^rckuetm =
: / : pths.
Iuíd oc dms sbkubcetcs iumdbomocs EH ihrrcspheoc m dms iumdbomocs pcrshemdcs
quc ocac tcecr ue bevcstbkmohr quc mpdbim dm gcthohdhkçm —Jbsthrbms oc vbom‗ ce
dm bevcstbkmibùe iumdbtmtbvm<

 
Ecutrmdbomo
  mfcitbvm y obstmeibmgbceth

Csiuijm y dhiumibomo
 

Fdcxbabdbomo y prmkgmtbsgh
 

^msbvbomo
 

^rckuetm 1
: / : pths.
 Memdbic cd sbkubcetc clcgpdh
clcgpdh oc cetrcvbstm dm iumd
iumd sc mpdbiù m dhs mdugehs oc
krmoh sckueoh ce ue ihdckbh. Octcrgbec quâ tbph oc cetrcvbstm cs< m) ¸_c
kustm br md ihdckbh8 a) ¸Iuídcs she dms ihsms quc gís tc kustme ce cd ihdckbh8
i) ¸Iuídcs she dms ihsms quc gcehs tc kustme ce cd ihdckbh8 o) ¸Ymarçms
ocibrgc iuíd cs cd pchr ocfcith y iuíd cs dm gclhr iumdbomo oc tu gmcstrh8 c)
¸Ymarçms ocibrgc phr quâ sc vm md ihdckbh8 (beomkmr sb phr cescýmezm-iudturm,
pmrm mprceocr ue hfbibh, phr hadbkmibùe) f) ¸Jmy mdkh quc tc kustmrçm jmicr ce cd
ihdckbh y quc mjhrm eh pucocs jmicr8 k) ¸Jmy ihsms quc tc hadbkme m jmicr ce
cd ihdckbh y quc sb tü puobcrms eh jmrçms8

 
Ihgabemibùe cetrc cstruiturmom y scgbcstruiturmom.
 

Cstruiturmom
 

Eh cstruiturmom
 

Ycgbcstruiturmom
 
 

 
^rckuetm 9
: / : pths.
 Memdbic cd sbkubcetc clcgpdh
clcgpdh y octcrgbec quâ tbph oc
oc meídbsbs eh pmrmgâtrbih sc
mpdbimrçm ce cstc imsh< Ce uem cvmdumibùe oc dhs lukmohrcs ocdmetcrhs oc futahd
ce oc ue pmçs, jmy 2 oc cddhs imtmdhkmohs ihgh gís betceshs pmrm gmrimr
khdcs. ^mrm memdbzmr cstm betcesbomo ourmetc ue pcrbhoh oc uem tcgphrmom sc

rckbstrù sbstcgítbimgcetc
ocdmetcrhs tmeth ce luckhscdm krmoh oc betcesbomo
ebvcd emibhemd (E^ 7oc imom ueh
puetmlcs oc csths
emibhemd), ihgh m
ebvcd betcremibhemd (B^ 7 puetmlcs ce luckhs betcremibhemdcs). Mocgís, sc
rckbstrmrhe dhs rmekhs m ebvcd emibhemd (EQ 7 rmekhs m ebvcd emibhemd) y ce m
ebvcd betcremibhemd (BQ 7 rmekh m ebvcd betcremibhemd). Dhs omths sc prcscetme ce
uem _madm. Dhs rmekhs sc hroceme oc gíxbgm m gçebgm jmibm mamlh ce imom
ihdugem oc rmekh.

 
Ijb iumormoh
 

Ihcfbibcetc oc ihrrcdmibùe oc `ceomdd

 

Abtíihrm oc meídbsbs
 

_madms iruzmoms y tmadms oc ihetbekceibm

 

^rckuetm ?
: / : pths.

Sem jbpùtcsbs
prhicsh. Duckhceocbevcstbkmibùe
fhrgudmr ue rcprcscetm uebevcstbkmohr
prhadcgm, cd cdcgceth fueomgcetmd ce cd
ceueibm dm jbpùtcsbs,
quc hrbcetmrí cd prhicsh y pcrgbtbrí ddckmr m iheidusbhecs iheirctms ocd
prhycith quc rcibâe ihgbcezm. Idmsbfbquc dm sbkubcetc jbpùtcsbs< —Eh cxbstc
obfcrceibm sbkebfbimtbvm cetrc cd mprceobzmlc ocd bobhgm bekdâs y dm como oc dhs
ebýhs‗<

 
Jbpùtcsbs oc bevcstbkmibùe
 

Jbpùtcsbs eudm
 
 

Jbpùtcsbs mdtcremtbvm
 
cs dm ihrrcitm0 dms jbpùtcsbs eudms she, ce ue scetboh, cd rcvcrsh oc dms jbpùtcsbs
oc bevcstbkmibùe. "eudm" sc rcfbcrc m dm hpbebùe kcecrmd oc mdkh.
 
^rckuetm 3
: / : pths.
Iumeoh ocetrh oc dm ihestruiibùe ocd gmrih tcùrbih, ce ue prhycith oc
bevcstbkmibùe, sc jmic uem rcvbsbùe oc dm dbtcrmturm, sc beomkm sharc cd tcgm y
írcms oc eucvms pcrspcitbvms, sc cstí jmibceoh<

 
Se cstuobh cxpdhrmthrbh
 

Se cstuobh ihrrcdmibhemd
 

Se cstuobh cxpdbimtbvm
 

Se cstuobh ocsirbptbvh
 
cs dm ihrrcitm Dhs cstuobhs cxpdhrmthrbhs sc rcmdbzme iumeoh cd halctbvh cs
cxmgbemr ue tcgm h prhadcgm oc bevcstbkmibùe phih cstuobmoh, ocd iumd sc
tbcec guijms ouoms h eh sc jme mahromoh metcs. Cs ocibr, iumeoh dm rcvbsbùe
oc dm dbtcrmturm rcvcdù quc tme shdh jmy kuçms eh bevcstbkmoms c bocms
vmkmgcetc rcdmibhemom ihe cd prhadcgm oc cstuobh h gís abce, sb ocscmghs
beomkmr sharc tcgms y írcms oc eucvms pcrspcitbvms. (imrtbddm Y1)

 
^rckuetm 6
: / : pths.
Dm jbsthrbm oc vbom cs uem cstrmtckbm oc dm bevcstbkmibùe, ceimgbemom m kcecrmr
vcrsbhecs mdtcremtbvms oc dm jbsthrbm shibmd, m pmrtbr oc dm rcihestruiibùe oc dms
cxpcrbceibms pcrshemdcs. Ihgh gâthoh oc bevcstbkmibùe, dm jbsthrbm oc vbom
ihetbcec md gbsgh tbcgph<

 
Qbquczm y dbgbtmibhecs
 

Qbquczms
  y kmemeibms
 

 
Dbgbtmibhecs y rcstrbiibhecs
 

 Meídbsbs y uem betcrprctmibùe

betcrprctmibùe uebvhim
 

^rckuetm ;
: / : pths.
Dm cetrcvbstm, cs uem oc dms tâiebims gís usmoms ce dm ctehkrmfçm0 cstm ausim
quc dm kcetc jmadc sharc dh quc smac, pbcesm y ircc. Memdbic dms prckuetms oc
dm sbkubcetc cetrcvbstm y gmrquc cd tbph oc cetrcvbstm quc ihesbocrc sc cstí
mpdbimeoh< ¸Iuíd cs su ehgarc8 - ¸]uâ fueibùe ocscgpcým ce dm Bestbtuibùe8 -
¸Iuíeth tbcgph ddcvm clcribceoh ce cd pucsth ihgh Obrcithr8 - ¸Cxbstc uem
aucem rcdmibùe cetrc dhs betckrmetcs ocd pdmetcd couimtbvh y dhs pmorcs oc
fmgbdbm8 - ¸Iùgh pcribac dm rcdmibùe cetrc dhs gbcgarhs oc su cqubph oc
trmamlh8 - ¸]uâ hpbem sharc dm eucvm Qcfhrgm Couimtbvm8 - ¸Ihesbocrm
bgphrtmetc quc dhs prhfcshrcs pdmecce sus idmscs8 - ¸Ihesbocrm quc dm
Bestbtuibùe tbcec ue auce ebvcd couimtbvh8

 
Cetrcvbstm obrcitm
 

Cetrcvbstm gbxtm
 

Cetrcvbstm beobrcitm
 
Cs dm rcspucstm ihrrcitm pucs ce dm cetrcvbstm obrcitm sc rcmdbzme prckuetms oc
miucroh ihe ue betcrrhkmthrbh prcvbmgcetc obscýmoh, obijms prckuetms vme
ceimgbemoms m hatcecr befhrgmibùe sharc írcms gís cspciçfbims phr tmeth, sc
cspcrme rcspucstms gís ihrtms y iheirctms.
 
^rckuetm :
: / : pths.
Iumeoh sc rcmdbzm ue rcphrtc oc bevcstbkmibùe mimoâgbih oc ihrtc iumdbtmtbvh
ocetrh oc su cstruiturm cd pdmetcmgbceth ocd prhadcgm cs ueh oc sus
ihgphecetcs bgphrtmetcs. Memdbic dms sbkubcetcs mfbrgmibhecs y gmrquc dm quc
ihesbocrc cs ueh oc dhs crrhrcs quc sc ihgctce md pdmetcmr cd prhadcgm ce
bevcstbkmibùe.

 
Cd pdmetcmgbceth ocd prhadcgm eh ocac hfrcicr uem shduibùe
 

Cd pdmetcmgbceth ocd prhadcgm rcvcdm md bevcstbkmohr sb su prhycith oc

bevcstbkmibùe cs vbmadc

 
Cd pdmetcmgbceth ocd prhadcgm ocac trmtmr gís oc ue prhadcgm
 

Cd pdmetcmgbceth ocd prhadcgm eh ocac msbkemr uem imusm

 

^rckuetm 2
: / : pths.
Ycküe Mekcrm, cxbstce trcs tbphs oc vmdbocz ce bevcstbkmibùe iumdbtmtbvm<
mpmrcetc, bestrugcetmd y tcùrbim dms iumdcs sc ocsmrrhddme phr gcobh oc<
trbmekudmibùe, smturmibùe y vmdbocz. Dm trbmekudmibùe< ihesbstc ce jmicr ush oc
obfcrcetcs omths y gâthohs oc rcihdciibùe pmrm dm rcmdbzmibùe oc uem gbsgm

bevcstbkmibùe y pmrm dm hascrvmibùe

rcmdbzmr ihgpmrmibhecs oc ue gbsgh
cetrc dhs gbsghs. Iumeohhalcth oc cstuobh,
sc jmic ihe oc
ush oc gís cd fbe
ue oc
ebvcd oc meídbsbs, cetrc dhs quc sc ceiucetrme dhs sbkubcetcs< beobvboumd,
betcrmitbvh, ihdcitbvbomo, hrkmebzmibhemd, shibmd, cetrc htrhs, cstmghs jmadmeoh
oc quâ tbph oc trbmekudmibùe scküe (OCE\BE)<

 
Gcthohdùkbim
 

Oc tbcgph
 

Oc bevcstbkmohr 
 

Ebvcdcs ihgabemohs
 

Oc cspmibh
 

_cùrbim
 
 

cs dm ihrrcitm0 dm trbmekudmibùe
tr bmekudmibùe oc ebvcdcs pcrgbtc hatcecr omths obfcrcetcs pcrh
ihgpdcgcetmrbhs sharc cd gbsgh tùpbih gís quc rcpdbimr dhs rcsudtmohs.
 
^rckuetm =>
: / : pths.
Dm rcihdciibùe oc omths iumetbtmtbvhs y iumdbtmtbvhs ce uem bevcstbkmibùe sc
pucoce jmicr gcobmetc< ceiucstms, cetrcvbstms, trbmekudmibùe h abhkrmfçms c
jbsthrbms oc vbom. Iumeoh ce dm rcihdciibùe oc omths pmrm jmicr uem
bevcstbkmibùe sc utbdbzme vmrbhs gâthohs (tmeth iumetbtmtbvhs ihgh iumdbtmtbvhs),
oc fucetcs oc omths, oc tchrçms, oc bevcstbkmohrcs h oc mgabcetcs ce cd cstuobh
oc ue fceùgceh, qubcrc ocibr quc cstmghs utbdbzmeoh<

 
Dms cetrcvbstms
 

Dms ceiucstms
 

Dm trbmekudmibùe
 

Abhkrmfçms c jbsthrbms oc vbom

 
Cs dm rcspucstm ihrrcitm< Dm trbmekudmibùe sc rcfbcrc md ush oc vmrbhs gâthohs
(tmeth iumetbtmtbvhs ihgh iumdbtmtbvhs), oc fucetcs oc omths, oc tchrçms, oc
bevcstbkmohrcs h oc mgabcetcs ce cd cstuobh oc ue fceùgceh.

Imdbfbimibùe oc dm cvmdumibùe< :> oc :>