—;4<;.
Tcfbts,, Kgn
Tcfbts Kgn,, Kb Rl. L. _ruym kmb Dnns J. C. vkm Zfng. Zfng . :??;.
:??;. Rln fcpkdt
fc pkdt heh e ncpghynn
ncp ghynn dhc-
cumfdktfhm kmb pnrdnfv
pnrdnfvnb nb nxtnrmkg prnstf`n hm hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm. Kdkbncy he
Ckmk`ncnmt Ihurmkg 22 (>)9 ;?>;—;?5:.
Thjhg,, Ckrfhm,
Thjhg Ckrfhm, @kfg Ekrrnggy kmb Inssfdk Rkpnr.Rkpnr. ;66:.
;66:. Tlkpfm` tln Dhrphrktn Fck`n. Mnw M nw Vhra
Vhra99
[uhruc Jhhas.
Jhhas.
Tpnackm,, Zhjnr
Tpnackm Zhjnrtt N. ;6<<.
;6<<. Ttrktn`fd
Ttrktn`fd suppgfnr sngndtfhm9 umbnrstkmbfm` ghm`-tnrc juynr rngk-
tfhmslfps.. Jusfmnss Lhrfzhms 4; (2)9 0>—<;.
tfhmslfps
Trfvkstkvk,, Zkinmbr
Trfvkstkvk Zkinmbrkk A.,
A.,Rlhcks L. CdFmfsl,
CdFmfsl , Zhjnrt
Zhjnr t K.Phhb kmb KmtlhmyKmt lhmy I. Dkpr
Dkprkrh
krh.. ;660.
;660.
Rln vkgun he dhrphrktn
d hrphrktn rnputktfhm9 nvfbnmdn
nvfbnmdn erhc tln nqufty ckrants.
ckrants. Dhrphrktn Znputktfhm
Znvfnw ; (;)9 5:—5<.
Ttfmmntt,, Mfda kmb Ikcns Pkgtnrs.
Ttfmmntt Pkgtnrs. ;600.
;600. Zngktfhmslfps fm Ckrrfk`n kmb Ekcfgy. Mnw Vhra9 Vhra9
 Ckdcfggkm..
Ckdcfggkm
Rlhrnggf, Lkms J. ;6<5.
Rlhrnggf, ;6<5. Mntwhras9 jntwnnm ckrants kmb lfnrkrdlfns.
lfnrkrdlfns. Ttrktn`fd Ckmk`ncnmt
Ihurmkg 0 (;)9 40—>;.
Rygnr,, Aktlnrfmn kmb Nbcumb Ttkmgny.
Rygnr Ttkmgny. :??0.
:??0. Rln rhgn he trust fm ﬋mkmdfkg snrvfdns jusfmnss
rngktfhmslfps.. Ihurmkg he Tnrvfdns Ckrantfm` :; (>)9 442—422.
rngktfhmslfps

;05 Znputktfhm kmb trust

vkm Zfng,
Zfng, Dnns J. C. ;660.
;660. Znsnkrdl fm dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm9 km hvnrvfnw he km ncnr-
`fm` ﬋ngb.
﬋ngb. Ckmk`ncnmt Dhccumfdktfhm [ukrtnrgy ;; (:)9 :<<—4?6.
vkm Zfng,
Zfng, Dnns J. C. kmb Dlkrgns I. Ehcjrum.
Ehcjrum. :??0.
:??0. Nssnmtfkgs he Dhrphrktn Dhccumfdktfhm9
Fcpgncnmtfm` _rkdtfdns ehr N﬏ndtfvn Znputktfhm Ckmk`ncnmt . Ghmbhm1
Ghm bhm1 Mnw Vhra
Vhra99 Zhutgn
Zhutgnb`n
b`n..
Ufagumb,, Ckttfks I. :??4.
Ufagumb :??4. Rrust kmb rfsa
r fsa pnrdnptfh
p nrdnptfhmm fm Pnstnr
Pnstnrmm Nurhpn9
Nu rhpn9 k drhss-mktfhmkg stuby
stuby..
Zfsa Kmkgysfs :4 (2)9 0:0—04<.
Pkgsl, @fkmerkmdh,
Pkgsl, @fkmerkmdh, Tlkrhm N. Jnktty kmb Nbwkrb C. A. Tlfu. Tlfu . :??6.
:??6. Rln dusthcnr-jksnb
dhrphrktn rnputktfhm sdkgn9 rnpgfdktfhm
rnpgfdktfhm kmb slhrt ehrc
ehrc.. Ihurmkg he Jusfmnss Znsnkrdl 5: (;?)9
6:2—64?.
Pfggfkcshm,, Hgfvnr N. ;664.
Pfggfkcshm ;664. Dkgdugktfvnmnss, trust kmb ndhmhcfd hr`kmfsktfhm.
hr`kmfsktfhm. Ihurmkg he Gkw
kmb Ndhmhcfds 45 (;)9 2>4—2<5.
Vhhm
Vhhm,, Numskm`,
Numskm`, Lu`l I. @u﬏ny kmb Ukgnrfn Afinwsaf.
Afinwsaf. ;664.
;664. Rln n﬏ndts he fmehrcktfhm
fmehr cktfhm kmb
dhcpkmy rnputktfhm hm fmtnmtfhms th juy k jusfmnss snrvfdn. snrvfdn. Ihurmkg he Jusfmnss Znsnkrdl
:0 (4)9 :;>—::<.
Yudanr,, Gymmn @hhbckm
Yudanr @hhb ckm.. ;6<5.
;6<5. _rhbudtfhm
_rhbudtfhm he trust9
tr ust9 fmstftutfhmkg shurdns he ndhmhcfd strud-
turn.. Znsnkrdl fm Hr`kmfzktfhmkg Jnlkvfhur < (;)9 >4—;;;.
turn
;;
HZ@KMFYKRFHMKG FBNMRFEFDKRFHM

DHMRNMRT
Fm tlfs dlkptnr, wn prnsnmt fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ks hmn he tln any dhmsnqunmdns he
dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm wftl fcphrtkmt neendts hm stkanlhgbnrs kmb tln
hr`kmfzktfhm. Efrst, wn prnsnmt tln ckfm dlkrkdtnrfstfds he f bnmtf﬋dktfhm, tlnm
spndf﬋dkggy tln fbnmtf﬋dktfhm he hr`kmfzktfhmkg cncjnrs wftl tln hr`kmfzk-
tfhm. Eurtlnr, wn bfsduss fssuns fm dhmmndtfhm wftl tln fbnmtf﬋dktfhm he nxtnrmkg
stkanlhgbnrs, sudl ks dhmsucnrs. Rln dlkptnr dhmdgubns wftl km hvnrvfnw he
tln ckfm dhmsnqunmdns he hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm.

;;.; Fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
Fbnmtf﬋dktfhm99 ckfm dlkrkdtnrfstfds
dlkrkdtnrfstfds
Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fs k shdfkg kmb psydlhgh`fdkg jhmb tlkt ksshdfktns
stkanlhgbnrs wftl km hr`kmfzktfhm. Fm tlfs prhdnss, pnrshmkg `hkgs jndhcn chrn
fmtn`rktnb kmb dhm`runmt wftl tln `hkgs he km hr`kmfzktfhm. Erhc tln ckmk`n-
cnmt‖s phfmt he vfnw, tlfs fs tln prhdnss he fmtnrmkg kmb nxtnrmkg pnrsuksfhm kmb
nxnrtfhm he fm﬊unmdn wlfdl ckan tln fmtnrnsts he km fmbfvfbukg dhm`runmt
dhm`r unmt wftl tln
fmtnrnsts he tln hr`kmfzktfhm.
hr`kmfzk tfhm.
Fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fs snnm ks k drftfdkg dhccumfdktfhm prhdnss tlkt mht hmgy k﬏ndts
tln stkanlhgbnr‖s pnrdnptfhm he km hr`kmfzktfhm jut kgsh fm﬊unmdns tln hr`kmfzk-
tfhm‖s bndfsfhms. Fm tln prhdnss, fmbfvfbukgs pnrdnfvn dlkrkdtnrfstfds tlkt tlny slkrn
wftl htlnr hr`kmfzktfhm
hr`k mfzktfhm cncjnrs kmb wftl tln dhcpkmy,
dhcpkmy, wlfdl rnsugts fm supphrt-
fm` jnlkvfhur kmb shgfbkrfty wftl tln hr`kmfzktfhm.
Jndkusn tlfs fs k jksfd psydlh-shdfkg luckm prhdnss tlkt lks k ckihr fcpkdt
hm tln dhccftcnmt kmb ghykgty he stkanlhgbnrs wftl tln dhcpkmy kmb tlkt fm﬊u-
nmdns stkanlhgbnr jnlkvfhur, hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm slhugb jn hmn he tln
chst fcphrtkmt tksas he dhcpkmfns kmb ckmk`nrs. Rln prhdnss he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm

;0< Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm

dkm hddur sphmtkmnhusgy, he dhursn, jut tlfs prhdnss dkm kgsh jn kddhcpkmfnb jy k
mn`ktfvn fbnmtf﬋dktfhm (bfs-fbnmtf﬋dktfhm), wlfdl dkm lkvn bnstrudtfvn n﬏ndts hm
tln rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm twh shdfkg nmtftfns. Lnmdn, hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
slhugb mht jn gnet dhcpgntngy th dlkmdn, nvnm tlhu`l tlnrn dkmmht jn dhcpgntn

dhmtrhg hvnr tln plnmhcnmhm.

Fbnmtf󿬋dktfhm he km fmbfvfbukg fs km ngncnmtkry luckm cndlkmfsc tlkt fs
dghsngy rngktnb th tln psydlfd kmb shdfkg bnvnghpcnmt he km fmbfvfbukg. Ft fs snnm ks km
fmbfvfbukg‖s snmsn he hmnmnss wftl km nmtfty wftl wlfdl ln/sln fs fm k rngktfhmslfp. Ft
kddhcpkmfns k pnrshm, fm bf﬏nrnmt ehrcs kmb dfrducstkmdns, tlrhu`lhut tln nmtfrn
gfen burfm` wlfdl ln/sln fbnmtf﬋ns wftl bf﬏nrnmt fmbfvfbukgs, `rhups, kmb htlnr
nmtftfns kmb dktn`hrfns. Fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fs snnm ks k prhdnss tlrhu`l wlfdl tln shdfnty
nmtnrs fmth k pnrshm, tlus ckafm` lfc/lnr k shdfkg kmb sycjhgfd jnfm`, mht hmgy k
jfhgh`fdkg hmn. _sydlhgh`y bn﬋mns fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ks k mkturkg psydlhgh`fdkg prhdnss
he shdfkg gnkrmfm` he kbkptktfhm, bnvnghpcnmt kmb bnenmdn, kmb snns ft ks km fmbfvfb-
ukg‖s nchtfhmkg kttkdlcnmt th pnrshm(s) wlnrn tln fmbfvfbukg kssucns kmb kbhpts
dlkrkdtnrf
dlkrkdt nrfstfds
stfds he tln htlnr kmb dlkm`ns
dlkm `ns dhcpgntngy hr pkrtgy
pkr tgy,, kddhrbfm` th tln chbng
kmb hjindt he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm. Kgtlhu`l psydlhgh`y trnkts fbnmtf﬋dktfhm prfckrfgy
prfckr fgy fm
tln dhmtnxt he fmtnrpnrshmkg luckm rngktfhmslfps, ft kgsh phsfts tlkt fmbfvfbukgs bnkg
wftl bf﬏nrnmt typns he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm. Fm tlhsn dksns wn krn ekdnb wftl km kppgfdktfhm
he prfckry fbnmtf﬋dktfhm pkttnrms tlkt krn fmlnrnmt th luckms kmb dghsngy rngktnb
th tlnfr fmstfmdts wlfdl bnvnghp kt tln nkrgfnst stk`n he luckm gfen. Ks sudl, fbnmtf-
﬋dktfhm lks fcphrtkmt n﬏ndts hm tln tlfmafm` kmb jnlkvfhur he fmbfvfbukgs, jhtl fm
rngktfhm th tlncsngvns kmb th tln nmtfty wftl wlfdl tlny fbnmtfey.
Fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fs snnm ks k cnkms ehr dhmstrudtfhm kmb ckmfpugktfhm he km fmbf-
vfbukg‖s hwm fbnmtfty. Km fmbfvfbukg brkws lfs/lnr hwm (shdfkg) fbnmtfty erhc shdfkg
fbnmtf﬋dktfhms wftl bf﬏nrnmt dktn`hrfns tlkt krn chst hetnm nmtfrngy dhmdrntn, jut
dkm kgsh jn vnry kjstrkdt `rhups he pnhpgn. _lysfdkg prnsnmdn fm tln `rhup fs nstkj-
gfslnb ks k ekdthr tlkt strnm`tlnms shdfkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm, jut fs mht k mndnsskry dhm-
bftfhm ehr fbnmtf﬋dktfhm. Rln enngfm` he k pnrshm tlkt ln/sln fs k cncjnr he k dkt-
n`hry (hr k bnsfrn th jndhcn k cncjnr) fs nmhu`l ehr tln prhdnss he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm.
Fm dhcjfmktfhm wftl shdfkg dktn`hrfzktfhm, wlfdl fs k prhdnss he krrkm`fm` kmb
rkmafm` tln shdfkg nmvfrhmcnmt, shdfkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fs k dhmtfmuhus kmb sphm-
tkmnhus prhdnss. Rlnrn dkm jn ks ckmy shdfkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhms ks tlnrn krn dktn`hr-
fns, kchm` wlfdl km fmbfvfbukg dkm dlhhsn kmb enng hmn wftl. Fbnmtf﬋dktfhms krn
dhmtnxtukg, mhm-﬋xnb,
mhm-﬋xnb, rngktnb lfnrkrdlfdkggy wftl hmn kmhtlnr, mht mndnsskrfgy
mndnsskr fgy sym-
dlrhmhus, kmb bfstfm`ufslnb kddhrbfm` th tln strnm`tl kmb sycjhgfd cnkmfm` tlny
lkvnn ehr km fmbfvfbukg kmb lfs/lnr fbnmtfty.
lkv fbnmtfty. Fbnmtf﬋dktfhms krn fm k dghsn rngktfhmslfp
wftl luckm snge-fck`n kmb snge-rnspndt.
Jnsfbns jnfm` k cndlkmfsc ehr tln dhmstrudtfhm he fbnmtfty, fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fs
 kgsh hmn he tln fcphrtkmt prhdnssns he shdfkg fm﬊unmdn. Jy `nttfm` pnhpgn th fbnm-
tfey wftl hur nmtfty, wn fm﬊unmdn chrn nksfgy tln dlkm`n he hpfmfhms, jngfnes kmb
jnlkvfhurs, jndkusn tln chrn k pnrshm fbnmtf﬋ns wftl shcnjhby hr shcntlfm`,
tln chrn susdnptfjgn tlny krn th tlnfr su``nstfhms. Rln prhdnss he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
fs jksnb hm tln gfanmnss pnrdnfvnb jy km fmbfvfbukg jntwnnm lfc/lnrsnge kmb km

Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ;06

hjindt. Rln `rnktnr

` rnktnr tln pnrdnfv
pnrdnfvnb
nb sfcfgkrfty
sfcfg krfty,, tln nksfnr tln prhdnss he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
kmb dhmsnqunmtgy tln fm﬊unmdn fs strhm`nr. Rlus, fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fm﬊unmdns jnlkv-
fhurkg bfsphsftfhms kmb tln jnlkvfhur he fmbfvfbukgs, nspndfkggy fm tln snmsn he tlnfr
phsftfvn rnsphmsns kmb rnkdtfhms th nmtftfns wftl wlfdl
w lfdl tlny fbnmtfey
fbnmtfey.. Km nmtfty wftl

wlfdl k pnrshmkmb
tlnfr tlhu`lts fbnmtf﬋ns jndhcns
fm jnlkvfhur. k pkrt
Tudl heshm
tlfsrnsphmbs
k pnrshm
pnr pnrshm, th
wlh ekvhurs
nvnmts tlkttlkt nmtfty th
lkppnmnb fm
shcnhmn ngsn ks fe tlny lkppnmnb th lfc/lnr (Ak`km ;6><,;6><, :6<).

;;.: Fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
Fbnmtf﬋dktfhmss fm tln whra nmvfrhmcnmt
nmvfrhmcnmt
K bfsdussfhm hm fbnmtf﬋dktfhm he fmbfvfbukgs fm rngktfhm th tlnfr whra nmvfrhm-
cnmt kmb tln dhcpkmy wftl wlfdl tlny krn fm km ncpghycnmt rngktfhmslfp cust
tkan fmth dhmsfbnrktfhm tln ckmy bf﬏nrnmt hjindts he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm kmb tlnrnehrn
bfvnrsf﬋nb fbnmtf﬋dktfhms he km fmbfvfbukg. “Fm tlnhry, tln prhdnss he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
jn`fms sfcpgy wftl amhwfm` tlkt hmn fs k cncjnr he km hr`kmfzktfhm‖ (Jkrtng kmb
Butthm :??;fs, ;;>).
:??;,
cncjnrslfp gnss k Lhwnvnr,
qunstfhm hedhmtncphrkry vfnws
jnfm` fm hr hut he kmncplksfzn tlkt tlkm
hr`kmfzktfhm hr`kmfzktfhmkg
amhwfm`
wlnm kmb th wlkt bn`rnn hmn fs k cncjnr (Jkrtng kmb Butthm :??;, :??; , ;;5) kmb
th wlkt nxtnmt kmb hm wlkt jksfs tlny fbnmtfey wftl k spndf﬋d nmtfty hr dktn`hry.
_hssfjgn hjindts hr gnvngs he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftlfm tln whra nmvfrhmcnmt krn prh-
enssfhm, umfhm, dh-whranrs, whra pgkdn, whra `rhups, rnenrnmdn `rhups, suj`rhups,
tksas, whra bnpkrtcnmt, lfnrkrdlfdkg gnvng, erfnmbgy `rhups, bnch`rkplfd `rhups,
ckmk`ncnmt, dhmsucnrs, hwmnrs kmb htlnr slkrnlhgbnrs, kmb nvnm tln strktn`fns,
`hkgs kmb `nh`rkplfd umfts he tln hr`kmfzktfhm (Znfdlnrs ;6<>1
;6<>1 Tdhtt ;6601
;6601 Zussh
;66<11 Jlkttkdlkryk kmb Tnm :??41
;66< :??41 Dhmmku`lthm kmb Bkgy :??2).
:??2). Fm hrbnr th sud-
dnsseuggy umbnrstkmb kmb ckmk`n fbnmtf﬋dktfhm, ft fs mht sh fcphrtkmt th amhw
kgg tln dktn`hrfns kmb hjindts he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm, jut th umbnrstkmb tlnfr sfcugtkm-
nhusmn ss, dhmsfstnmdy
nhusmnss, dhmsfstnmd y, dhcpkt
dhcpktfjfg
fjfgfty
fty hr
h r dhcpntftfvnmnss.
dh cpntftfvnmnss. Chrrhw ( ;6<:
;6<:)) kmb Zussh
(;66<
;66<),), kmb Znfdlnrs (;6<>
(;6<>)) jnehrn tlkt, phsft tlkt fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fs mht km kgg-hr-
mhtlfm` plnmhcnmhm, kgtlhu`l ft fs phssfjgn tlkt hmn ehrc he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm dhugb
jn fm dhm﬊fdt wftl kmhtlnr, ehr nxkcpgn, hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm dhugb fmtnr-
enrn wftl tln prhenssfhmkg hmn.
Rlkt fs wly k bfstfmdtfhm cust jn ckbn jntwnnm sftuktnb fbnmtf󿬋dktfhm kmb
bnnp strudturn fbnmtf󿬋dktfhm (Zussh ;66<). ;66<). Ckng kmb Kslehrtl (:??;
(:??;)) su``nst
tlkt wn dkm bfstfm`ufsl jntwnnm tln twh kddhrbfm` th tln drftnrfk he pnrckmnmdn
kmb stkjfgfty.
stkjfgfty. Tftuktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fs k rnsugt he fmbfvfbukgs‖ pnrdnptfhm he cutukg
jnmn﬋ts hr k mnnb ehr ihfmt kdtfhms fm hrbnr th kdlfnvn k spndf﬋d, cutukggy bnsfrnb
n﬏ndt, kmb fs tfcn-spndf﬋d. Ttrudturkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhms krn pnrckmnmt
pnr ckmnmt kmb kddhcpkmy
kd dhcpkmy
rngktfhmslfps tlrhu`l tfcn kmb fm dlkm`fm`
dlkm` fm` dfrducstkmdns.
Kslehrtl kmb Ihlmshm (:??;
(:??;)) nxpgkfm tln rngktfhmslfp kchm` bf﬏nrnmt kspndts
he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm jy fmtrhbudfm` tln drftnrfhm he fcphrtkmdn tlkt bn﬋mns lfnrkrdly
fm rngktfhmslfps kchm` fbnmtf﬋dktfhm. Rln fcphrtkmdn
fcphrtkm dn he k spndf﬋d fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
fbnmtf﬋d ktfhm fs
bn﬋mnb jy tln sujindtfvn cnkmfm` kmb sftuktfhmkg rngnvkmdn (Kslehrtl :??;).
:??;).

;<? Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm

K sujindtfvngy fcphrtkmt fbnmtfty fs hmn tlkt fs lf`lgy dnmtrkg th km fmbfvfbukg‖s

`ghjkg hr dhrn snmsn he snge hr fs htlnrwfsn lf`lgy rngnvkmt th lfs hr lnr `hkgs,
vkguns, hr htlnr any kttrfjutns. K sftuktfhmkggy rngnvkmt fbnmtfty fs hmn tlkt fs
shdfkggyy kpprhprfktn
shdfkgg kpprhprfk tn th k `fvnm dhmtnxt.Plnrnks sujindtfvn fcphrtkmdn
fcphrtkm dn fs bn﬋mnb

jy fmtnrmkg prnenrnmdns, sftuktfhmkg rngnvkmdn fs bn﬋mnb jykmb

(Kslehrtl nxtnrmkg mhrcs.
Ihlmshm :??;, 4:)
:??;,

Kddhrbfm` th fcphrtkmdn, Kslehrtl kmb k mb Ihlmshm (:??;

( :??;)) dgkssfey hr`kmfzktfhm-rngktnb
fbnmtf﬋dktfhms fmth twh ckihr `rhups dkggnb mnstnb kmb drhss-duttfm` fbnmtf﬋dk-
tfhms. Fm tln `fvnm hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhmtnxt, fmbfvfbukgs sngndt kchm` tlnc kmb phs-
ftfhm tlncsngvns kmb htlnrs fmth tlnc. Kgtlhu`l Kslehrtl kmb Ihlmshm prfckrfgy
dhmdnmtrktn hm hr`kmfzktfhmkg
hr`kmf zktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhms,
fbnmtf﬋dktf hms, tlny su``nst tlkt wn dkm kgsh trnkt fm
k sfcfgkr wky fbnmtf﬋dktfhms tlkt krn jnyhmb tln mkrrh
mkr rhw
w hr`kmfzktfhmkg
hr`kmfzktfh mkg erkcnwhra.
Kslehrtl kmb Ihlmshm (:??;
(:??;,, 4;—2;) dgkssf﬋nb mnstnb fbnmtf﬋dktfhms erhc lf`l-
hrbnr th ghw-hrbnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhms. Nxkcpgns he lf`l-hrblf`l-hrbnr nr fbnmtf󿬋dktfhms krn
fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftl tln wlhgn hr`kmfzktfhm kmb k bfvfsfhm wftlfm km hr`kmfzktfhm,
wlnrnks ghw-hrbnr fbnmtf󿬋dktfhms krn rngktnb th whra kmb whra `rhups. Fmsfbn
km hr`kmfzktfhm, mnstnb fbnmtf﬋dktfhms krn dhmmndtnb th ehrckg shdfkg dktn`hr-
fns fmstftutfhmkgfznb fm tln hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhmtnxt (n.`. fmbfvfbukg ngncnmts he tln
hr`kmfzktfhm‖s ehrckg strudturn dkm jn fmbnpnmbnmt hjindts he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm). Ft fs
dlkrkdtnrfstfd he mnstnb fbnmtf﬋dktfhms tlkt tlny “ehrc k cnkms-nmb dlkfm fm tlkt k
`fvnm fbnmtfty fs jhtl tln cnkms th k lf`lnr hrbnr fbnmtfty kmb tln nmb he k ghwnr
hrbnr fbnmtfty‖ (Kslehrtl kmb Ihlmshm :??;,:??;, 4:). Fm tlfs snmsn, fbnmtf﬋dktfhms krn
mnstnb hmn fm kmhtlnr.
Ghw-hrbnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhms bh mht dhmtkfm
d hmtkfm lf`l-hrbnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhms.
fbnmtf﬋dktf hms.Fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
rngktns th wlntlnr km fmbfvfbukg cnnts k vnry dhmdrntn dhmbftfhm. Ehr tlfs rnk-
shm, ghw-hrbnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhms krn nxpgfdftgy nxdgusfvn fm dhcpkrfshm th lf`l-hrbnr
fbnmtf﬋dktfhms tlkt krn, jy bn﬋mftfhm, fmdgusfvn jndkusn tlny fmdgubn kgg ghw-hrbnr
fbnmtf﬋dktfhms. Rlfs phstugktns tlkt km fmbfvfbukg dkm fbnmtfey wftl km hr`kmfzktfhm
rn`krbgnss he lfs/lnr phsftfhm, whra hr whra `rhup. Lhwnvnr, km fmbfvfbukg dkm
lkrbgy fbnmtfey wftl
w ftl whra tlkt ln/sln bfb mht, bhns mht kmb wfgg mht bh. Ghw-hrbnr
fbnmtf﬋dktfhms krn chrn dhmdrntn
dhmd rntn tlkm lf`l-hrbnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhms, wlfdl krn kjstrkdt
jndkusn tlny fmdgubn bfvnrsf﬋nb typns he ghw-hrbnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhms. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg
fbnmtftfns krn tlnrnehrn bn﬋mnb chrn hr gnss umfvnrskggy kmb krn chstgy rngktnb th
tln jksfd vkguns kmb cfssfhm he km hr`kmfzktfhm. Ft lks jnnm nstkjgfslnb tlkt tln
gkr`nr kmb chrn bfvnrsf﬋nb km hr`kmfzktfhm fs, tln chrn kjstrkdt krn fts fbnmtfty
kmb rngktnb fbnmtf﬋dktfhms. Hwfm` th tlnfr kjstrkdt mkturn, tln fm﬊unmdn he lf`lnr
hrbnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhms fs chrn fmbfrndt kmb ghm` tnrc fm dhcpkrfshm th tln n﬏ndts
he ghw-hrbnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhms tlkt eumdtfhm bfrndtgy wftl slhrt-tnrc n﬏ndts, kmb
 krn tlnrnehrn prhxfckg. Plfgn lf`l-hrbnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhms rnprnsnmt k jksfd psydlh-
gh`fdkg erkcnwhra bn﬋mnb jy shcn any
any `ufbngfmns tlkt bfrndt tln eumdtfhmfm`
eumdtfhmf m` he km
fmbfvfbukg, ghw-hrbnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhms rnprnsnmt km hpnrktfhmkgfzktfhm kmb dhmdrntn
fmstrudtfhms he tln skcn psydlhgh`fdkg erkcnwhra. Ghw-hrbnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhms krn

Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ;<;

chrn sujindtfvngy fcphrtkmt kmb sftuktfhmkggy rngnvkmt ehr km fmbfvfbukg tlkm lf`l-
hrbnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhms. Lhwnvnr, hr`kmfzktfhms lkvn thhgs th ckan lf`l-hrbnr fbnm-
tf﬋dktfhms nqukggy hr nvnm chrn fcphrtkmt tlkm ghw-hrbnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhms (Kgjnrt
kmb Plnttnm ;6<>
;6<>).
).
Drhss-duttfm` fbnmtf󿬋dktfhms fmdgubn dktn`hrfns tlkt krn nftlnr ehrckg hr
fmehrckg.

Ehrckg drhss-duttfm` shdfkg dktn`hrfns cky fmdgubn dhccfttnns, tksa ehrdns,

ghdkg umfhms, kmb sh hm, wlnrnks fmehrckg dktn`hrfns cky fmdgubn erfnmb-
slfp dgfquns, dhcchm fmtnrnst shdfkg `rhups, bnch`rkplfd dgustnrs, kmb sh
hm. Rlny cky jn nxtnrmkg th tln hr`kmfzktfhm
hr`kmfzktfh m kmb hvnrgkp hmgy pkrtfkggy
pkrtfkg gy wftl
cncjnrslfp fm tln hr`kmfzktfhm ftsnge. Drhss-duttfm` fbnmtftfns krn kmkgh`hus
th ghwnr hrbnr fbnmtftfns fm tlkt tlny tnmb th jn rngktfvngy nxdgusfvn, dhmdrntn
kmb prhxfckg.
(Kslehrtl kmb Ihlmshm :??;,
:??;, 2;)

Lhw fcphrtkmt fbnmtf﬋dktfhms krn ehr km fmbfvfbukg vkrfns kddhrbfm` th tlnfr dur-
rnmt sujindtfvn cnkmfm` kmb sftuktfhmkg rngnv
rngnvkmdn.
kmdn. Fbnmtf﬋dktfhms rnkdl jnyhmb ehr-
ckg dktn`hrfns
dktn`hr fns kmb jntwnnm vkrfhus
vkrfhu s gnvngs he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm.
Kslehrtl kmb Ihlmshm (:??;
(:??;)) dgkfc tlkt ft fs bnsfrkjgn tlkt tlnrn jn ks enw dhm-
trkbfdtfhms ks phssfjgn kchm` bf﬏nrnmt
bf﬏ nrnmt ehrcs he fbnmtf﬋dktfhms. Rln chrn tlkt drhss-
duttfm` fbnmtftfns krn gfmanb th ehrckg fbnmtf﬋dktfhms, tln `rnktnr tln dhm`rufty
kchm` tlnc, kmb tln lkrbnr ft fs th snpkrktn tlnc. Rlfs plnmhcnmhm fs dkggnb tln
`nmnrkgfzktfhm he tln fbnmtf﬋dktfhm,
fbnmtf﬋d ktfhm, kmb rnbudns tln bf﬏nrnmdns jntwnnm ehrckg kmb
fmehrckg pkrts. Kslehrtl kmb Ihlmshm‖s
Ihlmshm‖s chbng (:??; :??;)) dhmvnys
dhmvnys km fcphrtkmt
f cphrtkmt cnssk`n
tlkt bf﬏nrnmt fbnmtf﬋dktfhms dkm hvnrgkp kmb nxfst sfcugtkmnhusgy fm hmn pnrshm,
rn`krbgnss he wlntlnr tlny krn ghw- hr lf`l-hrbnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhms.
Buanrfdl nt kg. (;66<
;66<)) su``nst bfsdussfm` tln hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
tlrhu`l tln usn he hrtlh`hmkg bfcnmsfhm, ﬋rcgy puttfm` dhcpgntn fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
hm hmn sfbn he tln nquktfhm, kmb fts dhumtnrpkrt, bfs-fbnmtf﬋dktfhm, hm tln hpphs-
ftn sfbn. Ngsjkdl kmb Jlkttkdlkryk (:??;
( :??;11 snn kgsh Jlkttkdlkryk kmb Ngsjkdl :??:) :??: )
lkvn kddhrbfm`gy mhtnb tlkt fm tln skcn wky tlkt fmbfvfbukgs dkm bn﬋mn tlnfr snge-
fck`n tlrhu`l tln snmsn he hmnmnss wftl km k m hr`kmfzktfhm, tlny
tlny dkm kgsh drnktn ft jy
bfstfm`ufslfm` kmb bf﬏nrnmtfktfm` tlncsngvns erhc tln hr`kmfzktfhm. Fm tln whrbs
he Ngsjkdl kmb Jlkttkdlkryk9 “fmbfvfbukgs shcntfcns ﬋mb ft nksfnr th bn﬋mn tlnc-
sngvns tlrhu`l
tlrhu`l tln shdfkg `rhups tlny bh mht jnghm` th tlkm tlhsn th wlfdl tlny bh
jnghm`‖ (Ngsjkdl kmb Jlkttkdlkryk
Jlkttkd lkryk :??;,
:??;, 462). Jksnb hm dksn
d ksn stuby
stub y kmkgysns,
kmkgy sns, Ngsjkd
Ngsjkdll
kmb Jlkttkdlkryk (:??;
(:??;,, 460) bn﬋mn hr`kmfzktfhmkg bfs-fbnmtf󿬋dktfhm ks k snge-
pnrdnptfhm tlkt fs jksnb hm9
• k dh`mftfvn snpkrktfhm jntwnnm hmn‖s
hmn‖s fbnmtfty kmb hmn‖s pnrdnptfhm he tln fbnm-
tfty he km hr`kmfzktfhm1 kmb
• k mn`ktfvn rngktfhmkg dktn`hrfzktfhm he hmnsnge kmb tln hr`kmfzktfhm.

;<: Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm

Tudl k bn﬋mftfhm fcpgfns tlkt hr`kmfzktfhmkg bfs-fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fs fmbfdktnb jy tln

gnvng th wlfdl km fmbfvfbukg bn﬋mns lfs/lnrsnge ks shcnhmn tlkt bhns mht slkrn tln
skcn hr sfcfgkr kttrfjutns tlkt krn typfdkg he km hr`kmfzktfhm. Tudl bn﬋mftfhm kgsh
fcpgfns k rngktfhmslfp hr k rngktfhmkg dktn`hrfzktfhm jntwnnm km fmbfvfbukg kmb km
hr`kmfzktfhm tlkt lks k mn`ktfvn
Eurtlnr, ft bfstfm`ufslns ehrc (fm tlnerhc
bfs-fbnmtf﬋dktfhm snmsndh`mftfvn
he dhcpntftfhm,
kpktly, kbvnrskry, ntd.).k
wlfdl fs kgsh
stkmdn tlkt km fmbfvfbukg dkm lkvn thwkrb km hr`kmfzktfhm, kmb hddurs fe km fmbf-
vfbukg bhns mht ckan dhmmndtfhms hr bfstfmdtfhms jntwnnm lfs/lnr hwm fbnmtfty
kmb km hr`kmfzktfhm. Ngsjkdl kmb Jlkttkdlkryk (:??; (:??;)) dkgg tlfs plnmhcnmhm mht-
fbnmtf﬋dktfhm.
Bfs-fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fs kgsh bf﬏nrnmt erhc bn-fbnmtf󿬋dktfhm tlkt fs bn﬋mnb jy
Kslehrtl ks “sngndtfvngy bnmyfm` hr ehr`nttfm` tlhsn kspndts he k prnvfhusgy vkgunb
fbnmtfty tlkt fcpnbn chjfgfzktfhm thwkrb k mnw fbnmtfty‖ (Kslehrtl ;66<, ;66< , :;<), kmb
fs fcphrtkmt nspndfkggy wlnm
w lnm (rn)dhmstrudtfm` k (mnw) fbnmtf﬋dktfhm (Dlrnfc :??;).:??;).
Ks phfmtnb hut jy _rktt (:??;
(:??;),
), bfs-fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fs mht tln jrnkafm` he km fbnmtf﬋-
dktfhm, jut
jut rktlnr “fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftl k snt he vkguns kmb jngfnes tlkt krn kmtftlntfdkg
th tlhsn he k `rhup‖ (_rktt :??;,
:??;, :?1 snn kgsh Dlrnfc :??;),
:??;), hr fm htlnr whrbs, dhm-
trkry th tlhsn he tln hr`kmfzktfhm.
Bfs-fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fs bf﬏nrnmt erhc fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fm tln snmsn tlkt ft fs ehdusnb
hm bf﬏nrnmdns jntwnnm km fmbfvfbukg kmb km hr`kmfzktfhm, rktlnr tlkm hm sfcfgkr-
ftfns. _rktt (:??;
(:??;)) mhtns tlkt, jnsfbn bfs-fbnmtf﬋dktfhms, tlnrn krn kgsh dhm﬊fdtfm`
hr dhmtrkbfdthry fbnmtf﬋dktfhms (Ngsjkdl ;666).
;666). Rlnsn hddur
hdd ur wlnm
w lnm fmbfvfbukgs krn
“jhtl kttrkdtnb th kmb rnpugsnb jy tlnfr hr`kmfzktfhm‖ (_rktt :??;,
:??;, :?).

;;.4 Dhrphrktn kmb `rhup

`rhup fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
fbnmtf﬋dktfhm he ncpghynns
Ncpghynn—hr`kmfzktfhm fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fs kr`ukjgy hmn he tln chst fcphrtkmt
ehrcs he fbnmtf﬋dktfhms fm tln whra nmvfrhmcnmt. Ft fs bn﬋mnb ks km fmbfvfbukg‖s
pnrdnptfhm
pnrdnpt fhm he hmnmnss wftl tln hr`kmfzktfhm kmb tln nxpnrfnmdn he tln hr`kmfzk-
tfhm‖ss suddnss kmb
tfhm‖ k mb ekfgurns
ek fgurns ks hmn‖
hmn ‖s hwm (Ckng kmb Kslehrtl ;66:
; 66:).
). Hr`kmfzktfhmkg
fbnmtf󿬋dktfhm fs k dh`mftfvn dhmmndtfhm jntwnnm km fmbfvfbukg kmb km hr`kmfzk-
tfhm fm wlfdl km fmbfvfbukg snns lfc- hr lnrsnge fm dghsn psydlhgh`fdkg dhmmndtfhm
th tln hr`kmfzktfhm‖s ektn (Pkm-Lu``fms nt kg. ;66<). ;66<). Fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fs tlnrnehrn
snnm ks k “dhccumfdktfvn prhdnss tlrhu`l wlfdl fmbfvfbukgs nftlnr kgf`m tlnc-
sngvns wftl hr bfstkmdn tlncsngvns erhc hmn hr jhtl he tln tkr`nts/shurdns he
fbnmtfty‖ (Gkrshm kmb _nppnr :??4),:??4), wlfdl krn, fm tlfs dhmtnxt, fmtnrwhvnm rnkgftfns
he tln dhcpkmy, sudl ks k `rhup he dh-whranrs kmb/hr dhcpkmfns ks shdfkg hr
whrafm` nmtftfns. Rln dnmtrkg fssun he tln ncpghynn—hr`kmfzktfhm fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fs
 tln nxtnmt th wlfdl km fmbfvfbukg bn﬋mns lfc- hr lnrsnge tlrhu`l km hr`kmfzktfhm,
nftlnr ks k pkrt he k `rhup he dh-whranrs, ks k pkrt he tln shdfkg nmtfty, hr ks k pkrt
he jhtl. Fm htlnr whrbs, tln nxtnmt th wlfdl km fmbfvfbukg umbnrstkmbs, enngs kmb
bnsdrfjns km hr`kmfzktfhm (ks km nmtfty kmb/hr k dhccumfty he pnhpgn) ks k pkrt he
lfc- hr lnrsnge (Butthm nt kg. ;662).
;662).

Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ;<4

Rlfs cnkms tlkt fm tnrcs he dhcpkmfns hr htlnr ehrckg

ehr ckg hr`kmfzktfhms, k bfstfmdtfhm
cust jn ckbn jntwnnm `rhup kmb dhrphrktn fbnmtf﬋dktfhm. @rhup fbnmtf󿬋dktfhm fs
fbnmtf﬋dktfhm he km fmbfvfbukg wftl dh-whran
dh-whranrs
rs kmb
k mb tln dhcpkmy‖
dhcpkmy‖ss ncpghynns,
ncpghynns, kmb fs
bn﬋mnb ks tln fmbfvfbukg‖s pnrdnptfhm he slkrnb kttrfjutns wftl tln `rhup he pnhpgn,
wlfdl
dnptfhmtln fmbfvfbukg
he hmnmnss jngfnvns
wftl hr wkmts
zktfhmthks jn
km hr`kmfzktfhm
hr`kmf k cncjnr
k `rhup he, hr(Ckng
he pnhpgn ks tlnkmb
fmbfvfbukg‖s pnr-).
Rntrfda ;66:
;66:).
_nhpgn fbnmtfey wftl dh-whranrs
dh-whranrs hr htlnr fmbfvfbukgs wlh eumdtfhm ks k `rhup ` rhup wftlfm
tln hr`kmfzktfhm hr fm dhmmndtfhm wftl ft. Dhrphrktn fbnmtf󿬋dktfhm fs bn﬋mnb fm
k sfcfgkr wky ks tln fmbfvfbukg‖s pnrdnptfhm he slkrnb kttrfjutns wftl tln dhcpkmy hr
dhcpkmy‖s fbnmtfty, hr ks tln fmbfvfbukg‖s pnrdnptfhm he hmnmnss wftl k dhcpkmy ks
k shdfkg nmtfty (Butthm nt kg. ;662).
;662). Fm tlfs dksn, wn tkga kjhut fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftl k
dhcpkmy,, wlfdl hpnrktns fm rngktfhm th km fmbfvfbukg ks
dhcpkmy k s k eumdtfhmfm`
eumdtfh mfm` umft1 k shrt he k
psnubh-pnrshm wftl wlhc km ncpghynn fs fm k cutukggy bnpnmbnmt rngktfhmslfp.
Fm tln kjhvn pkrk`rkpl, wn fmtrhbudnb twh bf﬏nrnmt kpprhkdlns th hr`kmfzk-
tfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm tlkt, kddhrbfm` th Kgvnsshm
Kgvnsshm (:???
:???), ), krn jksnb hm twh bf﬏nrnmt
prncfsns1 tln kspndt he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm jksnb hm tln fmstftutfhm, kmb tln dhccumfty
hr tln kspndt he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm jksnb hm tln dhccumfty (Jrnwnr (Jrnwnr kmb @krbmnr ;6651;665 1
Akptnfm kmb Pncpn :??:). :??:). Fm tln ﬋rst
﬋r st dksn, tln prfckry
pr fckry hjindt he ncpghy
ncpghynnnn fbnm-
tf﬋dktfhm fs f s tln dhrphrktn
dh rphrktn fbnmtfty
fbnmtfty,, wlfgn fm tln gkttnr ft fs tln `rhup fbnmtfty
fbnmtfty.. Fm tln
gkttnr dksn, fbnmtf﬋dktfhm tkans pgkdn tlrhu`l pnrshmkg fmtnrkdtfhms
f mtnrkdtfhms kchm` cncjnrs
he k `rhup (ghw-hrbnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhm) kmb fs vnry dhmdrntn. Fm tln ﬋rst dksn, fbnm-
tf﬋dktfhm dkm hddur fmbnpnmbnmtgy erhc pnrshmkg fmtnrkdtfhm kmb erhc dhlnsfhm
kchm` tln hr`kmfzktfhm‖s cncjnrs kmb fs cudl chrn kjstrkdt (Kslehrtl kmb Ckng
;6<611 Kgvnsshm :???).
;6<6 :???). Ft fs tlnrnehrn lf`l-hrbnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fm tln tnrcfmhgh`y
he Kslehrtl kmb Ihlmshm (:??; (:??;).
).
Plnm tryfm` th prhvfbn k bn﬋mftfhm he hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm, wn cust
dhmsfbnr jhtl ekdts — kmb ckan k bfstfmdtfhm jntwnnm tlnc — jndkusn tlny jhtl
nxnrt km fm﬊unmdn hm km ncpghynn hr hr`kmfzktfhm‖s cncjnr fm tln ehrc he twh
fmtnrdhmmndtnb rnkgftfns. Jhtl rnkgftfns he tln dhcpkmy — tln dhcpkmy ks k dhccu-
mfty he pnhpgn kmb tln dhcpkmy ks k shdfkg nmtfty — krn pnrdnfvnb sfcugtkmnhusgy
jy km fmbfvfbukg. Fm nvnrybky kdtfvftfns, tln hr`kmfzktfhm ks k `rhup he pnhpgn (dh-
whranrs)
whra nrs) fs fm prfckry
pr fckry ehdus. Lhw
Lhwnv nvnr,
nr, wlnm ckmk`fm`
ckmk` fm` pnrshmkg
pnr shmkg ckttnrs dhmmndtnb
th tln rngktfhmslfp wftl tln dhcpkmy kmb fts rnprnsnmtktfhm fm tln pujgfd, tln dhr-
phrktn fbnmtf﬋dktfhm `kfms `k fms tln uppnr lkmb.
Ft fs fcphrtkmt th bfstfm`ufsl jntwnnm
jntwnnm tln twh dktn`hrfns he hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnm-
tf﬋dktfhm jndkusn nkdl lks fts hwm n﬏ndts hm tln rnkgfty he km hr`kmfzktfhm (snn
Ef`urn ;;.;).
;;.;). Cnksurfm` tln twh dktn`hrfns he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm snpkrktngy dkm lngp us
sn`cnmt ncpghynns, wlfdl fs vnry usneug fmehrcktfhm ehr luckm rnshurdn ckmk`n-
cnmt. Erhc tln ckmk`nrfkg phfmt he vfnw, ft fs fcphrtkmt th dhmsfbnr wlfdl he tln
twh ehrcs he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm slhugb jn ncplksfznb kmb nxprnssnb chrn dgnkrgy fm hur
hwm hr`kmfzktfhm. Pn jngfnvn tlkt hr`kmfzktfhms wftlhut kmy `rhup kmb/hr dhrphr-
ktn fbnmtf﬋dktfhm dkmmht nxfst ehr ghm` fm sudl k ehrc. K dhcpkmy‖s ckmk`ncnmt
cust qunstfhm fts luckm rnshurdns phgfdfns kmb jn`fm th ncpghy sudl whranrs wlh
wfgg jn kjgn th fbnmtfey wftl tln dhcpkmy kmb/hr dhcpgntngy dlkm`n tln dhcpkmy‖s

;<2 Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm

@rhup fbnmtfefdktfhm

LF@L GHP

LF@L
Dhcpkmy jufgbs suddnss hm Dhcpkmy jufgbs suddnss hm
tln dhrphrktn dhccumfty tln dhrphrktn dhccumfty
Dhrphrktn
fbnmtfefdktfhm

Ghw ncpghynn prhbudtfvfty _rhjgncs, dhcpkmy s

GHP jrnkabhwm

EF@^ZN ;;.; Ehrcs he hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm

fbnmtf﬋dktfhm kmb tlnfr dhmsnqunmdns
dhmsnqunmdns ehr tln
dhcpkmy

fbnmtfty. Nmdhurk`fm` hmgy `rhup fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fm sckgg kmb cfbbgn nmtnrprfsns fs

mht rndhccnmbnb jndkusn ft dkm lkvn mn`ktfvn n﬏ndts hm tln hr`kmfzktfhm. Fm sudl
fmstkmdns, k `rhup fs vnry dhlnsfvn, kmb ncpghynns dhmsnqunmtgy pursun tln `hkgs he
tlnfr `rhup kmb mht tlhsn he tln hr`kmfzktfhm. Ncplksfznb `rhup fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fs
kgsh mht bnsfrkjgn fm tfcns he kdtfvn bhwmsfzfm` jndkusn ft dkm gnkb th k dhggndtfvn
rnsphmsn kmb rnvhgt he kgg cncjnrs he tln hr`kmfzktfhm. Hm tln htlnr lkmb, tln shgn
ncplksfs hm dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
fbnmtf﬋ dktfhm dkm kgsh
kg sh lkvn shcn mn`ktfvn n﬏ndts, sudl ks fmbf-

vfbukgfsc
whra kmb kmb nxk``nrktnb
rnbudns drnktfvftydhcpntfvnmnss kchm` ncpghynns,
tlkt fs k dhmsnqunmdn wlfdl wnkanms
he `rhup bymkcfds. tnkc-
Eurtlnrchrn,
ncpghynns wlh fbnmtfey nxdgusfvngy wftl tln dhrphrktn ngncnmt dkm lkvn k mn`ktfvn
n﬏ndt hm fmtnrpnrshmkg
fmtnr pnrshmkg rngktfhms
rngktf hms fm km hr`kmfzktfhm.
hr`kmfzktf hm. Jut bnspftn shcn mn`ktfvn n﬏ndts
he ncplksfznb dhrphrktn fbnmtf﬋dktfhm, hur rnsnkrdl (_hbmkr :??2) :??2 ) lks slhwm tlkt
dhrphrktn fbnmtf﬋dktfhm lks k sujstkmtfkg fm﬊unmdn hm shgfdftfm` rnsphmsns erhc erhc fmbf-
vfbukgs tlkt krn jnmn﬋dfkg ehr km hr`kmfzktfhm kmb fts `hkgs. Fm mhrckg dhmbftfhms,
jhtl bfcnmsfhms he hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm krn fm lkrchmy, sh tlkt k dhcpkmy
lks km hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccumfty tlkt fs jksnb hm tln dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn jrkmb, fm wlfdl dksn
hmn fbnmtf﬋dktfhm typn supphrts kmhtlnr. Rln dhcpkmy‖s ckmk`ncnmt cust kddhrb-
fm`gy bnvhtn fts kttnmtfhm th jhtl ehrcs he hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm.
 ;;.2 Dhmsucnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
Ehr km hr`kmfzktfhm, ft fs fcphrtkmt tlkt mht hmgy fts ehrckg cncjnrs, sudl ks
ncpghynns,
ncpghynns, jut kgsh nxtnrmkg
nxtnr mkg stkanlhgbnrs fbnmtfey wftl tln hr`kmfzktfhm. Dhmsucnrs

Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ;<>

krn tln chst prhcfmnmt nxkcpgn, kgtlhu`l tlny krn mht km hr`kmfzktfhm‖s ehrckg
cncjnrs. Dhmsucnrs dkm usn fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftl k dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb fts snckm-
tfds th bn﬋mn tlnfr snge-fck`n kmb dhccumfdktn ft th htlnrs. Ckrantfm` gftnrkturn
fbnmtf﬋ns ehur shurdns hm wlfdl k pnrshmkg rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm k dhcpkmy kmb k
dhmsucnr dkm hddur kmb ehrc k jksfs ehr dhmsucnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhm9
• jksfd vkguns
• slkrnb fbnmtfty trkfts
• dhcchm `hkgs
• sktfsekdtfhm he dhmsucnr mnnbs jy tln dhcpkmy.

K dhrphrktn jrkmb kmb htlnr dhcpkmfns‖ jrkmbs dkm pgky km fcphrtkmt rhgn fm skt-
fseyfm` tln mnnbs he fmbfvfbukgs ehr k snmsn he k stkjgn snge-fck`n, bfstfmdtfhm erhc
htlnrs, gfankjfgfty kmb jnghm`fm`. Km fmbfvfbukg dkm kdlfnvn k stkjgn, gkstfm` kmb
dhmsfstnmt snge-fck`n jy cnkms he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftl sudl k jrkmb tlkt fs pnr-
dnfvnb ks lkvfm` fbnmtfty trkfts tlkt krn dhm`runmt wftl lfs/lnr pnrshmkg kttrfjutns.
Hetnm, tln umfqunmnss he km fmbfvfbukg fs dhmstrudtnb
dhmstr udtnb hm tlnsn pnrdnfvnb sfcfgkrftfns,
jndkusn jrkmbs dkm lngp sktfsey luckm mnnbs ehr bf﬏nrnmtfktfhm tlrhu`l tlnfr usn
he hrf`fmkg pnrshmkg sthrfns. Rln chrn km fmbfvfbukg rndh`mfzns tln hrf`fmkgfty he k
jrkmb, tln nksfnr dkm ln/sln fbnmtfey wftl ft kmb k mb usn tln jrkmb ehr ncplksfzfm` lfs/
lnr hwm fmbfvfbukgfty fm rngktfhm th htlnr pnhpgn kmb jrkmbs. Rln jrkmb wlfdl k
pnrshm fbnmtf﬋ns wftl jndhcns k cnkms he kttrkdtfm` kbcfrktfhm kmb rndh`mftfhm
erhc htlnrs. Jndkusn fmbfvfbukgs enng k mnnb th lkvn k phsftfvn snge-fck`n, tlny dhm-
mndt tlncsngvns wftl sudl jrkmbs, pnrshms kmb `rhups tlkt lkvn k phsftfvn pujgfd
fck`n. Cncjnrs he sudl `rhups hetnm lkvn fm dhcchm tln usn he k dnrtkfm jrkmb.
Fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftl k jrkmb nmkjgns fmbfvfbukgs th jndhcn pkrt pkr t he k `rhup
` rhup,, hr ft `fvns
tlnc k snmsn he jnghm`fm` th k dnrtkfm `rhup, wlfdl tlny dhccumfdktn hutwkrbs
tlrhu`l tln jrkmb tlkt umftns tln `rhup ` rhup.. Kt tln skcn tfcn, tln cncjnrslfp fm sudl
k `rhup nmkjgns bf﬏nrnmtfktfhm fm rngktfhm th htlnr fmbfvfbukgs tlkt krn mht cnc-
jnrs he tln `rhup
` rhup.. Rlfs ckans tln dfrdgn he tln fmbfvfbukg‖s
fmbfvfbukg‖s dhmstrudtfhm
dhmstr udtfhm he fbnmtfty
tlrhu`l fts pnrshmkg kmb shdfkg bfcnmsfhms dhcpgntn.
Dhrphrktn jrkmbs lkvn, sfcfgkr th snrvfdn kmb prhbudt jrkmbs, twh fcphrtkmt
eumdtfhms9 jnfm` km hjindt
hji ndt he pnrshmkg
pnrshmk g fbnmtf﬋dktfhm tlrhu`l k rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm
km fmbfvfbukg kmb k jrkmb kfcnb kt slkpfm` km fmbfvfbukg‖s umfqunmnss kmb pkrtfdu-
gkrfty1
gkr fty1 kmb jnfm` km hjindt he shdfkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm, wlfdl fs jksnb hm tln mnnb he km
fmbfvfbukg th jnghm` kmb fbnmtfey wftl k dhccumfty krhumb tln jrkmb. Plfgn tln
﬋rst dksn
d ksn ncplksfzns fmbfvfbukgfty
fmbfvfbukgf ty,, ft fs fm tln gkttnr
g kttnr dksn, sfcfgkr
sfcfgkrfty
fty wftl htlnrs, tlkt
tlkt
fs fm tln ehrn`rhumb. Lnrn, wn cust dhmsfbnr tln psydlhgh`fdkg gkw he sfcfgkrfty
phsftfm` tlkt tln dghsnr tln pnrdnfvnb sfcfgkrfty kmb dhmmndtfhm
d hmmndtfhm jntwnnm k dhcpkmy
kmb km fmbfvfbukg, tln chrn kttrkdtfvn wfgg km fmbfvfbukg ﬋mb tln dhcpkmy, kmb tln
nksfnr ft wfgg
w fgg jn ehr lfc/lnr th fbnmtfey wftl tln dhcpkmy.
dhcpkmy.
Ehurmfnr (;66<
(;66<)) stubfnb fm wlkt wky k dhrphrktn jrkmb dkm jn gn`ftfcfznb ks
k pkrtmnr fm fmtnrkdtfhm wftl km fmbfvfbukg kmb nstkjgfslnb tlkt ﬋rst wn mnnb th
bfsdhvnr lhw jrkmbs krn kmfcktnb, luckmfznb kmb pnrshmkgfznb. Ks ft lks jnnm

;<5 Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm

phfmtnb hut jnehrn fm tlfs jhha, rnsnkrdl slhws tlkt fmbfvfbukgs lkvn mh prhjgncs
wftl ksdrfjfm` luckm kttrfjutns th jrkmbs, rn`krbgnss he wlntlnr tlny krn prhbudt
jrkmbs (Gnvy ;6>61
;6>61 _guccnr ;6<>1
;6<>1 Kkanr ;660)
;660) hr dhcpkmfns (Bkvfs nt kg. :??:1
:??:1
_hbmkr :??2).
:??2). _nrshmf﬋dktfhm he fmkmfcktn hjindts fs, pkrtfdugkrgy, k jksfd prhdnss
tlkt nmkjgns
jrkmb. fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
Ehurmfnr
Ehurmfnr ;66<,, 42>)hebfsdussns
(;66< km fmbfvfbukg wftlprhdnssns
tlrnn jksfd km fmkmfcktn
hr wkyshjindt, sudlfmkmf-
fm wlfdl ks k
cktn hjindts `nt pnrshmf﬋nb
pnrshmf ﬋nb kmb fbnmtf﬋nb wftl.
wf tl.

• Rln ﬋rst wky fs th ﬋gg tln nmtfty wftl tln spfrft

spfr ft he tln pkst hr wftl tln prnsnmdn
he kmhtlnr pnrshm, jy cnkms he k dngnjrfty nmbhrsncnmt. Tudl pnhpgn kdt kmb
spnka fm tln mkcn he tln nmtfty th tln nmtfty‖
nmtfty‖ss jnmn﬋t.
• Rln sndhmb wky fs chrn fmtfcktn, jndkusn ft fmvhgvns k trkmsenr he pnrshmkg
dlkrkdtnrfstfds he pnhpgn dghsn th tln dhmsucnr (ekcfgy, erfnmbs) th tln nmtfty
ftsnge. Nxkcpgns fmdgubn jufgbfm` rngktfhmslfps wftl jrkmbs tlkt wnrn usnb jy
hur pkrnmts, `rkmbpkrnmts, jrkmbs tlkt wn usnb fm tln nkrgy dlfgblhhb, kmb
jrkmbs tlkt wn rndnfvnb ks k `fet.
• Rln tlfrb wky fs tlkt he k thtkg kmtlrhphchrplfzktfhm he km nmtfty ks sudl,
wlfdl fs chst hetnm stfcugktnb jy ckrantfm` dhccumfdktfhms kmb jy tln
fmtrfmsfd luckm fmdgfmktfhm th pnrshmfey tln fmkmfcktn whrgb.

Fm hrbnr th `nt pnhpgn th kmtlrhphchrplfzn jrkmbs, kmb th kdlfnvn tlnfr fbnmtf﬋-

dktfhm tlrhu`l kmtlrhphchrplfzktfhm, ckmy ckrantfm` thhgs lkv lkvnn jnnm bnv
bnvnghpnb,
nghpnb,
ehr nxkcpgn, strktn`fd thhgs, sudl ks phsftfhmfm` (Jlkt kmb Znbby :??;),:??; ), th chrn
spndf﬋d tndlmfquns he trkmsenrrfm` cnkmfm`s kmb dhmstrudtfm` ksshdfktfhm mntwhras
wftlfm ckrantfm` dhccumfdktfhms. Rln ncplksfs fs f s hm tln dhmstrudtfhm he tln bfe-
enrnmtfktnb dhmtnmts he tln jrkmb, wlfdl lkppnms fm tln ehgghwfm`
ehgg hwfm` wkys.
wkys.

• Pn dkm
mndtfhm
mndtf ncplksfzn
hm jntwnnm tlnsucnr
mhstkg`fd
k dhmsucnr
dhm km b vkgun
kmb hey.tln
km nmtfty
nmtft Pnjrkmb
try th jy strnssfm`
k rhusn
krhusn tln cnchrfns
pgnks kmt
pgnkskmt pkst dhm-
cnchr fns
kmb pkst enngfm`s fm dhmmndtfhm wftlw ftl tln nmtfty
nmtfty..
• Pn dkm dhmmndt k jrkmb wftl htlnr jrkmbs, pnhpgn, pgkdns, hr`kmfzktfhms, kdtfv-
ftfns, nvnmts hr fssuns jy cnkms he dhccumfdktfhm kmb vfsfjfgfty. Fm tlfs wky, wn
fm﬊unmdn tln fck`n he k jrkmb fm tln cfmb he k dhmsucnr. Lhwnvnr, tln snm-
shry kppnkg rngktfm` th tln vfsukg kttrkdtfvnmnss kmb htlnr qukgftfns he k jrkmb,
sudl ks tln thudl, tkstn, sdnmt kmb shumb he prhbudts, cust jn umbnr tln dhc-
pgntn dhmtrhg he k dhcpkmy. Erhc k strktn`fd phfmt he vfnw, ft fs vnry fcphrtkmt
tlkt k dhcpkmy rngnvkmtgy nstfcktns lhw stkanlhgbnrs enng kjhut ft kmb wkmt
th enng kjhut ft.
 Pn dkm ncplksfzn tln sycjhgfd vkgun he jrkmbs tlkt phssnss k shdfkg kmb stk
tus kppnkg kmb dkm lngp k dhmsucnr th dhmstrudt lfs/lnr hwm fbnmtfty. Tudl
nxkcpgns fmdgubn kbbfm` luckm kttrfjutns th nmtftfns, nftlnr fm k plysfdkg ehrc
(brkwfm` nyns
nyns hm dkrs),
dkr s), jy `fvfm` mkcns th tlfm`s, hr jy ksdrfjfm`
ksdr fjfm` jrkmbs wftl
wf tl
luckm kttrfjutns.

Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ;<0

• Km fcphrtkmt tndlmfqun fs fmtnrkdtfvfty, cnkmfm` tlkt km fmbfvfbukg `kfms pkr-

tfdfpktfhm tlrhu`l tln usn he k dnrtkfm jrkmb jy fmvnstfm`
fmvnstfm` psydlhgh`fdkg, nch-
tfhmkg kmb plysfdkg nmnr`y. Fmtnrkdtfvfty fs kdlfnvnb jy strnm`tlnmfm` km fmbf-
vfbukg‖s snmsn he dhmtrhg kmb dlhfdn. Ft fs fcphrtkmt tlkt km fmbfvfbukg kttkfms
kbrnkcs,
enngfm`hrtlkt tlntlnc
lngp jrkmbfm wfgg
kmy lngp
htlnrtlnc
wky thth rnkdl dnrtkfm
eug﬋g kmy tksas`hkgs, rnkgfzn tlnfr
hr cfssfhms tlny
cf`lt lkvn. Kt tln skcn tfcn, wn drnktn dfrducstkmdns tlkt supphrt tln mnnb
hr mndnssfty th lkvn k rngktfhmslfp wftl k dhcpkmy. Chrn prndfsngy, wn ncplk-
sfzn tlkt km fmbfvfbukg rnkggy dhugb mht ckmk`n wftlhut
w ftlhut k dnrtkfm
dnr tkfm prhbudt (n.`.
`gkssns, jndkusn tlny dkm‖t snn wftlhut tlnc) hr tlfma tlny dhugbm‖t ckmk`n
wftlhut tlnc (jndkusn ny nyn-`gkssns
n-`gkssns he k jrkmb \V cktdl tlnfr fck`n).
fck `n).

;;.> Jrkmb dhccumftfns

Jnsfbn pnrshmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftl
wf tl k dhcpkmy
d hcpkmy,, wn cust kgsh dhmsfbnr shdfkg fbnmtf-
﬋dktfhms erhc km fmbfvfbukg. Rlnrn krn ehur jksfd kpprhkdlns usnb jy dhcpkmfns th
strnm`tlnm tln shdfkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm he dhmsucnrs (^mbnrwhhb nt kg. :??;)9
:??;)9

• Hr`kmfzktfhm kmb ckmk`ncnmt he dhcchm nxpnrfnmdns fm rngktfhm th tln

dhcpkmy hr fts jrkmbs.
• Ncplksfzfm` dhcchm lfsthry kmb nxpnrfnmdn tlkt fmbfvfbukgs lkvn wftl k
dhcpkmy kmb fts jrkmbs.
• Rln usn he plysfdkg nvfbnmdn fm dhmmndtfhm wftl tln dhcpkmy kmb fts
snrvfdns.
• Zftukgs fm dhmmndtfhm wftl tln purdlksn kmb usn he tln dhcpkmy‖
dhcpkmy‖ss prhbudts.

Rlnsn ekdthrs strnm`tlnm tln shdfkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm he fmbfvfbukgs, wlfdl gnkbs th k

bfrndtnb dhccumfty drnktnb krhumb k dnrtkfm
dnr tkfm sycjhg kmb
k mb fts usnrs.
usnr s. K jrkmb dhc-
cumfty fs bn﬋mnb ks k “spndfkgfznb, mhm-`nh`rkplfdkggy jhumb dhccumfty, jksnb
hm k strudturnb snt he shdfkg rngktfhms kchm` kbcfrnrs he k jrkmb‖ (Cumfz kmb
H‖@ufmm :??;,
:??;, 2;:). Kt tln dnmtrn he tln dhccumfty fs k dhcpkmy, fts h﬏nr hr tln
dhcpkmy‖
dhcpk my‖ss jrkmbs
jrkmbs..
Cumfz kmb H‖@ufmm (:??; (:??;)) fbnmtf﬋nb tlrnn any dlkrkdtnrfstfds he jrkmb
dhccumftfns9

• jnghm`fm` th k `rhup tlkt fs tfnb th`ntlnr jy k jrkmb1

• prhvkjfgfty
prh vkjfgfty he rftukgs
rf tukgs kmb trkbftfhms surrhumbfm` k jrkmb1
• “enngfm` he hjgf`ktfhm‖ thwkrb tln `rhup kmb fts cncjnrs typfdkg he tln `rhup
 cncjnrs.

Ehr tln drnktfhm kmb eumdtfhmfm` he jrkmb dhccumftfns, mnftlnr plysfdkg dhmtkdts
mhr ehrckg cncjnrslfp he km hr`kmfzktfhm krn mndnsskry. Jnsfbns `rhups jksnb
hm plysfdkg cncjnrslfp kmb fmtnrkdtfhms jntwnnm cncjnrs, tlnrn krn kgsh jrkmb

;<< Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm

dhccumftfns tlkt krn fck`fmkry (Cumfz kmb H‖@ufmm :??;).

:??;). Rh jn k `rhup cnc-
jnr, km fmbfvfbukg cust hmgy enng tlkt ln/sln fs k cncjnr, tlkt fs wly sudl `rhups
dkm nxfst wlnm tlnrn krn kjshgutngy mh shdfkg dhmtkdts. Dkrgshm nt kg. (:??<
(:??<)) spnka
mht hmgy he shdfkg jut kgsh he psydlhgh`fdkg jrkmb dhccumftfns. Ehr sudl dhccu-
mftfns th ehrc,
tlkt ln/sln ft fs nmhu`l
fbnmtf﬋ns tlkt km
wf tl tlnc,
wftl jutfmbfvfbukg amhws hefgyhtlnr
bhns mht mndnsskrfgy
mndnsskr lkvn jrkmb-kbcfrnrs kmb
plysfdkg hr pnrshmkg
plysfdkg pnr shmkg
dhmtkdt wftl tlnc (Kmbnrshm ;6<4).
;6<4). Pn krn tkgafm` kjhut k dhccumfty tlkt nxfsts
fm tln cfmbs he dhmsucnrs, jut ehr tlnc ft fs ks rnkg ks k plysfdkg dhccumfty.
Jrkmb dhccumftfns tlkt nxfst jhtl fm plysfdkg ks wngg ks fm vfrtukg kmb psy-
dlhgh`fdkg nmvfrhmcnmts krn bn﬋mnb jy k dhcchm kttrfjutn, mkcngy tlkt sudl
dhccumftfns dkm hmgy krfsn krhumb k sfm`gn nmtfty kmb cust mht jn dhmeusnb wftl
lhch`nmhus sn`cnmts he gfenstygns hr wftl `rhups he dhmsucnrs wftl sfcfgkr hr
fbnmtfdkg purdlksn lkjfts, kmb krn mht th jn dhmeusnb wftl rnenrnmdn `rhups nftlnr.
Fm jrkmb dhccumftfns, tln hmgy gfma jntwnnm cncjnrs fs k dhcpkmy hr k jrkmb.
Plkt fs kgsh fcphrtkmt fs tlkt wftlfm jrkmb dhccumftfns, ft fs mht hmgy pnrshmkg
fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftl k dhcpkmy hr fts jrkmbs jut kgsh `rhup fbnmtf﬋dktfhm kchm`
dhccumfty cncjnrs, wlfdl ckans tln jrkmb dhccumfty k ehumbktfhm ehr km
fmbfvfbukg‖s shdfkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhms. Kgtlhu`l dhccumfty cncjnrs krn chst dhc-
chmgy “kdtfvn
“kdtfvn ghykgs‖ (@runm kmb Enr`ushm ;662 ;662)) kmb “lypnr-ghykgs‖ (CdKgnxkmbnr
kmb Tdlhutnm ;66<),
;66<), tln jnmn﬋ts he tlhsn dhccumftfns krn mht hmgy ehr dhcpkmfns
jut ehr cncjnrs ks wngg. Dhccumftfns dkm kdt ks k rnprnsnmtktfhm he dhmsucnrs,
wlfdl dkm, fm sudl k dhmstnggktfhm,
d hmstnggktfhm, lkv
lkvnn k strhm`nr phsftfhm fm
f m rngktfhmslfp wftl tln
jrkmb‖s hwmnrs tlkm tlny whugb lkvn fmbfvfbukggy. Ehr fmbfvfbukgs, jrkmb dhccu-
mftfns rnprnsnmt km fcphrtkmt shurdn he fmehrcktfhm, tlny supphrt tln dhmstrudtfhm
he tlnfr hwm fbnmtfty kmb shdfkg bfstfmdtfhm,
bfstfmdtf hm, rnprnsnmt km fcphrtkmt shurdn he shdfkg
shdf kg
fmtnrkdtfhm, ehrtfey sudl fmtnrkdtfhm, kmb h﬏nr k pgkdn ehr shdfkg wftlbrkwkg. Cumfz
kmb H‖@ufmm (:??;
(:??;)) dgkfcs tlkt tln rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm k jrkmb dhccumfty kmb
k jrkmb fs kmb cust jn twh-bfcnmsfhmkg kmb rndfprhdkg, jndkusn fm tln skcn wky
tlkt k jrkmb fm﬊unmdns fts dhmsucnrs
dhmsucnr s kmb tlnfr shdfkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm,
fbnmtf﬋d ktfhm, dhmsucnrs kgsh
fm﬊unmdn tln jrkmb kmb fts fbnmtfty.

;;.5 Neendts he hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm

fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
Ks Jkranr (;66<
(;66<)) puts ft, k dhcpkmy lks mh rnkshm th whrry kjhut tln nxtnmt th
wlfdl fts ncpghynns kmb htlnr stkanlhgbnrs fbnmtfey wftl ft. Rln dhmdnrm he tln
dhcpkmy fs th wlkt nxtnmt fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftl k dhcpkmy ckmfensts fm ncpghynns‖
kdtfhms tlkt fm﬊unmdn tln dhcpkmy. Jksnb hm tlfs, k dhcpkmy rnwkrbs hr pumfslns
tln ncpghynn (Jkranr ;66<,
;66<, :5?). Rlfs mhtfhm cky kgsh jn hmn he tln rnkshms wly
 sh ckmy tlnhrntfdkg dhmsfbnrktfhms kmb ncpfrfdk
ncpfrfdkgg stubfns lkvn jnnm ckbn th fmvns-
fmvns-
tf`ktn tln n﬏ndts he hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
f bnmtf﬋dktfhm hm kdtfhms he
h e ncpghynns
ncpghynns kmb htlnr
stkanlhgbnrs.
Ckng kmb Kslehrtl (:??;
(:??;)) wrftn tlkt fbnmtf﬋dktfhm dkm lkvn k phsftfvn fm﬊u-
nmdn hm km fmbfvfbukg‖s fcprhvncnmt
fcprhvncnmt he snge-fck`n, tln trkmsdnmbnmdn he tlnfr snge-

Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ;<6

dhmdnpt, tln cnkmfm` he tlnfr gfen, cnntfm` tln mnnbs he jnghm`fm`,

jnghm` fm`, kmb rkfsfm` tlnfr
kspfrktfhms kmb `hkgs. Kddhrbfm` th @gymm, “hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fs eumd-
tfhmkg, lngpfm` fmbfvfbukgs th ckan snmsn he tlnfr hr`kmfzktfhmkg nmvfrhmcnmt kmb
th ckfmtkfm phsftfvn shdfkg fbnmtftfns‖ (@gymm ;66<,
;66<, :2;). Jksnb hm tln shdfkg
sh dfkg fbnmtfty
fb nmtfty
tlnhry, Kslehrtl kmb Ckng (;6<6
(;6<6,, :>—:5) su``nst ehur ckfm dhmsnqunmdns he
hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf󿬋dktfhm ehr tln ncpghynns.

• Fmbfvfbukgs tnmb th dlhhsn kdtfvftfns dhm`runmt wftl skgfnmt kspndts he tlnfr

fbnmtftfns, kmb tlny supphrt tln fmstftutfhms ncjhbyfm` tlhsn fbnmtftfns. Rlus,
ft fs gfangy tlkt fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftl km hr`kmfzktfhm nmlkmdns supphrt ehr kmb
dhccftcnmt th ft.
• K sndhmb kmb rngktnb dhmsnqunmdn fs tlkt shdfkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm k﬏ndts tln hut-
dhcns dhmvnmtfhmkggy ksshdfktnb wftl `rhup ehrcktfhm, fmdgubfm` fmtrk`rhup
dhlnsfhm, dhhpnrktfhm kmb kgtrufsc, kmb phsftfvn nvkguktfhms he tln `rhup. Rlfs
cnkms tlkt hmn cky gfan htlnr `rhup cncjnrs, bnspftn tlnfr mn`ktfvn pnrshmkg
kttrfjutns, sfcpgy jy vfrtun he tln dhcchm cncjnrslfp.
• Fbnmtf﬋dktfhm kgsh cky nm`nmbnr fmtnrmkgfzktfhm he, kmb kblnrnmdn th, `rhup
vkguns kmb mhrcs
mhr cs kmb lhch`nmnfty fm kttftubns kmb jnlkvfhur.
• Ft fs gfangy tlkt shdfkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wfgg rnfmehrdn tln vnry kmtndnbnmts he fbnm-
tf﬋dktfhm, fmdgubfm` tln bfstfmdtfvnmnss he tln `rhup, `rhup prnstf`n, dhcpntf-
tfhm wftl htlnr `rhups, ntd.

Rln kjhvn `nmnrkg n﬏ndts he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ckmfenst fm shcn vnry spndf﬋d dhmsn-
qunmdns, mkcngy fm tln chtfvktfhm he ncpghynns, whra sktfsekdtfhm, n﬏ndtfvnmnss,
hr`kmfzktfhm-jnmn﬋dfkg bndfsfhms, eug﬋ggfm` tksas, rnbudfm` tln mucjnr he dhm-
﬊fdts, fmtnmsfeyfm` fmtnrkdtfhms jntwnnm ncpghynns, jnttnr prhvfsfhm he snrvfdns
snr vfdns kmb
kddnptfm` rhgns wftlfm km hr`kmfzktfhm (Dlnmny ;6<41;6<41 Butthm nt kg. ;662).
;662). _ntnrke
kmb Tlkmgny (;660
(;660)) phstugktnb tlkt hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm phsftfvngy fm﬊u-
nmdns dkpkdfty ehr tnkcwhra, ehstnrs nxdlkm`n he fmehrcktfhm kmb strnm`tlnms tln
rnputktfhm he `rhup
` rhup cncjnrs.
Eurtlnrchrn
Eurtlnr chrn,, hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
fbnmtf ﬋dktfhm fm﬊unmdns tln bndfsfhms
bndf sfhms he fmbfvfb-
ukgs kmb tlnfr ckafm` snmsn he km hr`kmfzktfhm fm sudl k ckmmnr tlkt tlnfr wky
he tlfmafm` jndhcns dhm`runmt wftl tln vkguns kmb `hkgs he k dhcpkmy (_rktt
:??;)) kmb fs dghsngy
:??; dg hsngy dhmmndtnb wftl tln fmbfvfbukg‖
fmbfvfbukg‖ss fmtnmtfhm he stkyfm` k cnc-
jnr he tln hr`kmfzktfhm. Rln jksfd `hkg th jn kdlfnvnb tlrhu`l hr`kmfzktfhmkg
fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fs k ghm`-tnrc dhccftcnmt th k dhcpkmy, fm tln wfbnst cnkmfm`
he tln tnrc dhccftcnmt, tlus kdlfnvfm` phsftfvn dhmsnqunmdns ehr tln dhcpkmy dhcpkmy..
Dhccftcnmt dkm rn﬊ndt fm jnfm` ghykg th k dhcpkmy hr fts prhbudts, bnenmbfm`
tln dhcpkmy, rnindtfm` mn`ktfvn fmehrcktfhm kjhut tln dhcpkmy, lkvfm` k enngfm`
he hwmfm` k dhcpkmy, hr fm ckmy htlnr wkys. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm lngps
hr`kmfzktfhms annp dhmtrhg hvnr tlnfr cncjnrs kmb th annp tlnc chtfvktnb.
Lhwnvnr,
Lhwn vnr, dhmtrhg kmb
k mb chtfvktfhm
chtfvktf hm dhcn
dhc n erhc ncpghynns tlncsngvns,
tlncs ngvns, jndku
jndkusn
sn tlny
krn sktfs﬋nb wftl tlnfr whra kmb krn dhccfttnb jndkusn he tlnfr fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
wftl tln dhcpkmy.

;6? Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm

Tfcfgkr n﬏ndts he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm dkm kgsh jn hjsnrvnb fm dhmsucnrs kmb tlnfr

rngktfhmslfp wftl k dhcpkmy kmb fts jrkmbs. Tnvnrkg stubfns bfsdhvnrnb tlkt fbnm-
tf﬋dktfhm bfrndtgy fm﬊unmdns dhmsucnrs‖ jrkmb prnenrnmdn (Rfgbnsgny kmb Dhhtn
:??6),
:??6 ), purdlksn bndfsfhms (Klnkrmn
(Klnkr mn nt kg. :??>),
:??>), wfggfm`mnss th pky k prncfuc prfdn
pr fdn
(bng Zfh nt
rnpnktnb
kg. :??;),
:??;),(Aunmzng
purdlksns sktfsekdtfhm
kmb(Aunmzng
Lkggfbky kmb
:??<Lkggfbky
), ghykgty:??<),
:??<), :??<
(Afc), wfggfm`mnss
:??;),thslkrfm`
nt kg. :??;),
ckan
rndhccnmbktfhms kmb phsftfvn whrb he chutl (bng Zfh nt kg. :??;) :??;) kmb rnsfstkmdn
th mn`ktfvn fmehrcktfhm. Lhwnvnr, tln gkst n﬏ndt cust jn lkmbgnb wftl dkutfhm1
wlnm mn`ktfvn fmehrcktfhm kmb kdtfhms drhss k dnrtkfm gnvng, tlnm mht nvnm fbnmtf-
﬋dktfhm dkm prnvnmt mn`ktfvn rnkdtfhms erhc dhmsucnrs. Rln ckfm `hkg he `nttfm`
dhmsucnrs (ks wngg ks ncpghynns kmb htlnr stkanlhgbnrs) th fbnmtfey wftl k dhc-
pkmy fs th `nt k﬏ndtfvn dhccftcnmt kmb rngktnb phsftfv
phsftfvnn n﬏ndts, wlfdl wn dkm hmgy
kdlfnvn wftl kpprhprfktn
kpprhpr fktn ckmk`ncnmt.
ckmk `ncnmt.

DKTN9 LKZGNV
L KZGNV-BKUFBTHM
-BKUFBTHM
Plnm Pfggfkc T. Lkrgny, lfs jrhtlnr Pkgtnr kmb Krtlur Bkvfbshm ckbn tlnfr
﬋rst chthrdydgn fm ;6?4 fm Cfgwkuann, tlny prhjkjgy bfb mht jngfnvn tlkt
Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm, tln dhcpkmy tlny‖b iust ehumbnb, whugb jndhcn k gn`nmb-
kry jrkmb kmb kgchst k symhmyc ehr ernnbhc. Jut tln ﬋rst ynkrs wnrn chbnst1
tln dhcpkmy shgb jkrngy 4,??? chthrdydgns umtfg ;6;?. Rln ﬋rst ckihr `rhwtl
dkcn burfm` PPF wlnm tln dhcpkmy ckmuekdturnb chrn tlkm :?,??? chthr-
dydgns ehr tln cfgftkry. Rln dhcpkmy wks hmn he tln enw tlkt survfvnb tln @rnkt
Bnprnssfhm he tln ;64?s. Burfm` PPFF ft lkb kgrnkby prhbudnb 6?,??? chthr-
dydgns ehr tln ^T cfgftkry.
Fm ;6>4 Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm wks tln hmgy Kcnrfdkm chthrdydgn ckmuekdturnr
hm tln `ghjkg ckrant. Hwfm` th tln ﬋gc Rlnln Pfgb Hmn stkrrfm` Ckrghm Jrkmbh,

ln chthrdydgn jrkmb kdqufrnb tln fck`n he km umdhcprhcfsfm` rnjng, k pnr-

tendt fck`n he ;6>?s ^TK. Jy tln nm b he tln ;65?s Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm dgfcjnb
th <? pnr dnmt ckrant slkrn fm tln ^TK. Lhwnvnr, gnss tlkm k bndkbn gktnr, tln
fmtrhbudtfhm he Ikpkmnsn dhcpntfthrs th tln Kcnrfdkm ckrant (Lhmbk, Vkcklk,
Akwkskaf) dkusnb fmtnmsfvn prfdn dhcpntftfhm. Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm rnbudnb dhsts
he prhbudtfhm jy ghwnrfm` tln qukgfty he chthrdydgns, wlfdl qufdagy rn﬊ndtnb
fm tln ekggfm` ckrant slkrn, ﬋rst th :? pnr dnmt kmb gktnr th hmgy 4 pnr dnmt. Rln
dhcpkmy wks kgchst jkmarupt.
Rln dhcpkmy rnsphmbnb th bhcfmktfhm he ehrnf`m dhcpntftfhm fm tln
Kcnrfdkm ckrant jy ﬋gfm` km kppnkg th tln ^T Fmtnrmktfhmkg Rrkbn Dhccfssfhm
fm tln ;6<?s. Tujsnqunmtgy, tln Znk`km kbcfmfstrktfhm rkfsnb tkrfees hm
 fcphrtnb chthrdydgns wftl hvnr 0?? dd nm`fmn dkpkdfty erhc 2 pnr dnmt th
2? pnr dnmt. Dhcpkmy ckmk`ncnmt th`ntlnr wftl Krt lur Bkvfbshm‖s `rkmb-
shm jhu`lt tln dhcpkmy kmb fmtrhbudnb tln Ikpkmnsn chbng he ckmk`fm`,
fmdgubfm` dhcpgntn qukgfty dhmtrhg. Rlny k gsh fmvhgvnb ncp ghynns kmb stkan-
lhgbnrs fm tln n eehrts th skvn tln dhcpkmy. Rlfs wks k jksfs uphm wlfdl tln

Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ;6;

jrkmb wks rnphsftfhmnb kmb fmtnmsfvn ckrantfm` kdtfvftfns wnrn gkumdlnb. Rln
dhcpkmy‖s rnsnkrdl lkb slhwm tlkt tlrnn hut he ehur pnhpgn tlkt jhu`lt k
Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm whugb nvnmtukggy rnpnkt tln purdlksn. Rln dhcpkmy‖s gh`h

gsh hmn he tl﬋mk

wksCkkmk`ncnmt n chst gfznugbkrtltktthh
php
ggy rnk chtf
kt tlnrn es. hr`kmfd dhccumftfns he usnrs
wnrn
wlh s lkrnb tln ihy kt rfbfm` kmb tln s lkrnb vkguns tlkt tlny ksdrfjnb th tln
jrkmb. Kt tln skcn tfcn, tln jrkmb jndkcn k symhmyc ehr Lngg‖s Km`ngs,
wlfdl wks mht k bnsfrkjgn prh﬋gn. Rh `kfm dhmtrhg hvnr tln usn he tln gh`h
kmb turm tln lf`l dhccftcnmt th tln dhcpkmy‖s k bvkmtk`n, tlny ckbn k
tlnm umfqun stnp jy hr`kmfzfm` kmb sphmshrfm` tln “Lkrgny Hwmnrs @rhup‖
(LH@). Rln ckfm purphsn he tlfs chthrdydgn dguj wks th dhmmndt ncpghynns,
bfstrfjutnrs kmb dhmsucnrs kmb kgghw tlnc th nxdlkm`n nxpnrfnmdns he brfv-
fm` k Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm jfan. Rln dhcpkmy gkumdlnb k dkcpkf`m, “Tupnr Zfbn‖,
fm wlfdl tlny kutlhrfznb hvnr 5?? bnkgnrs wlh dhugb fmvftn pnhpgn ehr k tnst
rfbn kmb km nxpnrfnmdn wftl k Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm. Cncjnrs he LH@ rndnfvnb
k hmn-ynkr ernn cncjnrslfp, wlfgn tln dhcpkmy hr`kmfznb ckss cnntfm`s
he cncjnrs kmb `rhup rfbns, snmt ernn chthrdydgfm` ck`kzfmns, hr`kmfznb
rndnptfhms fm Bkythmk, heenrnb ekvhurkjgn dhmbftfhms ehr fmsurkmdns, rhkb
kssfstkmdn kmb htlnr snrvfdns. Rln dhcpkmy stkrtnb th sngg htlnr prhbudts
rngktnb th chthrdydgns erhc kppkrng th chthrdydgn nqufpcnmt, shuvnmfrs kmb
nvnm k Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm Ufsk dkrb. Rlnsn prhbudts wnrn vnry phpugkr kmb
lngpnb `rhw cncjnrslfp fm LH@. Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm jfans kmb nqufpcnmt
ehumb juynrs kchm` bhdthrs, gkwynrs, jkmanrs kmb ckmk`nrs, dhggndtfvngy
dkggnb rfd l urjkm jfanrs hr rujfns, wlh wnrn mht bfsdhurk`nb jy lf`l prfdns.
Rlfs `rhup he dhmsucnrs wks rnsphmsfjgn ehr tln ekdt tlkt fm tln ;66?s tln
dhcpkmy k`kfm jndkcn tln ckrant gnkbnr fm tln sn`cnmt he lnkvy chthrdy-
dgns. Erhc ;6<6 th ;66>, Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm rnkdlnb dugt stktus kmb bhujgnb
fts skgns. Jy tln nmb he tln ;66?s, juynrs lkb th wkft up th twh ynkrs ehr tln
eug﬋gcnmt he tlnfr hrbnrs.
Fm ;6<0, LH@ lkb 04,??? rn`fstnrnb cncjnrs, fm :??? tlnrn wnrn hvnr
>??,???, wlfgn thbky ft lks hvnr k cfggfhm cncjnrs kmb ;,2>< sndtfhms whrgb-
wfbn. Rh prhchtn cncjnrslfp fm tln dguj, Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm ncplksfzns enng-
fm`s he ih y kt rfbfm`, eum km b jnghm`fm` th k gkr`n ekcfgy. Dhcpkmy dhccu-
mfdktfhms strnss tln nxpnrfnmdn kmb mht tln prhbudt kmb tkga kjhut tln jrkmb
ks k wky h e gfen jy s u``nstfm` ernnbhc, bfvnrsfty kmb ffm
mbfvfbukgfty ks t ln an y
vkguns. Plnm tln dhcpkmy dngnjrktnb fts ;??tl kmmfvnrskry, tln dnmtrkg nvnmt
fm Cfgwkuann kttrkdtnb kgchst hmn cfggfhm vfsfthrs dhccfttnb th tln jrkmb kmb
fm ghvn wftl t ln n xpnrfnmdn heenrnb jy Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm, fmdgubfm` tln sh umb
he chthrs, kppkrng kmb fdhmh`rkply. Rln dhcpkmy r ums tln Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm
cusnuc wlnrn ekms gnkrm kjhut dhcpkmy lfsthry, vfsft tln rnstkurkmt, hr`km-
fzn prfvktn nvnmts kmb rndnfvn tln wlhgn jrkmb nxpnrfnmdn. Rln dhcpkmy
hr`kmfzns ekdthry vfsfts, chthrdydgn cnnts kmb htlnr nvnmts. Ft lks hvnr ;??
gfdnmdn k`rnncnmts ehr tln usn he gh`h wftl dhcpkmfns prhbudfm` thys, pnt

;6: Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm

prhbudts, jfdydgns, slhns, amfvns, gf`ltnrs, dghtlns, ntd. Rln dhcpkmy ncplk-
sfzns fts shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty, supphrts tln Cusdugkr Bystrhply Ksshdfktfhm kmb
rums k ehumbktfhm tlkt fmvnsts fm vkrfhus ghdkg dhccumftfns. Rln dhcpkmy kgsh

rLukr -Bkvfgbshm
msgnyspndfk prh`rkccns e bfstrfjuthrs, chst ghykg usnrs, vntnrkms rfbfm`
jfans, kmb hr
ft k gsh bnvhtns spndfkg kttnmtfhm th whcnm, yhutl
kmb stubnmts.
Jndkusn kgchst 6? pnr dnmt he Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm dusthcnrs krn cnm iust
umbnr >?, tln dhcpkmy mhw fmdrnksfm`gy usns shdfkg cnbfk th rnkdl k yhum`nr
phpugktfhm. Bfstrfjutnrs dkrry hut chjfgn dkcpkf`ms th kttrkdt kmb rntkfm
dusthcnrs. Rln dhcpkmy usns fts wnjsftn th nmdhurk`n vfsfthrs th slkrn tlnfr
nxpnrfnmdns tlrhu`l CyTpkdn, Rwfttnr hr Ekdnjhha, wlnrn Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm
lks kgchst 2 cfggfhm ekms. Rln dhcpkmy tlkt lks kgchst $> jfggfhm kmmukg
rnvnmun stfgg umbnrstkmbs tln ekcfgy he Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm rfbnrs kmb tlnfr dhc-
cftcnmt th tln jrkmb ks tln dhcpkmy‖s chst vkgukjgn kssnt kmb phtnmtfkg,
wlfgn tln dhcpkmy‖s `rnktnst dlkggnm`n kmb rnsphmsfjfgfty ehr tln euturn krn
kttrkdtfm` kmb ckfmtkfmfm` mnw kmb yhum`nr dhmsucnrs kmb tlnfr dhccft-
cnmt. Ckmk`ncnmt skys tlkt tlnfr strktn`y fs cugtf`nmnrktfhmkg kmb cugtf-
dugturkg. Jnsfbn bnvnghpfm` kmb ehrtfeyfm` nxfstfm` mntwhras kmb pkrtmnrslfps,
dgkssfdkg vkguns lkvn th jn rnspndtnb km
kmb eug﬋ggnb ks wngg. Rlfs cnkms, he dhursn,
ernnbhc kmb fmbfvfbukgfty jut kgsh tln ehgghwfm`9 tnggfm` tln trutl, annpfm`
tlnfr prhcfsns, rnspndtfm` tln fmbfvfbukg, nmdhurk`fm` fmtnggndtukg durfhsfty
kmb ekfrmnss.

Any tnrcs
Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf󿬋dktfhm. Rlfs fs k shdfkg kmb psydlhgh`fdkg jhmb tlkt ksshdfktns
stkanlhgbnrs wftl km hr`kmfzktfhm. Ft fs km ngncnmtkry luckm cndlkmfsc tlkt fs
dghsngy rngktnb th tln psydlfd kmb shdfkg bnvnghpcnmt he km fmbfvfbukg. Ft fs snnm
ks km fmbfvfbukg‖s snmsn he hmnmnss wftl km nmtfty wftl wlfdl ln/sln fs fm k rngk-
tfhmslfp. Fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fs snnm ks k cnkms ehr dhmstrudtfhm kmb ckmfpugktfhm he km
fmbfvfbukg‖s
fmbfvf bukg‖s hwm fbnmtf
fbnmtfty
ty..
Hr`kmfzktfhmkg bfs-fbnmtf󿬋dktfhm. Rlfs fs fmbfdktnb jy tln gnv
bfs-fbnmtf󿬋dktfhm. gnvng
ng th wlfdl
wl fdl km fmbfvfbukg
bn﬋mns lfs/lnrsnge ks shcnhmn tlkt bhns mht slkrn tln skcn hr sfcfgkr kttrfjutns
k ttrfjutns tlkt
krn typfdkg he km hr`kmfzktfhm. Bfs-fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fs mht tln jrnkafm` he km fbnmtf﬋-
dktfhm, jut rktlnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftl k snt he vkguns dhmtrkry
dhmtrkr y th tlhsn he tln hr`km-
fzktfhm hr k `rhup wftlfm tln hr`kmfzktfhm.
hr`kmf zktfhm.
 @rhup fbnmtf󿬋dktfhm. Fbnmtf﬋dktfhm he km fmbfvfbukg wftl dh-whranrs kmb tln dhc-
pkmy‖s ncpghynns, kmb fs bn﬋mnb ks tln fmbfvfbukg‖s pnrdnptfhm he slkrnb kttrfjutns
wftl tln `rhup he pnhpgn, wlfdl tln fmbfvfbukg jngfnvns hr wkmts th jn k cncjnr
he, hr ks tln fmbfvfbukg‖s pnrdnptfhm he hmnmnss wftl km hr`kmfzktfhm ks k `rhup he

Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ;64

pnhpgn. _nhpgn fbnmtfey wftl dh-whranrs hr htlnr fmbfvfbukgs wlh eumdtfhm ks k

`rhup wftlfm tln hr`kmfzktfhm hr fm dhmmndtfhm wftl ft.
Dhrphrktn fbnmtf󿬋dktfhm. Rlfs fs tln fmbfvfbukg‖s pnrdnptfhm he slkrnb kttrfjutns wftl
tln dhcpkmy hr dhcpkmy‖s fbnmtfty, hr ks tln fmbfvfbukg‖s pnrdnptfhm he hmnmnss
wftl k dhcpkmy ks k shdfkg nmtfty. Fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftl k dhcpkmy, wlfdl hpnrktns
fm rngktfhm th km fmbfvfbukg ks k eumdtfhmfm` umft, k shrt he k psnubh-pnrshm wftl
wlhc km ncpghy
ncpghynn
nn fs fm k cutukggy bnpnmbnmt rngktfhmslfp.
Kmtlrhphchrplfsc hr pnrshmf󿬋dktfhm. Rln kttrfjutfhm he luckm dlkrkdtnrfstfds th
kmytlfm` htlnr tlkm k luckm jnfm`. Fmbfvfbukgs lkvn mh prhjgncs wftl ksdrfj-
fm` luckm kttrfjutns th jrkmbs, rn`krbgnss he wlntlnr tlny krn prhbudt jrkmbs hr
dhcpkmfns. _nrshmf﬋dktfhm
_nrshmf﬋dktfhm he fmkmfcktn
fmkm fcktn hjindts fs, pkrtfdugkrgy,
pkrtfdugkrgy, k jksfd prhdnss tlkt
nmkjgns fbnmtf﬋dktfhm he km
k m fmbfvfbukg wftl km
k m fmkmfcktn hjindt, sudl ks k jrkmb.
dhccumfty. K spndfkgfznb, mhm-`nh`rkplfdkggy jhumb dhccumfty
K jrkmb dhccumfty. dhccumfty,, jksnb hm
k strudturnb snt he shdfkg rngktfhms kchm` kbcfrnrs he k jrkmb. Kt tln dnmtrn he tln
dhccumfty fs k dhcpkmy, fts h﬏nr hr tln dhcpkmy‖s jrkmbs. Ehr tln drnktfhm kmb
eumdtfhmfm` he jrkmb dhccumftfns, mnftlnr plysfdkg dhmtkdts mhr ehrckg cncjnr-
slfp he km hr`kmfzktfhm krn mndnsskry. Jrkmb dhccumftfns tlkt nxfst jhtl fm plys-
fdkg ks wngg ks fm vfrtukg kmb psydlhgh`fdkg nmvfrhmcnmts krn bn﬋mnb jy k dhcchm
kttrfjutn, mkcngy tlkt sudl dhccumftfns dkm hmgy krfsn krhumb k sfm`gn nmtfty kmb
cust mht jn dhmeusnb wftl lhch`nmhus sn`cnmts he gfenstygns hr wftl `rhups he
dhmsucnrs wftl sfcfgkr hr fbnmtfdkg purdlksn lkjfts, kmb krn mht th jn dhmeusnb
wftl rnenrnmdn `rhups nftlnr. Fm jrkmb dhccumftfns, tln hmgy gfma jntwnnm cnc-
jnrs fs k dhcpkmy hr k jrkmb.

ZNUFNP [^NTRFHMT

• Plkt fs fbnmtf﬋dktfhm kmb wly ft fs fcphrtkmt ehr dhcpkmfns8 Bn﬋mn bfs-

fbnmtf﬋dktfhm.
• Plkt fs tln bfstfmdtfhm jntwnnm dhrphrktn kmb `rhup fbnmtf﬋dktfhm kmb
wlfdl hmn fs chrn fcphrtkmt ehr dhrphrktfhms8
• Plkt cntlhbs dkm jn usnb th strnm`tlnm dhmsucnrs‖ fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftl
tln dhcpkmy8
• Plkt krn dlkrkdtnrfstfds he jrkmb dhccumftfns8

Jrhwsn tln wnj kmb bfsdhvnr lhw Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm jufgbs fts jrkmb dhccumfty.
Dhmsfbnr tln strnm`tls kmb wnkamnssns he Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm jrkmb ckmk`ncnmt.
Plkt dhccumfdktfhm thhgs bh tlny usn8 Ufsft tln ghdkg Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm dguj kmb
bfsdhvnr lhw fts cncjnrs nxprnss tlnfr fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftl tln jrkmb. Bfsduss
wlntlnr ft fs phssfjgn th euggy dhmtrhg tln jrkmb dhccumfty
dhccumfty..

;62 Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm

Znenrnmdns
Kkanr, Inmmf
Kkanr, Inmmfenr
enr G. ;660.
;660. Jufgbfm
Jufgbfm`` bfcnmsfhms
bfcnmsfh ms he jrkmb pnrshmkgfty
pnr shmkgfty.. Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` Znsnkrdl
:4 (;;)9 420—4>5.
Klnkrmn,, Cfdlkng,
Klnkrmn Cfdlkng, D. J. Jlkttkdlkryk kmb Rlhcks @runm. @runm. :??>.
:??>. Kmtndnbnmts kmb dhmsn-
qunmdns he dusthcnr—dhcpkmy fbnmtf﬋dktfhm9 nxpkmbfm` tln rhgn he rngktfhmslfp ckrant-
fm`.. Ihurmkg he Kppgfnb _sydlhgh`y 6? (4)9 >02—><>.
fm`
Kgjnrt,, Ttukrt kmb Bkvfb K.Plnttn
Kgjnrt Plnttnmm. ;6<
;6<>>. Hr`kmfzktf
Hr`kmfzktfhmkg
hmkg fbnmtfty
f bnmtfty.. Znsnkrdl fm Hr`kmfzktfhmkg
Jnlkvfhr 0 099 :54—:6>.
Kgvnsshm,, Ckts.
Kgvnsshm Ckts. :???.
:???. Thdfkg fbnmtfty kmb tln prhjgnc he ghykgty fm amhwgnb`n-fmtnmsfvn
dhcpkmfns.. Ihurmkg he Ckmk`ncnmt Ttubfns 40 (5)9 ;;?;—;;:4.
dhcpkmfns
Kmbnrshm,, Jnmnbfdt.
Kmbnrshm Jnmnbfdt. ;6<4.
;6<4. Fck`fmnb Dhccumfty. Ghmbhm9
Ghmbhm9 Unr
Unrsh sh..
Kslehrtl,, Jgkan N. ;66<.
Kslehrtl ;66<. Jndhcfm
Jndhcfm`9`9 lhw bhns tln prhdnss he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
fbnmt f﬋dktfhm umehgb8
um ehgb8 Fm Fbnmtfty
Rlrhu`l Dhmvnrsktfhms, nbs. Bkvfb K. Pln
fm Hr`kmfzktfhms9 Jufgbfm` Rlnhry Rlrhu`l Plnttnttnmm kmb
k mb _kug D.
@hberny.. Rlhuskmb Hkas, DK9
@hberny DK9 Tk`n,
Tk`n, :;4—:::.
‒‒:??;
‒‒ :??;.. Zhgn Rrkmsftfhms fm Hr`kmfzktfhmkg Gfen9 Km Fbnmtfty-jksnb _nrspndtfvn . Cklwkl, MI9 MI9
Nrgjkuc..
Nrgjkuc
Kslehrtl,, Jgkan N. kmb Tdhtt K. Ihlmshm.
Kslehrtl Ihlmshm. :??;.
:??;. Plfdl lkt th wnkr8 Rln rngktfvn skgfnmdn he

cugtfpgn
Dhmtnxts, fbnmtftfns fm hr`kmfzktfhmkg
nbs. Cfdlkng K. Lh`` kmbdhmtnxts.
BnjhrklFmI. Thdfkg
Rnrry.Fbnmtfty
Rnrry. _rhdnssns
_lfgkbngplfk
_lfgkbngplfk9 fm Hr`kmfzktfhmkg
9 _sydlhgh`y _rnss,
_rnss,
4;—2<.
Kslehrtl,, Jgkan N. kmb Ernb Ckng.
Kslehrtl Ckng. ;6<6.
;6<6. Thdfkg fbnmtfty tlnhry kmb tln hr`kmfzktfhm.
hr`kmfzktfhm. Rln
Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw ;2 (;)9 :?—46.
Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt
Jkranr,, Ikcns Z. ;66<.
Jkranr ;66<. Ckmk`fm` fbnmtf﬋dktfhm. Fm Fbnmtfty fm Hr`kmfzktfhms9 Jufgbfm` Rlnhry
Rlrhu`l Dhmvnrsktfhms, nbs. Bkvfb Kggrnb Plnttnm kmb _kug D. @hberny. @hberny. Rlhuskmb Hkas,
DK99 Tk`n _ujgfdktfhms,
DK _ujgfdktfhms, :>0—:50.
Jkrtng,, Dkrhgfmn kmb Ikmn Butthm.
Jkrtng Butthm. :??;.
:??;. Kcjf`uhus hr`kmfzktfhmkg cncjnrslfps9 dhm-
strudtfm` hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtftfns fm fmtnrkdtfhms wftl htlnrs. Fm Thdfkg Fbnmtfty _rhdnssns
fm Hr`kmfzktfhmkg Dhmtnxts, nbs. Cfdlkng K. Lh`` kmb Bnjhrkl I. Rnrry. Rnrry. _lfgkbngplfk9
_lfgkbngplfk9
_sydlhgh`y _rnss,
_rnss, ;;>—;4?.
Jlkt,, Thjhbl kmb Trfm
Jlkt T rfmfvks
fvks A. Znbby.
Znbby. :??
:??;;.Rln fcpkdt he pkrnmtkg jrkmb kttrfjutn ksshdfktfhms
kmb k﬏ndt hm jrkmb nxtnmsfhm nvkguktfhm.
nvkguktfhm. Ihurmkg he Jusfmnss Znsnkrdl >4 (4)9 ;;;—;::.
Jlkttkdlkryk,, D. J. kmb Afcjnrgy B. Ngsjkdl.
Jlkttkdlkryk Ngsjkdl. :??:.
:??:. ^s vnrsus tlnc9 tln rhgns he hr`kmfzk-
tfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm kmb bfsfbnmtf﬋dktfhm fm shdfkg ckrantfm` fmftfktfvns.
fmftfktfvns. Ihurmkg he _ujgfd
_hgfdy & Ckrantfm` :; (;)9 :5—45.
Jlkttkdlkryk,, D. J. kmb Tkmakr Tnm.
Jlkttkdlkryk Tnm. :??4.
:??4. Dhmsucnr—dhcpkmy fbnmtf﬋dktfhm9 k erkcn-
whra ehr umbnrstkmbfm` dhmsucnrs‖
dhmsucnr s‖ rngktfhmslfps wftl jrkmbs.
jrkmbs. Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` 50 (:)9
05—<<.
Jrnwnr,, Ckrfgymm J. kmb Pnmbf @krbmnr.
Jrnwnr @krbmnr. ;665.
;665.Plh fs tlfs “wn‖8
“wn‖8 Gnvngs he
h e dhggndtfvn
dhgg ndtfvn fbnmtfty
fbnm tfty
kmb snge rnprnsnmtktfhm
rnprnsnmtktfhmss. Ihurmkg he _nrshmkgfty kmb Thdfkg _sydlhgh`y 0; (;)9 <4—64.
Dkrgshm,, Jrkb Bnkm,
Dkrgshm Bnkm, Rrkdy K. Tutnr kmb Rhc I. Jrhwm.Jrhwm. :??<.
:??<. Thdfkg vnrsus psydlhgh`fdkg
jrkmb dhccumfty9 tln rhgn he psydlhgh`fdkg snmsn he jrkmb dhccumfty.
dhccumfty. Ihurmkg he Jusfmnss
Znsnkrdl 5; (26)9 :<2—:6;.
Dlnmny,, @nh
Dlnmny @nhr`n
r`n.. ;6<
;6<44. Hm tln vkrfhus kmb dlkm`fm`
dlkm` fm` cnkmfm`s he hr`kmfzktfhmkg cncjnrslfp9
 k ﬋ngb stuby he hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm.
fbnmtf﬋dktfhm. Dhccumfdktfhm Chmh`rkpls >?
>?99 42:—45:.
Dlrnfc,, Tkcfk.
Dlrnfc Tkcfk. :??;
:??;.. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg bn-fbnmtf󿬋dktfhm burfm` ckihr dlkm`n9 tln bymkcfds he bfs-
shdfktfhm kmb rn-ksshdfktfhm. Phrafm` pkpnr HBD J;. Jrfkrdgf﬏ Ckmhr, MV9 MV9 Kdkbncy he
Ckmk`ncnmt..
Ckmk`ncnmt
Dhmmku`lthm,, Ttkdny G. kmb Ihlm K. Bkgy.
Dhmmku`lthm Bkgy. :??2.
:??2. Fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftl gnkbnr9 k dhcpkrfshm
he pnrdnptfhms he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm kchm` `nh`rkplfdkggy bfspnrsnb kmb dh-ghdktnb tnkcs. tnkcs .
Dhrphrktn Dhccumfdktfhms9 Km Fmtnrmktfhmkg Ihur mkg 6 (:)9 <6—;?4.
Fmtnr mktfhmkg Ihurmkg

Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ;6>

Bkvfs,, @kry,
Bkvfs @kry, Zhsk Dlum,
Dlum, Zuf Ufmlks Bk Tfgvk kmb Ttukrt Zhpnr. Zhpnr . :??:.
:??:. Dhrphrktn Znputktfhm
kmb Dhcpntftfvnmnss. Ghmbhm1
Ghm bhm1 Mnw Vhra
Vhra99 Zhutgn
Zhutgnb`n
b`n..
bng Zfh,
Zfh, K. Jngnm
Jngn m, Zhbhgeh Ukzqunz kmb Ufdthr F`gnsf
F`gnsfks
ks.. :??
:??;;.Rln n﬏ndts
n﬏n dts he jrkmb
j rkmb ksshdfktfhms
ksshd fktfhms
hm dhmsucnr rnsphmsn.
rnsphmsn. Ckrantfm` Tdfnmdn :> (5)9 02?—0>6.
Buanrfdl,, Ikmnt C.
Buanrfdl C.,, Zhbnr
Zhbnrfda
fda Arkcnr kmb Iubf CdGnkm
CdGn km _kras.
_kras. ;66
;66<<.Rln bkra sfbn he hr`km-
hr`k m-
fzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm. Fm Fbnmtfty fm Hr`kmfzktfhms9 Jufgbfm` Rlnhry Rlrhu`l Dhmvnrsktfhms,
nbs. Bkvfb K. Plnttnm kmb _kug D. @hberny.
@hberny. Rlhuskmb Hkas, DK9 DK9 Tk`n,
Tk`n, :2>—:>5.
Butthm,, Ikmn N.,
Butthm N., Ikmnt C. Buanrfdl kmb Dngfk U. Lkrqukfg.
Lkrqukfg. ;662.
;662. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fck`ns kmb
cncjnr fbnmtf﬋dktfhm.
fbnmtf﬋dktfhm. Kbcfmfstrktfvn Tdfnmdn [ukrtnrgy 46 (:)9 :46—:54.
Ngsjkdl,, Afcjnrgy B. ;666.
Ngsjkdl ;666. Km nxpkmbnb chbng he hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm.
fbnmtf﬋dktfhm. Znsnkrdl fm
Hr`kmfzktfhmkg Jnlkvfhr :;:;99 ;54—:??.
Ngsjkdl,, Afcjnrgy B. kmb D. J. Jlkttkdlkryk.
Ngsjkdl Jlkttkdlkryk . :??;.
:??;. Bn﬋mfm` wlh yhu krn jy wlkt yhu‖rn
mht9 hr`kmfzktfhmkg bfsfbnmtf﬋dktfhm kmb tln Mktfhmkg Zf﬊n Ksshdfktfhm.
Ksshdfktfhm . Hr`kmfzktfhm
Tdfnmdn ;: (2)9 464—2;4.
Ehurmfnr,, Tuskm.
Ehurmfnr Tuskm. ;66<.
;66<. Dhmsucnrs kmb tlnfr jrkmbs9 bnvnghpfm` rngktfhmslfp tlnhry fm dhm-
sucnr rnsnkrdl.
rnsnkrdl. Ihurmkg he Dhmsucnr Znsnkrdl :2 (2)9 424—404.
@gymm,, Ckry Kmm.
@gymm Kmm. ;66<.
;66<. Fmbfvfbukgs‖ mnnb ehr hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm (mHFB)9 spndugk-
tfhms hm fmbfvfbukg bf﬏nrnmdns fm tln prhpnmsfty th fbnmtfey. Fm Fbnmtfty fm Hr`kmfzktfhms9
Jufgbfm` Rlnhry Rlrhu`l Dhmvnrsktfhms, nbs. Bkvfb K. Plnttnm kmb _kug D. @hberny.
@hberny.
Rlhuskmb Hkas, DK9 DK9 Tk`n,
Tk`n, :4<—:22.
@runm,, Rlhcks kmb In﬏nry Enr`ushm.
@runm Enr`ushm. ;662.
;662. ^sfm` cncjnrslfp ks k ckrantfm` thhg9 fssuns
kmb kppgfdktfhms. Fm Zngktfhm
Zngktfhmslfp
slfp Ckrantf
Ckrantfm`9 Kppgfdkt fhms, nbs. Ik`bfsl M.
m`9Rlnhry, Cntlhbs kmb Kppgfdktfhms
Tlntl kmb Ktug _krvktfykr.
_krvktfykr. Ktgk
Ktgkmtk
mtk99 Nchry Dnmtnr ehr Zngktfhmslfp Ckrantfm`,
Ckrantfm`, 5?—52.
Ak`km,, Inrhc.
Ak`km Inrhc. ;6><.
;6><. Rln dhmdnpt he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
fbnmtf﬋dktfhm.. _sydlhgh`fdkg Znvfnw 5> (>)9 :65—4?>.
Akptnfm,, Cung kmb
Akptnfm km b Ihlkm
Ihl km Pncp
ncpnn. :??:.
:??:. Rln Jkgkmdnb Dhcpkmy9K Rlnhry he Dhrphrktn Dhr phrktn Fmtn`rfty .
Hxehrb99 Hxehrb ^mfvnrsfty _rnss.
Hxehrb _rnss.
Afc,, K. Dlum`,
Afc Dlum`, Lkm Bhm`dlug kmb _kra Knum`-Jkn. Knum`-Jkn. :??;.
:??;. Rln n﬏ndt he jrkmb pnrshmkgfty
kmb jrkmb fbnmtf
fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
﬋dktfhm hm jrkmb ghykgty9
g hykgty9 kppgyfm
kppgyfm`` tln tlnhry
tl nhry he shdfkg
shdfk g fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
fbnmt f﬋dktfhm .
Ikpkmnsn _sydlhgh`fdkg Znsnkrdl 24 (2)9 ;6>—:?5.
Aunmzng,, Tvnm kmb
Aunmzng km b Tun
T un Ukux Lkgg
Lkggfbky
fbky.. :??<.
:??<. Fmvnstf`ktfm`
Fmvnstf`ktfm` kmtndnmbnmts kmb dhmsnqunmdns he
jrkmb fbnmtf﬋dktfhm.
fbnmtf﬋dktfhm. Ihurmkg he _rhbudt & Jrkmb Ckmk`ncnmt
Ckmk`ncnmt ;0 (>)9 :64—4?2.
Gkrshm,, @rn`hry T. kmb @nrkgb G. _nppnr.
Gkrshm _nppnr. :??4.
:??4. Ttrktn`fns ehr ckmk`fm` cugtfpgn hr`kmfzk-
tfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhms9 k dksn he dhcpntfm` fbnmtftfns
fbnmtftfns.. Ckmk`ncnmt Dhccumfdktfhm [ukrtnrgy
;5 (2)9 >:<—>>0.
Gnvy,, Tfbmny I. ;6>6.
Gnvy ;6>6. Tycjhgs ehr skgn. skgn. Lkrvkrb Jusfmnss Znvfnw 40 (2)9 ;;0—;:2.
Ckng,, Ernb K. kmb Jgkan N. Kslehr
Ckng Kslehrtl tl.. ;66:.
;66:. Kgucmf kmb tlnfr kgck cktnr9 k pkrtfkg tnst he tln
rnehrcugktnb chbng he hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm.
fbnmtf﬋dktfhm. Ihurmkg he Hr`kmfzktfhmkg Jnlkvfhr ;4
(:)9 ;?4—;:4.
‒‒:??;
‒‒ :??;.. Fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fm whra, wkr, sphrts, kmb rngf`fhm9 dhmtrkstfm` tln jnmn﬋ts kmb rfsas. rfsas.
Ihurmkg ehr tln Rlnhry he Thdfkg Jnlkvfhur 4; (:)9 ;60—:::.
Ckng,, Ernb K. kmb Ghfs
Ckng G hfs N. Rntr
ntrfda
fda.. ;66:.
;66:. Fbnmtfeyfm` hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm.
fbnmtf﬋dktfhm. Nbudktfhmkg
kmb _sydlhgh`fdkg Cnksurncnmt >: (2)9 <;4—<:2.
CdKgnxkmbnr,, Ikcns L.
CdKgnxkmbnr L . kmb Ihlm P.P. Tdlhutnm
Tdlhut nm.. ;66
;66<<. Jrkmbenst
Jrkmbensts9
s9 snrv
snrvfdnsdkp
fdnsdkpns
ns ehr tln dugtfvk-
tfhm he jrkmb nqufty
n qufty.. Fm Tnrvfdnsdkpns9Rln Dhmdnpt he _gkdn fm Dhmtncphrkry Ckrants, nb. Ihlm
 E. Tlnrry Ir. Dlfdk`h9
Dlfdk`h9 Kcnrfdkm Ckrantfm` Ksshdfktfhm,
Ksshdfktfhm, 400—2?:.
Chrrhw,, _kugk D. ;6<:.
Chrrhw ;6<:. Dhmdnpt rnbumbkmdy kmb hr`kmfzktfhmkg rnsnkrdl9 tln dksn he whra
dhccftcnmt.. Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw < (2)9 2<5—>??.
dhccftcnmt
Cumfz,, Kgjnrt C.,
Cumfz C., Ir. kmb Rlhcks D. H‖@ufmm.
H‖@ufmm . :??;.
:??;. Jrkmb dhccumfty.
dhccumfty. Ihur
Ihurmkg
mkg he
Dhmsucnr Znsnkrdl :0 (2)9 2;:—24:.
_ntnrke,, Ckr`krnt kmb Ckra
_ntnrke Ckr a Tlkmgny
Tlkm gny.. ;660.
;660. @nttfm` th amhw yhu9 k tlnhry he strktn`fd `rhup
fbnmtfty.. Ttrktn`fd Ckmk`ncnmt Ihurmkg ;<
fbnmtfty ;<99 ;5>—;<5.

;65 Hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm

_guccnr, Ihsnpl R. ;6<>.

_guccnr, ;6<>. Jrkmb pnrshmkgfty9 K strktn`fd dhmdnpt ehr cugtfmktfhmkg kbvnrtfsfm`. _kpnr
prnsnmtnb th tln KCK Pfmtnr Ckrantfm` Nbudkthrs‖ Dhmenrnmdn. Mnw Vhra9 Vhra9 Vhum
hum`` kmb
Zujfdkm..
Zujfdkm
_hbmkr,, Agncnmt.
_hbmkr Agncnmt. :??2.
:??2. ^`gnb, hr`kmfzkdfisak fbnmtf󿬋akdfik fm zkvnzkmhst zkphsgnmfl. Bhathrsak
bfsnrtkdfik. Giujgikmk9
Giujgikmk9 Ekaugtntk zk bruŽ
bruŽjnmn vnbn.
vnbn.
_rktt,, Cfdlkng @. :??;.
_rktt :??;. Thdfkg
Thdfkg fbnmtfty bymkcfds fm chbnrm hr`kmfzktfhms9 km hr`kmfzktfhmkg
psydlhgh`y/hr`km
psydlhg h`y/hr`kmfzktfhmkg
fzktfhmkg jnlkvfhr pnrspndtfvn.
pnrspnd tfvn.Fm Thdfkg Fbnmtfty _rhdnssns fm Hr`kmfzktfhmkg
Dhmtnxts, nbs. Cfdlkng K. Lh`` kmb Bnjhrkl I. Rnrry. Rnrry. _lfgkbngplfk9
_lfgkbngplfk9 _sydlhgh`y _rnss,
_rnss,
;4—4?.
Znfdlnrs,, Krmh
Znfdlnrs Krmhmm N.
N . ;6<>.
;6<>. K rnvfnw kmb rndhmdnptukgfzktfhm he hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt
dhccftcnmt..
Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw ;? (4)9 25>—205.
Zussh,, Rrkd
Zussh rkdyy Dkg
Dkggkwky
gkwky.. ;66<.
;66<. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg kmb prhenssfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm9 k dksn he mnws-
pkpnr ihurmkgfsts.
ihurmkgfsts. Ckmk`ncnmt Dhccumfdktfhm [ukrtnrgy ;: (;)9 0:—;;;.
Tdhtt,, Drkf` Z. ;660.
Tdhtt ;660. Fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftl cugtfpgn tkr`nts fm k `nh`rkplfdkggy bfspnrsnb
hr`kmfzktfhm.. Ckmk`ncnmt Dhccumfdktfhm [ukrtnrgy ;? (2)9 26;—>::.
hr`kmfzktfhm
Rfgbnsgny,, Kcy N. kmb Gnh
Rfgbnsgny Gnhmkrb
mkrb U. Dhhtn
Dhht n. :??6.
:??6.Rlfs jrkmb
jrkm b fs cn9 k shdfkg fbnmtfty
fbn mtfty jksnb
j ksnb cnks-
cnk s-
urn he jrkmb fbnmtf﬋dktfhm.
fbnmtf﬋dktfhm. Kbvkmdns fm Dhmsucnr Znsnkrdl 45 4599 5:0—5:<.
^mbnrwhhb,, Zhjnrt,
^mbnrwhhb Zhjnrt, Nbwkrb Jhmb kmb Zhjnrt Jknr. Jknr . :??;.
:??;. Jufgbfm` snrvfdn jrkmbs vfk
shdfkg fbnmtfty9 gnsshms erhc tln sphrts ckrantpgkdn
ckrantpgkdn.. Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` Rlnhry kmb _rkdtfdn
6 (;)9 ;—;:.
Pkm-Lu``fms,,Unrh
Pkm-Lu``fms nrhmf
mfdk
dk M.
M.,, Dlrfstfmn
Dlrfstfm n C. Zfhrbkm kmb Zhb`nr
Zh b`nr P. @rf﬏ntl.
@rf﬏ntl . ;66<.
;66<.Rln bnvng-
hpcnmt kmb ghm`ftubfmkg tnst he k chbng he hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm.
fbnmtf﬋dktfhm. Ihurmkg he Kppgfnb
Thdfkg _sydlhgh`y :< (<)9 0:2—026.
;:
HZ@KMFYKRFHMKG DHCCFRCNMR
HZ@KMFYKRFHMKG
KMB THDFKG KDDN_R
KDDN_RKJFGFRV
KJFGFRV

DHMRNMRT
Rln ﬋rst pkrt he tln dlkptnr bnkgs wftl dhccftcnmt th k dhcpkmy. Pn bfs-
duss snvnrkg kpprhkdlns th stubyfm` dhccftcnmt kmb prnsnmt lhw tln p ln-
mhcnmhm fs umbnrsthhb fm tln dhmtncphrkry gftnrkturn. Pn bnsdrfjn tln ckfm
bfeenrnmdns jntwnnm keendtfvn, dhmtfmukmdn kmb mhrcktfvn dhccftcnmt, kmb
nxpgkfm tln chst fcphrtkmt dhmsnqunmdns he dhccftcnmt. Fm tln sndhmb pkrt,
wn bnkg wftl tln dhmdnpt he shdfkg kddnptkmdn, wlfdl dhcpkmfns lkvn th tkan
fmth dhmsfbnrktfhm wlnm pgkmmfm` tlnfr kdtfvftfns.

;:.; Fm﬊unmdn he hr`kmfzktfhmkg

hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
fbnmtf﬋dktfhm hm dhccftcnmt
dhccftcnmt
Ckrantfm` gftnrkturn lks ghm` trnktnb fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ks k pkrt he dhccftcnmt hr
dhccftcnmt ks k pkrt he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm (_hbmkr :??2), :??2 ), jut tln gktnst stubfns slhw
tlkt tlnsn krn twh dghsngy rngktnb jut bf﬏nrnmt dhmdnpts. _rktt (;66<
( ;66<)) wrftns tlkt tln
chst hjvfhus bf﬏nrnmdn jntwnnm hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm kmb hr`kmfzktfhmkg
dhccftcnmt gfns fm tln ekdt
e kdt tlkt fbnmtf﬋dktfhm nxpgkfms
nxpgk fms tln rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm km
fmbfvfbukg kmb km hr`kmfzktfhm
hr`kmfzk tfhm fm tnrcs
tnr cs he km fmbfvfbukg‖s
fmbfvfbukg‖s snge-dhmdnpt, wlfgn tlfs fs
mht kppgfdkjgn th hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt (_rktt ;66<, ;66<, ;0<). Hr`kmfzktfhmkg
dhccftcnmt rngktns th tln qunstfhm he lkppfmnss kmb sktfsekdtfhm
sktfsekdtf hm fm k rngktfhmslfp
wftl k dhcpkmy
dhcpkmy,, kmb wlntlnr k dhmtfmuktfhm he k rngktfhmslfp fs bnsfrkjgn, wlnrnks
hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm bnkgs wftl lhw fmbfvfbukgs pnrdnfvn tlncsngvns fm k

rngktfhmslfp wftl kkmb

jhtl dhccftcnmt dhcpkmy (_rktt ;66<).
fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ;66< ). Tfcfgkrgy,
bnsdrfjn Kslehrtl
k rngktfhmslfp (;66<)km
(;66<
jntwnnm ) wrftns tlkt
fmbfvfbukg
kmb tln nmvfrhmcnmt, jut dhccftcnmt, lhwnvnr, bhns mht kmswnr tln qunstfhm he
lhw km fmbfvfbukg (kt gnkst pkrtgy)
pkr tgy) bn﬋mns lfs- hr lnrsnge tlrhu`l km hr`kmfzktfhm.

;6< Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt

Zussh (;66<
(;66<)) su``nsts tlkt hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt fs k ckmfenstktfhm he
hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm.
f bnmtf﬋dktfhm. “Fbnmtf﬋dktfhm fs dhmsfbnrnb tln sujstkmdn he tln rngk-
tfhmslfp1 dhccftcnmt fs tln ehrc‖ (Zussh ;66<,
;66<, 00). Tudl umbnrstkmbfm` slfets tln
ehdus kwky erhc
erhc bf﬏nrnmdns jntwnnm tln twh dhmdnpts th tln dkusn kmb k mb n﬏ndt rngk-
tfhmslfp. Tfn`ng kmb Tfskyn‖s (;660
(;660,, ;>?) bn﬋mftfhm he bf﬏nrnmdns kmb rngktfhmslfps
jntwnnm tln dhmdnpts fs sfcfgkr1 dhccftcnmt fs k jnlkvfhurkg typn he dhmstrudt
kmb fs k eumdtfhm he tln hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm,
fbnmtf﬋ dktfhm, wlfdl fs k dh`mftfvn-k﬏ndtfvn
dh`mftfvn-k﬏ndtfvn
dhmstrudt. Znsnkrdl umbnrtkanm jy Tfn`ng kmb Tfskyn (;660 (;660)) su``nst tlkt tlnrn fs k
strhm` phsftfvn
phsftfvn fm﬊unmdn he hr`kmfzktfhmkg
hr`kmf zktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm
fbnmtf﬋dk tfhm hm dhccftcnmt. Nggncnrs
Nggncnrs
nt kg. (;660
(;660)) kgsh prhvfbnb ncpfrfdkg nvfbnmdn ehr tln mhtfhm tlkt fmbfvfbukgs wlh
fbnmtfey chrn fmtnmsfvngy wftl k dhcpkmy fm tnrcs
tnr cs he tlnfr jnlkvfhur kmb rnsphmsns
slhw `rnktnr dhccftcnmt th tln dhcpkmy tlkm pnhpgn wlh fbnmtfey gnss fmtnm-
sfvngy. Nvnm bndkbns jnehrn tlnc, Tdlhgg nstkjgfslnb tlkt “fe wn stfda th tln dhmdnpt
he dhccftcnmt ks k ehrdn gnkbfm` th dhmsfstnmdy he kdtfhm, ft snncs rnkshmkjgn th
vfnw fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ks k prhdnss tlkt fmdrnksns dhccftcnmt‖ (Tdlhgg ;6<;, ;6<;, >6>).

;:.: ^mbnrstkmbfm` hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt

dhccftcnmt
Hmn he tln chst fcphrtkmt dhmsnqunmdns he pnrshmkg kmb shdfkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhms he
km fmbfvfbukg wftl k dhcpkmy fs hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt, wlfdl fs hmn he tln
dnmtrkg rngktfhm vkrfkjgns tlkt bn﬋mn tln rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm k dhcpkmy kmb fts
stkanlhgbnrs (@umbgkdl nt kg. ;66>).
;66>). Rln tnrcs dhccftcnmt, jnghm`fm` kmb bnvh-
tfhm bnmhtn k ehrcehr c he psydlhgh`fdkg dhmmndtfhm, hr k rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm km fmbf-
vfbukg kmb k dhcpkmy, kmb nxprnss k ehrc he km fmbfvfbukg‖s fmvhgvncnmt wftl hr
kffl gfk
gfktfh
tfhmm th
t h k dhc
dhcpkmy
pkmy..
Fm tlnfr gftnrkturn rnvfnw, Vhhm nt kg. (;662
;662)) phfmt hut tlkt fmsfbn tln tlnhrntfdkg
bfsdussfhm he tln tnrcs dhccftcnmt kmb jnghm`fm` tlnrn krn twh bfstfmdt gfmns
he rnsnkrdl (snn kgsh Cnynr kmb Kggnm ;660,;660, <). Rln ﬋rst gfmn ehdusns hm hjindts
th wlfdl km fmbfvfbukg bnvnghps k enngfm` he jnghm`fm` kmb/hr kdts fm sudl k wky,
cnkmfm` tlkt km fmbfvfbukg fs dhccfttnb th tln hjindt. Fmbfvfbukgs dkm bnvnghp k
enngfm` he jnghm`fm` th km hr`kmfzktfhm, fm wlfdl dksn wn tkga kjhut hr`kmfzktfhmkg
dhccftcnmt, wlfdl fs tln dhccftcnmt he ncpghynns th km hr`kmfzktfhm fm tln rhgn
he tln ncpghynr (Tkmh ;666),
;666), jut kgsh tln dhccftcnmt he dhmsucnrs th k dhc-
pkmy fm tln rhgn he k prhbudt kmb snrvfdn prhvfbnr (Jkmskg nt kg. :??2).
:??2). Rln sndhmb
gfmn he gftnrkturn rnenrs th tln mkturn kmb tln hrfnmtktfhm he dhccftcnmt (Vhhm
nt kg. ;662,
;662, 44:). Rlfs jrkmdl lks twh suj`rhups tlkt sf`mfey twh ckfm kpprhkdlns
th stubyfm` dhccftcnmt (Chrrfs kmb Tlnrckm ;6<;) ;6<;) kmb krn dkggnb psydlhgh`fdkg
kmb nxdlkm`n kpprhkdlns (Ttnvnms
(Ttnvnms nt kg. ;60<).
;60<).
 Rln psydlhgh`fdkg kpprhkdl fs `nmnrkggy vnry dghsn th tln dhmdnpt he fbnm-
tf﬋dktfhm kmb nxpgkfms dhccftcnmt ks km kdtfvn kmb phsftfvn k﬏ndtfhm he km fmbf-
vfbukg thwkrb km hr`kmfzktfhm. Hmn nxkcpgn he sudl km nxpgkmktfhm fs k bn﬋mftfhm
su``nstnb jy _hrtnr nt kg. (;602
( ;602)) tlkt dhccftcnmt dkm jn bn﬋mnb “fm tnrcs he
tln strnm`tl he km fmbfvfbukg‖s fbnmtf﬋dktfhm wftl kmb fmvhgvncnmt fm k pkrtfdugkr

Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt ;66

hr`kmfzktfhm‖ (_hrtnr nt kg. ;602,

;602, 5?2). Rlrnn ekdthrs he dhccftcnmt krn prhphsnb
(_hrtnr nt kg. ;602,
;602, 5?2)9

• k strhm` jngfne fm kmb kddnptkmdn he tln hr`kmfzktfhm‖

hr`kmfzktf hm‖ss `hkgs kmb vkguns1
•• kk bn﬋mftn
wfggfm`mnss th nxnrt
bnsfrn dhmsfbnrkjgn
th ckfmtkfm hr`kmfzn﬏hrt hmcncjnrslfp.
hr`kmfzktfhmkg
ktfhmkg jnlk ge he tln hr`kmfzktfhm1
jnlkge

Rlfs kpprhkdl ncplksfzns tln psydlhgh`fdkg dhmmndtfhm tlkt km fmbfvfbukg enngs fm

tln rngktfhmslfp wftl km hr`kmfzktfhm.
Rln nxdlkm`n kpprhkdl, hm tln htlnr lkmb, snns dhccftcnmt ks tln rnsugt
he trkmskdtfhms he fmbudncnmts hr dhmtrfjutfhms jntwnnm km fmbfvfbukg kmb km
hr`kmfzktfhm,“wftl km nxpgfdft ncplksfs hm tln fmstrucnmtkgftfns he cncjnrslfp ks
tln prfckry
prfckr y bntnrcfmkmt he tln cncjnr‖s
cncjnr‖s kddrukg he kbvkmtk`n hr bfskbvkmtk`n
bfskbvkmtk`n fm
tln hm`hfm` prhdnss he nxdlkm`n‖ (Chrr
(Chrrfs
fs kmb Tlnrckm
Tlnr ckm ;6<;,
;6<;, >;4)
>;4).. Rlfs kpprhk
kpprhkdl
dl
ncplksfzns fmvnstcnmts fm tln nxdlkm`n ks ekdthrs bn﬋mfm` tln mkturn he tln rngk-
tfhmslfp jntwnnm tln twh nxdlkm`n pkrtmnrs. Hmn mhtkjgn nxkcpgn fs Jndanr‖s
bn﬋mftfhm phstugktfm` tlkt dhccftcnmt fs k tnmbnmdy th prnsnrvn k dhmsfstnmt
nxfstfm` dhursn he kdtfvftfns jndkusn tln pnrdnfvnb dhsts he bhfm` tlkt fm kmy htlnr
wky krn lf`lnr (Cny
(Cnynrnr nt kg. ;6<6,
;6<6, ;>:). Kddhrbfm` th Jnda,
Jnd a, tln chrn tlkt fmbfvfb-
f mbfvfb-
ukgs fmvnst fm km hr`kmfzktfhm,
hr`kmfzkt fhm, hr tln chrn tlny dkm ghsn jy gnkvfm` km hr`kmfzktfh
hr` kmfzktfhm,
m,
tln `rnktnr tlnfr dhccftcnmt th tln hr`kmfzktfhm. Dhccftcnmt tlus rnenrs th k
strfm` he rndfpr
rndfprhdkg
hdkg hjgf`ktfhm jntwnnm
jntwnnm k dhcpkmy kmb km fmbfvfbukg (Ckrsl kmb
Ckmmkrf ;600).
;600).
Rln psydlhgh`fdkg kpprhkdl, kddhrbfm` th Jgku kmb Jhkg (;6<0 ( ;6<0),
), bn﬋mns dhc-
cftcnmt ks km kttftubn, wlfgn tln nxdlkm`n kpprhkdl bn﬋mns dhccftcnmt
d hccftcnmt ks jnlkv-
fhur (snn kgsh Chwbky nt kg. ;6<:).
;6<:). Jhtl kpprhkdlns try th bnsdrfjn tln mkturn he
tln rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm km fmbfvfbukg kmb k dhcpkmy
dhcpkmy.. Fe dhccftcnmt fs vfnwnb ks
k typn he jnlkvfhur, tlnm

tln fmbfvfbukg fs vfnwnb ks dhccfttnb th km hr`kmfzktfhm fe ln/sln fs jhumb

jy pkst kdtfhms he suma dhsts. Rlus, km fmbfvfbukg jndhcns dhccfttnb th km
hr`kmfzktfhm jndkusn ft lks jndhcn thh dhstgy ehr lfc/lnr th gnkvn … Fm
dhmtrkst, fm tln kttftubfmkg kpprhkdl, hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt fs vfnwn
vfnwnbb ks
k chrn phsftfvn fmbfvfbukg hrfnmtktfh
hrfnmtktfhmm thwkrb tln hr`kmfzktfhm.
(Jgku kmb Jhkg ;6<0,
;6<0, :6?)

Ukrbf nt kg. (;6<6

(;6<6)) kgsh usn twh kpprhkdlns th stubyfm` dhccftcnmt, mkcngy km
fmstrucnmtkg-dkgdugktfvn kpprhkdl kmb k mhrcktfvn kpprhkdl. Rln ﬋rst
kpprhkdl nxpgkfms dhccftcnmt ks km fmbfvfbukg‖s fmtnmt th stky fm k rngktfhmslfp
wftl km hr`kmfzktfhm,
hr`k mfzktfhm, tln ckfm ekdthr
e kdthr ehr sudl k bndfsfhm jnfm`
jnf m` tlnfr hwm fmtnrnsts.
Hwm fmtnrnsts fm tlfs dhmtnxt krn umbnrsthhb ks k dhst—jnmn﬋t rktfh fe tln rngktfhm-
slfp wftl km hr`kmfzktfhm fs prnsnrvnb, kmb k dhst—jnmn﬋t rktfh fe tlfs rngktfhmslfp fs
tnrcfmktnb. Rln mhrcktfv
mhr cktfvnn kpprhkdl bn﬋mns dhccftcnmt ks k s k suc he
h e fmtnrmkgfznb
fmtnrmk gfznb
mhrcktfvn prnssurns hm tln fmbfvfbukg th hpnrktn fm k ckmmnr tlkt fs fm dhmdhrbkmdn

:?? Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt

wftl tln fmtnrnsts he km hr`kmfzktfhm. Rlfs kpprhkdl rngktns dhccftcnmt th tnrcs

sudl ks prfbn, chrkg hjgf`ktfhms, buty, skdrf﬋dn, ntd. (Ukrbf nt kg. ;6<6,
;6<6, :01 snn kgsh
@knrtmnr kmb Mhggnm ;6<61
;6<61 Jfngjy ;66:).
;66:).
Ckrantfm` sdfnmdn jrfm`s km fmtnrnstfm` phfmt he vfnw th tln umbnrstkmbfm` he
dhccftcnmt kmb fts bnvnghpcnmt. Ft snns dhccftcnmt
dh ccftcnmt ks k dhmtfmuuc, wlnrn tlnrn
fs trkmskdtfhm dhccftcnmt kt hmn nmb kmb rngktfhmkg dhccftcnmt kt tln htlnr
(Fmfnstk kmb Tkmdlnz :??4,
:??4, :?5). Rrkmskdtfhm dhccftcnmt fs stfcugktnb jy tln
dhccumfdktfhm kmb prhchtfhm kdtfvftfns he k dhcpkmy kmb fs rngktnb shgngy th tln
fcpgncnmtktfhm he tln trkmskdtfhm, fm tln prhdnss he wlfdl km fmbfvfbukg bhns mht
tlfma kjhut rnpnktfm` trkmskdtfhms hr nmtnrfm` fmth k rngktfhmslfp wftl k dhcpkmy.
Rrkmskdtfhm dhccftcnmt dkm — jut mht mndnsskrfgy — bnvnghp fmth rngktfhmkg dhc-
cftcnmt, wlfdl bhns fmdgubn trkmskdtfhms, jut slfets tln ehdus th fmtnrkdtfhms kmb
th drnktfm` kmb annpfm` k ghm`-tnrc
ghm`-tnr c rngktfhmslfp.K rngktfhmslfp fcpgfns
f cpgfns km nxdgusfvn
dhhpnrktfhm jntwnnm tln twh nxdlkm`n pkrtmnrs jndkusn tfns jntwnnm pkrtmnrs krn
sh strhm` tlkt tlny bnckmb dhhpnrktfhm fm kgg phtnmtfkg nxdlkm`n prhdnssns.

;:.4 Bfcnmsfhms he dhccftcnmt

Hmn `hhb kttncpt kt fmtn`rktfm` psydlhgh`fdkg kmb nxdlkm`n kpprhkdlns th dhc-
cftcnmt fs tln whra he Mktkgfn Kggnm kmb Ihlm Cnynr (;66? (;66?),
), kmb he Cnynr nt kg.
(;6<2
;6<2,, ;6<6,
;6<6, ;66?).
;66?). Kggnm kmb Cnynr (;66?
(;66?)) bn﬋mn dhccftcnmt fm tln dhmtnxt he k
rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm k dhcpkmy kmb fts ncpghynns ks k psydlhgh`fdkg stktn, kmb tln
dhmdrntn kdtfvftfns he fmbfvfbukgs tlkt nxprnssns tlnfr kttftubn thwkrb tln hr`kmfzk-
tfhm1 tln dhmsnqunmdn he dhccftcnmt fs tln bndfsfhm wlntlnr km fmbfvfbukg whugb
stky k cncjnr he km hr`kmfzktfhm hr mht. Ckmy stubfns dhm﬋rcnb tlkt “ncpghynns
wlh krn strhm`gy dhccfttnb krn tlhsn wlh krn gnkst gfangy th gnkvn tln hr`kmfzktfhm‖
(Kggnm kmb Cnynr ;66?,
;66?, ;), hr whugb mht jn wfggfm` th tnrcfmktn tlnfr ncpghycnmt.
Rlfs fs fm dhmdhrbkmdn wftl tln mhtfhm tlkt dhccftcnmt fs tln bntnrcfmktfhm he km
fmbfvfbukg th dhmtfmun wftl k dnrtkfm kdtfvfty kmb fs, ks sudl, nxpgfdftgy rngktnb th km
fmbfvfbukg‖s jnlkvfhur kt k spndf﬋d tfcn (Jfngjy ;66:).
;66:). ^phm tlfs slkrnb kttrfjutn,
tln kutlhrs ehrcugktnb tlrnn typns he dhccftcnmt, mkcngy k﬏ndtfvn, dhmtfmukmdn
hr dkgdugktfvn, kmb mhrcktfvn dhccftcnmt. “K﬏ndtfvn, dhmtfmukmdn kmb mhrcktfvn
dhccftcnmt krn psydlhgh`fdkg stktns tlkt dlkrkdtnrfzn tln pnrshm‖s rngktfhmslfp wftl
tln nmtfty fm qunstfhm kmb lkvn fcpgfdktfhms ehr tln bndfsfhms th rnckfm fmvhgvnb
wftl ft‖ (Cnynr kmb Kggnm ;660,
;660, 64). Ncplksfznb fs tln fmbfvfbukg‖s
fmbfvfbukg‖s wfsl th stky k
cncjnr he km hr`kmfzktfhm kmb th dhmtfmun tln rngktfhms
rngktfhmslfp
lfp (snn Ef`urn ;:.;).

• K﬏ndtfvn dhccftcnmt wks nxpgkfmnb hm tln jksfs hm tln psydlhgh`fdkg

 bn﬋mftfhm he tln mnnb th jnghm`. Ft fs bn﬋mnb jy tln ekdt
ekd t tlkt k﬏ndtfvngy dhc-
cfttnb ncpghynns stky fm km hr`kmfzktfhm jndkusn tlny “wkmt‖ th. Fmbfvfbukgs‖
dhccftcnmt fs tlus jksnb hm tlnfr wfsl.
• Dhmtfmukmdn hr dkgdugktfvn dhccftcnmt fs jksnb hm tln nxdlkm`n
kpprhkdl. Ncpghynns, ehr wlhc dhmtfmukmdn dhccftcnmt fs typfdkg, stky fm km

Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt :?;

MHZCKRFUN
jndkusn F enng chrkggy
hjgf`nb

DHCCFRCNMR
F b gfan th stky fm k KEENDRFUN
rngktfhmslfp wftl k jndkusn F gfan ft vnry
dhcpkmy kmb wfgg cudl
fmvnst km nxtrk neehrt

DKGD^GKRFUN
jndkusn
htln F lkv
r dlh fdnn mh

EF@^ZN ;:.; Rypns he dhccftcnmt th k dhcpkmy

Kbkptnb erhc Cnynr kmb Kggnm (;660
(;660))

hr`kmfzktfhm jndkusn tlny “lkvn

“lkvn mh jnttnr dlhfdn‖
dlhfd n‖ (Cny
(Cnynr
nr kmb
km b Kggnm ;6<21
;6<21 Cnynr
nt kg. ;6<6,
;6<6, ;66?).
;66?). Tudl dhccftcnmt fs jksnb hm tln enngfm` he mndnssfty.
• Jnsfbn tln twh vfnws, Pfnmnr (;6<: (;6<:)) su``nsts tln tlfrb, tln mhrcktfvn
kpprhkdl th dhccftcnmt, wlfdl fmvhgvns mht hmgy fbnmtf﬋dktfhm, dhsts
kmb jnmn﬋ts, jut kgsh ntlfdkg mhrcs kmb chrkg stkmbkrbs. Rlhsn eumdtfhm ks
tln tlfrb ekdthr tlkt fm﬊unmdns
fm﬊unmd ns km fmbfvfbukg‖s
fmbfvfbukg‖s dhccftcnmt th k dhcpkmy ehr
wlfdl tlny whra. Rlfs kpprhkdl fmdgubns dhmdnpts
d hmdnpts sudl ks chrkg hjgf`ktfhm,
snmsn he buty kmb rnsphmsfjfgfty, wlfdl wnrn sujsnqunmtgy stubfnb jy Cnynr
kmb Kggnm (;660
(;66011 Cnynr nt kg. ;66?)
;66?) kmb rndh`mfznb ks k tlfrb bfcnmsfhm he
hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt. Rln mhrcktfvngy
m hrcktfvngy dhccfttnb ncpghy
ncpghynns
nns rnckfm
cncjnrs he km hr`kmfzktfhm jndkusn
jndk usn tlny “lkv
“lkvnn th‖ hr enng chrkggy
chrkgg y hjgf`nb th
stky. Mhrcktfvn dhccftcnmt bnvnghps fm tln prhdnss he shdfkgfzktfhm wlnm
fmbfvfbukgs fmtnrmkgfzn tln snt he mhrcs he “suftkjgn‖ jnlkvfhur (Cnynr kmb
Kggnm ;660).
;660).
Rln kjhvn
kjhvn chbng prnsnmtfm` tlrnn bfcnmsfhms he dhccftcnmt wks mht hmgy tnstnb
hm k rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm k dhcpkmy kmb fts ncpghynns
ncpghynns (_hbmkr :??2):??2) jut kgsh hm
k rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm k dhcpkmy kmb fts nxtnrmkg
nxtnr mkg stkanlhgbnrs, sudl ks dhmsucnrs.
d hmsucnrs.
K stuby jy @runm nt kg. (:???
:???)) supphrtnb tln vkgfbfty kmb rngfkjfgfty he tln prhphsnb

:?: Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt

chbng fm tln ﬋ngb he dgkssfdkg

dgkssfdk g ckrantfm`. Jkmskg nt kg. (:??2
:??2)) dkcn th k sfcfgkr dhm-
dgusfhm wlnm kppgyfm` tln chbng th stuby tln rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm dhmsucnrs‖
dhccftcnmt kmb k dlkm`n he snrvfdn prhvfbnr kmb nstkjgfslnb tlkt th umbnrstkmb
dusthcnr rntnmtfhm, wn mnnb th dhmsfbnr kgg tlrnn typns he dhccftcnmt (snn kgsh
Cnynr
Cnynr kmb Lnrsdhvftdl :??;).
:??;).
• Nchtfhmkg hr k﬏ndtfvn dhccftcnmt he k dhmsucnr th k dhcpkmy fs jksnb hm tln
bnsfrn th jn dhmmndtnb hr th lkvn km nchtfhmkg dhmmndtfhm th tln dhcpkmy
(@runm nt kg. :???,
:???, 40).
• Pn spnka he mhrcktfvn dhccftcnmt wlnm dusthcnrs stky wftl k dhcpkmy tlkt
h﬏nrs tlnc prhbudts hrh r snrvfdns,
snr vfdns, jndkusn tlny enng tlny “slhugb stky‖ kmb lkvn
km fmdgfmktfhm thwkrb ghykgty hrf`fmktfm` fm tlnfr ntlfdkg dhbnx. Jndkusn ghy-
kgty fs km fcphrtkmt vkgun ehr tlnc, sudl dhmsucnrs rnckfm dhccfttnb th tln
dhcpkmy (Jkmskg nt kg. :??2).
:??2).
• Dhmtfmukmdn dhccftcnmt dkm jn snnm ks k “ehrdnb‖ rngktfhmslfp jndkusn dhmsucnrs
dh msucnrs
rnckfm fm k rngktfhmslfp wftl k dhcpkmy jndkusn tlny enng tlny cust kmb krn fm
k snmsn ghdanb up fm tln rngktfhmslfp (Cny
(Cnynr
nr kmb Lnrsdhvftdl :??;).
:??;). Dhmsu
Dhmsucnrs
cnrs
jngfnvn tlkt tln rngktfhmslfp dkmmht jn tnrcfmktnb bun th ndhmhcfd, shdfkg hr
psydlhgh`fdkg dhsts (Jnmbkpubf kmb Jnrry ;660). ;660 ). K rngktfhmslfp dkm kgsh jn
prnsnrvnb bun th k rktfhmkg nstfcktfhm he ndhmhcfd dhsts fmdurrnb jy tln tnr-
cfmktfhm he tln rngktfhmslfp hr dlkm`n he k prhvfbnr (@fggfgkmb kmb Jnggh :??:).
:??:).
Dhmsucnrs dkm kgsh
kg sh stky fm k rngktfhmslfp wlnm tlny bh mht snn k jnttnr dlhfdn
d lhfdn
(Jnmbkpubf kmb Jnrry ;660).
;660).

Rh suc up tln jksfd dlkrkdtnrf

d lkrkdtnrfstfds,
stfds, wn dkm sky tlkt k﬏ndtfvngy dhccfttnb fmbfvfb-
ukgs wfsl th annp k rngktfhmslfp wftl k dhcpkmy jndkusn tlny fbnmtfey wftl ft hr
lkvnn phsftfvn enngfm`s kjhut ft.
lkv f t. Fmbfvfbukgs wftl dhmtfmukmdn dhccftcnmt ckfmtkfm
rngktfhmslfps jndkusn tlny lkvn mh jnttnr kgtnrmktfvn. Rln bn﬋mfm` dlkrkdtnrfstfd
he tln tlfrb typn, tln mhrcktfvn dhccftcnmt, fs tlkt rngktfhmslfps krn prnsnrvnb
jndkusn fmbfvfbukgs wnrn tku`lt tlkt tlfs wks rf`lt kmb jngfnvn tlkt ft slhugb stky sh.
Lhwnvnr, tlny whugb jn th k skcn bn`rnn dhccfttnb th kmy htlnr dhcpkmy fe tlny
wnrnn fm k rngktfhmslfp wftl ft.
wnr
Rln kjhvn ehrcs hr bfcnmsfhms he dhccftcnmt fmtnrwnkvn fm km fmbfvfbukg,
kmb shcn kspndts krn bhcfmkmt, htlnrs gnss kppkrnmt.
k ppkrnmt. Ncpfrfd
Ncpfrfdkg
kg stubfns lkvn bnc-
hmstrktnb tlkt tlnrn fs nvnm cutukg fm﬊unmdn kchm` bf﬏nrnmt bfcnmsfhms. Ehr
nxkcpgn, k﬏ndtfvn dhccftcnmt dkm fm﬊unmdn tln drnktfhm he mhrcktfvmhr cktfvnn dhccft-
cnmt, jndkusn k dhmsucnr wftl nchtfhmkg tfns th k dhcpkmy dkm jn`fm th enng
km hjgf`ktfhm th ckfmtkfm tlfs rngktfhmslfp (Jkmskg nt kg. :??2,
:??2, :46)1 kmb k rnvnrsn
prhdnss fs kgsh phssfjgn. Ft lks kgsh jnnm nstkjgfslnb tlkt dhmtfmukmdn dhccftcnmt
 rnbudns tln fm﬊unmdn he nchtfhmkg dhccftcnmt hm tln jnlkvfhur he fmbfvfbukgs
(Cnynr kmb Lnrsdhvftdl :??;).
:??;). Zn`krbgnss he fts typn, lhwnvnr, dhccftcnmt
hmgy hddurs wlnm k rngktfhmslfp fs dhmsfbnrnb fcphrtkmt, kmb wlnm pkrtmnrs krn
wfggfm` th ckan km n﬏hrt th annp tln rngktfhmslfp rummfm` (Chr`km kmb Lumt
;662,, ::—:4).
;662 ::—:4 ).

Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt :?4

;:.2 Neendts he dhccftcnmt

Ft fs dhccftcnmt tlkt ckans pnhpgn dhhpnrktn wftl tlnfr nxdlkm`n pkrtmnrs kmb
fmvnst fm tln ckfmtnmkmdn he k rngktfhmslfp. Dhccftcnmt fcprhvns rnsfstkmdn th
kttrkdtfvnn slhrt-tnrc kgtnrmktfv
kttrkdtfv kgtnrmktfvns
ns jy h﬏nrfm` ghm`-tnrc jnmn﬋ts fe tln prnsnmt rngk-
tfhmslfp fs prnsnrvnb, kmb ft kgsh rnbudns rfsas jy `ukrkmtnnfm` tlkt tln nxdlkm`n
pkrtmnr whugb mht jnlkvn hpphrtumfstfdkggy. Fm k rngktfhmslfp jksnb hm trust kmb
dhccftcnmt, wlfdl krn tln jksfd dhmbftfhms ehr k stkjgn rngktfhmslfp, htlnr jnm-
n﬋ts kppnkr, mkcngy n﬏ndtfvnmnss,
n﬏nd tfvnmnss, prhbudtfvfty kmb suddnsseugmnss
sud dnsseugmnss (Chr`km
( Chr`km kmb Lumt
Lu mt
;662,, ::—:4). Ks tln chst fcphrtkmt fm`rnbfnmt he k rngktfhmslfp, dhccftcnmt bfr-
;662
ndtgy fm﬊unmdns dhmsucnrs‖ jnlkvfhur thwkrb k dhcpkmy, kmb tlnfr bndfsfhms wftl
rn`krbb th prnsn
rn`kr prnsnrvfm`
rvfm` hr tnrcfmktfm` k rngktfhms
rngktfhmslfp
lfp (Jkmskg nt kg. :??2,
:??2, :2>). Ks ft lks
jnnm put ehrwkrb jy Judlkmkm (;602 ( ;602),
), dhccftcnmt fm tln gftnrkturn cnkms k wfgg-
fm`mnss th bnvhtn n﬏hrt fm k rngktfhmslfp wftl km hr`kmfzktfhm, k strhm` bnsfrn th stky
fm k rngktfhmslfp, k lf`l gnvng he ghykgty,
ghykgty, kddnptkmd
kddnptkmdnn he hr`kmfzktf
h r`kmfzktfhmkg
hmkg `hkgs
`h kgs kmb
km b vkguns,
kmb k phsftfvn nstfcktfhm he km hr`kmfzktfhm th`ntlnr wftl k rndfprhdkg snt he hjgf`k-
tfhms jntwntlrnn
jntwnnm
Dgnkrgy, nm k dhcpkmy
bf﬏nrnmt kmb
typnskmhefmbfvfbukg
dhccftcnmt(Ckrsl
lkvnkmb Ckmmkrf
bf﬏nrnmt ;600,,kmb
;600
n﬏ndts >0—><).
dhmsn-
qunmdns (Dhlnm kmb Afrdlcnynr ;66>1 ;66>1 Cnynr kmb Kggnm ;660).
;660). Rln chst dhc-
chm kmb chst stubfnb phsftfvn n﬏ndts ehr ncpghynns krn ghwnr kjsnmdn erhc whra,
lf`lnr prhbudtfvfty, mht tnrcfmktfm` ncpghycnmt, rnsphmsfjgn kdtfm`, nxtrk n﬏hrt
kmb sktfsekdtfhm wftl whra. Rln `rnktnst phsftfvn fm﬊unmdn hm tln kjhvn dhmsn-
qunmdns dhcns erhc tln k﬏ndtfvn dhccftcnmt.
Znsnkrdl jy Jkmskg nt kg. (:??2
:??2)) kgsh dhm﬋rcnb tlkt dhccftcnmt pgkys km
fcphrtkmt rhgn fm slkpfm` tln jnlkvfhur he fmbfvfbukgs. Rlnfr rnsnkrdl cnksurfm`
fm﬊unmdns he bf﬏nrnmt bfcnmsfhms he dhccftcnmt hm dhmsucnrs nstkjgfslnb tlkt
kgg tlrnn bfcnmsfhms lkvn mn`ktfvn dhrrngktfhm wftl fmtnmt th dlkm`n k prhvfbnr he
snrvfdns. Eurtlnr, tln rnsnkrdl rnvnkgs
rnvnkgs tlkt tln fm﬊unmdn he nchtfhmkg dhccftcnmt
th tln fmtnmt th dlkm`n k prhvfbnr fs fmbfrndt jndkusn ft fs cnbfktnb jy mhrcktfvn
dhccftcnmt (Jkmskg nt kg. :??2,:??2, :22—:2>). Eurtlnr stubfns nstkjgfslnb tlkt tlnrn
fs k bfrndt kmb phsftfvn fm﬊unmdn he dhccftcnmt hm tln rntnmtfhm he dusthcnrs
(Chr`km kmb Lumt ;662), ;662), kmb hm tln ghykgty he stkanlhgbnrs (Fmfnstk kmb Tkmdlnz
:??4).
:??4 ). Ghy
Ghykgty
kgty fs umbnrsthhb ks k bnnpgy rhhtnb prnenrnmdn kmb k stkjgn hjgf`ktfhm th
purdlksn k dnrtkfm
dnr tkfm prhbudt hr snrvfdn
snr vfdn fm tln euturn, rn`krbgnss he tln sftuktfhmkg fm﬊u-
nmdns kmb ckrant prnssurns th dlkm`n dhmsucnr jnlkvfhur (Hgfvnr ;660, ;660, 46:).
Znsnkrdl rnsugts slhw tlkt dhccftcnmt fs fm dhrrngktfhm wftl k lf`lnr gnvng
he ncpghynn rntnmtfhm, jut kgsh wftl annpfm` nxfstfm` dusthcnrs kmb tlnfr ghykgty,
kmb fs tlnrnehrn k ekdthr tlkt fm﬊unmdns tln fmtnmtfhms he dhmsucnrs th prnsnrvn tln
nxfstfm` rngktfhmslfp (Jkmskg nt kg. :??
:??22, :42). Ks cnmtfhmnb,
cnmt fhmnb, tln dhrrngktfh
dhr rngktfhmm jntwnnm
dhccftcnmt kmb fmtnmt th tnrcfmktn k rngktfhmslfp fs nxpgfdftgy mn`ktfvn (Cktlfnu
kmb Ykikd ;66?).
;66?). Km hvnrvfnw he tln kjhvn rnsnkrdl rnvnkgs tlkt erhc k dhcpkmy‖s
phfmt he
h e vfnw,
vfnw, tln chst bnsfrkjgn
bn sfrkjgn fs
f s k﬏ndtfvn
k﬏ndt fvn,, kmb pkrtgy
pkr tgy kgsh
kgs h mhrcktfvn
mhr cktfvn dhccftcnmt,
dhccftc nmt,
jut mht dhmtfmukmdn dhccftcnmt (Cnynr (Cnynr nt kg. ;6<61
;6<61 CdEkrgkmn Tlhrn kmb Pkymn
Pkymn
;664).
;664 ). Nvnm tlhu`l kgg tlrnn lkvn k phsftfvn
phsftfvn fm﬊unmdn hm k wfggfm`mnss th rnckfm fm

:?2 Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt

k rngktfhmslfp wftl k dhcpkmy

dhcpkmy,, ft fs nv
nvnm
nm chrn fcphrtkmt
fcphr tkmt th `nt k bnsfrkjgn rnsphmsn
erhc km fmbfvfbukg fm nxdlkm`n sftuktfhms wftl
wf tl k dhcpkmy
dhcpkmy..

;:.> Thdfkg kddnptkjfgfty

Ft whugb mht jn rnkgfstfd th nxpndt tlkt dhcpkmfns whugb lkvn k `rnkt mucjnr
he stkanlhgbnrs wlh whugb jn dhccfttnb kmb ghykg th k dhcpkmy kmb fts kdtfv-
ftfns. Jndkusn stkanlhgbnrs lkvn vkrfhus fmtnrnsts, kmb jndkusn dhcpkmfns krn vkrf-
n`ktnb kmb dhcpgnx nmtftfns tlkt dkm kdt fm k wky tlkt fs umphpugkr wftl dnrtkfm
kubfnmdns, dhcpgntn dhccftcnmt kmb ghykgty fs fcphssfjgn.Rlkt fs f s wly dhcpkmfns
cust nmsurn tlnfr hvnrkgg hpnrktfhm kmb dhmdrntn kdtfhms krn shdfkggy kddnptnb. Fm
shdfkg sdfnmdns, tln tnrc shdfkg kddnptkmdn lks mh dgnkr bn﬋mftfhm (Jrumsshm kmb
Tklgfm-Kmbnrsshm :???),
:???), kmb fs chst dhcchmgy usnb fm sftuktfhms wlnrn tlnrn fs
mh dhmsnmsus hm wlkt fs rf`lt
r f`lt kmb wlkt fs wrhm`, hr nvnm wlnrn tlnrn
tlnrn krn dhm﬊fdt-
fm` hpfmfhms. Fm tln dhmtnxt he shdfkg kddnptkmdn, tln tnrc
tnr c shdfkg rnenrs th k mntwhra
he fmtnrpnrshmkg
dnrtkfm rngktfhmslfps,
fssuns, fs kdtfvktnb
kdtfv hr thjndhcns
ktnb kmb tlus k dhccumfty
k pujgfdtlkt,
k mb bun
kmb th ftskmkttftubn
tlnrnjy thwkrb
fcphrtkmt ekd-
thr fm pgkmmfm` kmb pgkdfm` vkrfhus kdtfvftfns fm tln ghdkg nmvfrhmcnmt. Rln tnrc
pujgfd bnmhtns k `rhup he pnhpgn wlh krn fmvhgvnb fm tln fssun, rndh`mfzn tln prhj-
gnc, krn ekdnb wftl mh hjstrudtfhms fm tln prhjgnc shgvfm`, kmb wlhsn ckfm dhm-
dnrm fs tln cutukgfty kchm` tln fmtnrnst `rhups wftlfm tln pujgfd ftsnge. Kddnptkmdn
cnkms k cfmfckg bn`rnn
bn` rnn he dhmtnmt wftl hr suftkjfgfty he tln gkr`nst gnvng he dlkm`n
tlkt dhugb jn kddnptnb hr kpprhvnb.
Erhc k dhcpkmy‖s phfmt he vfnw, tlfs cnkms tlkt bndfsfhms kjhut nvnry kdtfhm,
ehr wlfdl dhm﬊fdtfm` hpfmfhms he tln pujgfd krn nxpndtnb, cust jn ckbn jy tka-
fm` fmth dhmsfbnrktfhm wlkt tln dhmsnqunmdns he tln supphrt hr hpphsftfhm he tln
pujgfd whugb jn.
Thdfkg kddnptkmdn fs k rnsugt he iub`ncnmt tlrhu`l wlfdl fmbfvfbukgs, fm tln
whrbs he Jrumsshm kmb Tklgfm-Kmbnrsshm (:???
(:???)9
)9

;. dhcpk rn pnrdnfvnb rnkgfty wftl kmy kgtnr

dhcpkrn kgtnrmktfvns
mktfvns tlny amhw1
:. ckan k bndfsfhm hm wlntlnr tln nxfstfm` dhmbftfhm fs jnttnr tlkm, hr kt gnkst he
sktfsekdthryy gfanmnss th
sktfsekdthr th,, tln jnst kgtnrmktfvn
kgtnr mktfvn dhmbftfhms.

Ft fs fcphrtkmt mht th sujstftutn kddnptkmdn wftl k﬏ndtfhm, nmtlusfksc ehr k dnr-

tkfm fssun hr nvnm wftl k bnsfrn th pgnksn nvnryhmn wftl nvnrytlfm`. Plkt ckans
kddnptkmdn bf﬏nrnmt erhc tlnsn dhmdnpts fs tln ekdt tlkt kddnptkmdn fmdgubns k
 jnlkvfhurkg dhcphmnmt tlkt rn﬊ndts tln kttftubns he km fmbfvfbukg (Jrumsshm kmb
Tklgfm-Kmbnrsshm :???).
:???). Thdfkg kddnptkmdn fs km hpfmfhmkg prhdnss tlkt fmvhgvns
k dhcpkrfshm he amhwm kgtnrmktfvns kmb (mht) kdtfm` hm tlnfr jksfs. Ft fs snnm ks
k rnkbfmnss th dhmsfbnr dnrtkfm fssuns fm qunstfhm ks phssfjgn kgtnrmktfvns. Dgkusnm
kmb Tdlrhnbnr (:??2
(:??2)) kbb k jnlkvfhurkg dhcphmnmt th tln dhmdnpt, jy skyfm` tlkt
shdfkg kddnptkmdn ckmfensts fm jnlkvfhur1 k shdfkggy kddnptnb phgfdy hr k dhmdrntn

Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt :?>

cnksurn cnkms tlkt sudl phgfdfns hr cnksurns krn nxpgfdftgy kmb fcpgfdftgy sup-
phrtnb jy tln ckihrfty
ckihr fty he tln pujgfd, th wlfdl tlfs cnksurn hr phgfdy fs k dhmdnrm
dhmdnrm,,
kmb fs rn﬊ndtnb fm k jnlkvfhurkg fmtnmt.
Ketnr km fmbfvfbukg lks kddnptnb km nvkguktfhm, tlny bndfbn wlkt th bh fm
rnsphmsn. Ft fs vnry prhjkjgn tlkt fe k stktn hr kdtfvfty fs nstfcktnb ks phsftfvn hr
mnutrkg, tlny whugb mht bh kmytlfm`. Fm dksn tln nstfcktfhm fs mn`ktfvn, tlny cust
bndfbn wlntlnr tln dhmbftfhm fs sh umkddnptkjgn tlkt km kdtfhm cust jn tkanm. Fe
pnhpgn snn km nxfstfm` dhmbftfhm ks umsktfsekdthry, tlny wfgg dhccft th sudl kdtfv-
ftfns tlkt krn jngfnvnb th dlkm`n dhmbftfhms thwkrb k chrn kddnptkjgn kgtnrmktfvn
(Jrumsshm kmb Tklgfm-Kmbnrsshm :???). :???). Fm tln dhmtnxt he dhcpkmfns, tlfs fs ckmf-
enstnb tlrhu`l bf﬏nrnmt ehrcs he pkssfvn kmb kdtfvn kdtfvfsc, dftfznm kmb dhmsucnr
fmftfktfvns, pntftfhms, rnenrnmbucs, nxnrtfm` fm﬊unmdn tlrhu`l htlnr fmstftutfhms kmb
stkanlhgbnrs, jhydhtts
jhydhtts kmb
km b dhmsucnr
dh msucnr tnrrhrfsc.
tnr rhrfsc.
Jrumsshm kmb Tklgfm-Kmbnrsshm (:??? (:???)) jngfnvn tlkt k dhmbftfhm fs hmgy
umdlkm`nkjgn wlnm km fmbfvfbukg bndfbns tlkt ft lks th rnsphmb th ft wftl tlnfr
hwm kdtfhm. Rlfs cnkms tlkt dlkm`nkjfgfty
d lkm`nkjfgfty fs mht mndnsskrfgy
mndnsskr fgy rngktnb hmgy th nmtlu-
sfkstfd kpprh
kpprhvkg,
vkg, jut ft rnprnsnmts dhmbftfhms tlkt km fmbfvfbukg
f mbfvfbukg dkm stfgg thgnrktn. Rlkt
fs wly ft fs sh fcphrtkmt tlkt shdfkg kddnptkmdn fs umbnrsthhb ks k jnlkvfhurkg fmtnmt.
Kgtlhu`l
Kgtlh u`l ft fs
f s bfffldugt th stuby shdfkg
sh dfkg kddnptk
k ddnptkmdn
mdn ks sudl,
s udl, wn dkm ckan kddurktn
kdd urktn
kssucptfhms kjhut ft jy cnksurfm` tln prnsnmdn hr kjsnmdn he nvnmts tlkt phfmt kt
wlntlnr shcntlfm` fs shdfkggy
shdfk ggy kddnptnb hr mht.
Rln kjhvn rnkshmfm` phfmts kt k dhmdgusfhm tlkt shdfkg kddnptkmdn slhugb mnvnr
jn snnm ks k bfdlhthchus hr nxdgusfvn dktn`hry (fm tln snmsn, tlnrn fs hr tlnrn fs mh
shdfkg kddnptkmdn), jut slhugb jn dhmsfbnrnb ks k dhmtfmuuc, jndkusn tln gnvng he
kddnptkmdn dlkm`ns tlrhu`l tfcn.Rlkt fs wly shcn he tln nxkcpgns he cnksurfm` cnksur fm`
shdfkg kddnptkmdn usn ks k cnksurn wfggfm`mnss th mn`htfktn, wlfdl fs snnm ks nvf-
bnmdn he shdfkg kddnptkmdn (Phgen nt kg. :??:). :??:). Mn`htfktfhms kjhut k dnrtkfm fssun
dkm bnkg wftl tln fssun ftsnge hr wftl k mucjnr he rngktnb thpfds, sudl ks tln gnvng
he fmvhgvncnmt fm tln bndfsfhm-ckafm` prhdnssns, qunstfhms he dhcpnmsktfhm kmb
htlnr thpfds rngktnb th tln fssun (Phgen nt kg. :??:). :??:). Rln dhmtfmuuc tlus strntdlns
erhc thtkg kddnptkmdn hm hmn sfbn th dhcpgntn jghdakbn hr mhm-kddnptkmdn hm
tln htlnr, kmb mht hmgy fmdgubns prhjgncktfd thpfds kmb kdtfhms, jut kgsh prhdnssns
rngktnb th tlnc. Dhcpkmfns slhugb tlnrnehrn tlnrnehrn,, jnsfbns jnfm` kttrkdtfvn kmb eug﬋ggfm`
tln mnnbs kmb bnsfrns he dhmsucnrs, kgwkys ckan surn tlkt tlnfr jusfmnss prhdnssns
krn gn`ftfcktn jndkusn he tln stkanlhgbnrs‖ jngfne tlkt tln bndfsfhm-ckafm` prhdnss
slhugb jn hpnm kmb lhmnst (Chhrn ;66>), ;66>), kmb tlkt dhcpkmfns bndfbn kjhut tlnfr
kdtfhms fm kddhrbkmdn wftl ntlfdkg stkmbkrbs (Nkstnrgfm` ;66:). ;66:). Rln gn`ftfckdy
gn` ftfckdy he k
prhdnss fs bn﬋mnb ks dhm`runmdn
dhm` runmdn jntwnnm tln rnsugts he kdtfhms jy bndfsfhm-ckanrs
kmb tln vkgun pkttnrms he tln rngnvkmt systnc hr tln pnhpgn wlh krn fm﬊unmdnb jy

tln rnsugts. Lnrn

prhdnburn, Lnrn,
, psydlhgh`fdkg
wlfdl trkftspnhpgn
gnkbs dhmdnrmnb krn ksdrfjnb
ksdr
thfjnb
tln th k pnrshm,
jngfne fmstftutfhm
tlkt tlfs hr k shdfkg
pnrshm, fmstftutfhm
hr shdfkg prhdnburn fs suftkjgn, fbnkg kmb lhmnst (Rygnr kmb bn Drncnr :??>). :??>). Hmgy
fm sudl k wky dkm dhcpkmfns `nt k gfdnmdn
g fdnmdn th hpnrktn, wlfdl nmkjgns tlnc mht hmgy
th bh jusfmnss suddnsseuggy, jut th bh jusfmnss kt kgg.

:?5 Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt

DKTN9 DHDK-DHGK
Rln lfsthry he tln Dhdk-Dhgk Dhcpkmy stkrts fm ;<<5, wlnm Ihlm _ncjnrthm,
k plkrckdfst erhc Ktgkmtk, ﬋rst cfxnb k dkrkcng brfma, thha ft th Ikdhj‖s
_lkrckdy wlnrn shbk wks kbbnb, kmb tln brfma wks tlnm heenrnb th dusthcnrs
th tkstn. Nvnryjhby k`rnnb tlkt tln brfma wks shcntlfm` spndfkg. Ft wks shgb ehr
﬋vn dnmts k `gkss. Erkma Zhjfmshm, _ncjnrthm‖s jhhaannpnr, mkcnb tln brfma
Dhdk-Dhgk kmb wrhtn tln mkcn bhwm fm lfs typfdkg lkmbwrftfm`. Rlfs typnekdn
lks rnckfmnb k bfstfmdtfvn trkbn ckra up th tlfs bky. _ncjnrthm bfnb twh ynkrs
gktnr kmb bfb mht gfvn th snn tln suddnss he lfs brfma. Jntwnnm ;<<< kmb ;<6;,
km Ktgkmtk jusfmnssckm, @rf``s Dkmbgnr, ckmk`nb th sndurn rf`lts he prhbud-
tfhm kmb skgn he Dhdk-Dhgk wftl km fmvnstcnmt he $:,4??. Ln jndkcn tln ﬋rst
prnsfbnmt he t ln dhcpkmy kmb wks tln ﬋rst th bnvnghp k ghm`-tnrc vfsfhm ehr
tln bnvnghpcnmt he tln Dhdk-Dhgk jrkmb. Dhdk-Dhgk lks bnvnghpnb erhc k
brfma tlkt shgb mfmn `gkssns pnr bky, th hmn he t ln jnst-amhwm whrgb jrkmbs,

wftl ly
hshp
;.2 jfggfhm jhttgns shgb nvnry bky. Ft fs kvkfgkjgn fm :?? dhumtrfns. Fts plfg-
fs t ln ehdus hm ghdkg ckrants, wftl spndfkg kttnmtfhm jnfm` pkfb th t ln
spndfkgtfns he nkdl ghdkg ckrant. Dhdk-Dhgk dhhpnrktns wftl ghdkg pkrtmnrs tlkt
﬋gg tln jhttgns kmb sngg ft fm tlnfr hwm ckrants.
Fm tln ;6<?s, wlnm Dhdk-Dhgk wks hm tln jrfma he fts ;??tl jfrtlbky, ft wks
k gkr`n kmb suddnsseug fmtnrmktfhmkg dhcpkmy. Fts chst fcphrtkmt cfgnsthmns
he tlkt nrk wnrn tln kdqufsftfhm he Dhgucjfk _fdturns (;6<:) kmb tln gkumdl he
Bfnt Dhan (;6<:). Jut mhmntlngnss, trhujgns wnrn klnkb9 Dhdk-Dhgk stkrtnb th
ghsn ckrant slkrn th fts ckfm dhcpntfthr
dhcpntfthr,, _npsf. Fm ;6<2, ft hmgy lkb k 2.6 pnr
dnmt ckrant slkrn kbvkmtk`n hvnr _npsf kmb ft snncnb tlkt Dhdk-Dhgk whugb
jndhcn hmgy tln sndhmb chst phpugkr brfma. Dhdk-Dhgk spnmt chrn chmny
hm kbvnrtfsfm` tlkm _npsf, jut ft snncnb tlkt tln gkttnr wks chrn ne﬋dfnmt.
Eurtlnrchrn, jgfmb tnsts slhwnb tlkt dhmsucnrs prnenrrnb tln tkstn he _npsf
th tlkt he Dhdk-Dhgk. Rln hmgy kbvkmtk`n tlkt Dhdk-Dhgk lkb wks fts prnsnmdn
hm tln ckrant — bun th tln ghm` ynkrs he fmtnmsn bfstrfjutfhm, Dhdk-Dhgk wks
nvnrywlnrn. Nvnm pnhpgn wlh wkmtnb _npsf dhugb chstgy juy hmgy Dhdk-Dhgk.
Ft wks kgsh snrvnb fm tln CdBhmkgb‖s dlkfm.
Fm kutucm he ;6<4, Dhdk-Dhgk stkrtnb th tlfma kjhut fmtrhbudfm` k mnw
ehrcugk kmb dlkm`fm` tln tkstn. Dhmsucnr ehdus `rhups wnrn k`kfmst sudl
km f bnk. Jut w lnm kmkgysfm` rnsugts h e ehdus `rhup st ubfns, kmhtlnr prhjgnc
wks fbnmtf﬋nb. Dhdk-Dhgk wks he﬋dfkggy tln ekvhurftn brfma, jut pnhpgn kdtukggy
brkma shcntfcns _npsf, shcntfcns Dhdk-Dhgk, kmb kt htlnr tfcns, k bfeenrnmt
`nmnrfd brfma. Fm Tnptncjnr ;6<2, Dhdk-Dhgk ﬋mkggy tlhu`lt ft lkb k shgu-
 tfhm. _rhbudtfhm tndlmfdfkms bnvnghpnb k tkstn tlkt jnkt _npsf fm jgfmb tnsts.
Fm Kprfg ;6<>, tln “Mnw Dhan‖ wks phcphusgy fmtrhbudnb th tln Kcnrfdkm
ckrant jut dhmsucnrs bfb mht gfan ft. Rlnfr rnkdtfhm wks qufda kmb lucfgf-
ktfm`9 Dhdk-Dhgk wks dhcpkrnb th eurmfturn phgfslnr, hr nvnm th k twh-bky
hgb _npsf. Dusthcnrs stkrtnb th sthdapfgn tln hgb Dhdk-Dhgk. Rln prfdn ehr k

Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt :?0

jhttgn he km hgb Dhdk-Dhgk sayrhdantnb hm tln jgkda ckrant kmb rnkdlnb prfdns
he up th $4?. Rlnrn wnrn nvnm fbnks th fcphrt Dhdk-Dhgk erhc htlnr dhum-
trfns.
rfns. Rlnrn wnrn jhydhtts, dfvfg fmftfktfvns kmb prhtnsts. Rln mhtfhm he dlkm`fm`
Dhdk-Dhgk whumbnb tln Kcnrfdkm prfbn1 ghykg dusthcnrs wnrn slhdanb kmb
pnrshmkggy h eenmbnb. Chst ihurmkgfsts he k gchst kgg ckihr cnbfk rnkdtnb sfcf-
gkrgy kmb slhwnb dhmtncpt ehr tln bndfsfhm kmb tln kdtfhms he tln dhcpkmy‖s
ckmk`ncnmt. Bnspftn tln ekdt tlkt tln dhcpkmy dhmtfmunb th ghsn phpugkrfty
kmb tlkt tln ckrant rnindtnb tln mnw tkstn, tln ckmk`ncnmt fmsfstnb ehr shcn
fcn tlkt ft lkb rrnk
tfcn nkggy fmvnmtnb k `rnkt mnw ehrcugk. Rln tkstn he Dhdk-Dhgk
bfb dlkm`n hvnr tln ynkrs (ehr nxkcpgn, dkeenfmn kmb su`kr dhmtnmt), jut tlfs
wks mnvnr prnsnmtnb ks k rnphsftfhmfm` he tln jrkmb. Rln ckmk`ncnmt ﬋mkggy
kbcfttnb tlkt rnphsftfhmfm` he tln chst phpugkr kmb chst suddnsseug jrkmb fm
Kcnrfdkm lfsthry wks k cfstkan. Rln dhcpkmy kphgh`fznb th dhmsucnrs kmb
rnchvnb tln mnw prhbudt erhc sthrns. Rln nmsufm` dkcpkf`m “Rln rnkg tlfm`‖
strnm`tlnmnb fts gnkbfm` phsftfhm hm tln ckrant.
Fm :??2, tlnrn wks kmhtlnr umpgnkskmt rnkdtfhm th Dhdk-Dhgk‖s kdtfvftfns. Fm
tlkt ynkr, Dhdk-Dhgk fmtrhbudnb k jhttgnb sprfm` wktnr, Bkskmf, th tln Jrftfsl
ckrant kmb spnmt ₢0 cfggfhm hm k dhccumfdktfhms dkcpkf`m wftl tln sgh`km
“Ks purn ks wktnr dkm `nt‖. Lhwnvnr, dusthcnrs ehumb hut tlkt tln jhttgns
dhmtkfmnb mhrckg tkp wktnr erhc Ghmbhm sujurjs kmb kgchst kgg ckfmstrnkc
cnbfk pfdanb up tln sthry. Thcn dusthcnrs nvnm dkggnb Lnkgtl Fmspndtfhm th
tnst
nst tln wktnr. Dhdk-Dhgk rnsphmbnb wftl k stktncnmt tlkt Bkskmf wks fmbnnb
kp wktnr kmb tlkt ft wks mnvnr dgkfcnb tlkt ft wks jnfm` shurdnb erhc k
tkp
sprfm`. Rlny ckrantnb ft ks nxtrncngy purn jndkusn Bkskmf usnb k spndfkg purf-
﬋dktfhm prhdnburn bnvnghpnb jy MKTK. Lhwnvnr, k`kfm, tln cn bfk rnphrtnb
tlkt k vnry sfcpgn prhdnburn h e rnvnrsn hschsfs wks usnb. Rln skcn chmtl,
tlnrn wks kmhtlnr jghw th Bkskmf9 k twh tfcns lf`lnr tlkm kgghwnb dhmdnmtrk-
tfhm
fhm he jrhcktn, k dkmdnrhus dlncfdkg, wks ehumb fm t ln prhbudt. Dhdk-Dhgk
fccnbfktngy rndkggnb k gg jhttgns erhc tln ckrant fm hrbnr th prnvnmt lkrc th
dhmsucnrs.

Any tnrcs
Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt. Jnghm`fm` kmb bnvhtfhm bnmhtn k ehrc he psydlhgh`fdkg
psydlhgh`fd kg
dhmmndtfhm, hr k rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm km fmbfvfbukg kmb k dhcpkmy, kmb nxprnss k
ehrc
ehr c he km fmbfvfb
fmbfvfbukg‖s
ukg‖s fmvhgvncnmt
fmvhgvncnmt wftl
wf tl hr kffl
k fflgfktf
gfktfhm
hm th k dhcpk
dhcpkmy
my.. Ft fs wfggf
w fggfm`-
m`-
mnss th bnvhtn n﬏hrt fm k rngktfhmslfp wftl km hr`kmfzktfhm kmb k strhm` bnsfrn th
stky fm k rngktfhmslfp wftl ft. Ft fs k psydlhgh`fdkg
psydlhg h`fdkg stktn kmb
k mb tln dhmdrntn kdtfvftfns he
fmbfvfbukgs tlkt nxprnssns tlnfr kttftubn thwkrb tln hr`kmfzktfhm1 tln dhmsnqunmdn
he dhccftcnmt fs tln bndfsfhm wlntlnr km fmbfvfbukg whugb stky k cncjnr he km
hr`kmfzktfhm hr mht.
K﬏ndtfvn dhccftcnmt. K﬏ndtfvngy dhccfttnb ncpghynns stky fm km hr`kmfzktfhm
jndkusn tlny “wkmt‖ th. Fmbfvfbukgs‖ dhccftcnmt fs tlus jksnb hm tlnfr wfsl.

:?< Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt

Dhmtfmukmdn hr dkgdugktfvn dhccftcnmt. Dhmtfmukmdn dhccfttnb ncpghynns stky fm km

hr`kmfzktfhm jndkusn tlny lkvn mh jnttnr dlhfdn. Fmbfvfbukgs‖ dhccftcnmt fs tlus
jksnb hm tlnfr enngfm` he mndnssfty.
Mhrcktfvn dhccftcnmt. Mhrcktfvn dhccfttnb ncpghynns stky fm km hr`kmfzktfhm
jndkusn tlny “lkvn th‖ hr enng chrkggy hjgf`nb th stky. Fmbfvfbukgs‖ dhccftcnmt fs
tlus jksnb kmb bnv
bnvnghps
nghps hm tlnfr chrkg hjgf`ktfhm.
kddnptkmdn.. Km hpfmfhmkg prhdnss tlkt fmvhgvns
Thdfkg kddnptkmdn fmvhgvns k dhcpkrfshm
dhcpkr fshm he amhwm kgtnrmk-
kgtnr mk-
tfvns kmb (mht) kdtfm` hm tlnfr jksfs. Ft fs snnm ks k rnkbfmnss th dhmsfbnr dnrtkfm
tfvns dnr tkfm fssuns
fm qunstfhm ks phssfjgn kgtnrmktfvns. Ft fs k rnsugt he iub`ncnmt tlrhu`l wlfdl fmbf-
vfbukgs dhcpkrn pnrdnfv
pnrdnfvnb
nb rnkgfty wftl
wf tl kmy kgtnrmktfvn
kgtnr mktfvnss tlny amhw1 ckan k bndfsfhm
hm wlntlnr tln nxfstfm` dhmbftfhm fs jnttnr tlkm, hr kt gnkst he sktfsekdthry gfanmnss
th, tln jnst kgtnrmktfvn dhmbftfhms. Jndkusn stkanlhgbnrs lkvn vkrfhus fmtnrnsts, kmb
jndkusn dhcpkmfns krn vkrfn`ktnb kmb dhcpgnx nmtftfns tlkt dkm kdt fm k wky tlkt
fs umphpugkr wftl dnrtkfm kubfnmdns, tlny cust nmsurn tlnfr hvnrkgg hpnrktfhm kmb
dhmdrntn kdtfhms krn shdfkggy
shdf kggy kddnptnb.

ZNUFNP [^NTRFHMT
• Plkt fs hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt8
• Plkt krn keendtfvn, mhrcktfvn kmb dhmtfmukmdn dhccftcnmt kmb wly
fs tln bfstfmdtfhm jntwnnm bfeenrnmt typns he dhccftcnmt fcphrtkmt ehr
hr`kmfzktfhms8
• Plkt krn tln chst fcphrtkmt dhmsnqunmdns he hr`kmfzktfhmkg
dhccftcnmt8
• Nxpgkfm tln cnkmfm` kmb fcphrtkmdn he dhrphrktn shdfkg kddnptkjfgfty.

Ufsft tln Dhdk-Dhgk dhcpkmy wnjsftn. Bfsdhvnr tln wkys lhw tlfs dhcpkmy jufgbs
fts ncpghynn dhccftcnmt. Lhw fs tlfs bhmn fm tln dhcpkmy tlkt yhu whra ehr8
Rlrhu`lhut fts lfsthry Dhdk-Dhgk dhmerhmtnb snvnrkg drfsns rngktnb th tln shdfkg
kddnptkjfgfty he fts prhbudts. Rry th fbnmtfey shcn he tlnc. Plkt bkm`nr, fe kmy,
cky Dhdk-Dhgk wftmnss fm rngktfhm th tln shdfkg kddnptkjfgfty he fts prhbudts tlkt
dhmtkfm lf`l gnvngs he su`kr8

Znenrnmdns
 Kggnm, Mktkgfn I. kmb Ihlm _. Cnynr.
Kggnm, Cnynr. ;66?.
;66?. Rln cnksurncnmt kmb kmtndnbnmts he k﬏ndtfvn,
dhmtfmukmdn kmb mhrcktfvn dhccftcnmt th tln hr`kmfzktfhm.
hr`kmfzktfhm. Ihurmkg he Hddupktfhmkg
_sydlhgh`y 54 (;)9 ;—;<.
Kslehrtl,, Jgkan N. ;66<.
Kslehrtl ;66<. Jndhcfm`9 lhw bhns tln prhdnss he fbnmtf﬋dktfhm umehgb8 Fbnmtfty
Rlrhu`l Dhmvnrsktfhms, nbs. Bkvfb K. Pln
fm Hr`kmfzktfhms9 Jufgbfm` Rlnhry Rlrhu`l Plnttn
ttnmm kmb
k mb _kug D.
@hberny.. Rlhuskmb Hkas, DK9
@hberny DK9 Tk`n,
Tk`n, :;4—:::.

Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt :?6

Jkmskg, Lkrvfr T.,

Jkmskg, T., @rn`hry _. Frvfm` kmb Tlfrgny E. Rkyghr.
Rkyghr. :??2.
:??2. K tlrnn-dhcphmnmt chbng
he dusthcnr dhccftcnmt th snrvfdn prhvfbnrs.prhvfbnrs . Ihurmkg he tln Kdkbncy
Kdkbncy he Ckrantfm` Tdfnmdn
4: (4)9 :42—:>?.
Jnmbkpubf,, Mnngf kmb Gnhmkrb
Jnmbkpubf Gn hmkrb G. Jnrry
Jnrr y. ;660.
;660. Dusthcnrs‖ chtfvktfhms ehr ckfmtkfmfm` rngk-
tfhmslfps wftl snrvfdn prh prhvfbnrs
vfbnrs.. Ihurmkg he Zntkfgfm` 04 (;)9 ;>—40.
Jfngjy,, Bnmfsn B. ;66:.
Jfngjy ;66:. Dhccftcnmt th whra kmb ekcfgy. ekcfgy. Kmmukg Znvfnw he Thdfhgh`y ;< ;<99
:<;—4?:.
Jgku,, @kry I. kmb Afcjnrgy J. Jhkg.
Jgku Jhkg. ;6<0.
;6<0. Dhmdnptukgfzfm` lhw ihj fmvhgvncnmt kmb hr`km-
fzktfhmkg dhccftcn
dhccftcnmt mt k﬏ndt
k﬏nd t turmhvnr
tur mhvnr kmb kjsnmtnnfsc
kjsnm tnnfsc . Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw
;: (:)9 :<<—4??.
Jrumsshm,, Mfgs kmb Anrstfm Tklgfm-Kmbnrs
Jrumsshm Tklgfm- Kmbnrsshmshm.. :??
:????. Dhmstr
Dhmstrudtfm`
udtfm` hr`kmfzktfhms9
hr`km fzktfhms9 tln nxkcpgn
he pujgfd sndthr rnehrc.
rnehrc. Hr`kmfzktfhm Ttubfns :; (2)9 0:;—025.
Judlkmkm,, Jrudn.
Judlkmkm Jrudn. ;602.
;602. Jufgbfm`
Jufgbfm` hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt9 tln tln shdfkgfzktfhm he ckmk`nrs
fm whra hr`kmfzktfhms.
hr`kmfzktfhms. Kbcfmfstrktfvn Tdfnmdn
Tdfnmdn [ukrtnrgy ;6 (2)9 >44—>25.
Dgkusnm,, Bnjrk G. kmb Zhjnrt E. Tdlrhnbnr.
Dgkusnm Tdlrhnbnr . :??2.
:??2. Thdfkg Kddnptkjfgfty he Kgtnrmktfvns th
Dgnkrduttfm`9 Bfsdussfhm kmb Gftnrkturn Znvfnw wftl Ncplksfs hm Thutlnkst Kgksak. _hrtgkmb,
HZ99 ^T Bnpkrtcnmt
HZ Bnpkr tcnmt he K`rfdugturn,
K`r fdugturn, Ehrnst Tnrvfdn,
Tnrvfd n, _kdf﬋d Mhrtlwnst Znsnkrdl
Zn snkrdl Ttktfhm.
Ttktfhm .
Kvkfgkjg
Kv kfgkjgnn kt9 lttp9//www.es.enb.us/pmw/pujs/pmwX`tr>62.pbe (;2 (;2 Hdthjnr
Hdthjn r :?;?).
Dhlnm, Kkrhm kmb Dktlnr
Dhlnm, Dktlnrfmn
fmn Afrdlcnynr
Af rdlcnynr.. ;66
;66>>. K cugtfbfcnmsfhmkg
cugtfbfcnm sfhmkg kpprhkdl
kpprhkd l th tln rngktfhm
jntwnnm hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt kmb mhm-whra pkrtfdfpktfhm.
pkrtfdfpktfhm . Ihurmkg he Uhdktfhmkg
Uhdktfhmkg
Jnlkvfhr 25 (:)9 ;<6—:?:.
Nkstnrgfm`,, Bhu`gks.
Nkstnrgfm` Bhu`gks. ;66:.
;66:. Ekfr rugns ehr sftfm` k lf`l-gnvng mudgnkr wkstn rnphsfthry.
rnphsfthry . Ihurmkg he
_hgfdy Kmkgysfs k mb Ckmk`ncnmt ;; (4)9 22:—20>.
Kmkgysfs kmb
Nggncnrs,, Mkhcf,
Nggncnrs Mkhcf, Pnmby vkm Zfiswfia,
Zfiswfia, Ckrgnmn Zhnes kmb Dktrfnm Tfchms. Tfchms. ;660.
;660. Jfks fm
fmtnr`rhup pnrdnptfhms9 jkgkmdfm`
jkgkmdfm` `rhup
` rhup fbnmtfty wftl shdfkg rnkgfty.
rnkgfty. _nrshmkgfty kmb Thdfkg
_sydlhgh`y Juggntfm :4 (:)9 ;<5—;6<.
@knrtmnr,, Akrnm M. kmb Ttkmgny B. Mhggnm.
@knrtmnr Mhggnm. ;6<6.
;6<6. Dkrnnr nxpnrfnmdns, pnrdnptfhms he ncpghy-
cnmt prkdtfdns, kmb psydlhgh`fdkg dhccftcnmt th tln hr`kmfzktfhm.
hr`kmfzktfhm. Luckm Zngktfhms 2:
(;;)9 60>—66;.
@fggfgkmb,, Bkvfb F. kmb Bkmfng D. Jnggh.
@fggfgkmb Jnggh. :??:.
:??:.Rwh sfbns th kttftubfmkg
ktt ftubfmkg dhccftc
dhccftcnmt9 nmt9 tln n﬏ndt
n﬏nd t
he dkgdugktfvn kmb ghykgty
ghykgty dhccftcnmt hm nmehrdncnmt cndlkmfscs fm bfstrfjutfhm dlkm-

mngs.,.Rlh
mngs
@runm
@runm, Ihurmkg
cks hePtln
Rlhcks Kdkbncy
., Ihlm
Ihlm he Ckrantfm`
Ckrantfm`
H. Tuccnrs kmb Tdfnmdn 4? (;)9
Erkma Kdfth.
Kdfth :2—24.
. :???.
:???. Zngktfhmslfp ckrantfm` kdtfv-
ftfns, dhccftcnmt, kmb cncjnrslfp jnlkvfhrs fm prhenssfhmkg ksshdfktfhms. ksshdfktfhms . Ihurmkg he
Ckrantfm` 52 (4)9 42—26.
@umbgkdl,, @rn`hry
@umbgkdl @rn`h ry R.R., Zkvf T. Kdlrh
Kdlrhgg kmb
k mb Ihlm R.
R. Cnmtznr
Cnmtzn r. ;66>.
;66>. Rln strudturn he dhccft-
cnmt fm nxdlkm`n.
nxdlkm`n. Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` >6 (;)9 0:—6:.
Fmfnstk C. Km`ngns kmb Ckmung Tkmdlnz. Tkmdlnz. :??4.
:??4. Dgfnmt dhccftcnmt rngktfhms thwkrbs ﬋mkm-
dfkg nmtftfns.
nmtftfns. Fmtnrmktfhmkg Ihurmkg he Zntkfg & Bfstrfjutfhm Ckmk`ncnmt 4; (2)9 :?4—:;4
Ckrsl,, Zhjnrt C. kmb Lfrhslf Ckmmkrf.
Ckrsl Ckmmkrf. ;600.
;600. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt kmb turmhvnr9 k
prnbfdtfhm stuby.
stuby. Kbcfmfstrktfvn Tdfnmdn [ukrtnrgy :: (;)9 >0—0>.
Cktlfnu,, Ihlm N. kmb Bnmmfs C. Ykikd.
Cktlfnu Ykikd. ;66?.
;66?. K rnvfnw kmb cntkkmkgysfs he tln kmtndnbnmts,
dhrrngktns, kmb dhmsnqunmdns he hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt.
dhccftcnmt. _sydlhgh`fdkg Juggntfm ;?< (:)9
 ;0;—;62.
CdEkrgkmn Tlhrn,
Tlhrn, Gymm kmb Tkmby I. Pkymn.
Pkymn. ;664.
;664. Dhccftcnmt kmb ncpghynn jnlkvfhr9
dhcpkrfshm he k﬏ndtfvn dhccftcnmt kmb dhmtfmukmdn dhccftcnmt wftl pnrdnfvnb
hr`kmfzktfhmkg supphrt.
supphrt. Ihurmkg he Kppgfnb _sydlhgh`y 0< (>)9 002—0<?.
Cnynr,, Ihlm _. kmb Mktkgfn I. Kggnm.
Cnynr Kggnm. ;6<2.
;6<2. Rnstfm` tln “sfbn-jnt tlnhry‖ he hr`kmfzktfhmkg
dhccftcnmt9 shcn cntlhbhgh`fdkg dhmsfbnrktfhms.
dhmsfbnrktfhms. Ihurmkg he Kppgfnb _sydlhgh`y 56 (4)9
40:—40<.

:;? Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt

‒‒;660.. Dhccftcnmt fm tln Phrapgkdn9 Rlnhry, Znsnkrdl, kmb Kppgfdktfhm. Rlhuskmb Hkas,
‒‒;660
DK99 Tk`n.
DK Tk`n.
Cnynr,, Ihlm _. kmb Gymmn Lnrsdhvftdl.
Cnynr Lnrsdhvftdl. :??;.
:??;. Dhccftcnmt fm tln whrapgkdn9 thwkrb k `nm-
nrkg chbng.
chbng. Luckm Znshurdn Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw ;; (4)9 :66—4:5.
Cnynr,, Ihlm _.,
Cnynr _., Tkcph U. _kumhmnm,
_kumhmnm, Fkm Z. @nggk @nggktgy,
tgy, Zf
Zfdl
dlkrb
krb B. @hfflm kmb k mb Bh
Bhu`g
u`gks
ks M.
Ikdashm.. ;6<6.
Ikdashm ;6<6. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt kmb ihj pnrehrckmdn9 ft‖s tln mkturn he dhc-
cftcnmt tlkt dhumts.
dhumts. Ihurmkg he Kppgfnb _sydlhgh`y 02 (;)9 ;>:—;>5.
Cnynr,, Ihlm _.,
Cnynr _., Mktkgfn I. Kggnm kmb Fkm Z. @nggktgy.
@nggktgy. ;66?.
;66?. K﬏ndtfvn kmb dhmtfmukmdn
dhm tfmukmdn dhccft-
d hccft-
cnmt th tln hr`kmfzktfhm9 nvkguktfhm he cnksurns kmb kmkgysfs he dhmdurrnmt kmb tfcn-
gk``nb rngktfhms.
rngktfhms. Ihurmkg he Kppgfnb _sydlhgh`y 0> (5)9 0;?—0:?.
Chhrn,, Tuskm K. ;66>.
Chhrn ;66>. Rln rhgn he trust
tr ust fm shdfkg mntwhras9 ehrcktfhm,
ehrcktfh m, eumdtfh
eumdtfhm,m, kmb erk`fgfty
erk` fgfty..
Fm Mkturn Dhmvnrsktfhm 29 Rln Zhgn he Mntwhras, nbs. Bnmfs K. Tkumbnr Tkumbnrss, Ihlm G. Drkf` kmb
Ngfzkjntl C. Ckttfsan.
Ckttfsan. Mnw Thutl Pkgns9Pkgns9 Turrny Jnktty kmb Thms, Dlfppfm` Mhrthm, Mhrthm ,
;2<—;>2.
Chr`km,, Zhjnrt C. kmb Tlngjy B. Lumt.
Chr`km Lumt. ;662.
;662. Rln dhccftcnmt-trust tlnhry rngktfhmslfp
ckrantfm`.. Ihurmkg he Ckrantfm` >< (4)9 :?—4<.
ckrantfm`
Chrrfs,, L. Ikcns
Chrrfs Ikcns kmb
km b Bkmfng
Bkmf ng I. Tlnrckm.
Tlnrckm . ;6<
;6<;;. @nmnrkgfzkjfgfty
@nmnrkgfzkjfgfty he km hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccft-
cnmt chbng.
chbng. Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt Ihurmkg :2 (4)9 >;:—>:5.
Chwbky,, Zfdl
Chwbky Zf dlkrb
krb.. R., Gyckm C. _hrtnr kmb Zfdlkrb C. Ttnnrs.
Ttnnrs. ;6<:.
;6<:. Ncpghyn
Ncpghynnn Hr`kmfzktfhm
Gfmak`ns9 Rln _sydlhgh`y he Dhccftcnmt, Kjsnmtnnfsc kmb Rurmhvnr . Mnw Vhra9 Vhra9 Kdkbncfd
_rnss..
_rnss
Hgfvnr,, Zfdlkrb G. ;660.
Hgfvnr ;660. Tktfsekdtfhm9 K Jnlkvfhrkg _nrspndtfvn hm tln Dhmsucnr. Mnw Vhra1
Ghmbhm99 Cd@rkw Lfgg
Ghmbhm Lfg g.
_hbmkr,, Agncnmt.
_hbmkr Agncnmt. :??2.
:??2. ^`gnb, hr`kmfzkdfisak fbnmtf󿬋akdfik fm zkvnzkmhst zkphsgnmfl. Bhathrsak
bfsnrtkdfik. Giujgikmk9
Giujgikmk9 Ekaugtntk zk bruŽ
bruŽjnmn vnbn.
vnbn.
_hrtnr,, Gyckm P.,
_hrtnr P., Zfdlkrb C. Ttnnrs kmb Zfdlkrb R. Chwbky.
Chwbky. ;602.
;602. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhc-
cftcnmt, ihj sktfsekdtfhm, kmb turmhvnr kchm` psydlfktrfd tndlmfdfkms.
tndlmfdfkms. Ihurmkg he Kppgfnb
_sydlhgh`y >6 (>)9 5?4—5?6.
_rktt,, Cfdlkng @. ;66<.
_rktt ;66<. Rh jn hr mht th jn9 dnmtrkg qunstfhms fm hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm.
Fm Fbnmtfty fm Hr`kmfzktfhms9 Jufgbfm` Rlnhry Rlrhu`l Dhmvnrsktfhms, nbs. Bkvfb K. Plnttnm
kmb _kug D. @hberny.
@hberny. Rlhuskmb Hkas, DK9 DK9 Tk`n,
Tk`n, ;0;—:?0.

Zussh
Zussh, , Rrkdy
pkpnr Dkggkwky
Dkggkwky.
ihurmkgfsts
ihurmkgfsts. . ;66<.
;66<. Hr`kmfzktfhmkg
. Ckmk`ncnmt Dhccumfdktfhmkmb[ukrtnrgy
prhenssfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm9
;: (;)9 0:—;;;. k dksn he mnws-
Tkmh,, Vhah.
Tkmh Vhah. ;666.
;666. Dhccftcnmt. Fm Rln FNJC Lkmbjhha he Luckm Znshurdn Ckmk`ncnmt,
nbs. Cfdlkng _hhgn kmb Ckgdhc Pkrm Pkrmnr
nr.. Ghmbhm9 Fmtnrmktfhmkg Rlhcshm Jusfmnss _rnss, _rnss,
2<;—2<0.
Tdlhgg,, Zfdlkrb P. ;6<;.
Tdlhgg ;6<;. Bf﬏nrnmtfktfm` hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt erhc nxpndtkmdy ks k
chtfvktfm` ehrdn.
ehrdn. Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt Znvfnw 5 (2)9 ><6—>66.
Tfn`ng,, _lfgfp L. kmb Tngnslf Tfskyn.
Tfn`ng Tfskyn. ;660.
;660. Km kmkgysfs he tln bf﬏nrnmdn jntwnnm hr`kmfzk-
tfhm fbnmtf﬋dktfhm kmb prhenssfhmkg dhccftcnmt9 k stuby he dnrtf﬋nb pujgfd kddhumtkmts.
kddhumtkmts.
Gnkbnrslfp kmb Hr`kmfzktfhm Bnvnghpcnmt Ihurmkg ;< (4)9 ;26—;5>.
Ttnvnms,, Ihlm C.
Ttnvnms C ., Ikmfdn
Ikmfdn C. Jnynr
Jnynr kmb Lkr
Lkrrfs
rfshm
hm C.Rrf
rfdn
dn.. ;60<.
;60<. Kssnssf
Kssnssfm`
m` pnrsh
pnrshmmng,
mmng, rhgn, kmb
hr`kmfzktfhmkg prnbfdthrs he ckmk`nrfkg dhccftcnmt.
dhccftcnmt . Rln Kdkbncy
Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt Ihurmkg
 :; (4)9 4<?—465.
Rygnr,,Rhc Z. kmb Bkvfb
Rygnr B kvfb bn Drncn
Drncnrr. :??
:??>>. _rhdnss jksnb
jksn b gnkbnrslfp9
gnkbnr slfp9 ekfr prhdnburns
prhdn burns kmb rnkd-
tfhms th hr`kmfzktfhmkg dlkm`n.
dlkm`n. Rln Gnkbnrslfp [ukrtnrgy ;5 (2)9 >:6—>2>.
Ukrbf,,Vh
Ukrbf Vhkv
kv,,Vhksl Pfnmnr kmb Cfdlk _hppnr
_hppnr.. ;6<6.
;6<6. Rln vkgun dhmtnmt he hr`kmfzktfhmkg cfs-
sfhm ks k ekdthr fm tln dhccftcnmt he cncjnrs.
cncjnrs. _sydlhgh`fdkg Znphrts 5> (;)9 :0—42.
Pfnmnr,,Vhk
Pfnmnr Vhksl
sl.. ;6<
;6<::. Dhccftc
Dhccftcnmt
nmt fm hr`kmfzkt
hr`kmfzktfhms9
fhms9 k mhrcktfvn vfnw
vf nw.. Kdkbncy he Ckmk`ncnmt
Znvfnw 0 (4)9 2;<—2:<.

Hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt :;;

Phgen, Kcy A.
Phgen, A.,, Bkvfb I. Jihrmstkb,
Jihrmstkb, Cfgthm Zussngg kmb Mfdlhgn
Mf dlhgn B. Anrdlmnr
Anrdlmnr.. :??:.
:??:. K erkcn-
whra ehr kmkgyzfm` bfkgh`uns hvnr tln kddnptkjfgfty he dhmtrh
dhmtrhvnrsfkg
vnrsfkg tndlmhgh`fns.
tndlmhgh`fns. Tdfnmdn
Rndlmh
ndlmhgh`y Ukguns :0 (;)9 ;42—;>6.
gh`y & Luckm Ukguns
Vhhm
Vhhm,, Inhm`ahh,
Inhm`ahh, Churkfmn Z. Jkanr kmb Ihm`-Phha Ah. Ah. ;662.
;662. Fmtnrpnrshmkg kttkdlcnmt
kmb hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt9 suj`rhup
suj`rhup lyphtlnsfs rnvfsftnb.
rnvfsftnb. Luckm Zngktfhms 20 (4)9
4:6—4>;.
DHMDG^TFHM

Fe tlnrn fs hmn whrb tlkt jnst sucs up tln dhmtnmts he tlfs jhha, tlkm tlfs whrb fs
“drnbfjfgfty‖.Rlfs jhha fs kjhut
k jhut dhrphrktn drnbfjfgfty, wlfdl fs k rngktfhm jntwnnm
wlkt k dhcpkmy skys ft fs (hr wfgg jn) bhfm`, kmb wlkt fts jnlkvfhur kdtukggy
kdtuk ggy fs. Rlus,
tlfs fs kgsh k rngktfhmslfp jntwnnm km nxpndtnb kmb pnrdnfvnb dhm`rufty jntwnnm k
dhcpkmy‖ss dhccumfdktfhms
dhcpkmy‖ d hccumfdktfhms kmb k dhcpkmy‖
dhcpkmy‖ss kdtfhms.
kd tfhms.Rln dhmdnpt
d hmdnpt he drnbfjfgfty lks
twh dhcphmnmts9 hm hmn lkmb tlnrn fs tln enngfm` he tln fmbfvfbukg — tlkt tlny lkvn
rndnfvnb wlkt tlny lkvn jnnm prhcfsnb1 hm tln htlnr, tlnrn krn kdtukg nxpnrfnmdns,
fcprnssfhms, enngfm`s kmb iub`ncnmts fm rngktfhm th tln dhcpkmy
d hcpkmy.. Rln drnbfjfgfty fs
tlus jksnb hm fmtn`rfty hr lhmnsty, kmb hm tln dhcpkmy‖s dhcpntnmdfns. Ks stubfns
fm tln ﬋ngb he sphanspnrshms kmb ckrant dhccumfdktfhms lkvn slhwm, drnbfjfgfty
he tln shurdn, th tln gkr`nst nxtnmt, fm﬊unmdns tln rndnptfhm he fmehrcktfhm kmb tln
rndnfvnr‖
rndnfv nr‖ss kttftubn thw
thwkrb
krb wlkt fs h﬏nrnb kmb
k mb trkmsenrrnb
trkmsenr rnb jy tln snmbnr. Dhrphrktf
Dhrphrktfhm hm
drnbfjfgfty bn﬋mns tln kttftubn he tln stkanlhgbnrs thwkrb k dhcpkmy‖s cnssk`ns,
prhbudts kmb snrvfdns, kmb fts rnsphmsns th tln mnnbs kmb bnckmbs he tln nmvfrhm-
cnmt. Rlfs kttftubn fs nxprnssnb ks tln gnvng th wlfdl
w lfdl k dhcpkmy‖
dhcpkmy‖ss stkanlhgbnrs enng
tlkt tln dhcpkmy lks tln amhwgnb`n kmb dkpkdfty
dkpkdf ty th eug﬋g fts prhcfsns kmb wlntlnr
hr mht tln dhcpkmy fs dhccumfdktfm`
d hccumfdktfm` tln trutl. Pftlhut tln mndnsskry drnbfjfgfty
drnbfjfgfty,,
kgg rnshurdns fmvnstnb fm dhccumfdktfhms krn gfns kmb prhpk`kmbk chrn tlkm kmy-
tlfm` ngsn, wlfdl mnvnr jrfm` bnsfrnb n﬏ndts fm tln ghm` tnrc.tnr c.
Rlkt fs wly suddnsseug dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm kgwkys lks th stkrt wftl tln
fbnmtfty he tln dhccumfdktfhm snmbnr. Pn lkvn th amhw, umbnrstkmb kmb, fe mndns-
 skry, dlkm`n tln mkturn he tln shdfkg sujindt. Kgtlhu`l tlfs dkm jn nxpgkfmnb quftn

wngg
wftl wftl tln cntkplhr
rnchvkg he pnngfm`
he nvnry gkynr) km hmfhm
fbnmtfty (wlfdl fssudl
fs mhmntlngnss `nttfm` sckggnr kmb
k dhcpgnx kmb umfqun
sckggnr
dhcphsftfhm tlkt tln stubyfm` he fts dhcphmnmts kmb strudturn `fvns ekfrgy dgnkr
kmswnrs th qunstfhms he tln sujstkmdn he k dhcpkmy‖s
dhcpkmy‖s prhcfsns kmb dhccumfdktfhms.
dhccumfdktfh ms.
Dhrphrktn fbnmtfty
f bnmtfty fs k ckttnr erhc wlfdl wn amnkb prhcfsns kmb dhccftcnmts he

Dhmdgusfhm :;4

tln dhcpkmy,
dhcpkmy, wlfdl krn tlnm krtfdugktnb tlrhu`l tln prhdnss he fmtnrmkg
fmtnr mkg kmb nxtnr-
mkg jrkmbfm` kmb tlrhu`l dhmsdfhus bndfsfhms tlkt tlkt dhcpkmy‖s kdtfhms wfgg jn
jksnb hm gn`kg kmb shdfkg mhrcs
mhr cs kmb chrkg dhccftcnmts,
dhccf tcnmts, rn`krbgnss he tln rhgn tlkt
tln dhcpkmy fs pgkyfm` (nftlnr km ncpghynr, prhvfbnr he prhbudts kmb snrvfdns, tkx
pkynr, fmvnsthr hr fmvnstcnmt hpphrtumfty). Jndkusn fm tlfs plksn wn drnktn dhmtnmts
kmb bfrndtgy fm﬊unmdn tln cntlhb he k dhcpkmy‖s ckmk`ncnmt kmb fts kdtfhms,
ckmy kutlhrs rnkshmkjgy dgkfc tlkt fbnmtfty ckmk`ncnmt fs k any kspndt he tln
nmtfrn ckmk`ncnmt kmb tlkt fmstnkb he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm wn slhugb spnka
he dhrphrktn
dhr phrktn ckrantfm`.
Rln fbnk he dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm, kmb dhrphrktn ckrantfm` nvnm chrn
sh, bfvnrts kttnmtfhm kwky erhc tln dhmsucnrs kmb prhbudts kmb snrvfdns ckbn
ehr tlnc th k jrhkbnr cfx he stkanlhgbnrs kmb vkrfhus nxdlkm`n prhdnssns tlkt
km hr`kmfzktfhm, ks k dhcpgntn kmb shdfkggy kdtfvn umft, fs fmvhgvnb fm wftlfm fts
ckmy nmvfrhmcnmts. Rln stkanlhgbnr tlnhry lks tlus jndhcn tln any phstugktfhm
fm chbnrm ckmk`ncnmt, wlfgn rngktfhmslfp kmb dhccumfdktfhm wftl stkanlhgbnrs
lkvn jndhcn tln any dhccumfdktfhm fssun he tln dhccumfdktfhm bnpkrtcnmt fm
tln dhcpkmfns. Dhcpkmfns kmb htlnr hr`kmfzktfhms krn hmgy psnubh-pnrshms kmb
krn ks sudl dhmstrudtnb hmgy tlrhu`l mkrrktfhm kmb pnhpgn‖s fmtnrkdtfhm wftl sudl
nmtftfns. Fmtnrmkg kmb nxtnrmkg sthrfns wlnrn dhcpkmfns (hr pnrshms lkmbgfm` fm
tlnfr mkcn) pnrehrc ks ckfm kdthrs fm vkrfhus pghts wftl vnry rnkg dhmsnqunmdns
ehr fmvhgvnb fmbfvfbukgs, krn km fcphrtkmt cndlkmfsc ehr dhmstrudtfhm he rnkgfty.
Rln umbnrstkmbfm`
umbnrstkmbf m` he k sthry‖
sthr y‖ss chrplhgh`y
chr plhgh`y mht hmgyhm gy lngps us th drnktn nffldfnmt
kmb dhmvfmdfm` sthrfns, jut kgsh lngps us th kmkgysn rngktfhmslfps kchm` fmbfvfbukg
kdthrs pnrehrcfm` fm tln sthrysthry.. Ttrktn`fd sthrfns krn km nffl dfnmt thhg wlnm ft dhcns
th fmtrhbudtfhm he dlkm`ns fm km hr`kmfzktfhm,
hr`kmfzk tfhm, kmb fm tfcns wlnm k dhcpkmy lks th
prnvnmt hr rnsphmb th k drfsfs. Kpprhkdlns tlkt dhcpkmfns usn wlnm dhccumfdkt-
fm` tlnfr
tln fr sthrfns
sthr fns krn mucnrhus. Kgtlh
Kgtlhu`l
u`l ft fs vnry
vnr y bfffldugt th kdlfnvn km kjshgutn
kjs hgutn
dhmsfstnmdy he dhmtnmt kmb k pnrendt lkrchmy he dhccumfdktfhm, tln fmtn`rktnb
kpprhkdl fs mhmntlngnss jndhcfm` k rnkg tlnhrntfdkg bh`ck. Mht hmgy cust k dhc-
pkmy lkvn
lkvn dhcpgntn dhmtrhg hvnr wlkt ft skys kmb lhw ft tkgas kjhut ftsnge, ft kgsh lks
th jn cfmbeug he wlkt htlnrs sky kjhut ft. Hmgy fm tlfs wky dkm k dhcpkmy nxpndt
th lkvn k bnsfrnb pujgfd fck`n kmb lkvn k ckxfcuc fm﬊unmdn hm tln ksshdfktfhms
kjhut tln dhcpkmy fm tln cfmbs he pnhpgn. @hhb dhrphrktn fck`n he k dhcpkmy
fm tln nyns he fmbfvfbukgs fs k any th `hhb pujgfd rnputktfhm, wlfdl fs hmn he tln
chst fcphrtkmt fmtkm`fjgn
fmtkm` fjgn trnksurns he pnhpgn kmb hr`kmfzktfhms kmb jrfm`s,
jrf m`s, kchm`
htlnr jnmn﬋ts, k rnshurdn tlkt fs chrn kmb chrn rkrn thbky — trust. Znputkjgn kmb
trustwhrtly dhcpkmfns dkm nxpndt tlkt tlnfr stkanlhgbnrs wfgg fbnmtfey wftl tln
dhcpkmfns
dhcpk mfns kmb jn nchtfhmk
nch tfhmkggy
ggy,, chrkg
chrkggy
gy kmb htlnrwfsn
htln rwfsn dhccfttnb
dh ccfttnb.. Thdfnt
Thdfntyy, fm wlfdl
wlfd l
dhcpkmfns, fmbfvfbukgs kmb `rhups he fmbfvfbukgs eumdtfhm, `fvns dhcpkmfns tln

gfdnmdn th hpnrktn.
th hpnrktn, htlnm
pnrktn. Fe k dhcpkmy
dhrphrktn wkmts th hjtkfm,
dhccumfdktfhm prnsnrvn kmblngp
dkm sujstkmtfkggy up`rkbn
ghwnrtlfs gfdnmdn
hpphrtum-
fty dhsts ehr tln hr`kmfzktfhm kmb drnktn dhcpntftfvn nb`n kmb pkrtfkg chmhphgfns,
wlfdl krn tln jnmn﬋ts he strhm` jrkmbs.

:;2 Dhmdgusfhm

Ks lks jnnm put ehrwkrb fm tln Fmtrhbudtfhm, tlfs jhha ehgghws Gksswngg‖s chbng
he dhccumfdktfhm tlkt fbnmtf﬋ns tln snmbnr, tln cnssk`n, kmb dhccumfdktfhm
dhbns, cnbfk kmb dlkmmngs, rndnfvnrs, kmb kgsh tln fmtnmtfhm kmb dhmsnqunmdns he
tln dhccumfdktfhm. Rln chbng fs kdtukggy k rnturm ghhp jntwnnm tln snmbnr kmb
tln rndnfvnr. Ft slhws k dhmdgubnb dfrdgn, jut kdtukggy tlfs fs k mnvnr-﬋mfslnb prh-
dnss he fmtnrkdtfhms kchm` vkrfhus
vkrf hus nxdlkm`n pkrtmnrs.
pkrtmnr s. Tudl k strudturn th tln jhha
nmkjgnb us th usn ngncnmts he tln dhccumfdktfhm chbng kmb k mb nxprnss tlrhu`l tlnc
kmtndnbnmts kmb dhmsnqunmdns he fmbfvfbukg dhmdnpts (tlkt tln jhha bnsdrfjnb) ks
wngg ks stnps he tlnfr strktn`fd
strktn` fd kmb tkdtfdkg ckmk`ncnmt. Eurtlnr,
Eurtlnr, wftl tlfs strudturn
str udturn
wn trfnb mht hmgy th fggustrktn tln mnnb ehr bfkgh`un kmb strktn`fd
strktn` fd kpprhkdl th ckm-
k`ncnmt, kmb tln mnnb th umbnrstkmb mucnrhus kmtndnbnmts kmb dhmsnqunmdns, jut jut
kgsh th slhw tlkt k umft ks k wlhgn lks k `rnktnr
` rnktnr fcpkdt tlkm kgg fts dhmstftunmt pkrts
fmbfvfbukggy kmb tlkt ft drnktns k spndfkg kbbnb vkgun, iust gfan strktn`fdkggy
strktn`fdkg gy ckmk`nb
dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm kmb dhrphrktn ckrantfm` bh. Jut, tln gkttnr dhmdnpt fs
kgrnkby k thpfd ehr tln mnxt jhha, hr ckyjn ehr tln nxtnmbnb vnrsfhm tlkt yhu, bnkr
rnkbnr, lkvn iust rnkb.
K^RLHZ FMBN\

_k`n mucjnrs fm ftkgfds fmbfdktn k ﬋`urn

Kkanr, Bkvfb K. 40,

40, 4<,
4<, 46 Jkr`l. Ihlm K. ;46
Kkanr, Inmmfenr G. ;<5 Jkrfdl, Lhwkrb ;24
Kkanr nt kg 44 Jkranr, Ikcns Z. ;<<
Kkrts, C. M. D. 6? Jkrrhw, Tfchm >?
Kjnr`, Gnfe Nrfd
Nr fd @ustkv 2 Jkrtng, Dkrhgfmn ;06
Kdanrckm, Gkurnmdn B. ::, ::, :4 Jksfg, Cfdlkng B. ;;<
Kbkcs, Dkrhg 02,
02, 0> Jksu, Aumkg 54
K`ufgnrk nt kg 5< Jkythm, Ikcns ;2:
Klnkrmn, Cfdlkng ;6? Jnkrbwngg nt kg >?
Kgjnrt, Ttukrt >5,
>5, ;<; Jngksnm
Jngk snm,, Kgkm R.
R. ;?<
Kggnm, Mktkgfn I. ;6<
;6<,, :??—:?;,
:??—:?;, :?4 Jnga,, Zussngg
Jnga Zussn gg P.
P. ;;<,
;;<, ;;6
Kggphrt,
Kgvnsshm,@hrbhm
Ckts ;<4Pfggkrb ;:0 Jnggh, Bkmfng
Jnmjkskt, FzkaD.;5<
:?:
Kcjgnr, Rfc >? Jnmbkpubf, Mnngf :?:
Kmbnrshm, Jnmnbfdt ;<< Jnmhft, Pfggfkc F. ;?5—;?0
Kmbrfikmfdd, Jhrfs 0>
Kmbrfikmf Jnrnms, @ufbh K. I. C. ;40,
;40, ;5<
Kmsh﬏, F`hr L. ;?< Jnr`kcf, Ckssfch ;54
Kpnrfk,
Kpnr fk, Rhcy 40 Jnr`strhc nt kg >?>?,, >4—>2
Kr`nmtf, _kug K. >,
>, 5—0,
5—0, 6 Jnrmkys,
Jnrm kys, Nbwkrb G. ;26
Krcnmkafs,
Krc nmkafs, Kdlfgg
Kdlfggns
ns K. ;?: Jnrmstnfm, Bkvfb 2, 2, ;22
Kslehrtl, Jgkan N. ;06—;<?,
;06—;<?, ;<;,
;<;, ;<:,
;<:, ;<4,
;<4, Jnrry, @rn`hry Z. 60
;<<—;<6,, ;60
;<<—;<6 Jnrry, Gnhmkrb G. ;55,
;55, :?:
Ktafm, Dlkrgns ;;< Jnrtlhm nt kg >2—>>
Kuppnrgn nt kg 5< Jlkt, Thjhbl ;<5
 Jlkttkdlkryk, D. J. 0?,
0?, ;54,
;54, ;52,
;52, ;06,
;06,
Jkda, Zhge 40 ;<;—;<:
Jkdalkus, Arfstfm >; Jfdanrthm, Bkvfb 44,
44, 45,
45, 40
Jk`hzzf, Zfdlkrb _. ;54 Jfnlkg, @kjrfng I. ;:4
Jkanr, Cfdlkng I. ;:? Jfngjy, Bnmfsn :??
Jkgcnr, Ihlm C. R. >,>, ::—:4,
::—:4, :2,
:2, :>,
:>, 4:—44,
4:—44, Jfraf`t, Agkus 6,
6, ;?
42,, ;:?,
42 ;:?, ;2:,
;2:, ;>0 Jgku, @kry I. ;66
Jkmskg nt kg ;6<
;6<,, :?:,
:?:, :?4 Jgkuw, Nb 2—>

:;5 Kutlhr fmbnx

Jghda, Ckrtfm ;;< Dutgfp nt kg 00,, ;?>

Jhkg, Afcjnrgy J. ;66 Dznggkr, Tkmbhr ;52
Jhfm, Krinm ;?2
Jhhrstfm, Bkmfng I. ;;5,
;;5, ;20—;26 Bkdfm, _ntnr K. ;40
Jhrbfk, _rkslkmt ;:>,
;:>, ;:0,
;:0, ;:< Bkgy, Kfbk
Kfbkmm 24
24
Jhrbfk nt kg ;?4—;?2 Bkgy, Ihlm K. ;06
Jhurmn, Gymbk <> Bkmnslvkryy, Znmmkn ;;<
Bkmnslvkr
Jhwfn, Mhr
Mhrckm
ckm N. <: Bkvfns, @kry ;2?
Jhynr, _ksdkg ;4< Bkvfs nt kg ;<5
Jrnmmkm, Pfggfkc ;5:—;5
;5:—;544 Bkwshm, _ktrfda ;?;
Jrnwnr, Ckrfgymm J. ;<4 bn Dlnrmkthmy, Gnsgfn 4:,4:, 46,
46, >:,
>:, >>,
>>, >0
Jrhcgny,, Bnmmfs Jksfg ;46
Jrhcgny ;46,, ;2:,
;2:, bn Drncnr, Bkvfb :?>
;><,, ;>6
;>< bng Zfh nt kg ;6?
Jrhwm, Kmbrnw B. ;?4 Bnmmnly, Zhjnrt E. 6<, 6<, ;?;
Jrhwm,, Rhc I. ;40,
Jrhwm ;40 , ;52 Bfdltnr, Nrmnst ;:0
Jrhwm, Pfgg
Pfggfkc
fkc I. ;;< BfEhmzh, Mfdlhgks ;:>,;:>, ;:0,
;:0, ;:<
Jrumsshm, Mfgs :?2,
:?2, :?> Bfiastnrlufs, Kp ;46
Judlkmkm, Jrudn :?4 Bhgplfm, Zfdlkrb >
Judlkmkm, Bkvfb ;?; Bhmkgbshm,
Bhmkgbsh m, Rlhcks <:
Judamnr, Rkyghr L. ;:0—;:< Bhmny, _ktrfdfk C. ;5<
Jurmntt, Ihlm 0,0, ;?2,
;?2, ;?> Bhwgfm`, @rklkcn ;?0—;?<,
;?0—;?<, ;><,
;><, ;52
Jutggn, Erkmdfs K. ;:5 Bhwmny, Ttnplnm C. ;<, ;<, :?—:;
Jyrmn nt kg ;;<
;;<,, ;;6 Buanrfdl, Ikmnt C. ;5:,
;5:, ;5>
Buanrfdl nt kg ;<;
Dkmmhm, Ihsnpl _. ;5< Butthm, Ikmn N. ;?<,
;?<, ;5:, ;06
Dkrgshm, Zhjnrt H. ;2: Butthm nt kg ;5:
;5:,, ;54,
;54, ;<:,
;<:, ;<4,
;<4, ;<6
Dkrrhgg, Krdlfn J. 5>,
5>, 50 Bwynr nt kg ;50
Dkrtnr,
Dkrtn r, Tuzkmmn C. ;5> Bylr,Ufggy 5<
Dkrtwrf`lt, Gfsk ;:?
Dkrukmk, Kgjnrt ;>6 Nkstnrgfm`, Bhu`gks :?>
Dlk, Vhm`-
hm`-Ifm
Ifm ;50 Nbwkrbs, Gnn ;;0
Dlksn, Lhwkrb P. ;?< Nfmwfggnr, Tkjfmn 42
Dlnmny, @nhr`n ;?,;?, ;<6 Ngenrs, Ihhst <>
Dlnmny nt kg ;?; Nggncnrs nt kg ;6<
Dlfdhp, Tkvfhur
Dlhublury, ;>6A. 5>
_rkvkt Ngsjkdl,
Ngvfm`,
Ngvf Afcjnrg
Afcjnrgy
m`, Pfc I. G.y;?:,
B.,;5:
;?: ;5:,
;?4, ;<;—;<:
Dlrnfc, Tkcfk ;<: Npgny nt kg ;4<
Dlrfstnmsnm, Gkrs Rlü`nr
Rlü`nr ;?
Dlum, Zhsk ;2? Ekm,Vfm` 54
Dgkrashm, Ckx J. N. <4,
<4, <6 Ekrngg nt kg ;;<
Dgkusnm, Bnjrk G. :?2—:?> Ekraks, Enrnmd >:
Dgnvnm`nr nt kg ;25 Enkrm-Jkmas, Aktlgnnm ;?2
Dhlnm, Kkrhm :?4
:? 4 Enr`ushm, In﬏nry ;<<
Dhggfms, Dlrfsthplnr I. ;:4 Enrrfs nt kg ;;5
Dhggfms, Ikcns, Dlkrgns >4 Efgg, Dlrfs <0
Dhmmku`lthm, Ttkdny G. ;06 Efmm, Kgkm ;26
Dhha, Ihlm ;5< Efhg nt kg >5
>5,, >0
 Dhh cjs, Rfchtly P.
Dhhcjs, P. ;?5,
;?5 , ;?0 Eh` nt kg 66—;??
Dhhpnr, Ttukrt Ckrtfm <;,
<;, <4 Ehcjrum, Dlkrgns I. >, 6, 42,
42, 66,
66, ;::,
;::, ;><,
;><,
Dhh
Dhhtn,
tn, Gnhmkrb
Gnh mkrb
DhrpPktdl 52 U. ;6? ;>6,, ;5?—;5;,
;>6
Ehrckm, ;5?—;5;
Ikmfs > , ;52
Dhx, Nbwfm ;40 Ehrsthm, Zhjnrt E. ;:0
Drkvnms nt kg ;>6 Ehurmfnr, Tuskm ;<>—;<5
Durrfn,
Durr fn, @rkncn ;?4 Erksnr, Jnmshm _. ;;<

Kutlhr fmbnx :;0

Ernnckm, Nbwkrb Z. <:,<:, << Lnu`nms, _ursny ;?;

Erfnbckm,
Er fnbckm, Kmbrnw G. <2,
<2, <6—6?,
<6—6?, ;;< Lf`llhusn, Tdhtt >;
Erfnbckm, Gfmbk ;;< Lh nt kg ;;<
Erhhckm, In﬏
In﬏ <>
< >, <6 Lhgtnm Gkrsnm, Chr`nms 60
Lhcnr, _kcngk C. ;;<
@knrtmnr, Akrnm M. :?? Lhhgny, @rklkc I. 40
@kpp, Zhb >4 Lhpafms, Cfdlkng 5>
@krjntt, Rlhcks E. ;24—;22 Lhscnr, Gkrun Rhmn ;55,
;55, ;50
@krbmnr,
@krbm nr, Pnmb
nmbff ;<4 Lumt, Tlngjy B. ;50,
;50, :?:,
:?:, :?4
@krub, Zk`lu ;52 Lumt, Rhbb 0,
0, <:
@fbbnms, Kmtlhmy ;5> Lusthm,
Lust hm, Rnb G. ;5<
@fggfgkmb, Bkvfb F. :?: Lwkm` nt kg ;:2
@fggy nt kg ;:>
@fhfk nt kg :0 Fmb, Mfdlhgks ;2:
@gymm, Ckry Kmm ;<6 Fmfnstk, C. Km`ngn
Km`ngnss :??
:? ?, :?4
@hbns, Bkvfb ;:< Fvkmnvfdl, Ihlm C. 5
@hberny
@hb erny,, _kug D. >5,
>5, >0
@h﬏ckm, Nrvfm` 66 Ikdashm, _ntnr 2—>
@hgbjnr`, Ckrvfm N. ;52 Ikmdˀfd
ˀfdˀ,
ˀ, Ygktah >?,
>?, <4
@hgbscftl nt kg ;52 Ihkdlfcstklgnr,
Ihkdlfcstk lgnr, Nrfdl 4<
@hghj, ^rūk 55—50,
55—50, 5<,
5<, 56,
56, 0:,
0:, 02 Ihlkmsshm,, Dktrfm ;?4
Ihlkmsshm
@ümlku`, Aingg ;50 Ihlkmsshm,, Fm`r
Ihlkmsshm Fm`rfb
fb ;?>
@hsgkr, Ckrikm >< Ihlmshm, BnvBnvhm
hm ;55
@htsf, Ckmth ;>6 Ihlmshm, Tdhtt K. ;06—;<?
;06—;<?,, ;<;,
;<;, ;<4
@rky, Nbcumb Z. > Ihmns nt kg ;52
@rky, Zhj <:
@rkyshm, Anmt ;55 Ak`km, Inrhc
Inrhc ;06
@rnnmjkuc nt kg 5 Aklgn, Gymm Z. ;;<
@rnnmjnr` nt kg ;5< Akcfms nt kg ;;<
@rnnmn, Zhjnrt <> Akccnrnr, I÷r`nm 2; 2;
@rnysnr, Ttnplnm K. ;>6—;5?,
;>6—;5?, ;52 Akpenrnr, Inkm-Mhng ;:0
@runm,
@run m, Rlhcks ;<< Akptnfm, Cung ;<4
@runm nt kg :?;—:?: Anggny, Lkrhgb L. ;;0
@rumf`,
@rum f`, Ikcns
Ikcns N.
N . 0, <:,
<:, ;26 Anmmnby,, Tlnr
Anmmnby Tlnrrf
rfgg L. ;2:
@umbgkdl nt kg ;6<
@wfmmnr, Anvfm ;;< Anmmnby
Anmmfm`, nt kg ;5>
_ntnr ;5>
Afc nt kg ;6?
Lkggklkm, Afra 66 Afrdlcnynr, Dktlnrfmn :?4
Lkggfbky
Lkgg fbky,, Tun Ukux ;6? Agnfm, Mkhcf 5<
Lkm, Ifkm ;:4 Agfmn, Cfrh 0
Lkmby, Dlkrgns J. < Aghmhsaf,, Zfdlkrb I. 5>
Aghmhsaf
Lkrrfs,
Lkrr fs, Efhmk >:,
>:, >>,
>>, >0 Amhx, Tfchm 44, 44, 45,
45, 40—4<
Lkrrfs
Lkrr fs Ttkmgny @. ;?: Ahtgnr, _lfgfp 0?—0;,
0?—0;, ;24
Lkrt nt kg ;:5 Ahtgnr nt kg :2
Lkrtwfda, Ihm ;52 Arkcnr, Zhbnrfda C. ;5:
Lktdl, Ckry Ih 45, 45, >5,
>5, >0 Aunmzng, Tvnm ;6?
Lkywkrb nt kg ;;0 Auckr nt kg ;5<
Ln, Lhm`-Pnf :2
Lnkmy, Bhmkgb, E. :; Gkehrnt, Tygvfn 4<
Lnktl, Zhjnrt
Lnfbn, Ckts ;?4Gkwrnmdn ;?2,
;?2, ;?> Gk`kbnd, _ktrfda;52
Gkcpng, Ihsnpl ;?2
Lnrjf`, _kug ;>< Gkm`nr, Zhy
Zhy ;?4
;? 4
Lnrr nt kg ;:5 Gkmths, @nh﬏rny _. 56
Lnrsdhvftdl, Gymmn :?: Gkrshm, @rn`hry T. ;<:

:;< Kutlhr fmbnx

Gkrzngnrn, Zhjnrt N. ;5< Cftlnm, Ttnplnm ;4<

Gnjgkmd, @ksthm ;2: Chlr nt kg 5<
5<,, ;56
Gnn, Mkmdy 0?—0; Chghmny, Bnfrbrn 24
Gnn, Vhum` Gyhug ;:2 Chmsnm, Ihsnpl Z. 5<
Gnrjfm`nr, Htth ;?2 Chhrn, Tuskm K. :?>
Gnvy, Ckr`krnt E. ;20 Chr`km, Zhjnrt C. ;50,;50, :?:,
:?:, :?4
Gnvy, Tfbmny I. ;<5 Chr`km, Tkmbrk 6<,
6<, ;?;
Gnwfs, _lfgfp U. < Chrfkrty, Tkmbrk N. 0
Gfnvkms, Efgfp >; Chrrfs, L. Ikcns ;6<,
;6<, ;66
Gfmashgb, Tvnmm ;5< Chrrhw, _kugk D. ;06
Ghm`ckm Ihlm _. ;;< Chrrhw nt kg ;5>
Gulckmm, Mfagks ;5> Chrsfm`, Cnttn 54,
54, 0:
Gux, _ntnr @. D. :5—:0 Chsgny, Zfdlkrb P. >?
Chugy, Tudlftrk U. ;:>
Ckktlufs, Hmmh Ihlkmmns Ckrfk ;2; Chwbky nt kg ;66
Ckdgnhb, Inmmfenr ;2: Cumfz, Kgjnr
Kgjnrtt C. Ir. ;<0—;<<
Ckbrf`kg, Zhjnrt ;2;
Ckng, Ernb K. ;06,
;06, ;<:,
;<:, ;<4,
;<4, ;<<—;<6 Mnfgshm, Nggnrup Kmmn 0>
Cklmnrt, Akf E. >4,>4, >> Mnwghvn nt kg ;?>
Cklhm, Ihlm E. 5>, 5>, ;?< Mnwckm, Pfggfkc L. :;
Ckf`mkm, Fskjnggn 5< M`uynm, Mlk ;2:
Ckagkm, Ttkm 40 Mhggnm, Ttkmgny B. :??
Ckgnū
Ckg nūfd
fdˀ, Ckr
Ckrikm
ikm ;?>
; ?>,, ;?5
Ckmatnghw, Z. <2 Hjnrcfggnr, Dkrg ;56
Ckmmkrf, Lfrhslf ;66, ;66, :?4 Hnttfm`, Ckrtfm ;:<
Ckr`ugf
Ckr` ugfns,
ns, Pkgtn
kgtnrr _. ;:? H`fgvy
H`fg vy,, Bkvfb
Bkvfb ;:2
Ckrqufs, Lkrhgb L. ;0, ;0, ;:? H`hrngnd Pk`mnr,Ufbk 5>
Ckrsl, Zhjnrt C. ;66, ;66, :?4 H‖@ufmm, Rlhcks D. ;<0—;<<
Ckrtfm nt kg 6< Hlkmfkm, Zhhjfmk ;:?
Ckrtfmnku, _fnrrn
_fnrrn ;>6 Hgfms,
Hgfm s, Pkggy ;<
;<,, 4<
Cktlfnu, Ihlm N. :?4 Hgfvnr, Zfdlkrb G. :?4
Ckttnshm, Cfdlkng R. 5 Hs`hhb nt kg ;25
Ckynr nt kg ;5< Httnmscnynr, Nbwkrb
Nbwkrb ;?<
;? <
Ckymkrb, Zhjnrtk ;?2
Ckyzgfm, Bfmk
CdKgnxkm
CdKgnxkmbnr, ;:< L. ;<<
bnr, Ikcns _kfmn, Gymm
_kgkzzh, Tlkrp
@ufbh 54 5<
CdDrkdanm, @rkmt ;;<, ;;<, ;;6,
;;6, ;:? _kpkbkths, Dkrhgfmn ;??
CdBhmkgb, Ihlm _. ;::—;:4 _krksurkckm, K. ;55
CdBhmkgb, Ckgdhgc 4: _kttf, Dlkrgns L. ;::—;:4
CdEkrgkmn Tlhrn, Gymm :?4 _nfrdn, Dlkrgns Tkmbnrs ;:?
Cd@hwkm, Zfdlkrb K. 5> _nppnr, @nrkgb G. ;<:
CdLu`l, Bkvfb 6 _nrryckm,
_nrry ckm, Kgnxk K. ;;<
CdGnggkm, Lfgkry 60 _ntnrke, Ckr`krnt ;<6
CdGulkm, Ckrslkgg ;;2 _guccnr,
_guc cnr, Ihsnpl
Ihsnp l R. ;<5
Cngnwk
Cn gnwkr,
r, R. D. ;:?
;:? _hbmkr, Agncnmt 0, 0, <, ;?,
;?, ;0,
;0, :2,
:2, 0;,
0;, <4,
<4, ;;6,
;;6,
Cnrrfgnns,
Cnrr fgnns, Jfgg 2:,
2:, 24,
24, >4 ;2?—;2;,, ;><,
;2?—;2; ;><, ;52,
;52, ;<2,
;<2, ;<5,
;<5, ;60,
;60, :?;
Cnsmnr-Kmbhgūna, Bkmk >0 _hbmkr nt kg 0
 Cnynr, Ihlm _. ;6<,
;6<, :??—:?;,
:??—:?;, :?:,
:?:, :?4 _hgafm`lhrmn, Bhmkgb N. ;?;
Cfdlngshm, @rkmt ;:> _hrrks, Inrry F. >4
Cfgns, Tkckmtlk
Cfgnwfdz, Ihlm ;><<2, <6—6?
<2, _hrtnr nt kg ;6<—;66
_hstckm, Gnh ;:0
Cfggkr, Bkm _ygn ;?2,
;?2, ;?> _rktt, Cfdlkng @. ;<:,
;<:, ;<6,
;<6, ;60
Cfggnr, Bkgn 2:,
2:, 24 _rnsthm, Gnn N. <:
Cfmbka, Pfggfkc K. K . ;25 _umikfsrf nt kg >4
Cftdlngg nt kg <;
<;,, <:,
<:, <>—<5 _utmkc, Gfmbk <

Kutlhr fmbnx :;6

Zkik`hpkg 4<,
4<, 2? Tpnda nt kg ;;<
Znbby, Trfmfvks A. ;<5 Tpndthr, Kkrhm I. ;46
Znfdlnrs, Krmhm N. ;06 Tpnackm, Zhjnrt N. ;5<
Znfmsdl, Gkcur M. 5 Trfvkstkvk nt kg ;52
Zncpng nt kg ;5< Ttkbgnr, Ckrfmus 6,6, ;?
Znphvū, Inrmni ;:: Ttkmgny, Nbcumb ;55,
;55, ;50
Znppnr, Ernb D. <: Ttkrfa, C. <:
Zfgny,
Zf gny, Ihlm P.
P. ;20
;20 Ttnfmnr, @nhr`n K. 5<—56
Zfmbhvk nt kg ;;5 Ttnplnms nt kg ;?2
Zfm`, _ntnr Tcftl ;55 Ttnvnms nt kg ;6<
Zhjnr
Zhj nrts,
ts, _ntnr P.
P. ;52 Ttfmmntt, Mfda ;55
Zhtlsdlfgb, Cfdlkng G. ;:4 Tthmn,
Tthm n, P. Zhjnrt
Zhjn rt :;
Zhttnr, Iugfkm J. ;5> Ttrhm` nt kg 6;
Zussh, Rrkdy Dkggkwky ;06,
;06, ;6< Ttukrt, Lngnm 0:
Zuytnr, Ah bn ;:5 Tturanm, Ckrftk ;:?
Tuggfvkm,, Ihlm >?,
>?, >;
Tklgfm-Kmbnrsshm, Anrstfm :?2,:?2, :?> Twnrbghw kmb Twnrbghw ;;6, ;;6, ;:?
Tkah, Ckrf ;50 Tzwkiahwsaf, Nu`nmn 6;
Tkmdlnz, Ckmung :??, :??, :?4
Tkmdlnz, Zhcugh 4<, 4<, 2? RnrrkDlhfdn Nmvfrhmcnmtkg
Tkmh,
Tkm h,Vhah ;6 ;6<< Ckrantfm` Fmd 52
Tkpkrfth nt kg ;55 Rntrfda, Ghfs N. ;<4
Tkumbnrs, Ihlm 4< Rlhcpshm, _kug 6
Tkvk`n nt kg << Rlhcsnm, Dlrfstk 0>
Tdlnfm, Nb`kr L. >0 Rlhrnggf, Lkms J. ;50
Tdlhgg
Tdl hgg,, Zfdlkrb
Zfdlk rb P. ;6< Rlhrup, Tf`mn ;?4
Tdlhut
Tdl hutnm,
nm, Ihlm P.
P. ;<< Rfahh, Turfmbnr >;
Tdlrhnbnr, Zhjnrt E. :?2—:?> Rfgbnsg
Rfgb nsgny
ny,, Kcy N.
N . ;6?
Tdlugtz, Ckianm >5, >5, >0,
>0, 54,
54, 0: Rhpkgfkm, Kggkm ;6
Tdlugtz kmb Tdlugtz 0 Rhr
hrrns,
rns, Kmm C. >4,
>4, >>
Tdluckmm nt kg ;:4 ;:4,, ;:2 Rrnkbwky nt kg ;;5
;;5,, ;;0
Tdlwnr, Anftl Z. ;;< Ryk`f,, _rkbnnp >0
Tdhtt, Drkf` Z. ;06 Rygnr, Aktlnrfmn
Aktlnrfm n ;55
;55,, ;50
Tngkcn kmb Tngkcn ;0, ;0, ;:; Rygnr, Rhc Z. :?>
Tngmns,
Tnm, Ernb 0?,
Tkmakr ;50
0?, ;54,
;54, ;06 ^mbnrwhhb nt kg ;<0
Tntlf, _rkaksl T. ;:4
;:4,, ;:2
Tlkmgny, Ckra ;><,
;><, ;5;,
;5;, ;52,
;52, ;<6 Ukggnmtf
kggnmtfm,
m, Ttnnm 5<
5<
Tlnfmfm,
Tlnfmf m, Bkmfng K. ;:4 vkm bnm Jhsdl nt kg ;:?
;:?,, ;:;,
;:;, ;::
Tlnmakr, Hbnb ;><,;><, ;52,
;52, ;5> vkm bnr Gkkm, Tkmbrk G. 02
Tlnrckm, Bkmfng I. ;6<,
;6<, ;66 vkm Lkgbnrnm, Cf`mhm B. ;>?
Tlugtz, Ckianm 45 vkm Gkn
Gknr,
r,Rhc ;:5
Tfn`ng, _lfgfp L. ;6< vkm Znahc,, Ihlm >0
Tfggkmpââ, Ckrfk <2 vkm Zfng, Dnns J. C. >,>, 6, ;0,
;0, 42,
42, 2;—2:,
2;—2:,
Tfcchms,, Ihlm
Tfcchms Ihlm Kybhm
Kybhm 26 60—6<,, 66,
60—6< 66, ;::,
;::, ;2>,
;2>, ;>?,
;>?, ;5?—;5;,
;5?—;5;, ;52
Tfskyn, Tngnslf ;6< vkm Uuurn
uurnm,m, Ckra ;?4
Tah`gumb, _nr
_nr ;?>
;? > vkm Phnrauc, D. C. I. 6?
Tcfbts nt kg ;5: Ukrbf nt kg ;66—:??
Tcftl, Drkf` M. 5< Ufagumb, Ckttfks I. ;5>
Tcftl,
Thjhg nt@krntl
;>6,;;<
kg ;>6 , ;52,
;52, ;5> Pkbbhda, Tkmbrk K. ;?<
Tõbnrgumb, Ck`mus ;:5 Pkgan
kganr, r, Bnrna
Bnrn a L. R. <>
Thnmnm, @ufggkucn J. ::—:4,
::—:4, :> Pkgg
kgg,, Rhjy ;5;5<<
Thm`, Tnhawhh ;:2 Pkgsl nt kg ;5;
Tpkm`nmjnr`, N. Z. ;56 Pkgtnr
kgtnrs, s, Ikcns
Ikcns ;55

::? Kutlhr fmbnx

Pkgtznr, Lnrjnrt ;:2 Phhb, Bhmmk I. 5>

Pkm`, Pnfq
Pnfqukm
ukm ;5< Phhbwkrb nt kg 02
Pkm-Lu``fms nt kg ;<: Phhgwkrb, Fkfm ;:2
Pktzgkwfda, _kug 2
Pkymn, Tkmby I. :?4 Vkmfv
Vkmfv,, Nftkm >:
Pncpn, Ihlkm ;<4 Vhhm nt kg ;52
Vhhm ;52,, ;6<
Pnstjrhha, Zhjnrt K. ;:> Vudltckm-V
Vudltckm-Vkkr,
kkr, Nplrkfmc ;><,
;><, ;52,
;52, ;5>
Plnngnr, Bkvfb <2 Vuag
Vuag @kry K. <2—<>
Plnttnm,
Plnttn m, Bkvfb K. >5,
>5, >0,
>0, 50,
50, ;<;
Pfnmnr,
Pfnm nr,Vhksl :?; Yklnnr nt kg >5
Pfgafms, Kgkm G. 6< Ykikd, Bnmmfs C. :?4
Pfgg, Ckraus 42 Ykrkmthmnggh, Gfk 44
Pfggfkcshm,
Pfggfkcsh m, Hgfvnr
Hgfvnr N. ;55 Yncan, Zhm 6<
Pfgshm, Kgkm ;>6 Ynmfsna,, Rlhcks I. 5>
Ynmfsna
Pfmfda, Dlkrgns ;22—;2> Yudanr, Gymmn @hhbckm ;55
Phgen nt kg :?> Yutslf, Kcjfak 02
02,, 0>
T^JINDR FMBN\

Znenrnmdns th ﬋`urns krn fm jhgb

kddnptkmdn :?2 jusfmnss strktn`y 6
kddrnbftktfhm prhdnss ;>< jusfmnss umfts 46,
46, 2;
KDFB tnst :>
kdqufsftfhms, dhrphrktn fbnmtfty :?—:; dkgdugktfvn dhccftcnmt :??—:?;
dkgdugktfvn :??—:?;,, :?<
kbkptfvnn fmstkjfgfty :0
kbkptfv :0,, 4? dkusn prhchtfhm 0?
kbvnrtfsfm` ;::—;:4,
;::—;:4, ;4;,
;4;, ;52 dkusn-rngktnb ckrantfm` 0?
kbvhdkdy ;:4 dngnjrfty9 bn﬋mftfhm ;4?1
;4?1 nmbhrsncnmt
k﬏ndtfvnn dhccftcnmt :??
k﬏ndtfv :??,, :?:,
:?:, :?4,
:?4, :?0 ;;<—;:?,, ;<51
;;<—;:? ;<51 ckmk`ncnmt ;;5—;;0
kmtlrhphchrplfsc ;4<, ;4<, ;64 dnmtrkgfzktfhm ;;
kmtlrhphchrplfzktfhm ;4<, ;4<, ;>4,
;>4, ;<5 dlkfr he tln jhkrb9 ks pnrshmf﬋dktfhm he
ksshdfktfhm tndlmfquns ;2> hr`kmfzktfhm ;;,
;;, ;;>1
;;>1 rnputktfhm ;;>,
;;>, ;;0
kttrfjutfhm tlnhry ;;0 prh`rkccn :4
kubfnmdn ckmk`ncnmt dlkm`n
2:—241
2:—24 ckmk`ncnmt9 dhrphrktn
1 dhrphrktn sthry
sthr rnjrkmbfm`
y ;?;—;?4,
;?;—;?4 , :;:1
:;:1
kuthmhcy he hr`kmfzktfhm <,
<, ;2 ncpghynr jrkmbfm` >>
dlkrfty pkrtmnrslfps 56, 56, 0?
Jkrfggk @rhup 6;—6: “dhjwnj‖ cntlhb :>—:5
jnghm`fm` ;6< Dhdk-Dhgk :?5—:?0
jnmnvhgnmdn ;5<,
;5<, ;0: dh`mftfvn kpktly ;<:
jgunwkslfm` 52 dh`mftfvn ckps ;46
JCP `rhup ;:—;4 dh`mftfvnn sdlncns ;4<
dh`mftfv ;4<,, ;>4
J_ ;56—;0; dh`mftfvnn sdrfpts
dh`mftfv sdr fpts ;4<,
;4<, ;>4
jrkmdl, bn﬋mftfhm :2,
:2, 4? dhccftcnmt ;<6, ;<6, ;6<
jrkmdl fbnmtfty :4—:>,
:4—:>, 4? snn kgsh hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt
jrkmb krdlftndturn 4<—2?,
4<—2?, 25 dhcchm hpnrktfhmkg systnc 2:
jrkmb dhccumftfns ;<0—;<<,
;<0—;<<, ;64 dhcchm stkrtfm` phfmts (DT_s) 2;—2:
jrkmb nqufty 44—42 dhccumfdktfhms snn kgsh dhrphrktn
jrkmb prhcfsn >> dhccumfdktfhm1 dhrphrktn sthry9
dhccumfdktfhm1
jrkmbs9 dhmsucnr fbnmtfty ;<>—;<5
;<>—;<511 dhcpntfthrs :51:51 dhmsfstnmdy ;?;1
;?;1
bn﬋mftfhm 4:,
4:, 2>1
2>1 fmtnrkdtfvfty ;<01
;<01 dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty (DTZ)
ckrantpgkdn rndh`mftfhm 4:1
4:1 phsftfhmfm` 0;—0211 drfsfs sftuktfhms ;?2—;?<1
0;—02 ;?2—;?<1
strktn`y ;<5 ncpghynr jrkmbfm` >:1 >:1 ks fbnmtfty
Jurshm-Ckrstnggnr ;;>—;;5 prhindthrs ;<1
;<1 fmehrckg ;:>—:<,
;:>—:<, ;4;1
;4;1
jusfmnss dhccumfdktfhm, bn﬋mftfhm 5, 5, ;2 stkanlhgbnrs <5—<0,
<5—<0, 6?—6;

::: Tujindt fmbnx

dhccumfdktfhm safggs 5 snn kgsh jusfmnss dhrphrktn `hvnrmkmdn 56

dhccumfdktfhm dhrphrktn fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ;<4,
;<4, ;<2,
;<2, ;64
dhccumfty pkrtmnrslfps 56,
56, 0? dhrphrktn fbnmtfty snn kgsh dhrphrktn jrkmb1
jrkmb1
dhccumfty vhgumtnnrfm` 0; dhrphrktn vfsukg fbnmtfty1 hr`kmfzktfhmkg
dhcpntnmdn ;50—;5< fbnmtf﬋dktfhm9 kdqufsftfhms kmb cnr`nrs
cnr`nr s
dhcpntftfvn kbvkmtk`n snn kgsh strktn`fd :?—:;, ;:;—;::1
:?—:;, ;:;—;::1 dhcphmnmts ;<—;6,
;<—;6,
kbvkmtk`n9 jrkmdl fbnmtfty kmkgysfs :>1:>1 ::—:411 dhmsfstnmdy ;>?—;>;1
::—:4 ;>?—;>;1 dhrphrktn
dhrphrktn jrkmb 421421 dhrphrktn fbnmtfty kbvnrtfsfm` ;::—;:21
;::—;:21 drnbfjfgfty :;;—;;:;;:11
:?,, ::1
:? ::1 fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm` >41
>41 phsftfhmfm` bn﬋mftfhm ;0,
;0, ;<,
;<, ::,
::, :61
:61 bfvnrsf
bfvnrsfty
ty
strktn`y :41
:41 rnputktfhm ;521
;521 shdfkg hutwkrbs ;6,
;6, :61
:61 `hkgs rngktfhmslfp
rnsphmsfjfgfty 5< :?—::11 lfsthrfdkg bnvnghpcnmt :1
:?—:: :1
dhcpntfthrs9 dhccumfdktfhms
dhccumfdktfhms :5 :511 dhrphrktn rnputktfhm ;5;—;5:1
;5;—;5:1 ks shdfkg kdthr ;61
;61
fck`n cnsurncnmt ;2>—;251
;2>—;251 phsftfhmfm` strktn`fd kbvkmtk`n :?1
:?1 sycjhg usk`n ;01
;01
strktn`y 40—4< umfehrcfty fmwkrbs ;6,;6, 4?
dhcpgntfhm tndlmfquns ;2> dhrphrktn fbnmtfty ckmk`ncnmt9 krtfdugktfhm
dhm`rufty >: :?,, :>—:0,
:? :>—:0, 45—401
45—401 dhccumfdktfhm :01 :01
dhmsfstnmdy ;<,
;<, ;?;,
;?;, ;::,
;::, ;>?—;>;,
;>?—;>;, ;5:,
;5:, :;: bn﬋mftfhm 4?1
4?1 tksas hvnrvfnw :;
dhmstrudtfhm tndlmfquns ;2> dhrphrktn fck`n9 kddrnbftktfhm
kddrnbftktfhm prhdnss
dhmsucnrs9 jrkmb
jrkmb dhccumftfns ;<0—;<<
;<0—;<<11 ;><11 kpprhkdlns ;201
;>< ;201 Jhhrstfm ;20—;261
;20—;261
dngnjrfty nmbhrsncnmt ;;6—;:?,
;;6—;:?, dhmsfstnmdy ;>?—;>;,
;>?—;>;, :;:1
:;:1 bn﬋mftfhm
;<511 dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm` ;:41
;<5 ;:41 ;2;—;2:,, ;>2,
;2;—;2: ;>2, ;>0—;><1
;>0—;><1 ekdthrs
dhrphrktn jrkmb 4>,4>, ;<>—;<51
;<>—;<51 fmehrckg ;24—;2211 lfnrkrdlfdkg chbng ;2:1
;24—;22 ;2:1
dhccumfdktfhms ;:<1 ;:<1 fmtnrkdtfvfty ;<01
;<01 lhmnsty ;26—;>?1
;26—;>?1 gftnrkturn rnvfnw
ghykgty ;<<,
;<<, :?:,
:?:, :?41
:?41 hr`kmfzktfhmkg ;2;—;2:11 cnksurncnmt ;22—;201
;2;—;2: ;22—;201 shurdns
dhccftcnmt ;6<, ;6<, :?;—:?:,
:?;—:?:, :?41
:?41 ;2411 strudturn ;2?1 trkmspkrnmdy ;>?
;24
hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ;<2—;<0,
;<2—;<0, dhrphrktn plfgkmtlrhpy 0?—0;
;6?11 rnputktfhm ;5;,
;6? ;5;, ;521
;521 shdfkg dhrphrktn phsftfhmfm`, bn﬋mftfhm 25
rnsphmsfjfgfty 5<,
5<, 0: dhrphrktn rnjrkmbfm` 2:—24,
2:—24, 25
dhmtfmukmdn dhccftcnmt :??—:?;,
:??—:?;, dhrphrktn rnputktfhm snn rnputktfhm
:?:,, :?<
:?: dhrphrktn shdfkg ckrantfm` 0?
dhrphrktn, cnkmfm`/bn﬋mftfhm
cnkmfm`/bn﬋mftfhm :, > dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty (DTZ)9
dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm` ;::—;:2,
;::—;:2, ;4; dhccumfdktfhms 0;—021
0;—021 bn﬋mftfhm
dhrphrktn ksshdfktfhms ;45—;40,
;45—;40, ;2;,
;2;, 5>—50,, 001
5>—50 001 nxpndtktfhms 50—561
50—561 nxpgfdft
;>;,, ;>4
;>; 50,, 001
50 001 fcpgncnmtktfhm 56—0;1
56—0;1 fcpgfdft
dhrphrktn jrkmb
kttrfjutns snn1 kgsh
45—40
45—401 jrkmbdhrphrktn fbnmtfty9
krdlftndturn 50,, 0:,
50 0:, 001
dhrphrktn 00 1 rnphrtfm` 02—0>,
sphanspnrshm 02—0> , 0<, ;4?
;;>—;;0
;;>—;;0,
4<—2?11 dh`mftfvn kpprhkdl 441
4<—2? 441 dhsts 421
421 dhrphrktn sthry snn kgsh drfsfs dhccumfdktfhm9
bn﬋mftfhm 4:—44,
4:—44, 2>—251
2>—251 bfskbvkmtk`ns dhlnrnmdn 61 61 dhcprnlnmsfvnmnss ;;1;;1
4>11 ncpghynns 26—>?,
4> 26—>?, >4—>21
>4—>21 nxpnrfnmtfkg dhmtnxt 661
661 dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm`
kpprhkdl 441
441 lfsthrfdkg bnvnghpcnmt ;—:1;—:1 ;:2—;:>11 bn﬋mftfhm 60—6<,
;:2—;:> 60—6<, ;;?1
;;?1
ckmk`ncnmt prhdnss 4>—4514>—451 ckmk`ncnmt erkcnwhra 661 661 fcphrtkmdn
fcphrtkmdn 65—60
6 5—6011
rnsphmsfjfgfty 44—421
44—421 hr`kmfzktfhmkg fmehrckg dhccumfdktfhms ;:51 ;:51
fbnmtfty >01
>01 hr`kmfzktfhmkg strudturn ckmk`ncnmt 60, 60, ;?41
;?41 mkrrktfhm ;;2,
;;2, ;;>,
;;>,
2?—2:11 phsftfhmfm` strktn`y 40—4<,
2?—2: 40—4<, ;<51
;<51 :;:11 hr`kmfzktfhmkg
:;: hr`kmfzktfhmkg dlkm`ns ;?;—;?4
;?;—;?4,, :;:1
:;:1
purphsn 42—4>,
42—4>, ;<>1
;<>1 rnjrkmbfm` 2:—241
2:—241 pgurkgfty ;?;1
;?;1 strudturn 6<1
6<1 typns 60,
60, 6<
rngktfhmkg kpprhkdl 441441 ks shdfkg kdthr 441
441 dhrphrktn vfsukg fbnmtfty (DUF) ;:?—;::,
;:?—;::, ;4?
strnm`tl 441
441 usk`n 4> dhrrndtfvn kdtfhms ;?0
 dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm dhsts, jrkmb krdlftndturn 42,
42, 46
snn kgsh dhccumfdktfhms9 bn﬋mftfhm drnbfjfgfty :;;
2—>, ;4—;21
2—>, ;4—;21 erkcnwhra >—5
>— 51 lfsthrfdkg drfsns ;?2,
;?2, ;;;
bnvnghpcnmt ;1 ;1 hr`kmfzktfhmkg jnlkvfhur drfsfs dhccumfdktfhm ;?2—;?<,
;?2—;?<, ;;;,
;;;, :;:
;?11 purphsn ;;2—;;>
;? ;;2—;;>11 rngktfhmslfp th DTZ rnphrt 0<
htlnr bfsdfpgfmns ;?1
;?1 stkanlhgbnrs :;:1
:;:1 DUF snn dhrphrktn vfsukg fbnmtfty
tksas ;;—;:,
;;—;:, ;;5 dymfdfsc ;56

Tujindt fmbnx ::4

bn-fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ;<: fcpgfdft dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty 50,

50,
bf﬏nrnmtfktfhm :? 0:,, 00
0:
bfs-fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ;<;—;<: fmbfvfbukgs ks pkrt he `rhup ;2
bfvnrsfty hutwkrbs ;6,
;6, :6 fmbustrfkg fbnmtfty snn jrkmdl fbnmtfty
Bhcfmh‖s _fzzk ;?<—;;? fmbustry, bn﬋mftfhm 4?
bukgfty he hr`kmfzktfhm 0—6,
0—6, ;2 fmehrckg dhccumfdktfhms ;:>—;:<,
;:>—;:<, ;4;
fmehrcktfhm ﬊hws 5 snn kgsh hr`kmfzktfhmkg
nchtfhmkg vkguns 44,44, >5,
>5, 65,
65, ;46,
;46, ;2:,
;2:, ;5?,
;5?, dhccumfdktfhm
;55,, :?4
;55 fmehrcktfhm trkmsenr ;:0—;:<,
;:0—;:<, ;>?
ncpghynns9 dlkm`n ckmk`ncnmt ;?4—;?21 ;?4—;?21 fmstftutfhmkg kbvnrtfsfm` ;::—;:2
dhccftcnmt ;<61;<61 dhrphrktn jrkmb 42, 42, fmtnrmkg jrkmbfm` >4—><,
>4—><, 5?
4>—45,, 24,
4>—45 24, 26—>?,
26—>?, >4—>21
>4—>21 dhrphrktn snn kgsh ncpghynr jrkmbfm`
fbnmtfty ;<,
;<, :?,
:?, :;1
:;1 hr`kmfzktfhmkg fmtnrmkg dhccumfdktfhms ;;,;;, 56
dhccftcnmt ;6<,;6<, :??—:?;,
:??—:?;, :?41
:?41 fmtnrmkg ckrantfm` cfx >?
hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ;06,
;06, fssun kbvnrtfsfm` ;:4
;<?—;<;,, ;<:—;<2,
;<?—;<; ;<:—;<2, ;<<—;<61
;<<—;<61 rnputktfhm fssun ckmk`ncnmt snn drfsfs
ckmk`ncnmt ;5;,;5;, ;5:—;54,
;5:—;54, ;521
;521 shdfkg dhccumfdktfhm
rnsphmsfjfgfty 5<,
5<, 56,
56, 0:—02
ncpghynr jrkmb >?,>?, >;,
>;, >6 snn kgsh fmtnrmkg Arak 0>—00
jrkmbfm`
ncpghynr jrkmbfm` >?—>4,
>?—>4, >2, 5? “gkbbnrfm`‖ cntlhb :5
nmbhrsnb strudturn 46,46, 2? gkm`uk`n bnsf`mktfhms ;46
nmbhrsncnmt 46, 46, ;;<—;:?,
;;<—;:?, ;<5 Gksswngg‖s chbng 4,
4, :;4
ntlfdkg jrkmbfm` 54—5>,
54—5>, 00 gn`kg erkcnwhras ehr shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty
snn kgsh dhrphrktn shdfkg 55,, 02—0>
55
rnsphmsfjfgfty (DTZ) gn`ftfckdy <>—<5,
<>—<5, <0, :?>
nxpgfdft dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty Gn`h @rhup 22—2>
50,, 00
50 Gfanrt sdkgn ;25
nxprnssfvfty 6,
6, ;?
ckmk`ncnmt dhccumfdktfhm9 dhrphrktn
erkcfm` 66,
66, ;;? fbnmtfty :;1
:;1 bn﬋mftfhm 5—0,
5—0, ;2
eumdtfhmkgfsc < ckmk`ncnmt rnputktfhm ;;>—;;0
ckmbkthry bfsdghsurn 02—0>
@hrnmin ;:6—;4? ckrantfm` dhccumfdktfhms 0,
0, ;2,
;2, 2?
`hssfp ;:>, ;:552
;:>,
`rnnmwkslfm` cnkmfm` trkmsenr
cnksurncnmt ;;6—;:?dhrphrktn fck`n
tndlmfquns9
`rhup fbnmtf﬋dktfhm <,
<, ;<4—;<2,
;<4—;<2, ;<<,
;<<, ;22—;2511 rnputktfhm ;>6—;5;
;22—;25
;<6,, ;6:
;<6 cnbfk dhccumfdktfhms9 dngnjrfty ;;5—;;0
;;5—;;011
dhrphrktn kbvnrtfsfm` ;:2—;:>1
;:2—;:>1 drfsfs
Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm ;6?—;6:
Lkrgny-Bkvfbshm ckmk`ncnmt ;?>—;?5
Lkrrfs/Ehcjrum Dhrphrktn Znputktfhm cnbfuc fs tln cnssk`n ;;2
[uhtfnmt (Z[) ;5? Cnrdkthr ><—>6
lfbbnm trkbn-h﬏s 52 cnr`nrs, dhrphrktn fbnmtfty :?—:;
:?—:;,, ;:;—;::
Lfbrfk :<—:6 chbns he kdtfhm ;<
lhgfstfd kpprhkdl 2,
2, >—5,
>—5, ;? chmh jrkmb strudturn 46,
46, 2?
lhmnsty ;26—;>?,
;26—;>?, ;5<,
;5<, ;0:,
;0:, :?>,
:?>, :;; chmhgftlfd strudturn 4<,
4<, 2?, 2;
chrkg jrkmbfm` snn ntlfdkg jrkmbfm`
fbnmtfty snn kgsh dhrphrktn jrkmb1
jrkmb1 chrtf﬋dktfhm ;?0
hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm9 dhrphrktn chtfvktfhm :?,
:?, >;
dhccumfdktfhm rngktfhmslfp >, >, ;?1
;?1
bn﬋mftfhm 6,6, ;0<1
;0<1 bymkcfds ;?1
;?1 mnurkg mntwhras ;4<
lfnrkrdlfns ;06—;<?1
;06—;<?1 prhindtnb ;? mhm-dhccumfdktfhm 2
fbnmtfty trkfts ;46—;2;,
;46—;2;, ;>4 mhrcktfvn dhccftcnmt ;66—:??,
;66—:??, :?;,
:?;,
fck`n snn dhrphrktn fck`n :?:,, :?<
:?:

::2 Tujindt fmbnx

hpfmfhm gnkbnrs ;:0,

;:0, ;:<,
;:<, ;0; prhindtnb fbnmtfty ;?
HZD chbng ;>6—;5? _rhpp chbng 66—;??
hr`kmfzktfhm9 kuthmhcy <, <, ;21
;21 bukgfty psnubh-nvnmts
psnubh-nv nmts ;20—;2<
0—6,, ;2
0—6 psydlhgh`fdkg dhmtrkdt >?—>;,
>?—>;, 5?
hr`kmfzktfhmkg dlkm`n9 dhrphrktn sthry pujgfd, bn﬋mftfhm <:—<4,
<:—<4, 64,
64, :?2
;?;—;?4,, :;:1
;?;—;?4 :;:1 bn﬋mftfhm ;;?—;;; pujgfd fck`n9 drfsfs dhccumfdktfhm
hr`kmfzktfhmkg dgfcktn >5,
>5, >0,
>0, 5? ;?5—;?0,, :;:1
;?5—;?0 :;:1 bn﬋mftfhm ;0;
hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccftcnmt9 dhmsucnrs pujgfd rngktfhms snn kgsh dhccumfdktfhms
dhccumfdktfhms11
;6<,, :?;—:?:,
;6< :?;—:?:, :?41
:?41 bn﬋mftfhm ;60,
;60, :?01
:?01 dhrphrktn fck`n9 bn﬋mftfhm 0, 0, ;21
;21 fck`n
bfcnmsfhms :??—:?41
:??—:?41 n﬏ndts :?4—:?21
:?4—:?21 tlnhry ;20—;26
ncpghynns ;6<,
;6<, :??—:?;,
:??—:?;, :?41
:?41 nxdlkm`n pujgfd splnrn <4,
<4, 64
kpprhkdl ;66,
;66, :??1
:??1 fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ;60—;6<1
;60—;6<1
fmstrucnmtkg-dkgdugktfvnn kpprhkdl ;661
fmstrucnmtkg-dkgdugktfv ;66 1 rkm`n sdkgn cnksurns ;25
mhrcktfvn kpprhkdl ;66—:??,
;66—:??, :?;,
:?;, :?:1
:?:1 rnjrkmbfm` 2:—24
psydlhgh`fdkg kpprhkdl ;6<—;66,
;6<—;66, :??1
:??1 rndruftcnmt9 dhrphrktn fbnmtfty :; :;11
rngktfhmkg :??1
:??1 trkmskdtfhmkg :?? ncpghynr
ncpghy nr jrkmbfm` >;—>:
>;—>:,, >>—>5
hr`kmfzktfhmkg dhccumfdktfhm 5, 5, ;2 rngfkjfgfty ;50—;5<,
;50—;5<, ;0:
snn kgsh dhrphrktn dhccumfdktfhm rnphrtfm`, dhrphrktn shdfkg rnsphmsfjfgfty
hr`kmfzktfhmkg dugturn 45,
45, >5—>0,
>5—>0, 5? 02—0>,, 0<
02—0>
hr`kmfzktfhmkg bfs-fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ;6: Znptrka chbng ;5?—;5;
hr`kmfzktfhmkg fbnmtf﬋dktfhm rnputktfhm snn kgsh dhrphrktn fbnmtfty1
fbnmtfty1
snn kgsh dhrphrktn fbnmtfty9 dhrphrktn fck`n1
fck`n1 pujgfd fck`n9 jnmn﬋ts
dktn`hrfns;<4—;<2
dktn`hrfns ;<4—;<211 dh`mftfvn kpktly ;54—;5>11 dhmsfstnmdy ;5:,
;54—;5> ;5:, :;:1
:;:1 dhrph
dhrphrktn
rktn
;<:11 dhccftcnmt ;60—;6<1
;<: ;60—;6<1 dhmsucnrs jrkmb 421
421 dhrphrktn fbnmtfty :;,
:;, :41
:41
;<2—;<0,, ;6?1
;<2—;<0 ;6?1 drhss-duttfm` ;<;1
;<;1 bn﬋mftfhm 6,6, ;>0,
;>0, ;><1
;><1 bfcnmsfhms
bn﬋mftfhm ;00—;0<,
;00—;0<, ;6:,
;6:, ;60,
;60, ;661
;661 ;>6,, ;5?, ;5;1
;>6 ;5;1 ckmk`ncnmt ;;>—;;0,
;;>—;;0,
bn-fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ;<:1
;<:1 bfs-fbnmtf﬋dktfhm ;5;—;5:11 cnksurncnmt tndlmfquns
;5;—;5:
;<;—;<:11 ncpghynns ;06
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