ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU
@F MFEVEC@ J2
]@EV
]@E V 2 KCCA BD MBF, KCCA
KCCA OBJA
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 B Ly mbrkemst lmlcry wcukf prcoboky om ly flrst fby bt
sjdcck. E wbs sc prcuf tc om bokm tc wretm ly `blm b`f wbs
vmry mxjetmf tc pkby c` tdm gu`nkm nyl.
O Ly dbppemst lmlcry3 ^mkk, lbyom et wcukf om ly tm`td
oertdfby. E wbs bkkcwmf tc dbvm b pbrty wetd tm` rem`fs b`f
wm lbfm b scrt c fesjc e` tdm keve`n rccl wetd jckcurmf
kendts b`f kcuf lusej. Et―s u``y tc tde`a bocut et `cw, out
bt tdm telm, E wbs e` dmbvm`.
J C`m telm, E nct b dunm rendt wdm` E wbs bt dclm bkc`m
b`f E dmbrf b strb`nm tbppe`n `cesm c` ly we`fcw. E
kccamf up b`f cu`f lysmk bjm tc bjm wetd b dunm lb`.
E wbs jc`ve`jmf dm wbs b ournkbr. Bs et tur`mf cut, dm wbs
bjtubkky ly `mendocur―s orctdmr wdc dbf nct tdm wrc`n
bffrmss.
F E numss tdm lcst mxjete`n tde`n tdbt dbs mvmr dbppm`mf tc
lm wbs wdm` E trbvmkkmf borcbf kbst sullmr tc veset ly
jcuse` e` Zjctkb`f. Bs wmkk bs dbve`n b nrmbt telm wdm` E
nct cvmr tdmrm, et wbs bksc ly flrst telm c` b pkb`m.
? Ztufm`ts― cw` b`swmrs.
? Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 E tde`a tdes quctm lmb`s tdbt cur orbe`s jcukf`―t pcsseoky
rmlmlomr bosckutmky mvmrytde`n, sc et dbs tc smkmjt b`f
fesjbrf jmrtbe` lmlcrems, lbae`n surm et fcms`―t crnmt
b`ytde`n tcc elpcrtb`t.
? Ly numss es tdbt tdes quctm es bocut dcw crnmtte`n es nccf cr
us. E ycu jb`―t crnmt obf tde`ns tdbt dbvm dbppm`mf, et jcukf
dckf ycu obja rcl m`gcye`n kem.
: Vdm fcjulm`tbry es bocut dcw lmlcrems jb` om jdb`nmf
cr mrbsmf. Et sbys tdbt tdm wby tdm orbe` stcrms lmlcrems es
b`bkcncus tc b jclputmr systml. B dbjamr es sclmc`m wdc
ormbas e`tc b jclputmr systml tc jdb`nm cr mrbsm fbtb.
6 2 N (bjjcrfe`n tc rmjm`t rmsmbrjd, tdm mrb c lmlcry
lb`epukbtec` es `ct vmry br c﬈ bt bkk e` pbrbnrbpd e b`f
sjem`teflj ormbatdrcunds e` pbrbnrbpd ee ke`a wetd swmmpe`n
bfvb`jms e` tmjd`ckcny, `murcjdmlestry b`f jcn`etevm
sjem`jm e` pbrbnrbpd N)
? F (wdmrm b`f dcw kc`n-tmrl lmlcrems brm crlmf, stcrmf
b`f rmjbkkmf e` pbrbnrbpd ee ke`as wetd Et dbs bkwbys omm`
tdcundt tdbt lmlcry es b rmjcrfe`n fmvejm e` pbrbnrbpd F)
: B (Vdm pbrbkkmk wcukf om lcrm keam ore`ne`n up b flkm c` tdm
jclputmr, lcfeye`n et skendtky b`f tdm` sbve`n et tc tdm
dbrf frevm e` pbrbnrbpd eee ke`as wetd Vdes u`fmrstb`fe`n dbs
omm` jrujebk e` pbrbnrbpd B)
6 I (rcfm`ts tdbt dbvm omm` nm`mtejbkky lcfeflmf cr tdes
purpcsm, b`f lb`epukbtm tdml wetd kbsmrs e` pbrbnrbpd
ev) ke`as wetd b lcusm es put e`tc b tctbkky `mw, obrrm`
m`verc`lm`t e` pbrbnrbpd I)
= J (… wbs tc cjus c` tdm pmcpkm omde`f sclm c tdm lcst
prcvcjbtevm fesjcvmrems, octd rmsmbrjdmrs b`f suogmjts e`
pbrbnrbpd v ke`as wetd Vdrmm pmcpkm wdc mbturm e` et brm
Gbam Dbuskmr Lmrmk Ae`ft b`f Gukeb Zdbw e` pbrbnrbpd J)
9 O (Lmrmk, b prcmsscr rcl tdm ]`evmrsety c Blstmrfbl,
sujjmmfmf e` e` pbrbnrbpd ve ke`as wetd ^dbt es pmrdbps
lcrm u``mrve`n es Kc`fc` Zcutd Ob`a prcmsscr Gukeb
Zdbw―s stufy, e` pbrbnrbpd O1 sdm pmrsubfmf
pmrsubf mf tdml tdbt
tdmy dbf jcllettmf jrelms e` tdm pbst e` pbrbnrbpd O) ke`as
wetd Elpkb`te`n bksm lmlcrems es jkmbrky `cw pcsseokm e`
pbrbnrbpd vee)
= 2 rmbkl ? jurrm`t : ﬏bwmf 6 lcfeye`n = bfvm`t
9 bjeketbte`n > pbve`n tdm wby cr 4 jutte`n-mfnm
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824
?
9 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 Xmcpkm usmf tc tde`a tdmrm wbs b jm`trbk lmlcry ob`a wdmrm
lmlcrems wmrm flkmf bwby keam occas e` keorbry. Et wbs bksc
tdcundt tdbt lmlcrems wmrm pmrlb`m`t b`f u`jdb`nmbokm.
? @cwbfbys, wm a`cw tdbt lmlcrems brm stcrmf e` smpbrbtm
brmbs c tdm orbe`, tdbt tdmy brm `ct bkwbys bjjurbtm, b`f tdbt
tdmy jb` om bktmrmf.
: Icrnmtte`n obf tde`ns tdbt dbvm dbppm`mf tc us dmkps us tc
nmt cvmr tdm mxpmrem`jms b`f lcvm c`.
> Xcsseokm b`swmr
E bnrmm wetd Xusdac: tdbt lmlcry lb`epukbtec` es quetm
rendtm`e`n. ^dbt e tdmsm scrts c tmjd`ckcnems wmrm tc bkk e`tc
tdm wrc`n db`fs3 E―l sjmptejbk c wdbt ObekmyOcy sbys bocut
et ome`n b nccf bppkejbtec` c sjem`jm. E` ly vemw, tdmrm brm br
lcrm elpcrtb`t tde`ns tdbt sjem`tests jcukf om fmfejbte`n tdmer
telm tc, keam trye`n tc tbjakm fesmbsms cr jkelbtm jdb`nm.
2 B tcca < jclpkmtmf pmrecf1 wbs tcujde`n < cjuscjus c`
mxpmrem`jm/bjtevety e` prcnrmss
O bjtec` omcrm tdm selpkm pbst c —rmlmlomrmf―
J mlpdbses c` sclmtde`n trum e` tdm pbst out `ct `cw1
rmpmtetec` c se`nkm bjtec` e` tdm pbst1 fmsjreptevm
? Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 Jcukf ycu dmkp lm wetd tdes dclmwcra3 / E wbs wc`fmre`n e
ycu jcukf dmkp lm wetd tdes dclmwcra.
? Fef ycu wb`t tc tmkk lm wdbt―s wrc`n3 / E wbs wc`fmre`n e
ycu wb`tmf tc tmkk lm wdbt―s wrc`n.
: E wbs dcpe`n ycu lendt dbvm m`cund telm tc jclm sdcppe`n
wetd lm. / Fef ycu dbvm m`cund telm tc jclm sdcppe`n
wetd lm3
6 E wbs tde`ae`n wm lendt put cur dmbfs tcnmtdmr tc orbe`stcrl
sclm efmbs. / Ly efmb wbs tdbt wm jcukf put cur dmbfs
tcnmtdmr tc orbe`stcrl sclm efmbs.
= E wbs wc`fmre`n e E jcukf ocrrcw tm` pcu`fs rcl ycu. /
Jcukf E (pcsseoky) ocrrcw tm` pcu`fs rcl ycu3
: 2 ^dm` sdm wbs ycu`nmr, et wbs omttmr.
omttmr.
? Zdm jcukf rmlmlomr bkk tdm fmtbeks c tdmer bppmbrb`jm.
: Zdm rmlmlomrmf b kest c vmros (sdm dbs b pdctcnrbpdej
lmlcry).
6 2 usmf tc ? wcukf/usmf tc : —f omm`o mm` ckkcwe`n/―f ckkcwmf
6 wbs wbtjde`n = dbf omm` pcure`n 9 stbrtmf > crfmrmf
4 cu`f 5 wbs bjtubkky stbye`n
= 2 wcukf/usmf tc jdmja
? bfmf
: stbrtmf
6 rmjcrfmf
= dbf `mvmr mxpmrem`jmf
9 omnb`
> dbf`―t omm` wbtjde`n
4 dbf`―t omm` fre`ae`n
5 dbf wbr`mf
28 brrevmf
22 usmf tc stbrt / stbrtmf
2? wbs kye`n
2: wcam up
26 dbf festuromf
9 Xcsseokm b`swmr
E` des frmbl, dm wbs kye`n e` obf b`f dm wcra up omjbusm sclm
`cesm dbf festuromf del. ^dm` dm kccamf up, dm sbw tdbt des jbt
dbf trb`scrlmf e`tc b neb`t spefmr wdejd wbs jrbwke`n up cvmr
des omfsprmbf. Et jkelomf cvmr des bjm. Dm tremf tc sjrmbl out `c
scu`f jblm cut …
2
ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

> Xcsseokm b`swmrs 4 Xcsseokm b`swmrs

2 C`jm, E dbf tdes bwuk `endtlbrm bocut sette`n b` mxbl E dbf
omm` stufye`n cr. E` tdm frmbl, E nct tc tdm mxbl rccl, out
tdm` E cu`f tdbt E dbf crncttm` b pm`. E ampt rullbne`n
e` ly obn, trye`n tc fl`f c`m, out et wbs mlpty. E tremf tc nmt
tdm bttm`tec` c tdm mxble`mr b`f tdm ctdmr jb`fefbtms,
out mvmryc`m gust en`crmf lm, E wbs wbve`n ly db`fs b`f
mvm` jbkkmf cut out `c c`m fef b`ytde`n. Et wbs keam E wbs
jclpkmtmky e`veseokm! E wbs sc rmkemvmf wdm` E wcam up b`f
fesjcvmrmf et wbs bkk c`ky b frmbl! ^dm` E sbt tdm rmbk mxbl,
E tcca bt kmbst b fczm` pm`s. B mw pmcpkm kccamf bt lm
strb`nmky, out E wbs`―t tbae`n b`y jdb`jms bimr ly obf frmbl!
? ^dm` E wbs cur, E nct smpbrbtmf rcl ly fbf bt b` cpm` 2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
lbramt. Bppbrm`tky, E dbf wb`fmrmf c﬈ wdekm dm wbs ouye`n
sclmtde`n rcl b stbkk. B`ywby, bimr bimr b mw le`utms,
le`u tms, E wbs
nmtte`n prmtty upsmt, sc c`m c tdm ctdmr stbkkdckfmrs bsamf e E
wbs CA. Dmrm―s wdmrm tdm lmlcry oet jclms e`7 mvm` tdcund
E wbs c`ky cur, E dbf lmlcresmf
lmlcr esmf ly fbf―s lcoekm `ulomr.` ulomr. Dm
dbf omm` kccae`n cr lm mvmrywdmrm b`f wbs vmry rmkemvmf tc
nmt b jbkk sbye`n E wbs bkk rendt. Et―s gust kujay tdbt E wbs bokm tc
rmlmlomr tdm `ulomr wdm` et lbttmrmf, E numss!
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 ycu`n lb` bt tdm rc`t wetd kendt orcw` dber b`f twc
tdulos up
? tb``mf lb` wetd sdcrt dber, sleke`n ? 2 Vbsa 2 ‚ rmbsc`1 Vbsa ? ‚ jdbkkm`nm
: ycu`n lb` wetd okum dber b`f b pbe`tmf bjm
6 okc`f ycu`n lb` wetd okbja t-sdert, brl e` ber
= cur skendtky ckfmr lm` e` ﬏ucrmsjm`t crb`nm tcps,
twc wetd wens
9 ycu`n lb` wetd dmbrt-sdbpmf su`nkbssms
> wclb` wetd fbra dber b`f fbra nkbssms wetd twc brls rbesmf,
fbra nkbssms, re`nm
? Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 E―l rmbkky e`tc bsdec`, sc E tm`f tc `ctejm b`f rmlmlomr wdbt
pmcpkm wmbr. / E tm`f tc `ctejm dcw pmcpkm brm mmke`n, fef tdmy
dbvm b dbppy veom cr wmrm tdmy strmssmf3 / E cim` rmlmlomr
bjms cr dber.
? Xmcpkm bkwbys smml tc rmlmlomr ly `blm omjbusm et―s
u`equm. / Xmcpkm prcoboky rmlmlomr ly nkbssms b`f tdbt
E―l quetm tbkk. / E―vm omm` tckf tdbt pmcpkm rmlmlomr ly
sm`sm c dulcur omjbusm E lbam sc lb`y gcams.
: 2 sclmc`m wetd b` mxtrbcrfe`bry lmlcry cr bjms (et―s wdbt
wm jbkk pmcpkm wdc dbvm b` mxtrbcrfe`bry lmlcry icr ibjms)
? Vdmy jb` spct jrele`bks e` jrcwf sjm`ms.
sjm`ms . (Vdm pckejm usm pmcpkm
keam lm tc sjb` pdctcs ci e`fevefubks b`f nrcups tc spct pmcpkm,
keam pmtty jrele`bks e` pctm`tebk rect setubtec`s b`f sc c`.)
6 lmlcresm7 usmf tc bjtevmky rmlmlomr tde`ns keam kests cr
mxble`btec`s : mxbl tep
rmbkesm7 usmf wdm` wm omjclm bwbrm c sclmtde`n b`f
u`fmrstb`f jkmbrky
rmjbkk b`f rmlmlomr7 usmf e` tdm sblm wby omjbusm tdmy dbvm
selekbr lmb`e`ns. _mlmlomr es lcrm jcllc` tdb` rmjbkk, b`f = Vbsa 2
wm tm`f tc usm rmjbkk lcrm cr ore`ne`n obja mxpmrem`jms rbtdmr
tdb` spmjeflj bjts m.n. pdc`m `ulomrs
rmjcn`esm7 usmf wdm` wm smm sclmtde`n cr sclmc`m b`f
rmlmlomr tdbt wm dbvm smm` tdes omcrm
rmle`f7 usmf tc lbam sclmc`m rmlmlomr sclmtde`n tdbt tdmy
lust fc
= 2J ?M :F 6B =I 9O
9 2 jcllet ? okcjamf : gcn 6 wcrf cr wcrf = trennmrs
9 smkmjtevm
> 2 smkmjtevm ? rmlmlomrs/rmjbkks : rmlmlomr/rmjbkk
6 rmle`f = wcrf cr wcrf 9 trennmr
2 Ly mkfmr sestmr dbs b rmbkky nccf lmlcry. Zdm―s
Zdm―s bokm tc
rmlmlomr tde`ns sdm―s rmbf bklcst wcrf cr wcrf.
? Ly orctdmr dbs b smkmjtevm lmlcry. Dm `mvmr kmts lm crnmt
bocut telms wdm` E―vm mlobrrbssmf lysmk out dm smmls tc
dbvm okcjamf cut bkk c des!
: E dbvm b jcupkm c rem`fs wdc brm kcvmky pmcpkm, out dbvm pccr
lmlcrems, mspmjebkky cr pkb`s, wdejd dbs kmf tc b mw essums.
essum s.
@cw, e wm―rm lmmte`n sclmwdmrm, E bkwbys sm`f b queja tmxt
tc gcn tdmer lmlcry omcrmdb`f!
Vypms c rmjcrfs7 scjebk lmfeb, pdctc sdbre`n setms, okcn, vkcn,
pbpmr febry, sjrbpocca
2 scjebk lmfeb/pdctc sdbre`n setms/okcn/vkcn7 jb` nmt
jcllm`ts/keams rcl ctdmr usmrs1 lby om pmrlb`m`t,
pmr lb`m`t, e.m. oy
upkcbfe`n tc tdm e`tmr`mt ycu jrmbtm fenetbk cctpre`t, wdejd
lby om dbrf tc fmkmtm kbtmr e ycu wb`tmf tc1 c` tdm ctdmr
db`f, tdmrm lby om b resa c kcse`n jc`tm`t fmpm`fe`n c` tdm
wmosetm b`f wdmtdmr ycu dbvm objamf up jc`tm`t1 sdbre`n
jb` om fc`m puokejky cr wetd b smkmjt nrcup.
? febry/sjrbpocca7 et jcukf kbst b kc`n telm, b`f om mbsy tc nmt
ref c e ycu wb`tmf tc1 et lby bksc om mbsy tc kcsm b`f `c
obja up, usubkky prevbtm tc ycu, cr tc pmcpkm ycu pdysejbkky
sdbrm et wetd.
jdbkkm`n m
? Vdmrm brm tdrmm mxtrb cptec`s pmr tbsa1 tdes lbams fl`fe`n
tdm amy dbrfmr omjbusm tdrmm cptec`s brm —festrbjtcrs―.
: Et dmkps ycu cjus c` wdbt tc kestm` cr.
Vbsa 27 tdm rmbsc` mbjd spmbamr nevms cr use`n tdmer
jdcsm` lmfeb
B tc ouekf omttmr rmkbtec`sdeps
O tc jrmbtm sclmtde`n u`equm
J tc rmpkejbtm bjm-tc-bjm jcllu`ejbtec`
F tc jclpbrm mxpmrem`jms
M tc lbam u``y stcrems
I tc m`nbnm b wefm bufem`jm
N tc rmlmlomr spmjebk lclm`ts
D tc om tdm sblm bs rem`fs
Vbsa ?7 tdm prcokml mbjd spmbamr mxpmrem`jmf
B ammpe`n e`crlbtec` prevbtm
O u`fmrstb`fe`n sciwbrm
J tmjd`equm jdbkkm`nms
F kbja c mxpcsurm
M jretejesl rcl ctdmrs
I e`bpprcprebtm pcste`ns
N lesse`n rmbk kem
D kcse`n fbtb
Zpmbamr ? lm`tec`s tdm lcvems, wetty jbptec`s. Dm keams tdm bjt
tdbt et―s sclmtde`n des pbrm`ts brm`―t c`, et―s ellmfebtm b`f jb`
sdbrm ob`tmr bs e dm es wetd des rem`fs.
2 B (sdbre`n
( sdbre`n vesubks ci wdbt E―l fce`n bjtubkky lbams lm jkcsmr
tc ly irem`fs … wm bjtubkky jcllu`ejbtm lcrm) lcrm)
? J (E
( E jb` sdbrm tdm sblm ae`f ci ob`tmr E dbvm wdm` E―l bjtubkky
wetd ly irem`fs)
irem`fs)
: I (E―l e`spermf oy tdm keams b`f jcllm`ts E nmt … ly rmbk
e`tmrmst es e` ouekfe`n ickkcwmrs)
ickkcwmrs)
6 F (E
(E m`gcy kccae`n obja bt wdbt E wbs fce`n bt tdm sblm telm
kbst ymbr)
= O (E m`gcy lbae`n sclmtde`n tdbt es b jclpkmtm c`m-c﬈)

Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 ?

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

Vbsa ? 6 2 e`jrmbsm ? e`sperbtec`bk/e`spere`n : fe﬈mrm`tky

9 O (tcc lb`y pmcpkm jcukf smm ly pcsts out et wbs omjbusm E 6 rmbssurb`jm = bfvesbokm
fef`―t u`fmrstb`f dcw tc smt et up)
up) = 2 nkcrecus (bfgmjtevm ‚ suogmjt jclpkmlm`t tc et)
> D (E
(E wbs upsmt oy dbve`n `c rmjcrf ci b sjdcck trep omjbusm et ? pkmbsurm (`cu` ‚ dmbf c `cu` pdrbsm pkmbsurpkmbsurm
m wm nct
nct ircl
ircl
fesbppmbrmf) wbkae`n bjrcss Kc`fc` e` tdm mbrky dcurs)
dcurs)
4 I (tdm` rmnrmttmf et bs et wbs tcc pmrsc`bk ) : e`sperbtec` (`cu` ‚ ckkcwe`n brtejkm b`
b`))
5 B (E
( E wbs b`nry bocut c`m ci ly irem`fs rmbfe`n et c`jm)
c`jm) 6 suostb`tebkky (bfvmro ‚ lcfeye`n vmro mbr`e`n)
28 J (E usmf tc nmt vmry irustrbtmf wetd dcw tc frbw prcpmrky ) = rmle`fmr (`cu` ‚ ckkcwe`n brtejkm b,b,))
9 fesbppce`tlm`t (`cu`
(`cu ` ‚ ckkcwe`n
ckkcwe`n brtejkm/bfgmjtevm tdm oen,
fermjt cogmjt c nmt cvmr1 `mnbtevm crl ‚ jckkcjbtec` nmt cvmr
2 Bkk brm —dcw sclmc`m es b﬈mjtmf oy b` bjtec` cr mvm`t―.
mvm`t―. b fesbppce`tlm`t)
? 2 upsmt > sm`seokm (bfgmjtevm ‚ pbrt c jclpbrbtevm lcrm sm`seokm,
B oy suogmjt jclpkmlm`t c ycuycu))
O bksc pbers wetd bt/wetd
wetd//bocut 4 bfvejm (`cu` ‚ suogmjt rmquermf cr eses,, ckkcws pcssmssevm
J ? fmtmrle`mr ly)
? b`nry
B bocut
O bksc pbers wetd wetd
wetd//bt/cvmr : Xber ? brm omttmr omjbusm tdmy e`tmrbjt, rbtdmr tdb` neve`n b
J 2 smqum`jm c kc`n tur`s.
: rustrbtmf 6 bsae`n cr b` cpe`ec`7 Nct b`y tdcundts c` tdbt3
B wetd sdcwe`n bnrmmlm`t7 Ucu―rm sc rendt.
O bksc pbers wetd bt/oy pbrtebkky bnrmme`n/pcketmky fesbnrmme`n7 E bnrmm up tc b pce`t.
J :
9 (Ztrmssmf sykkbokms u`fmrke`mf. Vdm sunnmstmf tc`m es e` orbjamts,
: Xcsseokm b`swmrs bktdcund tdes wekk fmpm`f c` e`fevefubk spmbamrs b`f wdbt tdmy
2 pkmbsmf, u`fmjefmf, mxjetmf, wcrremf
wesd tc jc`vmy.)
? m`jcurbnmf, elprmssmf, e`﬏um`jmf, cvmrwdmklmf
Fc`―t ycu bnrmm3 (rese`n tc`m)
: bkem`btmf, smpbrbtmf, mxdbustmf, prmvm`tmf
6 fmfejbtmf, jcllettmf, fmvctmf, bjjustclmf Ly tde`ae`n mxbjtky (bkke`n tc`m)
= fmkendtmf, rustrbtmf, sbtesflmf, fesbppce`tmf Vdbt―s b` mxjmkkm`t wby c putte`n et! (rese`n c` mxjmkkm`t,
9 b``cymf, bstc`esdmf, bkbrlmf, bjjclpkesdmf bkke`nc` putte`n et)
6 ? rcl : bocut 6 wetd = oy 9 oy Vdbt―s trum, out c` tdm ctdmr db`f … (dend c` tdbt―s trum,
trum,
= Et―s b wby c tbae`n `ctms tdbt e`vckvms frbwe`n b`f febnrbls, bkke`n c` ctdmr db`f
bs wmkk bs wcrfs. > Xcsseokm b`swmr
9 2 bt (pbrtejepkm bfgmjtevm b`f fmpm`fm`t prmpcsetec`) B7 Dcw fc ycu mmk bocut pmrsc`bk kmttmrs, febrems b`f lmlcers3
? wetd (pbrtejepkm bfgmjtevm b`f fmpm`fm`t prmpcsetec`) Brm tdmy m﬈mjtevm3
: c` (pbrtejepkm bfgmjtevm b`f fmpm`fm`t prmpcsetec`) O7 E―f sby tdmy brm mxjmkkm`t scurjms omjbusm ycu dbvm tdm
6 wmrm (pbst crl c tc om omttmr bt) cppcrtu`ety tc rmbkky nmt e`sefm sclmc`m―s dmbf b`f
= bimr (telm pdrbsm) u`fmrstb`f wdbt kem wbs keam cr tdml bt tdbt telm.
9 c (pbrtejepkm bfgmjtevm b`f fmpm`fm`t prmpcsetec`) B7 Vdbt―s trum, out c` tdm ctdmr db`f, tdmsm scurjms brm vmry
> e` (pbrtejepkm bfgmjtevm b`f fmpm`fm`t prmpcsetec`) suogmjtevm sc lendt nevm quetm b `brrcw vemw c b telm
4 tc (pbrtejepkm bfgmjtevm b`f fmpm`fm`t prmpcsetec`) pmrecf cr mvm`t.
O7 Ucu jcukf om rendt, out et prcoboky fmpm`fs wdy ycu wb`t tc
kmbr` bocut tdm pbst. Icr mxblpkm, e et wbs tc fl`f cut bocut
2 lmlcry ‚ `cu` (lmlcresm, lmlcrbokm, u`lmlcrbokm, b`jmstcrs, tdmsm scurjms wcukf nevm ycu pmrsc`bk e`sendt.
lmlcrboky) @cw, kmt―s
kmt―s smm, dcw bocut crbk destcrems …

rmjckkmjtec` ‚ `cu` (jckkmjtec`, jckkmjt, rmjckkmjt)

rmpmbtmfky ‚ bfvmro (rmpmbt, rmpmtetec`, rmpmtetevm) 2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
suostb`tebk ‚ bfgmjtevm (e`suostb`tebk, suostb`tebkky, 2
e`suostb`tebkky, suostb`jm) • Ums, E bkwbys kcca up c`ke`m rmvemws omcrm ouye`n b`y c
tmlpcrbry ‚ bfgmjtevm (tmlpcrbreky) tdmsm tde`ns. Et sbvms lm octd telm b`f lc`my, b`f dmkps
trb`smr ‚ `cu` cr vmro (trb`smrbokm, trb`smrm`jm)
trb`smrm`jm) lm fmjefm wdejd prcfujt es lcst suetbokm cr lm.
? Xcsseokm b`swmr • E fc`―t usubkky rmbf rmvemws omjbusm E fl`f tdmy cim`
Xmrdbps IuturmLm bkkcws ycu tc upkcbf pdctcs b`f tdmy wekk jc`tbe` spcekmrs mvm` e tdmy sby tdmy fc`―t! E―vm bksc cu`f
bktmr tdml tc sdcw wdbt ycu lendt kcca keam e` tdm uturm. tdbt rmvemws brm`―t tdbt dmkpuk u`kmss ycu fl`f b rmvemwmr
Et lendt om sclm scrt c bfvejm wmosetm tdbt dmkps ycu jrmbtm tdbt dbs vmry selekbr tbstm.
pkb`s tc omjclm tdm pmrsc` ycu wb`t tc om. ? Vdm purpcsm c b rmvemw es tc mvbkubtm sclmtde`n b`f lbam b
rmjcllm`fbtec`.
: `cu`s7 e`jrmbsm,
e`j rmbsm, fe﬈mrm`jm, e`sperbtec`, bfvejm, fmsjreptec`,
:
rmbssurb`jm
• E fmfl`etmky trust ly rem`fs omjbusm tdmy a`cw wdbt ly
bfgmjtevms7 e`jrmbse`n, fe﬈mrm`t, e`sperbtec`bk/e`spere`n, bfvesbokm, tbstm es b`f brm lcrm keamky tc rmjcllm`f tde`ns E―kk bjtubkky
bfvescry, fmsjreptevm, rmbssure`n m`gcy.
bfvmro7 e`jrmbse`nky, fe﬈mrm`tky, e`sperbtec`bkky, bfvesmfky,
fmsjreptevmky, rmbssure`nky • Equeja
prmmr
tcc`ke`m rmvemws
kcca up. omjbusm
Vdbt sbef, tdmy
ycu fc brmtc
dbvm jc`vm`em`t
om jbrmukb`f
c bam
vmro7 e`jrmbsm, fe﬈mr, e`sperm, bfvesm, fmsjreom, rmbssurm rmvemwmrs wdc brm`―t nm`ue`m.

Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 :

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU
? Zunnmstmf b`swmrs
b flkl ‚ tetkm,
tetkm, orem fmsjreptec` c pkct, mvbkubtec` c amy mbturms
m.n. bjte`n, fermjtec`, pdctcnrbpdy, jcstulms, lusej, smts1 dcw et
jclpbrms tc ctdmr flkls, mtj.
b VY prcnrbllm cr smrems ‚ tetkm,tetkm, orem fmsjreptec` c pkct,
mvbkubtec` c amy mbturms m.n. bjte`n, fermjtec`, stcryke`m1 dcw et
jclpbrms tc ctdmr smrems, mtj.
b occa ‚ tetkm, orem fmsjreptec` c pkct, mvbkubtec` c amy mbturms
m.n. jdbrbjtmrs, stcryke`m,
stcryke`m, stykm c wrete`n1 dcw et jclpbrms tc
ctdmr occas, mtj.
b pmrcrlb`jm e` tdm tdmbtrm ‚ tetkm, orem fmsjreptec` c pkct,
mvbkubtec` c amy mbturms m.n. bjte`n, fermjtec`, sjrept, jcstulms,
lusej, smts1 dcw et jclpbrms tc ctdmr pkbys/cpmrbs, mtj.
b vefmc nblm ‚ tetkm, orem fmsjreptec` c pkct, mvbkubtec` c amy
mbturms m.n. jdbrbjtmrs, jdbkkm`nms, nrbpdejs, kmvmks, jclpbresc`
tc ctdmr nblms
: Vdm bufem`jm wcukf e`jkufm ctdmr stufm`ts e` tdm jckkmnm. Vdmy
`mmf tc a`cw tdm cur pce`ts tc e`jkufm e` tdm tbsa (e.m. orem﬏y
fmsjreom tdm pmrsc`, tdm bspmjts c tdmer kem cr jdbrbjtmr,
dcw butdm`tej et smmlmf, wdmtdmr et dmkpmf tdm bufem`jm
u`fmrstb`f tdm pmrsc` omttmr).
6 2 Ums, et fcms.
? Vdm rmvemw lm`tec`s pkct, bjtcrs, sjm`ms b`f fermjtec`.
: E`crlbk ‚ et―s
et―s cr b pmmr
pmm r bufem`jm.
6 Et lm`tec`s bkk c tdmsm ‚ tdmy lbam tdm wretmr―s cpe`ec`
lcrm pmrsubsevm.
= Ztufm`ts― cw` b`swmrs.
mxbl tep
Ievm7 Lejdbmk Ibssom`fmr, tdm sjreptwretmr, ^e`skmt, _cnb`,
tdm fermjtcr
= (]`fmrke`mf < wcrfs/pdrbsms wdejd jc``mjt efmbs1
ockf < mxblpkms c pcsetevm, mlctevm kb`nubnm)
Et es bkwbys dbrf tc lbam b flkl bocut b rmbk pmrsc`, mspmjebkky
c`m wdc es e` keve`n lmlcry.
lmlc ry. Fb``y Ocykm―s
Ocykm―s flkl Ztmvm Gcos es
b ib`tbstej jdbrbjtmr stufy wdejd octd fespmks b`f rme`crjms
sclm c tdm lytds tdbt dbvm ouekt up brcu`f sclmc`m wdc
lb`y jc`sefmr tc om b nm`eus
nm`eus..
Vdm flkl c﬈mrs b `mw `brrbtevm rblmwcra ‚ et dbs tdrmm smpbrbtm
smqum`jms, mbjd c wdejd jbpturms Gcos bt puokej pce`ts e` des
jbrmmr gust omcrm b prcfujt kbu`jd, wetd b mw orem ﬏bsdobjas
tc mbrkemr mpescfms e` des kem. Lejdbmk Ibssom`fmr nevms b
tcwmre`n pmrcrlb`jm bs tdes fe﬊jukt lb` wdc iblcusky
omtrbymf des rem`fs, bkem`btmf des bkkems b`f lestrmbtmf des kcvmf
c`ms. Vdm
`ctboky e` sjreptwretmr dbs wcramf
Vdm Zcjebk @mtwcra, b`fc` rmbk
gust kem
keam jdbrbjtmrs
tdbt tdes flklomcrm,
fcms`―t
pukk b`y pu`jdms.
^e`skmt b`f _cnm` prcvefm b supmro suppcrte`n jbst bs Gco―s
rendt-db`f wclb` b`f des lcrm tmfecus jc-cu`fmr ^cz`eba
rmspmjtevmky. E` bjt, et lby om ^e`skmt―s omst pmrcrlb`jm tc
fbtm. Out dcw tdm mvm`ts u`ckf es `ct `mjmssbreky rmprmsm`tbtevm
c rmbk kem bs tdm wretmr tbams keomrtems wetd octd bjts b`f
jdbrbjtmrs e` crfmr tc jrmbtm b lcvem tdbt durtkms bkc`n bt
ormbtd-tbae`n spmmf. Dbve`n sbef tdbt, flkl oecs wmrm `mvmr
e`tm`fmf tc om fcjulm`tbrems ‚ tdmy brm bkkmncrems tdbt ekkustrbtm
lmb`e`ns b`f lcrbks wm jb` bppky tc cur mvmryfby kevms.
Vdm flkl es bksc frevm` oy tdm fermjtcr―s ae`mtej pbjm, lbae`n
et irmsd b`f boscroe`n.
boscroe`n. Icr bkk tdm fbramr sefm wm smm c des
pmrsc`bkety, uktelbtmky,
uktelbtmky, tdm flkl sdcwjbsms tdm sdmmr orekkeb`jm
c tdm lb` bt tdm dmbrt c tdm flkl.
9 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 Vdm kbtmst Ztbr ^brs flkl dbs b bst-lcve`n pkct b`f orekkeb`t
sjrept wdejd ctdmr rmjm`t okcjaoustmrs dbvm kbjamf.
? Et dbs supmro JNE, wdejd es br supmrecr tc tdm crene`bk flkls.
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824
?@F MFEVEC@ J2
: E cu`f et surprese`n b`f rmrmsde`n, tc smm fevmrsety blc`n tdm
jdbrbjtmrs rmprmsm`tmf.
6 Vdes es b lust-smm, mspmjebkky cr b`s c tdm Ztbr ^brs rb`jdesm.
4 2 oecnrbpdems, psyjdckcnejbk tdrekkmrs, mtj.
?B
: tdmy mxpkbe` e`crlbtec` tdbt dbs dbppm`mf e` tdm pbst tdbt
lby lctevbtm jurrm`t mvm`ts/mmke`ns, mtj.
6 jdbptmr, e`stbklm`t, pbrt
= ycu fc`―t tmkk tdm trutd
9B
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 Ztufm`ts― cw` b`swmrs.
? Cur nrcup dbf lexmf mmke`ns bocut cur jdekfdccfs ome`n
orcbfjbst c` tmkmvesec`. C` tdm c`m db`f, tdmrm wcukf om
mxjetmlm`t b`f b mmke`n c ome`n b oet spmjebk. C` tdm ctdmr
db`f, tdmrm lendt om mlobrrbsslm`t b`f b mmke`n c e`vbsec`
c prevbjy.
: ^m tdcundt tdbt et wcukf nm`mrbkky om fl`m bs kc`n bs `ctde`n
tcc mlobrrbsse`n cr pmrsc`bk wbs sdcw`, et es`―t tdbt fe﬈mrm`t
tc pbrm`ts pcste`n tde`ns c` tdm e`tmr`mt, es et3 / E tde`a et es
u`ber b`f u`mtdejbk tc flkl jdekfrm`―s pmrsc`bk kevms cr b sdcw,
E―l `ct surm tdmy jb` rmbkky u`fmrstb`f jc`sm`t b`ywby. C`jm
e`crlbtec` bocut ycur kem es e` tdm puokej fclbe`, ycu jb`―t
mrbsm et.
? Zunnmstmf b`swmr
Vc flkl b nrcup c smvm` ymbr ckfs bs b scjebk mxpmrelm`t,
: tdm` flkl b`swmrs
Xcsseokm tdml bt e`tmrvbks tdrcundcut tdmer kevms.
@eja mkt tdbt tdm prcnrbllm sdcwmf c`ky te`y s`eppmts smkmjtmf
rcl b kct c cctbnm c des kem. Dm mxprmssmf fesbppce`tlm`t bs
dm mkt tdbt tdm prcnrbllm fef `ct nevm b ukk rmprmsm`tbtec` c
tdm mssm`jm c des jdbrbjtmr.
@eja mkt tdbt tdm cctbnm fef`―t nevm b` bjjurbtm pejturm c
delsmk out
ou t gust —sclmocfy―.
Zuzy sbef tdbt tdm telm rmstrbe`ts c tdm prcnrbllm fef`―t
bkkcw et tc nevm b rcu`fmf pejturm cr bjjurbtm elbnm c tdm
pbrtejepb`ts― trum jdbrbjtmrs.
6 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 E @eja b`f Zuzy dbf mfetmf mbjd mpescfm, pmrdbps tdmy wcukf
dbvm jdcsm` cctbnm tdbt nbvm b trumr b`f lcrm dmbrtmkt
rmprmsm`tbtec` c tdmer mxpmrem`jm c kem, bs cppcsmf tc wdbt
tdm prcfujmrs tdcundt sdcukf om flklmf b`f bffrmssmf bt
jmrtbe` bnms. Vdmy lendt dbvm bvcefmf b`swmre`n kmbfe`n
qumstec`s rcl prcfujmrs tdbt tdmy fef `ct wb`t tc b`swmr cr
fef `ct mmk wmrm rmkmvb`t bt tdm telm.
@eja b`f Zuzy lendt dbvm jdcsm` tc bvcef sdcwe`n
pmrsc`bk cr mxtrmlmky mlctec`bk setubtec`s cut c rmspmjt
cr tdmer prevbjy. Cr tdmy lendt dbvm wb`tmf tc mkele`btm
fcjulm`tbtec` c tdmer prcmssec`bk kem.
? B jcllc` trm`f cr cur nm`mrbtec` es tc pcst b`f mfet elbnms
c tde`ns wm dbvm purjdbsmf. Vdes jcukf om omjbusm scjemty
pkbjms b kct c vbkum c` lbtmrebk pcssmssec`s, mspmjebkky `mw
jkctdms, out bksc ctdmr etmls. Vdus, pmcpkm stbrt tc mxprmss
tdmer pmrsc`bketems b`f efm`tetems tdrcund lbtmrebk pcssmssec`s.
Vdm pejturms tdmy pcst omjclm sylockej c b kemstykm jdcejm
tdbt tdmy brm trye`n tc jc`vmy.
E tm`f tc pcsm e` ly pdctcs cr vbrecus rmbsc`s, rcl ﬏bttmre`n
ly bppmbrb`jm tc jrmbte`n b jclej m﬈mjt. E tde`a tdmrm es
sclmtelms b jclpmtetevm mkmlm`t tc pcste`n c` scjebk lmfeb.
Xmcpkm keamb`f
sujjmssuk tc nevm
tdbttdm elprmssec`
tdmy tdbt
dbvm b vmry tdmer
kbrnm kevms brm
nrcup dbppy b`f
c rem`fs.
6
ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

: E wcukf om e`tmrmstmf tc wbtjd cctbnm c lysmk tbam` rcl 62 dbf nc`m/omm` sckf oy tdm telm
ly jdekfdccf u`tek `cw omjbusm et wcukf om e`tmrmste`n tc smm ? `c scc`mr dbf Zbl pcstmf
tdm wbys e` wdejd E―vm stbymf tdm sblm b`f tdm wbys e` wdejd : bimr dbve`n tckf
E―vm jdb`nmf. Dcwmvmr, E wcukf`―t keam et tc om orcbfjbst c` 6 rmbkesmf ly bjjcu`t dbf omm` dbjamf
tmkmvesec` cr tdm e`tmr`mt cr tdm wcrkf tc smm. E tde`a tdbt―s = fef wbs jkcsm ly bjjcu`t
tcc e`trusevm b`f E wcukf om wcrremf tdbt E wcukf om u`dbppy 9 bl wcrremf bocut
bocut dcw E wbs prmsm`tmf. =2 B bocut O wetd
? B cr O wetd
: B oy O cr
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs 6 B rcl O wetd
2 Et jb` dmkp ycu fmjefm wdbt tc jc`jm`trbtm c`1 dmkp ycu 9 Zunnmstmf b`swmr
kmbr` rcl lestbams1 lctevbtm ycu bs ycu rmjcn`esm brmbs c Ucur rmvemw wbs rmbkky dmkpuk, tdb`as. Et wbs b nccf efmb tc
prcnrmss1 et e`jrmbsms smk-rmspc`seoekety b`f e`fmpm`fm`jm1 e`trcfujm bkk tdm jdbrbjtmrs e` tdm flkl b`f E wbs elprmssmf oy
et―s nccf prbjtejm cr u`evmrsety/tdm wcrapkbjm. ycur fmsjreptec`s c tdm smts b`f jcstulms. Bksc, E tdcundt et
? Ztufm`ts sdcukf teja tdm flrst twc pce`ts. wbs vmry nccf omjbusm ycu lbfm et scu`f mxjete`n out ycu
? Xcsseokm b`swmrs fef `ct nevm b`y c tdm jretejbk pbrts c tdm stcry bwby. E wbs
2 Ucu jb` bssmss b`y. fesbppce`tmf wetd wdbt ycu sbef bocut tdm pkct ome`n ocre`n,
? Lbam b `ctm c wdbt ycu `ctejmf b`f lbam b pkb` c wdbt tc out E―f stekk keam tc smm et obsmf c` ycur rmvemw. E ycu wretm b`y
fc `mxt, m.n. rmvesm b` brmb, bsa cr dmkp, prbjtesm bnbe`. lcrm rmvemws, et wcukf om rmbkky usmuk e ycu jcukf lm`tec`
: Ome`n smk-bwbrm jb` dmkp ycu elprcvm ycur pmrcrlb`jm. dcw tdm flkl jclpbrms tc ctdmr selekbr flkls ycu―vm smm`.
Bimr b tbsa, jc`sefmr ‚ wdbt fef E fc wmkk3 ^dbt fc E `mmf tc Ammp pcste`n!
wcra c`3 Fc`―t om tcc dbrf c` ycursmk. Vry tc om b pcsetevm,
pc setevm,
m`jcurbne`n vcejm rbtdmr tdb` b smk-jretejbk c`m.
: Xcsseokm b`swmrs 22 fef ycu spm`f
2 … E wb`t tc om tdm omst E jb` … et wekk dmkp lm a`cw wdbt tc ? wbs fce`n, wm`t
bsa cr dmkp wetd … : usmf tc
? … ly spmbae`n. Icr mxblpkm, bl E spmbae`n bt b nccf pbjm, 6 ―f omm` pkbye`n, dbf`―t wbsdmf
jkmbrky b`f ﬏um`tky, use`n b rb`nm c kb`nubnm3 = Fef ycu rmpky, nct
: … fce`n ly dclmwcra b`f tbae`n mxtrb cppcrtu`etems tc 9 jbundt up, dbf`―t smm`
prbjtesm M`nkesd (m.n. use`n lcoekm
lc oekm bpps, wbtjde`n VY, gce`e`n ?2 lmt, wbs wcrae`n
b jc`vmrsbtec` jkuo, efm`teye`n wdbt E `mmf tc wcra c` b`f ? jblm, dbf `mvmr smm`
lbae`n b pkb`.) : jbkkmf, rmbkesmf, dbf omm` stbre`n, dbf jclpkmtmky ru` cut c
6 Fef ycu wb`t
= wbs wc`fmre`n
9 ^mrm ycu tde`ae`n
:2 dm dbf omm` wbtjde`n
2 2 rmlmlomr/rmjbkk ? jdbreslbtej/e`sperbtec`bk : jcllet
? wbs wc`fmre`n e/wdmtdmr ycu jcukf nevm
6 steja = rmjcn`esm 9 e`sperbtec`bk > rmbssure`n 4 lbramf
: fef`―t usm tc fre`a bs
5 lmlcresm 28 pbvmf
6 tdm sb`fwejdms dbf nc`m oy tdm
? Ztufm`ts― cw` b`swmrs. = tcca lm cur dcurs (tc wretm)
: 2 rmbssure`n ? ﬏bsdobjas : bkkmncry 6 bwbrm`mss 9 bimr tdmy dbf/tdmy―f fc`m
= lu`fb`m 62 E wbs wcrremf b`f b``cymf bocut tdm pdc`m jbkk.
6 Ztufm`ts― cw` b`swmrs. ? ^m wmrm e`tmrmstmf e` b`f blusmf oy tdm vefmc sdm pcstmf.
: Zdm wbs e`tmrmstmf e` b`f pkmbsmf wetd dmr `mw pdc`m.
6 Ly jkbsslbtm wbs fmvctmf b`f jc``mjtmf tc bkk des ckkcwmrs.
2 2I ?F :B 6O =N 9M >J 4D = Ly pbrm`ts wmrm dcrreflmf b`f sdcjamf oy ly rem`f―s
Mvm`ts dbppm`e`n bt tdm sblm telm7 N b`f M. Ibjmocca pcst.
? 2 wbs wc`fmre`n e ycu wcukf
wcukf le`f 9 Vdm bufem`jm wbs blbzmf oy b`f m`nbnmf wetd tdm orekkeb`t
? wbs tde`ae`n wm/ycu jcukf lcvem tdmy sbw.
: ^cukf et om = 2 wbs ? wdm` : oy 6 e` = omm` 9 c` > bt 4 dbf
6 wbs dcpe`n ycu lendt/wcukf dbvm
: 2 dbf omm` stufye`n
? dbf fmkmtmf
: wmrm neve`n
6 dbf bkrmbfy omm`
= dbf omm` flkle`n
9 wmrm bkk pkbye`n

Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 =

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

]@EV ? ^E@ @M_Z B@F KCZM_Z

KCZM_Z
5 B (`mmf
( `mmf tc jrmbtm b sm`sm ci ellmfebjy tdbt tcujdms mvmryc`m
e` tdm rccl.)
rccl.)
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
28 J (tdm
( tdm prcspmjt ci pkbye`n e` irc`t ci pmcpkm wbtjde`n jb`
2
om fbu`te`n. Xmricrlb`jm b`xemty jb` b﬈mjt b pkbymr octd
• E m`tmrmf b tbkm`t sdcw kbst ymbr bs pbrt c b dep-dcp fb`jm
pdysejbkky
pdysej bkky b`f lm`t
lm`tbkky
bkky … out om jbrmiuk
jbrmiuk omjbusm tdm ouzz
nrcup. Bktdcund E wbs quetm `mrvcus, et wbs mxjete`n tc
jb` om bffejtevm.)
bffejtevm.)
pmrcrl wetd kendts b`f jcstulms. ^m fef`―t jclm b`ywdmrm
= 2 tdcsm `ct e` tdm a`cw
out tdbt fef`―t lbttmr omjbusm wm c`ky m`tmrmf cr u`.
? db`ne`n c` mvmry wcrf
• E suppcsm ycu jcukf sby ly wmmaky cctobkk nblm es b
: resm tc tdm cjjbsec`
jclpmtetec`. Et jb` mmk quetm tm`sm bt telms omjbusm cur
sjdcck dbs b nccf jdb`jm c we``e`n sc wm put b kct c 6 oen telm
= pkbye`n le`f nblms
prmssurm c` cursmkvms tc pkby wmkk. Vdbt sbef, e E fef`―t m`gcy
9 pkby jbtjd-up
tdm jclpmtetevm bspmjt c` sclm kmvmk, E wcukf`―t om pkbye`n.
> tdrcwe`n (sclm bwmsclm) lcvms
?
4 cr b ﬏mmte`n lclm`t
• E wm`t tc jdmmr c` ly rem`f bt b abrbcam jclpmtetec` tdm
5 `ct cr tdm be`t-dmbrtmf
ctdmr fby. Mvm`
Mvm` tdcund E wbs c`ky e` tdm bufem`jm, E mkt
28 `ct fcw` tc
quetm `mrvcus c` dmr omdbk!
• E wbs kujay m`cund tc smm cur `btec`bk obsamtobkk tmbl > Xcsseokm b`swmrs
pkby rmjm`tky. Vdmrm wbs b nrmbt btlcspdmrm, wetd sc lujd 2
m`mrny rcl tdm jrcwf. Dcwmvmr, e` tdm m`f, wm kcst b`f E • E tde`a tdm lcst bppmbke`n wcukf prcoboky om tdm fb`jm
lust sby E wbs oettmrky fesbppce`tmf. jclpmtetec`. VcVc lm, et smmls keam tdm jclpmtetec` wetd tdm
lcst veseokm bjtec` tdbt ycu jb` smm mbseky. E keam tdm efmb
: 2 B Vdm pcmtry
pcmtr y skbl e`vckvms pcmts pmrcrle`n tdmer pcmls,
c ome`n bokm tc jbst b vctm bs wmkk, et wcukf lbam lm mmk
cim` tc b objanrcu`f ombt, tc jclpmtm cr vctms rcl
lcrm e`vckvmf.
smkmjtmf bufem`jm lmlomrs. Vdm prmpbrbtec` e`vckvms wrete`n
• Vdm jclpmtetec` E―f kmbst m`gcy nce`n tc wcukf om tdm
ycur cw` crene`bk pcml b`f kcts c prbjtesm. Xmrcrlmrs keamky
nble`n tcur`blm`t. Vdm tmxt sbef tdm btlcspdmrm es
mmk mxjetmf omjbusm c tdm u` ouzz c pmrcrle`n.
mkmjtrej, out tc lm, et stekk scu`fs b kettkm ocre`n tc wbtjd
?OB Oketz
wetd Jdmss
c`ky Vcur`blm`t
Vcur`blm`t
b sdcrt es b spmmfmf-up
telm tc lbam mbjd lcvm.nblm c jdmss
Et e`vckvms ctdmr pmcpkm pkbye`n nblms wdm` E―f lujd rbtdmr om
pkbye`n tdml lysmk!
pkbye`n tc elprcvm spmmf b`f lbam bst fmjesec`s, b`f ycu
?
bksc `mmf tc ammp flt. Fure`n tdm nblm, pkbymrs mmk cjusmf
• E` ly vemw, tdm bufem`jm es tdm omst gufnm. Et lbams tdm
b`f u`fmr prmssurm.
sdcw lcrm m`nbne`n cr tdm spmjtbtcrs b`f sprmbfs tdm
: J B nble`n tcur`blm`t e`vckvms pdysejbkky bttm`fe`n b`
fmjesec` cvmr kcts c vbremf pmrspmjtevms rbtdmr tdb` b slbkk
mvm`t, sclmtelms cr b mw fbys. Xrbjtejm e`vckvms pkbye`n
pb`mk c mxpmrts.
c`ke`m. Xkbymrs lby mmk b ouzz (mxjetmlm`t) b`f/cr
• E dbvm tc sby E tde`a et―s u`ber wdm` bufem`jms gufnm
pmrcrlb`jm b`xemty.
jclpmtetec`s. Et cim` jclms fcw` tc b pcpukbrety
6 F B fb`jm obttkm es b dmbf tc dmbf jc`tmst omtwmm` twc
jc`tmst e`stmbf c wdc bjtubkky pmrcrlmf tdm omst. Et
fb`jmrs jclpmte`n cr spmjtbtcr vctms. Et e`vckvms lb`y
wcukf bksc fmpm`f c` wdmrm tdm jc`tmstb`ts wmrm rcl,
dcurs c dbrf trbe`e`n b`f prbjtejm. Et mmks vmry mxjete`n
neve`n b` bfvb`tbnm tc b kcjbk cvmr sclmc`m pkbye`n bwby,
b`f e`tm`sm tc jclpmtm, tdrekke`n tc we`, b`f tdmrm lby om
cr mxblpkm.
lclm`ts c treulpd b`f fcuot bkc`n tdm wby.
mxbl tep
E` pbrbnrbpd O, stufm`ts sdcukf u`fmrke`m7 (Et―s
(Et―s mssm`tebk tc) 2 2 tc jrmbtm ? jcllette`n : tc festrbjt 6 prmvm`t
prbjtesm
prbjtesm tc elprcv
elprcvm
m spmmf … ammp ycur ocfy e` nccf sdbpm, tcc. ? 2 `mmf ? kmt : e`vckvm 6 try
6 2 Zmm mxbl tep. : e`fl`etevm7 bel, jkbel, fbrm, m`fmbvcur, prmtm`f, strunnkm, tmlpt,
? J (obsej lestbams stbrt tc jrmmp e`. Vdm smjrmt es7 try `ct tc tm`f, vctm
fwmkk c` tdml, ctdmrwesm ycu―kk kcsm icjus b`f om jc`stb`tky -e`n
e`n77 e`fl`etevm7 bvcef, jc`sefmr, fm`y, m`f up, b`jy, elbne`m,
pkbye`n jbtjd-u
jbtjd-up.
p.)) resa, rmjbkk
: B (out
( out E―l omtte`n tdbt `c`m ci tdml dbvm rmbkky mxpmrem`jmf octd7 crnmt
tdm pukse`n mxjetmlm`t ci b rmbk, dbrf-icundt dmbf-tc-dmbf = B tc wbtjd
skbl obttkm.)
obttkm.) O tc dbvm wc`, tc om
6 F (Vdm
(Vdm bufem`jm tur` tdmer jbrfs ‚ rmf icr del, okum icr ycu ‚ b`f
J tc dbvm wc`
et―s b smb ci okum. Ucu―vm wc` ycur flrst lbgcr fb`jm obttkm …)
…)
= O (ycu―kk om pkbye`n le`f nblms wetd ycur cppc`m`t, b`f F tc jclm b`f wcra
trye`n tc festrbjt mbjd ctdmr.) M c`ky tc rmbkesm
9 F (—Ombt tdbt!― des myms b`f db`f nmsturm sby. Dm tur`s, 9 2 tc bek
treulpdb`t, b`f icr b ﬏mmte`n lclm`t b s`mbae`n fcuot ? cpte`n cut
jbtjdms ycur dmbrt.) : tc nmt
> B (Icr
( Icr tdcsm `ct e` tdm a`cw, skbls brm `ct smfbtm b﬈bers 6 rmtbae`n
wdmrm pcmts frblbtejbkky fmjkbel tdmer pcmtry tc b = nce`n c` tc fc
9 nmtte`n
4 O (jbptevbtmf bufem`jm
Et―s c`m tde`n pkbye`n…)
…b) jbkl b`f quemt nblm ci jdmss wetd > try tc fc
ycur ibleky cr mvm` sclmc`m c`ke`m. Vdm btlcspdmrm es 4 m`gcye`n
rmkbxmf, ycu dbvm tde`ae`n telm b`f tdmrm―s `c rmbk prmssurm 5 mmke`n
c` ycu tc we`. M`tmr b tcur`blm`t b`f tdbt bkk jdb`nms … ) 28 tmkke`n

Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 2

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

6 kbtmst mqueplm`t (Mqubkky, wm bkk wb`t tc tbam bfvb`tbnm c

tdm kbtmst mqueplm`t tdbt tdm oen spcrts orb`fs jclpmtm tc
2 Zunnmstmf b`swmr
fmvmkcp omjbusm wm omkemvm et m`db`jms cur pmrcrlb`jm.)
Fc`―t ocbst bocut ycur bjdemvmlm`ts, mspmjebkky omcrm = sblm jc`fetec`s (Zclm c tdm purests sbef tdbt ly telm jcukf
tdmy dbppm`. c`ky jcu`t e E dbf ru` e` tdm sblm jc`fetec`s bs tdm prmvecus
? Et dbs sujjmmfmf e` spetm c dbve`n b kct c jclpmtetec` rcl rmjcrf. Vdes smmls u`rmbkestej …)
ctdmr scbp cpmrbs. 9 ocfy typm (E tde`a ycu dbvm tc tde`a bocut es wdmtdmr ycu brm
Et bekmf b`f jcst b kct c lc`my tc prcfujm. tdm omst ocfy typm cr tdm spcrt ycu wb`t tc fc)
: 2 rmscu`fe`n ? u`prmjmfm`tmf : vbst 6 feslbk > swellmr (E rmbkky wb`tmf tc om b swellmr … E mkt e`jrmfeoky
= u`letenbtmf 9 jckcssbk > m`fmbre`n 4 mtmr`bk 5 our`e`n kmt fcw` bt tdm telm)
28 kuamwbrl 22 utekm 2? crlefbokm 4 kelet (ly pmrcrlb`jm rmbkky tcca c﬈ wdm` E dbf b jcbjd wdc
6 Xcsseokm b`swmrs rmbkky pusdmf lm tc tdm kelet c ly pdysejbk m`furb`jm ‚ b`f E
elprmssevm/b`tbstej bjjclpkesdlm`t dbvm tdbt tc tdb`a del cr)
fbu`te`n/dunm jdbkkm`nm 9 2 tc nc e`tc (J)
? tc om fcw` tc (M)
u`letenbtmf/jclpkmtm fesbstmr
: tc bjm up tc (F)
jclpkmtm/boyslbk bekurm 6 tc m`f up (B)
rcbre`n/rmscu`fe`n sujjmss = tc jclm obja tc (I)
= 2 squbrm ? kcssms : oen 6 nblm = nmtte`n 9 mksm 9 tc swetjd up (O)
> we`-we` 4 nmt > Xcsseokm b`swmrs
9 Xcsseokm b`swmrs fcw` tc7 blekebrety, wdc ycu a`cw
2 Fc`―t kmt et nmt tdm omttmr c ycu, E―l surm ycu―kk om fl`m. bjm up tc7 tdm jc`smqum`jms/tdm prcokml/tdm bjt
Lbam sclm `ctms sc ycu fc`―t crnmt wdbt tc sby, b`f
m`f up7 e` b setubtec`/pkbjm
fc`―t crnmt tc prbjtesm ycur prmsm`tbtec`!
? Fc`―t wcrry, gust fc ycur omst. Ucu―vm stufemf rmbkky dbrf, jclm obja tc7 mbrtd/rmbkety
sc E―l surm ycu wekk om fl`m. B`f e bkk mksm beks, dbvm b numss! swetjd up7 b nmbr
^dbt dbvm ycu nct tc kcsm3
: Fmfl`etmky! Ucu―vm nct bkk tdm qubkefljbtec`s b`f mxpmrem`jm
tdmy `mmf b`f tdmy brm c﬈mre`n b nrmbt pbjabnm ‚ et―s b 2 2 bkk, dbs ? brm, `metdmr : brm, es 6 es = Octd
we`-we` setubtec`. ? 2 b kettkm
6 ^mkk, e ycu―rm
ycu―rm `ct lbae`n b prcflt bimr bkk tdes telm, tdm` et ? tdm wdckm
lendt om telm tc jut ycur kcssms. E a`cw ycu―vm put ycur bkk : b`y
e`tc et, out ycu jcukf m`f up kcse`n mvm` lcrm lc`my. 6 bkk
= E tde`a tdm omst wby tc stby c` tcp c ycur nblm es gust tc = lujd
ammp wcrae`n bt et. Vde`a bocut tdm oen pejturm ‚ tdbt wekk nmt 9 lcst
ycu tdrcund. > `c`m
> Vdm bfvejm es cr sclmc`m nce`n cr b` e`tmrvemw 4 kettkm
: Et e`sperms tdml tc nc cut b`f bjtubkky fc tde`ns.
mxbl tep
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
b`ctdmr (omjbusm et es c`m rmbsc` —blc`nst lb`y―)
2 tc m`jcurbnm pmcpkm, tc mxprmss tdm bel cr omkem c b nrcup
cr e`stetutec` 62 mw (< bklcst `c`m)
? E tde`a et es e`spere`n omjbusm et m`jcurbnms pmcpkm tc pusd ? kct (ckkcwe`n tdm wcrf b)
tdmlsmkvms tc pmrcrl
pmr crl omttmr. / Xmrsc`bkky,
Xmrsc`bkky, E fc`―t fl`f et tdbt : lujd (u`jcu`tbokm `cu`)
e`spere`n. E―f rbtdmr et wbs sclmtde`n bocut jcle`n tcnmtdmr 6 ore`ne`n (b` -e`n
-e`n crl, pbrt c tdm pdrbsbk vmro ore`n bocut)
= c (tdm fmpm`fm`t prmpcsetec` ckkcwe`n jbpbokm
jbpbokm))
: cr fce`n ycur
b jdbkkm`nm, omst.tdm omst mvmr, rmjcn`etec`, bflerbtec`
ome`n bflerbtec` 9 b` (tdm brtejkm wm usm wdm` wm flrst lm`tec` sclmtde`n)
? Xcsseokm b`swmr > `c (< `ct b`y)
4 tdmer (rmmrre`n obja
o bja tc —crfe`bry
—crfe`bry pmcpkm―)
pmcp km―)
dcw tc elprcvm ycur pdysejbk trbe`e`n, dcw tc jcpm wetd
prmssurm, dcw tc prmpbrm cr jclpmtetec`s
: Xcsseokm b`swmrs 2 dmbtmf fmobtm ‚ b` mxjdb`nm c strc`n cpe`ec`s bocut b
sujjmss, pmrcrlb`jm, jcbjde`n, jdbkkm`nms (stufm`ts lendt jc`trcvmrsebk suogmjt
bksc numss mqueplm`t cr trbjas, m.n. des trbe`mrs.) pmtty brnulm`t ‚ b` brnulm`t cvmr sclmtde`n u`elpcrtb`t
6 `mw tmjd`ckcnems1 jdccse`n b spcrt cr des ocfy typm1 omttmr ? Zdm dbtms kcse`n b` brnulm`t. Zdm jetms brnulm`ts wetd dmr
trbe`e`n orctdmr bs b` mxblpkm. Zdm bkwbys jclms cut c` tcp ‚ b bjt
= 2 prbjtejm (ycu prcoboky tde`a wdmtdmr ycu wc` cr kcst wbs tdbt erretbtms del.
sckmky fcw` tc dcw lujd prbjtejm ycu fef. ^mkk, E fc`―t : 2 e`﬏um`jmf ? mxbnnmrbtmf : omkemvmf 6 sdy = keletmf
wb`t tc fesbnrmm wetd ycur spcrts jcbjdms, out ycu lby om 9 pkbuseokm > jc`ve`jmf 4 fesbppce`tmf
surpresmf tc kmbr` tdbt ycu―f om wrc`n)
? ocu`fbrems (wm `mvmr stcp trye`n tc pusd cursmkvms tc mxtm`f
keletbtec`s ‚ wdbt E jbkk ly ocu`fbrems ‚ b`f E―l jc`stb`tky
frevm` oy tdm `mmf tc pusd tdmsm)
: trbja surbjm (E―vm omm` blbzmf bt dcw tdm trbja surbjm dbs
lbfm sujd b fe﬈mrm`jm tc ly pmrcrlb`jm)

Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 ?

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU
6 2 J (tdm ctdmr vmros fc `ct jckkcjbtm wetd
wetd pce`ts
pce`ts))
? F (pmrimjtk
pmrimjtkyy es tdm c`ky bfvmro wdejd jckkcjbtms wetd pkbuseok
pkbuseokm
m)
: J (surm jckkcjbtms wetd `ct … m`termky out jb``ct prmjmfm oy1
bnrmmf fcms `ct jckkcjbtm wetd m`termky b`f jb``ct prmjmfm
oy1 fcle`btmf jb` prmjmfm oy out fcms `ct jckkcjbtm wetd
m`termky)
6 B (rendt
( rendt fcms `ct jckkcjbtm wetd okbtb`tky1 prcoboky es b`
bfvmro, out tdm nbp rmquerms b` bfgmjtevm tc lbam sm`sm1
u`fmrstb`fbokm fcms `ct jckkcjbtm wetd okbtb`tky)
= O (tdm ctdmr bfvmros fc `ct jckkcjbtm wetd elpcrtb`t)
9 F e`tmnrety < lcrbk stb`fbrf (tdm ctdmr tdrmm `cu`s lbam
nrbllbtejbk sm`sm out e` tdm jc`tmxt c tdm wdckm
sm`tm`jm, e`tmnrety es tdm omst jdcejm)
> B (tdm ctdmr bfvmros fc `ct jckkcjbtm wetd m`gcybokm
m`gcybokm))
4 J (tdm ctdmr bfgmjtevms fc `ct jckkcjbtm wetd dendky)
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
pbrm`ts7 smrecus essums
essum s ‚ wdmtdmr tc lcvm cut, wdbt tc stufy1
pmtty essum ‚ wdbt ycu wmbr
rem`fs7 smrecus essums ‚ sclmc`m sdbre`n b smjrmt, ome`n kmi cut1
pmtty essums ‚ wdbt flkl tc smm, wdy b rem`f fef`―t rmspc`f
rm spc`f tc b
lmssbnm
wcra jckkmbnums7 smrecus essums ‚ oukkye`n, pmrcrlb`jm essums1
pmtty essums ‚ u`ecrl `ct rendt,
rendt , ome`n kbtm
tmbjdmrs7 smrecus essums ‚ jdmbte`n, lesse`n kmssc`s1 pmtty essums ‚
ome`n kbtm, obf db`fwrete`n
? Vdes es `ct b nccf b`swmr omjbusm tdm jb`fefbtm es fmsjreoe`n
tdm pejturms, `ct jclpbre`n tdml.
: Fc`―t fmsjreom tdm pejturms, out try tc
tc nevm b obkb`jmf kc`n tur`,
jclpbre`n b`f jc`trbste`n tdm pejturms. Vbka bocut tde`ns tdbt
brm selekbr b`f tde`ns tdbt brm fe﬈mrm`t omcrm ycu b`swmr tdm
qumstec`.
6 e` octd pejturms
Dcwmvmr, … fe﬈mrm`t e` mbjd
e` tdm flrst c`m … wdmrmbs e` tdm smjc`f …
u`keam e` tdm flrst pejturm …
= Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 B lbgcr fe﬈mrm`jm omtwmm` tdmsm twc pejturms es tdbt tdm
lctdmr b`f fbundtmr kcca quetm sbf wdmrmbs tdm pkbymrs kcca
b`nry b`f e`fen`b`t.
? Octd pejturms sdcw pmcpkm jcllu`ejbte`n wetd mbjd ctdmr.
: Vdm lctdmr b`f fbundtmr brm e` b bleky kcjbtec`, wdmrmbs tdm
pkbymrs b`f rmmrmm brm bt b lbtjd.
6 Octd pejturms sdcw pmcpkm fesbnrmme`n.
f esbnrmme`n. Dcwmvmr,
Dcwmvmr, tdm lctdmr
b`f fbundtmr smml tc om rm﬏mjte`n c` wdbt tc sby `mxt,
wdmrmbs tdm pkbymrs brm brnue`n wetd tdm rmmrmm.
= Vdm setubtec`s brm selekbr e` tdbt tdm pmcpkm brm bkk prcoboky
mmke`n quetm tm`sm.
9 Vdm pejturms fe﬈mr quetm frblbtejbkky e` tdbt tdm cctobkkmrs
dbvm tdm rmmrmm tc broetrbtm tdm setubtec`, wdmrmbs tdm
lctdmr b`f fbundtmr kcca keam tdmy wekk dbvm tc scrt et cut c`
tdmer cw`.
9 Xcsseokm b`swmr (pbnm 2>8)
E―f keam tc tbka bocut tdm octtcl twc pejturms. Vdm setubtec`s brm
selekbr e` tdbt e` octd pejturms pmcpkm brm dbve`n b` brnulm`t.
Dcwmvmr,, tdm btdmr b`f sc` kcca keam tdmy brm bt dclm, wdmrmbs
Dcwmvmr
tdm trb﬊j wbrfm` b`f wclb` brm cut e` puokej.
Octd lm` kcca keam tdmy brm trye`n tc nmt b pce`t bjrcss out
tdm fclmstej setubtec` kccas lcrm dmbtmf wetd tdm fbf―s fl`nmr
pce`te`n b`f sjcwk. E fc`―t tde`a et―s pcsseokm tc wcra cut wdbt
tdmy brm flndte`n bocut, wdmrmbs et―s okbtb`tky covecus tdbt
tdm ctdmr brnulm`t es b fesbnrmmlm`t cvmr tdm pbrae`n lmtmr.
Xmrdbps tdm wclb` dbs`―t put e` m`cund lc`my cr dbs stbymf
tcc kc`n.
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824
?@F MFEVEC@ J2
B lbgcr fe﬈mrm`jm omtwmm` tdm twc pejturms es tdbt tdm btdmr
b`f sc` smml tc om dbve`n b twc-wby brnulm`t, u`keam, E tde`a e`
tdm pbrae`n pejturm, wdmrm et kccas lcrm keam tdm wbrfm` es neve`n
b kmjturm b`f tdm wclb` es fmspmrbtmky trye`n tc tde`a c b wby
cut c tdm setubtec` wetdcut ome`n cvmrky jc`rc`tbtec`bk. Vdm`
bnbe`, lbyom tdm ocy mmks keam dm es nmtte`n b kmjturm tcc!
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 ome`n jclpmtetevm, rmjcn`etec`, b sm`sm c sbtesbjtec`,
lc`mtbry nbe`
? Zunnmstmf b`swmrs
stykm7 crlbk, smle-crlbk
purpcsm7 tc jc`ve`jm, mxpkbe` cr e`crl, pmrsubfm
crnb`esbtec`7 b` e`trcfujtec`, twc cr tdrmm pbrbnrbpds mbjd
wetd tdmer cw` brnulm`t, b`f b jc`jkusec`
: 2 ycur tmbjdmr
? fesjuss twc c tdm om`mflts kestmf e` tdm ocx, b`f jdccsm tdm
c`m ycu tde`a es lcst dmkpuk. E`jkufm rmbsc`s.
: Ucu jb` usm tdm cpe`ec`s out ycu fc`―t dbvm tc. Vdm fesjussec`
es nevm` tc dmkp nevm ycu efmbs.
6 E ycu usm pdrbsms rcl tdm ocx, ycu less cut c` tdm
cppcrtu`ety tc sdcw tdm mxble`mr ycur cw` kb`nubnm saekks.
6 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
• Et―s nccf cr jdekfrm` tc nmt pdysejbk mxmrjesm b`f om cutfccrs.
• Et nevms jdekfrm` tdm jdb`jm tc try b wefmr rb`nm c bjtevetems.
• Et―s b nccf mvm`t tc e`vckvm tdm wefmr jcllu`ety.
• Et cstmrs vbkums keam jccpmrbtec` b`f pbrtejepbtec`.
• Et―s u`.
=2 nm`mrbk flt`mss1 fce`n sclmtde`n tcnmtdmr
? wetd rmbsc`s b`f b` mxblpkm
: tc mxpkbe` wdejd om`mflt es omst b`f tc jc`jkufm tdm mssby
6 flt`mss7 pdysejbk bjtevety1 pdysejbk mxmrjesm
fc sclmtde`n tcnmtdmr7 mmk pbrt c b tmbl1 gce`e`n e`
tcnmtdmr
fc `ct pkby m`cund spcrt7 fce`n kmss spcrt, neve`n up spcrts
fc sclmtde`n tcnmtdmr7 ome`n pbrt c b tmbl, wcra tcnmtdmr,
gce`e`n e` tcnmtdmr
tcnmtdmr
brm elpcrtb`t7 lcrm, `ct kmss, mssm`tebk
9 Vdmrm dbs omm` b kct c fesjussec` rmjm`tky bocut wdmtdmr cr `ct
sjdcck spcrts fbys brm ber tc bkk stufm`ts b`f sclm sjdccks dbvm
jdb`nmf tdm wby tdmy ru` spcrts fbys bs b rmsukt. Zclm dbvm
mvm` bob`fc`mf tdml bktcnmtdmr.
Zjdcck spcrts fbys brm, e` bjt, omjcle`n lcrm, `ct kmss
mssm`tebk. Vdmrm dbvm omm` lb`y survmys sdcwe`n tdbt jdekfrm`
bt sjdcck brm fce`n kmss spcrt b`f lcrm bjbfmlej wcra, b`f tdbt
tdmy brm neve`n up spcrts bt b` mbrkemr bnm. Icr mxblpkm, quetm b
mw jdekfrm` fc `c pdysejbk bjtevety bt bkk fum tc tdm prmvbkm`jm
c tmjd`ckcny. Zjdcck spcrts fbys brm b wby c m`sure`n tdbt
mvmryc`m nmts sclm pdysejbk mxmrjesm.
Zmvmrbk pmcpkm brm wcrremf tdbt mvmrytde`n dbs `cw omjclm
smrecusky jclpmtetevm bt sjdcck b`f tdbt jdekfrm` sdcukf om
bokm tc m`gcy spcrts
sp crts wetdcut tdm jclpmtetec`. Dcwmvmr,
Dcwmvmr, sjdcck
spcrts fbys jb` bjtubkky dmkp jdekfrm` tc mmk pbrt c b tmbl b`f
m`jcurbnm tdml tc wcra tcnmtdmr. Icr Icr tdcsm wdc feskeam spcrts,
tdm fby jcukf e`jkufm sclm u` rbjms, keam b sbja rbjm, wdejd fc
`ct rmquerm pdysejbk boekety, out stekk e`vckvm sclm mxmrjesm b`f
tdm gcy c gce`e`n e` tcnmtdmr.
E` ly vemw, tdm essum c prclcte`n pdysejbk mxmrjesm es tdm se`nkm
lcst elpcrtb`t tde`n, `ct c`ky cr dmbktd out bksc omjbusm et
tmbjdms jdekfrm` tdbt mxmrjesm cr spcrts brm b `bturbk pbrt c kem
b`f sclmtde`n tdmy sdcukf jc`te`um fce`n. Cvmrbkk, bktdcund
tdmrm brm b mw jc`jmr`s, E wcukf sby tdbt sjdcck spcrts fbys
brm b jrujebk pbrt c b jdekf―s mfujbtec` b`f tdbt et es nccf cr
jdekfrm` tc prmpbrm cr b`f tbam pbrt e` tdmsm mvm`ts.
:
ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

> 2 ycur tmbjdmr

? twc c tdm om`mflts rcl tdm kest b`f sby wdejd es lcrm
elpcrtb`t
: bs ycu wesd, out et lust om e` ycur cw` wcrfs
2 Ztufm`ts― cw` b`swmrs.
6 tc sdcw ycu brm `ct jcpye`n
? 2 our`e`n bloetec`
5 Lcfmk b`swmr
? wekfky mxbnnmrbtmf
Lb`y pmcpkm tcfby tde`a tdbt jclpmtetec`s brm dbrluk cr : oettmrky fesbppce`tmf
ycu`n pmcpkm omjbusm c tdm bsscjebtmf prmssurm. Icr tdes 6 resm tc tdm cjjbsec`
rmbsc`, mwmr b`f mwmr sjdccks brm dckfe`n jclpmtetec`s cr = pmtty brnulm`t
ycu`n pmcpkm tc pbrtejepbtm e`. Dcwmvmr, jclpmtetec`s jb` om 9 dckf b nrufnm
om`mfljebk cr lb`y rmbsc`s sujd bs tdm fmvmkcplm`t c rmbk-
: Ztufm`ts― cw` b`swmrs.
wcrkf saekks b`f tmbl speret.
E` sclm wbys, b jclpmtetec` dmkps prmpbrm ycu`n pmcpkm
cr tdmer kevms bimr kmbve`n sjdcck. Vbae`n pbrt jb` m`db`jm b 2 2 tc rmpmbt
pmrsc`―s boekety tc lbam fmjesec`s u`fmr prmssurm, b`bkysm b ? pusde`n
prcokml b`f fl`f sckutec`s. Et jcukf om sbef tdbt sujjmss bs b` : trbe`e`n
bfukt fmpm`fs c` c`m―s boekety tc jclpmtm, cr mxblpkm, e` b gco 6 tc tbam
e`tmrvemw cr cr b pbrt`mr. = mbte`n
B`ctdmr amy om`mflt c jclpmtetec`s es tdbt tdmy jb` pctm`tebkky 9 tc dbvm
nevm ycu`n pmcpkm tdm jdb`jm tc wcra tcnmtdmr bs b nrcup. Oy ? 2 ome`n, b`swmre`n, ome`n
dckfe`n jclpmtetec`s wdejd rmquerm jdekfrm` cr bfckmsjm`ts ? tc e`crl, jc`tbjte`n
tc jccpmrbtm e` tmbls, et dmkps ouekf jcllu`ety. Bjjcrfe`n tc : tc ore`n
lb`y c ly pmmrs, pkbye`n e` b spcrts tcur`blm`t dbs dmkpmf 6 trbe`e`n, tc elprcvm
tdml tc lbam kbste`n rem`fsdeps b`f dbs cstmrmf b sm`sm c = ombte`n, tc ore`n
omkc`ne`n. 9 tc sdbam
C` tdm wdckm, et smmls tc lm tdbt tdmsm amy om`mflts br > fce`n, tc prbjtesm, tc wbrl up,
u p, om`f
cutwmend tdm pcsseokm frbwobjas c jclpmtetec`s. Kmbr`e`n tc 4 rmsmtte`n, lbae`n, tc nmt
jclpmtm b`f jckkbocrbtm brm mssm`tebk saekks cr tdm uturm c tdm : 2 ^dbt brm ycu dcpe`n tc fc wetd bkk tdm prezm lc`my3
`mxt nm`mrbtec`. Vdmsm brm nm`mrbkky kmbr`mf lcrm m﬈mjtevmky ? E―vm omm` pkbye`n jdmss cr quetm sclm telm `cw.
tdrcund prbjtejbk bjtevetems keam jclpmtetec`s tdb` tdmy jcukf : Dbvm ycu smm` b`y c tdm qumstec`s ymt3
mvmr om e` b trbfetec`bk jkbssrccl. 6 Vdmy―vm nct quetm b mw lcrm pkbymrs tdb` us.
= @metdmr c ly ctdmr nblms wbs bs obf bs tdes.
9 ^m dbf b kettkm lcrm c tdm ccf tc nevm us m`mrny.
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
6 2 mbjd
dbrf wcra, fmtmrle`btec`, jcurbnm, nccf kuja, nccf mfujbtec`, ? kmss
jdbrl, strc`n vbkums, bleky suppcrt : tdm wdckm
? Vdm lbkm ocwmroerf sdcws nrmbt fmtmrle`btec`, dm fmlc`strbtms 6 m`cund
dbrf wcra b`f jcurbnm. Dcwmvmr, dm fcms `ct mxpmrem`jm nccf = mwmr
kuja omjbusm tdm mlbkm oerf es festrbjtmf oy tdm bppmbrb`jm c 9 b mw
b`ctdmr lbkm oerf bt tdm jrujebk lclm`t e` tdm jcurte`n fb`jm. > b kct c
: 2 Vdm lbkm ocwmroerf lbams b ocwmr, c﬈mrs neis c okum 4 `c`m
tre`amts, lbams des pupeks fekbtm b`f jc`trbjt, nevms b strb`nm = 2 tdm
fmmp jbkk, fcms b` mxctej fb`jm. ? c`m
? Et es `ct stbtmf e` tdm jkep omjbusm et es `ct a`cw` mxbjtky : mwmr
wdy, out wm jb` bssulm tdbt et es omjbusm tdmrm es strc`n 6 e`tc
jclpmtetec` rcl ctdmr lbkm ocwmroerfs. Xmrdbps tdmrm brm = tdes
mwmr mlbkms tdb` lbkms. 9 tc/tdbt/wdejd
: Vdmrm es `c rendt cr wrc`n b`swmr tc tdes qumstec` ‚ et es b > rbtdmr
lbttmr c cpe`ec`. Et jcukf om sbef tdbt tdm crene`bk lbkm 4 om
ocwmroerf wbs tdm kcsmr omjbusm dm kcst tdm bttm`tec` c tdm 9 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
mlbkm. Dcwmvmr,
Dcwmvmr, tdm mlbkm bksc kcst
kc st cut omjbusm
om jbusm sdm fef `ct
Jbkke`n bkk pmcpkm wetd strc`n vemws! ^m brm dbve`n b fmobte`n
fl`f b lbtm. Vdm lbkm oerf wdc festrbjtmf tdm bttm`tec` c tdm
jclpmtetec` c` Irefby bt 9pl b`f wm brm kccae`n cr pmcpkm
mlbkm wbs c`ky tdm we``mr e dm suosmqum`tky bttrbjtmf dmr
wetd strc`n cpe`ec`s tc tbam pbrt. Vdm fmobtm es bocut wdmtdmr
wetd des ocwmr
o cwmr ouekfe`n saekks, neis b`f fb`jm. Bktmr`btevmky,
Bktmr`btevmky,
wm sdcukf ob` sjdcck spcrts tmbls. E ycu tbam pbrt, et wekk om
ycu jcukf brnum tdbt, bktdcund tdm lbkm ocwmroerf fef
nccf u`, out bksc et es b nccf wby c occste`n ycur sjdcck
`ct dbvm nccf kuja e` tdes e`stb`jm, des dbrf wcra b`f
rmjcrf. Ucu jcukf tbam pbrt e` crfmr tc elprcvm ycur puokej
fmtmrle`btec` wcukf surmky lbam del tdm we``mr e` tdm m`f!
spmbae`n b`f ycur brnue`n saekks, wdejd brm vmry elpcrtb`t cr
jckkmnm b`f wcra. Bksc tdm dmbf tmbjdmr dbs sbef sdm wekk nevm
stufm`ts telm c﬈ tc prmpbrm cr tdm fmobtm.

Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 6

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

2 2 tc spm`f
? fce`n
: tc brrevm
6 tc nevm
= ome`n
9 tc rmbkesm
? 2 B `ct tc kbund O rmstbrte`n
? B ouye`n O tc sm`f
: B jdmjae`n O tc jdmja
6 B tc sby O tmkke`n
: 2 mmke`n
? tc dbvm fesbppmbrmf
: lb`bne`n
6 tc om tmlptmf
= skmmpe`n, skmmpe`n
9 tc trbvmk
6 2 c`ky tc fesjcvmr b`ctdmr twc
? try tbae`n suppkmlm`ts tc nmt
: `ct tc kmt delsmk om fesjcurbnmf
6 bppmbrs tc dbvm lcvmf
= rmnrmt `ct occae`n tdm tejamts
9 wm`t c` tc nevm
= 2 prcokmls
? u`mlpkcylm`t
: prcpcsbks
6 wdekm
= jbsd
9 2 mw
? b/tdm
: rcl
6 b
= kettkm
9 lcrm
> tdml
4 lb`y

Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 =

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

]@EV : JDCEJMZ
JDCE JMZ B@F JDB@NMZ
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs 2 2M ?J :O 6B =F
u`mlpkcylm`t, dcuse`n, e`mqubkety, rbjesl, bjjmss tc nccf ? 2 Vdm sm`tm`jms dbvm b fe﬈mrm`t lmb`e`n. B lmb`s —Ucur
mfujbtec`, b`tescjebk omdbvecur keam vb`fbkesl cr kettmre`n, tmbjdmr es wcrremf b`f E bl tcc.―
tcc.― O lmb`s —E bl ycur tmbjdmr
dmbktd, pcvmrty, dclmkmss`mss b`f E bl wcrremf.―
: Et lmb`s tdbt dclmkmss pmcpkm wb`t b`f `mmf b jdb`nm tdbt ? Vdm sm`tm`jms dbvm tdm sblm lmb`e`n. Keam b`f sujd bs octd
wcukf rmbkky dmkp tdml tc fl`f b dclm cr jdb`nm tdmer kemstykm e`trcfujm mxblpkms.
bs wmkk bs —jdb`nm― bs e` —spbrm jce`s― tc ouy ccf. Et―s jkmvmr 6 2 Omjbusm et es b jdb`jm tc dbvm b nccf kbund b`f rbesm lc`my

omjbusm tdm wcrf —jdb`nm― dbs twc lmb`e`ns. ? b`f bksc

Et wbs omjbusm
jckfmr tdb`etsdm―f
wbs fc`m oy jmkmoretems.
elbne`mf.
6 Vdm festrbjtec` es tdbt
tdbt skmmpe`n rcund es lm`tec`mf e` tdm tmxt
b`f cptec`s B, O, F usm tdcsm wcrfs. Zmme`n tdm sblm wcrfs bs : Omjbusm Fbvef bksc tcca pbrt e` tdm jdbkkm`nm.
tdm tmxt fcms `ct lmb` tdbt tdm b`swmr es jcrrmjt. Vdm jcrrmjt = 2 Bs ? keam : br 6 keam = keam 9 keam > bs 4 bkeam
b`swmr es J (et rmmrs tc tdm e`smjurety tdbt pbssmrs-oy mmk). 5 jckfmr 28 u``emr 22 oy br 2? lcst 2: Keam 26 bs
= 2 J (tdm e`smjurety tdbt pbssmrs-oy mmk rmsukts e`) 9 2 bs ? keam/bs : lcrm 6 br = bkeam
? J (out `ctde`n smmls tc om bokm tc stml tdm ﬏cw) > Xcsseokm b`swmrs
: B (Jdbretems b`f kcjbk butdcretems fc tdmer omst) 2 _mbsc`s ncvmr`lm`ts sdcukf pby cr rmsmbrjd b`f dmkp7
6 O (tdm kem saekks tdbt tdcsm c us wetd suppcrt
su ppcrt rcl bleky, ncvmr`lm`ts cim` dbvm lcrm u`fs1 ncvmr`lm`ts lby dbvm
rem`fs b`f wcra dbvm `mvmr tdcundt bocut) b oen pejturm vemw b`f om bokm tc jdb``mk u`fs tc tdm jbusms
= J (lcrm keamky tc peja up b tbambwby jc﬈mm c` tdm wby tc tdbt suppcrt b kct c pmcpkm1 et wcukf sbvm jdbretems b kct c
tdmer fmste`btec` tdb` ouy b lbnbze`m c`jm b crt`endt) u`frbese`n telm e tdm ncvmr`lm`t u`fmf tdml.
9 F (omkemve`n tdbt et wekk lbam b kbste`n fe﬈mrm`jm tc lb`y _mbsc`s jdbretems sdcukf pby cr rmsmbrjd b`f dmkp7
kevms … Icr tdml, tdm jdb`nm es tdmrm tc stby) ncvmr`lm`ts lby en`crm jmrtbe` jbusms1 et nevms e`fevefubks
9 2 fmtretus tdm jdcejm tc fc`btm tc jdbretems tdmy jbrm cr1 pmcpkm lby
? dckfe`n cpmrbtec` mmk mlpcwmrmf tc tbam bjtec` c` omdbk c b jdbrety, wdejd
: luktetufm tdmy lendt `ct mmk cr tdm ncvmr`lm`t.
6 nrcu`f-ormbae`n ? Vdm pdrbsm lmb`s tdbt ycu sdcukf tbam jbrm c ycursmk b`f
= m`fmbvcure`n ycur cw` bleky omcrm ycu dmkp ctdmr pmcpkm.
9 stml tdm ﬏cw
> b`bkcny
4 bkkmys 2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
> Xcsseokm b`swmrs mxmrjesm lcrm, rmbf lcrm occas, kmbr` tc rmkbx, mbt lcrm
2 Vdm prcokmls jbusmf oy dclmkmss`mss, pbrtejukbrky e` oen jetems, dmbktdeky
e`jkufm kettmre`n, fb`nmrs tc dmbktd, b`f fesjclcrt b`f b`xemty ? 2 trb`scrlmf ? blm`fmf : bfbpt 6 bktmrmf = bfgustmf
tc pbssmrs-oy. 9 lcfey > rmvblp 4 mvckve`n
? ^cra fc`m oy vbrecus jdbretems b`f bnm`jems fcms`―t smml tc : Xcsseokm b`swmrs
om bokm tc stcp pmcpkm (m.n. mx-leketbry b`f tmm`bnm ru`bwbys)
trb`scrl7 tdm wby wm nmt e`crlbtec`, tdm wby ycu kcca,kcca ,
rcl omjcle`n dclmkmss.
trb`scrl sclmc`m―s kem
: Vdm typm c dmkp jurrm`tky c` c﬈mr es e`su﬊jem`t, e`m﬈mjtevm
b`f `mmfs tc om jdb`nmf. blm`f7 b rmpcrt,
rmpcr t, b sjdmfukm, b sullbry, b` cutke`m, b orem
6 Dclmkmss`mss jb` mbseky lbam pmcpkm stcp omkemve`n e` bfbpt tc7 b `mw jkelbtm, `mw wcrae`n dcurs, b `mw m`verc`lm`t
tdmlsmkvms, b`f jb` stcp tdml ome`n bokm tc rmsckvm tdmer bktmr7 b telmtbokm, b gbjamt, ycur pkb`s
setubtec`. lcfey7 ycur omdbvecur,
om dbvecur, mqueplm`t, rmquermlm`ts
= Lcrm rmjm`t e`etebtevms try tc nevm tdm dclmkmss wcra tc mbr` rmvblp7 ycur c﬊jm, b rccl, ycur wbrfrcom (jkctdms)
lc`my, b lbgcr sujjmss ome`n tdbt c smkke`n b lbnbze`m jbkkmf 6 2 fce`n
Vdm Oen Essum.
Essum. ? lbae`n
9 B `mw vm`turm e`vckvms trbe`e`n dclmkmss pmcpkm tc lb` : lbae`n
jc﬈mm stbkks b`f tdes es prcve`n vmry sujjmssuk. 6 tur`
> Xmcpkm brm bttrbjtmf oy tdm nccf qubkety c tdm jc﬈mm b`f brm = fce`n
amm` tc dmkp pmcpkm keam Kebl, c`m c tdm obrestbs, jdb`nm tdmer 9 lbam
kevms cr tdm omttmr. > fc
4 Bs wmkk bs neve`n tdml b` e`jclm, tdm prcgmjt dmkps dclmkmss 4 Nevm
pmcpkm kmbr` octd kem b`f wcra saekks tdbt wekk dmkp tdml lcvm 5 Fc
crwbrf. 28 Xby
22 Nevm
2? Km`f
= Xrbese`n sclmc`m wdm` tdmy fmsmrvm et./Xbye`n sclmc`m b
jclpkelm`t.

Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 2

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU
2 Numrrekkb nbrfm`e`n
nbrfm`e` n es tdm bjtevety c nrcwe`n pkb`ts cr vmnmtbokms
vmnmtbokms
c` b`y pemjm c kb`f e` b jety tdbt ycu fc `ct cw`, mspmjebkky kb`f
tdbt es e` obf jc`fetec` omjbusm et dbs `ct omm` usmf cr b kc`n
telm. Xmcpkm fc tdes sc tdbt jetems wekk dbvm lcrm nrmm` brmbs b`f
om omttmr pkbjms tc kevm.
? Xcsseokm b`swmrs
• E tde`a et―s b nrmbt efmb cr pmcpkm tc tur` wbstm spbjms
e`tc nbrfm`s, sc E―f om vmry suppcrtevm c b`y kcjbk numrrekkb
nbrfm`mrs― prcgmjts.
• Bktdcund E fc keam tdm jc`jmpt c lcrm nrmm` spbjms, E tde`a
et es qumstec`bokm tc fc et wetdcut prcpmr pmrlessec`. Et wcukf
om lujd omttmr e tdm kcjbk jcu`jek wcukf u`f nbrfm`s tc
om ouekt.
• E dbvm lexmf vemws c` tdes efmb. C` c`m db`f, numrrekkb nbrfm`s
fc`m wmkk jcukf kcca blbze`n. C` tdm ctdmr db`f, tdm nbrfm`s
jcukf kcca b oet lmssy b`f u`amlpt.
6 Zunnmstmf b`swmrs
2 bflets
? bimr nmtte`n tc a`cw Fc`
: elpcrtb`t, omjbusm
6 mmk, rmlcvm des nbrfm`
= wdy, bjt c fmflb`jm
9 oennmst essum, m`verc`lm`tbk prcokmls
= 2 b jc`mssec`
? Out, c jcursm …
: F (Out,
(Out, c jcursm, et―s cim` ekkmnbk e` tdm sm`sm tdbt tdm nbrfm`s
brm c` jety kb`f.)
9 Et dbs omm` vmry sujjmssuk (omjbusm `cw et dbs omm` bjjmptmf,
b`f pmcpkm jcpy et).
> 2 F (Out,
(Out, c jcursm, et―s cim` ekkmnbk e` tdm sm`sm tdbt tdm nbrfm`s
brm c` jety kb`f.)
? F (Fc`
(Fc` dbf tbam` cvmr tdm kb`f, dm wbs use`n et tc nrcw
vmnmtbokms cr tdm wdckm jcllu`ety b`f, lcrm elpcrtb`tky,
ctdmrs wmrm stbrte`n tc fc et bs wmkk.)
wmkk.)
: O (ccf suppky es bwuk. Et―s bkk jc`vm`em`jm stcrms b`f frevm
tdrcund tbam-bwby
tbam-bwby jdbe`s b`f sc pmcpkm tdmrm dbvm b` bwuk
femt omjbusm tdmy bjtubkky dbvm `c bjjmss tc fmjm`t ccf.)
6 F (E(E bfvesmf tdm jcu`jek tc tbam b fe﬈mrm`t vemw b`f
crtu`btmky, tdmy fef.)
= B (… tdm pcwmrs tdbt om `mmf tc u`fmrstb`f tdbt nccf jb`
jclm rcl slbkk bjts c fescomfem`jm! … Xmcpkm `mmf tc
a`cw tdbt jdb`nm jb` dbppm` tdrcund tdmsm slbkk bjts
c rmsestb`jm tdbt e`etebkky kcca smkflsd out bjtubkky om`mflt
(mvmryc`m
mvmryc`m.)
9 F (kbja .)
kbja c bwbrm`mss bocut smk-rmkeb`jm es b durfkm. E wm
jcukf gust nmt pmcpkm tc u`fmrstb`f tdbt tdm` sc lb`y
cppcrtu`etems cpm` up.)
up.)
2 2 Vdm strujturm es fe﬈mrm`t7 e` B, wcrremf es ckkcwmf oy b`
bfgmjtevm1 e` O et es ckkcwmf oy b` cogmjt + b` e`fl`etevm.
Vdm lmb`e`n es bksc fe﬈mrm`t (B < jbusm sclmc`m tc mmk
sclmtde`n1 O < rmquerm). ^m a`cw wdc jbusmf tdm bjtec` e`
octd sm`tm`jms.
? Vdm strujturm es tdm sblm. Vdm lmb`e`n es fe﬈mrm`t (B <
tdm spmbamr dbs `c jc`trck cvmr wdbt dbppm`mf1 O < tdm
spmbamr jc`trckkmf wdbt dbppm`mf).
d bppm`mf). Vdm —fcmr―
—fcmr― c tdm bjtec` es
u`a`cw` e` octd sm`tm`jms.
: Vdm strujturm es fe﬈mrm`t (B7 kmt + e`fl`etevm1 O7 bkkcwmf +
cogmjt + tc-
tc-e`fl`etevm).
e`fl`etevm). Vdm lmb`e`n es tdm sblm. ^m^m a`cw
wdc jbusmf tdm bjtec` e` octd sm`tm`jms.
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824
?@F MFEVEC@ J2
? 2 ^dbt ae`fs c tde`ns fc ycu nmt ctdmr pmcpkm tc fc cr ycu3
^dy3
? Dcw rmnukbrky fc ycu dbvm ycur dber fc`m/jut3
: Dcw cim` dbs ycur tmbjdmr lbfm ycu stby bimr sjdcck3 ^dy3
6 ^dbt ae`f c tde`ns sdcukf ycu/wm kmt tmm`bnmrs fc c`
tdmer cw`3
= Fc ycur pbrm`ts lbam ycu fc b kct c dcusmwcra3
9 Dbvm ycu mvmr dmkpmf sclmc`m tc smt up b jdbrety prcgmjt3
: Zunnmstmf b`swmrs
2 b` e`vm`tec`
? b` brtestej jdb`nm
: b` e`vm`tec`
6 b` e`vm`tec`
= b kmnbk/mfujbtec`bk jdb`nm
9 b` mfujbtec`bk jdb`nm
6 2 lbfm tdm kec`s sjbrmf tdbt (jbusbtevm
(jbusbtevm vmro + bfgmjtevm)
? bkkcws lm tc jdb`nm (jbusbtevm vmro + tctc-e`fl`etevm)
-e`fl`etevm)
: jc`treoutmf tc us/cur we``e`n (vmro + prmp + -e`n crl)
6 dbs lbfm et mbsemr cr (jbusbtevm vmro + jclpbrbtevm bfgmjtevm)
= nmt tdm kbw jdb`nmf sc (jbusbtevm vmro + pbst pbrtejepkm)
9 bs b rmsukt c tmbjde`n lysmk (flxmf pdrbsm tc sdcw rmsukt +
-e`n crl)
? Zpmbamr B7 Zdm spm`fs kc`nmr jdccse`n wdbt tc wbtjd c` VY
tdb` wbtjde`n. Dmr rem`fs lbam fmjesec`s cr dmr.
Zpmbamr O7 Dm dbs prcokml jdccse`n omtwmm` kcts c selekbr
etmls c`ke`m. Dm dbs b prcokml wetd luktepkm-jdcejm qumstec`s.
: 2 E`fmjesevm, spc`tb`mcus
? kmnm`fbry, e`jbpbokm c lbae`n, b` mxjmssevm blcu`t c telm
: @ulmrcus, tdbt es elprbjtejbk
6 (Bffetec`bk sunnmstec`s e` orbjamts)
2 vcku`tbry, jbutec`bry, ketmrbry (`mjmssbry,
(` mjmssbry, jc`tmlpcrbry,
kmnm`fbry)
? prcfujtevm, fmm`sevm, e`strujtevm (prcvcjbtevm, mxjkusevm,
lbssevm, smkmjtevm, fmjesevm)
: rbtec`bk, pbrtebk, nkcobk (mlctec`bk, feslbk, tctbk, mtmr`bk, btbk,
vetbk, jc`jmptubk, u`fblm`tbk)
6 m`vebokm, fm`ebokm, msjbpbokm (crlefbokm, jbpbokm, `ctejmbokm,
stbokm, bfgustbokm)
= bfvb`tbnmcus, dulcrcus, jc`sjecus (rencrcus,
(rencrc us, jc`sjem`tecus,
suspejecus)
9 rmvmrseokm, ﬏mxeokm, nukkeokm (mfeokm, tb`neokm, bjjmsseokm)
= (Vdm u`fmrke`mf wcrfs dbvm `c `mnbtevm crl.)
2 e`vcku`tbry, jbutec`bry, ketmrbry
? u`prcfujtevm, fmm`jmkmss, u`e`strujtevm
: errbtec`bk, elpbrtebk, nkcobk
6 u`m`vebokm, u`fm`ebokm, e`msjbpbokm
= fesbfvb`tbnmcus, dulcurkmss, jc`sjem`tecus
9 errmvmrseokm, e`﬏mxeokm, nukkeokm
98 vbremty (`cu` bimr b` brtejkm1 tdmtdm fermjt cogmjt c jc`sefmre`n
jc`sefmre`n))
2 `ulmrcus (bfgmjtevm fmsjreoe`n tdm `cu` bjtcrs
bjtcrs))
? m﬈mjtevm (bfgmjtevm fmsjreoe`n fmjesec`s bimr dcw bfvmro)
: prcokmlbtej (bfgmjtevm ckkcwe`n tdm lcst tc crl supmrkbtevm)
6 b`xemty (`cu`, tc lbtjd tdm ctdmr `cu`s e` tdm kest7
jc`jm`trbtec`, rustrbtec`, mtj.)
= rbtec`bk (bfgmjtevm, fmsjreoe`n dcw wm tde`a wm brm)
9 e`boekety (tdes es tdm lbe` `cu` c tdm `cu` pdrbsm b` e`boekety
tc smm tdm wccf cr tdm trmms)
trmms )
> u``ctejmbokm (`mnbtevm omjbusm out lmb`s tdbt tdm wcrf
lust jc`trbst wetd Xdysejbk btenum es mbsy tc om bwbrm c )
4 errmvmrseokm (`mnbtevm omjbusm tdm fmjesec`s wekk om u`rmkebokm
u`rmkebokm))
?
ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

6 stbrte`n wcra e`stmbf c nce`n tc u`evmrsety7 Et―s dbrfmr tc

jdb`nm ycur le`f kbtmr c`1 tdm wrc`n jdcejm jb` b﬈mjt ycur
? Xcsseokm b`swmr
wdckm jbrmmr.
Vdm wclb` jdccse`n rcl tdm lm`u lendt om jc`sefmre`n dcw sdbre`n b ﬏bt e`stmbf c keve`n bt dclm7 Et jb` jbusm b rei e` tdm
du`nry sdm es, wdbt mbjd lmbk jcsts, wdbt sdm mmks keam mbte`n,
bleky1 tdmrm jcukf om prcokmls wetd ycur ﬏btlbtms.
b`y spmjebks cr rmjcllm`fbtec`s rcl ctdmrs, wdbt lendt om b
= Vdm lbe` rmbsc` E sby …
dmbktdy cptec`, mtj.
… b`f tdbt―s omjbusm …
Vdm lb` jdccse`n cek lendt om jc`sefmre`n wdmrm et wbs
prcfujmf, wdmtdmr et―s crnb`ej cr wdejd wcukf om omst cr des ^mkk, cr b stbrt, e …
purpcsm, tdm jcst, tdm pbjabne`n, mtj. 9 ukk strmss7 2 b`f ?
: Xcsseokm b`swmr sjdwb7 : b`f 6
B7 Kmt―s stbrt wetd ouye`n tde`ns c`ke`m cr nce`n sdcppe`n ‚ > Xcsseokm b`swmr
wdbt wcukf wm `mmf tc jc`sefmr3 B7 E tde`a wm jcukf rukm cut b jcupkm c tdmsm strbendt bwby ‚
O7 ^mkk, cr
cr b stbrt, wm―f
wm―f `mmf tc tde`a bocutboc ut jc`vm`em`jm. wdbt fc ycu tde`a3
Ouye`n c`ke`m es nrmbt cr tdbt, ycu jb` fc et rcl tdm O7 Icr surm, tdm fmjesec` bocut wcra cr u`evmrsety es b lbgcr
jclcrt c ycur scb … c`m, bs es wdmrm ycu kevm, omjbusm octd c tdcsm dbvm b dunm
B7 E numss et wcukf fmpm`f wdmrm tdm sdcps brm b`f dcw kc`n elpbjt cvmr b pmrecf c telm.
ycu wmrm wekke`n tc wbet. B7 Kmt―s kcca bt tdm rmlbe`e`n tdrmm cptec`s. Fmjefe`n wdc tc
O7 Umbd, sclmtelms wdm` ycu crfmr sclmtde`n c`ke`m, et jb` jmkmorbtm mvm`ts wetd jb` bjtubkky om rmbkky elpcrtb`t tc nmt
tbam bnms tc brrevm. rendt. Vdmrm―s b jdb`jm c c﬈m`fe`n sclmc`m tdmrm.
B7 B`f wdbt bocut jcst3 E―vm nct sclm nrmbt obrnbe`s c`ke`m bt O7 Et smmls et―s fcw` tc fmjefe`n wdmrm tc ouy tde`ns cr
b rbjtec` c tdm prejm c tdm sdcps. wdmtdmr tc spm`f cr sbvm. ^dbt wcukf ycu sby3
O7 Vdbt―s bkk vmry wmkk, out sdcukf`―t wm bksc jc`sefmr suppcrte`n B7 ^mkk, e ycu tde`a bocut et, spm`fe`n wdm` ycu sdcukf om
kcjbk ouse`mss3 ^cukf a`cwe`n tdbt ycu wmrm dmkpe`n tdml sbve`n jcukf dbvm sclm lbgcr jc`smqum`jms. Ucu jcukf ru`
stby b﬏cbt b﬈mjt ycur fmjesec`3 up b fmot cr m`f up lbae`n b kbrnm purjdbsm tdbt ycu rmnrmt.
B7 Vdbt―s b ber pce`t, out tc om dc`mst, E―l prcoboky lcst O7 Zc, wdbt ycu―rm
ycu―rm sbye`n es tdbt tdm fmjesec` tdbt lbttmrs kmbst
e`﬏um`jmf oy prejm. dmrm wcukf om wdmtdmr ycu ouy c`ke`m cr e`stcrm3
O7 Vc lcvm c`, dcw bocut fmjefe`n wdmtdmr tc sdbrm b ﬏bt cr B7 Vdbt scu`fs rendt tc lm.
kevm bt dclm3
B7 Vdm flrst jc`sefmrbtec` es prcoboky wdbt ycur bleky tde`as.
Fc tdmy wb`t ycu tc steja brcu`f cr brm tdmy rmbfy cr ycu ? 2 tdm mfetcr ‚ e` rmspc`sm tc b` brtejkm
tc kmbvm3 ? rmbfmrs c tdm `mwspbpmr
O7 E―f bksc bff tdbt et wcukf fmpm`f wdmrm —dclm― es b`f wdbt : ly vemws b`f ly rmbsc`s
ycur pkb`s brm. Icr e`stb`jm, e ycu―rm m`rckkmf e` b u`evmrsety 6 crlbk (omjbusm et es b kmttmr tc b` mfetcr)
e` b`ctdmr jety,
j ety, ycu―rm covecusky `ct nce`n tc stby bt dclm. : 2F ?J :B 6O
B7 Ucu jb` sbvm b kct c lc`my oy keve`n bt dclm tdcund, b`f = Vdm wretmr bsas tdm mfetcr tc puokesd tdm kmttmr b`f veset tdm
tdm ccf es prcoboky lujd omttmr. sjdcck.
O7 Ucu―
Ucu―rm
rm prcoboky rendt.
ren dt. ^dbt ctdmr tde`ns wcukf ycu ammp B`ctdmr sunnmstec` jcukf om tc rmsmbrjd wdbt ycu`n pmcpkm
e` le`f, omsefms lc`my3 brm e`vckvmf e`.
B7 ^mkk, E―f om tde`ae`n
tde`a e`n bocut wdbt wd bt E bjtubkky wb`tmf tc fc.
9O
Vdbt sbef, E suppcsm E―f `mmf tc tde`a bocut bleky
Bktdcund et lby om trum tdbt …
mxpmjtbtec`s bs wmkk.
O7 Et fmpm`fs wdbt e`fustry ycu wb`tmf tc nmt e`tc b`f E omkemvm tdbt …
wdmtdmr u`evmrsety wbs tdm rendt pbtdwby cr tdbt. Ly pce`t E bpprmjebtm tdbt …
es tdbt e ycu wb`tmf tc om o m sby, b pkulomr, wdy wbstm telm out E tde`a …
stufye`n wdm` ycu jcukf nmt b` bpprm`tejmsdep3 > 2 E mmk E lust wretm …
B7 E tde`a et―s jrujebk tdbt pmcpkm bjtcr e` jcsts bs wmkk ‚ et―s mbsy ? tdes es `ct tdm jbsm …
tc m`f up wetd b dunm stufm`t kcb` bt tdm m`f c ycur jcursm. : Et es wcrtd pce`te`n cut tdbt …
O7 ^dbt wm―vm nct tc rmlmlomr es tdbt u`evmrsety lby bjtubkky 6 E bpprmjebtm tdbt …
elprcvm ycur mbr`e`n jbpbjety e` tdm kc`n ru` bs wmkk. = E tde`a ycu sdcukf …
B7 C`tc sbve`n lc`my cr spm`fe`n et, E tde`a tdm lcst mssm`tebk 9 e ycu jcukf jclm …
tde`n tc jc`sefmr brm ycur kc`n-tmrl ncbks b`f sdcrt-tmrl
mxbl tep
`mmfs.
? es lcrm crlbk, b lcrm jclpkmx strujturm b`f es kmss
O7 B`f jc`sefmre`n tdm fe﬈mrm`jm omtwmm` b wb`t b`f b `mmf!
B7 Ie`bkky, cd, tdes jb` om b tcund jbkk, j bkk, jmkmorbte`n wetd bleky 42 Ly pce`t c vemw es fe﬈mrm`t. / E dbvm b fe﬈mrm`t pce`t c vemw.
cr rem`fs. ? E` ly vemw wdbt ycu sby es e`jcrrmjt.
O7 ^dbt E―f jc`sefmr flrst b`f crmlcst es wdbt―s ome`n : E e`sest tdbt ycu puokesd ly kmttmr.
jmkmorbtmf. Vdm lbe` rmbsc` E sby tdes es omjbusm, e` ly 6 E (strc`nky) omkemvm ycu sdcukf jc`sefmr tdes.
bleky b`ywby, tdmrm brm jmrtbe`jmr tbe` jmkmorbtec`s wdejd wm = E bl sdcjamf tc fesjcvmr tdbt tdes es ycur pce`t c vemw.
bkwbys spm`f tcnmtdmr.
B7 E bnrmm wetd ycu. Ucu― Ucu―f
f `mmf tc jc`sefmr wdbt ycu wmrm
jmkmorbte`n, b`f lbyom, e et―s et―s b oertdfby
oer tdfby cr sclmtde`n,
wdejd cptec` ycu wcukf m`gcy tdm lcst!

Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 :

 ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU
22 Lcfmk b`swmr
Fmbr Mfetcr,
E wbs fmmpky fesbppce`tmf oy ycur brtejkm kbst wmma, jkbele`n
tdbt ycu`n pmcpkm brm smk-jm`trmf b`f u`e`vckvmf e` tdm wefmr
jcllu`ety. E` bjt, E bl quetm sdcjamf tc fesjcvmr tdbt tdes
es ycur pce`t c vemw. Bs b ycu`n pmrsc`, E mmk strc`nky tdbt E
lust rmspc`f tc tdmsm u`ber bjjusbtec`s, wdejd e` ly vemw brm
m`termky e`jcrrmjt.
Ierstky, E wcukf sby tdbt tdm ycu`n pmcpkm E a`cw sdcw tdmer jbrm
cr ctdmrs oy stbrte`n wetd bleky b`f rem`fs. ^dbt ycu fc`―t
smm bs b` cutsefmr es tdm tmm`bnmr wdc jccas b`f jkmb`s cr
tdmer bleky,
rem`fs kccas
tdrcund bimr telms.
tcund tdmer ycu`nmr seoke`ns, b`f suppcrts
suppcr ts tdmer
Zmjc`fky, E wekk pce`t cut tdbt lb`y ycu`n pmcpkm e` cur tcw` fc
vcku`tmmr wcra bt b rb`nm c crnb`esbtec`s. Icr mxblpkm, b `ulomr
c us vcku`tmmr bt tdm scup aetjdm` mvmry Irefby wdekm ctdmrs
brm e`vckvmf wetd b` bimrsjdcck prcnrbllm cr fesbfvb`tbnmf
jdekfrm`. Zpm`fe`n cur cw` rmm telm c` jcllu`ety prcgmjts
fmlc`strbtms cur jbrm b`f jc`treoutec` tc tdm jcllu`ety.
Ie`bkky, wetd rmnbrfs tc tdm pcsetevety c cur fmjesec`-lbae`n,
f mjesec`-lbae`n, E
wcukf sunnmst tdbt ycu brm stmrmctype`n. Lcst c tdm tmm`bnmrs
bt ly sjdcck tbam rmspc`seoekety cr tdmer bjtec`s b`f dbvm pkb`s
b`f ncbks e` pkbjm cr keve`n dmbktdy b`f prcfujtevm kevms.
E strc`nky omkemvm tdbt ycu sdcukf rmveset ycur pce`t c vemw
c` tdes lbttmr. E dcpm E dbvm sdcw` tdbt ycu`n pmcpkm e` tdes
jcllu`ety brm nm`mrcus b`f jc`sjem`tecus jetezm`s wdc dmkp
ctdmrs e` `ulmrcus wbys. E dcpm E dbvm omm` bokm tc pmrsubfm
ycu tc rmjc`sefmr ycur vemws.
Ucurs se`jmrmky, …
2 Xcsseokm b`swmr
2 Mxblpkms lby e`jkufm @mksc` Lb`fmkb, Irefb Abdkc, Lbra
Wujamromrn, Mre` Orcjacvejd, Rumm` Mkezbomtd EE, Ludbllbf
Bke, Borbdbl Ke`jck`, Lbrnbrmt Vdbtjdmr
Vd btjdmr..
? Xcsseokm b`swmr
Bimr tdm prmss omnb` tc jcvmr Gblms b`f Oco, b ketmrbry bnm`t
rmbf bocut del b`f bpprcbjdmf del tc wretm b occa, tdm`
dmkpmf del tc nmt et puokesdmf.
: 2 Dm tcca rmspc`seoekety cr del wdm` dm rmbkesmf tdbt Oco
wbs bkc`m. Dm spm`t tdm kbst c des lc`my c` tbae`n Oco tc
tdm vmt b`f pbye`n cr des trmbtlm`t. Dm `ursmf Oco cr twc
wmmas b`f nbvm del des b`teoectejs u`tek dm dbf rmjcvmrmf. Dm
jc`te`umf tc kcca bimr del mvm` bimr dm dbf rmjcvmrmf.
? Zpm`fe`n tdm pmrsc`.
es b dclmkmss kbst c des lc`my
Gblms es vmrydbf
prcoboky surprese`n nevm`
vmry kettkm tc tdbt dm
spbrm.
: E wcukf dbvm ampt del wbrl b`f mf del, out E prcoboky
wcukf`―t dbvm pbef cr tdm vmt omjbusm E wcukf`―t dbvm dbf
m`cund lc`my.
6 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 lby om prcokmlbtej, E sunnmst tdbt e pmcpkm wmrm prcpmrky
• Ums, et es pcsseokm. Bs tdm flkl―s bufem`jm wekk e`jkufm
ycu`nmr vemwmrs, sclm c tdm lcrm u`pkmbsb`t bspmjts
c dclmkmss`mss dbvm omm` lcfmrbtmf. Dcwmvmr, Dcwmvmr, bs
tdm lbgcrety c pmcpkm a`cw kettkm tc `ctde`n bocut
dclmkmss`mss, mvmryc`m sdcukf om bokm tc jclm bwby rcl
tdm flkl kmbr`e`n sclmtde`n.
• @c, et―s
et―s `ct keamky. E b jdekf c b`y bnm es bkkcwmf tc smm tdes
flkl bkc`m, tdm rmbkety c Gblms―s setubtec` wcukf `mmf tc om
sb`etesmf omyc`f rmjcn`etec`. ^m mxpmjt tdm flkl cjusms
lcrm c` Oco tdb` et fcms c` Gblms b`f des prcokmls, tc
bppmbk tc ycu`nmr vemwmrs.
• Xcsseoky. ^m elbne`m tdbt bktdcund tdm flkl wekk c`ky sdcw
smkmjt bspmjts c Gblms―s kem bs b dclmkmss lb`, tdmy wekk
c`ky rmbkky rmnestmr wetd pmcpkm bocvm b jmrtbe` bnm. Bfukts
wekk om bokm tc rmbf omtwmm` tdm ke`ms tc u`fmrstb`f tdm
lcrm fe﬊jukt bspmjts c dclmkmss`mss.
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824
?@F MFEVEC@ J2
? Vdmy sdcukf lcfey tdm jc`tm`t tc bvcef sdcwe`n tdm fbramr
bspmjts c dclmkmss`mss b`f cjus c` tdm pcsetevm bspmjts
c dulb` ae`f`mss tdbt Gblms mxpmrem`jmf bimr dm dbf
omrem`fmf Oco.
: E wcukf cjus c` tdm spmjebk rmkbtec`sdep omtwmm` Gblms b`f
Oco, b`f wdbt b` blbze`n jdbrbjtmr Oco tdm jbt es.
= Xcsseokm b`swmrs
• Gc``em Xmbjcja, b nckf lmfbk-we``e`n Xbrbkylpej spre`tmr.
Dm dbf pbrt c des rendt kmn blputbtmf bimr jc`trbjte`n
lm`e`netes bnmf flvm, out wbs lbfm bwbrm c spcrts bvbekbokm
tc del wdm` dm bsamf wdbt dm lendt om bokm tc fc wetd b
prcstdmtej kmn wdekm e` dcspetbk. Dm suosmqum`tky orcam b wcrkf
rmjcrf omcrm we``e`n tdm Zullmr Xbrbkylpej 288 lmtrms
e` ?82?, b`f bnbe` wdm` dm sujjmssukky fmm`fmf des tetkm e`
?829.
• Blmrejb` pdekb`tdrcpest Lbnnem Fcy`m. C` dmr nbp ymbr,
Lbnnem lmt b sex ymbr-ckf nerk jbkkmf Delb, wdc wbs strunnke`n
tc survevm c` tdm kettkm lc`my sdm mbr`mf oy smkke`n orcam`
stc`ms. Lbnnem wbs e`spermf tc cu`f b sjdcck, jdekfrm`―s
dclm, wclm`―s
wclm`―s jm`trm b`f dmbktd jke`ej bimr lmmte`n Lbnnem,
wdekm Lbnnem `cw kevms e` @mpbk b`f wcras ukk-telm cr dmr
e`etebtevm, jbkkmf Acpekb Ybkkmy.
• Cprbd ^e`rmy wbs ocr` e`tc pcvmrty b`f dbf b trcuokmf
jdekfdccf. Zm`t bwby rcl dclm bnmf 26 oy dmr lctdmr,
Cprbd lcvmf e` wetd dmr btdmr, Ymr`c`,
Ymr`c`, e` @bsdvekkm,
@ bsdvekkm,
Vm``mssmm, b`f u`fmr des jbrm tdrevmf e` sjdcck, we``e`n b
u`evmrsety sjdckbrsdep omcrm kb`fe`n b gco bs tdm flrst okbja
mlbkm `mws b`jdcr cr kcjbk jdb``mk
jdb` `mk ^KBJ-VY.
^KBJ-VY. Dmr jbrmmr
okcssclmf rcl tdmrm b`f Cprbd es `cw c`m c tdm lcst
e`﬏um`tebk wclm` e` tdm wcrkf.
Ztufm`ts― cw` b`swmrs
2 Ztufm`ts― cw` b`swmrs.
? 2 b`y c tdcsm e` flrst smjtec`
? lbam b fe﬈mrm`jm/sbjrefljms/so―s fby
: fc nccf/b` bjt c ae`f`mss/b nccf tur`/so b bvcur
6 nevm so b dun/prbesm/b dmkpe`n db`f
=‚4 Ztufm`ts― cw` b`swmrs
5 m`fmbvcur
28 rmpmrjussec`
: Epmcpkm
tde`a tdbt ly tcw`
jb` jyjkm lcrmsdcukf
mbseky dbvm lcrm oejyjkm
b` f sbmky.
b`f pbtds sc tdbt
Bt tdm lclm`t, tdmrm
brm c`ky b mw pbtds, b`f tdes lbams jyjke`n quetm fb`nmrcus.
@ulmrcus strmmts jcukf om lcfeflmf tc e`jkufm jyjkm kb`ms
wetd c`ky le`cr bfgustlm`ts, wdekm ctdmr rcbfs wcukf rmquerm b
jclpkmtm trb`scrlbtec`. Bktdcund nmtte`n su﬊jem`t u`fe`n
e`crlmf c tdm luktetufm c om`mflts tdbt jyjke`n c﬈mrs, tdmy
wcukf om cpm` tc tdes bfvb`tbnmcus e`vmstlm`t.
6 Mllb, E―l E―l rmbkky wcrremf bocut ly orctdmr Lbtt. Dm―s
Dm―s su﬈mre`n
obfky rcl btenum. Dm―s omm` trye`n tc dckf fcw` b gco B@F
stufy pbrt telm cr b fmnrmm e` tdm mvm`e`ns. Dm rmbkky `mmfs tc
wmend up tdm prcs b`f jc`s, jc`te`ue`n tc fc tdes, ctdmrwesm
dm―kk bek bt octd. Dm jb`―t tbam cr nrb`tmf tdbt tdmrm wc`―t om
rmpmrjussec`s bt wcra e dm jc`te`ums
jc`te`u ms tc tbam telm c﬈. ^dbt
sdcukf E bfvesm del tc fc3
6
ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

2 2 lcst urnm`t, tdm lcst jdbkkm`ne`n 22 tdm lcst jcdmrm`t

? lcrm rmqum`tky, omttmr ? tdm lcst rmkebokm
: bstmst, `ct bs prmpbrmf bs : lcrm feslbymf
6 tdm omst, lcrm jc`jmr`mf 6 tdm lcst jcurbnmcus
= kmss, u`dmbktdemr (lcrm u`dmbktdy) = bs bst
? 2 J 9 kmss jbrmukky, lcrm tdcrcundky
? O ?2 Vdm urtdmr cut ycu swel, tdm jckfmr tdm wbtmr nmts.
: O ? E―l nmtte`n lcrm b`f lcrm wcrremf bocut Gb`e`m.
6 J : Vdes es tdm lcrm rmkmvb`t c tdm twc brtejkms / es c kmss
= B rmkmvb`jm tdb` tdm flrst brtejkm.
9J 6 Vdmrm wekk om kmss jclpmtetec` cr tdm pcsetec` tdb` tdmrm wbs
: 2 nmt et, dbvm
dbvm et kbst ymbr.
? kmt, wbs`―t bkkcwmf = Vdm urtdmst festb`jm E―vm mvmr ru` es ?= aekclmtrms.
: crjm, lbam : 2 keam
6 nmt, dmkp ? bs
6 2 lbae`n : Bs
? dbs 6 keam
: tc = bs
6 bimr 6 2 bs tdmrm dbf
= tdb` ? tcca ly jcllm`t bs b jretejesl
9b : bs e sdm dbtms
> bocut 6 kccas keam b` brtest
4 nct/dbf = trbe`mf bs b jdmlest
= E wbs rmjm`tky e`vckvmf
e`vckvmf wetd b prcgmjt e` cur kcjbk jcllu`ety 9 bs ycu a`cw
tdbt brrb`nms tc tbam dct ccf tc pmcpkm wdc brm mkfmrky cr = 2 lbfm, prclesm
dcusm-ocu`f. Et dbs omm` b vmry sujjmssuk prcgmjt. E wcra ? nmt, tc kcca
twejm b wmma. Et e`vckvms nce`n tc tdm aetjdm` tc dmkp wetd tdm : kmt, jcpy
ccf prmpbrbtec` b`f tdm` tbae`n tdm dct ccf tc tdm bssen`mf 6 m`bokmf, tc nmt
bffrmssms. Et―s bjtubkky nccf prcgmjt omjbusm tdm pmcpkm rmbkky = rmquerm, tc jc`sukt
bpprmjebtm et b`f b kct c tdml dbvm nccf stcrems tc tmkk ycu. E 9 Dbvm, jc`tbjt
tde`a et―s rmbkky lbfm tdml mmk lujd omttmr. Vdmy brm dmbktdemr > dmkps, mmk
omjbusm tdmy brm nmtte`n nccf ccf mvmry fby b`f tdmy brm 9 2 lb`y
dbppemr omjbusm tdmy dbvm sclmc`m tc jdbt tc. E dbvm tc sby E ? e`
rmbkky m`gcy et, lujd lcrm tdb` E tdcundt E wcukf, b`f E wcukf : wmrm
m`jcurbnm ycu bkk tc dmkp. 6 dbve`n
= tdmer
9 tc
> bs
4 lcrm

Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 =

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

]@EV 6 ZBLM C_ F EIIM

EIIM_M@V3
_M@V3
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 B pbrtejukbr nrcup c pmcpkm wetde` b scjemty b`f tdmer
omdbvecur, omkems, bjtevetems b`f stykm wdejd
wdej d usubkky fe﬈mr
rcl tdm lbe`strmbl scjemtbk `crls.
? pu`a rcjamr ‚ sclmc`m wdc keams pu`a lusej (b typm c kcuf
lusej pcpukbr e` tdm 25>8s b`f 2548s) b`f wmbrs tde`ns
= 2 nmt ly dmbf rcu`f
tdbt brm typejbk c et, sujd bs tcr` jkctdms, lmtbk jdbe`s, b`f
jckcurmf dber.
nctd ‚ bs scjebtmf wetd Nctd lusej (skcw sbf lusej pkbymf
c` mkmjtrej nuetbrs b`f amyocbrfs) b`f ckkcwe`n b bsdec` cr
pbkm sae`, fbra mym lbamup, b`f okbja cr purpkm jkctdms.
deppy ‚ sclmc`m, mspmjebkky e` tdm 2598s, wdc prclctmf kcvm
b`f pmbjm, cppcsmf veckm`jm pmbjmukky b`f ctm` wcrm kcrbk
pre`ts b`f kcts c ombfs, dbf kc`n dber, b`f tcca fruns
cr pkmbsurm 28 prmtm`tecus`mss
depstmr ‚ pmcpkm wetd urob` bktmr`btevm kemstykms, wdc cim` 9 Zunnmstmf b`swmrs
jbrm bocut m`verc`lm`t, sdu` oen orb`fs b`f lbe`strmbl
lusej1 tdmy brm cim` bsscjebtmf wetd dbve`n ombrfs, dcr`-
rellmf nkbssms b`f smjc`f-db`f jkctde`n.
: surmr ‚ suojukturm obsmf brcu`f surfl`n jukturm e`jkufe`n
kb`nubnm, kemstykm b`f bsdec` sujd bs ocbrf sdcrts b`f
oeae`es1 vmry pcpukbr e` Jbkecr`eb, Dbwbee b`f Bustrbkeb.
jcspkby ‚ bfukts
bfukts frmsse`n up bs fljtec`bk jdbrbjtmrs, usubkky
rcl Gbpb`msm b`elm cr lb`nb (Gbpb`msm jclej occas).
oeamrs ‚ b lctcrjyjke`n suojukturm wdejd e`jkufms okbja
kmbtdmr, ob`fb`bs, tbttccs, rcja lusej.
dep dcp ‚ b typm c pcpukbr jukturm tdbt omnb` blc`n ycu`n
Brejb`-Blmrejb`s e` oen jetems, wdejd e`jkufms dep dcp lusej,
fb`je`n, b`f nrb﬊te brt.
tmffy ocys ‚ b Oretesd suojukturm wdejd rcsm e` tdm 25=8s
bsscjebtmf wetd Mfwbrfeb` bsdec`s, gbzz b`f rcja―`―rckk lusej.
sae`dmbfs ‚ b ycu`n wdetm pmrsc` wdc dbs dber tdbt es jut vmry
2 2F ?J :B 6O
sdcrt, mspmjebkky c`m wdc omdbvms veckm`tky tcwbrfs pmcpkm c
ctdmr rbjms. ? 2 E` sm`tm`jm B, tdm prmsm`t jc`te`ucus es usmf tc cjus c` tdm
sabtm ‚ sabtmocbrfe`n jukturm.
6 Vdmy wb`t tc om fe﬈mrm`t. Vdmy wb`t tc rmomk bnbe`st scjemty.
scj emty.
Zcjemty e` nm`mrbk lby trmbt tdml wetd suspejec`, cr lby mmk
tdmy brm tdrmbtm`e`n omjbusm tdmy dbvm fe﬈mrm`t bppmbrb`jms,
dboets, cpe`ec`s, vbkums, mtj.
? Xcsseokm b`swmrs
Xmcpkm e` b suojukturm brm trye`n tc om ome`n fe﬈mrm`t b`f
rmomk bnbe`st scjemty.
scj emty. (B, J)
Zuojukturms brm fb`nmrcus tc scjemty. (O)
Vdm vmry tde`ns tdbt lbam suojukturm bfdmrm`ts u`equm, cim`
m`f up omjcle`n pcpukbr. (F)
6 2 B (O tbkas bocut pmcpkm wetd efmbs b`f vbkums, cim`
efmbkestej/ out b` bpprmjebtec` cr sclmtde`n cutsefm c
tdm lbe`strmbl. B sdbrms tdes efmb, sbye`n7 Obja e` ly
nrb`fpbrm`ts― fby et wbs tdm deppems wetd tdmer kcvm c pmbjm
b`f dbtrmf c veckm`jm. Vdmy ﬏cbtmf brcu`f e` abib`s b`f : 2 fcms`―t stbrt (prmsm`t selpkm cr sjdmfukmf mvm`ts)
ombfs, festreoute`n ﬏cwmrs mvmrywdmrm. @cokm tdcundts
e`fmmf.))
e`fmmf.
? J (B tbkas bocut suojukturms tdbt7 tde`a tdmy―rm fe﬈mrm`t rcl
mvmryc`m mksm. Vdes brtejkm dbs nct tdbt spct c`. J fesbnrmms,
sbye`n7 ^dy es et tdbt pmcpkm brm bkwbys e`seste`n (b
jc`vejtec` sc jkmbrky mxprmssmf oy tdm wretmr) tdbt tdcsm
wdc ckkcw pbrtejukbr trm`fs b`f kcca b oet fe﬈mrm`t rcl
tdmlsmkvms brm trye`n dbrf tc om u`equm b`f fe﬈mrm`t3 E` ly
cpe`ec`, tdm lbgcrety brm gust ckkcwe`n tdmer prmmrm`jms.)
prmmrm`jms .)
: F (J tde`as7 Nrbfubkky, trm`fs fem cut b`f ctdmrs tbam tdmer
pkbjm ‚ b tctbkky
tctbkky `bturbk
`bturbk crfmr
crfmr c b fmvmkcpe`n
fmvmkcpe`n scjemty
scjemty. F sbys7
B`f tdm`
tdm` tdm jyjkm
jyjkm wekk rmpmbt
rmpmbt etsmk
etsmk bs b`ctdmr
b`ctdmr re`nm
re`nm jukturm
jukturm
ormbas bwby.)
6 O (Ctdmrs fmsjreom tdm suojukturms bs b` erretb`t. O vemws
tdml bs b tdrmbt7 —Et―s fe﬈mrm`t, sc et lust om wrc`n, et lust
om fb`nmrcus,
fb` nmrcus,―― tdmy tde`a.)
tde`a.)
? spct c`
: fesfbe`
6 stb`jm
= `crls
9 fc (tdml) fcw`
> purpcrt
4 femdbrfs
5 usdmr e`
2 Lcst pmcpkm brm erretbtmf oy suojukturms omjbusm suojukturms
wb`t tc om fe﬈mrm`t b`f tdes upsmts tdm —`crl―, wdekm sclm
lbe`tbe` tdbt suojukturms, e` ome`n fe﬈mrm`t, prmsm`t b tdrmbt
b`f e`stek mbr
mbr,, dcwmvmr u`e`tm`tec`bkky.
? Zuojukturms dbvm bkwbys mxestmf e` rmjm`t telms, e`jkufe`n
deppems (wdc bfvcjbtmf pmbjm b`f kcvm), b`f bttrbjtmf pmcpkm
wdc wb`tmf metdmr tc rmomk bnbe`st wdbt wbs jc`sefmrmf
scjemty―s `crl cr selpky e`tmrmstmf e` tdm bjjmsscrems c tdm
suojukturm, e.m. tdm bsdec` bsscjebtmf wetd et.
: Vdm brtejkm rmmrm`jmf e` tdm jcllm`ts bppmbrs tc dbvm
tbam` tdm lbgcrety vemw tdbt suojukturms tdrmbtm` tdm stboekety
c scjemty b`f jc`sest c pmcpkm wdcsm lbe` bel es tc om
spmjebk b`f rmomkkecus, out e` tdm m`f, kcsm tdmer u`equm`mss bs
ctdmrs gce`.
rmsukt c b rmnukbr bjtevety, wdmrmbs e` O, tdm prmsm`t selpkm es
usmf tc sdcw tde`ns tdbt brm trum b`f ckkcw c` e` b `bturbk
crfmr.
? E` sm`tm`jm B, tdm prmsm`t selpkm es usmf tc rmmr tc tdm
wretmr―s purpcsm cr jc`tm`t, wdmrmbs e` O, tdm jc`te`ucus
crl cjusms c` b prmsm`t bjtevety e` prcnrmss.
: E` sm`tm`jm B, kcvm es b stbtevm vmro b`f e`fejbtms sclmtde`n
tdbt es bkwbys trum, wdmrmbs e` O, tdm jc`te`ucus crl es usmf
jckkcquebkky tc cjus c` tdm lclm`t.
6 E` sm`tm`jm B, tdm prmsm`t jc`te`ucus es usmf tc sby tdbt
b` bjtevety es e` tdm prcjmss c jdb`nm, wdmrmbs e` O, tdm
prmsm`t selpkm sdcws tdbt et es b nm`mrbk trutd b`f b `bturbk
prcnrmssec`.
= E` sm`tm`jm B, tdm prmsm`t selpkm es usmf tc fmsjreom b
frblbtej e`jefm`t, b`f e` O et es usmf e` b dmbfke`m tc bttrbjt
rmbfmrs.
? jclpeke`n (prmsm`t jc`te`ucus cr b` bjtec` e` prcnrmss)
: nmtte`n (prmsm`t jc`te`ucus wetd bkwbys tc jc`vmy `mnbtevety,
tdm spmbamr mmks scrry cr tdm dclmkmss lb` nmtte`n lcvmf)
6 E―l tde`ae`n (prmsm`t jc`te`ucus, usmf jckkcquebkky wetd b
stbtevm vmro)
= ―s omm` ocrrcwe`n (prmsm`t pmrmjt selpkm cr sclmtde`n tdbt
stbrtmf e` tdm pbst b`f es stekk jc`te`ue`n)

Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 2

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

6 2 dbs jclm = : (b rmbsc`) O (^dbt dm sunnmstmf wbs tdbt ome`n sclmocfy

? ―l wbete`n mksm cr twm`ty-mendt fbys wcukf bkkcw del e`sendts e`tc tdm
: ―l nmtte`n fmobtm cvmr wdmtdmr `bturm cr `urturm jbusms b pmrsc` tc om
6 Dbvm E fc`m dcw tdmy brm. E` bjt, et wm`t urtdmr tdb` tdbt omjbusm Ibref
= Bl E wmbre`n dcpmf tc smm wdmtdmr dm wcukf stbrt tde`ae`n keam tdm ctdmr
9 ―vm omm` rmbfe`n up/―vm rmbf up pmrsc` …)
> ―vm frmssmf 6 (b mmke`n) B (E
(E wbs`―t jc`ve`jmf et wcukf om usmuk.)
usmuk.)
4 es bkwbys tmkke`n = (b prcokml) J (Oy (Oy tdm telm E―vm jbundt up wetd wdbt rem`fs
5 sbys brm fce`n c`ke`m b`f wbtjdmf sclm tmkmvesec`, E fc`―t dbvm
28 ―l prcgmjte`n lujd spbjm kmi cvmr cr ly cw` kem.) kem. )
22 bppmbr 9 (b purpcsm) B (Out
(Out fc`―t ycu tde`a et―s tdm sblm wetd occas …
2? dbs nevm` E lmb`, ycu jb` kcsm ycursmk e` b nccf stcry b`f msjbpm rcl
2: ―l kccae`n rmbk kem ‚ tdbt―s
tdbt―s omm` trum cr jm`turems ‚ pmcpkm kcvm stcrems.
stcrems.))
26 dbvm`―t jkmb`mf 9 2B ?F :J 6O =M
> 2 E kcvm kmbr`e`n bocut ctdmr pmcpkm―s
pmcp km―s kemstykms,
kemstykms, E suppcsm et―s sc
E jb` tbam c` oets b`f pemjms c bfvejm tc elprcvm ly cw` wby
? Zunnmstmf b`swmrs c fce`n tde`ns. B` mxblpkm c sclmtde`n E―l rmbkky bsje`btmf
occtjut gmb`s, fmsen`mr tcp, mlorcefmrmf wbestjcbt, bfmf oy es Vel Imrress―s cur-dcur wcra wmma. Obsejbkky, dm dbs smt up
V-sdert, flvm-e`jd dmmks, ﬏brmf trcusmrs, kcuf gulpmr, pkmbtmf
pkmbtmf saert,
saer t, b `ulomr c slbkk ouse`mssms wdejd ru` tdmlsmkvms wetd c`ky
reppmf/tcr` gmb`s, sjru﬈y gbjamt, sdbooy occts, saelpy frmss, cur dcurs c e`put rcl del sc dm jb` trbvmk tdm wcrkf b`f
stykesd frmss fc wdbt dm keams. ^dbt b kemstykm!
: selekbr7 bnm, kcvm c jkctdms, tde`a tdm sblm, sblm db`fwrete`n E―f fmsjreom lysmk bs vbnumky e`tmrmstmf, lcrm bocut tdm
fe﬈mrm`t7 dber jckcur, jduooy bjm, Mllb kccas keam Fbf, Lbffy kemstykms c ly bleky b`f rem`f―s tdb` jmkmoretems. E jcukf`―t
dbs Lul―s jdbrbjtmr jbrm kmss bocut wdbt orb`f c prctme` sdbam cr tcctdorusd
6 2 tdmer btdmr sclm bjtcr usms,
usm s, cr mxblpkm. Jmkmoretems cim` smml tc dbvm
? tdmer lctdmr jrbzy b`f mxpm`sevm kemstykms tdbt E jb`―t rmbkky rmkbtm tc.
: tdm twe`s ? Vdbt―s b tcund qumstec`. C` c`m db`f, E vbkum b`f bpprmjebtm
6 lc`my spm`t c` tdm wretmr―s jkctdms e` b ymbr dbve`n rem`fs wdc brm c` tdm mxbjt sblm wbvmkm`ntd. E fl`f
= tdmer omdbvecur tdbt wdm` E a`cw rem`fs sdbrm ly pce`t c vemw, b`f sm`sm
9 tdm twe`s― db`fwrete`n c dulcur, E jb` rmkbx lcrm mbseky b`f gust om lysmk. C`
= 2 e`feste`nuesdbokm ? spette`n elbnm : e`fevefubkety tdm ctdmr db`f, E fmfl`etmky m`gcy lmmte`n pmcpkm wdc dbvm
6 jc`sestm`t = mquevbkm`t 9 b jbroc` jcpy b fe﬈mrm`t wby bt kccae`n bt tde`ns. Et―s e`tmrmste`n tc dmbr
9 2 sy`c`ylcus ? wcrkf : wbvmkm`ntd 6 stb`fe`n fe﬈mrm`t pmrspmjtevms b`f efmbs.
= rmomkkecus 9 uprcbr > tbam 4 flt 5 jry 28 b`c`ylety
> Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 2 c`ms (B)
2 fmkeomrbtmky ncms bnbe`st rukms cr `crls.
? fce`n sc (J, F)
? m`gcys tdm prevbjy c `cocfy a`cwe`n des/dmr `blm cr
: b`y (O)
rmjcn`ese`n del/dmr.
6 `ct (M)
: keams tc om fe﬈mrm`t rcl mvmryc`m mksm.
= fef tcc (J)
6 jbusmf ctdmrs tc om sdcjamf b`f prctmst.
9 sc (F)
= dbs b fe﬈mrm`t pmrspmjtevm rcl ctdmr pmcpkm/kccas bt tde`ns
? Vdm Gcdbre we`fcw es b tmjd`equm tc dmkp pmcpkm omttmr
e` b fe﬈mrm`t
f e﬈mrm`t wby.
wby.
9 dbs selekbr cpe`ec`s b`f mmke`ns tc ycu. u`fmrstb`f tdmer rmkbtec`sdep wetd tdmlsmkvms b`f ctdmrs. Ucu
> kccas vmry selekbr. brm nevm` b kest c smvmrbk bfgmjtevms cut c wdejd ycu `mmf tc
peja tdm bfgmjtevms sclm tdbt fmsjreom
fm sjreom ycur pmrsc`bkety. Ucur
rem`fs tdm` nmt tdm sblm kest, b`f mbjd rem`f pejas bfgmjtevms
2 Xcsseokm b`swmr tdbt fmsjreom ycu. Vdmsm bfgmjtevms nc e`tc ^e`fcw 2. Bfgmjtevms
smkmjtmf c`ky oy ycu out `ct b`y c ycur rem`fs ctdmrs/b`yc`m
E wcukf om ly kcjbk pcketejeb` cr b fby. Et wcukf gulp bt tdm
mksm nc e`tc ^e`fcw ? ‚ b`f ycu jb` jdccsm wdmtdmr tc tmkk
jdb`jm tc b﬈mjt jdb`nm b`f lbam kcjbk pmcpkm―s kevms omttmr.
ycur rem`fs bocut tdes. E ycu fc`―t tmkk tdml `ct, tdm` tdm
E wcukf bksc keam tc mxpmrem`jm wdbt et―s keam tc om b pcketejeb`
bfgmjtevms rmlbe` deffm`. Bfgmjtevms tdbt brm `ct smkmjtmf oy ycu
bs E suspmjt et―s `ct bs bkwbys mbsy tc lbam jdb`nms e` rmbkety.
out c`ky smkmjtmf oy rem`fs nc e`tc ^e`fcw :. Bfgmjtevms tdbt
E―f keam tc fl`f cut wdbt et es tdbt cim` prmvm`ts pmcpkm e` kcjbk
wmrm c` tdm crene`bk kest out `ct smkmjtmf oy metdmr ycur rem`fs
ncvmr`lm`t rcl ome`n bokm tc tur` tdmer efmbs e`tc rmbk pckejems
cr ycu nc e`tc ^e`fcw 6.
c`jm tdmy nmt mkmjtmf.
: Zdm wbs lctevbtmf oy `ct ome`n surm c wdc sdm wbs.
? kestm`e`n cr7 rmbsc`s, omkems b`f bttetufms
6 2 es (tc lbtjd tdm prmsm`t tm`sm dbvm mbrkemr e` tdm sm`tm`jm1
wcrfs e` tdm qumstec`s7 2 wdy, tde`a, dcpmf
e`vmrsec` bimr tdm wd-
wd-jkbusm
jkbusm wdbt tdmer efm`tety es)es)
: Ums. ? `ct (tdm smjc`f pbrt c tdm sm`tm`jm tmkks us tdbt tdm
6 2 J (E suspmjt sdm wb`tmf tc smm e b` butdcr―s nm`fmr lmb`t et jdekf lby mmk keam tdmy fc`―t flt e`, e`fejbte`n et es`―t
sckf lcrm jcpems.) strbendtcrwbrf)
? B (… pmcpkm rmspmjt dmr cr wb`te`n tc rmjmevm dc`mst : wetd (tdm pdrbsbk vmro nrcw up tbams tdm prmpcsetec` wetd
jretejesl. B`f sdm―s rmbkky tremf tc fc sclmtde`n
sclmtde` n fe﬈mrm`t ‚ omcrm pmcpkm)
E tde`a tdm stcry―s
stcr y―s quetm u`usubk … Nccf cr dmr ‚ sdm 6 bs (bs
(bs b/b` es b pdrbsm usmf wdm` sclmc`m es e` b pbrtejukbr
jcukf―vm gust wrettm` lcrm c tdm sblm b`f omm` surm c bnm nrcup, m.n. Bs b(`) jdekf/
jdekf/bfukt,
bfukt, dm kcvmf
kcvmf pbe`te`n.
pbe`te`n.))
dmr e`jclm!)

Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 ?

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

= dmr (dmr
(dmr rmmrs tc tdm blcus bjtrmss wdc dbs omm` rmmrrmf B7 @c, c` tdm jc`trbry, wdbt E lmb`t wbs tdbt tdmrm lby om sclm
tc bs Zdm mbrkemr e` tdm sm`tm`jm) prmgufejm tcwbrfs dmr tdbt sdm wcukf dbvm dbf tc dbvm jcpmf
9 e` (tdm pdrbsbk vmro nrcw up tbams tdm prmpcsetec` e` wdm` wetd. Icr mxblpkm, pmcpkm lendt dbvm tdcundt sdm wbs`―t bs
tbkae`n bocut b pkbjm) jbpbokm bs b` ckfmr pmrsc`. B`f tdmrm brm stekk rmkbtevmky mw
> sc (tdm wretmr es suostetute`n tdm mxprmssec` tbam up bjte`n)
bjte`n) mlbkm ouse`mss kmbfmrs jclpbrmf tc lbkm, sc E numss E―l
4 dbve`n (pbrt c dbve`n tc < et ome`n `mjmssbry tc1
tc 1 tdm -e`n crl sbye`n sdm lendt dbvm tc jclm up bnbe`st sclm prmgufejm.
es `mmfmf bimr tdm prmpcsetec` c) O7 Jcukf E gust bff sclmtde`n dmrm3 E tde`a ycu`n mlbkm
= Xcsseokm b`swmrs mxmjutevms lendt bksc om fmkeomrbtmky fesjrele`btmf
? Efmbs e`jkufm kestm`e`n, rmbfe`n cr wbtjde`n jc`tm`t wrettm` bnbe`st fure`n tdmer jbrmmr e` jbsm tdmy dbvm jdekfrm`.
oy fevmrsm pmcpkm, pmrsc`bkety tmsts (m.n. tdm Lymrs Orenns
Or enns Cutfbtmf tde`ae`n!
tmst), bsae`n pmcpkm bocut tdmlsmkvms. B7 Zpmbae`n c jdekfrm`, wdbt wcukf om tdm jdbkkm`nms om cr b
tm`-ymbr-ckf lusejbk nm`eus3
O7 E tde`a et wcukf om dbrf tc flt e` wetd pmmrs c ycur cw` bnm,
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs omjbusm ycu dbvm tdes spmjebk tbkm`t tdbt ctdmr jdekfrm` fc`―t
Vdcr, ^c`fmr ^clb`, Jbptbe` Blmrejb, Zpefmrlb`, u`fmrstb`f cr lendt om gmbkcus c.
Okbja ^efcw, Okbja Xb`tdmr B7 Ucu―f dbvm tc nmt cvmr tdbt, b`f om prmpbrmf tc stb`f cut cu t
Vdcr, cr mxblpkm, es tbkk, okc`f, strc`n b`f orbvm ‚ keam b b`f om fe﬈mrm`t. Ucu―
Ucu―f
f dbvm tc kmbr` tc jcpm wetd b kct c
stmrmctypejbkky —efmbk lb`―.
lb`―. Bkk brm jcurbnmcus
jcurbnmcu s wetd b spmjebk prmssurm, tcc. Vdm prmssurm c keve`n up tc pmcpkm―s dcpms cr
nei cr pcwmr b`f sbvm tdm wcrkf. ycur uturm.
O7 B`f tdes kbst c`m, dbvm ycu tdcundt bocut tdm jdbkkm`nms c
? 2 nce`n ? kevm : stb`fe`n, jcle`n 6 nmt = nmt 9 nce`n
b cctobkkmr omcrm3 C`m rcl b fmprevmf `mendocurdccf3
> nce`n 4 jbtjd 5 jclms
B7 E dbvm`―t tdcundt bocut tdbt omcrm. E―l `ct rmbkky surm
: 2 jclm up bnbe`st ? nmt bwby wetd : nce`n c` bocut out lbyom sdm cr dm wekk dbvm dbf tc cvmrjclm lbtmrebk
6 kevm up tc = nmt cut c fesbfvb`tbnm e` crfmr tc omjclm sujjmssuk.
6 2 O (pbrt c tdm smt pdrbsm e` tur` ) : Xcsseokm b`swmr
? J (kcca up tc < bflerm b`f rmspmjt) B7 Vdmrm es `c
` c c`m b`swmr tc tdbt. Dcwmvmr,
Dcwmvmr, E tde`a et wcukf
: O (m`db`jmf < lbfm omttmr) fmpm`f c` tdm pmrsc`―s pmrsc`bkety lcrm tdb` b`ytde`n.
6 F (kcnejbk
(kcnejbk prcnrmssec` es b jckkcjbtec`) O7 B`f dcw bocut ycur suppcrt `mtwcra3 E ycu―rm bje`n
= B (stb`f
( stb`f up cr < suppcrt) costbjkms out dbvm b nccf suppcrt `mtwcra jcukf lbam bkk
9 O (blc`nst ctdmrs < tdmrm brm lcrm) tdm fe﬈mrm`jm tc wdmtdmr ycu stb`f strc`n cr nevm up.
> B ((stby
stby bwby rcl < bvcef) B7 E wcukf bnrmm wetd tdbt. E―vm dmbrf tdbt ycu jb` kmbr` sclm
4 F (tbka
(tbka fcw` tc < pbtrc`esm) rmsekem`jm strbtmnems tc dmkp fmbk wetd tdm ups b`f fcw`s
c kem.
O7 Ums, bktdcund sclm pmcpkm fmfl`etmky smml tc om ocr` wetd
? Xcsseokm b`swmr
b` mxtrb fcsm c pcsetevety b`f fmtmrle`btec` wdejd dmkps
B7 Zc, wm―rm
wm―rm kccae`n bt jdbkkm`nms,
j dbkkm`nms, wdbt―s ycur tde`ae`n c`
nmt tdml tdrcund.
tdm ae`fs c jdbkkm`nm b jclmfeb` e` b wdmmkjdber lendt
6 2 Ztufm`ts― cw` b`swmrs.
dbvm bjmf3
? J (^m a`cw tdes omjbusm tdm flrst jb`fefbtm sbys, Vdbt―s b
O7 E―f sby tdm dbrfmst tde`n cr b`y jclmfeb` es fmbke`n wetd
rmbkky nccf qumstec` e` b`swmr tc tdm Mxble`mr―s qumstec`.
b tcund bufem`jm wdc gust wc`―t kbund. ^dmmkjdber cr `c
Vdm` wdm` tdm flrst jb`fefbtm dbs lbfm b pce`t, tdm smjc`f
wdmmkjdber!
jb`fefbtm e`tmrrupts b`f sbys, Ums, e E jb` jclm e` dmrm … …))
B7 Ucu―rm prcoboky rendt! E numss dm cr sdm wcukf dbvm tc tde`a
bocut wdmtdmr tdm vm`ums tdmy wmrm pmrcrle`n e` wmrm
bjjmsseokm, tdm scrt c tde`n tdbt sclm pmcpkm lendt tbam
2 Zunnmstmf fmfl`etec` c luktejukturbkesl7 tdm omkem tdbt et es
cr nrb`tmf.
elpcrtb`t b`f nccf tc e`jkufm pmcpkm cr efmbs rcl lb`y
B7 Fc ycu lmb` stbers b`f tcekmts b`f tde`ns keam tdbt3
O7 Mxbjtky. E lmb`, elbne`m ycu―rm bt b jclmfy jkuo wetd b` cpm` femrm`t jcu`trems, rbjms, cr rmkenec`s.
lej `endt, b`f ycu wb`t tc nmt up tc pmrcrl out tdmrm brm : 2 ]sm b crlbk cr smle-crlbk
smle-crlbk stykm1 e`jkufm bkk pce`ts e` tdm
c`ky stbers up tc tdm stbnm, et fcms`―t lbam tde`ns mbsy, fcms et3 tbsa1 e`jkufm b jkmbr brnulm`t wetd rmbsc`s b`f mxblpkms1
B7 B`f bff tc tdbt kelets tdbt ctdmr pmcpkm lendt elpcsm bs crnb`esm tdm wrete`n e`tc pbrbnrbpds1 e`jkufm b` e`trcfujtec`
wmkk. Xmcpkm lendt lestbam`ky tde`a, —Cd sdm―s
sdm―s e` b wdmmkjdber, b`f jc`jkusec`1 jc`sefmr tdm bufem`jm1 usm ke`ae`n mxprmssec`s
sdm jb`―t om tdm pmrcrlmr―, b`f tdmy wcukf om nuekty c tc jc``mjt efmbs.
stmrmctype`n, c jcursm. ? B fesjussec` c twc wbys c kmbr`e`n bocut ctdmr jukturms,
O7 E numss b Xbrbkylpej nckf lmfbkkest lendt dbvm cvmrjclm sclm pkus smkmjt tdm lcst elpcrtb`t wby b`f nevm rmbsc`s.
selekbr jdbkkm`nms rmkbte`n tc bjjmsseoekety b`f stmrmctype`n. = Xbrbnrbpd 2 ‚ (purpcsm) e`trcfujm tdm tcpej bs e` tdm tbsa
B7 E―f bnrmm wetd tdbt. E―f
E―f bksc bff
bf f dmrm tdbt E―vm
E ―vm dmbrf tdbt et―s b out e` cw` wcrfs1 (cjus) wdy kmbr`e`n bocut ctdmr jukturms
jdbkkm`nm cr Xbrbkylpeb`s tc nmt spc`scrsdep b`f u`fe`n … es elpcrtb`t
O7 Vc gulp e` dmrm, E tde`a tdbt―s rmkbtmf tc tdm bjt tdbt tdmy Xbrbnrbpd ? ‚ (purpcsm) tc fmsjreom c`m wby c kmbr`e`n c
fc`―t bkwbys nmt bs lujd lmfeb jcvmrbnm bs ctdmr Ckylpeb`s kmbr`e`n bocut ctdmr jukturms wetd cpe`ec` b`f mxblpkms1 (cjus)
fmspetm ome`n e`jrmfeokm btdkmtms. stufye`n kb`nubnms bt sjdcck
B7 @cw tc lcvm c` tc tdm ycu`n mlbkm jdem j dem mxmjutevm, E tde`a Xbrbnrbpd : ‚ (purpcsm) tc fmsjreom b`ctdmr wby c kmbr`e`n
sdm lendt dbvm dbf tc fmbk wetd essums rmkbte`n tc dmr ycutd bocut ctdmr jukturms wetd cpe`ec` b`f mxblpkms1 (cjus)
b`f dmr nm`fmr. kestm`e`n tc spmbamrs rcl b rb`nm c jcllu`etems
O7 Brm ycu sbye`n tdbt ome`n b ycu`n wclb` fcms`―t lbam ycu
b nccf ouse`mss kmbfmr3

Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 :

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU
Xbrbnrbpd 6 ‚ (purpcsm) sdbrm ycur cpe`ec` (wetd rmbsc`s) c`
tdm omst wby tc kmbr` bocut ctdmr jukturms cut c tdm twc wbys
nevm` bocvm1 (cjus) m`surm stufm`ts brm prmpbrmf cr tdm uturm
Xbrbnrbpd = ‚ (purpcsm) sullbresm ycur cpe`ec` e` b fe﬈mrm`t
wby1 (cjus) kmbr`e`n bt sjdcck bkkcws b wefm mxpkcrbtec` rcl b
ycu`n bnm
9 Zunnmstmf b`swmrs
2 E omkemvm tdbt tdm lcst sujjmssuk lmtdcf es …
? Et es jrujebk tc tde`a bocut …
: Xmcpkm vbry e` tdmer pce`ts c vemw …
6 E` ly cpe`ec` tdm lcst m﬈mjtevm wby …
= E` jc`jkusec`1 Cvmrbkk …
> Xcsseokm b`swmrs
jcllu`etems7 nrcups, pmcpkm, scjemty
fe﬈mrm`t7 fevmrsm, u`bkeam, feste`jtevm, smpbrbtm
nkcobk7 wcrkfwefm, e`tmr`btec`bk, u`evmrsbk
kemstykm7 wby c kem, mvmryfby kem, rcute`m
u`fmrstb`fe`n7 tckmrb`jm, bpprmjebtec`, a`cwkmfnm, bwbrm`mss
mxbl tep
Vdm jurrejukul sdcukf dbvm b smjtec` tdbt bkkcws stufm`ts tc
stufy ctdmr jukturms omjbusm E tde`a wdbt tdmy stufy dbs b kct c
e`﬏um`jm c` stufm`ts.
stufm`ts. ↟ Et wcukf om b nccf efmb e pbrt c tdm
jurrejukul nbvm stufm`ts tdm cppcrtu`ety tc kmbr` bocut ctdmr
jukturms bs stufy dbs b nrmbtmr elpbjt c` stufm`ts.
E ycu`n pmcpkm jb` nc b`f veset ctdmr jcllu`etems, tdmy jb`
bjtubkky tbka tc pmcpkm e` tdcsm jcllu`etems wdmtdmr tdes es
b`ctdmr jukturm cr selpky b`ctdmr wby c kem.
↟ Ztufm`ts wcukf dbvm tdm cptec` c spmbae`n tc pmcpkm rcl
ctdmr jcllu`etems e tdmy wmrm bkkcwmf tc veset tdcsm nrcups tdbt
dbf fe﬈mrm`t jukturms cr wdc kevmf e` b fe﬈mrm`t wby.
B spmbamr
spmbamr es cim`
cim` b nccf
nccf rmprmsm`tbt
rmprmsm`tbtevm
evm c b jcllu`ety
jcllu`ety b`f jb`
b`swmr qumstec`s mbseky.
↟ Xmcpkm wdc spmba cr tdmer jcllu`etems usubkky rmprmsm`t tdml
wmkk b`f brm bksc bokm tc rmspc`f tc qumstec`s lcrm rmbfeky.
5 Lcfmk b`swmr
Keam lb`y pmcpkm tcfby, E jc`sefmr lysmk kujay tc dbvm tdm
cppcrtu`ety tc kevm e` b luktejukturbk scjemty wdejd es b lmkte`n
pct c pmcpkm wetd fevmrsm jukturbk prbjtejms. Zbfky, sclm pmcpkm
fc `ct sdbrm ly m`tdusebsl, b`f jc`smqum`tky lb`y pmcpkm
mxpmrem`jm prmgufejm fum tc xm`cpdcoeb. Kmbr`e`n bocut ctdmr
jukturms es b` m﬈mjtevm wby tc jclobt tdes prcokml.
C`m om`mflt c kmbr`e`n bocut ctdmr jukturms es tdbt et sdcws
pmcpkm tdbt tdmrm brm b rb`nm c vbkef wbys tc fc tde`ns rbtdmr
tdb` c`ky c`m rendt wby. Icr
Icr mxblpkm, jukturbk prbjtejms lby vbry
wdm` et jclms tc ccf, lb``mrs b`f jkctde`n. Oy kmbr`e`n bocut
fe﬈mrm`t wbys c fce`n tde`ns, pmcpkm―s kevms brm m`rejdmf b`f
pmrspmjtevms orcbfm`mf.
B`ctdmr om`mflt es tdbt lutubk kmbr`e`n tm`fs tc kmbf tc nrmbtmr
tckmrb`jm c fe﬈mrm`jms. Xmcpkm tm`f tc om wbry c tdm u`a`cw`.
Umt, bimr kmbr`e`n bocut ctdmr jukturms, tdmy jb` jclm tc
bpprmjebtm b`f mvm` jmkmorbtm fe﬈mrm`jms.
E` ly vemw, tdm lcst elpcrtb`t om`mflt es nrmbtmr bjjmptb`jm
omtwmm` nrcups c pmcpkm. Vdes es omjbusm dbve`n mlpbtdy b`f
tckmrb`jm cr pmcpkm fe﬈mrm`t tc cursmkvms es vetbk cr b pmbjmuk
scjemty.
Cvmrbkk, E tde`a tdbt tdm lcrm pmcpkm brm mxpcsmf tc ctdmr
jukturms, tdm lcrm bjjmpte`n tdmy
td my brm keamky tc om. Vdes lmb`s
kmbr`e`n bocut ctdmr jukturms es mxtrmlmky wcrtdwdekm, octd cr
tdm e`fevefubk b`f tdm jcllu`ety bs b wdckm.
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824
?@F MFEVEC@ J2
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2
• croeffm` kcvm m.n. bspmjts c _clmc b`f Gukemt dbvm omm`
rmusmf bjrcss ketmrbturm, flkl, tmkmvesec` se`jm ets jrmbtec`.
• jc`﬏ejt b`f jc`﬏ejt rmsckutec` bppmbr e` bkk stcrems bocut
wbr cr jrelm m.n. pckejm VY smrems
• treobk revbkry
r evbkry m.n. ^mstmr`s, Nblm c Vdrc`ms
• pcketejs b`f pcwmr7 m.n. b pcwmruk flnurm―s bkk rcl b nrmbt
dmendt fum tc pmrsc`bk ﬏bws (pcwmr jcrrupts) m.n. Ctdmkkc
Ctdmkkc,,
Dcusm c Jbrfs
? Vdmsm stcryke`ms jrcp up rmpmbtmfky omjbusm tdmy ekkustrbtm
u`fmrkye`n psyjdckcnejbk trutds bocut tdm dulb` jc`fetec`,
b`f sc jb` dmkp tc prcvefm b`swmrs tc vemwmrs― cw` pbrtejukbr
qumstec`s cr essums.
: Bkk dulb`s dbvm selekbr mxpmrem`jms, wdbtmvmr tdmer
objanrcu`f cr jukturbk efm`tety.
? Ockkywccf. Octd @ckkywccf b`f Ockkywccf prcfujm lcrm flkls
pmr ymbr tdb` Dckkywccf.
: 2 Dm mmks tdbt sclm brm tcc jclcrtbokm lbae`n kcw qubkety
flkls omjbusm tdmy smm flkl bs b lmb`s c lbae`n lc`my.
Jc`trbste`nky, Au`km kevms cr flkllbae`n.
? J Dm nrmw up e` Kc`fc`, out es bokm tc trbvmk cim` tc @enmreb
sc dm jb` orefnm jukturbk fe﬈mrm`jms mbseky.
6 Xcsseokm b`swmr
2 Oretesd je`mlb es fevmrsm, b`f es nmtte`n omttmr bt rmprmsm`te`n
b nrmbtmr vbremty c jetezm`s b`f stcrems c` sjrmm`, e` fe﬈mrm`t
stykms. Jclmfems stekk tm`f tc mxbnnmrbtm setubtec`s, wdejd jb`
festcrt rmbkety, out tdmy jb` om m﬈mjtevm bt pm`mtrbte`n tdm
dmbrt c tdm Oretesd le`f-smt7 b fry sm`sm c dulcur, vbkue`n
bleky bocvm bkk mksm, b`f `ct tbae`n tdmlsmkvms tcc smrecusky.
? Ztufm`ts― cw` b`swmrs.
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 gmb`s7 occtjut, mlorce
mlorcefmrmf,
fmrmf, bfmf, ﬏brmf, reppmf, sjur﬈y
sjur﬈y,,
stykesd.
Blc`n ycu`n pmcpkm e` ly brmb, E tde`a reppmf gmb`s brm tdm
lcst jcllc` bt tdm lclm`t b`f tdm kmbst jcllc` brm
﬏brmf.
? jbroc` jcpy c, jclpbteokm wetd, jc`sestm`t wetd, mquevbkm`t
tc, efm`tejbk tc, e`feste`nuesdbokm rcl, c` tdm sblm
wbvmkm`ntd bs, spette`n elbnm c, sy`c`ylcus
Lcst pmcpkm e` cur jkbss jdcsm c` tdm sblm wbvmkm`ntd,
wbvmkm`ntd,
omjbusm et es b` e`tmrmste`n efecl tc fmsjreom wdm` ycu rmbkky
kcca bt tde`ns e` tdm sblm wby bs sclmc`m mksm.
C`ky c`m pmrsc` kestmf sy`c`ylcus
sy`c`ylcus,, pmrdbps omjbusm et es b
lcrm crlbk wcrf.
: b br jry rcl, b wcrkf c fe﬈mrm`jm omtwmm`, c` b fe﬈mrm`t
wbvmkm`ntd
? Ztufm`ts― cw` b`swmrs.
: 2 stb`f
? nmt
: jblm
6 nmt
= nce`n
9 rmbf
6 Xcsseokm b`swmr
B7 Et―s b okbja bjjmsscry tdbt sclm Oretesd pmcpkm wcrm c` tdmer
dmbf bs bsdec` b `ulomr c ymbrs bnc. Et jblm tc sylockesm
tdm stmrmctypejbk M`nkesdlb`.
O7 Es et b ocwkmr dbt3
6
ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

2 2 omjbusm dm―s bkwbys

bkwbys fesbnrmme`n wetd dmr/omjbusm dm smms kem 2 2 omm` tde`ae`n
fe﬈mrm`tky ? es bkwbys bsae`n, `mvmr kestm`s
? omjbusm tdmy tde`a fe﬈mrm`tky/Omjbusm et―s `ct wcrtd tbkae`n : bkwbys bsas, rmspmjt
bocut tdm prcokml 6 E―l jc`sefmre`n, rukmf
: Dm pkbys kcuf lusej wdekm dm―s stufye`n = E jc`sefmr
6 tc set fcw` b`f tbka/tc spket stufy telms 9 jdb`nmf
? (Vdm jc`te`ucus vmros brm e` ockf.) ? Jc`vmrsbtec` 27
B7 Ly orctdmr es freve`n lm lbf. Dm―s bkwbys fesbnrmme`n wetd 2 dmbr
lm. ^m smm kem sc fe﬈mrm`tky. ? ob`ns
O7 ^mkk, wdy fc ycu octdmr tbkae`n bocut et3 E lmb` e ycu a`cw : fcms`―t mvm` try / es `ct mvm` trye`n
ycu tde`a fe﬈mrm`tky tdm` et―s `ct wcrtd fesjusse`n, es et3 6 bkks
B7 Umbd, out bs wm brm octd keve`n bt dclm, et―s b``cye`n tdbt = a`cjas
dm―s nct b jclpkmtmky fe﬈mrm`t telmtbokm tc lm. Dm pkbys 9 es sdcute`n
kcuf lusej wdekm dm―s stufye`n ‚ b`f dm fcms`―t tde`a bocut > dbs omm` nrcu`fmf
b`yocfy mksm e` tdm dcusm. 4 dbs omm` kccae`n
O7 Fc`―t ycu pbrm`ts le`f3 Jc`vmrsbtec` ?7
B7 Cd, tdmy tde`a wm `mmf tc scrt et cut cr cursmkvms. 2 brm ycu fce`n
O7 Dll … et scu`fs bs e ycu fc `mmf tc set fcw` b`f dbvm b ? dbs omm`
prcpmr tbka ‚ ycu
ycu fc`―t dbvm tc bnrmm ‚ gust spket telms wdm` : dbs omm` fmkbymf
ycu stufy, cr mxblpkm3 6 es`―t stbrte`n
B7 CA, wmkk, wekk ycu jclm b`f tbka tc del wetd lm3 = brm bkwbys fmkbye`n
: 2I ?B :M 6J =O 9F 9 dbvm brrb`nmf
6 2 es/―s ? dbs/―s omm` : es/―s lbae`n 6 dbs/―s omm` frbwe`n > bl dbve`n
= dbs/―s omjclm 9 ncms > mlmrnms 4 tbkas 4 jclms
= 2 Mvmryc`m keams tc jcpy jmkmoretems mvm` wdm` et kccas sekky tctc Jc`vmrsbtec` :7
jcpy tdml.fc sc 2 dbvm smm`
? E rmbf tdm brtejkm b`f tdm` E nbvm et tc dmr b`f E dbvm`―t smm` ? dbvm kcst
et se`jm. : es sette`n
: Vdmy wb`tmf us tc brrb`nm tejamts cr tdml out wm fef`―t 6 dbs`―t smm`
dbvm tejamts. b`y = jclms up
6 B7 Fef ycu spmba tc tdm `mw nerk3 9 tbka
O7 E fef`―t dbvm telm tc spmba tc dmr. > rmbkesm
= E―l e`tmrmstmf e` Brejb` jukturms b`f dm es e`tmrmstmf e` 4 dbvm omm` keve`n
Brejb` jukturms. tcc : 2 dbvm omm` jckkmjte`n pcmtry occas se`jm
9 B7 Dbvm ycu nct dmr `ulomr3 ? es bkwbys kmbve`n tdm rc`t fccr
O7 E tde`a E dbvm. sc : bl tbkae`n bocut tdm elpcrtb`jm c
9 2 rcl ? cur : tdm 6 e` = es 9 c/bocut > tc 6 (dbvm) jut fcw` c` mbte`n
4 dcw/tdbt = E―vm omm` jdmjae`n/E wbs jdmjae`n (tdrcund)
> Xcsseokm b`swmr 9 dbs `ct (dbs`―t) omm` tc sjdcck se`jm/ kbst wm`t tc sjdcck
B stcry tdbt mvmryocfy es blekebr wetd e` M`nkb`f es tdm stcry c 6 2 es
_coe` Dccf. Dm suppcsmfky kevmf e` tdm 2=td jm`tury b`f, e` tdm ? tc
stcry, _coe` kevms wetd des ob`f c lmrry lm` e` tdm wccfs e` tdm : dbvm
leffkm c M`nkb`f b`f spm`f des telm rcooe`n rejd trbvmkkmrs b`f 6 kbtmr

tdm` neve`n lc`my tc tdm pccr. Dm wbs bjtubkky b jrele`bk b`f tdm =
9 cr
Zdmre﬈ wbs bkwbys trye`n tc jbtjd del. Vdm stcry jblm bocut bt b dbs
telm wdm` lb`y M`nkesd pmcpkm wmrm dbve`n b obf telm omjbusm > ^mrm
c tdm ae`n b`f sc tdm crfe`bry pmcpkm jc`sefmrmf del tc om b 4 `ct
nccf pmrsc`. Vdmy wb`tmf tc omkemvm tdmrm wbs sclmc`m kccae`n
bimr tdml b`f wcrae`n cr tdm nccf c mvmryc`m. Vdmrm dbvm
omm` lb`y flkls b`f VY smrems obsmf c` tdm stcry b`f E tde`a lcst
pmcpkm omkemvm tdbt dm wbs b rmbk pmrsc`.

Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 =

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

]@EV = BKK C_ @CVDE@N

@CVDE@N
= B (Vdm flrst sm`tm`jm e` pbrbnrbpd ve sbys ^mbrbokm b`f
jc``mjtmf fmvejms wekk om prcvefe`n tdm fbtb tc m`bokm tdes
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
tbrnmte`n tc omjclm lcrm fmtbekmf, rmmrre`n tc Zjrmm`s
2
b`f pcstmrs wekk fespkby fe﬈mrm`t elbnms obsmf c` tdm
• E―l b sujamr wdm` et jclms tc bfvmrtese`n, b`f E a`cw et. E―l
e`crlbtec` c` ycur lcoekm e` pbrbnrbpd B.)
quetm mbseky pmrsubfmf, mspmjebkky wdm` et jclms tc c`ke`m 9 F (Xbrbnrbpd ve m`fs wetd ^m―kk m`tmr b stcrm tc dmbr cur cw`
bfvmrtese`n. Vdm bfvmrtesmrs smml
smm l tc a`cw mxbjtky wdbt pkbykest pkbye`n b`f
b`f om ellmfebtm
ellmfebtmky fermjtmf tc … Vdes ke`as
ky fermjtmf
E―l kccae`n cr b`f put et rendt e` rc`t c lm. ^dc bl E tc tc tdm selekbr mxblpkm e` pbrbnrbpd F, Vcl Jruesm wbkas
rmsest3 Icr mxblpkm, rmjm`tky … pbst b `ulomr
`ulomr c fenetb
fenetbkk bfs tdbt
tdbt bffrmss
bffrmss del oy `blm bs dm
• tc
E―lom
quetm jretejbk
tbam` cmxblpkm,
e`. Icr bfvmrtesmlm`ts b`fnce`n
bl E rmbkky tdbt dmkps
tc om lm `ct
pcpukbr, pbssms.)
= 2 fmfl`e`n
rejd b`f nccf-kccae`n gust omjbusm E wmbr b `mw rbnrb`jm3
rbnrb`jm3
? e`etebk
Dcwmvmr, rmjm`tky, E fef ouy …
: ouye`n e`tc
? Ly bvcuretm bfvmrt bt tdm lclm`t wcukf prcoboky om tdm
6 mlcte`n
c`m cr … . E sby tdes omjbusm …
= spcusms
C`m bf E rmbkky keam es … omjbusm … 9 nm`mrbtmf
Et―s dbrf tc tcp tdm bfvmrt cr … bs … > ouka
? Xcsseokm b`swmr 4 prcspmjtevm
Oy ?8:8, E tde`a lcst bfvmrtese`n wekk om fc`m c`ke`m b`f pre`t 9 Zunnmstmf b`swmrs
bfvmrtese`n wekk om b tde`n c tdm pbst. 2 Ztmpdm` Dbwae`n es tdm suogmjt c tdm flkl Vdm Vdmcry c
E―E―f
f sby bfvmrts brm nce`n tc nmt lcrm b`f lcrm rmspc`sevm tc tdm Mvmrytde`n 1 dm es b vmry jkmvmr lb` wdc su﬈mrs rcl Lctcr
e`fevefubk. ^m lendt wbka oy tdm sblm oekkocbrf b`f et wekk sdcw @murc`m Fesmbsm b`f usms b vcejm sy`tdmsesmr.
sy`tdmsesmr.
c`m bfvmrt tc lm, b`f b fe﬈mrm`t c`m tc ycu. ? Iuturm bfvmrtese`n wekk tbrnmt mvmryc`m pmrsc`bkky, use`n
Oy tdm`, dmbps c pmcpkm wekk dbvm bjjmss tc vertubk rmbkety fmtbekmf e`crlbtec` bocut us nkmb`mf rcl vbrecus scurjms.
dmbfsmts sc wm wekk om bokm tc vemw c`ke`m purjdbsms lujd lcrm : Yertubk rmbkety wekk fmvmkcp tc lbam bfvmrtese`n lcrm
jkcsmky omcrm ouye`n. Elbne`m wbkae`n brcu`f b dctmk omcrm ellmfebtm, rmbk b`f mxjete`n.
ycu occamf, cr nmtte`n tc wbka brcu`f b u`evmrsety jblpus > B `mjmssbry mvek es sclmtde`n obf cr u`pkmbsb`t tdbt ycu
ycu dbvm
borcbf omcrm ycu m`rckkmf ‚ tdbt―s tdm uturm! tc bjjmpt e` crfmr tc bjdemvm wdbt ycu wb`t. Zclmc`m wdc
: J Vdm dendkendtmf pdrbsms e` pbrbnrbpd
pbrbnrbpd eee bkk rmkbtm tc tdm efmb fmsjreoms bfvmrtese`n bs b `mjmssbry mvek tde`as tdbt bfvmrtese`n
c pmrsc`bkesbtec`, flrst nm`mrbkky (tdbt lmb`s pmrsc`bkesbtec`1 es b``cye`n, out wm dbvm tc dbvm et cr jclpb`ems tc nmt tdmer
bkk bocut us) b`f tdm` wetd tdm spmjeflj mxblpkm c prcfujts cr smrvejm `ctejmf cr sc wm brm bwbrm c wdbt es
pmrsc`bkesmf justclmr smrvejm cpmrbtevms, obsmf c` wdbt bvbekbokm.
mbjd e`fevefubk fl`fs bttrbjtevm cr `ct. Xbrbnrbpd
Xbrbnrbpd J nevms
ctdmr mxblpkms c pmrsc`bkesmf prcfujts7 Bs wmkkwmkk bs tdes,
tdes, ycu―kk
om bokm tc ouy b rcoct rem`f … usm b slbkk jdep tc lmbsurm 2 B wekk lcvm
dcw lb`y telms b fby ycu oke`a, tc bssmss ycur mym dmbktd O es nce`n tc dbppm`
b`f fl`f tdm pmrmjt lbsjbrb. Frevmrkmss puokej trb`spcrt wekk F wekk dbvm fmvmkcpmf
e`tmrbjt wetd us e`fevefubkky.) M wekk dbvm omm` le`e`n
Vdm ke`ae`n pdrbsm Bs wmkk tdes, bt tdm omne``e`n c
wmkk bs tdes N wekk om fmlc`strbte`
fmlc`strbte`n
n
pbrbnrbpd J, prcvefms
prcvefms b jkum tdbt tdes pbrbnrbpd keamky flts bimr ?2 O
b pbrbnrbpd wdmrm b`ctdmr mxblpkm c b pmrsc`bkesmf prcfujt ? F
dbs omm` nevm`. : M
6 2 O (Bt tdm m`f c pbrbnrbpd e, et sbys … tdm fmfl`e`n pce`t c 6 B
tdm wdckm flkl wbs wdm` tdm prcuf jrmbtcr c Dbwae`n―s = J (cr I)
wcrkf-blcus vcejm sy`tdmsesmr tur`mf et c` b`f b``cu`jmf, 9 I (cr J)
uturm.―― Vdes lclm`t es rmmrrmf tc e` O bs
—^mkjclm tc tdm uturm. > N
tdm se`nkm lclm`t sullmf up sc wc`fmrukky tdm mxtm`t tc :2 B7 b pber c trbe`mrs cr pbrt`mr, gmwmkkmry cr lctdmr, vcujdmr
wdejd tmjd`ckcny jb` jdb`nm kevms cr tdm omttmr … …)) cr orctdmr
? N (Xbrbnrbpd ee m`fs wetd b qumstec`7 dcw es tdes nce`n tc O7 b dcusm
dbppm`3 e.m. dcw es mvmry se`nkm bfvmrtese`n lmssbnm nce`n tc ? B7 amys c` b jdbe`
om rmkmvb`t tc tdm rmjmevmr3 Xbrbnrbpd N rmspc`fs fermjtky tc O7 dmr `b`―s re`ns
tdes7 Vc put et
et orem﬏y
orem﬏y,, cvm
cvmrr tdm
tdm `mxt
`mxt tm` ymbr
ymbrs,
s, bfvm
bfvmrtese
rtese`n
`n wekk
wekk : B7 mvmrytde`n mksm ‚ jdujamf / deffm` / bob`fc`mf / dcbrfmf
lcvm rcl jcllu`ejbte`n tc prmfejte`n, b`f mlcte`n … …)) O7 fc`btmf tc jdbrety / pbssmf c` tc rem`fs
: J (Zmm mxbl tep b`swmr amy bocvm) 6 B7 Bppkm prcfujts, `mw pdc`m, prcfujtec` mqueplm`t,
6 M (Xbrbnrbp
(Xbrbnrbpd d ev m`fs wetd tdm qumstec`
qumstec` dcw wekk orb`fs `mw jkctdms
bjtubkky usm et QY_\3 Vdes qumstec` es rmmrrmf tc bt tdm O7 stu﬈ cr dcusm, wdetm nccfs, ccf
omne``e`n c pbrbnrbpd M Vdbt es wdmrm tdm elbne`btec`
62 Zpmbamr 27 E tde`a tdm `mxt oen tde`n E―l prcoboky nce`n tc ouy
lust tbam b kmbp omjbusm e` rmbkety, mvm` tdm mxpmrts fc`―t
es lbyom ly pbrt`mr b pber c trbe`mrs, sclm gmwmkkmry cr ly
a`cw. Xbrbnrbpd M ncms c` tc spmjukbtm c` dcw tdm
lctdmr b`f E―kk nevm ly orc:tdmr b vcujdmr.
qumstec` rcl pbrbnrbpd ev lendt om b`swmrmf7 B kcnejbk
kcnejbk Zpmbamr ?7 E―l dcpe`n ly `mxt oen purjdbsm es prcoboky nce`n
prcnrmssec`
prcnrms sec` wcukf
wcukf om … b`f tc nevm b jurrm`t
jurrm`t mxbl
mxblpkm
pkm c Y_
usm E` bjt, tdmrm es bjtubkky b Y_ bfvmrt `cw …
…)) tc om b dcusm omjbusm E―vm gust tur`mf twm`ty-tdrmm. Vur`e`n
twm`ty-cur
twm`ty- cur `mxt ymbr b`f E wbs gust tde`ae`n tdbt e E fc`―t
nmt c` tdm prcpmrty kbffmr scc`, E―l prcoboky `mvmr nce`n tc
lbam et.

Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 2

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

? Zpmbamr 27 C bkk c ly pcssmssec`s, E dbvm b pber c amys c` b = e`sbtebokm (b` e`sbtebokm fmserm es b` mxtrmlmky strc`n wesd cr
jdbe` tdbt ly pbrt`mr nbvm tc lm, b`f tdmy―rm suppcsmf tc sclmtde`n tdbt jb``ct om sbtesflmf e` b`ctdmr wby)
om tdm amys tc cur uturm dcusm, sc dcpmukky, E―kk stekk dbvm tdbt 9 sm`telm`tbk (e sclmtde`n dbs sm`telm`tbk vbkum, et dbs b dend
e` tdm uturm. E `ct, tdm` E―kk prcoboky gust jduja tdml bwby wcrtd es obsmf c` cr rmkbte`n tc ycur mmke`ns. Vdes lby fe﬈mr
b`f E prcoboky wc`―t dbvm tdm dcusm … e wm orcam up … @c, rcl b` etml―s lc`mtbry vbkum.)
E―l gcae`n! 62 up
Zpmbamr ?7 E` tm` ymbrs― telm, E―kk prcoboky stekk dbvm ly `b`―s ? wetd
re`ns wdejd sdm kmi lm, c`m c wdejd E―l wmbre`n `cw. : c`tc
Vdm ctdmr c`m, E kmbvm bt dclm ―jcs E fc`―t wb`t tc kcsm et. 6 up
Dcpmukky,, E―kk stekk dbvm tdcsm e` tm` ymbrs.
Dcpmukky = wetdcut
: Zpmbamr 27 ^etd mvmrytde`n mksm E dbvm, E wekk prcoboky dbvm = Zunnmstmf b`swmrs
metdmr jdujamf et, deffm` et u`fmr tdm omf, bob`fc`mf et
jclpkmtmky e` sclm scrt c bkkmywby
bkkmy wby cr gust oe` … cr dcbrf
dcbrf 2
? lbam
spm`fus rmbjt e` tdm wby tdmy wb`t
lc`my
mvmrytde`n, pcsseoky. : c`ky spm`f wdbt E `mmf
Zpmbamr ?7 E―kk prcoboky fc`btm. ^dbtmvmr E fc`―t usm, E usubkky 92 bjjulukbtmf
fc`btm tc jdbrety b`ywby cr tdmy nmt pbssmf c` tc rem`fs ? jkuttmrmf
wdc fc`―t dbvm bs lujd kuja bs E dbvm fl`b`jebkky. : dcbrfmf
6 Zpmbamr 27 E` flvm ymbrs― telm, E wekk dbvm spm`t lc`my c` sclm 6 jduja
lcrm Bppkm prcfujts, prcoboky ‚ prcoboky b `mw pdc`m bnbe` = sm`telm`tbk
bt sclm pce`t. Dcpmukky, sclm prcfujtec` mqueplm`t cr ly 9 e`sbtebokm
pmrsc`bk stu﬈. Jkctdms, dcpmukky. Dcpmukky, E―kk ouy sclm `mw > ammp
jkctdms bt sclm pce`t. 4 spkbsde`n
Zpmbamr ?7 E tde`a e` flvm ymbrs― telm E wekk dbvm prcoboky 5 up
ocundt, keam, stu﬈ cr ly dcusm, sc tdm wdetm nccfs ‚ refnm 28 pbss
rmmzmr, jccamr, wbsde`n lbjde`m, tdbt ae`f c tde`n, rmbkky ‚ 22 wetd
tdm mxpm`sevm stu﬈. Out ctdmr tdb` tdbt et―kk om, keam, E lmb` 2? fulpe`n
lcst pmcpkm spm`f tdmer lc`my c` ccf tdmsm fbys, fc`―t
tdmy, rmbkky3 Keam, e ycu tde`a bocut dcw lujd lc`my ycu―vm
spm`t 2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
tdbt―s c` ccflcst
wdmrm e` tdm
ckbst
ly wmma,
lc`myycu jcukf sby et bkk bffs up. Zc
ncms. bujtec`7 wdmrm etmls brm sckf tc tdm pmrsc` wdc c﬈mrs tdm
= 2 bl lcve`n lcst lc`my cr tdml, m.n. kb`f, ouekfe`ns, pbe`te`ns, b`tequms,
? wekk dbvm omm` skmmpe`n smjc`f-db`f etmls
: wekk flt obrnbe`7 tc try b`f nmt b kcwmr prejm, m.n. bt b lbramt, cr ouye`n
6 bl nce`n tc dbvm tc smjc`f-db`f nccfs
= wekk om use`n obrtmr7 tc mxjdb`nm nccfs, wcra, cr smrvejms cr ctdmr nccfs cr
9 es nce`n tc om smrvejms rbtdmr tdb` cr lc`my
> wekk om dbnnkm7 tc brnum wdm` ycu brm trye`n tc bnrmm bocut tdm prejm c
4 bl nce`n tc nevm sclmtde`n, m.n. bt b lbramt
5 wekk dbvm tdrcw` cut
trbfm7 wdm` ycu mxjdb`nm sclmtde`n ycu dbvm cr sclmtde`n
28 wekk gust dbvm
tdbt sclmc`m mksm dbs
? 2 jkctde`n b`f gmwmkkmry
gmwmkkmry c`ke`m
2 2 bjquermf (tc cotbe` sclmtde`n oy ouye`n
ouye`n et cr ome`n nevm` et) ? rmfmsen`mf/upjyjkmf smjc`f-db`f
smjc`f-db`f prcfujts sujd bs jbrs b`f
? jc`sulm (tc mbt cr fre`a sclmtde`n1 tc usm telm, m`mrny, mkmjtrej nccfs
nccfs, mtj.) : prmvecusky cw`mf trbe`mrs c`ke`m

: bjjulukbtmf (tc nrbfubkky nmt lcrm b`f lcrm lc`my, 6 ru`s

etmlsbsujd
swbpbssdcp c`ke`m wdmrm justclmrs brrb`nm swbps c
nblms
pcssmssec`s, a`cwkmfnm,
a`cwkmfnm, mtj. cvmr b pmrecf c telm)
6 jckkmjt (tc nmt b`f ammp cogmjts c tdm sblm typm, omjbusm = upkcbfs dbuk vefmcs b`f rmtbekmrs nevm dmr jkctdms cr rmm e`
ycu tde`a tdmy brm bttrbjtevm cr e`tmrmste`n) mxjdb`nm cr bfvmrtese`n
= dcbrf (tc jckkmjt b`f sbvm kbrnm blcu`ts c ccf, lc`my, mtj, : Vbsa 2
mspmjebkky wdm` et es `ct `mjmssbry tc fc sc) B rmjcllm`fbtec`
Xcsseokm sm`tm`jms O fl`b`jebk smjurety
2 E` ?824, dmr ouse`mss wbs bjquermf oy b kbrnmr jclpb`y. J resm e` pcpukbrety
? Iccf lby `ct om jc`sulmf c` tdm prmlesms. F jdmbp smt-up
: E gust fc`―t a`cw dcw wm―vm lb`bnmf tc bjjulukbtm sc M e`tmr`btec`bk cppcrtu`etems
lujd jkuttmr! I tbkm`t
6 E usmf tc jckkmjt tmffy ombrs out `cw E jckkmjt lmrjdb`fesm N kemstykm
rcl jc`jmrts E―vm omm` tc. D dmkp ctdmrs
= E dcbrf jkctdms, E fc`―t keam tc nevm b`y bwby mvm` wdm` Vbsa ?
tdmy―rm wcr` cut. B rmbssurmf, oen jclpb`ems, pbrt`mr
: 2 sci (b sci tcujd es sclmc`m rcl wdcl ycu jb` mbseky nmt O cptelestej, mxpb`sec`, fe﬈mrm`t prcfujts
wdbt ycu wb`t, omjbusm tdmy brm ae`f cr mbsy tc fmjmevm J e`spermf, cppcrtu`ety, e`tmr`btec`bk
? mbsy (sclmc`m wdc jb` mbseky om fmjmevmf cr dbrlmf) F m`jcurbnmf, mtdejbk ouse`mss
: a`cja fcw` (E b prejm es b a`cja fcw`, et es dmbveky fesjcu`tmf) M dcpmuk, fe﬈mrm`jm
6 dbrf (b dbrf smkk es b wby c smkke`n sclmtde`n e` wdejd tdmrm es I mxjetmf, `mw typm c ouse`mss
b kct c prmssurm c` ycu tc ouy. Et jb` bksc om sclmtde`n tdbt N surpresmf, nrcw quejaky
es fe﬊jukt tc smkk cr lbam pcpukbr
pcpukbr.)
.) D jc`ve`jmf, omttmr tdb` jclpmtetcrs

Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 ?

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

6 Vbsa 2 4 Xcsseokm b`swmrs

2 D (E fmjefmf et wcukf om b nrmbt wby c suppcrte`n ly 2 E―
E―f
f keam tc smkk lcoekm fmvejms, lbe`ky sc tdbt E jcukf try tdm
bvcuretm jdbrety) kbtmst nbfnmts lysmk!
? F (tc smkk sclmtde`n tdbt rmquermf vmry kettkm e`vmstlm`t ) E―l b oen spcrts b`, sc wdbt E―f rmbkky keam tc smkk wcukf om
: J (E jb` ﬏ep tdm trbe`mrs sweiky, sc E―l `ct sette`n c` stcja ) spcrts nmbr. E―f m`gcy neve`n pmcpkm bfvejm c` tdm omst tm``es
6 M (E jb` prcflt rcl tdm dunm wcrkfwefm lbramt ) rbjamt cr tdm lcst bpprcprebt
bpprcprebtmm ru``e`n sdcms.
= N (E jcukf frmss e` nrmbt stu﬈ wdejd E jcukf `mvmr dbvm E E dbf b sdcp, et wcukf smkk ncurlmt jdcjckbtms. E rmjac`
b﬈crfmf ctdmrwesm) tdmrm―s bkwbys b lbramt cr swmmt tde`ns!
Vbsa ? ? ^m keam tc dbvm u`equm etmls tc mmk spmjebk b`f fe﬈mrm`t.
9 F (lmmt tdm `mmfs c justclmrs wetdcut jclprclese`n uturm
nm`mrbtec`s)
> D (sc E mmk ly ouse`mss es bkrmbfy bdmbf c tdm nblm )
? Zpmbamr 27 Et dmkps jdekfrm` kmbr` bocut lb`bne`n lc`my.
4 O (tc usm ly jurrm`t strujturm tc trbfm ctdmr jckkmjteokms sujd Zpmbamr ?7 Et sdcukf`―t gust om nevm`, out mbr`mf, tclc`my.
m`jcurbnm
bs db`fobns, jclejs b`f wbtjdms) lctevbtec`.
5 I (mxpmrelm`t wetd smtte`n up nble`n `endts sc pmcpkm wdc : 2 fcw`tur`
usm tdm setm jb` lmmt mbjd ctdmr ) ? jutobjas
28 B ( Zc lujd sc tdbt `cw tdbt sclm lbgcr stcrms wb`t tc usm : upore`ne`n
lm bs b` bfvmrtese`n cutkmt) 6 cutsmt
= 2I 6 2 smtobjas
?B ? tur`cvmr
:M : cutkby
6J 6 ouycut
=O = tbamcvmr
9F 9 upfbtm
> jcvmr-up
4 jrbjafcw`
2 Xcsseokm b`swmr 5 cutjry
_mpmbte`n tdm pdrbsm/jcpye`n et cut1 tde`ae`n c b setubtec` 28 bkkcut
wdmrm = 2 ormbatdrcund
ormbatdrcundss (pkurbk `cu` tc ckkcw tdm qub`teflmr mw
pdrbsmsete`tc
bppkems pmrsc`bkky
tcpejs1 b`ftdm
rmjcrfe`n use`n et e`e`
pdrbsm b sm`tm`jm1
vcjboukbryscrte`n tdm
`ctmocca b`f pkurbk vmro crl dbvm1 ormbatdrcund es b `cu` rcl tdm
(rmbk cr c`ke`m). pdrbsbk vmro ormba cut)
? B pkby b pbrt e` ? u`bloetecus (`mnbtevm bfgmjtevm tc fmsjreom us1 et―s `mnbtevm tc
O pkby b oennmr pbrt e`, pkby ycur pbrt e` lbtjd tdm sblm vemw e` tdm mxpkb`btec` e` tdm `mxt jkbusm7 et
J pkby b oennmr rckm e` gust lmb`s
lmb`s wm dbvm tc lujd dbrfmr)
tc wcra tdbt lujd
: 2 c : e`mqubkety (`cu` ckkcwe`n tdm fmtmrle`mr tdes b`f tdm suogmjt
? wetd cr tdm vmro stbrts1 et―s `mnbtevm omjbusm tdm okcn brtejkm dbs
: c omm` tbkae`n bocut dcw tdm wcrkf es u`mqubk)
6 c` 6 mxtrmlmky (lcfeflmr cr tdm bfgmjtevm ycu`n)
= bocut = fesnrbjmuk (bfgmjtevm bs pbrt c tdm crl fl`f sclmtde`n +
9 tc/tcwbrfs bfgmjtevm, wdmrm fl`f lmb`s tc dbvm b pbrtejukbr mmke`n cr
6 2 dbvm cpe`ec`1 et―s `mnbtevm omjbusm tdm wretmr fl`fs tdm fe﬈mrm`jm e`
? lbam pcjamt lc`my u`bjjmptbokm)
: tbae`n 9 c﬈spre`n (`cu` lmb`e`n sclmc`m―s jdekfrm`)
6 jrmbtm > cvmrdbuk (`cu` lmb`e`n tc jdb`nm b systml cr lmtdcf e`
= elpcsm (dbvm es bksc jcrrmjt) crfmr tc elprcvm et)
= B pcp-up sdcp es b tmlpcrbry sdcp, `crlbkky e` b vmry keletmf 4 cutjry (`cu` rcl tdm pdrbsbk vmro jry cut, lmb`e`n —b` b`nry
spbjm. M`trmprm`murs lby smt up b pcp-up sdcw tc tmst prctmst oy b kct c crfe`bry pmcpkm―)
tdm lbramt cr tdmer prcfujt, smkk smbsc`bk prcfujts sujd
bs jbkm`fbrs, tc suppkmlm`t b` c`ke`m ouse`mss, cr tc tbam
bfvb`tbnm c b spmjebk rm`tbk rbtm c` b rmtbek spbjm.
9 Vdmy wmrm surprese`nky
surprese`nky sujjmssuk b`f dbvm lbfm lc`my rcl
tdmer pcp-up sdcp.
mxbl tep
2 tc (omcrm, omjbusm tdes es b flxmf pdrbsm)
? flrst (bimr, omjbus
omjbusmm tdm wcrf kbst e`fejbtms tdbt flrst `mmfs tc nc
e` tdm nbp)
> 2 tc (`cu` + tc-e`fl`etevm)
? bjjmss (pbrt c tdm jckkcjbtec` nbe` bjjmss tc sclmtde`n)
: brm (prmsm`t jc`te`ucus)
6 mvmry (pbrt c tdm mxprmssec` mvmry sc cim`)
= rcl (pbrt c tdm jckkcjbtec` lbam lc`my rcl sclmtde`n)
9 dbf (pbst pmrmjt smqum`jm c tm`sms)
> b (pbrt c tdm jckkcjbtec` dbvm b pcsetevm e`﬏um`jm)
4 wekk/lby/lendt/jcukf
wekk/lby/ lendt/jcukf (uturm pmrmjt/lcfbk pmrmjt tc tbka
bocut pcsseoekety)

Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 :

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
• Et―s dendky keamky tdbt dm nmts pbef lcrm omjbusm c tdm
pmrvbsevm nm`fmr pby nbp tdbt smmls tc om b nkcobk prcokml.
• Et―s b numss c` ly pbrt, out E―f sby dm nmts bocut tdm sblm bs b
mlbkm lcfmk.
• Vdm keamkedccf c del ome`n pbef kmss
km ss es quetm kcw, out lbyom E―kk
om surpresmf.
? Xcsseokm b`swmrs
• E fl`f tdm wretmr―s vemws cogmjtec`bokm omjbusm et mmks keam dm/
sdm es omkettke`n wclm`―s jc`jmr`s bocut tdm nm`fmr pby nbp
oy jbkke`n tdml —lcb`s―.
• E tctbkky bnrmm wetd tdm wretmr, lbkm lcfmks fmsmrvm mqubk pby
omjbusm tdmy brm fce`n tdm sblm gco.
• E―
E―f
f tm`f tc bnrmm tdbt lm` brm omjcle`n oennmr jc`sulmrs c
ombuty prcfujts b`f bsdec` tdb` tdmy usmf tc om.
6 Jclpbrm twc c tdm pdctcs b`f sby wdmtdmr ycu tde`a tdmy
mbr` tdm sblm blcu`t bs tdmer lbkm jcu`tmrpbrts, b`f wdy ycu ycu
tde`a tdes es.
= 2 lby
? tde`ae`n
: br
6 wmkk
= rendt
9 wcukf
9 Xcsseokm b`swmr
Xbnm >2
_mmrre`n tc pejturms O b`f J, octd jc`jmr` wclm` wdc brm
wcrae`n e` flmkfs tdbt dbvm omm` typejbkky fcle`btmf oy lm`.
E` O, tdm wclb` es b pcketejeb`, b`f et kccas keam sdm es neve`n sclm
scrt c bffrmss, tc tdm Murcpmb` ]`ec` lbyom3 Vdm wclb` e`
tdm ctdmr pejturm dbs b jclpkmtmky fe﬈mrm`t scrt c gco ‚ freve`n
b kcrry. Zc, bktdcund
bktdcund tdm saekksmt cr tdm twc gcos brm jclpkmtmky
fe﬈mrm`t, et―s dendky keamky tdbt octd tdmsm wclm` wcra kc`n
dcurs, b`f E jcukf om wrc`n out rcl tdmer mxprmssec`s, E―f numss
tdbt octd fl`f tdmer gcos sbtesye`n.
@cw, bocut tdm pby, E―f sby tdbt tdm pcketejeb` es pbef mqubkky
tc b lbkm e` tdm sblm pcsetec`. Bs br bs E jb` nbtdmr, cr lb`y
pcketejbk pcsetec`s tdmrm es b smt sbkbry, sc nm`fmr wcukf`―t
wcukf`―t b﬈mjt
dmr pby pbjamt, e` tdmcry b`ywby.
Bs cr tdm kcrry frevmr, e` bkk prcoboekety sdm es`―t pbef bs wmkk bs
b lb` e` tdm sblm rckm. Irustrbte`n bs tdes es, E sby et omjbusm E
fc a`cw tdbt tdm nm`fmr nbp mxests bjrcss sc lb`y e`fustrems,
b`f E dendky fcuot kcnestejs es b` mxjmptec`. Vdmrm―
Vdmrm―ss b jdb`jm tdes
frevmr dbs b crwbrf-tde`ae`n mlpkcymr wdc dbs tbam` lmbsurms
tc bffrmss tdm pby nbp. Et lendt bksc fmpm`f wdmrm sdm kevms,
lbyom et―s e` b jcu`try wdejd dbs kbws b`f pckejy tc flndt
fesjrele`btec` b`f e`mqubkety
e`mqubkety..
Xbnm 2>?
Zc, E―l
E―l nce`n tc tbka bocut tdm pejturms c tdm cctobkk pkbymrs
b`f tdm bjtcr. C` tdm bjm c et, tdm gcos fc`―t dbvm lujd e`
jcllc`, bktdcund E suppcsm ycu jcukf sby tdbt tdbt tdmy octd
22 Lcfmk b`swmr
`mmf tc prbjtesm tc pmrcrl tdmer omst. Dmrm, tdm pejturms sdcw
tdm cctobkkmr lef-pmrcrlb`jm wdmrmbs tdm bjtcr lust dbvm
rmjmevmf tdbt bwbrf cr b pmrcrlb`jm sdm―s bkrmbfy fc`m. E tde`a
et―s b crmnc`m jc`jkusec` tdbt octd tdmsm wclm` brm bt tdm tcp
c tdmer rmspmjtevm flmkfs, E jcukf tmkk tdbt rcl tdm spc`scrmf
gmrsmys
gmrsm ys b`f
b`f tdm
tdm trcpdy
trcpdy..
Fmspetm mxjmkke`n bt wdbt tdmy fc, e` bkk prcoboekety, octd c tdmsm
wclm` brm ome`n pbef br kmss tdb` tdmer lbkm jcu`tmrpbrts, E
tde`a E―l rendt e` tdbt. Vdm rmbsc` E sby tdes es omjbusm E―vm
kct c rmpcrts c` scjebk lmfeb bocut mlbkm bjtcrs ome`n pbef b smm` b
rbjtec` c tdmer lbkm jc-stbrs,
jc -stbrs, b`f nmtte`n quetm b`nry bocut et,
wdejd es`―t surprese`n.
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824
?@F MFEVEC@ J2
^dm` et jclms tc cctobkkmrs, et es sclmtelms sbef tdbt
mlbkm spcrts stbrs brm pbef kmss omjbusm spmjtbtcrs brm`―t bs
e`tmrmstmf, out E tde`a tdbt―s c`ky omjbusm mlbkms dbvm`―t omm`
orcbfjbst bs lujd, sc et―s b oet c b vejecus jyjkm. Zc, mvm` e tdm
keamkedccf c tdes cctobkkmr ome`n pbef tdm sblm bs b lbkm es
mxtrmlmky kcw bt tdes pce`t e` telm, E fc dcpm wm―kk nmt tdmrm e`
tdm `ct tcc festb`t uturm.
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 tc mvbkubtm wdmtdmr b selekbr mvm`t sdcukf om ru` e` uturm1
 uturm1 tc
lbam rmjcllm`fbtec`s cr uturm mvm`ts1 tc rmpcrt obja tc
e`tmrmstmf stbamdckfmrs1 tc a`cw wdc dmkpmf sc tdmy jb` om
tdb`amf
? Bs b u`frbesmr, tdm lcst dmkpuk tde`n tc a`cw es keamky tc om
tdm tctbk blcu`t c lc`my rbesmf.
: pccr tur`cut1 ru``e`n cut c ccf/fre`a/prcfujts1
ccf/fre`a/prcfujts1 sclmc`m
nmtte`n durt1 tmjd`ejbk prcokmls1 obf wmbtdmr
? Fmsjreom tdm ber, sbye`n dcw sujjmssuk et wbs b`f wdbt es
rmjcllm`fmf. Vdm crnb`ese`n jcllettmm wekk rmbf tdm rmpcrt.
: 2 Et―s crlbk
crlbk omjbusm et es suppcsmf tc om cogmjtevm b`f es cim`
wrettm` cr b pmrsc` e` butdcrety.
? Vc dmkp crnb`esm tdm e`crlbtec` jkmbrky.
: mxpkbe`e`n, fmsjreoe`n, sunnmste`n
6 Ums, e` tdm —_mjcllm`fbtec`s― pbrt c`ky.
mxbl tep
2 Vdm ber < fmsjreom tdm ber1 _msukts < dcw sujjmssuk et wbs1
_mjcllm`fbtec`s < wdbt ycu wcukf rmjcllm`f
? Et―s rcundky tdm sblm, sc tdbt tdm e`crlbtec`
e`crlbte c` es obkb`jmf cr tdm
rmbfmr.
6 2 tc sby wdbt tdm rmpcrt
rmpcrt wekk tbka bocut
? b nm`mrbk pce`t
: tdm fmtbeks
= Vdes rmpcrt nevms e`crlbtec` bocut tdm jdbrety ber wdejd wbs
rmjm`tky dmkf bt cur sjdcck.
Vdm ber wbs vmry sujjmssuk rbese`n cvmr £?,=88 cr tdm jdbrety.
Fum tc ets sujjmss, et wcukf fmfl`etmky om sm`seokm tc ru` tdes ber
bnbe` out tdmrm brm b jcupkm c elprcvmlm`ts tdbt jcukf om lbfm.
9 Zm`tm`jm 2 (Et es nm`mrbk, et fcms `ct e`jkufm fmtbek cr spmjeflj
e`crlbtec`.)
> Xcsseokm b`swmr
Zclm stbkks wmrm lcrm pcpukbr tdb` ctdmrs.
4 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2
? fmsjreoms, mxpkbe`s
fmlc`strbtm, e`fejbtm, ekkustrbtm
: Keam tdes
6 tde`a bocut, ombr e` le`f
= jcukf, lby, lendt
9 E` sullbry, Vc sul up, Vc jc`jkufm
5 Fmsjreom tdm quez `endt, mxpkbe` dcw sujjmssuk et wbs b`f lbam
rmjcllm`fbtec`s cr tdm `mxt quez `endt.
_mpcrt c` tdm sjdcck quez `endt
Vdes rmpcrt nevms e`crlbtec` bocut tdm quez `endt wdejd wbs
rmjm`tky dmkf bt cur sjdcck. Vdm rmpcrt mxpkbe`s wdbt tcca pkbjm
bt tdm quez `endt, dcw sujjmssuk et wbs b`f rmjcllm`fbtec
rmjcllm`fbtec`s`s
cr uturm mvm`ts.
Vdm quez `endt
Vdm quez `endt wbs crnb`esmf tc u`frbesm cr cur upjcle`n
mxjdb`nm trep tc cur sestmr sjdcck e` ^bkms. Brcu`f 288
bttm`fmms wcramf e` tmbls tc b`swmr nm`mrbk a`cwkmfnm
qumstec`s bocut b wefm rb`nm c tcpejs. Vdm mvm`e`n wbs dcstmf
oy cur fmputy pre`jepbk. Vdmrm wmrm b rb`nm c prezms c` c﬈mr,
nm`mrcusky fc`btmf oy kcjbk ouse`mssms. Kendt rmrmsdlm`ts
wmrm e`jkufmf e` tdm tejamt prejm.
6
ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

Zujjmss
Cvmrbkk, et bppmbrs tdm quez `endt wbs b nrmbt sujjmss bs cvmr
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
$?,888 wbs rbesmf cr tdm trep. E` bffetec`, b`mjfctbk mmfobja
e`fejbtms tdbt pmcpkm tdcrcundky m`gcymf tdm mvm`e`n. Vdm Ome`n b nccf kestm`mr wekk dmkp ycu elprcvm ycur spmbae`n saekks
btlcspdmrm wbs kevmky b`f bs wmkk bs lbae`n lc`my, et prcvefmf omjbusm ycu jb` usm b`f kmbr` pdrbsms b`f e`tc`btec` tdbt
b` cppcrtu`ety cr tdm sjdcck jcllu`ety tc scjebkesm. ycu dmbr. Zpmbae`n e`vckvms prcfuje`n crbk kb`nubnm. Kestm`e`n
e`vckvms u`fmrstb`fe`n crbk kb`nubnm. Jc`vmrsbtec`
Jc`vmrsbtec` rmquerms
_mjcllm`fbtec`s
octd kestm`e`n b`f spmbae`n saekks.
Omjbusm c ets sujjmss b`f pcpukbrety
pcpukbrety,, E wcukf dendky rmjcllm`f
? Xcsseokm b`swmrs
ru``e`n b selekbr quez `endt `mxt ymbr, bkomet wetd b mw jdb`nms.
2 nkcobk saekks7 kestm`e`n cr nest, u`fmrstb`fe`n bttetufm/cpe`ec`
E wcukf sunnmst e`vckve`n tdm stufm`ts e` tdm prmpbrbt
prmpbrbtec`
ec` b`f
c tdm spmbamr
ru``e`n c tdm mvm`t. Icr mxblpkm, tdmy jcukf om e`vckvmf e`
spmjeflj saekks7 kestm`e`n cr fmtbeks
fmjcrbte`n
lbam b kettkmtdm
oetdbkk cr smrve`n
c mxtrb lc`mysuppmr.
suppmr. B`ctdmr
c` tdm efmb wdejd
`endt wcukf jcukf
om tc dbvm ? Ztufm`ts― cw` b`swmrs.
: Kestm`e`n tc pcfjbsts, wbtjde`n M`nkesd VY, tbae`n
b rbstm cr jdbrety bujtec`. Ie`bkky, tdmrm wmrm b mw le`cr scu`f
essums bt tdm omne``e`n c tdm `endt wdejd jcukf om bvcefmf wetd cppcrtu`etems tc dbvm jc`vmrsbtec`
jc`vmrsbtec`s.
s.
lcrm tdcrcund tmste`n omcrmdb`f.

? Gcrfc` smbrjdmf c`ke`m cr bktmr`btevm wbys dclm bimr

2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
fesjcvmre`n tdbt des pkb``mf trbe` gcur`my
E―l mxdbustmf rcl ly bt tdm `mw nyl. (wcracut)
rcl tdm @crtd Mbst c M`nkb`f tc des dclm e` tdm Zcutd Mbst
E―l bppkye`n cr b sjdckbrsdep cr tdm Bunust
wbs vmry mxpm`sevm. Dm cu`f dm jcukf
(e`tbam)
trbvmk dclm veb Omrke` b`f stekk sbvm lc`my, b`f sc tcca tdm
Ly pbrm`ts bkwbys gcam tdbt tdmy a`cw wdmrm tdmer
cppcrtu`ety tc dbvm b` bfvm`turm e` c`m c des oujamt-kest jetems.
nmt tdmer nccf kccas rcl. (c﬈spre`n)
: 2
Ztbrte`n b ouse`mss usubkky e`vckvms b` e`etebk c
Vrbe` rcl Zdm﬊mkf tc Fmroy
u`fs. (cutkby)
Ous rcl Fmroy tc Mbst Lefkb`fs Berpcrt
E dbf b gco e`tmrvemw ymstmrfby out E wc`―t a`cw tdm
Ikendt tc Omrke` u`tek `mxt wmma. (cutjclm)
Vrbe`
Vr be` rcl berpcrt tc Omrke` jety jm`trm ? 2 be`t (jdb`jm), e`sbtebokm (fmserm), sm`telm`tbk
sm`telm`tbk (vbkum), sci
Vrbe` obja tc Omrke` berpcrt (tcujd), fcw`wbrf (sperbk)
Ikendt tc Kc`fc` Ztb`stmf ? B` efecl usmf tc
tc sby et es b vmry suetbokm telm cr sclmtde`n tc
vmry suetbokm
Ous dclm tc Duttc` e` Mssmx dbppm`, mspmjebkky wdm` et sdcukf dbvm dbppm`mf scc`mr. (tdm
(tdrmm trbe`s, twc ﬏endts b`f twc ousms < smvm` gcur`mys telm es repm)
bktcnmtdmr) B` efecl wdejd lmb`s
lmb`s tc nevm b wbr`e`n tdbt sclmtde`n
sclmtde`n
? Xcsseokm b`swmrs lby dbppm`. (nevm b dmbfs up)
• Ums. Vdm fc`btec` c`ky jcst £6 sc dm stekk wcukf dbvm jclm lmb`s kmbr` dcw tc fc sclmtde`n cr usm
B` efecl wdejd lmb`s
e` u`fmr des e`etebk oufnmt, b`f des lc`my-sbve`n stcry wcukf sclmtde`n. (nmt tdm db`n c sclmtde`n)
dbvm omm` e`tbjt. E dm jbrmf m`cund bocut et tc fl`f cut wdbt B` efecl usmf tc
tc sby ycu
ycu brm e`
e` b pcsetec`
pcsetec` wdmrm
wdmrm ycu brm
dm jcukf fc, E keam tc tde`a dm fef pby. lcrm bfvb`jmf cr lcrm sujjmssuk tdb` ycur jclpmtetcrs.
• @c. Et―s jkmbr tdbt Gcrfc` wc`―t spm`f b pm``y lcrm tdb` (bdmbf c tdm nblm)
dm `mmfs tc. E` tdm e`tmrvemw, wdekm dm sbef dm dbf fc`m tdm : Xcsseokm vmros tc usm7 jkuttmr (up), ﬏ep (cut), ﬏ccf (wetd), jcvmr
rmsmbrjd, dm fef`―t jc`flrl dm dbf pbef et. E tde`a dm fef tdm (up), stulokm (bjrcss).
rmsmbrjd omjbusm dm a`mw dm wcukf om bsamf tdm qumstec`
b`f wb`tmf tc dbvm b` b`swmr rmbfy cr tdm lmfeb.
6 Xcsseokm b`swmrs 22 Et―s nce`n tc nmt wcrsm.
2 ? Zdm sbys tdmy wekk ammp c` pcste`n tdml.
• Bnrmm. Velm es br lcrm vbkubokm tdb` lc`my. Ucu lby sbvm : Jclpb`ems wekk stbrt tc kcsm justclmrs.
28% c` ycur nrcjmry oekk oy smbrjde`nc`ke`m cr e` lbnbze`ms 6 Zdm sbys sdm―kk om spm`fe`n bkk dmr telm scrte`n cut bfs.
cr fmbks b`f jcupc`s, out ycu―kk `mvmr nmt obja tdm twc = Zdm es`―t nce`n tc pby bttm`tec` tc tdm bfs.
dcurs ycu spm`t du`te`n tdml fcw`. 9 Jclpb`ems wekk nmt tdm lmssbnm.
• @metdmr bnrmm `cr fesbnrmm. ^etd kcts c jcst jclpbresc` ?2 wekk nmt, wekk mxpmjt
wmosetms, prclctec`bk jcfms c`ke`m, b`f sen`s e` stcrm ? wekk om dmkpe`n, wm―vm cpm`mf up, nce`n tc
b``cu`je`n sbkms, fl`fe`n wbys tc ouy sclmtde`n cr kmss : wekk dbvm usmf, wekk mxpmjt
dbs omjclm smjc`f `bturm b`f wm keamky fc et mvmry fby 6 E―vm sckf, E―kk nc
wetdcut rmbkky tde`ae`n bocut et. Gcrfc`―s gust b` mxtrmlm = nce`n tc om, dbvm omm`
mxblpkm. 9 wekk tdm bf om, E―kk dbvm tc
• Fesbnrmm. Gcrfc` jkmbrky dbs des precretems rendt. Dm es `ct b :2 brm wm nce`n tc fc
vejtel c tdm jc`sulmr scjemty b`f dm pkbys et sc tdbt dm ? wekk wbet
prcflts e` tmrls c vbkubokm kem mxpmrem`jms wdejd E tde`a : wbs gust nce`n tc fc, wekk stbrt
brm lujd lcrm elpcrtb`t tdb` sbve`n b mw dcurs dmrm 6 wekk om
cr tdmrm.
? E tde`a Gcrfb`―s stcry wekk jmrtbe`ky lbam jcllutmrs lcrm
Gcrfb`―s = wekk dbvm fc`m
9 es nce`n tc tbam up/―s tbae`n up
bwbrm c dcw tdmy pkb` tdmer trbvmk. Et jcukf om tdbt tdmy sbvm
tdcusb`fs e tdmy pkb` tdmer gcur`my lcrm m﬈mjtevmky. Out c`
tdm wdckm, E tde`a pmcpkm brm lcrm prmcjjupemf wetd dcw tc
spm`f tdmer lc`my tdb` sbvm et tdmsm fbys!

Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 =

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

6 2 efm`tey tdm rmbsc`s

rmbsc`s cr
? pkby b pbrt e`
2 2 dbvm resm`, wm―kk bkk om keve`n
: e`vmstenbtm bttetufms tcwbrfs
? fcms tdm mxbl fl`esd, try
6 prcvefm tdm e`crlbtec` cr
: wekk we`, wekk wb`t
= fmlc`strbtm(f
fmlc`strbtm(f)) b` bptetufm cr
6 wekk om, wm kb`f, nce`n tc
9 jrmbtm lcrm cppcrtu`etems cr
= E―vm fl`esdmf, E―kk sdut
= 2 nce`n (e`tm`tec`)
9 nce`n tc om, dbvm omm` trbvmkke`n
? c` (vmro pdrbsm + prmpcsetec`)
? 2 wekk (bkk) om sbye`n
: `cr (fcuokm `mnbtevm) (cr es bksc pcsseokm)
? wekk dbvm dbf
6 bocut (uturm e` tdm prmsm`t/pbst)
: wekk om nmtte`n
= `ct (jc`trbst ke`amr)
6 stbrts
9 nevm (flxmf
> wekk/jb` pdrbsm)
(uturm/boekety)
(uturm/boekety) = wekk nmt
9 bl nce`n tc try
4 brm (prmsm`t jc`te`ucus)
> wekk lmmt
9 Lcfmk b`swmr
4 brm
B `mw sdcp E―vm tremf rmjm`tky es b` c`ke`m stcrm jbkkmf Dusd. Et 5 wekk om dmbfe`n
smkks jkctdms b`f fmjcrbtec`s b`f E keam et omjbusm et es u`usubk 28 brm stbrte`n
e` tdbt ycu jb` ouy b rb`nm c prcfujts, out tdmy bkk lbtjd. Et―s 22 brm nce`n tc bppky
b `mw jc`jmpt omjbusm et―s b ae`f
a e`f c kemstykm stcrm. Vdm
Vdm ctdmr 2? wekk om/brm nce`n tc om
tde`n E keam bocut et es tdbt tdmy jdb`nm tdmer prcfujts vmry
: 2 es nce`n tctc om b kc`n
rmqum`tky, sc tdmrm―s bkwbys sclmtde`n `mw wcrtd kccae`n bt.
? tdm jclpb`y wekk dbvm cpm`mf
Bksc, tdes lmb`s tdbt `ct lb`y pmcpkm jb` ouy tdm sblm tde`n
: wekk om jc`sukte`n (wetd) kcjbk pmcpkm
bs ycu. Vdmy fmkevmr rmbkky quejaky b`f ycu jb` rmtur` tde`ns
6 es ocu`f tc ﬏ccf (bnbe`) u`kmss
mbseky e ycu fc`―t keam tdml. E―l nce`n tc rmjcllm`f et tc bkk ly
= brm tc om dmkf
rem`fs b`f E tde`a tdbt tdm wcrf-c-lcutd
wcrf-c-lcutd mkmlm`t wekk lbam
9 c`jm ycu―vm kb`fmf tc
et rmbkky pcpukbr e` tdm uturm. E tde`a et wekk om sujjmssuk e` tdm
6 2 c
uturm omjbusm et dbs tdm mkmlm`t c mxjkusevety,
mxjkusevety, out bt tdm sblm
? b
telm et―s `ct mxpm`sevm.
: lcrm
6 dbs
= e`
9 brm
> wekk
4 nce`n/pkb``e`n

Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 9

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

]@EV 9 ELBNM
ELBNM B@F _MBKEV U
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 C`m c flkls tdbt jclms tc le`f wcukf om Vdcr7 _bn`brca. Et
dbf bkk tdm swmmpe`n bjtec` smqum`jms b`f b`jy vesubk m﬈mjts
ycu―f mxpmjt rcl b` mpej okcjaoustmr, ymt bksc dbf b` m`nbne`n
pkct, b`f mvm` omttmr, fef`―t smml tc tbam etsmk tcc smrecusky.
Vdm kmbf jdbrbjtmr, Vdcr, wbs pkbymf oy Jdres Dmlswcrtd,
b`f E tde`a dm b`f tdm ctdmr jbst lmlomrs nbvm b stmkkbr
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 tdmrm―s b kct c `cesm e` tdm bufetcreul. (zmrc jc`fetec`bk)
? bkk tdm jretejs bnrmm tdbt des pmrcrlb`jm wbs cutstb`fe`n.
(flrst jc`fetec`bk)
: wcukf prcoboky om b` brtest. (smjc`f jc`fetec`bk)
6 E wcukf`―t dbvm pmrsubfmf ycu tc nc b`f smm et wetd lm.
(tderf jc`fetec`bk)

pmrcrlb`jm.
btlcspdmrm b`fBs cr tdm lusej,
dmendtm`mf E―ftm`sec`
tdm sby tdmfure`n
scu`ftrbja bffmf
amy sjm`ms. Wmrc jc`fetec`bk7 ei + prmsm`t tm`sm + prmsm`t tm`sm (^m usm
tdm zmrc jc`fetec`bk cr nm`mrbk trutds cr jc`smqum`jms.)
? Vdm bjtcr E lcst bflerm es Mllb ^btsc`. Bs wmkk bs ome`n b` Ierst jc`fetec`bk7 ei + prmsm`t tm`sm + uturm crl/lendt
crl/lendt/jcukf,
mxjmkkm`t bjtcr, sdm usms dmr blm tc bfvcjbtm cr jbusms
jbu sms keam mtj. (^m usm tdm flrst jc`fetec`bk cr tdm jc`smqum`jm c b
dulb` rendts. pcsseokm uturm bjtec`.)
: Et lmb`s tdbt wdm` ycu wbtjd tdm bjtcr e` rckm, tdm bjte`n es Zmjc`f jc`fetec`bk7 ei + pbst selpkm + wcukf/jcukf/lendt +
sc nccf tdbt ycu c`ky tde`a bocut tdm jdbrbjtmr. Bktmr`btevmky,
Bktmr`btevmky, e`fl`etevm (^m usm tdm smjc`f jc`fetec`bk cr dypctdmtejbk
et lmb`s tdbt et es omttmr tc jbst u`a`cw` bjtcrs sc tdm setubtec`s e` tdm prmsm`t.)
bufem`jm es `ct festrbjtmf oy rmjcn`ese`n tdm bjtcr.
Vderf jc`fetec`bk7 ei + pbst pmrmjt + wcukf dbvm + pbst
? Lmtdcf bjte`n (crene`bkky fmvmkcpmf oy Ztb`eskbvsae) es b
pbrtejepkm (^m usm tdm tderf jc`fetec`bk cr dypctdmtejbk
tmjd`equm wdmrmoy tdm bjtcr bels tc bjdemvm jclpkmtm setubtec`s e` tdm pbst.)
mlctec`bk efm`tefljbtec` wetd tdm pbrt tdmy pkby.
? B? O2 J:
mxbl tep : 2 E E dbf`―t bnrmmf tc tbam c` sclm mxtrb wcra kbst wmma,
Ztrejam` lmb`s tc om obfky b﬈mjtmf oy sclmtde`n7 et es dypdm`btmf E wcukf`―t om (sc) strmssmf `cw.
wetd jmkmorbk pbksy, wdejd tdm jdbrbjtmr
j dbrbjtmr wbs b﬈mjtmf oy, b`f ? E Gc` keamf lm, dm wcukf dbvm e`vetmf lm tc des pbrty.
mbrkemr e` tdm sm`tm`jm et sbys tdbt dm rmquermf b wdmmkjdber. Et es b` : E tdm jbr dbf`―t orcam` fcw` ymstmrfby
ymstmrfby,, wm wcukf`―t om
bfgmjtevm rcl b` brjdbej pbst pbrtejepkm rcl tdm vmro stream
stream.. trbvmkke`n tc tdm berpcrt
berpcr t oy tbxe tclcrrcw.
: 2 O (_mmrs obja tc tdm prmvecus sm`tm`jm7 tdm prcpmr rmkbtec`sdep 6 E tdm tmbjdmr dbf`―t nevm` us b surpresm tmst bimr sjdcck,
omtwmm` bufem`jm b`f flkl bjtcr―s jrbi) E―f om bt dclm `cw.
? J (E` pbrbnrbpd ?7 nct delsmk e`tc jdbrbjtmr, pbrtky tdrcund = E E―f nct tdm rendt nrbfms, E wcukf om stbrte`n u`evmrsety `mxt
b smrems c e`-jdbrbjtmr trejas b`f stu`ts) Zmptmlomr.
: O (E` pbrbnrbpd :7 … wm smml tc wb`t tc jbtjd jdbrbjtmrs —bt—bt et―) 9 E Fbf dbf nct tdm dmbte`n flxmf, et wcukf`―t om rmmze`n e` ly
6 F (E` pbrbnrbpd 67 bjtcr―s —jm`trbk
—jm`trbk prcokml―7 dbve`n tc pkbuseoky rccl rendt `cw!
mmk tde`ns wdekm rmlbe`e`n e` jc`trck c tdmer jrbi) 6 2 Zdm rmnrmts bnrmme`n tc nc tc tdm b`jy-frmss pbrty.
= J (E` pbrbnrbpd =7 lmtdcf es bkk bocut lclm`ts ‚ et―set―s b ? Dm tde`as Om` sdcukf`―t dbvm bsamf dmr. E Om` wmrm b rmbkky
tmjd`equm tdbt tde`as e` sdcts b`f jkcsm-ups) nccf rem`f, dm wcukf a`cw dmr omttmr.
9 O (E` pbrbnrbpd 97 … ets cw` ae`f c frblbtej trutd ‚ b`f et―s
et―s : Vdm ocy tde`as tdm nerk wb`ts del tc nc tc tdm pbrty e`stmbf
b` bjt ycu jb`―t om jbundt e`) c dmr (out tdm nerk wb`ts del tc dmkp dmr fl`f b suet).
6 2 pkbuseoky = N7 _mbkky, e dm wmrm`―t sujd b nccf rem`f,
r em`f, tdmrm―s
tdmrm―s `c wby E―f
? tb`neokm om nce`n!
: fesjepkms O7 Zmrecusky, e dm wmrm b rmbkky nccf rem`f, dm wcukf a`cw
6 pmrspmjtevm ycu omttmr b`f dm wcukf`―t dbvm bsamf ycu!
= pbrt b`f pbrjmk N7 Ll, e E wmrm tc bsa ycu e ycu jcukf …
9 dyoref O7 Ucu wcukf`―t jbtjd lm bt b b`jy-frmss pbrty e ycu pbef lm!
> lbfm b kct c N7 … e ycu jcukf dmkp lm fl`f b Jbtwclb` cutflt3
4 jc`gure`n 9 2 dbvm `mvmr dmbrf
= Xcsseokm b`swmrs ? brm `ct/wcukf`―t om
Xbrbnrbpd ?7 Gbrmf Kmtc usms lmtdcf bjte`n b`f wdekm flkle`n b : wcukf`―t dbvm dbf
rmjm`t flkl, dm pkbymf kcts c `bsty trejas c` des mkkcw bjtcrs e` 6 dbf bsamf
ammpe`n wetd tdm jdbrbjtmr c tdm Gcamr tdbt dm wbs pkbye`n. = nc/wmrm tc nc
9 wekk/wcukf fl`f
Xbrbnrbpd :7 Lb`y bjtcrs tcfby nc tc nrmbt km`ntds tc sdcw
tdbt tdmy brm prmpbre`n cr b rckm. Bufem`jms `cw smml tc keam > dbf`―t ocundt
tdes fmvctec` tc tdm brt c bjte`n. 4 wcukf`―t om
5 wb`t
Xbrbnrbpd 67 Vdm `mw lmtdcf bjte`n es quetm u`keam tdm
28 wekk `mmf tc/`mmf tc
crene`bk lmtdcf bjte`n, wdmrm bjtcrs tremf tc fl`f tdm
22 wmrm tc tmkk/tckf
lctevbtec` b`f mlctec`s cr tdm jdbrbjtmr rcl tdmlsmkvms
2? wcukf om
b`f tdmer cw` mxpmrem`jm.
2: dbf cu`f cut
Xbrbnrbpd =7 Vdm lmtdcf smmls tc dbvm bfbptmf wmkk cr sjrmm`
wcra, b`f bjtcrs usm et tc jc`gurm up lclm`ts rbtdmr tdb` kevm

cut wdckm kevms.

Xbrbnrbpd 97 _mbkky nccf lmtdcf bjtcrs keam Fb`emk Fby-Kmwes
dbvm wbys c prmpbre`n, oy e`vckve`n tdmlsmkvms e` b jdbrbjtmr―s
kem wetdcut tmkke`n mvmryc`m bocut et.
Cvmrbkk sullbry7 Vdes brtejkm es bocut dcw bjtcrs usm b spmjebk
lmtdcf tc nmt e`tc jdbrbjtmr b`f nevm b jc`ve`je`n pmrcrlb`jm.

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ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

> Xcsseokm b`swmrs ? Lbreb tde`as tdbt tdm typms c vefmcs wdejd Gbvemr lbams
2 msjbpesl, fce`n sclmtde`n fe﬈mrm`t, b nccf wby tc prcvefm b B dbvm b﬈mjtmf cur mvmryfby kevms.
tbkae`n pce`t bt b scjebk nbtdmre`n O dbvm jdbkkm`nmf dmr prcmssec`.
? J dbvm jdb`nmf tdm wby wm tde`a.
• E E dbf tc jdccsm b jdbrbjtmr tc jcspkby, et wcukf dbvm tc
F dbvm prmvm`tmf
prmvm`tmf fesjussec` c ctdmr elpcrtb`t essums.
om tdm Duka omjbusm E―f keam tc nc brcu`f prmtm`fe`n tc om
: Gbvemr b`f Lbreb bnrmm tdbt vefmcs wdejd jbpturm b` ekkusec`
strc`n b`f e`ve`jeokm.
• E E dbf tc frmss up bs sclmc`m, et wcukf prcoboky om B brm jbuse`n pmcpkm tc om upsmt.
_my rcl Ztbr ^brs bs sdm―s c`m c ly bkk-telm bvcuretm O brm b vbkubokm mfujbtec`bk tcck.
jdbrbjtmrs. B` bffmf oc`us es tdbt dmr cutflt kccas prmtty J brm frbwe`n b `mw bufem`jm e`tc tdm brt crl.
jclcrtbokm. F brm b` m﬈mjtevm wby tc tc rbesm fesjussec` c jmrtbe` jc`jmpts.
6 Gbvemr sunnmsts tdbt des keve`n brrb`nmlm`ts
B brm rmspc`seokm crcr tdm sujjmss c des vefmcs.
2 Xcsseokm b`swmr O bkkcw tdm tmbl tc flkl u`tek tdm vefmc es pmrmjt.
Vdes quctm lmb`s tdbt kem es keam b stbnm omjbusm wm bjt cut J nm`mrbtm efmbs tdbt
tdbt brm
brm u`usubk.
fe﬈mrm`t rckms, m.n. b oboy, sclmc`m―s jdekf, b sjdcck jdekf, b
F rmsukt e` b wefmr vbremty c tcpejs.
wcramr,, b rem`f, b pbrt`mr, b` mkfmrky pmrsc`,
wcramr pmr sc`, mtj.
= Gbvemr―s vemw c rmmoccte`n es tdbt
? 2 B fmkusec` (lestbam` omkem)
B et `mmfs tc om jc`trckkmf.
O ekkusec`s (sclmtde`n `ct rmbk)
O et jb` om fblbne`n cr sclm pmcpkm.
? B b`tbsy (sclmtde`n purmky elbne`mf)
O bkkbjy (sclmtde`n cim` omkemvmf out u`trum) J et es b obf wby tc bjdemvm pcpukbrety.
pcpukbrety.
: B elbnm (b pejturm) F et dbs fe﬈mrm`t m﬈mjts c` fe﬈mrm`t pmcpkm.
O elbne`btec` (boekety tc jrmbtm) 9 Lbreb b`f Gbvemr octd tde`a tdbt
6 B rmbkety (wdbt es rmbk b`f dbppm`e`n) B tdmy wekk bkwbys fesbnrmm bocut
bocut wdbt―s omst.
O rmbkesl (wby c tde`ae`n obsmf c` bjt) O Vdm bufem`jm cr tdes typm c vefmc es nrcwe`n.
= B dbkkuje`btec`s
dbk kuje`btec`s (vesubk elbnms e`fujmf oy lmfejbtec` cr ekk`mss) J pmcpkm wekk bkwbys om bokm tc scrt ekkusec` rcl rmbkety.
rmbkety.
O frmbl(s) (wdm` wm―rm bskmmp) F tdmrm `mmfs tc tc om lcrm fesjussec` bocut tdm prcokmls
: Dm puts c` b`ctdmr vcejm b`f trems tc scu`f
scu`f lcrm elpcrtb`t. tdmsm vefmcs rbesm.
6 2 c` ? cut : cr 6 e` = up 9 c` mxbl tep
2 put c` ‚ spmba wetd
? lbam cut ‚ prmtm`f Amy wcrfs < lbae`n vefmcs, Gbvemr mmks
: tbam (so) cr ‚ lestbam O tmkks us tdbt wm―rm bocut tc dmbr tdm e`crlbtec` wm `mmf
6 tbam e` ‚ fmjmevm omjbusm tdes es b qumstec` tc Gbvemr bocut putte`n tcnmtd
tcnmtdmr
mr des
= lbam up ‚ e`vm`t e`jrmfeokm vefmcs (putte`n tcnmtdm
tcnmtdmrr es b`ctdmr wby c mxprmsse`n
9 tbam c` ‚ bfcpt lbae`n vefmcs).
vefmcs).
= 2 nmt e`tc jdbrbjtmr 6 2 O (Lb`y pmcpkm tde`a E usm spmjebk m﬈mjts prcnrbls out E fc`―t.
? tdm smlokb`jm c Icr lm, tdbt wcukf om jdmbte`n.)
jdmbte`n.)
: tdm bîbfm skeps ( E tde`a tdmy bktmr cur gufnmlm`t b`f u`fmrstb`fe`n ci
? J (E
6 tdrcund b`f tdrcund wdbt―s pcsseokm)
pcsseokm)
= nc`m tc nrmbt km`ntds (E suppcsm wdbt―s nccf es tdbt bt kmbst tdm vefmcs bkkcw us tc
: F (E
9 nevms b jc`ve`je`n pmrcrlb`jm fmobtm tdes ae`f ci tde`n. … B`f surmky et―s b nccf tde`n tdbt
wm bel tc mxpkcet tdm bssulptec`s wm lbam brcu`f tdm kbws
ci pdysejs e` crfmr tc tmst tdml. B`f et―s e` b wby tdbt jb` om
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs u`fmrstccf b`f fesjussmf oy tdm lb` c` tdm strmmt.)
2 B pejturm c tdm mlpty tbokm dbs omm` tbam` c` tdm tbokmt. B ( Vdmrm―s sc lujd e`tmrbjtec` tdbt wm―rm bkwbys jrmbte`n
6 B (Vdmrm―s
jc﬈mm jup dbs omm` pkbjmf c` tcp c tdm tbokmt, b`f b`ctdmr sclmtde`n. ^m stbrt c﬈ wetd orbe`stcrle`n. Vdbt―s wdmrm wm
pdctcnrbpd dbs omm` tbam` rcl fermjtky bocvm tc lbam et nct tdcsm efmbs keam smme`n sclmc`m nmtte`n pukkmf bkc`n oy
kcca keam tdm jup es pbrt c tdm pdctcnrbpd c` tdm tbokmt. b jbr cr tdm vefmc ci b` mnn bppbrm`tky wetd b jdeja e`sefm!
? C`m c tdm omst ekkusec`s E―vm smm` wbs b :F pmfmstreb` Vdm pbrt E m`gcymf lcst wbs wcrae`n cut dcw wm wmrm
jrcsse`n. Et wbs gust pbe`tmf c` tdm rcbf, out tdm wby et wbs bjtubkky nce`n tc fc et. Et gust Et wcukf`―t wcra sc wmkk ei wm
fc`m e` :F lbfm et kcca keam tdmrm wmrm rmjtb`nukbr okcjas wmrm`―t tcnmtdmr bkk tdm telm. B`f wm brm jc`stb`tky dbve`n
c` tdm rcbf. Et kccamf rmbkky jcck, b`f lcrm tdb` tdbt, et dbf tc rmsdcct tde`ns.)
tde`ns.)
b usmuk u`jtec`, bppbrm`tky et wbs nrmbt cr nmtte`n jbrs tc = O (Out E fc u`fmrstb`f dcw dbrf et es icr ctdmr pmcpkm wdc
skcw fcw`! spm`f dcurs jrmbte`n stu﬈ b`f tdm` sclmc`m gust stmbks et .)
? Xcsseokm b`swmr ( E fc tde`a bufem`jms brm omjcle`n lcrm scpdestejbtmf
9 J (E
Omjbusm dm es tmjd`ejbkky vmry nccf, vmry jrmbtevm b`f spm`fs b`f lcrm fesjmr`e`n bocut wdbt tdmy wb`t tc omkemvm …
telm c` des vefmcs. rmbkety wekk bjt bs b ae`f ci trb`spbrm`jy icr tdm trutd b`f,
: Xcsseokm b`swmrs uktelbtmky, pmcpkm brm `ct sekky.)
sekky.)
2 ^dm` tbkae`n bocut lbae`n des vefmcs, Gbvemr mmks = 2 b det
B nrbteflmf oy tdm e`tmrvemwmr―s e`tmrmst e` wdbt dm fcms. ? okblm
: tc
O prcuf tdbt tdm vefmcs brm b rmsukt
rmsukt c des tmjd`ejbk saekks.
6 e`
J sbtesflmf wetd tdm scpdestejbtec` c tdm sciwbrm. = tc
F wcrremf tdbt pmcpkm tde`a dm es ome`n fesdc`mst.

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ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

9 Xcsseokm b`swmrs 4 B (b sjbllmr es sclmc`m wdc jdmbts pmcpkm cut c lc`my1

2 Et es wby tcc mbsy tc pdctcsdcp sclmtde`n cr jdb`nm et skendtky
tc nevm b omttmr elprmssec` ‚ bimr bkk, mvmryc`m fcms et!
? E―f sby tdbt e` tdes bnm c bam `mws,
` mws, tdbt pmcpkm brm br lcrm
sjmptejbk tdb` tdmy usmf tc om, b`f wm sdcukf`―t bkwbys
bjjmpt tde`ns bt bjm vbkum.
> Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 Vdm dendkendtmf pdrbsms jc``mjt efmbs cr e`crlbtec` b`f bjt bs
sen`pcsts cr tdm rmbfmr.
rmbfm r.
? 2 tdbt es tc sby
b icrnmr es sclmc`m wdc sclmc`m wdc ekkmnbkky jcpems
fcjulm`ts, lc`my, pbe`te`ns, mtj. b`f trems tc lbam pmcpkm
pmc pkm
tde`a tdmy brm rmbk1 b fcfnmr es sclmc`m wdc usms fesdc`mst
lmtdcfs tc bvcef pbye`n tbxms1 b prb`ast
prb`astmr
mr es sclmc`m wdc
pkbys trejas c` pmcpkm tc lbam tdml kcca sekky)
• E―l e`jke`mf tc tde`a tdbt jrmbtevm typms lendt om lcrm
mjc`clejbk wetd tdm trutd. Vdmy lendt `ct mvm` rmbkesm
tdmy―rm fce`n et!
• Zclmtelms jrmbtevety b`f fmjmptec` fc nc db`f e` db`f.

?
: tdm` bnbe`/dbve`n
dbve`n sbefbnbe`/e`
sbef tdbt/tdm` tdbt/e` rmbkety
rmbkety Dbvm ycu smm`
trum stcry tdm
bocut lcvem
b jc` Jbtjd
brtest Lm
wdc Ei Ucu
wbs Jb`3 b
Jb`3
obsejbkky Vdbt wbs obsmf
jrmbtevm b
nm`eus.
6 E` ctdmr wcrfs/Vdbt es tc sby/Vc put et selpky • Gust omjbusm sclmc`m es jrmbtevm fcms`―t lbam tdbt pmrsc`
mxbl tep fmjmetuk `mjmssbreky. C` tdm ctdmr db`f, e sclmc`m―s fmjmetuk,
E numss sdm lust om jrmbtevm m`cund tc tde`a c wbys tc oku﬈
Vdmy tdm` wb`tmf tc fl`f cut wdmtdmr tdm ncbkammpmr jb` usm
dmr wby cut c trcuokm.
des pcsturm tc bktmr pmrjmptec`s c des sezm sc (6) tc
e`﬏um`jm pm`bkty-tbamrs― bjtec`s. (=) tdmy fesjcvmrmf
sunnmsts tdbt pcsturms wdejd lbam tdm ncbkammpmr smml oennmr …
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
6 2 `c (`mnbtevm qub`teflmr wetd
wetd u`jcu`tbokm `cu`) 2 B jdekf sbye`n tdbt dmr orctdmr orcam sclmtde`n wdm` et wbs
? tc (jcrrmjt prmpcsetec` tc ckkcw bjjcrfe`n
bjjcrfe`n)) dmr bukt.
: e/wdm` (jc`fetec`bk) ? Zdm―f omm` cut tc tdm je`mlb wetd sclmc`m mksm b`f sbef sdm
6 bs (pbrt c tdm flxmf pdrbsm sc bs tc)
tc) wbs bt dclm.
= ^dbt (obja rmmrm`jm) : Dm―f omm` tc b kbtm pbrty c` b sjdcck `endt wdm` dm―f tckf
9 wdekm/wdekst/wdmrmbs (jc`trbstevm ke`amr) pbrm`ts dm wbs stbye`n bt b rem`f―s tc stufy.
> E`/]`fmr (pbrt c flxmf pdrbsm e`/u`fmr tdm jerjulstb`jms)
jerjulstb`jms) ? Xcsseokm b`swmr
4 oy/tdrcund (prmpcsetec` tc sdcw lb``mr) B7 Kccae`n bnbe` bt tdmsm fe﬈mrm`t pmcpkm, cr lm, tdm lcst

elpcrtb`t wcukf om metdmr tmbjdmrs cr pmcpkm e` butdcrety.

2 Ome`n mjc`clejbk wetd tdm trutd es b mupdmlesl cr kye`n, metdmr
cutrendt cr `ct ome`n m`termky dc`mst, cr mxblpkm oy beke`n tc
fesjkcsm tdm ukk stcry cr mxbnnmrbte`n.
? Xcsseokm b`swmrs
Ly orctdmr es mxbjtky keam dmr. Ucu dbvm tc wbtjd del keam b dbwa
cr dm pe`jdms lc`my rcl tdm ob`a.
E dbvm tc bflet tdbt E usmf tc om b oet c b `endtlbrm tc pkby
wetd lysmk bt telms. Out E―vm nrcw` cut c et.
: 2 fmjmeve`n (lbae`n sclmc`m omkemvm sclmtde`n tdbt es `ct trum)
? jdmbt (tc omdbvm e` b fesdc`mst wby e` crfmr tc we` cr tc nmt
b` bfvb`tbnm, mspmjebkky e` b jclpmtetec`, nblm, cr mxbl)
: omtrby (tc om feskcybk tc sclmc`m wdc trusts ycu, sc tdbt
tdmy brm dbrlmf cr upsmt)
6 prmtm`fmf (tc omdbvm bs e sclmtde`n es trum wdm` e` bjt ycu
a`cw et es `ct, e` crfmr tc fmjmevm pmcpkm cr cr u`)
6 2F ?M :O 6B =J
= Kye`n jb` om b sen` c jrmbtevety.
jrmbtevety.
9 2 F (ctdmr cptec`s fc `ct jckkcjbtm wetd keamky)
? J (tdm ctdmr cptec`s `mmf tc om ckkcwmf oy b prmpcsetec`)
: O (jdmbt es usmf cr tmsts/mxbls)
( bjtubkky es e`jcrrmjt omjbusm tdm sm`tm`jm es e`trcfuje`n b
6 B (bjtubkky
`mw mxpkb`btec` tdbt fcms `ct jc`trbfejt prmvecus pcsetec`/
stbtmlm`t1 covecusky es e`jcrrmjt omjbusm tdm butdcr
fcms`―t tde`a et es covecus, wm a`cw tdes rcl rmlbraboky
e` tdm prmvecus sm`tm`jm1 fmjmptevmky es e`jcrrmjt omjbusm et
es`―t fmjmptevm
fmjmptevm))
= O (tdm nbp es ckkcwmf oy cut sc e`fejbtmf/sdcw` brm `ct
jcrrmjt1 tdm lmb`e`n c lbfm cut es tc sby sclmtde`n es
trum wdm` et es `ct)
9 J (jc`ve`je`n lmb`s sclmtde`n tdbt smmls trum1 ctdmr wcrfs
fc `ct lbam sm`sm e` tdes jc`tmxt)
> J (ctdmr wcrfs fc `ct jckkcjbtm wetd prcokml
prcokml))
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824
Ucu―vm c`ky nct tc rmlmlomr tdbt ycu jcukf nmt e` smrecus
trcuokm e tdmy jbundt ycu kye`n tc tdml.
O7 Et―s trum, ycu lendt. Dcwmvmr,
Dcwmvmr, E stekk stb`f oy wdbt E sbef mbrkemr
bocut jclpkmtm dc`msty ome`n lcrm tdb` selpky lbae`n
surm ycur bjts brm trum. Et―s bksc bocut ome`n cpm` b`f `ct
dbve`n b`y smjrmts. E fmfl`etmky fc`―t wb`t tc kmt ly tmbjdmr
cr pre`jepbk e` c` mvmrytde`n!
B7 Fc ycu tde`a rem`fs tdm`3
O7 Ums, E fc. E mmk vmry strc`nky tdbt mvmryc`m sdcukf
sdc ukf dbvm b
rem`f cr twc tdbt tdmy jb` sdbrm mvmrytde`n wetd, E―f sby et es
mssm`tebk cr wmkk-ome`n.
B7 Bktdcund et wbs`―t ly flrst tdcundt, E jb` smm wdbt ycu―rm
sbye`n. E wcukf`―t sby mvmry se`nkm rem`f, out jkcsm rem`fs.
E―l prcoboky lcrm jb`fef wetd ly omst rem`f tdb` b`yc`m
mksm, E numss.
O7 CA, sc et scu`fs keam wm bnrmm c` rem`fs tdm`.
: Xcsseokm b`swmr
Zdcukf ycu bkwbys tmkk tdm trutd tc rem`fs/bleky3 ^dy / ^dy `ct3
Vdmy tbka bocut kye`n tc b lctdmr bocut db`fe`n e` b` bssen`lm`t,
b`f smme`n b rem`f―s pbrt`mr cut wetd sclmc`m mksm.
6 Icr e`stb`jm1 VbamVbam ymstmrfby, icr mxblpkm1
mxblpkm1 Vdm rmbsc` E fef tdbt
tdb t
wbs1 ei, keam1
keam1 es b prelm mxblpkm1 B`f tdbt―s bksc omjbusm1 B`ctdmr
mxblpkm lendt om
= Xcsseokm b`swmr
2 B7 E―l e` twc le`fs bocut tdes. E lmb`, c` tdm c`m db`f, E
wcukf mxpmjt pcketejeb`s tc om dc`mst bocut pckejems b`f
tdmer omdbvecur. C` tdm ctdmr, E tde`a tdmy lendt dbvm tc flo
sclmtelms cr tdm nrmbtmr nccf.
O7 E` wdbt ae`f c jerjulstb`jms lendt tdmy dbvm tc kem3
B7 Kmt―s tbam b` mxblpkm, wdbt wdbt e pcketejeb`s brm lbae`n b trbfm
fmbk, b`f e tdmy fesjkcsm fmtbeks, et lendt kmbf tc nmtte`n
b wcrsm fmbk cr tdmtd m jcu`try. Vdbt sbef, E fc tde`a tdmy―f
om lujd omttmr tc sby tdmy wc`―t jcllm`t rbtdmr tdb`
cutrendt kye`n.
O7 E numss ycu―rm rendt up tc b pce`t. Out E―f rmbkky rbtdmr
pcketejeb`s wmrm truky butdm`tej b`f bocvm-ocbrf, mvm`
fure`n jblpben`s.
B7 Ucu―
Ucu―rmrm rendt, tdbt wcukf jmrtbe`ky
jmr tbe`ky om `ejm. Bktdcund, e`
rmbkety,, E―l `ct surm tdbt―s mvmr nce`n tc dbppm` …
rmbkety
:
ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU
? B7 E numss E jb` smm wdbt tdmy―rm sbye`n, tdbt lbyom
lbyom e ycu
brm uprc`t bocut mvmrytde`n, et fcms`―t lbam ycu vmry
pcpukbr. Vdes es omjbusm pmcpkm fc`―t bkwbys wb`t tc dmbr
tdm jckf, dbrf trutd, mspmjebkky bocut tdmlsmkvms!
O7 Vc ouekf c` wdbt Mkebs dbs sbef, E tde`a tdmy amy es tc om
jbrmuk bocut wdbt ycu sby b`f fepkclbtej e` dcw ycu
sby et.
: B7 Bosckutmky. ^dy E tde`a tdes wby es omjbusm et es vetbk tdbt
jdekfrm` a`cw tdbt tdmy jb` trust wdbt ycu sby sby.. Ucu
Ucu fc`―t
`mjmssbreky dbvm tc nevm b ukk b`f fmtbekmf b`swmr, out
fc`―t lbam up b kem.
O7 E dbvm b fe﬈mrm`t pmrspmjtevm tc Mkebs. E` ly vemw, et―s CA cr
pmcpkm tc `ct om jclpkmtmky dc`mst wetd ycu`n jdekfrm`
sclmtelms, tdes es obsejbkky tc prctmjt tdml rcl sclm c
kem―s dbrsd rmbketems cr kmt tdml m`gcy sclm c tdm lbnej c
lbfm-up stcrems.
6 B7 Xmrsc`bkky, E tde`a et―s omttmr `ct dbvm b`ytde`n ycu `mmf
tc defm, mxjmpt cr lbyom b u` surpresm
su rpresm cr ycur pbrt`mr.
p brt`mr. E
tde`a tdbt ammpe`n b smjrmt, bocut sby b pmrsc`bk beke`n, jb`
om quetm mxdbuste`n.
O7 Bktdcund E nm`mrbkky bnrmm tdbt cpm``mss es elpcrtb`t, E
fc tde`a et―s fl`m tc ammp b mw smjrmts `cw b`f tdm` bocut
trevebk tde`ns. Icr mxblpkm, fcms ycur pbrt`mr `mmf tc a`cw
wdmrm ycu defm ycur smjrmt stbsd c jdcjckbtm3
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
• E―f numss tdbt Me`stme` es trye`n tc sby tdbt et es bkk vmry wmkk tc
kmbr` bjts, out e ycu fc`―t dbvm b`y jrmbtevety tc bppky tdcsm
bjts tc sckvm prcokmls, tdm` tdmy brm`―t lujd usm tc b`yc`m.
• Dm prcoboky lmb`s tdbt dend-bjdemvmrs tm`f tc vbkum jrmbtevm
tde`ae`n bocvm rctm kmbr`e`n.
? Vdm purpcsm c tdm mssby es tc fesjuss twc om`mflts c tmbjde`n
tdm brts b`f mxpkbe` wdejd es tdm lcst elpcrtb`t om`mflt. Vdm
tmbjdmr wekk rmbf et.
: 2 c﬈mrs b wefmr mfujbtec`1 e`jkusevm, bkk
bkk jb` mxjmk
? Ums, wdm` smkmjte`n tdm lcst elpcrtb`t pce`t b`f bksc neve`n
rmbsc`s wdy tdm om`mflts brm elpcrtb`t.
: Ums, omjbusm et `mmfs tc om e` b` bjbfmlej stykm.
6 Vdmrm brm pbrbnrbpds cr mbjd pce`t e` tdm mssby1 efmbs brm
jc``mjtmf wetd ke`ae`n pdrbsms.
mxbl tep
2 jc ``mjt bjrcss sm`tm`jms7 Vdm flrst ci tdmsm1
jc``mjt tdmsm1 Vdm smjc`f om`mflt
jc``mjt wetde` sm`tm`jms7 ^dekst
? e`trcfujm e`crlbtec`7 Vdmrm es jclpmkke`n mvefm`jm tdbt1 et es
wcrtd `cte`n tdbt1 Et es elpcrtb`t tc rmbkesm tdbt e`fejbtm tdm
wretmr―s bttetufm/pce`t c vemw7 ]`surprese`nky 1 ]`fcuotmfky
6 2 F (E ycu fc cr fmjefm sclmtde`n e` kendt ci sclmtde`n mksm,
ycu fc et bimr jc`sefmre`n tdbt tde`n.)
? M (^dbt es mqubkky elpcrtb`t es usmf wdm` e`trcfuje`n b smjc`f
efmb cr stbtmlm`t tdbt es bs elpcrtb`t bs ycur flrst c`m.)
( Vdm flrst tde`n e`fejbtms b` e`trcfujtec`1 rmlmlomr dmrm
: B (Vdm
lmb`s tc ammp e` le`f.)
le`f.)
6 O (wetd sclmfby/sclmtde`n e` le`f lmb`s jc`sefmre`n
sclmc`m cr sclmtde`n wdm` fce`n sclmtde`n, b`f tbae`n
suetbokm bjtec`.)
= I (Oy tdm sblm tcam` es b crlbk pdrbsm lmb`e`n icr tdm sblm
rmbsc`s11 et es usmf wdm` ycu wb`t tc sby tdbt sclmtde`n
rmbsc`s
mksm es bksc trum, mspmjebkky sclmtde`n vmry fe﬈mrm`t cr
surprese`n.)
(Icr tdes rmbsc` es usmf bimr neve`n b rmbsc` cr sclmtde`n,
9 F (Icr
omcrm sbye`n wdbt bjtec` wbs tbam`.)
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824
?@F MFEVEC@ J2
Mxpkcrm kb`nubnm
2 ]`surprese`nky b`f u`fcuotmfky brm bfvmros wdejd tmkk us dcw
surm tdm wretmr mmks bocut sclmtde`n.
? Xcsseokm b`swmrs
B sen`efljb`tky, jrujebkky, elpcrtb`tky
O u`fblm`tbkky, obsejbkky,
obsejbkky, e` mssm`jm
J blbze`nky, sdcjae`nky, rmlbraboky
F u`fm`eboky, bosckutmky, u`qumstec`boky
= Vdm mssby `mmfs tc e`jkufm twc c tdm om`mflts c tmbjde`n kem
saekks, wetd rmbsc`s.
> Lcfmk b`swmr
Lb`y ycu`n bfukts tcfby brm nrbfubte`n rcl smjc`fbry sjdcck
wetdcut a`cwe`n dcw tc jdb`nm b kendtouko, ocek b` mnn cr fc
JX_. E` kendt c tdes, et smmls keam b` mxjmkkm`t efmb cr sjdccks
tc tmbjd prbjtejbk saekks sujd bs dcusmdckf rmpbers, oufnmte`n,
jccae`n b`f flrst bef.
C`m amy om`mflt c tmbjde`n sujd saekks wcukf om tdbt et wcukf
nevm mbjd c us tdm jdb`jm tc nbe` tdmsm saekks omcrm nrbfubtec`.
]`fcuotmfky, sclm stufm`ts wekk dbvm bjjmss tc bjquere`n saekks
rcl tdmer blekems. Umt, cr wdbtmvmr
wdbtmvmr rmbsc`, `ct bkk stufm`ts
dbvm mquetbokm cppcrtu`etems tc fc sc.
B`ctdmr vbkubokm om`mflt es tdbt et wcukf rmm up ycu`n bfukts
tc smttkm e`tc `mw wcra cr stufy wetdcut tdm bffmf ourfm` c
kmbr`e`n prbjtejbk saekks bt tdm sblm telm. Vc sclm fmnrmm, tdmrm
wekk bkwbys om `mw saekks tc kmbr`, out oy jcvmre`n tdm obsejs,
sjdccks wcukf mquep tdmer stufm`ts tc prcnrmss tc tdm `mxt stbnm
c tdmer kevms wetd jc`flfm`jm e` lb`bne`n lcst fby-tc-fby tbsas.
Et smmls tdbt tdm kbttmr es tdm lcst jrujebk om`mflt. Vdm
rmbsc` cr tdes es tdbt et es `ct u`usubk cr rmjm`t sjdcck
nrbfubtms tc mmk cvmrwdmklmf oy tdm dunm jdb`nms e` tdmer
kevms. ]`qumstec`boky, kmbr`e`n prbjtejbk saekks wekk dmkp us tc
bfgust lcrm mbseky b`f bjdemvm nrmbtmr sujjmss e` cur jdcsm`
m`fmbvcurs.
Cvmrbkk, E bl e` bvcur c e`trcfuje`n prbjtejbk saekks mfujbtec`
e` smjc`fbry sjdccks. E` ly vemw, et es vetbk tdbt wm bkk rmjmevm b
orcbf mfujbtec` wdejd prmpbrms us cr bkk bspmjts c bfukt kem.
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 Ly vemw es tdbt ome`n pcsetevm jb` dmkp ycu mmk omttmr up tc
b pce`t. Vdbt sbef, et wcukf om `bãvm tc en`crm lbe`strmbl
lmfeje`m cr sclm scrt c bery-bery le`f nblms. E et wbs tdbt
mbsy, fc ycu tde`a wm―f
wm―f stekk dbvm b`y seja pmcpkm3
? Ly nrb`flctdmr tmbjdms ycnb b`f lmfetbtec` sc E―vm spm`t b
ber blcu`t c telm fce`n tdcsm. E fc`―t a`cw tdbt E wcukf jbkk
tdml tdmrbpy out E suppcsm et fef ly le`f b`f ocfy sclm
nccf!
: Zclm pcsseokm bjtcrs7 stbtus c tdm prmsjreoe`n pdysejeb` cr
tdmrbpest1 jcst c tdm trmbtlm`t1 wcrf c lcutd1 tmstelc`ebks1
sjem`teflj mvefm`jm.
? Xcsseokm b`swmrs
• Vdm pkbjmoc m﬈mjt es b pdm`clm`c` e` wdejd b pmrsc`―s
jc`fetec` cr pmrcrlb`jm rmspc`fs tc b pkbjmoc, sujd bs b pekk
wdejd e` etsmk dbs `c prcpmrtems tc e`fujm tdm jdb`nm.
• Et―s b pdysejbk b`f lm`tbk rmspc`sm tc b stelukus tdbt bppmbrs
tc om nm`ue`m, out es e` bjt bksm.
• Vdm pkbjmoc m﬈mjt es wdm` sclmc`m omkemvms tdbt b frun cr
trmbtlm`t es nm`ue`m b`f wekk lbam tdml omttmr, wdm` e` bjt
tdmrm es `c bjtevm suostb`jm e` tdm frun.
6
ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

: Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 Vdm pekk wbs nevm` b jke`ejbk `blm (@murcsmt). Gmrmly es b
fcjtcr. Xkbymrs wmrm nevm` lcrm tdb` c`m pekk bs stufems dbf
sdcw` tdbt wcukf om lcrm jc`ve`je`n. Vdm pekks e`jkufmf tdm
2 Ztufm`ts― cw` b`swmrs.
jckcur rmf wdejd dbs omm` cu`f tc lmmt mxpmjtbtec`s c
? omtrby, oku﬈, jdmbt, fmjmevm, bam, bksmdccf, flo, crnm, rbuf,
tdmer bppmbrb`jm. Vdmrm wbs lmfejbk mqueplm`t prmsm`t.
dcbx, sjbl, tmkk b wdcppmr,
wdcp pmr, tmkk pcraems
B u`ecrlmf lmfejbk c﬊jmr fespm`smf tdm pekks bkc`n wetd
: 2 jclpmkke`n
lbae`n `ctms b`f tmste`n tdm pkbymrs― okccf prmssurm. Vdm
? jc`ve`je`n
pekks wmrm fespm`smf e` b rmjcn`esboky lmfejbk wby e` pbpmr
: prelm
jups b`f wetd wbtmr.
wbtmr. Gmrmly―s kb`nubnm wbs vmry prmjesm b`f
6 orbvm
e`crlmf. Gmrmly tckf tdml wdbt tc mxpmjt sc tdmy wcukf
= jb`fef
? dbvm bkrmbfy omm`
Mlobrrbssmf tdbt Eb`tejepbte`n tdm jdb`nm.
dbf omm` trejamf, pbrtejukbrky c` tmkmvesec`.
E wcukf stbrt tc qumstec` ctdmr pmrcrlb`jm-m`db`je`n ccf,
22 I
fre`a cr suppkmlm`ts E dbf tbam`, sujd bs m`mrny fre`as, b`f
? V
wc`fmr e tdmy rmbkky wcramf. E wcukf mmk blbzmf b`f b kettkm
: V
rmbamf cut bocut dcw rmbfeky wm wmrm bkk prmpbrmf tc omkemvm
6 V
sclmtde`n, gust omjbusm et bppmbrmf tc om nm`ue`m. E―f om
= V
e`trenumf tdbt cur pmrcrlb`jm dbf elprcvmf sc sen`efljb`tky
purmky tdrcund tdm m﬈mjt c cur omkem. ? 2 es
? ^mrm
6 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
: wcukf om
• Et―s dendky u`mtdejbk. Et―s fmjmptec`. Ucu brm jc`sm`te`n tc
6 es, kccae`n cr
tbam c`m tde`n, out brm ome`n nevm` sclmtde`n mksm. Vc Vc lm,
= flktmrs
tdbt lmb`s ycur jc`sm`t dbs `ct omm` truky nevm` b`f et―s
9 tde`as
errmspc`seokm tc bssulm et―s CA.
> oke`a
• Oy festcrte`n wdbt tdm pkbymrs jb` bjdemvm bt —`crlbk―
—`crlbk―
4 tc lbam
pmrcrlb`jm kmvmks, et jcukf bfvmrsmky elpbjt tdmer nblm
e tdmy brm u`bokm tc bttbe` tdm —m`db`jmf―
—m`db`jmf― kmvmk wetdcut b : 2 e` jbsm
? ctdmrwesm
pkbjmoc, wdejd es u`ber. : c` jc`fetec` tdbt
• E fc`―t tde`a et―s b prcokml. Vdm suogmjts brm`―t ome`n dbrlmf
b`f e et rmsukts e` sclmtde`n pcsetevm tdbt tdmy brm dbppy 6 e` tdm mvm`t c
bocut, tdm` wdy `ct3 = out cr
• E fc`―t tde`a et es u`mtdejbk. Zclm elpcrtb`t rmsmbrjd e`tc 9 prcvefe`n
tdm m﬈mjtevm`mss c `mw fruns es fc`m tdes wby, rcl wdejd 6 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
mvmryc`m om`mflts. ? E wm fc`―t dbvm b`y jc`trcks c` `mws stcrems, et lby obfky
b﬈mjt pmcpkm.
: Dm wbs c`ky bkkcwmf tc smm tdm lbnejeb`s― trejas e dm fef`―t
? Xcsseokm b`swmrs tmkk b`yc`m.
2 Jclpkmtm tdm u`et jdmja mxmrjesms. Fc bkkcjbtmf dclmwcra. 6 Bkk tdm pmrcrlmrs lust nbtdmr e` tdm dbkk e tdmy dmbr b` bkbrl.
Kcca cr c`ke`m prbjtejm bpps/wmosetms. _mjcrf vcjboukbry e` = ^m wcukf dbvm omm` bt tdm b`jy-frmss pbrty e wm dbf
b `ctmocca. ^retm pmrsc`bkesmf mxblpkms cr `mw nrbllbr/ sclmtde`n tc wmbr!
vcjboukbry. 9 ^m sdcukf we` e kbst ymbr―s we``mrs fc`―t m`tmr tdm
? Jdmja prc`u`jebtec` c wcrfs e` tdm c`ke`m Kc`nlb` jclpmtetec`.
Fejtec`bry c Jc`tmlpcrbry M`nkesd. Efm`tey scu`fs tdbt ycu = 2 C` tdm jc`trbry
dbvm fe﬊jukty wetd, cr bsa tdm tmbjdmr tc dmkp ycu efm`tey ? Vdbt es tc sby
tdmsm scu`fs. ]sm prc`u`jebtec` bpps. : ^dbt―s lcrm
: Xcsseokm b`swmrs 6 sc bs
2 Omcrm E stbrt ly dclmwcra, E―l nce`n tc spm`f sclm telm = mxjmpt tdbt
kccae`n cvmr tdm prmvecus kmssc`. 9 u`fmr tdcsm jerjulstb`jms
? E E nmt b` mxmrjesm wrc`n, E―l nce`n tc lbam surm E u`fmrstb`f 92 dbs/sdcukf (jc`fetec`bk)
wdy. E `ct, E―kk bsa tdm tmbjdmr. ? wby (flxmf pdrbsm)
: ^dm` tdm tmbjdmr nevms lm mmfobja c` ly wrettm` wcra, E―l : dbvm (jc`fetec`bk)
nce`n tc spm`f sclm telm rmbfe`n tdm mmfobja. E―kk rmvemw tdm 6 sdcukf/wekk (jc`fetec`bk)
mmfobja omcrm tdm `mxt wrete`n tbsa. = e/wdm` (jc`fetec`bk)
9 et (obja rmmrm`je`n)
> wetd/keam (jclpbrbtevm)
4 sdcukf (jc`fetec`bk)
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 =

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

> Xcsseokm b`swmr

_mbsc`s c`ke`m lmfeb sdcukf jdmja `mws brm omjbusm u`trum
stcrems lby7
• lbam pmcpkm omkemvm fb`nmrcus stcrems, m.n. e`bjjurbtm dmbktd
e`crlbtec`
• fblbnm pmcpkm―s rmputbtec`s, m.n. sbye`n b pcpstbr dbs
jcllettmf b jrelm
• oebs pmcpkm―s fmjesec`-lbae`n
• kmbf tc u``mjmssbry u`rmst b`f prctmsts
• lbam pmcpkm upsmt
u psmt u``mjmssbreky, m.n. bam fmbtd rmpcrts.

2 2 jc`te`ums, wekk om
? wcukf`―t dbvm jrbsdmf, dbf`―t fcw`kcbfmf
: wcukf om, wmrm (wcukf dbvm omm`, dbf omm`)
6 rmbf, wcukf e`jrmbsm
= wekk less, brrevms
? 2 E E―f omm` tbundt M`nkesd bt prelbry sjdcck, E wcukf om
﬏um`t `cw.
? E Dbrry dbf`―t nc`m tc u`evmrsety cr flvm ymbrs, dm wcukf`―t
om mbr`e`n b kct c lc`my `cw.
: E E dbf`―t kcst ly pdc`m ymstmrfby, E wcukf`―t om nce`n
sdcppe`n cr b`ctdmr c`m tclcrrcw.
6 E Lbrem m`gcymf rclb`tej flkls, sdm wcukf dbvm nc`m tc smm
Bocut Velm wetd _c``em kbst `endt.
= E ly jcuse` dbf kmbr`mf tc swel wdm` dm wbs ycu`nmr,
dm wcukf`―t dbvm b tmrreokm mbr c wbtmr `cw.
9 E E fef`―t dbvm b lmmte`n e` Kc`fc` mbrky tdes lcr`e`n, E wcukf
dbvm stbymf bt ly rem`f―s dcusm kbst `endt.
: 2 wcukf om dbppemr e tdmy fef
? wmrm tc dbvm b` bjjefm`t
: wcukf`―t om dbve`n prcokmls dbf
6 sdcukf ycu `mmf tc
= E wcukf dbvm wbtjdmf tdm sdcw
9 tdm wdckm jkbss wmrm tc bek
6 2 `c lbttmr
? Bs b rmsukt
: E` jc`trbst
6 wdmrmbs
= e` rmbkety
= 2 ^dm`/Bktdcund (smqum`jm ke`a)
? c`m (flxmf pdrbsm)
: jcukf (boekety e` tdm pbst)
6 bktdcund/tdcund/out (jc`trbst ke`amr)
= bimr (smqum`jm ke`amr)
9 wmrm/wb`tmf (jc`fetec`)
> Et/Vdes (obja-rmmrm`je`n tc jdmbte`n omdbvecur)
4 e (jc`fetec`)
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 9

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

]@EV > OM ZMM@, OM DMB_F

4 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 E bflerm flkl-lbae`n omjbusm et tbams sc lujd crnb`esbtec` tc
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
lbam b sujjmssuk flkl.
E b` e`gustejm es`―t rendtmf, et wekk smt b prmjmfm`t b`f pbvm tdm
Icr lm, pcmtry es tdm lcst bflerbokm omjbusm et smmls kmss
wby cr lcrm e`gustejm.
jcllmrjebkesmf tdb` tdm ctdmr brt crls.
Zcjemty es e`tmrjc``mjtmf, sc mvm` e b` e`gustejm fcms`―t b﬈mjt ? C` tdm surbjm, pcketejeb`s bppmbr tc dbvm lcrm e`﬏um`jm.
us fermjtky, wm sdcukf tbam b stb`f. Dcwmvmr,, e ycu kcca fmmpmr, E tde`a brtests pkby
Dcwmvmr p kby b lujd oennmr
o ennmr
? Xcsseokm b`swmrs rckm e` e`﬏um`je`n cur scjemty.
Mllmke`m Xb`adurst (24=4‚25?4) wbs b blcus lmlomr c E` rmbkety, pcketejeb`s brm lujd lcrm e`﬏um`tebk e` bjdemve`n
tdm Oretesd su﬈rbnmttms (tdes jclms rcl tdm wcrf su﬈rbnm jdb`nm omjbusm tdmy brm tbam` lcrm smrecusky b`f dbvm
wdejd lmb`s tdm rendt tc vctm e` `btec`bk mkmjtec`s) b`f cundt kmneskbtevm pcwmrs.
cr wclm`―s rendts, mspmjebkky tdm rendt tc vctm. Zdm wbs put e` Xmrdbps pcketejs es b crl c brt e` b strb`nm scrt c wby3
presc` lb`y telms cr dmr bjtec`s. E bflerm dmr omjbusm mvm` Zclm pcketejeb`s jmrtbe`ky a`cw dcw tc put c` b sdcw!
bimr ome`n sm`t tc presc`, sdm pmrsmvmrmf wetd spmbae`n cut cr
wclm`―s su﬈rbnm.
: Xcsseokm b`swmr 2 2O ?F :B 6J =I 9M
E―f mxpmjt tdm brtejkm tc nc e`tc fmtbek bocut dcw vbrecus brt ? 2 oukkye`n
crls jb` dendkendt scjebk essums b`f b﬈mjt pmcpkm―s cpe`ec`s. ? Dm dbs`―t pdc`mf tc kmt dmr a`cw wdbt dbppm`mf.
6 2 O (Vdm `cvmk dendkendts tdmtdm pkendt c tdm dclmkmss.) : @cocfy dbs wb`tmf tc fmbk wetd tdm prcokml omcrm.
? B (Zckfemr pcmts dendkendtmf tdm defmcus
defmc us rmbkety c wbr.)
wbr.) 6 Vdm sjdcck jcu`jek wmrm jc`jmr`mf b`f rbesmf tdm essum mbrkemr
: F (Vdm flkl, 55 dclms,
dclms, sdcws tdm scjebk m﬈mjt c dcuse`n e` tdm ymbr.
crmjkcsurms.) : 2 Omjbusm c tele`n et―s prcobokm tdbt et dbs fl`esdmf. E wcukf om
6 J (Zc`ns dbvm omm` usmf tc spmba cut bocut essums se`jm bs surpresmf e et dbs`―t fl`esdmf. (bksc7 cundt tc dbvm fl`esdmf)
mbrky bs tdm Xmbsb`ts― _mvckt e` M`nkb`f, 2:42.) ? E―l b``cymf tdbt dm dbs`―t pdc`mf lm. (bksc7 jcukf dbvm
= 2 O (tdrcund tdmer wcra, lb`y butdcrs bksc wb`t tc ore`n essums pdc`mf)
tdbt tdmy rmnbrf bs elpcrtb`t tc cur bttm`tec`. Vdmy fc tdes : Obsmf c` mxpmrem`jm, E―l jrcss wetd lysmk cr `ct a`cwe`n.
oy m`s`bre`n us wetd tdm stcry wdekm e`crle`n us, sclmtelms (bksc7 sdcukf dbvm a`cw`)
a`cw`)
bklcst u`cotrusevmky, bocut wefmr scjebk essums … Ctdmr 6 B` elpkemf jc`fetec`bk ‚ e E dbf`―t dbf sclm prcokmls,
wretmrs u`bsdblmfky smt cut tc pbe`t tdm essum vmry jkmbrky E wcukf dbvm nc`m.
rcl tdm cutsmt) = Vdmrm wbs tdm cppcrtu`ety tc put b stcp tc et. Vdmy dbf tdm
? J (wmrm jrmbtmf oy tdm pmcpkm wdc wmrm strunnke`n bnbe`st lmb`s tc put b stcp tc et, out tdmy fef`―t.
pccr wcrae`n
wcrae`n jc`fetec`
jc`fetec`ss b`f cpprmssec`
cpprmssec` … Dcwm
Dcwmvmr
vmr tcfby―s
tcfby―s 9 Vdes usm nevms b` (u`bvcurbokm) jclpbresc` tc sdcw
wretmrs brm `ct `mjmssbreky tdcsm b﬈mjtmf oy tdm scjebk pce`tkmss`mss c b` bjtec`. (bksc7 jcukf gust bs wmkk dbvm
prcokmls,
prcokml s, out c`ms wb`te
wb`te`n
`n tc rbesm bwbrm`mss
bwbrm`mss)) omm` tbkae`n)
tbkae`n)
: O (bjjcllcfbtm … jdb`ne`n … rmjm`t rmjm`t pcpukbr sdei) 6 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
6 B (Vdm
( Vdm wcra c tdmsm pcmts dbs tcujdmf sujjmssevm 2 ycu―
ycu―f
f nc`m cut.
nm`mrbtec`s, b`f mvm` tdcsm c us wdc prcmss tc dbvm `c ? wbs c`ky flvm le`utms kbtm.
e`tmrmst e` pcmtry e` nm`mrbk) : tdmy―vm omm` e` b lmmte`n.
= F (^dekm
(^dekm rmbfe`n b stcry bkkcws us tc jrmbtm tdm pejturms cr 6 E―l rmbkky nrbtmuk.
cursmkvms, flkl nevms us tdm pejturms fermjtky) = tdmy―f dbvm omm` urecus tdbt E dbf`―t jc`suktmf tdml flrst.
9 J (Lusej u`fm`eboky dbs b pbrtejukbr pcwmr tc lcvm pmcpkm. Et 9 `cw wm―rm jbundt up e` bkk tdm rusd-dcur trb﬊j.
tbps e`tc cur ocfy rdytdls b`f tdm rmrbe`s frekk lmssbnms = Xcsseokm b`swmrs
e`tc cur orbe`s.)
orbe`s.) B7 Zurprese`nky, E―vm `mvmr bjtubkky sen`mf b` c`ke`m pmtetec`.
> F (^mbamr
(^mbamr flkls e` tdes nm`rm cim` mbturm lc`ckcnums wdmrm E―vm dbf kcts c rmqumsts, out E fc`―t dc`mstky omkemvm tdmy
tdm bufem`jm es bklcst kmjturmf bt out tdm omttmr c tdmsm lbam b lujd c b fe﬈mrm`jm.
flkls …)…) O7 Et―s u``y ycu sdcukf bsa omjbusm E bjtubkky sen`mf c`m gust
4 B (Erc`ejbkky,
( Erc`ejbkky, bt telms tdm rdytdls c tdm pcmtry prcvefm b` tdes lcr`e`n bocut tdm trmbtlm`t c rmunmms. ^dc a`cws
mjdc c tdm rdytdl c tdm lbrjde`n ob`fs b`f pbtrectej e et wekk bjtubkky lbam b fe﬈mrm`jm3 Zen`e`n es queja b`f rmm,
sc`ns tdbt m`jcurbnmf sckfemrs tc flndt e` tdm flrst pkbjm)
pkbjm ) pmrmjt cr b` brljdber bjtevest keam lm. E―l lujd lcrm keamky
5 F (Lcrm
(Lcrm rmjm`tky Zu﬈rbnmttm ekkustrbtms flndts wclm` dbvm dbf tc sen` b pmtetec` tdb` lbrjd e` tdm strmmts.
‚ b`f brm stekk dbve`n ‚ cr mqubkety …)
…) 9 2 dbvm tc bflet
28 B (^br
( ^br pcmtry wbs `ct `mw e` 2526, out prmvecusky et dbf ? sdcukf cr sdcukf`―t sen`
smrvmf lbe`ky tc nkcrey wbr b`f prclctm pbtrectesl. Vdm`, : wcukf dbvm omm`
sckfemr pcmts keam ^ekrmf Cwm` mkt tdmy `mmfmf tc wretm 6 lby/lendt/jcukf mvm` dbvm omm` bpprcbjdmf (selekbr
bocut tdm btrcjetems tdmy wmrm wet`msse`n)
wet`msse`n) lmb`e`ns ‚ jcukf es skendtky lcrm jckkcquebk)
9 2 e`bjjmsseokm = jb`/lendt dcca (lendt
(lendt strmssms tdm prcoboekety1 jb` strmssms
? sujjmssevm tdm pcsseoekety)
: prcmss 9 dbs tc/`mmfs tc/lust dbvm (lust(lust es tdm strc`nmst crl)
6 bjjcllcfbtm > lust`―t/sdcukf`―t crnmt (lust
(lust es strc`nmr)
= m`tejm 4 lust dbvm omm` su﬈mre`n
9 u`bsdblmfky 5 lby/lendt dbvm omm` (selekbr lmb`e`ns)
> rmrbe` 28 sdcukf dbvm fc`m
4 nbkvb`esm
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824
ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU
> Xcsseokm b`swmrs
Vdm purpcsm c c`ke`m pmtetec`s es tc rbesm bwbrm`mss c essums.
Vdm wby sen`bturms brm nbtdmrmf dbs jdb`nmf cvmr telm.
^etd m`cund sen`bturms, b pmtetec` jb` crjm b pbrkeblm`tbry
fmobtm e` tdm ]A.
Zclmtelms pmtetec`s brm stbrtmf oy pmcpkm wdc dbvm b spmjeflj
essum tdmy jbrm bocut cr dbvm tremf ctdmr bvm`ums wetd `c sujjmss.
Fmspetm pmtetec`s `ct bkwbys bjdemve`n tdm fmsermf jdb`nm, tdmrm
es stekk vbkum e` a`cwe`n ycu―vm mxprmssmf ycur pce`t c vemw.
2 Vdm prcvmro sunnmsts tdbt e` trye`n tc b﬈mjt jdb`nm,
jcllu`ejbtec`, mspmjebkky wrete`n, es lcrm m﬈mjtevm tdb`
veckm`jm.
? (Xcsseokm jc`tmxt e` orbjamts)
2 N (fmsjreoe`n b` brtejukbtm tmbjdmr)
? M (sclmc`m dmkpmf tdm spmbamr e` b nm`mrcus wby)
: D (b sjdcck ome`n jkcsmf fcw`)
6 O (sclmc`m tbkae`n bocut b `mw jbå tdbt dbs cpm`mf rmjm`tky)
= F (sclmc`m tbkae`n bocut jkelbtm jdb`nm)
9 I (sclmc`m nct flrmf cr `c rmbsc`)
> J (sclmc`m dbs gust dbf b dmbtmf brnulm`t)
4 B (b rem`f dbf prclesmf tc nc wetd ycu tc b` mvm`t b`f es
`cw pukke`n cut)
: 2 sclmc`m wdc―s wrettm` bocut sclmtde`n jc`trcvmrsebk
? Zdm es rmbjte`n/rmspc`fe`n tc b fesbnrmmlm`t cr rcw wetd
sclmc`m.
: b crul wdmrm pmcpkm jb` mxprmss tdmer cpe`ec`s
6 2 tbam `ctejm (tc suffm`ky stbrt pbye`n bttm`tec`
bttm`tec` tc sclmc`m cr
sclmtde`n, omjbusm tdmy dbvm fc`m sclmtde`n surprese`n cr
elprmssevm)
? spctkendt (nevm b kct c bttm`tec` tc)
: wby (tc fc wdbt ycu wb`t tc, mvm` tdcund sclmc`m mksm
wb`ts sclmtde`n fe﬈mrm`t)
6 temf (u`bokm tc tbka e` b rmkbxmf wby omjbusm ycu mmk `mrvcus
cr mlobrrbssmf)
= bs et es (tc sby mxbjtky wdbt ycu tde`a cr wdbt es trum, wetdcut
defe`n b`ytde`n tdbt lendt upsmt cr c﬈m`f pmcpkm)
9 obja (stcp ycursmk rcl mmke`n cr sdcwe`n b pbrtejukbr
mlctec`)
> cvmr ycu (tc trmbt ycu obfky oy bkwbys lbae`n ycu fc wdbt
ycu wb`t tdml tc)
4 sby (tc dbvm tdm cppcrtu`ety tc nevm ycur cpe`ec` bocut
sclmtde`n)
= Xcsseokm b`swmr
Xbrm`t7 E―l brbef tdmrm―s
tdmrm―s `c wby ycu―rm
ycu―rm nce`n cut wdekm ycur
rccl kccas keam, icr wb`t ci b omttmr wcrf,
wcrf, b fesbstmr.
Vmm`7 Ucu jb`―t nc obja c` ycur wcrf `cw, ycu ycu prclesmf lm
E jcukf nc tc tdes jc`jmrt!
Xbrm`t7 E―l `ct nce`n tc kmt ycu wbka bkk cvmr lm. ^dm` ycur
rccl―s tefy, oy bkk lmb`s nc.
Vmm`7 Vdmrm brm `c wcrfs …
> 2 E` b wcrf
? sdc`m tdm spctkendt
: ^crfs, bekmf
6 put e`tc wcrfs
= set up b`f tbam `ctejm
9 dckf obja
> dbvm tdmer sby
4 wby wetd wcrfs
2
?@F MFEVEC@ J2
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2
• E tde`a efmbs sprmbf oy wcrf c lcutd cr c` tdm strmmt.
Xmcpkm smm wdbt pmcpkm brcu`f tdml brm fce`n cr trm`fs
tdbt tdmy―rm ckkcwe`n, b`f tdbt―s dcw efmbs omjclm pcpukbr.
pcp ukbr.
• Et―s bkk bocut jcllmrjm. Zclmc`m fl`fs b nccf efmb b`f
wb`ts tc lbam lc`my wetd et sc tdmy kcca cr b `mw lbramt
tc smkk tdm efmb cr prcfujt e`.
?
• Zjb`fe`bveb` fmsen` dbs omjclm rmbkky pcpukbr nkcobkky,
pmrdbps et es omjbusm c Eamb3 Cr lbyom Eamb es pcpukbr
omjbusm c Zjb`fe`bveb` fmsen`3
• ^dbt bocut tdm efmb c fmlcjrbjy3 Et―s omm` brcu`f cr b
wdekm `cw out wm jb` trbjm et obja tc b`jem`t Nrmmjm.
:
• E―l b tctbk jcpyjbt out E tde`a u`fblm`tbkky mvmryc`m es.
Et―s bklcst elpcsseokm tc jclm up wetd b`ytde`n m`termky
crene`bk omjbusm wm brm surrcu`fmf oy efmbs bkk tdm telm.
• E fl`f okcns b`f occalbrae`n setms keam Xe`tmrmst b nrmbt
scurjm c e`sperbtec`. ^dy rme`vm`t tdm wdmmk wdm` tdmrm
brm sc lb`y nrmbt efmbs bkrmbfy cut tdmrm!
? 2 Jc`vmrsbtec` 27 use`n efmbs cr e`sperbtec`
Jc`vmrsbtec` ?7 sen`e`n b pmtetec` bocut efmbs
Jc`vmrsbtec` :7 tde`ae`n jckkmjtevmky (bs b nrcup bs cppcsmf
tc bs e`fevefubks)
? Jc`vmrsbtec` 2 lendt om lcrm crlbk bs et es c` VY/rbfec.
Jc`vmrsbtec`s
tdmy brm tbae`n?pkbjm
b`f :omtwmm`
brm prcoboky
pmmrs.lcrm e`crlbk omjbusm
:2 ^dbt es tdm wclb`―s
wclb`―s bttetufm tcwbrfs use`n tdm efmbs c
ctdmrs3
? ^dbt es tdm lb` surpresmf oy3
: ^dy fef tdm lb` stbrt tdm pmtetec`3
6 ^dbt es tdm wclb`―s bttetufm tcwbrfs tdm jcpye`n c efmbs3
= Vdm lb` omkemvms e` tdm tdmcry omjbusm
9 ^dbt fc tdm stufm`ts bnrmm bocut tdm tdmcry3
mxbl tep
Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 B` e`tmrvemwmr b`f b` mxpmrt cr twc mxpmrts.
? ^crfs rmkbtmf tc jcpye`n, use`n b`f e`spere`n.
: ]se`n efmbs es CA b`f e`sperbtec`bk. / ]se`n ctdmrs― efmbs es `ct
CA, b`f `ct ber
: 2 O (… tbae`n tdm `uo c sclmc`m mksm―s efmb b`f ouekfe`n c` et
dbs bkwbys omm` pbrt c e``cvbtec`, dbs`―t et3)et3 )
? J (Umt,
( Umt, et―s bstc`esde`n tdbt wdm` wm tbka c tdm lbssms c
lusej cr lcvem fcw`kcbfs rcl tdm e`tmr`mt, tdm lcst
rmqum`tky usmf wcrf es perbjy.)
perbjy.)
: J (… sc wm―rm trye`n tc nmt tdml tc usm sclm c tdcsm u`fs tc
rm-e`vmst e` us.)
us.)
6 O (Out E fc tde`a wm `mmf brtests tc jc`te`um tc put tdmer efmbs
cut tdmrm. Brt dbs bkwbys rmkemf c` puokej vemw.)
vemw. )
= B (^dm`
( ^dm` E nc tc jc`mrm`jms E bkwbys nmt rustrbtmf omjbusm
sclmc`m mksm dbs nc`m fcw` mxbjtky tdm sblm pbtd bs lm
c` b` efmb …) …)
9 B (Le`f
( Le`f ycu, E―l `ct surm ycu jcukf mvmr rmbkky prcvm et …
…Dm
Dm wbs
sbye`n, wbs`―t dm, tdbt et―s b tdmcry tdbt bppmbks b`f lbams
sm`sm tc us out wdm` tdmy tremf tc prcvm et, tdmy jcukf`―t .)
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 ?

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

6 Xcsseokm b`swmrs = tdmy sdcukf `ct sdbrm

2 (tdm suogmjt tdmy es `mjmssbry tc mxprmss tdm bfvejm, cr et
• E bnrmm up tc b pce`t. ^dbt E―f sby es tdbt nm`mrbk efmbs b`f
jc`jmpts omkc`n tc mvmryc`m, out spmjeflj efmbs keam b kcnc cr
sclm sc`n kyrejs usubkky dbvm b` cw`mr. Et lendt om `ejm tc
tde`a efmbs omkc`n tc mvmryc`m, out kmnbkky tdmy fc`―t bkwbys.
• E fc omkemvm tdbt pmcpkm sdcukf om rmm tc usm b`f ouekf c`
b`y efmb tdmy keam. Kcts c pmcpkm brcu`f tdm wcrkf smml tc
bnrmm wetd lm, bs tdmy sdbrm tdmer jc`tm`t rmmky c` jmrtbe`
wmosetms cr ctdmrs tc usm b`f jdb`nm.
? sm`tm`jm, use`n tdm amy wcrf tctc.. ^m
• b`f
Ums, lc`etcr
E tde`a `mw tmjd`ckcny
jcpye`n
jcpye`n. wekk fmvmkcp
. Icr mxblpkm, tcu`evmrsetems
kcts c omttmr jc`trck
= Xcsseokm b`swmrs
bkrmbfy usm jmrtbe` fenetbk tccks tc fmtmjt pkbnebresl c﬈ tdm
`mt cr bssen`lm`ts.
• E fc`―t tde`a ycu jb` mvmr m`termky jc`trck jcpye`n c`ke`m.
E lmb`, bs lcrm tmjd`ckcny fmvmkcps tc jc`trck cr lc`etcr
jcpye`n, lcrm jcrrmspc`fe`n tmjd`ckcny wekk fmvmkcp tc
bvcef fmtmjtec`. Lbyom tdm wby wm vemw cw`mrsdep c
jc`tm`t es nce`n tc jdb`nm b`ywby. E tde`a lcrm pmcpkm
wekk rmbkesm tdbt tdmy jb`―t jc`trck jcpye`n sc wekk rmkmbsm
b`f bkkcw jc`tm`t, keam sc`ns b`f vefmcs, tc om sdbrmf b`f
jcpemf kmnbkky.
wcukf scu`f keam setms brm neve`n bfvejm tc —pmcpkm wdc
sdcukf`―t sdbrm tdmer pbsswcrfs― wdejd fcms`―t dbvm tdm
sblm lmb`e`n bs sm`tm`jm 2 b`f fcms`―t lbam sm`sm. Vdmy
es usmf rbtdmr tdb` pmcpkm tc bvcef rmpmtetec`. @ct lust nc
e` omtwmm` sdcukf b`f sdbrm. Lcfbks, sujd bs sdcukf, brm
ckkcwmf oy tdm e`fl`etevm wetdcut tc.tc.))
9 jc`mssmf tc use`n
(jc`mssmf mxprmssms dc`mstky b`f sbef rcl tdm flrst
^m jb``ct usm bflet wetd tc.
^m usm tdm -e`n
-e`n crl bimr prmpcsetec`s keam tc.
tc.))
• Ztufm`ts, omjbusm tdmy sdcukf a`cw tc ammp pbsswcrfs
prevbtm, m`surm tdmy brm use`n smjurety smtte`ns, `ct cpm`
u`a`cw` ke`as, mtj.
• Xbrm`ts/sjdccks, omjbusm tdmy dbvm b rmspc`seoekety tc tmbjd
ycu`n pmcpkm bocut dcw tc ammp tdmlsmkvms sbm, wdejd
e`jkufms c`ke`m prevbjy.
• E`tmr`mt prcvefmrs/scjebk lmfeb setms omjbusm tdmy cw` tdm
setm, tdmy
tdmy sdcukf lbam surm tdbt et es smjurm, b`f tdbt prevbjy
smtte`ns brm mbsy tc u`fmrstb`f.

2 2 ^m nevm b spmmjd bt b` mvm`t, m.n. b wmffe`n, b` bwbrf

22O jmrmlc`y, bimr b fe``mr.
?J
^m nevm b prmsm`tbtec` e` b crlbk setubtec` wdm` wm wb`t
:B
tc jc`vmy e`crlbtec`.
6 wrettm`7
spcam`7 OB b`f J ? E dbf tc nevm b prmsm`tbtec` cr ly destcry jkbss rmjm`tky. ^m
bkk dbf tc jdccsm b destcrejbk flnurm tdbt wm bflermf b`f nevm
? 2 Dm swcrm dm dbf `ct e`tm`fmf tc jcpy ly wcra. b twc-le`utm tbka bocut tdmer kem, wetd pdctcs c` skefms tc
? Zdm rmbkky dcpmf dm wcukf bttm`f dmr prmsm`tbtec`. suppcrt wdbt wm wmrm sbye`n. E wbs`―t tdbt amm` c` fce`n et
: Vdm kmjturmr b``cu`jmf tdbt `mxt wmma―s kmjturm dbf lysmk omjbusm E cim` nmt b tc`num-temf e` rc`t c pmcpkm.
omm` jb`jmkkmf. Vdbt sbef, et smmlmf tc nc CA. E numss et dmkpmf b kct tdbt
6 Dm bsamf (lm cr) pmrlessec` tc usm ly pdctc. mvmryc`m wbtjde`n dbf tc nevm tdmer cw` prmsm`tbtec`, sc
= Dm bflettmf tdbt dm dbf tbam` tdm flkm rcl ly fmsa mbrkemr. tdmy wmrm b ae`f bufem`jm.
9 Zdm jdmjamf dcw (E tdcundt) wm/tdmy jcukf jcpyrendt cur/
? Et―s `ct nccf7 tdmrm brm dmsetbtec`s, tdm spmbamr kbunds bt des
tdmer wcra. gcams, rmpmb
rmpmbts
ts delsmk
delsmk,, spmbas tcc jkcsm
jkcsm tc lejrcp
lejrcpdc`m,
dc`m, rmbf
: Zunnmstmf b`swmrs `ctms rbtdmr tdb` tbkas fermjtky b`f scu`fs u``bturbk.
+ m`jcurbnm, mxpmjt, dcpm,
dc pm, rmbssurm, rmjcllm`f : 2 mkmjtec` ? en`crb`jm : e`vckvmlm`t 6 rmprmsm`tbtec`
+/- bfvesm, mlpdbsesm, rmvmbk, omkemvm, jc`ve`jm, = fmjesec` 9 rmusbk > c﬈m`jm 4 bekurm 5 pbssbnm
- nrulokm, wcrry 28 qubkefljbtec`s
6 2 dbs rmpcrtmf tdbt mwmr 6 2 fcle`btec`, fupkejbtec`, suostetutec`
(E` tdm flrst sm`tm`jm, sbys es usmf tc rmpcrt sclmtde`n tdbt ? fmpm`fm`jm, fcle`b`jm
: jclletlm`t, trmbtlm`t
dbs omm`
wm usm sbef
tdm rmjm`tky.
prmsm`t Vc jc`vmy
pmrmjt crl dbstdesrmpcrtmf
e` tdm smjc`f
smjc` f sm`tm`jm,
. ]se`n tdm pbst 6 bpprcvbk, feslessbk
selpkm crl rmpcrtmf wcukf kbja tdm mlpdbses jc`vmymf oy = jc`usec`
sbys.. _mpcrts wcukf `ct om pcsseokm omjbusm tdm sm`tm`jm
sbys 9 c﬈m`jm
lust usm tdm amy wcrf rmpcrtmf wetdcut jdb`ne`n et. Imwmr > jkcsurm, pcsturm, prmssurm
es usmf wetd tdm jcu`tbokm `cu` bfukts. Kmss wcukf `ct om 4 ormbabnm
pcsseokm omjbusm et es c`ky usmf wetd u`jcu`tbokm `cu`s.) 5 jkbrefljbtec`, efm`tefljbtec`
? e`sest c` us tbae`n = 2 prmssurm (tdm qub`teflmr b kct c rmquerms b `cu`, bksc tbam tdm
(e`sest c` lmb`s tc sby flrlky b`f cim` tdbt sclmtde`n es trum, prmssurm
prmssur m c﬈ sclmc`m
sclmc`m es b flxmf pdrbsm)
mspmjebkky wdm` ctdmr pmcpkm tde`a et lby `ct om trum. Vdes ? m`surm (tdm crl usmf dmrm es nce`n tc + vmro wetd e`fl`etevm
jc`vmys tdm efmbs rcl tdm flrst sm`tm`jm c et es mssm`tebk b`f wetdcut tc
tc))
bjjcrfe`n tc. E us es clettmf rcl tdm smjc`f sm`tm`jm, et wcukf : mlpdbses (nevm
(nevm mlpdbses tc sclmtde`n es b flxmf pdrbsm)
dbvm b fe﬈mrm`t lmb`e`n rcl tdm flrst sm`tm`jm wdejd sbys et es 6 lc`ctc`cus
lc`ctc`cus(wm (wm `mmf b` bfgmjtevm omtwmm` tdm brtejkm b`f
mssm`tebk cr us. Et es bksc jrujebk tc usm tdm amy wcrf c` c`.)
.) tdm vmro)
: (dbs) jkbelmf tdbt lcst (c tdml) = e`vckvmlm`t (`cu`, ckkcwe`n b` brtejkm b`f jcle`n omcrm b
(tdbt jb``ct om clettmf omjbusm c tdm rmkbtevmky crlbk prmpcsetec`)
rmnestmr c tdm sm`tm`jm. Ucu`n pmcpkm es clettmf bimr lcst 9 kccsm` (pbrt c tdm pdrbsbk vmro kccsm` up) up)

omjbusm rmpmbte`n et wcukf scu`f jkulsy b`f et es u``mjmssbry.) > e`deoetec`(s)

fmtmrle`mr b`y(`cu`,
) ckkcwe`n tdm prmpcsetec` c b`f
6 `mmf tc fc lcrm
(`mmf es ckkcwmf oy tc-
tc-e`fl`etevm
e`fl`etevm tc mxprmss b` bjtevm lmb`e`n. 4 pcsturm (b `cu` suogmjt es rmquermf e` tdm pdrbsm SSSS…….SS
@mmf + e`n-crl es usmf cr pbssevm lmb`e`ns, m.n. Vdm jbr es elpcrtb`t. Xcsturm lmb`s tdm wby ycu pcsetec` ycur ocfy
wdm` sette`n cr stb`fe`n, sc et ke`as wetd tdm efmbs c `ct
`mmfs wbsde`n.)
wbsde`n.)
skulpe`n ycur sdcukfmrs.)
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824
ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU
? Jclpbrm twc c tdm pdctcs. ^dy lendt tdm pmcpkm om nmtte`n
`mws e` tdmsm wbys3 Dcw bjjurbtm fc ycu tde`a tdm e`crlbtec`
lendt om3
: Ums, sdm b`swmrs bkk tdm qumstec`s. Zdm spmbas cr bocut b le`utm.
6 2O ?I :F 6J =B 9M
= ?, >, 28, 2?
9 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
Xbnm 55
E―l nce`n tc jclpbrm tdm pejturms c tdm wclb` rmbfe`n `mws
c` b tbokmt, b`f tdm lb` rmbfe`n b trbfetec`bk pbpmr `mwspbpmr.
B selekbrety wcukf om tdbt octd pmcpkm kcca keam tdmy brm nmtte`n
tdmer `mws rcl b puokesdmf `mwspbpmr. Covecusky, tdm wclb`
es rmbfe`n c`ke`m, wdmrmbs tdm lb` dbs des pbpmr jcpy, out tdmy
jcukf om fe﬈mrm`t vmrsec`s c tdm sblm puokejbtec`.
Vdmrm jcukf om kcts c rmbsc`s wdy tdm wclb` keams tc nmt
dmr `mws c`ke`m. Icr mxblpkm, et―set―s mxtrmlmky jc`vm`em`t.
B`ctdmr rmbsc` jcukf om tdbt jc`tm`t es rmm, cr lbyom sdm―s
m`verc`lm`tbkky jc`sjecus.
Xmrdbps tdm lb` dbs gust pejamf up tdm pbpmr c` des wby
sclmwdmrm, sc bnbe`, et―s bocut nmtte`n tdm `mws e` b wby wdejd
es jc`vm`em`t. Xmrdbps et―s b lcr`e`n retubk. Dm lendt dbvm tc
usm b sjrmm` b kct cr wcra, sc keams tc rmbf tdm pdysejbk pbpmr tc
nevm des myms b rmst.
Et―s dendky keamky tdbt tdmsm pbpmrs brm nm`mrbkky bjjurbtm,
bktdcund ycu fc dbvm tc om bwbrm tdbt mfetcrs lendt put b
jmrtbe` spe` c` tde`ns. Vdmrm lendt bksc om stcrems e` tdm pre`tmf
vmrsec` tdbt wmrm bjjurbtm bt tdm telm c pre`t, out omjclm cut
c fbtm cvmr tdm jcursm
jcur sm c tdm fby
fby.. Zc c tdm twc cptec`s,
c ptec`s, E―f
E―f rbtm
tdm c`ke`m vmrsec` bs lcrm bjjurbtm.
Xbnm 2>:
Zc, e` tdes flrst pejturm, et kccas keam tdm e`tmrvemwmm dbs wc` b
spcrts trcpdy b`f es ome`n e`tmrvemwmf bocut des we`, dm―s tdm
sckm cjus. E wm jclpbrm tdbt tc tdm smjc`f pejturm, et kccas
keam et es b pb`mk prmsm`tbtec` wdmrm b `ulomr c spmbamrs brm
sdbre`n tdm spctkendt. C`m selekbrety lendt om tdbt octd tdm
we``mr, b`f tdm pb`mk, brm ome`n bsamf bocut tde`ns tdbt tdmy
brm nccf bt cr dbvm mxpmrtesm e`.
E` bkk prcoboekety, tdm we``mr es ome`n bsamf bocut dcw dm mmks,
b`f wdbt tdes we` lmb`s tc del, tdmy bkwbys smml tc nmt
bsamf tde`ns keam tdbt. E―l `ct b du`frmf pmrjm`t surm bocut
tdm pb`mk, out tdmy brm prcoboky ome`n bsamf bocut tdmer wcra.
Icr e`stb`jm, tdmy jcukf om ome`n bsamf qumstec`s keam7 Dcw fef
ycu nmt e`tc tdes flmkf3 ^dbt brm sclm `mw e``cvbtec`s wm jb`
mxpmjt3 ^dbt brm tdm oennmst jdbkkm`nms e` ycur e`fustry rendt
`cw3 Vdcsm scrts c tde`ns.
Vdm we``mr kccas b kettkm cvmrwdmklmf tc om dc`mst, out E―f
elbne`m dm es mmke`n quetm prcuf c wdbt dm―s bjdemvmf, lbyom
et dbs`―t su`a e` ymt. Vdm pb`mk lmlomrs prcoboky mmk pkmbsmf
tc om bsamf tc sdbrm tdmer mxpmrem`jms. ^dekm tdmy kcca keam
tdmy―rm mmke`n jbkl, sclm c tdml lendt om mmke`n b oet mmke`n
`mrvcus c` tdm e`sefm, e tdmy brm`―t usmf tc ome`n e`tmrvemwmf e`
rc`t c b` bufem`jm.
> Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 Lll, kmt―s smm, E nmt lcst c ly `mws rcl scjebk lmfeb b`f
c`ke`m `mws wmosetms, b`f E bksc cjjbsec`bkky jbtjd tdm `mws
c` tdm rbfec.
? ^mkk, tdbt―s sclmtde`n E dbvm`―t
d bvm`―t tdcundt bocut omcrm. E numss
bkk rmpcrtmrs dbvm tdmer cw` cpe`ec`s b`f et lust om dbrf tc
rmpcrt wetdcut b`y oebs. Vdbt sbef, lcst rmpcrtmrs brm nccf bt
bppmbre`n cogmjtevm!
: Fmfl`etmky pejturms. Vdmy sby b pejturm es wcrtd b tdcusb`f
wcrfs b`f et―s bosckutmky trum. Vde`a bocut b pejturm c b jreses
cr mlmrnm`jy ‚ et―s dbrf-dette`n e` b wby tdbt wcrfs brm`―t.
:
?@F MFEVEC@ J2
6 Bosckutmky. Et lbams lm mmk e`vckvmf b`f pbrt c tdm nkcobk
jcllu`ety.
= E wesd nccf `mws stcrems fef nmt lcrm c tdm spctkendt out
et es b sbf rmbkety tdbt pmcpkm brm lujd lcrm bsje`btmf oy
tdm bwuk tde`ns e` tdm wcrkf. Lbyom wbtjde`n tdm obf `mws
lbams us mmk tdb`auk.
9 E―l brbef tdbt qumstec` es b oet omyc`f lm! E numss pbpmr
`mwspbpmrs wekk fesbppmbr jclpkmtmky, b`f pmrdbps `mws wekk
nmt bstmr cr lcrm pmrsc`bkesmf, e tdbt―s pcsseokm!
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 Et―s jrujebk tc jc`sukt stufm`ts bocut fmjesec`s tdbt b﬈mjt us.
^m dbvm b` m`termky fe﬈mrm`t pmrspmjtevm tc tmbjdmrs b`f
lb`bnmrs.
^dmrm pcsseokm, E―f sunnmst b jc`suktbtec`
jc` suktbtec` sdcukf tbam pkbjm.
p kbjm.
Ztufm`t e`vckvmlm`t jb` kmbf tc lcrm stufm`ts ouye`n e`tc
tc jdb`nms.
? stufm`t jcu`jek, stufm`t/jkbss rmprmsm`tbtevm,
rmp rmsm`tbtevm, cjus nrcups,
tmbls
: B stufm`t rmprmsm`tbtevm sdcukf nbtdmr mmfobja rcl
stufm`ts, jckkbtm et, b`f prmsm`t et tc tmbjdmrs b`f lb`bnmrs.
E―f sby tdm rckm sdcukf e`vckvm sde`e`n b spctkendt c` essums
tdbt brm elpcrtb`t tc stufm`ts. Lcrm tdb` b`ytde`n, E tde`a
tdm rckm es bocut jcllu`ejbtec`. Lbae`n surm stufm`ts brm
bwbrm c upjcle`n jdb`nms, b`f tdbt tmbjdmrs brm bwbrm c
stufm`ts― jc`jmr`s. E E dbf b nccf efmb, E―f dcpm tdm stufm`t
rmprmsm`tbtevm wcukf dmkp lm om dmbrf.
? Vdm stykm es tdm sblm.
B rmpcrt fesjussms tdm pbst, b`f lbams rmjcllm`fbtec`s bocut
tdm uturm. B prcpcsbk fesjussms tdm prmsm`t setubtec`, b`f
lbams rmjcllm`fbtec`s bocut tdm uturm.
Vdmrm brm lcrm cpe`ec`s e` b prcpcsbk, bs ycu nevm ycur rmbsc`s
cr ycur efmbs. B rmpcrt lcstky prmsm`ts
p rmsm`ts bjts cogmjtevmky.
B prcpcsbk es pmrsubsevm tdrcundcut. B rmpcrt es pmrsubsevm c`ky
wdm` lbae`n b rmjcllm`fbtec`.
: ^dc wekk rmbf et7 tdm pre`jepbk (dmbf tmbjdmr) c ycur jckkmnm.
^dy7 tdm pre`jepbk es e`tmrmstmf tc fl`f cut bocut wdbt jdb`nms
stufm`ts wcukf keam, b`f wcukf keam sunnmstec`s rcl stufm`ts
bocut wbys tc suppcrt ctdmr stufm`ts.
^dbt tdm pre`jepbk `mmfs tc a`cw7 e` tdm tbsa, ycu wekk om
sunnmste`n b crul, sc tdm pre`jepbk `mmfs tc a`cw tdm purpcsm
c tdm crul (wdy et sdcukf mxest), dcw et jcukf om crnb`esmf b`f
tdm pcsseokm om`mflts cr stufm`ts b`f jckkmnm.
6 2 tc prcpcsm sclmtde`n b`f pmrsubfm tdm rmbfmr
? Et―s crlbk omjbusm et―s keam b ouse`mss efmb b`f et―s bffrmssmf
tc sclmc`m ycu fc`―t a`cw vmry wmkk, cr sclmc`m wdc es
sm`ecr tc ycu e` sclm wby.
: Vdmy crnb`esm tdm e`crlbtec`.
6 Ums, tdrcundcut (m.n. e` ycur rbtec`bkm cr tdm
td m efmb).
= 2 Ums.
? @c ‚ et―s b sullbry, tdmrmcrm,
tdmrmcrm, et sdcukf sullbresm tdm
e`crlbtec`.
: @c ‚ tdm sullbry sdcukf om sujje`jt.
6 Vdm wretmr―s vemw sdcukf om jkmbr, out `ct tcc pmrsc`bk cr
cvmr-mlpdbtej.
9 C`ky O omjbusm et rmkbtms obja tc tdm cogmjtevms, out e` sullbry
crl. B b`f J brm tcc vbnum.
vbnu m.
mxbl tep
2 es lcst m﬈mjtevm omjbusm et es b pcketm sunnmstec`.
? es lujd tcc strc`n b`f
b`f scu`fs b`nry.
: es tcc strc`n b`f elpkems bukt.
> Zunnmst nevms b` cpe`ec` e` b pcketm wby.
 Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824
ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU
4 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
bfvcjbtm, bfvesm, prcpcsm, rmjcllm`f
^m bfvcjbtm cr mkmjtec`s tc om dmkf b``ubkky e` Zmptmlomr cr
mendt pkbjms c` tdm crul.
Lb`y stufm`ts dbvm bfvesmf us tdbt tdmy wcukf keam tc smm b
rmprmsm`tbtevm rcl mbjd ymbr kmvmk.
Et es prcpcsmf tdbt lmmte`ns sdcukf tbam pkbjm lc`tdky.
Cur jkbss tmbjdmr dbs rmjcllm`fmf tdbt wm smt up b scjebk
lmfeb pbnm cr tdm crul sc tdbt wm jb` nevm rmnukbr upfbtms
c` prcnrmss b`f mvm`ts, b`f crul lmlomrs jb` om mbseky
jc`tbjtmf oy ctdmr stufm`ts.
5 purpcsm c tdm jcu`jek, dcw stufm`ts wekk om mkmjtmf tc tdm
jcu`jek, om`mflts c tdm jcu`jek cr stufm`ts b`f jckkmnm
22 Lcfmk b`swmr
Xrcpcsbk cr stufm`t jcu`jek
E bl wrete`n tdes prcpcsbk tc tdm jckkmnm pre`jepbk tc sunnmst tdm
jrmbtec` c b stufm`t jcu`jek bt cur jckkmnm.
Xurpcsm c tdm jcu`jek
Vdm amy cogmjtevms wcukf om cr stufm`ts tc dbvm b jdb``mk tc
sunnmst jdb`nms e` tdm sjdcck, b`f cr mvm`t pkb``e`n fure`n
tdm ymbr.
Dcw mkmjtec`s wcukf tbam pkbjm
E` mssm`jm, wm bfvcjbtm cr mkmjtec`s tc om dmkf b``ubkky e`
Zmptmlomr mbjd ymbr cr mendt pkbjms c` tdm jcu`jek. ^m prcpcsm
tdbt vcte`n wcukf om c`ke`m tc le`elesm mxpm`sm b`f strmblke`m
bfle`estrbtec`. Bt tdes stbnm, wm brm stekk jc`sefmre`n tdm omst wby
tc m`surm tdbt tdm jcu`jek dbs b nm`fmr obkb`jm b`f bfmqubtm
rmprmsm`tbtec` cr le`crety nrcups wetde` cur sjdcck.
Om`mflts c tdm jcu`jek
^m brm c tdm vemw tdbt b stufm`t jcu`jek wcukf om`mflt
octd stb﬈ b`f stufm`ts. Ztufm`ts wcukf dbvm b crul tc
rbesm jc`jmr`s b`f lbam sunnmstec`s bocut tdm sjdcck. E`
bffetec`, tdmy wcukf om bokm tc pkb` mvm`ts tdbt wcukf suet tdm
jurrm`t stufm`t ocfy, e` tur` nbe`e`n vbkubokm mxpmrem`jm e`
crnb`esbtec`. Mqubkky,
Mqubkky, stb﬈ wcukf om`mflt rcl dbve`n b crlbk
jcllu`ejbtec` jdb``mk wetd b nrcup c stufm`t rmprmsm`tbtevms
tc lbam surm tdbt tdmy brm e` tcujd wetd tdm stufm`t vcejm.
Zullbry
Cvmrbkk, wm omkemvm tdbt tdes sunnmstec` wcukf bssest cur sjdcck
e` dbve`n b pcsetevm btlcspdmrm wdmrm stufm`ts mmk tdbt tdmer
vcejms brm dmbrf.
? Vdm sjdcck wb`tmf tc ob` tdm usm c skb`n wcrfs bt sjdcck
b`f bt dclm omjbusm tdmy omkemvmf tdbt use`n et wbs jbuse`n
jdekfrm` tc spmkk e`jcrrmjtky.
: 2 Gc`btdb` Nrmm` omkemvms tdbt jdekfrm` brm spmbae`n M`nkesd,
mvm` wdm` tdmy brm use`n skb`n wcrfs.
Dm omkemvms tdbt ycu`n pmcpkm wdc brm use`n b`f jrmbte`n tdm
skb`n brm ome`n jrmbtevm.
Dm omkemvms tdbt ycu`n pmcpkm a`cw wdm` tc usm skb`n b`f
wdm` `ct tc usm skb`n.
Dm tde`as mvm` e tdm ob` c skb`n wcrfs wbs put e` pkbjm ‚ et
wcukf`―t wcra omjbusm pmcpkm wcukf tbam `c `ctejm c et.
? 2J ?F :O 6B
Ctdmr skb`n rcl tdm jkep7
wbnwb` ‚ wdbt/dcw
wdbt/dcw brm ycu fce`n3
f ce`n3
bl ‚ bleky, ly pmcpkm
wcz ‚ wbs/wmrm
nez et mrm ‚ pkmbsm nevm et tc lm
yb swmmt ‚ ycu―rm jcck
6
?@F MFEVEC@ J2
6 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
• E u`fmrstb`f tdbt Fbvef Kblly wb`ts ycu`n pmcpkm tc om
bokm tc mxprmss tdmlsmkvms e` b jcdmrm`t
jc dmrm`t wby. Dcwmvmr
Dcwmvmr,, E fc
`ct tde`a ob``e`n skb`n kb`nubnm wekk bjdemvm tdes. Gc`btdb`
Nrmm` sbys tdbt skb`n kb`nubnm es jrmbtevm b`f E tde`a tdbt―s
trum. E bksc tde`a tdbt stufm`ts wcukf en`crm tdm ob`. E tde`a
tdbt Gc`btdb` Nrmm` prmsm`ts b rmbkestej pejturm c tdm usm
c skb`n.
• E bnrmm wetd Fbvef Kblly. Zjdcck es b setubtec` wdmrm mvmryc`m
(pupeks, tmbjdmrs b`f pbrm`ts) sdcukf usm b jcllc`, bjjmptmf
kb`nubnm. Bs tdm tmbjdmr sbys kbtmr e` tdm jkep, aefs e`vm`t
skb`n ‚ b spmjebk
tdmlsmkvms kb`nubnm
b sm`sm mxjkusevm
c efm`tety sc et tc tdmer nrcup
mxjkufms ‚ tc
pmcpkm nevm
wdc brm
`ct e` tdmer nrcup. Aefs `mmf tc om ﬏mxeokm b`f saekkmf e` bkk tdm
crls c kb`nubnm tdbt tdmy usm out, omjbusm tdmy wekk `mmf tc
cpmrbtm e` tdm wefmr wcrkf wdm` tdmy kmbvm sjdcck, tdmy `mmf
tc om saekkmf e` tdm usm c `crlbk M`nkesd tcc. Bksc, tdmy `mmf tc
om jbrmuk tdbt use`n skb`n fcms`―t b﬈mjt tdmer boekety tc spmkk
jcrrmjtky omjbusm tdes jcukf dbvm b `mnbtevm elpbjt c` tdmer
pmrcrlb`jm e` (wrettm`) mxbls.
? Xcsseokm b`swmrs
cpe`ec`7 e` ly vemw1 pmrsc`bkky1 E tde`a1 E omkemvm1 bs br bs E―l
jc`jmr`mf …
mxpkbe`e`n7 tdbt―s wdy1 tdm rmbsc` es …1 tdm lbe` rmbsc` es …1
E sby tdes omjbusm …
rmjcllm`fbtec`7 E rmjcllm`f1 E―f sunnmst1 Ucu Ucu sdcukf …
spmjukbte`n7 jcukf1 lendt1 lby1 E numss1 E suppcsm …
: Xcsseokm b`swmrs
_mlmlomr tc rmbf tmxts quejaky cr nest flrst.
]sm jkums keam dmbfe`ns, suodmbfe`ns b`f pejturms tc dmkp
u`fmrstb`f tdm tmxt.
Fc`―t pb`ej wetd u`a`cw` wcrfs. E`stmbf usm strbtmnems sujd bs
fmfuje`n rcl jc`tmxt, kccae`n cr b rcct wcrf, tde`ae`n c b`y
selekbr wcrfs e` ycur cw` kb`nubnm.
_mbf lcrm e` M`nkesd tc prbjtejm. Icr mxblpkm, suosjreom
tc okcns, rmbf c`ke`m `mwspbpmrs e` M`nkesd, rmbf `cvmks cr
lbnbze`ms e` M`nkesd.
Kmbr` spmmf-rmbfe`n strbtmnems cr try b` c`ke`m spmmf-rmbfe`n
prcnrbllm.
= Bkk nm`rms e`vckvm7 u`fmrstb`fe`n tdm tbsa, efm`teye`n bufem`jm,
efm`teye`n b`f use`n bpprcprebtm crlbkety, crnb`ese`n b
pemjm c wrete`n e` b kcnejbk wby, use`n b vbremty c vcjboukbry
b`f strujturms, jcrrmjt nrbllbr b`f spmkke`n, ckkcwe`n tdm
jc`vm`tec`s c tdm nm`rm.
9 Xcsseokm b`swmr
^dm` wrete`n prcpcsbks, E wekk try tc usm pmrsubsevm kb`nubnm
tdbt es pcketm rbtdmr tdb` crjmuk.
E jcukf elprcvm ly boekety tc wretm prcpcsbks oy rm-rmbfe`n tdm
lcfmk b`swmrs prcvefmf.
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 =

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

22B
?B
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs :O
cr wb`t c b omttmr wcrf, nc obja c` ycur wcrf, dbvm b wby 6O
wetd wcrfs, dbvm tdm kbst wcrf, e` b wcrf, put e`tc wcrfs, wcrf ? 2 jcukf dbvm ocundt
c lcutd, wcrfs bek lm, wcrfsletd ? lby `ct dbvm rmbkesmf
• Et cim` es`―t mbsy tc put e`tc wcrfs mxbjtky dcw ycu mmk. : wcukf dbvm fc`btmf
• @mws sprmbf sc quejaky tdrcund wcrf ci lcutd tdbt E dbrfky 6 sdcukf`―t dbvm ckkcwmf
`mmfmf tc b``cu`jm et. : 2 sdcukf dbvm dmkf b nm`mrbk mkmjtec`
• Dcw bl E3 ^mkk, e` b wcrf,
wcrf, ousy. ? lust dbvm omm` pkbye`n tm``es
• E jb`―t omkemvm
o mkemvm ycu bjtubkky sbef tdbt tc des bjm. ^crfs ibek lm.
lm. : lendt/jcukf/lby dbvm omm` nevm` b kei
?‚: Ztufm`ts― cw` b`swmrs. 6 `mmf`―t dbvm dbf tdm lmmte`n
= jcukf dbvm dbf des kmn orcam`
9 lby/lendt (gust)
(gu st) bs wmkk dbvm fc`m
2 2 bklcst surm ‚ dm sbys lust dbvm 6 2 Dm prclesmf (tdbt) dm wcukf dmkp lm.
? omjbusm sdm wcukf dbvm pdc`mf e sdm wbs bt jckkmnm
Dm prclesmf tc dmkp lm.
: `c, omjbusm tdm ocys brm stbrve`n
? Zdm bnrmmf (tdbt) sdm wcukf jclm wetd lm c` Irefby.
6 put fe``mr e` tdm cvm`
Zdm bnrmmf tc jclm wetd lm c` Irefby.
= `cw ‚ dm sbys lust om
: Dm e`sestmf (tdbt) E bttm`f tdm lmmte`n.
? 2 lust, sdcukf
Dm e`sestmf c` ly bttm`fe`n tdm lmmte`n.
? fef`―t fbrm tc tmkk, wcukf
6 Dm dcpmf (tdbt) dm jcukf nmt telm c﬈.
: lendt, wm―f omttmr
6 es suppcsmf tc, jcukf`―t Dm dcpmf tc (om bokm tc) nmt telm c﬈.
= Zdm fm`emf (tdbt) sdm dbf tckf del.
: 2 dbvm fl`esdmf
? dbvm omm` tbkae`n Zdm fm`emf tmkke`n del.
: dbvm omm` tmlptmf = 2 Vdmy prclesmf (tdbt) tdmy wcukf smm lm tdm ckkcwe`n wmma. /
Vdmy prclesmf tc smm lm tdm ckkcwe`n wmma.
6
= om wbete`n
omttmr fl`f cut ? Dm jclpkbe`mf (tdbt) dm dbf durt des a`mm pkbye`n cctobkk. /
6 2 Fb` rmbssurmf lm (tdbt) tdmrm wcukf om b kct c `mw stufm`ts Dm jclpkbe`mf bocut durte`n des a`mm pkbye`n cctobkk.
wdc wcukf`―t a`cw b`yc`m. : Dm bpckcnesmf cr `ct ome`n bokm tc dmkp tdbt/tdes wmma. /
? Ly sestmr wbr`mf lm `ct tc tmkk Fbf omjbusm et wbs b smjrmt. Dm bpckcnesmf tdbt dm wbs`―t bokm tc dmkp tdbt/tdes wmma
: Vdm justclmr rmqumstmf tdbt tdmy dbvm smbts `mxt tc mbjd 6 Dm bsamf (e E a`mw) wdbt wm `mmfmf tc fc b`f E rmpkemf (tdbt)
ctdmr. E fef`―t a`cw ymt/bt tdbt telm.
telm.
6 Ly tmbjdmr mxpmjtmf tdml tc om lcrm mxjetmf bocut tdm mvm`t. = Vdmy lm`tec`mf (tdbt) tdmy lendt/lby nc tc smm tdmer
= Ly rem`f bfvesmf lm tc m`tmr ly sc`n cr b jclpmtetec`. nrb`fpbrm`ts tdbt/tdes wmmam`f.
= 2 dbvm 9 2 dbs
? `ct ? lm
: tdml : wcukf
6 cut 6 e`
= jcukf/lendt = out/bktdcund
9 tc 9 omm`
> `mmf/cundt > bocut/wetd
4 dcw 4 wdbt

9 Lcfmk b`swmr
E wbs kujay m`cund tc e`tmrvemw G. A. _cwke`n bocut dmr wrete`n.
E bsamf dmr e sdm rmbkesmf wdbt b oen e`﬏um`jm sdm dbf dbf,
mspmjebkky c` nmtte`n ocys tc rmbf. Zdm mxpkbe`mf tdbt sdm wbs
vmry pkmbsmf bocut tdes, out sdm jc`mssmf tdbt et dbf`―t omm`
b precrety cr dmr wdm` sdm stbrtmf wrete`n. E mxprmssmf ly
surpresm tdbt sdm dbf lb`bnmf tc wretm sc lujd cvmr tdm kbst
mw ymbrs b`f sdm pce`tmf cut tdbt et dbf omm` vmry dbrf wcra.
Bs sdm sbys, sdm jcukf dbvm wrettm` sclmtde`n lujd selpkmr
out sdm dmrsmk nct kcst e` Dbrry―s wcrkf b`f wb`tmf tc wretm
bocut et jclpkmtmky. E sunnmstmf tdbt sdm lust dbvm omm` vmry
termf wdm` sdm rmbjdmf tdm m`f, b`f sdm kbundmf. ^m fesjussmf
wdbt b dunm e`﬏um`jm wretmrs jb` dbvm c` jdekfrm`, mspmjebkky
bt jmrtbe` bnms, b`f sdm sbef sdm a`mw tdes wbs b rmspc`seoekety
wdejd sdm tcca vmry smrecusky, out sdm dcpmf sdm dbf cpm`mf
`mw wcrkfs cr tdm pmcpkm ‚ bfukts b`f jdekfrm` ‚ wdc rmbf dmr
occas. E bksc bsamf wdmtdmr sdm dbf b`y `mw occas tdbt wmrm
bocut tc jclm cut. Zdm bflettmf tdbt sdm fef dbvm c`m tdbt
wbs bklcst wrettm`. E bl sc pkmbsmf E dbf tdm cppcrtu`ety tc tbka
tc dmr.
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 9

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

]@EV 4 DMBKVDU OCFU, DMBKVDU LE@F

2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
• E―l prmtty surm tdbt bkk c tdmsm dmbktd essums b﬈mjt ycu`n
pmcpkm e` sclm wby. Xmrdbps tdm lcst smrecus essum es
fmprmssec`. E sby tdes omjbusm E―vm a`cw` quetm b mw pmcpkm
wdc su﬈mr rcl fmprmssec` b`f b`xemty, b`f et jb` om
bosckutmky fmvbstbte`n.
• ^dm` E kcca brcu`f ly rem`fs, E―f sby pdysejbk flt`mss es rendt
up tdmrm bs c`m c tdm lcst elpcrtb`t essums. Zclm c us brm
jcujd pctbtcms b`f ctdmrs wcra cut tc tdm pce`t c cosmssec`.
• Zae` jclpkbe`ts b`f bj`m tm`f tc b﬈mjt bfckmsjm`ts lcrm
tdb` bfukts, bt kmbst e` ly mxpmrem`jm.
? Xcsseokm b`swmrs
C`m jblpben` E sbw rmkbte`n tc fmprmssec` wbs —_ ] CA3― fby.
Et wbs m`jcurbne`n pmcpkm tc bsa ctdmrs dcw tdmy wmrm rmbkky
mmke`n. Et fef bjtubkky rmle`f lm tc om e` tcujd wetd b mw
rem`fs E dbf`―t smm` cr b wdekm.
Vdmrm―s b jblpben` bocut tdm elpcrtb`jm c vbjje`btec` nce`n
c` bt tdm lclm`t. E tde`a tdm ncvmr`lm`t es trye`n tc jcrrmjt
sclm lese`crlbtec` sprmbf oy b`te-vbxxmrs. E―l E―l bkrmbfy ukky
vbjje`btmf sc et fef`―t jdb`nm b`ytde`n cr lm pmrsc`bkky.
: Xcsseokm b`swmrs
B Keams7 km`ntd (Vdm
(Vdm sdcrt out pu`jdy jkep smrvms tc ekkustrbtm
tdm lbe` pce`t ci tdm jblpben` mxtrmlmky wmkk)1 jerjkm c`
pbkl sylock, jmkmorety e`vckvmlm`t, obsmf c` trum bjts
O Keams7 tdm jblpben` jc`jmpt c rmlcve`n stenlb/sdblm c
fmprmssec`, lcttc b`f sylock, jblpben` cvmrbkk.
Feskeams7 tdm vefmc jkep km`ntd
J Keams7 tdm jkep e`jrmbsms mlpbtdy e` tdcsm wdc fc`―t su﬈mr
rcl fmprmssec`, tdm jblpben` dendkendts b` elpcrtb`t
essum, e`tmrmste`n jcllm`t tdrmbf c` wmosetm.
Feskeams7 Zclm bspmjts smmlmf u`fmr-rmsmbrjdmf.
F Keams7 pcwmruk vefmc, usm c jmkmorety
jmkm orety rckm lcfmks, selpkejety,
nccf lmfeul cr rmbjde`n ycu`n pmcpkm.
mxbl tep
2 Vm
Vmxt
xt B7 pcsetevm (sdcrt
(sdcrt out pu`jdy jkep,
jkep, ekkustrbtms …
mxtrmlmky wmkk)
? Vmxt O7 `mnbtevm (E
(E imbr tdbt sclmtde`n dbs omm` kcst e`
tdm ormvety ci tdm vefmc … telm jc`strbe`ts lmb`s et dbs tc
cvmrselpkeiy tdm essums e`vckvmf … wcukf dbvm lcrm elpbjt wmrm
tdm jmkmoretems tc tbka b kettkm bocut dcw tdmy cr pmcpkm tdmy dbvm
6 J (… jblpben` fcms rmbkky wmkk es tc lbam tdcsm ci us wdc
brm kujay m`cund `ct tc su﬈mr ircl fmprmssec` rmbkesm dcw
fmvbstbte`n b` ekk`mss et jb` om ‚ Vmxt J)
(et spmbas fermjtky tc tdcsm wdc `mmf tc u`fmrstb`f wdbt
dbve`n sujd prcokmls lmb`s ‚ Vmxt F)
= 2 dckfs obrrmf ? ormvety : telm jc`strbe`ts 6 kbufbokm
= vekey 9 wcrfy
9 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
B Vdm jcllm`tmr keams tdbt tdm jblpben` es fermjt b`f
tde`as tdm lmssbnm es wmkk-suppcrtmf oy tdm vefmc jkep. Dm/
sdm sunnmsts tdbt tdm jkep es wmkk-rmsmbrjdmf b`f wcukf om
m`jcurbne`n cr pmcpkm su﬈mre`n rcl fmprmssec`.
O Vdm jcllm`tmr bppkbufs tdm efmb omde`f tdm jblpben` b`f
dcpms et sde`ms b spctkendt c` fmprmssec`. Dcwmvmr, dm/sdm
cu`f tdm vefmc tcc sdcrt b`f selpkeflmf. Dm/sdm wcukf dbvm
keamf tc dbvm smm` lcrm pmrsc`bk mxpmrem`jms e` tdm jkep cr
nrmbtmr elpbjt.
J Vdm jcllm`tmr mlpdbsesms dcw elpcrtb`t et es tc om bwbrm
c tdm m﬈mjt b`f sylptcls c lm`tbk ekk`mss e` pmcpkm wm
a`cw. Dm/sdm
Dm/sdm bnrmms wetd tdm jblpben`―s lmssbnm tdbt tdes
es c`m c tdm lcst sen`efljb`t ycutd essums tcfby. Dm/sdm
bpprmjebtmf tdm rb`nm c vemws mxprmssmf c` tdm wmosetm, out
omkemvmf tdm jblpben` jcukf dbvm omm` elprcvmf oy lcrm
rcoust e`vmstenbtec`.
F Vdm jcllm`tmr es b dunm b` c tdm jblpben` b`f vefmc jkep.
E` pbrtejukbr, dm/sdm keamf dcw blcus pmcpkm wmrm e`vckvmf,
b`f tdm lmssbnm
lm ssbnm wbs prclctmf e` b vmry jkmbr,
j kmbr, jc`jesm wby.
Vdm jcllm`tmr jc`trbstmf sclm ctdmr jkeps wdejd wmrm
lujd lcrm dbrrcwe`n b`f `ct bs keambokm.
> Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2
• Yefmcs tdbt lbam pmcpkm tde`a bocut b tcpej brm prmtty
m﬈mjtevm. Jmkmorety m`fcrsmlm`t b`f b s`bppy skcnb` jb`
fmfl`etmky dmkp lbam tdm jkep lcrm lmlcrbokm bs wmkk. E fl`f E
rmlmlomr wdbt E wbtjd br lcrm tdb` wdbt E rmbf.
• E―l jbutecus tc sby et wcukf om m﬈mjtevm wetdcut dbve`n b`y
mvefm`jm. E―l omde`f tdm efmb tdbt vefmcs m﬈mjtevmky ore`n
pmcpkm―s bttm`tec` tc b` essum, out wekk pmcpkm wekk bjtubkky
lcfey tdmer omdbvecr bimr wbtjde`n3
?
• E―l `ct jc`ve`jmf ycu jb` gust —jdmmr sclmc`m up― wdc
es su﬈mre`n rcl fmprmssec`. Vdbt sbef, tdm wby ycu jcukf

a`cw` dbvm omm` tcujdmf oy tdm essums.)

essums.) suppcrt tdmlmbr
om b kestm`e`n wcukf
b`fprcoboky om tc ammptdml
lbyom m`jcurbnm e` tcujd rmnukbrky,
tc nmt
Vmxt J7 pcsetevm (bs
( bs tdm mxjmkkm`t jblpben` vefmc fmlc`strbtms)
fmlc`strbtms )
prcmssec`bk dmkp.
Vmxt F7 pcsetevm (Dmrm,
(Dmrm, dcwmvmr,
dcwmvmr, tdm obkb`jm es gust rendt. Vdm • E―f m`jcurbnm tdml tc jclm cut wetd lm, lbyom spm`f
vefmc es`―t wcrfy b`f et spmbas fermjtky tc tdcsm wdc `mmf tc sclm telm e` `bturm cr fc sclmtde`n wm octd m`gcy. E―l
u`fmrstb`f wdbt dbve`n sujd prcokmls lmb`s, tdrcund b `ct prmtm`fe`n tdbt et wcukf tur` c﬈ tdm fmprmssec` keam b
lmfeul tdbt ycu`n pmcpkm wekk bpprmjebtm.)
bpprmjebtm .) swetjd, out et wcukf om lcrm om`mfljebk tdb` tdml sette`n
6 2 O O dbs b `mnbtevm vemw
vemw c tdm vefmc (sclmtde`n
(sclmtde`n dbs omm` kcst bkc`m bt dclm.
e` tdm ormvety ci tdm vefmc),
vefmc ), jclpbrmf tc tdm pcsetevm vemws • E―vm su﬈mrmf rcl fmprmssec` e` tdm pbst b`f c`m c ly
oy B (sdcrt
(sdcrt out pu`jdy jkep),
jkep), O (bs
(bs tdm mxjmkkm`t jblpben` rem`fs lbfm b pce`t c tmxte`n lm mvmry se`nkm fby. E stekk
vefmc fmlc`strbtms)
fmlc`strbtms) b`f F (tdm(tdm obkb`jm es gust rendt.)
rendt.) mkt esckbtmf tc om dc`mst, out b kettkm kmss sc. E E a`cw
? J (fmprmssec` es sclmtde`n tdbt b﬈mjts b` e`jrmbse`n `ulomr sclmc`m es mmke`n fcw`, E try tc ammp e` tcujd keam ly
ci pmcpkm, e`jkufe`n jdekfrm`, b`f tdmy `mmf tc om suppcrtmf, rem`f fef cr lm.
`ct pu`esdmf icr et ‚ Vmxt B)
(bktdcund E dbtm tc lm`tec` tdes, sclm su﬈mrmrs brm vekeflmf
bs tdm mxjmkkm`t jblpben` vefmc fmlc`strbtms ‚ Vmxt J)
: B (E
( E wbs bksc elprmssmf oy tdm jbrm tdm fmvmkcpmrs ci tdm

jblpben` dbvm tbam` tc nmtte`n bt tdm trum ibjts ‚ Vmxt B)

(Bktdcund sclm e`icrlbt
e`icrlbtec` ec` dendkendtm
dendkendtmf
f e` tdm
tdm jblpben`
jblpben`
wbs, tc ly le`f, b kettkm u`fmr-rmsmbrjdmf ‚ Vmxt J)
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824
ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU
2 B 2, :
O?
J6
? (E` bkk tdm sm`tm`jms, tdm pbssevm crl es lcrm bpprcprebtm ‚
smm tdm rmbsc`s e` orbjamts omkcw.)
2 E` rmjm`t ymbrs, tdm tcw` dbs omm` b﬈mjtmf oy e`jrmbse`n
blcu`ts c trb﬊j. (Vdm bnm`t es jclpkejbtmf tc mxprmss selpky.)
? Etmls rcl tdm rcoomry wmrm cu`f c` b mrry tc Irb`jm.
(u`elpcrtb`t bnm`t)
: Ucu wmrm rmpcrtmf cr ome`n
ome` n kbtm tc wcra flvm telms kbst wmma.
(Vdes scu`fs lcrm fepkclbtej wdm` mxprmssmf e` tdm pbssevm.)
6 Ucu brm nce`n tc om nevm` b lmfbk cr ycur orbvmry
o rbvmry..
(u`elpcrtb`t bnm`t)
= Et dbs omm` fesjcvmrmf tdbt tdes frun dbs fb`nmrcus sefm
m﬈mjts./Vdes frun dbs omm` fesjcvmrmf tc dbvm fb`nmrcus sefm
m﬈mjts. (Et es covecus wdc tdm bnm`t es.)
9 Vdm lcst e`tmrmste`n kmjturm wbs nevm` oy b` Blmrejb` kbwymr.
(Vdm bnm`t es put bt tdm m`f c sm`tm`jm cr elpbjt.)
: Xcsseokm b`swmr
Et lendt e`vckvm neve`n ycu`n pmcpkm sclm scrt c cutfccr
mxpmrem`jm e` tdm wekfmr`mss. Lbyom et wcukf e`vckvm kmbr`e`n
sclm survevbk saekks b`f nmtte`n bwby rcl lcoekm fmvejms, cr
wcrae`n bs tmbl. Et jcukf om belmf bt ycu`n pmcpkm wdc kevm e`
jetems cr fc`―t `crlbkky dbvm bjjmss tc `bturm.
6 2 rmjmevmf ? fmtmrle`mf : efm`teflmf 6 fmvmkcp = cu`f
9 elprcvm > nevm 4 rmvemw
= Ztbtestejs dbvm
dbvm rmjm`tky omm` rmjmevmf rmkbte`n tc
tc ycu`n pmcpkm
wdc dbvm omm` c` prcnrbllms sujd bs tdm ^ekfmr`mss Xrcgmjt
b`f et dbs omm` fmtmrle`mf tdbt b vmry dend pmrjm`tbnm c
tdml prcfltmf sen`efljb`tky rcl tdmer mxpmrem`jms. ^m brm e` tdm
prcjmss c smtte`n up lcrm sujd prcnrbllms tc bjjcllcfbtm
tdm e`jrmbse`n `ulomrs c ycu`n pmcpkm wdc dbvm omm`
efm`teflmf bs ome`n e` `mmf c mxpmrem`jms keam tdes. Dcwmvmr, wetd
lcrm u`fe`n rcl tdm ncvmr`lm`t, mvm` lcrm prcnrbllms
jcukf om fmvmkcpmf. Et dbs omm` cu`f tdbt b pmrsc`―s smk-
mstmml b`f jc`flfm`jm jb` om sen`efljb`tky elprcvmf oy ome`n
jkcsm tc `bturm b`f kmbr`e`n vbrecus saekks b`f jrbis e` b `bturbk
smtte`n. Et es vmry elpcrtb`t tdbt ycu`n pmcpkm brm nevm` tdmsm
cppcrtu`etems. Vdm jurrm`t prcnrbllm wekk om rmvemwmf bt b
kbtmr fbtm.
9 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 E c`jm nct seja rcl sclm u`fmrjccamf smbccf, b`f bl
scrry tc sby tdbt E dbvm omm` jclpkmtmky put c﬈ crfmre`n et
mvmr bnbe`.
? E dbvm omm` rmle`fmf jcu`tkmss telms bocut `ct oete`n ly
fl`nmr`beks, out et―s b dboet tdbt es sc dbrf tc ormba!
: E wbs tckf c﬈ cr mbte`n c` puokej trb`spcrt. E a`mw tdm rukms,
out E wbs stbrve`n.
6 E wbs cvmrjdbrnmf bt tdm je`mlb c`jm, E―f crncttm` ly EF b`f
tdmy fef`―t omkemvm E wbs u`fmr 29 bt tdm telm, sc E dbf tc pby
cr b` bfukt tejamt.
= E dbvm omm` jretejesmf cr spmbae`n ly le`f, out, E rmbkky
omkemvm et―s omttmr tc om uprc`t wetd pmcpkm.
9 E dbvm omm` prbesmf cr dmkpe`n ly orctdmr wetd des
dclmwcra. Ly pbrm`ts rmbkky bpprmjebtm et.
> E―vm omm` fmkendtmf oy tdbt `mw jbå cpm`e`n c` tdm jcr`mr.
E―vm wb`tmf sclmwdmrm kcjbk tc nmt jc﬈mm cr b vmry kc`n telm.
4 E dbvm omm` b`nmrmf oy pmcpkm tde`ae`n fmprmssec` es sclmtde`n
ycu jb` s`bp cut c. Et―s br lcrm jclpkmx tdb` tdbt.
2
?@F MFEVEC@ J2
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2
• Ly sestmr dbs bkwbys omm` b vmry mlctec`bk pmrsc` b`f
es`―t brbef tc sdcw et. Zdm―kk ymkk e sdm―s b`nry b`f ourst
e`tc tmbrs bt tdm slbkkmst tde`n. C` tdm ctdmr db`f, e sdm―s
dbppy, sdm jb` kendt up tdm rccl.
• E dbvm b rem`f wdc wmbrs des dmbrt c` des skmmvm. Ucu bkwbys
a`cw wdbt ae`f c lccf dm―s e` omjbusm dm―kk om kbunde`n
des dmbf c﬈ cr rb`te`n bocut sclmtde`n.
?
• E` ly vemw, et es wesm tc ammp ycur mlctec`s octtkmf up
e` tdm wcrapkbjm up tc b pce`t. Ucu fc`―t dbvm tc defm
mvmrytde`n, out et u`fmrle`ms ycur prcmssec`bk jbpboekety e
ycu sdcw mvmry lccf swe`n.
• Et obsejbkky jclms fcw` tc dcw wmkk ycu a`cw tdm pmcpkm
e` b`y nevm` setubtec`. E ycu fc`―t a`cw tdm pmcpkm wmkk, E―f
sunnmst ome`n b oet lcrm suotkm wetd ycur mlctec`s.
? jrye`n7 elprcvms cur lccf, pdysejbkky nccf cr us
b`nmr7 mxmrjesm, ru``e`n b`f ymkke`n nmt ref c rustrbtec`
kbunde`n7 nccf cr dmbke`n, lmfeje`m
: 2 ymkk ? sco : rb`t 6 nennkm
6 2 B mlpbtdesm O sylpbtdesm
? B lcb` O nrcb`mf
: B nkccly O nrulpy
6 B jc`sefmrbtec` O jclpbssec`
= 2 M nre` b`f ombr et < tc bjjmpt b` u`pkmbsb`t cr feejukt
setubtec` wetdcut jclpkbe`e`n, usubkky omjbusm ycu rmbkesm
tdmrm es `ctde`n ycu jb` fc tc lbam et omttmr
? B kcsm
kc sm et < tc omjclm vmry b`nry b`f upsmt, cr, tc omjclm
jrbzy cr jc`usmf
kmt rep < e`crlbk tc spmba cr omdbvm veckm`tky cr mlctec`bkky
: J dbvm b kc`n bjm < b sbf cr fesbppce`tmf mxprmssec` c`
sclmc`m―s bjm
6 F sdbam` up < om upsmt, sdcjamf, cr rendtm`mf oy sclmtde`n
tdbt dbs dbppm`mf tc ycu
= I om e` flts < tc kbund u`jc`trckkboky
9 O sdcct ycur lcutd c﬈ < tbka bocut sclmtde`n tdbt ycu
sdcukf `ct tbka bocut cr tdbt ycu a`cw `ctde`n bocut
nmt b mw tde`ns c﬈ ly jdmst < tc tmkk sclmc`m bocut
sclmtde`n tdbt dbs omm` wcrrye`n cr b``cye`n ycu cr b
kc`n telm, sc tdbt ycu mmk omttmr bimrwbrfs
9 2 nrulpy ? lcb` : nre` 6 kcsm et = ymkk/rb`t 9 sdbam` up
> okuo/sco 4 sylpbtdesm
> Xcsseokm b`swmr
• E` ly vemw, et―s
et―s ber m`cund tdbt mlpkcymrs rmquerm wcramrs
wcr amrs tc
lb`bnm tdmer mlctec`s. Elbne`m e ycu wm`t e`tc b sdcp cr b
rmstburb`t cr tdm dcspetbk, b`f tdm pmcpkm wcrae`n tdmrm wmrm
scooe`n cr rb`te`n, et wcukf om bwuk bs b justclmr.
• E fc`―t tde`a et―s dmbktdy lysmk. ^dm` pmcpkm
pmcp km brm crjmf tc
octtkm up tdmer mlctec`s bt wcra, et―s lcrm keamky tc kmbf tc b`
mxpkcsevm cutourst cr mmke`ns c esckbtec` b`f kc`mke`mss.
• Vdmrm―s b obkb`jm tc stream omtwmm` bkkcwe`n mxtrmlm
mlctec`s tc sdcw b`f wmbre`n b lbsa. Et―s dmkpuk cr wcramrs
tc om prcvefmf wetd sbm spbjms wdmrm tdmy jb` nmt tde`ns c﬈
tdmer jdmsts.
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 ?

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

: Dmrm e` Brnm`te`b, E wcukf sby tdbt tdm obromjum es tdm lcst

2 Et es usmf tc sby tdbt ycu wekk om dmbktdy e tdm ccf ycu mbt es
dmbktdy b`f vejm vmrsb.
? Xcsseokm b`swmrs
• E―l `ct surm bocut tdm prmn`b`jy c`m. E sby tdes omjbusm ly
lul jrbvmf jdmmsm wdm` sdm wbs prmn`b`t b`f E―l bkkmrnej
tc fbery prcfujts!
• E―l surm nrcwe`n up e` b bleky wdmrm spejy ccf wbs tdm
`crl dbs fmvmkcpmf ly tbstm cr tdbt ae`f c tde`n.
: Vdm efmb c ccf jdcejms ome`n b﬈mjtmf oy jukturm.
jukturm.
rmprmsm`tbtevm omjbusm et es sclmtde`n tdbt pmcpkm bkk cvmr
tdm jcu`try m`gcy, b`f wm dbvm b rmputbtec` cr fce`n et wmkk.
Et―s smrvmf wetd jdelejdurre, b sbujm lbfm c dmros. E―f bksc sby
fukjm fm kmjdm, wdejd es b rejd jbrblmk sprmbf. Mbjd rmnec` dbs
ets cw` spmjebketems, cr e`stb`jm, kcjrc stmw, lbfm c jcr`s,
omb`s b`f pctbtc, e` tdm `crtd wmst. E tde`a rmnec`bk vbrebtec`s
e` ccf brm pbrtky obsmf c` wdbt prcfujm nrcws wmkk e` tdm
brmb, bs wmkk bs tdm e`﬏um`jm c e`fenm`cus pmcpkm, b`f nrcups
c ellenrb`ts smttke`n e` jmrtbe` brmbs.

6 Acrmb`, Blmrejb` b`f Jde`msm 2 Vdm e`crlbtec` dbs omm` jc`fm`smf e`tc `cu` pdrbsms.
mxbl tep
? 2 (kc`n-kbste`n), : (kc`n-stb`fe`n) b`f = (twc-fby-ckf) `mmf
E` tdm flrst pbrt c tdm rmjcrfe`n, Le`b lm`tec`s tdbt bnm,bn m, nm`fmr,
nm`fmr,
dypdm`s. ^m fc`―t usm b dypdm` wetd -ky -ky bfvmros.
stbtus b`f wcra b﬈mjt curc ur tbstms. Dcwmvmr,
Dcwmvmr, sdm es tbkae`n bocut
boc ut
jckkmjtevm tbstms bt tdbt pce`t rbtdmr tdb` pmrsc`bk tbstms (… wdbt : 2 ^cukf ycu rbtdmr mbt e` b flvm-stbr
flvm-stbr rmstburb`t cr b bleky-ru`
E―vm cosmrvmf es tdbt wdbt fe﬈mrm`t jcllu`etems jdccsm tc mbt jbå3
b`f dcw tdmy mbt ‚ b`f mvm` dcw jmrtbe` fesdms brm prmpbrmf ‚ es ? ^dbt fc ycu jc`sefmr b wmkk-obkb`jmf femt jc`sests c3
bjtubkky vmry jkcsmky jc``mjtmf tc tdm u`equm jdbrbjtmrestejs wm : ^dy fc ycu tde`a jc`vm`em`jm ccf es sc pcpukbr `cwbfbys3
dbvm sujd bs bnm cr nm`fmr, cur stbtus e` scjemty cr mvm` sclmtelms 6 ^cukf ycu rbtdmr mbt dclm-nrcw` cr rczm` vmnmtbokms3
tdm ae`f ci wcra wm fc.)
fc. ) = ^cukf ycu rbtdmr fc rmnukbr mxmrjesm cr mbt b dmbktdy femt3
9 ^cukf ycu rbtdmr mbt kcjbk cr e`tmr`btec`bk fesdms3
= 2 sen`efljb`jm (Mbte`n
(Mbte`n es `mvmr b gust b oeckcnejbk bjtevety. Icr
6 Ucu jb` mbt ccf tc lbam
lbam ycu lcrm e`tmkkenm`t.
lm, wdmtdmr et es selpky cr mkbocrbtmky prmpbrmf, iccf bkwbys
= 2 c` (b flxmf pdrbsm wetd bfmpm`fm`t prmpcsetec` ‚ dbvm b`
jbrrems wetd et sclm sen`efljb`jm.)
sen`efljb`jm.)
m﬈mjt c`)
c`)
? jdbrbjtmrestejs (E―vm
(E―vm jccamf e` lb`y ctdmr jcu`trems, b`f
? lbam (b jckkcjbtec` wetd slbrtmr)
e` fce`n sc, wdbt E―vm cosmrvmf es tdbt wdbt fe﬈mrm`t
jcllu`etems jdccsm tc mbt b`f dcw tdmy mbt … es bjtubkky : wmrm (b prmvecus pbst rmmrm`jm, use`n tdm pbssevm)
6 Vdes/Et (objawbrf rmmrm`je`n)
: vmry
pbst jkcsmky jc``mjtmf
mxpmrem`jms tc tdm
(E` ctdmr
(E` u`equm
wcrfs, jdbrbjtmrestejs
wdbt ycu jdccsm tcwmjcca
dbvmb`f
dbvm)) = try (b vmro lmb`e`n —mxpmrelm`t―
—mxpmrelm`t― vmro omcrm b` -e`n
-e`n crl)
9 bs (wdekm
(wdekm es `ct jcrrmjt dmrm ‚ wm fc`―t sby wdekm ycu bnm)
bnm)
mbt es b` bjjulukbtec` ci bkk tdmsm pbst mxpmrem`jms.)
mxpmrem`jms.)
> mvmry (< bkk c tdm crnb`s)
6 nrcup efm`tety (B`f tdm`,tdm`, kccae`n bt dcw wm mbt bs b nrcup,
nrcup,
4 sc (pbrt c sc tdbt ‚ tbkae`n bocut b jc`smqum`jm)
jc`sefmr dcw mvmry se`nkm jcllu`ety b`f rmkenec` usms iccf bs
pbrt ci tdmer jmkmor
jmkmorbtec`s.
btec`s. … E wcukf sby tdbt
tdbt tdes
tdes dmkps lbam mxbl tep
cur nrcup efm`tety strc`nmr.) B? O6
= tbstms (Vde`a
(Vde`a bocut bkk tdm Jde`msm jccas wdc mlenrbtmf. … 2 `cu` + prmpcsetec` jckkcjbtec`
et wbs e`mvetbokm e` tdcsm jerjulstb`jms tdbt tdm fesdms tdmy ? vmro + bfgmjtevm jckkcjbtec`
smrvmf dbf tc om bfgustmf tc bjjcllcfbtm tbstms e` tdmer `mw
: pbst pbssevm
jukturm.))
jukturm.
9 trbfetec`bk saekks (Et―s
(Et―s b sdblm tdbt tdcsm trbfetec`bk saekks brm 6 objawbrf rmmrm`je`n
fye`n cut) = vmro omcrm -e`n crl
> ore`ne`n pmcpkm tcnmtdmr (Bkk tdes tdes swbppe`n
swbppe`n ci teps b`f 9 telm ke`amr
e`icrlbtec` es b nrmbt wby ci ore`ne`n pmcpkm tcnmtdmr.)
tcnmtdmr.) > fmtmrle`mr
4 mxtm`sec` (wm
(wm mvm` lbam b tde`n ci wbete`n e` ke`m icr b tbokm 4 jc`smqum`tebk ke`amr
bt b rmstburb`t … wm tur` et e`tc b scjebk mvm`t b`f, ei ycu brm

wetd irem`fs, et―s b` mxtm`sec` ci mbte`n wetd tdml.)

tdml .)
9 2 es bjjclpb`emf oy
? sdcw wdmrm ycu jclm rcl
: tc om bfmqubtm cr sujjmssuk mjc`clejbkky
6 b` mlctec`bk jc``mjtec` cr ke`a
= tc mmk mlctec`bkky cr e`tmkkmjtubkky pbrt c b nrcup
9 tc om sclmtde`n tdbt es b` mssm`tebk qubkety
> Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 ^dm` E tde`a c jclcrt ccf, E tde`a c ly nrb`flctdmr―s
bppkm pem. ^m bkwbys dbvm et bt bleky nbtdmre`ns b`f et tbams
lm obja tc ly jdekfdccf.
? E suppcsm wdm` ycu mbt bt b rmstburb`t, et―s quetm jcllc`
cr pmcpkm tc crfmr kcts c fe﬈mrm`t fesdms, wdmrmbs bt dclm,
mvmryc`m wcukf om dbve`n tdm sblm tde`n. B`ctdmr fe﬈mrm`jm
lendt om tdbt dclm-jccamf ccf es nm`mrbkky dmbktdemr,
bktdcund c jcursm et fmpm`fs c` tdm dclm b`f rmstburb`t
ycu―rm tbkae`n bocut! Bt b rmstburb`t, wm wcukf bksc om smrvmf
2 Xcsseokm b`swmr
Ztufems dbvm sdcw` tdbt mxmrjesm jb` elprcvm lccf b`f dmkp
wetd fmprmssec`. Dcwmvmr, pmcpkm cim` `mnkmjt tc fc mxmrjesm.
? Xcsseokm b`swmr
E a`cw sclmc`m keam tdm spmbamrs ‚ lm! E―l `ct b oen mxmrjesm
b` b`f E fl`f et rmbkky dbrf tc steja tc b rcute`m. Bs cr sclmc`m
keam Gbam, b flt`mss b`btej, wmkk
wmkk ly sestmr―s keam tdbt. Zdm jb`―t nmt
m`cund c tdm nyl b`f es vmry fesjmr`e`n bocut ccf. —Iumk cr
tdm ocfy―
ocfy ―, sdm jbkks et.
: 2 scrm (B scrm pce`t es sclmtde`n tdbt es keamky tc lbam sclmc`m
upsmt cr b`nry wdm` ycu tbka bocut et.)
? strejt (B strejt femt es c`m e` wdejd ycu mbt b vmry keletmf
blcu`t cr rb`nm c ccf.)
: strc`n (B strc`n bvmrsec` es b` mxtrmlmky strc`n feskeam c
sclmtde`n.)

bt tdm tbokm, out bt ly pkbjm wm―rm mxpmjtmf tc smrvm cursmkvms 6 tcund (E sclmtde`n es tcund nce`n,
brm fe﬊jukt.) nce`n, et lmb`s tdm jc`fetec`s
‚ b`f fc tdm fesdms bimrwbrfs, tcc!
6 2 jc`jm`trbtec` ? veset : scu`f 6 bloetec` = lbttmr
9 rcw`
= 2 sckef nckf ? jkcsm jbkk : strejt kbws 6 jbsubk rmlbra
= tcund jbkk 9 dmbvy fl`m
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824
ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU
92 F (ctdmr cptec`s fc `ct jckkcjbtm wetd stbrt)
? O (prcflt < om`mflt)
: J (ctdmr cptec`s fc `ct jckkcjbtm wetd dend
dend))
6 B (pbrt c tdm flxmf pdrbsm fc tdm treja)
= F (jcrrmjt jckkcjbtec` wetd sckef, bksc mvefm`jm dbs tdm lcst
bpprcprebtm lmb`e`n)
9 F (ctdmr cptec`s fc `ct jckkcjbtm wetd m﬈mjts)
> O (ctdmr cptec`s fc `ct jckkcjbtm wetd rmkeb`jm
rmkeb`jm))
4 J (ctdmr cptec`s fc `ct jckkcjbtm wetd jc`trck)
> Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 E fc`―t keam tdm efmb c suppkmlm`ts lysmk. Vrye`n tc rmpkbjm b
obkb`jmf femt c rmsd prcfujm wetd prcjmssmf pekks3 Et fcms`―t
smml keam jcllc` sm`sm, b`f tdmrm es`―t b`y mvefm`jm tc
obja up tdmer m﬈mjtevm`mss b`ywby. Cjjbsec`bkky tbae`n sclm
vetble`s cr b prctme` sdbam wc`―t durt, out E gust fc`―t tde`a
tdmrm es m`cund mvefm`jm tc wbrrb`t spm`fe`n lc`my c`
tdml rmnukbrky.
? E b` btdkmtm beks b ob``mf suostb`jm tmst, E tde`a tdmy sdcukf
bjm b ob` rcl tdm spcrt cr bt kmbst b mw ymbrs. Vdm rukms
brm tdmrm tc lbam tde`ns bermr cr mvmryc`m b`f bksc tc
prctmjt tdm dmbktd c tdm btdkmtms. Zclm ob``mf suostb`jms
jb` om quetm dbrluk tc tdm kc`n-tmrl dmbktd c btdkmtms, E
tde`a. Umt, et smmls tcc dbrsd tc ob` tdml crmvmr. Lb`y
Lb`y wdc
dbvm usmf ob``mf suostb`jms bjm b dunm scjebk stenlb, kcsm
tdmer spc`scrsdeps b`f sc c`, sc kmt―s `ct pu`esd tdml cr kem.
Mvmryc`m lbams lestbams, bimr bkk.
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 Vdes brtejkm lendt rbesm tdm pce`t tdbt b`teoectejs brm ome`n
cvmrusmf. Et wekk prcoboky bksc fesjuss dcw wm `mmf tc e`vmst
lcrm lc`my e` tdm rmsmbrjd cr `mw fruns.
? Vdes brtejkm jcukf rbesm tdm pce`t tdbt pmcpkm e` lb`y
prcmssec`s omkemvm tdmy brm cvmrwcramf b`f u`fmrpbef. Cr et
lendt pce`t cut tdbt kbtmr e` tdmer jbrmmrs, fcjtcrs cim` m`f
up mbr`e`n fmjm`t sbkbrems.
: E wc`fmr e tdes brtejkm rbesms tdm pce`t tdbt tcc lb`y dmbktd
jblpben`s lby fekutm tdm m﬈mjtevm`mss c mbjd c`m omjbusm
pmcpkm nmt termf c tdml. E―f numss et lendt pce`t cut tdbt
bktdcund slcae`n rbtms dbvm rmfujmf, tcobjjc jc`te`ums tc
dbrl pmcpkm―s dmbktd.
6 E wcukf mxpmjt tdes tc rbesm tdm pce`t tdbt u`tek `cw,
ccf-kbomkke`n jc`trcks e` tdes jcu`try dbvm omm` b kct lcrm
rmkbxmf tdb` e` ctdmr jcu`trems. Et lby bksc fesjuss dcw ccf
kbomkke`n jb` dmkp jc`sulmrs lbam lcrm e`crlmf jdcejms
bocut tdmer femt.
? 2O ?J :B 6F
: Vdm e`tmrbjtec` es `ct nccf omjbusm tdm ocy fcle`btms tdm
fesjussec` tcc lujd.
6 2 E―l scrry, wdbt fc ycu lmb` oy —cvmrusm3―
—cvmrusm3―
? Jcukf E gust jclm e` dmrm3
= Xcsseokm b`swmr
B7 E` ly vemw, et es dend telm tdbt lcrm lc`my wbs spm`t c`
elprcve`n dmbktd jbrm
j brm bjeketems, cr mxblpkm, rmuroesde`n
dcspetbks b`f upfbte`n mqueplm`t. Vdes dbs omm` fc`m e`
sclm c tdm oen jetems, out slbkkmr dcspetbks e` rurbk brmbs brm
cim` quetm ru`-fcw` b`f …
O7 Vdbt―s b rmbkky nccf pce`t, out E―f gust keam tc bff tdbt E wcukf
sby tdbt upfbte`n mqueplm`t es keamky lcrm om`mfljebk tdb`
lbae`n jcslmtej jdb`nms …
:
?@F MFEVEC@ J2
B7 E―l scrry E―l `ct quetm surm wdbt ycu lmb` oy —jcslmtej―
—jcslmtej―
jdb`nms.
O7 Cd, wdbt E lmb` es jdb`nms tc tdm bppmbrb`jm c tdm dcspetbk,
keam pbe`te`n wbkks b`f cr bffe`n brtwcra, tde`ns keam tdbt.
B7 Vdb`as. Bjtubkky,
Bjtubkky, E tde`a et―s vetbk tc spm`f lc`my c` octd
o ctd
tdm bppmbrb`jm b`f tdm bjtubk bjeketems. E pbtem`ts brm e` b
pkmbsb`t m`verc`lm`t, E―l jc`ve`jmf et befs tdmer rmjcvmry.
O7 E sunnmst tdbt b`ctdmr brmb wdejd es vetbk tc spm`f lc`my
c` es fmvmkcpe`n `mw fruns tc flndt fesmbsms tdbt dbvm sujd
dcrreokm jc`smqum`jms cr sclm lb`y pmcpkm. ^dbt tdmy
`mmf tc fc es nevm rmsmbrjd sjem`tests lcrm u`fe`n. ^etd tdm
B7 rendt
Mxjusmu`fe`n,
lm, jb` E―l surmsby
E gust …tdbt et es`―t quetm bs selpkm bs tdbt.
Mvm` e `mw fruns brm fmvmkcpmf, tdmy―rm keamky tc om sc
mxpm`sevm tdbt tdmy c`ky om`mflt tdm mw pmcpkm wdc jb`
b﬈crf tdml.
O7 Jcukf ycu rmpdrbsm tdbt pkmbsm3
B7 Zurm. ^dbt E―l nmtte`n bt es tdbt et―s jrujebk tdbt
td bt tdm `mws
fruns fmvmkcpmf brm b﬈crfbokm. Ctdmrwesm, et es`―t wcrtd tdm
e`vmstlm`t.
9 Xcsseokm b`swmr
B7 Ll, kmt―s smm. E wcukf sby metdmr dmbktd bwbrm`mss jblpben`s
jblpben` s
cr jc`trckke`n ccf kbomkke`n. E sby tdes omjbusm tdmsm brm
prmvm`tbtevm lmbsurms tc stcp pmcpkm nmtte`n seja. Vdmy bksc
tbrnmt b vmry wefm bufem`jm. ^dbt fc ycu tde`a3
O7 ^mkk, bkk tdmsm lmbsurms wcukf om om`mfljebk, wcukf`―t tdmy3
Vdbt sbef, e wm―rm kccae`n bt tdm c`m tdbt wcukf lbam tdm
oennmst fe﬈mrm`jm, E―f kmb` tcwbrfs fmvmkcpe`n `mw lmfeje`ms
‚ jb`jmr trmbtlm`t, cr e`stb`jm. Et jcukf om tdm fe﬈mrm`jm
omtwmm` kem b`f fmbtd cr sclm pmcpkm.
B7 E―l e`jke`mf tc bnrmm wetd ycu. Bktdcund `mw fruns wcukf`―t
rmbjd bs lb`y pmcpkm bs, sby, b dmbktd jblpben`, et rmbkky stekk
sdcukf om b precrety.
> Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2
• Ncvmr`lm`ts dbvm b rckm e` kccae`n bimr tdmer pmcpkm―s
dmbktd. ^dm` pmcpkm dbvm bjjmss tc nccf, b﬈crfbokm cr rmm
dmbktd jbrm, tdm `btec` bs b wdckm es omttmr c﬈.
• Xmcpkm sdcukf tbam lcrm e`fevefubk rmspc`seoekety cr tdmer
cw` dmbktd. Et smmls vmry u`ber tdbt ctdmr tbxpbymrs dbvm
tc suosefesm dmbktd jbrm cr pmcpkm tdbt fc`―t tbam nccf
jbrm c tdmlsmkvms.
?
• E―l e`trenumf oy tdm pcsseoekety c tmste`n cr fesmbsms ycu
brm nm`mtejbkky prc`m tc, b`f tdm` tbae`n prm-mlptevm
trmbtlm`t. Et wcukf om sc lujd omttmr tdb` c`ky trmbte`n b
jc`fetec` bimr ycu nmt et.
• Lbyom sjem`tests wekk om bokm tc rmjcllm`f ccf cr mxmrjesm
tdbt wekk om`mflt pmcpkm wetd jmrtbe` typms c nm`mtej
lbam-up.
• E wc`fmr e pmcpkm wekk omjclm lcrm mlpbtdmtej tcwbrfs
pmcpkm wetd fesmbsms e et―s cu`f tdbt tdmy brm jbusmf oy
nm`mtejs rbtdmr tdb` b jc`smqum`jm c pmrsc`bk fmjesec`s3
:
• Cur nm`mrbtec` es lcrm jc`sjecus bocut dmbktdy mbte`n
omjbusm tdmrm es sc lujd e`crlbtec` bvbekbokm c` tdm
e`tmr`mt. Vdbt sbef, erc`ejbkky, E tde`a wm brm kmss dmbktdy,
prcoboky omjbusm c cur smfm`tbry kemstykms wetd sc lujd
tmjd`ckcny.
• ]`crtu`btmky, E tde`a wm―vm
wm―vm omjclm kmss dmbktd jc`sjecus.
Ly pbrm`ts― nm`mrbtec` wbs bkk bocut nrcwe`n ycur cw`
rmsd prcfujm, b`f tcfby wm bkk smml tc rmbjd cr prcjmssmf
ccf cut c jc`vm`em`jm.
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 6

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

4 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
ome`n nevm` e`crlbtec` e` b sdcrt vefmc, ome`n nevm` e`crlbtec`
bt sjdcck, wcrasdcps, lbnbze`ms, jc`vmrsbtec`s wetd tdmer pbrm`ts,
dmbktdy jccae`n jkbssms, c`ke`m `mwskmttmr, wbtjde`n cr ome`n e` b
pkby, b LCCJ (lbssevm cpm` c`ke`m jcursm)
? Vdm mssby es bocut pmrsubfe`n ycu`n pmcpkm tc tbamtbam omttmr jbrm
c tdmer dmbktd. Ucur
Ucur tutcr wekk rmbf et.
: 2 E wdckmdmbrtmfky bnrmm wetd tdm wretmr―s brnulm`t bs
tmm`bnmrs brm`―t tbundt bocut dmbktd e` sjdcck, sc wm `mmf
• elprcvmf bjbfmlej pmrcrlb`jm7 wefmky bjjmptmf ke`a
omtwmm` pdysejbk dmbktd b`f pmrcrlb`jm, wekk kmbf tc omttmr
dmbktd b`f omttmr nrbfms
• —flt`mss cr kem―7 stufm`ts wdc mxmrjesm bt sjdcck brm lcrm
keamky tc jc`te`um tc stby bjtevm e`tc bfuktdccf, sc e`fevefubks
om`mflt rcl ome`n dmbktdemr bs bfukts, b`f scjemty om`mflts
rcl dbve`n dmbktdemr bfukts
• —flt`mss cr kem― es lcst elpcrtb`t omjbusm et wekk om`mflt
jurrm`t stufm`ts b`f jcukf bksc dbvm b` m﬈mjt c` uturm
nm`mrbtec`s

tc
keamfl`f
wbsbtdmer
wby tc nmt tdm lmssbnm
sunnmstec` tdrcund.
tc usm scjebk ^dbt
lmfeb bs b Ewby
pbrtejukbrky
c • Vdm essum eskevms,
smfm`tbry elpcrtb`t omjbusm
b﬈mjte`n lb`y b`f
tdmer dmbktd ycu`n pmcpkm
nm`mrbk tcfby kevm
wmkkome`n.
jcllu`ejbte`n tdm e`crlbtec`
e`cr lbtec` tc tdml ‚ nrmbt efmb! • Dmbktd mfujbtec` wcukf m`jcurbnm ycu`n pmcpkm tc fmvmkcp
? Vdm wretmr usms kcts c rmbsc` b`f mxblpkms. dmbktdy dboets.
: Ums. Vdm wretmr tde`as vefmcs
vefm cs brm tdm omst wby. • @ulmrcus om`mflts tc dmbktd mfujbtec`, m.n. elprcvmlm`ts tc
mxbl tep bjbfmlej sujjmss b`f b dmbktdemr scjemty e` tdm kc`n
Et cvmrtky rmmrs obja tc tdm essum c dmbktd mfujbtec` lm`tec`mf e` 28 Lcfmk b`swmr
tdm e`trcfujtec`. Lb`y ycu`n pmcpkm tcfby kevm smfm`tbry kevms e` rc`t c b
sjrmm`, wdejd b﬈mjts tdmer dmbktd b`f nm`mrbk wmkkome`n. Et es
6 Xcsseokm b`swmr dend telm tdbt dmbktd mfujbtec` wbs dendkendtmf e` sjdccks tc
Vdmrm es `c fcuot tdbt pmcpkm nrcwe`n up tcfby kevm e` b dend- m`jcurbnm ycu`n pmcpkm tc fmvmkcp dmbktdy dboets. Vdmrm brm
prmssurm scjemty. Vdbt es wdy et es dend telm tdbt lcrm m﬈crt b`f `ulmrcus om`mflts tc b` e`jrmbsmf cjus c` dmbktd mfujbtec`
rmscurjms wmrm put e`tc elprcve`n dmbktd c tdm ycu`n. E` tdes wetde` tdm jurrejukul e`jkufe`n elprcvmlm`ts tc bjbfmlej
mssby,, jc`sefmrbtec` wekk om nevm`
mssby n evm` tc twc pcsseokm bktmr`btevms tc sujjmss b`f b dmbktdemr scjemty e` tdm kc`n ru`.
m`jcurbnm ycu`n pmcpkm tc kcca bimr tdmer cw` dmbktd7 scjebk Et es wefmky bjjmptmf tdbt tdmrm es b ke`a omtwmm` pdysejbk dmbktd
lmfeb b`f sdcrt mfujbtec`bk vefmc jkeps. b`f pmrcrlb`jm. E stufm`ts dbvm cppcrtu`etems tc m`nbnm e`
= Xcsseokm b`swmrs lcrm pdysejbk bjtevety bs b rmsukt c dmbktd prclctec`, tdes wekk
2 wbys e` wdejd ycu`n pmcpkm jb` om pmrsubfmf/dcw tc keamky kmbf tc omttmr cjus b`f elprcvmf nrbfms.
e`﬏um`jm ycu`n pmcpkm Et es bksc wcrtd jc`sefmre`n tdm pcsseokm kc`n-tmrl om`mflts c
? tc kcca bimr tdmlsmkvms lcrm dmbktd prclctec` e` sjdccks. Icr mxblpkm, stufm`ts wdc mxmrjesm
: tc put fmtbeks c` tdm wmo/tc pcst fmtbeks c`ke`m rmnukbrky bt sjdcck brm prcoboky lcrm keamky tc jc`te`um tc stby
6 tc crnb`esm wcrasdcps/jcursms tdbt trbe` pmcpkm e` … bjtevm e`tc bfuktdccf. Bs b rmsukt, e`fevefubks b`f scjemty rmbp tdm
= fmsen`e`n/fmvmkcpe`n/lbae`n vefmcs om`mflts c flt`mss cr lb`y ymbrs omyc`f tdm e`etebk e`vmstlm`t.
9 Xcsseokm b`swmrs Et es ly vemw tdbt tdm kbttmr om`mflt es tdm lcst jc`ve`je`n. E
Et es tdmrmcrm wcrtd jc`sefmre`n dcw (Icr tdes rmbsc`, et wcukf ycu`n pmcpkm brm mqueppmf wetd dmbktd b`f flt`mss saekks, `ct
om wcrtdwdekm tc jc`sefmr dcw …) c`ky wekk wm om`mflt tdm jurrm`t nm`mrbtec`, out et jcukf dbvm b
E` crfmr tc fc tdes, jc`sefmrbtec` sdcukf om nevm` tc … pcsseokm m﬈mjt c` tdm `mxt. ]ktelbtmky, E tde`a wm sdcukf stcp
(Vc bjdemvm tdes, wm lendt tde`a bocut …) jclpkbe`e`n bocut dmbktd essums tdbt jb` om bffrmssmf wetd
Vdmrm brm twc cptec`s tdbt E tde`a jcukf om m﬈mjtevm … kemstykm jdb`nms, b`f stbrt bffrmsse`n tdml. E` ly vemw, dmbktd
(Vwc bktmr`btevms wcrtd wmende`n up brm …) prclctec` e` mvmry sjdcck es b strbendtcrwbrf stbrte`n pce`t.
… tdm` et wcukf prcoboky om sdbrmf … (tdm` et wcukf keamky om
sdbrmf …)
tdes es keamky tc om b vmry m﬈mjtevm wby … (tdes lby wmkk om b` 2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 Iccf es b jcrm pbrt c wdc E bl. Vdbt es dcw E wbs orcundt
m﬈mjtevm wby …) up ‚ tc vbkum dclm-jccae`n b`f dcspetbkety.
^dbt wcukf om omst es … (^dbt wcukf om efmbk …)
• @ct surm ccf es lcrm elpcrtb`t tdb` b`y c tdmsm ctdmr
b`f E wcukf sunnmst tdbt … (E bl c tdm vemw/cpe`ec` tdbt …)
brmbs tc om dc`mst. E―l `ct bs lujd c b ccfem bs sclm
Zclmtde`n sdcrt b`f u` jcukf dbvm … (Zclmtde`n sdcrt b`f ctdmrs E a`cw.
u` es keamky tc …) • Vdbt―s b fe﬊jukt qumstec`. E―l `ct surm tdbt ycu jb` mvm`
> 2 Covecusky, pmcpkm wekk rmbf b`ytde`n wm put c` scjebk lmfeb. smpbrbtm ccf rcl sclm c tdmsm brmbs. ^dm` E tde`a
(Nm`mrbkky/Et es keamky tdbt pmcpkm wekk rmbf lcst tde`ns wm put c dclm, ccf es pbrt c tdbt. E jcca b`f nc cut tc mbt
c` scjebk lmfeb.) cr pkmbsurm bs wmkk. E―f om amm` tc wcra e` tdm rmstburb`t
? ^m a`cw cr surm tdbt ycu`n pmcpkm wekk bkwbys kestm` tc e`fustry c`m fby tcc.
ctdmrs, sujd bs tdmer spcrts jcbjdms. ? Ymnmtbreb`/vmnb`
(Et jcukf om tdbt ycu`n pmcpkm wekk bkwbys kestm` tc ctdmrs, Xrcs7 kcwmr resa c jmrtbe` fesmbsms b`f dmbktd prcokmls1
sujd bs tdmer spcrts jcbjdms.) sen`efljb`tky kcwmr jbroc` cctpre`t1 `ct suppcrte`n
: Xutte`n tdm e`crlbtec` e` b vefmc es jmrtbe`ky tdm omst wby tc b`elbk lbktrmbtlm`t1 femt nm`mrbkky kcwmr e` sbturbtmf
bpprcbjd tdes prcokml. bt b`f prcjmssmf ccf1 jb` om jdmbpmr.
(Xutte`n tdm e`crlbtec` e` b vefmc es prcoboky b` m﬈mjtevm Jc`s7 lby `mmf tc tbam vetble` O2? suppkmlm`ts1 sclmtelms
wby tc bpprcbjd tdes prcokml.) vmnb`s/vmnmtbreb`s lby `ct om jbtmrmf cr wmkk e` scjebk

6 Vdmrm
wby tcestbjakm
`c fcuot
tdes. tdbt use`n scjebk lmfeb es tdm lcst sm`seokm setubtec`s1 kmss jdcejm wdm` mbte`n cut.
(E wcukf sunnmst tdbt use`n scjebk lmfeb es b sm`seokm wby tc
tbjakm tdes.)
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824
ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU
Lmbt-mbte`n
Xrcs7 e` sclm pbrts c tdm wcrkf tdes es tdm stbtus quc, sc
tdmrm lby om b` mkmlm`t c scjebk bjjmptboekety1 lmbt es
b` mbsy scurjm c sclm `utrem`ts sujd bs ze`j b`f erc`1
sclm pmcpkm m`gcy mbte`n lmbt.
Jc`s7 lmbt b`f fbery jc`sulptec` dbs omm` ke`amf tc b`
e`jrmbsmf resa c jmrtbe` fesmbsms b`f dmbktd prcokmls1
b`elbk brle`n es c`m c tdm kbrnmst jc`treoutcrs tc
jkelbtm jdb`nm1 et lby jc`fc`m jrumkty tc b`elbks1
lmbt jb` om mxpm`sevm.
? Vdm rme`fmmr ur wdejd tdm Fcknb` usm cr tdmer jkctdms b`f cr
ke`e`n tdmer dcusms.
: 2 Vdm rme`fmmrs mbt —tdm te`y pkb`ts tdbt survevm
survevm om`mbtd tdm
s`cw―.
? Vdmy ammp et e` tdm s`cw (—c`m oen fmmp rmmzm―).
: Vdm jdekfrm` brm smw` e`tc tdmer jkctdms tc bvcef rcstoetm.
6 Vdmy lcvm cim` tc fl`f `mw nrbze`n cr tdmer rme`fmmr.
6 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
Vdm Fcknb` mbt tc kevm omjbusm ccf es sc sjbrjm b`f sc fe﬊jukt
tc fl`f. Vdmy dbvm vmry kettkm jdcejm ‚ tdmer femt jc`sests lbe`ky c
rczm` flsd b`f cjjbsec`bkky rme`fmmr lmbt (tdcund tdes es c`ky
usmf bs b kbst rmscrt). Vdmer wdckm kevms brm nmbrmf brcu`f fl`fe`n
ccf cr tdmer rme`fmmr wdc suppky tdm urs wdejd m`bokm tdm
pmcpkm tc survevm e` tdm rmmze`n tmlpmrbturms.
E` tdm ^mst, wm kevm tc mbt omjbusm ccf es sc bou`fb`t tdbt
mbte`n es b pkmbsurm rbtdmr tdb` b `mjmssety. Omjbusm wm dbvm sujd
b dunm rb`nm c jdcejm, mbte`n dbs omjclm b scpdestejbtmf pbrt c
cur
lb`yjukturm
bstum`t b`fpmcpkm.
mbte`n^m cut kmbf
e` rmstburb`ts dbs omjclm
sujd e`fuknm`t b dcooy
kevms e` tdm ^mstcr
tdbt comsety es `cw c`m c tdm nrmbtmst tdrmbts tc cur dmbktd.
= Xcsseokm b`swmrs
• ^m jb` kmbr` tdbt et es pcsseokm tc dbvm b dbppy kem b`f nccf
rmkbtec`sdeps wetde` blekems b`f nm`mrbtec`s wdm` keve`n
jkcsm tcnmtdmr. Kmss es sclmtelms lcrm. ^dm` tdmrm es b vmry
rmstrejtmf jdcejm b`f mvmryc`m es cjusmf c` tdm sblm urnm`t
ncbk (fl`fe`n ccf) tdmrm es `c telm cr brnue`n bocut trevebk
tde`ns. Bksc, bktdcund et lendt om tcc lujd c b sdcja cr
sclm, wm jcukf om`mflt rcl mxpmrem`je`n tdm Fcknb` kemstykm
cr b wdekm.
• Zclm lendt sby tdbt et es b utekm scrt c kem. E` crfmr tc survevm
e` tdm rmmze`n jckf, tdm Fcknb` pmcpkm dbvm tc rbesm rme`fmmrs
cr tdmer urs. Out e tdmy fef`―t
f ef`―t kevm tdmrm, tdmy wcukf`―t `mmf
tdm ur cr tdm rme`fmmr. E` tdm sdcrt jkep, wm fef`―t smm b`y c
tdm `mnbtevm bspmjts c tdmer kevms ‚ dcw fc tdmy nmt dmbktd
jbrm3 Dcw fc tdmy lb`bnm tc dbvm b vbremf femt3 ^dbt
dbppm`s wdm` tdm ycu`n nrcw up b`f wb`t tc lbrry cr lcvm
bwby3 Bksc, e` tdm ^mst, wm dbvm lcvmf sc br bwby rcl
tdbt ae`f c kem. Lcst pmcpkm e` tdm ^mst wcukf `ct om bokm tc
tckmrbtm tdm sdcja. Vdmrm brm ctdmr kmss u`jclcrtbokm wbys
tc tbam telm cut tc rm-mvbkubtm cur kevms, cr e`stb`jm nce`n c`
b rmtrmbt e` tdm lcu`tbe`s cr vcku`tmmre`n wetd b jdbrety.
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 Vc dmkp prmpbrm cr kestm`e`n7 rmbf tdm qumstec`s/tbsa omcrm
ycu kestm`, tde`a bocut wdbt ycu bkrmbfy a`cw bocut tdm
tcpej, efm`tey amy wcrfs e` tdm tbsa b`f tde`a c pbrbpdrbsms,
usm tdm qumstec`s/tbsa tc prmfejt wdbt ae`f c jc`tm`t et wekk
jc`tbe`.
?‚: Ztufm`ts― cw` b`swmrs.
? Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 luktepkm jdcejm7 sdcrt tmxts7 ^m cim` u`fmrstb`f cpe`ec`s,
mmke`ns b`f bttetufm rcl smvmrbk pdrbsms rbtdmr tdb` c`m
wcrf. (]`et 6, pbnm =6)
? luktepkm jdcejm7 kc`nmr tmxt7 ]sm amy wcrfs e` tdm flrst pbrt c
mbjd qumstec` tc dmkp ycu u`fmrstb`f wdmrm tc kestm` (]`et 9,
pbnm 4?)
=
?@F MFEVEC@ J2
: Xcsseokm b`swmr
Vcfby E wekk jdccsm tdrmm pcfjbsts tdbt e`tmrmst lm tc fcw`kcbf
(m.n. rcl VmfVbkas).
Oy `mxt wmma E wekk kestm` tc bt kmbst c`m c tdm tbkas b`f tmkk
sclmc`m bocut tdm nest c wdbt E kmbr`mf.
^dm` E kestm`, E wekk cjus c` u`fmrstb`fe`n tdm bttetufm c tdm
spmbamr b`f jc`sefmr dmr/des purpcsm (m.n. sunnmste`n, e`crle`n,
rmjcllm`fe`n, pmrsubfe`n).
= Xcsseokm b`swmr
B7 Zc, tdm saekk E―l kmbst jc`flfm`t e` wcukf prcoboky om
strujture`n b`swmrs, mspmjebkky e` tdm kc`n tur`. Zclmtelms, E
m`f up wb`fmre`n bwby rcl tdm qumstec` E―vm omm` bsamf.
O7 Zclmtde`n E bkwbys fc tc dmkp ammp c` trbja es tc kcca bt tdm
qumstec`. _mlmlomr, wm―kk om nevm` et e` tdm mxbl. ^etd
^etd tdm
jclpbresc` wm fc flrst, E bkwbys try tc tbka bocut b jcupkm
c selekbretems flrst, b`f tdm` lcvm c` tc fe﬈mrm`jms. E gust
fl`f et mbsemr tc strujturm et tdbt wby tc lbam surm E―vm sbef
b selekbrety b`f b fe﬈mrm`jm. B`f tdm`, c`jm E―vm fc`m tdm
jclpbresc`, E quejaky kcca obja bt tdm wrettm` qumstec` b`f
spm`f b oet c telm c` tdbt, lbae`n surm E gustey ly pce`ts bs
E nc bkc`n wetd rmbsc`s b`f mxblpkms.
9 Xcsseokm b`swmr
E wcukf keam tc elprcvm ly spmbae`n omjbusm et wekk dmkp lm
tc lbam lysmk u`fmrstccf wdm` E trbvmk b`f wcra wetd
e`tmr`btec`bk jckkmbnums.
@mxt telm E fc b spmbae`n bjtevety, E wekk cjus c` use`n b rb`nm c
kb`nubnm rbtdmr tdb` rmpmbte`n lysmk.
E tde`a E jb` elprcvm ly spmbae`n saekks oy rmvemwe`n b`f prbjtese`n
tdm usmuk pdrbsms e` tdm Zpmbae`n Iekm c` pbnms 292‚296.
2 2 sckef ? jkcsm : bfvmrsm 6 dmbvy = scrm 9 dmbvy
?
• obja tc squbrm c`m (usmf wdm` ycu stbrt sclmtde`n bnbe`
omjbusm ycu wmrm `ct sujjmssuk tdm flrst telm)
• jclcrt ccf (usmf wdm` tbkae`n bocut selpkm ccf tdbt
lbams ycu mmk rmkbxmf b`f dbppy)
• mrbfejbtm (usmf e` crlbk spmmjd b`f wrete`n tc tbka bocut
jclpkmtmky nmtte`n ref c sclmtde`n sujd bs b fesmbsm cr scjebk
prcokml)
• kbufbokm (usmf e` crlbk spmmjd b`f wrete`n tc sby tdbt
sclmtde`n fmsmrvms prbesm, mvm` e et―s `ct jclpkmtmky
sujjmssuk)
• prmvm`tbtevm (fmsjreoe`n sclmtde`n usmf tc prmvm`t b
`mnbtevm jc`smqum`jm, cr mxblpkm prmvm`tbtevm lmbsurms cr
prmvm`tbtevm lmfeje`m)
• stenlb (usmf tc fmsjreom b strc`n mmke`n e` scjemty tdbt
ome`n e` b pbrtejukbr setubtec` cr dbve`n b pbrtejukbr ekk`mss
es sclmtde`n tc om bsdblmf c, cr mxblpkm, e` sclm pkbjms
tdmrm lby om b stenlb bsscjebtmf wetd kmbve`n sjdcck omcrm
nrbfubtec`)
: Xcsseokm b`swmrs
• Vdm flkl wbs sc sbf tdbt E jcukf`―t dmkp okuooe`n b`f E―l surm
mvmryc`m e` tdm je`mlb jcukf dmbr lm scooe`n ly dmbrt cut.
• E jcukf dmbr sc lujd wbeke`n b`f ymkke`n, E jcukf`―t
jcukf`―t omkemvm
tdmy wmrm gust wbtjde`n tdm icctobkk.
• Dm kccamf sc nkccly tdbt E dbf tc bsa wdy dm dbf sujd b
kc`n ibjm tcfby.
• ^m stbrtmf jdujake`n bocut wdbt dbppm`mf b`f scc` wm
wmrm e` flts.
flts.
• E dcpmf tdm jcbjd wcukf`―t kcsm et bimr tdm lbtjd, out sdm
gust kmt rep bt tdm wdckm tmbl.
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 9

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

]@EV 5 KMBFM_Z B@F

B@ F ICKKC^M
ICKKC^M_Z
_Z
= F (Bs cppcsmf tc tdm pcpukbr omkem tdbt sciwbrm
sciwbrm fmvmkcp
fmvmkcpmrs
mrs
brm kc`mky nmmas wdc spm`f bkk tdmer telm stuja e` rc`t c
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
b jclputmr, b kct c le`m es tbam` up fce`n rmsmbrjd c` ly
pcketejs ‚ Guste` Vrufmbu, Gbje`fb Brfmr`, B`nmkb Lmramk, Obrbja jkbsslbtms!))
jkbsslbtms!
Coblb, Lburejec Lbjre 9 J (out
( out et―s c`ky wdm` ycu brm bjtubkky e` tdbt pcsetec` tdbt ycu
tdm brts ‚ Ob`asy, Kcrfm, Xejbssc, Vbeab ^betete, Xbtty Gm`ae`s rmbkesm ycu dbvm tc om bjutmky bwbrm c mvmrytde`n ycu sby
dulb` rendts
rend ts ‚ Lbkbkb Ucusbzbe,
Ucusbzbe, @mksc` Lb`fmkb, Blbk Jkcc`my
Jkcc` my b`f fc, octd c` b`f c﬈ tdm ﬏ccr)
tmjd`ckcny ‚ Ztmvm
Ztmvm Gcos, Zdmryk Zb`fomrn
Zb` fomrn (JCC Ibjmocca), > F (E
(E smm lysmk bs lcrm c b lm`tcr, nmtte`n tdm omst cut c
Zusb` ^cgjejae (JMC UcuVuom), Gm﬈ Omzcs (Dmbf c Blbzc`), mvmryc`m))
mvmryc`m
Gbja Lb (mxmjutevm jdberlb` Bkeobob) 4 O (Et―s trejay bt telms omjbusm wm―rm bkk e`fevefubks b`f tdm
_mbsc`s pmcpkm ckkcw tdml lendt e`jkufm7 jbpboekety, jrmbtevety,
jrmbtevety, tde`n tdbt―s dbrfmst tc fc es stboekesm us bs b ob`f, fmbke`n
jdbrl, jcllu`ejbtec` saekks, rmkbtbokm, nccf lbramte`n, pcwmr, wetd bkk tdm mncs b`f squbookms.)
squbookms .)
rejdms, ctdmr pmcpkm ckkcw/keam tdml. 5 J (et―s
( et―s vetbk tc om butdcretbtevm wetdcut tdm ocsse`mss b`f
? Xcsseokm b`swmrs brrcnb`jm tdbt es sclmtelms bsscjebtmf wetd ome`n e` sujd b
• Vc om dc`mst, E tde`a E―f prmmr tc om b ckkcwmr, E―f
E―f rbtdmr `ct pcsetec`))
pcsetec`
bjm tdm sjrute`y tdbt kmbfmrs dbvm tc fmbk wetd. Ibr tcc 28 F (tdm
(tdm tmm`bnm lbramt es pmrdbps c`m c tdm oennmst cr `mw
lujd prmssurm! Vdbt sbef, E keam tc tde`a c lysmk bs b` bjtevm bpps b`f ly bnm puts lm e` tdm efmbk pcsetec` tc om bokm tc
tmbl lmlomr rbtdmr tdb` gust b ckkcwmr wdc ncms bkc`n pkun nbps e` tdbt lbram
lbramtt)
wetd mvmrytde`n. = 2 dmbfe`n up ? frbe`e`n : sezmbokm 6 oy fmbukt
• Bs cr sclmc`m wdc wekk om b nccf kmbfmr e` tdm uturm, E―l = jdbreslb 9 squbookms > up-b`f-jcle`n
prmtty surm ly jcuse` es nce`n tc om b dend-pcwmrmf ouse`mss 4 nmt tdmer dmbfs rcu`f 5 e` tdm efmbk pcsetec` 28 scundt cut
kmbfmr c`m fby. Zdm dbs bkrmbfy stbrtmf tdrmm slbkk ouse`mssms 9 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
b`f sdm―s c`ky 26 ymbrs ckf! @ct c`ky es sdm e`jrmfeoky crnb`esmf, B Vdm kmbfmr dbs lbfm b sdcrt vefmc bocut kcjbk destcry wetd
sdm bksc dbs oen efmbs, b`f es`―t brbef tc lbam tdml dbppm`. ycu`n pmcpkm e` tdm brmb.
: Xcsseokm b`swmrs O Vdes kmbfmr wbs `ct mxpmjte`n tc tbam up b kmbfmrsdep rckm

• Xmrsc`bkky, E tde`a tdm flkl prcfujmr―s gco scu`fs tdm lcst out m`fmftdm
sdm kmbfs up ob`f
tbae`nomde`f
et c` omjbusm dm/sdm
tdm sjm`ms es tdm lb`bne`n
e`jkufe`n ckfmst. Dm/
fe﬊jukt omjbusm et e`vckvms pukke`n tcnmtdmr tdm wdckm prcgmjt,
b`f rcl tdm scu`fs c tde`ns tdbt wbs quetm jclpkejbtmf. puokejety.
B`f mvm` omcrm tdbt, tdmrm wbs tdm jdbkkm`nm c jcle`n up J Vdes kmbfmr wbs jdcsm` tc om rckm lcfmk cr ycu`nmr pmcpkm e`
wetd b` crene`bk efmb. tdm lbrtebk brts nrcup. Et e`vckvms ome`n b kmbfmr e` tdm spcrt
• Bkk tdm mncs b`f squbooke`n tdbt tdm ob`f kmbfmr dbs tc fmbk b`f c` tdm sefmke`ms.
wetd lbams et scu`f keam tdm lcst jdbkkm`ne`n rckm. Et―s `mvmr F Vdes kmbfmr es b ycu`n m`trmprm`murebk bpp fmvmkcpmr. Dm/sdm
mbsy tc lb`bnm pcketejs wetde` b nrcup, b`f E―f sby et es mvm` wbs nmtte`n b kct c qumstec`s rcl ctdmr stufm`ts bocut bpp
dbrfmr omjbusm et es lb`bne`n nrcup c pmmrs. Vdm puokej fmsen` sc smt up b jckkmnm nrcup.
rmkbtec`s c tdm gco bksc scu`fs keam et lbams dmr quetm `mrvcus > Xcsseokm b`swmrs
bt telms, b`f wcukf prcoboky e`vckvm fmbke`n wetd b kct c 2 Kmbfmr ‚ tdm pmrsc` wdc fermjts cr jc`trcks b
pmcpkm sdm fcms`―t a`cw. E―l quetm sdy lysmk sc E―f fl`f tdbt nrcup, crnb`ezbtec`,
c rnb`ezbtec`, jcu`try, mtj.
mtj.
rmbkky tcund. Lm`tcr ‚ b` mxpmrem`jmf pmrsc` wdc bfvesms b`f dmkps b kmss
• Et scu`fs tc lm keam tdm tbmawc`fc kmbfmr dbs tdm dbrfmst mxpmrem`jmf pmrsc`.
gco omjbusm
omjbusm mvmrytde`n
mvmrytde`n dm/sdm
dm/sdm fcms
fcms es ome`n
ome`n `ctejmf
`ctejmf b`f _ckm lcfmk ‚ sclmc`m wdcsm omdbvecur,
o mdbvecur, bttetufms, mtj. pmcpkm
jcpemf. Bs sdm sbys, E tde`a E―f bksc fl`f et rmbkky mxdbuste`n tc try tc jcpy omjbusm tdmy bflerm tdml.
dbvm ycu`nmr pmcpkm bwbrm c mvmrytde`n E wbs fce`n —c` b`f ? B kmbfmr E dbvm b kct c rmspmjt cr es … omjbusm …
c﬈ tdm ﬏ccr.―
﬏ccr.― Bt tdm m`f, sdm tbkas bocut ome`n b rmspmjtmf E dbvm bkwbys bflermf … Vdes es omjbusm …
butdcrety flnurm wetdcut jcle`n bjrcss bs tcc ocssy cr ukk c : … wekk keamky om rmlmlomrmf wetd b kct c rmspmjt. E sby tdes
dmrsmk, b`f tdbt es fmfl`etmky sclmtde`n wdejd es mbsemr sbef omjbusm…
tdb` fc`m! E―f sby … es sclmc`m wdc pmcpkm wekk kcca obja c` wetd b kct c
• E―f sby tdm bpp fmsen`mr dbs tdm lcst fe﬊jukt gco. Mvm`
rmspmjt cr dmr/des wcra wetd …
tdcund dm/sdm es pbssec`btm bocut et, et jb`―t om mbsy ome`n
ycu`n e` ouse`mss b`f dbve`n tc fmbk wetd tdm stmrmctypms
brcu`f ycutd b`f nmmas bt c`jm. Mvm` tdcund tdm fmsen`mr 2 2 J (tc cjus c` b`f nevm mlpdbses tc wdbt wm―rm
wm―rm sbye`n)
smms ome`n ycu`n bs b` bssmt omjbusm dm/sdm rmbkky a`cws tdm ? O (tc mlpdbsesm cr cjus c` jmrtbe` e`crlbtec`)
lbramt, E―f numss tdbt bt telms pmcpkm fc`―t tbam del/dmr bs : F (tc mlpdbsesm b` bjtec`, e` prmsm`t/pbst selpkm, lcrm
smrecusky bs b` ckfmr pmrsc`. jcllc` e` spcam` M`nkesd)
6 2 O (et scrt c dbppm`mf oy fmbukt rmbkky … Zc tdbt mkk tc lm ‚ 6 B (tc mlpdbsesm `mw cr e`tmrmste`n e`crlbtec`)
prmsulboky
prmsulbo ky omjbusm
omjbusm E―l
E―l tdm ckfmst b`f
b`f suppcsmf tc om b oet ? Xcsseokm b`swmrs
lcrm fcw`-tc-mbrtd)
fcw`-tc-mbrtd)
Fc ycu fc b`y spcrt3
? B (wdejd
( wdejd E―l dcpe`n lendt nevm lm b` mfnm cvmr ctdmr
jb`fefbtms wdm` E―l bppkye`n tc u`evmrsety) Brm ycu b oen spcrts b`3
: B (E―f
( E―f rmbkky u`fmrmstelbtmf tdm jclpkmxety c tdm wdckm : 2 Zdm kcvmf tdm tmbl speret.
speret. Zdm dbtmf dbve`n jckf db`fs.
m`tmrpresm ‚ scrte`n cut mvmrytde`n fcms nmt prmtty frbe`e`n.)
frbe`e`n .) ? Vdmy fc`―t mvm` tbka bocut tdm lbtjd, tdmy tbka bocut
6 F (kmbr`e`n
(kmbr`e`n rcl mbjd ctdmr b`f sdbre`n cur a`cwkmfnm b`f rmbjtec`s tc tdm lbtjd.
tbkm`ts tc jrmbtm tdm lcst sujjmssuk bpps pcsseokm)
pcsseokm ) Ib`s lendt jb`jmk ctdmr tde`ns e` crfmr tc wbtjd b lbtjd.
Zpcrt jb` tbam b`s bwby rcl kcvmf c`ms.
Zclm b`s nmt tcc jrbzy.
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824
ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU
6 2 E kcvmf bocut `mtobkk wbs ? E dbtmf wbs : wcukf E mvmr
6 wcukf E sby, fc suppcrt = dbvm E wbtjdmf 9 fcms spcrt
= 2 wmrm wm kbtm cr tdm lbtjd, lessmf cur tmbl sjcre`n b flrst ncbk
n cbk
? wekk Gbja mvmr nmt prclctec` e` tdes gco
: fef tdm e`tmrvemwmr bsa lm bocut ly wcra mxpmrem`jm
6 dbf wm stbrtmf tdm tmst tdb` E omnb` tc mmk seja
= bl E mvmr nce`n tc nmt tc u`evmrsety
9 dbvm E wc` b prezm bt b rbstm
9 Vdmy mmk tdmy―rm b` mxtm`sec` c tdm tmbl tdmy ckkcw.
ckkcw. Vdmy brm
brm
pbrt c b jcllu`ety. Vdmy m`gcy tdm jblbrbfmrem cr sdbre`n
fesbppce`tlm`ts b`f oen sujjmssms.
> 2 es (jkmi sm`tm`jm e`trcfujmf wetd wdbt1 prmsm`t tm`sm tc
lbtjd sby)
? fc (buxekebry vmro cr mlpdbses e` b jkmi sm`tm`jm wetd wdbt)
: es (jkmi sm`tm`jm e`trcfujmf wetd et)
6 ^dbt (jkmi sm`tm`jm wetd wdbt)
= wbs (vmro c suogmjt7 Vdm smbsc` tdbt stb`fs cut e` ly lmlcry )
9 kettkm (`mnbtevm bfvmro omcrm e`vmrsec`)
> C`ky (pdrbsm omcrm e`vmrsec`)
4 fcms (buxekebry vmro cr mlpdbses wetde` jkmi sm`tm`jm)
4 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 2
• ^dbt E bnrmm wetd es tdbt tdm jblbrbfmrem es b oen pbrt c
wdy pmcpkm suppcrt spmjeflj tmbls.
• Keam tdm okcnnmr, E tde`a et―s tdm sm`sm c jcllu`ety wdejd
es bppmbke`n.
• ]`keam tdm okcnnmr, E bjtubkky fc bnrmm wetd tdm psyjdckcnests,
et es bkk bocut efm`tety b`f pmcpkm mmke`n tdbt oy suppcrte`n b
we``e`n tmbl tdbt et es sclmdcw b pmrsc`bk sujjmss.
? usubkky fmkmnbtm tbsas keam jdcppe`n vmnmtbokms cr lbae`n
• ^dbt―s rmbkky selekbr bocut octd spcrts b`f lusej b`s brm
tdbt tdmy jb` tm`f tcwbrfs tdm cosmssevm. Vdmy brm cim`
wekke`n tc pby tdrcund tdm `csm cr tejamts.
• E―f sby tdbt tdmrm brm sclm selekbretems omtwmm` tdm
twc nrcups ‚ E lmb`, et―s bocut wbtjde`n cr kestm`e`n tc
sclmtde`n ycu m`gcy, cim` wetd b nrcupnrcu p c pmcpkm.
pmcp km. Vdmrm―s
fmfl`etmky b scjebk bspmjt
bsp mjt tc octd bjtevetems. Dcwmvmr,
Dcwmvmr, wdbt
es fe﬈mrm`t es tdbt lusej b`s jb` cim` lukte-tbsa wdekm
kestm`e`n out spcrts b`s tm`f tc om 288% cjusmf c`
nblms. Cr tdbt―s tdm stmrmctypm b`ywby.
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
B7 E tde`a tdm prcvmro lmb`s tdbt wdm` ycu wcra bkc`m, ycu jb`
nmt lcrm fc`m e` tdm sdcrt-tmrl out cvmr tdm kc`n-tmrl, ycu―kk
om bokm tc ammp nce`n cr kc`nmr oy jckkbocrbte`n wetd ctdmrs.
O7 E bnrmm, E wcukf sby tdbt et―s m`jcurbne`n us tc wcra tcnmtdmr,
mvm` e sclmtelms et mmks b oet skcwmr e`etebkky.
B7 Ums, wdm` ycu―rm e` b tmbl, b`f ycu bjm sclm jdbkkm`nms,
ycu―rm bokm tc m`jcurbnm mbjd ctdmr tc smm wdbtmvmr et es
ycu―rm fce`n tdrcund tc tdm m`f.
O7 Zc, ycu bjtubkky m`f up bjdemve`n lcrm tdb` ycu jcukf dbvm
fc`m bs b` e`fevefubk.
B7 Mxbjtky
Mxbjtky,, sc bs cr mxblpkms, dcw bocut e` spcrts3 Mvm` e
ycu―rm jclpmte`n e` b` e`fevefubk spcrt, keam sby swelle`n
cr ru``e`n b lbrbtdc`, b tmbl c suppcrt pmcpkm, cr ctdmr
jclpmtetcrs wcukf dmkp lctevbtm ycu wdm` ycu―rm termf
cr mvm` bjm b` costbjkm keam b` e`gury cr b fesbppce`te`n
pmrcrlb`jm. Vde`a c Ckylpeb`s ‚ mvm` tdcsm e` e`fevefubk
spcrts usubkky dbvm strc`n suppcrt `mtwcras wdc dbvm
dmkpmf tdml nmt tc wdmrm tdmy brm.
O7 B`ctdmr mxblpkm lendt om wdm` ycu wcra e` ouse`mss
setubtec`s. E tde`a vmry sujjmssuk ouse`mssms brm usubkky lbfm
up c b tmbl c pmcpkm wetd jclpkmlm`tbry strm`ntds. Mvm`
wdm` tdmrm es c`m dend-prcflkm vesec`bry kmbfmr bt tdm dmkl,
tdbt pmrsc` wekk usubkky dbvm nbtdmrmf jbpbokm pmcpkm brcu`f
tdml wdc dbvm dmkpmf nrcw tdm ouse`mss.
2
?@F MFEVEC@ J2
B7 Vc ore`n et obja tc b lcrm pmrsc`bk mxblpkm, E fl`f tdbt wdm`
E stbrt sclmtde`n `mw, E―l lcrm keamky tc pmrsmvmrm wetd et e E
dbvm b rem`f bkc`n cr tdm gcur`my. Icr e`stb`jm, kbst ymbr ly
rem`f b`f E stbrtmf ejm-sabte`n cr tdm flrst telm, b`f E fcuot
E wcukf dbvm nc`m obja bimr tdm flrst kmssc` wetdcut tdmer
m`jcurbnmlm`t.
? Zpmbamr B tde`as tmbl wcra es nccf cr pccke`n efmbs, fmvmkcpe`n
jcllu`ejbtec` saekks b`f rmsckve`n fe﬈mrm`jms, b`f tbae`n
rmspc`seoekety.
Zpmbamr O prmmrs wcrae`n bkc`m sc bs `ct tc om festrbjtmf b`f
mmks sdm jb` nmt lcrm fc`m jrmbtevmky.
Zpmbamr J keams tdm btlcspdmrm c wcrae`n e` b tmbl, wdejd
m`jcurbnms dbrf wcra, out wcukf `ct om bokm tc fc tdm
fmkmnbte`n wcra c b ocss.
: 2 bssulm, e`etebtevm ? mbr` : fmkmnbtm 6 rbppcrt
= mxblpkm 9 cstmrmf > ste﬏m 4 jckkbocrbtm, ocu`jm
6 2O ?I :M 6F =B 9J
= 2 jckkbocrbtevmky ? survevbk : elpkejetky 6 dc`mf
= lesjcllu`ejbtec` 9 jccrfe`btec` > rmquermlm`t
4 errmspmjtevm 5 rmsckutec` 28 pmrcrlb`jm
9 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
• ^dbt rmbkky e`tmrmstmf lm wbs dcw lmmrabts fmkmnbtm
nubrf futems. Et smmls sc dulb`!
• ^dbt wbs lcst e`tmrmste`n wbs tdbt jdelpb`zmms lbam up
bimr b flndt. E―l surpresmf tdmy fc`―t dckf b nrufnm.
?
• Etdmrm
dbvmdbs
b Zbturfby
b rckm tcgco bt E―l
pkby. b ousy jbå b`f
b aetjdm` mvmryc`m
db`f wcrae`n
sc tdm jdms
sb`fwejdms tc lm. Vdm ocss dbs cstmrmf b rmbkky pcsetevm
btlcspdmrm, wdejd lbams et b nrmbt pkbjm tc wcra bt.
E dbf tc jclpkmtm b nrcup sjem`jm prcgmjt c`jm, b`f et wbs b
jclpkmtm fesbstmr! @c c`m wb`tmf tc tbam rmspc`seoekety cr
nmtte`n et fc`m. E` tdm m`f, E dbf tc tbam tdm e`etebtevm b`f
m`fmf up fce`n tdm wdckm tde`n lysmk tdm `endt omcrm.
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2
• E tde`a bkk tdrmm bjtcrs dbvm b` m﬈mjt c` lm. Vdm lcst
e`﬏um`tebk bjtcr wcukf prcoboky om wdc E―l wcrae`n wetd. E
E―l wcrae`n wetd pcsetevm pmcpkm, E fl`f et lujd mbsemr tc lbam
prcnrmss tdb` e E―l stuja wetd b ou`jd c nrulpy pmcpkm.
• Vdm pmcpkm
cr lm es tdmlbttmr tc sclmE―l
m`verc`lm`t mxtm`t, oute`.
wcrae`n wdbt―s rmbkkytcc
E tdmrm―s jrujebk
lujd `cesm, cr tcc lb`y ctdmr festrbjtec`s, E gust jb`―t
jc`jm`trbtm c` tdm tbsa tdbt E `mmf tc nmt fc`m.
• Xmrsc`bkky, E fl`f et―s bkk bocut tdm tbsa. E nmt lujd lcrm
fc`m e E―l stufye`n sclmtde`n E keam. Vcc dbrf, b`f E gust
swetjd c﬈. Vcc mbsy, b`f E nmt ocrmf.
? Immke`n kc`mky, `ct dbve`n b`yc`m mksm tc ocu`jm efmbs c﬈,
dbve`n tc fc mvmrytde`n ycursmk, `ct ome`n bokm tc prcjmss
efmbs e` b nrcup cr kmbr` rcl sclmc`m mksm.
? 2F ?I :M 6B =J 9O
Xcsseokm b`swmr
• E―l nccf btbt pccke`n efmbs wetd ctdmrs. Icr mxblpkm,
mxblpkm, E omkc`n
tc quetm b mw c`ke`m nrcups wdmrm pmcpkm pcst prcokmls
tdmy brm bje`n cr setubtec`s wdmrm tdmy `mmf `mw efmbs,
tdm` wm bkk sdbrm cur efmbs bocut et. E tde`a E lbam b vbkubokm
jc`treoutec` tc tdm efmbs pcck.
• ^mkk, E―l omst bt lukke`n cvmr efmbs. Ucu jcukf sby E―l quetm
b`bkytejbk, E keam tc tde`a bocut setubtec`s rcl mvmry b`nkm
omcrm lbae`n b fmjesec`. Icr mxblpkm, E―vm omm` tde`ae`n
b kct bocut
bocu t wdbt tc stufy bt u`evmrsety
u `evmrsety `mxt ymbr, b`f dbvm
pcurmf cvmr tdm jcursm jbtbkcnum b`f dbvm lbfm b lekkec`
kests c prcs b`f jc`s, b`f sc c`. @c c`m jcukf bjjusm lm c
 lbae`n b rusdmf fmjesec` wdm` mvm`tubkky E fc lbam c`m!
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 ?

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

: 2 bfvmrtese`n, wcras b`ywdmrm

? fbtb b`bkyst, wcras bt dclm
2 B ? (Et usms lcrm `cu`s b`f kmss efeclbtej kb`nubnm.)
: lbramte`n, wcras e` jbås
6 fmsen`, wcras bt dclm O ? (Et usms `cu` pdrbsms b`f kmss fermjt kb`nubnm.)
= wretmr, wcras bt dclm J ? es lcrm bpprcprebtm cr wrete`n1 2 es lcrm bpprcprebtm
wdm` spmbae`n.
mxbl tep
? 2 Lcst jclpb`ems sby jrmbtevety es vbkubokm tc tdml. / Jrmbtevety
wdbt kmf dmr tc jdb`nm dmr wby c wcrae`n
es vbkubokm tc lcst jclpb`ems.
= 2 J (C` c`m prcgmjt, E―f
E―f bnrmmf tc jclpkmte`n et bnbe`st ? Vdm smbrjd cr sullmr gcos oy lb`y stufm`ts cim` m`fs
dcrrm`fcus fmbfke`ms.) e` bekurm.
? N (mvmryc`m usms ly kbptcp b`f ly fmsa es bkwbys b tctbk : B pmrsc`―s dbrf wcra jb` om tdm jbusm c tdmer kbja c rmm telm.

lmss
cu`fomjbusm
tdbt tdmtdm aefs lcvm
lmsse`mss stu﬈
ae`f brcu`flm)
c dmkpmf … e` tdm m`f E 6 B jclpb`y―s
jbusm rmusbk tc fesjuss tdm `ulomr c vbjb`jems jb`
jc`usec`.
: D (E stbrtmf wrete`n e` b jbå b`f wbs bstc`esdmf tc fl`f tdbt = Vdm fe﬊jukty c b` e`tmrvemw usubkky rmsukts e` tdm bppkejb`ts―
tdm `cesm crlmf b ae`f c wbkk omtwmm` lm b`f tdm cutsefm pccr pmrcrlb`jm.
wcrkf, sc E jcukf nmt kcst e` ly cw` tdcundts.) 9 Vdm rbpef e`jrmbsm e` tdm `ulomr c pmcpkm wetd fmnrmms
6 O (E cu`f cut oy jdb`jm wdm` b rmkbtevm durt dmr dmbf. E mkt E lmb`s tdmrm es lcrm jclpmtetec` cr gcos.
sdcukf kcca bimr dmr)
mxbl tep
= M (sc E stbrtmf nccnke`n wdbt E jcukf fc tc dmkp lysmk b`f
Lbae`n sjem`jm omjclms lbams sjem`jm cr dbs lbfm sjem`jm
fesjcvmrmf …)
omjbusm et es `cw tdm lbe` vmro e` tdm sm`tm`jm.
9 M (`cw E mxpkcet b`y lclm`ts E nmt wdm`mvmr cr wdmrmvmr et
dbppm`s) : (Vdm // e`fejbtms dcw tdm twc lbras brm bkkcjbtmf.)
> B (e` tdm leffkm c jdbcs bt dclm E jb` det upc`
up c` wby lcrm 2 nrcwtd c // sjem`teflj gcos lbams/dbs lbfm
efmbs) ? jc`jmr` bt // dmr sunnmstec` tdbt
4 O (Et lmb`t E bjtubkky nct lujd lcrm fc`m e` b keletmf telm.) : c` // tdm fmvmkcplm`t c mvmryc`m―s/c` // mvmryc`m―s
5 F (E mmk lujd kmss tm`sm b`f tdbt e` etsmk dmkps ycu tc om fmvmkcplm`t
lcrm jrmbtevm.) 6 des brnulm`t // c` tdm bjt
28 J (^dbt E dbf`―t crmsmm` wbs tdbt tdes occst tc ly jrmbtevety = jclpkmxety c des prmsm`tbtec` // lmb`t

dbs kmf tc `mw c﬈mrs c wcra.) 9 rmusbk tc dmkp us // lmb`t

9 2 Vbsa ?, cptec` F ‚ tdm rmfujtec` e` strmss (Zpmbamr 6) 6 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
? Vbsa 2, cptec` J ‚ b jclletlm`t (Zpmbamr 2) 2 bjbfmlej bssen`lm`ts, mssbys, rmpcrts, gco bppkejbtec` kmttmr,
: Vbsa 2, cptec` M ‚ b rmsukt c rmsmbrjd (Zpmbamr =) crlbk spmmjdms
6 Vbsa ?, cptec` B ‚ tdm `ulomr c jrmbtevm tdcundts
tdcund ts et ? Vdm Kc`nlb` Fejtec`bry c Jc`tmlpcrbry M`nkesd (www.
nm`mrbtms (Zpmbamr ?) kfcjmc`ke`m.jcl/orcwsm/tcpejs.dtlk) dbs b vcjboukbry smjtec`
= Vbsa ?, cptec` M ‚ tdm boekety tc utekesm
u tekesm telm lcrm m﬈mjtevmky wdmrm wcrfs brm nrcupmf oy tcpej.
(Zpmbamr 2)
9 Vbsa 2, cptec` D ‚ b jdb`nm c vm`um (Zpmbamr 6)
> Xcsseokm b`swmrs 2 Xrmpbrbtec` efmbs7 rmsmbrjd tdm jclpb`y, prbjtesm b`swmre`n
2 qumstec`s, nmt b suetbokm cutflt rmbfy, tde`a c b jcupkm c
• C`m c tdm tde`ns E―vm tremf wbs fce`n dclmwcra omcrm qumstec`s tc bsa tdm mlpkcymr tc sdcw ycu brm e`tmrmstmf.
sjdcck rbtdmr tdb` bt `endt. Zc, E―fE―f smt ly bkbrl
bkbr l cr 9 c―jkcja, ? 2 B nrcup e`tmrvemw
b`f fc et omcrm b`yc`m mksm wbs bwbam. E tremf tdes omjbusm ? @mrvcus omjbusm dm―s `mvmr omm` cr c`m omcrm b`f dm wb`ts
E cu`f tdbt bt `endt, tdmrm―s b kct nce`n c` e` ly dcusm tdm gco.
b`f E cu`f et dbrf tc jc`jm`trbtm. Vdm bfvb`tbnm c tdm : Bfvejm bocut wdbt tdm e`tmrvemw m`tbeks b`f dcw tc prmpbrm
lcr`e`n wbs tdbt E jcukf fc ly wcra e` pmbjm. Dcwmvmr, cr et.
tc om dc`mst, et fef`―t kbst kc`n. E―l `ct rmbkky b lcr`e`n : 2 lesu`fmrstccf ? m`surm : m`kendtm` 6 u`fmrmstelbtm
pmrsc`, b`f E cu`f tdbt E fef`―t dbvm tdm fesjepke`m tc = kccsm` 9 cvmrskmmp
jc`te`um tdm dboet. Zc, E―l obja tc fce`n et bt `endt, b`f E 6 m`bokm, m`bjt, m`fb`nmr,
m`fb`nmr, m`kbrnm, m`kendtm` (kendt
( kendt tbams octd b
`cw usm mbrpdc`ms e`stmbf tc okcja cut tdm scu`f c tdm prmflx + su﬊x), m`rejd,
m`rejd , m`surm, m`trbp
VY rcl tdm ctdmr rccl. B`f `cw, E―l bokm tc bpprmjebtm lesbken`, lesdmbr, lesgufnm, lesprc`cu`jm, lesrmbf
tdbt mxtrb dcur c skmmp e` tdm lcr`e`n.
cvmr, cvmrfc, cvmrmstelbtm, cvmrdmbr, cvmrkcca, cvmrru`
• E usm tdm pclcfcrc tmjd`equm wdm` E dbvm b oen
u`fmrmstelbtm
bssen`lm`t cr dbvm tc fc sclm prckc`nmf stufy. Dbvm ycu
dmbrf c et3 Et―s b lmtdcf wdmrm ycu wcra cr ?8 le`utms rmbjt, rmbken`, rmfc, rmrmsd, rmkendt, rmrmbf, rmru`, rmwe`f
tdm` tbam b flvm-le`utm ormba. Fure`n tdm ?8 le`utms, m`kendtm` (kendt
(kendt tbams octd b prmflx + su﬊x), rmsdm`, km`ntdm`,
ycu dbvm tc cjus 288 pmr jm`t, tdmrm―s `c nce`n c﬈ b`f kendtm`, sbffm`, sdbrpm`, wcrsm`
nmtte`n b s`bja cr jdmjae`n lmssbnms. E―vm cu`f et m﬈mjtevm = 2 rmwe`f
omjbusm E bjtubkky nmt lujd lcrm fc`m. E usm b` bpp c` ly ? sbffm`s
pdc`m tc fc tdm tele`n. E usmf tc gust telm et lysmk, out : lesgufnmf
tdm bpp lbams et mbsemr ‚ ycu mvm` nmt b rem`fky kettkm rcoct 6 lese`tmrprmtmf
vcejm sbye`n —telm tc wcra `cw―
`cw―.. Ztekk, tdm amy tc lbae`n et = u`fmrmstelbtmf
sujjmssuk es bjtubkky ycur jclletlm`t tc tdm tmjd`equm. 9 cvmrrb`
E ycu jdmbt, tdm` et wcukf`―t dmkp prcfujtevety. > cvmrdmbrf
? Xmcpkm cim` sby tdmy brm`―t tdm jrmbtevm typm, out wdbt et 4 sdbrpm`
rmbkky jclms fcw` tc es wdmtdmr tdmy dbvm cstmrmf tdmer 92 m`surm (prmflx + vmro < lbam
lbam surm)
jrmbtevety,, tdrcund trbe`e`n b`f prbjtejm.
jrmbtevety ? e`trcfujtec`s (pkurbk `cu`, cogmjt c b pbssevm strujturm)
: pmrsc`bk (bfgmjtevm, fmsjreoms sclmtde`n
sclmtde`n))
6 elbne`btevm (bfgmjtevm, sblm wcrf crl bs cutnce`n
cutnce`n))
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824
ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU
= tdrcundcut (bfvmro < bkk tdrcund)
9 e`tmrbjtec` (`cu` ckkcwmf oy omtwmm`
omtwmm`))
> u`fmrmstelbtm (prmflx + vmro, `mnbtevm)
4 cvmrkcca (prmflx + vmro < `ct rmjcn`esm/`ct smm)
> Xcsseokm b`swmrs
• Ums7 mlpkcymrs nmt tc smm jb`fefbtms wcra e` b nrcup setubtec`1
et jcukf om quejamr cr tdm mlpkcymr omjbusm tdmy smm
lb`y jb`fefbtms bt c`jm1 sclm jb`fefbtms lendt fl`f et
kmss prmssurm tdb` b trbfetec`bk e`tmrvemw setubtec`.
• @c7 et tbams lcrm pkb``e`n tdb` b trbfetec`bk e`tmrvemw1
quemtmr jb`fefbtms lby om cvmrkccamf1 et jcukf om
bwawbrf cr u`ber e sclm jb`fefbtms a`cw mbjd ctdmr1
sclm jb`fefbtms lendt fl`f et dendmr prmssurm.
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 quejamst. Vdm pmcpkm e` tdm ctdmr pdctcs kccas keam tdmy brm
• E―f rbtdmr wcra e`fccrs omjbusm et―s mbsemr tc stby
jclcrtbokm, wdbtmvmr tdm wmbtdmr
wmbtdmr..
• Vdm cutfccrs, cr surm. Ome`n cutsefm es nccf cr ycu, b`f E―f
dbtm tc om jccpmf up e` b` c﬊jm bkk fby.
? wcukf om rmjcrfmf, b`f wdbt―s ome`n sbef jcukf bksc om pejamf
• B slbkk e`fevefubk c﬊jm es quetm bppmbke`n bs E tde`a E―f om
lcrm prcfujtevm wetd ly cw` prevbtm spbjm.
• E―l b oet c b scjebk outtmr﬏y, sc E keam tdm tdcundt c b`
cpm`-pkb` c﬊jm wdmrm tdmrm es b kct c e`tmrbjtec` b`f ouzz.
:
• Bs b` e`trcvmrt, E fmfl`etmky wcra omttmr e` quemt
m`verc`lm`t wetdcut tcc lujd dustkm b`f oustkm.
• ^dm` E―l e` b ousy btlcspdmrm, et dmkps lm nmt ly wcra
fc`m bstmr.
6
• E―f nm`mrbkky prmmr tc stby e` c`m pkbjm bkk fby. E lendt kcsm
cjus e E fef`―t dbvm c`m flxmf wcraspbjm.
• E―f keam tc dbvm b vbremty c pkbjms e` ly fby. Lcve`n brcu`f
ammps et e`tmrmste`n.
=
• E fc tde`a et es `ejm tc frmss up cr wcra. Et prcoboky dmkps
pmcpkm tbam ycu lcrm smrecusky, mspmjebkky bs b ycu`n pmrsc`.
• E frmss cr jclcrt. Et wcukf om b festrbjtec` tc wcrry bocut
frmsse`n up mvmry fby, pkus E fc`―t tde`a E mvm` cw` b`ytde`n
suetbokm cr b crlbk c﬊jm.
? Xcsseokm b`swmrs
strbwomrry brl ‚ wcrae`n wetd sclmc`m mksm, quemt, lendt om
fe﬊jukt e` obf wmbtdmr cr tcc dct e` sullmr, jb` frmss jbsubkky
bjtcry ‚ e`sefm, `cesy,
`cesy, ousy btlcspdmrm, cpm` pkb`, lendt lbam
pmcpkm jrbvm cutsefm, dbvm tc wmbr prctmjtevm jkctde`n
jkctde` n
bst-ccf rmstburb`t ‚ slmkks c ccf, ousy, kcuf, e`fccrs, lendt
lbam tdm pmcpkm du`nry cr strmssmf, `mmf tc wmbr b u`ecrl
: Xcsseokm b`swmr
Vdm m`verc`lm`t e` tdes bjtcry kccas bs e et wcukf prcoboky om
vmry kcuf. Mvm` wetd tdm mbr fmm`fmrs, et jcukf om quetm strmssuk
cr tdm pmcpkm wcrae`n tdmrm. Keam tdm bjtcry, E tde`a tdm bst-
ccf rmstburb`t gco wcukf bksc e`vckvm b kct c `cesm, wdejd jcukf
lbam tdm wcramrs mmk b oet rbzzkmf, bktdcund prcoboky `ct
quetm tc tdm mxtm`t c tdm bjtcry.
E` tdm flrst twc pejturms, tdm pmcpkm smml tc om wcrae`n `mbr
tdmer jckkmbnums, dcwmvmr tdm wcra e` tdm bjtcry kccas lcrm
scketbry omjbusm mbjd pmrsc` smmls tc om cpmrbte`n tdmer
cw` lbjde`m. C` tdm ctdmr db`f, et kccas keam e` tdm bst-ccf
rmstburb`t, tdm tmbllbtms dbvm tc jckkbocrbtm c` tdm tbsa tdmy
brm fce`n.
B`ctdmr selekbrety es tdbt octd wcrapkbjms brm e`fccrs. E jb`―t
dmkp out tde`a et lendt om b oet fmprmsse`n tc om stuja e`sefm bkk
fby cr pmcpkm e` metdmr c tdmsm gcos.
:
?@F MFEVEC@ J2
6 Zpmbamr J nevms tdm omstom st b`swmr. Zpmbamr B―s
B―s b`swmr es tcc sdcrt.
sdcr t.
Zpmbamr O―s b`swmr es tcc kc`n b`f fmtbekmf.
Et―s elpcrtb`t tc nevm b ukk, out `ct km`ntdy b`swmr.
= Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 Dll, kmt―s smm, E wcukf prcoboky
p rcoboky sby tdm strbwomrry brl
omjbusm tdm wcra es keamky tc om smbsc`bk. Et wcukf`―t om
u`usubk e` b wcrapkbjm keam tdbt tc tbam c` b kct c jbsubk
wcramrs wdc brm stufm`ts cr trbvmkmrs, sc tdmy wcukf`―t om e`
et cr tdm kc`n tmrl.
? ^mkk, et―s
et―s dbrf tc sby
sby.. E suppcsm et jcukf om tdm bjtcry wcramr
omjbusm dm kccas quetm cjusmf c` des tbsa b`f dbs b ae`f c
sbtesflmf mxprmssec` c` des bjm. Fmfl`etmky `ct tdm strbwomrry
pejamrs. Vdmy kcca mxdbustmf, b`f E―l `ct surpresmf.
surpresmf . Bkk tdbt
om`fe`n fcw` fcms kcca keam et wcukf tbam ets tckk.
9 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 Vc lm, E tde`a tdm pbrae`n wbrfm` setubtec` wekk om sckvmf tdm
bleky cr rem`fs, sc wekk prcoboky dckf b nrufnm cr kc`nmr.
Xkus, tdmy lendt om tbkae`n bocut sclmtde`n tdbt es b`
c`nce`n essum, wdmrmbs tdm pbrae`n essum es prcoboky b c`m-c﬈.
? Ly flrst tdcundt wbs tdm pbrkeblm`tbry fmobtm omjbusm et
up oy tdm lmfeb. Dcwmvmr,
Dcwmvmr, kccae`n bt tdm mxtrmlm kmvmk c
b`nmr e` tdm c﬊jm setubtec`, E jb`―t elbne`m b`yc`m e` tdbt
rccl es nce`n tc crnmt tdm lmmte`n b`y telm scc`.
> Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 ^dejd pmrsc` dbs tdm lcst fe﬊jukt/e`tmrmste`n/m`gcybokm
gco3 / ^dejd
^dejd pmrsc` fc ycu tde`a es tdmtdm lcst e`spere
e`spere`n
`n rckm
lcfmk3
? ^dejd c tdm pmcpkm fc ycu tde`a es lcst prmpbrmf cr tdm
e`tmrvemw3 / ^dejd pmrsc` es mmke`n tdm lcst `mrvcus3 /
^dejd e`tmrvemw wekk om lcst e`tmrmste`n tc wbtjd3
4 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2
• E fc tde`a wcra mxpmrem`jm es elpcrtb`t tc dbvm c` ycur
JY, mvm` e et―s gust sclmtde`n e`crlbk keam dmkpe`n cut b
`mendocur. Vdm lcrm rmkmvb`t et es tc tdm gco, tdm omttmr!
• E wcukf sby tdbt nmtte`n ycur flrst gco es lcrm bocut
wdc ycu a`cw tdb` wdmtdmr ycu―vm dbf b`y bjtubk wcra
mxpmrem`jm. C jcursm, fce`n wcra mxpmrem`jm lendt bjtubkky
kmbf tc pbef wcra bt tdbt pkbjm cr lbae`n usmuk jc`tbjts.
?
• Icr lm, et―s bkk bocut tdm pmcpkm. E tde`a dbve`n b nccf ocss
b`f dmkpuk jckkmbnums brm wdbt lbam b pkbjm nccf tc wcra
e`, bocvm b`y c tdm ctdmr bjtcrs.
• Jbkk lm sdbkkcw out E―l bkk bocut tdm pmras. E ycu nmt b
b`jy jbr b`f b jclpb`y jrmfet jbrf, b`f tdm kbtmst nbfnmts,
wdbt―s `ct tc keam3
? Ucu dbvm tc wretm tdm rmpcrt cr tdm jckkmnm pre`jepbk. Lbe`
cjus7 b` mvbkubtec` c b rmjruetlm`t ber.
: Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 lbam jc`tbjts, nmt b gco, fl`f cut lcrm bocut crnb`esbtec`s,
nmt bfvejm
? wcrasdcps7 (nccf) kmbr` b kct, rmkmvb`t, nccf bjeketbtcr,
bjeketbtcr, nccf
km`ntd1
(obf) jrcwfmf, kcw bttm`fb`jm, jcukf`―t dmbr tdm
spmbamr,, `c e`tmrbjtec`
spmbamr
: lmmte`ns7 (nccf) nmt b gco c﬈mr,
c﬈mr, kmbr` bocut jclpb`ems, nmt
nccf bfvejm1
(obf) less cut c` b` c﬈mr, lbam b pccr
elprmssec`
6 bfvejm7 (nccf) pmrsc`bkesmf, rmkmvb`t, nccf lbtmrebks1
(obf) nm`mrej, errmkmvb`t, `ctde`n `mw
 Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824
ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU
6 Nm`mrbk7 (nccf) vm`um wbs lcfmr`, jclcrtbokm b`f mbsy- mxbl tep
tc-rmbjd
^crasdcps7 (obf) tcc jrcwfmf mxjmpt tdm c`m c` scurje`n
gcos sc wmrm`―
wmrm`―tt tdbt
tdbt usmuk
usmuk
Lmmte`ns7 (nccf) cvmr 988 jclpb`ems rmprmsm`tmf, bkk
stb`fs dbf b rmprmsm`tbtevm prmsm`t, usmuk tc
spmba fermjtky tc jclpb`y rmprmsm`tbtevms
Bfvejm7 (obf) bfvejm wbs nevm` oy b nm`mrej jclputmr
prcnrbllm, (nccf) tdm bfvejm wbs dmkpuk, tdm
mmfobja wbs e`fevefubkesmf
= 2 Vc e`trcfujm tdm suogmjt c tdm rmpcrt.
? Vdm wretmr dbs spket tdm e`crlbtec` e`tc smjtec`s sc tdbt et es
jkmbrmr cr tdm rmbfmr1 c`m smjtec` mvbkubtms prbjtejbk bspmjts
c tdm ber b`f tdm ctdmr mvbkubtms tdm jc`tm`t. Vdm wretmr dbs
usmf dmbfe`ns tc nuefm tdm rmbfmr1 tdmrm es b` mvbkubtec` b`f
tdm` b rmjcllm`fbtec` bs tdes es tdm kcnejbk wby tc crnb`esm
tdm e`crlbtec` (e.m. flrst mxpkbe`, tdm` rmjcllm`f).
: Ums.
Vdm iber
Vdm ber tcca pkbjm e` b lcfmr` vm`um e` tdm jm`trm c tdm jety
b`f cr tdes rmbsc`, et wbs mbsy tc rmbjd b`f b jclcrtbokm
pkbjm tc spm`f tdm fby. Cvmr 988 jclpb`ems wmrm rmprmsm`tmf
bt tdm ber, sc tdes wbs b nrmbt cppcrtu`ety tc fl`f cut bocut b
wefm rb`nm c mlpkcymrs bjrcss b rb`nm c fe﬈mrm`t e`fustrems.
Mbjd stb`f dbf b rmprmsm`tbtevm b`f cr tdm lcst pbrt, et wbs
usmuk tc om bokm tc spmba fermjtky tc sclmc`m e`vckvmf e` tdm
jclpb`y.
^crasdcps b`f bfvejm
Vdmrm wmrm vbrecus wcrasdcps c﬈mrmf, e`jkufe`n c`ms tc
dmkp ycu wetd ycur gco bppkejbtec` b`f tdm e`tmrvemw prcjmss.
^etd tdm mxjmptec` c c`m c` scurje`n gcos, tdmy wmrm br tcc
jrcwfmf tc om bokm tc nmt b`y usmuk e`crlbtec`. Et wbs bksc
pcsseokm tc nmt bfvejm b`f mmfobja c` ycur JY oy suolette`n
et c`ke`m omcrm tdm fby
fby.. Bktdcund tdm —bfvejm― wbs b stb`fbrf
jclputmr prcnrbllm, c` tdm wdckm, et wbs dmkpuk b`f lmb`t
mmfobja wbs e`fevefubkesmf.
6 Vdm wretmr lbams spmjeflj rmjcllm`fbtec`s7 et wcukf om usmuk
tc jc`tbjt tdm crnb`esmrs tc sunnmst pkbjms e` wcrasdcps brm
keletmf cr `mxt ymbr1 et wcukf om dmkpuk cr stufm`ts tc fc sclm
rmsmbrjd flrst c` tdcsm tdmy brm e`tmrmstmf e` … .
9 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 om prmpbrmf.
? es tc `ctm fcw` b`y elpcrtb`t e`crlbtec` cr bfvejm.
: ycu sdcukf try tc stb`f cut e` sclm wby.
6 frmss tc elprmss.
> 2 N ?Z :Z 6N =Z 9Z >N 4Z
4 2 Bs b rukm / C` tdm wdckm / Icr tdm lcst pbrt
? Ircl tdm pce`t c vemw c
: C` tdm wdckm / Bs b rukm
6 E` tdm jbsm c / Icr tdm purpcsms c
5 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
• Lbam surm ycu spm`f telm rmsmbrjde`n tdm jclpb`ems cr tdm
purpcsms c precretese`n wdc tc tbka tc.
• Bs b rukm, et es omttmr tc om cvmrfrmssmf rbtdmr tdb`
u`fmrfrmssmf.
• C` tdm wdckm, ycu sdcukf bel tc kestm` bs lujd bs ycu tbka,
sc prmpbrm sclm nccf qumstec`s tc bsa jclpb`ems ycu brm
e`tmrmstmf e`.
28 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
bfvejm c` tdm omst jcursm cr ycu, lmmte`n sclm stb﬈ rcl
tdm u`evmrsety,
c` ome`n bfvejm
bjjmptmf c`ycur
e`tc jclpkmte`n ycurc
prcnrbllm bppkejbtec`, bfvejm
jdcejm, e`crlbtec`
bocut tdm u`evmrsety m`verc`lm`t b`f om`mflts
6
?@F MFEVEC@ J2
E`trcfujtec`7 2= pmrjm`t
Vdm ber7 :8 pmrjm`t
^crasdcps b`f bfvejm7 :8 pmrjm`t
_mjcllm`fbtec`s7 ?= pmrjm`t
22 2 Vdrmm bspmjts tc mvbkubtm7 wcrasdcps, lmmte`ns, bfvejm
: Ztufm`ts wekk `mmf flvm smjtec`s7 b` e`trcfujtec`, pbrbnrbpds
c` wcrasdcps, lmmte`ns, bfvejm, b`f b rmjcllm`fbtec`.
6 Vdm purpcsms brm tc mvbkubtm tdm sujjmss c tdes ymbr―s
ber, b`f pmrsubfm tdm pre`jepbk tc elpkmlm`t ycur
rmjcllm`fbtec`s.
2? Lcfmk b`swmr
Vdm purpcsm c tdes rmpcrt es tc mvbkubtm tdm rmjm`t u`evmrsety
ber b`f rmjcllm`f wdmtdmr et es wcrtdwdekm cr stufm`ts tc
bttm`f tdes ber e` uturm ymbrs.
Vdm ber
Vdm ber wbs dmkf cvmr twc fbys e` tdm jety jcllu`ety jm`trm, b
spbjecus b`f lcfmr` vm`um. Vdmrm wmrm brcu`f :8 u`evmrsetems
rmprmsm`tmf bt tdm ber, mbjd dbve`n b stb`f wetd e`crlbtec`
b`f rmprmsm`tbtevms bvbekbokm tc b`swmr qumstec`s. E` bffetec`,
tdm rmm etmls ome`n nevm` bwby oy lb`y stbkks wmrm vmry
pcpukbr blc`n bttm`fmms.
@mtwcrae`n, wcrasdcps b`f bfvejm
Vdm ber e`jkufmf cppcrtu`etems tc lmmt rmprmsm`tbtevms,
bttm`f wcrasdcps b`f rmjmevm bfvejm c` pmrsc`bk stbtmlm`t
wrete`n. Lb`y stufm`ts sbef tdbt tdm dendkendt wbs tbkae`n
tc rmprmsm`tbtevms rcl tdmer prmmrrmf u`evmrsetems. Bksc, tdm
wcrasdcp prmsm`tmrs wmrm fy`blej b`f sdbrmf b rb`nm c
mxjmkkm`t teps bktdcund, u`crtu`btmky, sclm c tdm wcrasdcps
c` tdm Zbturfby
Z bturfby wmrm cvmrsuosjreomf. Ie`bkky, tdm frcp-e` brmb
cr bfvejm c` pmrsc`bk stbtmlm`ts wbs b`ctdmr pcpukbr mbturm,
stb﬈mf oy rem`fky dmkpmrs wdc wmrm bokm tc nevm tbekcrmf
sunnmstec`s.
_mjcllm`fbtec`s
C` tdm wdckm, et wcukf om vbkubokm cr stufm`ts e`tmrmstmf e`
u`evmrsety stufy tc bttm`f tdm ber e` tdm uturm. Bs b rukm, et
wcukf om prmmrbokm cr stufm`ts tc bttm`f c` tdm Irefby e
pcsseokm, omjbusm tdm Zbturfby wbs lujd ousemr.
E` bffetec`, e` kendt c tdm `ulomr c u`evmrsetems rmprmsm`tmf,
et wcukf om usmuk cr stufm`ts tc fc sclm rmsmbrjd omcrm
bttm`fe`n, sc tdbt tdmy jb` m`surm tdbt tdmy brm bokm tc bttm`f
tdm lcst rmkmvb`t wcrasdcps b`f lmmt rmprmsm`tbtevms rcl
tdm u`evmrsetems tdmy brm lcst e`tmrmstmf e`.
2 Xcsseokm b`swmr
B7 Zc, ycu―vm
ycu―vm jclm cr sclm bfvejm c` fl`fe`n b gco. Kmt―s rmvemw
ycur strm`ntds b`f wmba`mssms. ^dbt wcukf ycu sby ycur
lcst mlpkcybokm trbets brm3
O7 ^mkk, E―l b nrmbt tmbl pkbymr. E wekk bkwbys nc tdm mxtrb lekm tc
dmkp tdm ctdmr pmcpkm e` ly tmbl. E―l bksc vmry rmkebokm, ycu
jb` jcu`t c` lm tc tur` up c` telm b`f fc wdbt E―l bsamf. E
wcukf keam tc tde`a tdbt E―l quetm rem`fky b`f pmrsc`bokm
bs wmkk.
B7 Vdcsm brm nrmbt qubketems tdbt brm jmrtbe`ky vmry vbkubokm rcl
b` mlpkcymr―s pce`t c vemw. Kmt―s `cw tbka bocut sclm brmbs
cr elprcvmlm`t. E` wdbt wbys jcukf ycu elprcvm3
O7 ^mkk, E fc tm`f tc tbka b kct, wdejd jb` om b nccf tde`n,
out jb` om b oet cvmrwdmkle`n. E numss et fmpm`fs e tdm
jc`vmrsbtec` es gco-rmkbtmf, fcms`―t et3 ^dbt E rmbkky `mmf tc
ormba es ly obf dboet c e`tmrrupte`n pmcpkm. E―vm omm` tckf et
es rmbkky b``cye`n.
B7 Dll, kmt―s jc`sefmr tdm e`tmrrupte`n flrst, dcw jcukf ycu
wcra c` tdbt …3
…3
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 =

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

? 2 Zjctt lcvmf tc Kc`fc` omjbusm dm omkemvmf tdmrm wcukf om

lcrm gco cppcrtu`etems cr del tdmrm.
2 Zpmbamr B7 dmr fermjtcr dbf lestbam` dmr cr sclmc`m mksm.
? Gblms bfvesms Zjctt tc nbe` b nrmbtmr u`fmrstb`fe`n c
pbrtejukbr gco rckms b`f gco tetkms bvbekbokm wetde` des flmkf e` Zpmbamr O7 des kbja c bwbrm`mss c des telm c` tdm tmbl ome`n
crfmr tc smkk delsmk lcrm m﬈mjtevmky tc pctm`tebk mlpkcymrs. keletmf/bt b` m`f.
: Xcsseokm b`swmrs Zpmbamr J7 dmr ome`n tcc skcw tc rmbkesm wdbt dmr lb`bnmr wbs
2 Xcsetevm pce`ts bjtubkky fce`n.
Zjctt dbs b nrmbt sm`sm dulcur. ? 2 Et―s tdm wby
? Et es wdm`
Zjctt es dendky m`tdusebstej.
: ^dbt sdm tckf lm wbs ( Bkk E a`cw
a`cw es `ct jcrrmjt omjbusm tdes es
Zjctt es mbnmr tc tbam up wcra rmkbtmf tbsas.
`ct b jretejesl.)
Zjctt es vmry keambokm b`f e`tmkkenm`t.
Brmbs tc elprcvm 6
= Bkk
Vdmpmcpkm wb`t es
tde`n tdbt
Zjctt `mmfs tc elprcvm des prcmssec`bkesl oy lbae`n delsmk 9 Et wbs`―t u`tek
kcca b kettkm slbrtmr wdekm bt wcra. > ^dbt wm―f fc wbs
Zjctt jcukf nevm lcrm jclletlm`t tc wcra. 4 Bkk E a`cw es
Zjctt jcukf lb`bnm des telm omttmr. :2 dbf sdm fl`esdmf, wdm`
Zjctt jcukf lbe`tbe` omttmr cjus c` tdm gco bt db`f ? dbf tdmy fmvmkcpmf, tdb`
? Dm elprcvmf des bppmbrb`jm. Dm smjurmf b` e`tmr`sdep e` : wdm` sdm sbwsbw,, fef sdm rmbkesm
jm`trbk Kc`fc`, wdejd wekk nrmbtky elprcvm des gco prcspmjts. 6 fef E rmbkesm
6 Xcsseokm b`swmr = fef tdmer jbptbe` mmk
B7 Zc tdm bfvejm nevm` tdbt Zjctt sdcukf kcca lcrm prcmssec`bk, 9 dbf dm lb`bnmf
fc ycu tde`a tdbt―s rmkmvb`t tc bkk gcos3 62 Vdm tmbl, `ct sbtesflmf
sbtesflmf wetd tdmer rmsukts, brm dcpe`n tc nc c`
O7 ^mkk, c` tdm bjm c et, yms. E tde`a tdm lcrm prcmssec`bk ycu tc nrmbtmr tde`ns.
kcca, tdm lcrm keamky ycu brm tc nmt b gco, b`f fc wmkk e` et. ? Dbve`n kmbr`t b `mw wby c wcrae`n, B``b jdb`nmf dmr wdckm
B7 Ums, E bnrmm tdbt wm―rm bkk gufnmf c` dcw wm bppmbr. Vbam bpprcbjd tc wcra.
pekcts cr mxblpkm, wcukf ycu mmk bs sbm e tdmy wcrm sdcrts sdcr ts : Fb`emkb bsamf tdcsm wdc dbf omm` e` dmr tmbl cr cvmr b ymbr
b`f sb`fbks3 Out b jbptbe`―s cutflt fcms`―t b﬈mjt tdmer ﬏ye`n tc lm`tcr tdm `mw lmlomrs.
boekety, sc et―s b oet sekky rmbkky. 6 Bimr lbae`n tdm tmbl fc c`m dcur―s trbe`e`n, tdm jcbjd bsamf
O7 E dbf`―t rmbkky tdcundt bocut et keam tdbt, out E numss ycu―rm tdml tc nc tc tdm nyl.
rendt tdbt jmrtbe` u`ecrls b`f prcmssec`bk frmss lbam = E` lcst jclpb`ems, mlpkcymms brm c﬈mrmf mxtrb trbe`e`n
pmcpkm lcrm keamky tc rmspmjt tdml. Out wdm` et jclms tc cppcrtu`etems.
prcmssec`bk frmss, E tde`a et dbs tc fmpm`f c` tdm frmsse`n 9 Vdm rmsmbrjd cogmjtevm wbs tc tmst orb`f rmjcn`etec`.
rendt cr tdm gco. Icr mxblpkm, E tde`a nce`n cr b` e`tmrvemw tc = ( // e`fejbtms tdm pce`ts cr twc lbras)
peja strbwomrrems, ycu―f
ycu―f dbvm omttmr kuja
kuj a e ycu wmrm frmssmf 2 et es rmjcn`esmf // bs b wby
jbsubkky, kccae`n keam ycu wmrm rmbfy tc stbrt. B ouse`mss suet ? c`ky fcms/jb` fccfke`n // dmkp/m`bokm ycu tc
wcukf om cvmr tdm tcp, b`f lendt m`f up jcste`n ycu tdm gco. : elprcvms ycur rmjckkmjtec`/rmjbkk // c fmtbeks
B7 E` jcrpcrbtm jerjkms, E tde`a et fcms pby tc tbam tdm bfvejm tc 6 ycu (tc) fl`f sckutec`s // tc prcokmls
frmss prcmssec`bkky. Vdmrm wekk bkwbys om pmcpkm wdc nmt = b jc`smqum`jm c // use`n
bwby wetd frmsse`n fcw`, keam Lbra Wujamromrn, out E lmb`, e 9 tdbt/wdejd brm jdbkkm`ne`n omttmr // oy ammpe`n
ycu―rm ru``e`n tdm sdcw, ycu nmt b oet lcrm rmmfcl. 9 Lcfmk b`swmr
O7 Zc, cr tdcsm c us gust stbrte`n cut e` cur jbrmmrs, E numss E―vm omm` kccae`n cr b gco e` tdm tdmbtrm cr bocut tdrmm
wm jcukf sby tdbt tdm bfvejm es nm`mrbkky trum ‚ bppmbr lc`tds `cw. E wb`t tc fc stbnm lb`bnmlm`t cr pmrdbps mvm`
prcmssec`bk. prcfujtec` suppcrt. Vdes wbs wdy E usmf ycur spmjebkest gco setm
B7 ^etd tdm jbvmbt tdbt —prcmssec`bk―
—prcmssec`bk― lmb`s bpprcprebtm cr tdm bs E bssulmf et wcukf dbvm lcrm gcos c rmkmvb`jm tc lm. E`
gco bt db`f. bjt, wdbt E cu`f wbs tdbt bktdcund tdmrm smmlmf tc om lb`y
gcos, b kct c tdml
tdml wmrm
wmrm e` tdm sblm
sblm flmkf
flmkf c jcstulm
jcstulm b`f fmsen`
fmsen`
b`f vmry mw wmrm e` tdm prcfujtec` sefm. Vdes lmb`t E cu`f
Ztufm`ts― cw` b`swmrs tdm setm rbtdmr leskmbfe`n. E bksc cu`f tdbt tdm ke`as tdrcund
tc mbjd gco fef `ct wcra vmry wmkk b`f tdmrm wbs `ct m`cund
e`crlbtec` bocut tdm gco tc dmkp lm tc fmjefm wdmtdmr E sdcukf
bppky cr `ct. Bktdcund E wcukf `ct usm tdm setm bnbe` lysmk,
`cr rmjcllm`f et tc b`yc`m mksm e` ly flmkf, E wcukf prcoboky
2‚? Ztufm`ts― cw` b`swmrs.
rmjcllm`f et cr tdcsm wdc brm kccae`n cr wcra e` tdm
: 2 b` mfnm spmjebkest brmbs ycu jcvmr
jcvmr.. Dcwmvmr,
Dcwmvmr, E fc tde`a ycur setm sdcukf
? nubrf lcrm jkmbrky stbtm mxbjtky wdbt et c﬈mrs. Vdes es `ct c`ky tdm jbsm
: dmbf e` tmrls c tdm typm c gcos, out bksc e` tdm kmvmk c fmtbek c﬈mrmf
6 pejturm bocut mbjd gco.
= lekm
9 rcw
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 9

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

2 2 B Et wbs tdm Kbocur ncvmr`lm`t tdbt jdb`nmf tdm kbw c` cx cx
du`te`n e` ?886.
O Et wbs tdm kbw c` cx du`te`n tdbt tdm Kbocur ncvmr`lm`t
jdb`nmf e` ?886.
J Et wbs e` ?886 tdbt tdm Kbocur ncvmr`lm`t jdb`nmf tdm
kbw c` cx du`te`n.
? B Et wbs ly sestmr wdc lbfm tdm jdcjckbtm
jdc jckbtm jbams cr Gcb``m―s
pbrty.
O Et wbs tdm jdcjckbtm
jd cjckbtm jbams tdbt ly sestmr lbfm cr Gcb``m―s
pbrty.
J Et wbs cr Gcb``m―s pbrty tdbt ly sestmr lbfm tdm jdcjckbtm
jbams.
? 2 Et fcms dmkp e E nmt b nccf `endts― skmmp omcrm b` mxbl
? Vdm lmlomrs fef dbvm b kc`n fesjussec` bocut tdm pkb`s bt
tdm lmmte`n.
: Fb``y fcms nc c` bocut tdm ymbr dm spm`t e` tdm ]ZB b kct.
6 E wbs`―t surm omcrm out wm fc dbvm b kmssc` c` Irefby
lcr`e`n bimr bkk.
= Xbt fef nevm lm des mlbek bffrmss, out E―vm kcst et E―l brbef.
: 2 ^dbt E wb`tmf tc pce`t cut wbs tdbt tdmrm wc`―t om lujd
pbrae`n spbjm bvbekbokm fermjtky cutsefm cur dcusm.
? @c wby bl E nce`n tc om bokm tc lmmt tdbt fmbfke`m.
: Vdm rmbsc` wdy E―l pdc`e`n es tc bsa ycu tdm omst rcutm tc
tdm dctmk b`f jc`flrl tdm telm c tdm fe``mr.
6 @c scc`mr dbf E rmbf tdm mlbek tdb` Fbvef jbkkmf lm tc
fesjuss tdm prcokml.

= Bt `c telm
kccae`n cr dbvm E mvmr
b jdb`nm cnevm`
gco. Gblms tdm elprmssec` tdbt E wbs
6 2 wbs cur `mendocur wdc tckf tckf us
? pkbjm wdmrm tdm bjjefm`t dbppm`mf es
: es Lr _mmvms ycu sdcukf bsa
6 tdm tdemvms def tdm lc`my es
= e ycu brm b lmlomr jb`
9 erretbtms lb`y pmcpkm es tdm rmquermlm`t
= Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 E` sclm pbrts c tdm wcrkf quetm fb`nmrcus b`elbks, kmi rmm
tc rcbl, jb` jbusm prcokmls cr vekkbnms tdmy try
tr y tc m`tmr.
(sdcrtm`mf rmkbtevm jkbusm)
? Ly lb`bnmr tbundt lm tdbt c`m wby c mbr`e`n lcrm lc`my,
e ycu wb`t tc fc sc, es oy omjcle`n saekkmf bt sclmtde`n
ctdmrs jb``ct fc. (b jkbusm e`sefm b`ctdmr jkbusm)
: Et wcrremf us tdbt wm dbf`―t dmbrf rcl del cr cvmr sex
lc`tds. (usm c Et e` b jkmi sm`tm`jm)
6 Ome`n b trbfetec` tdbt wbs c`jm rmm cr kcjbks, tdm kcjbk lusej
mvm`t c﬈mrmf rmm fre`as e`stmbf. (b pbrtejepkm jkbusm)
9 2 `mvmr
? tdes
: wdmrmvmr
6 e`
= kmbst
9 wdm`
> e/dcw/wdmtdmr
4 Dbve`n
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824
ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU
]@EV 28 LCYE@N C@
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 up cur cw` le`fs bocut dcw lujd b`f wdbt typm c
• Dclmwcra ocrms lm lcrm tdb` b`ytde`n mksm. E―f lujd
rbtdmr om cutsefm cr db`ne`n cut wetd ly rem`fs e`stmbf
c ome`n jccpmf up stufye`n.
• E fc tde`a et bjtubkky fmpm`fs c` tdm dclmwcra etsmk!
Zclm prcgmjts jb` om stelukbte`n cr bt kmbst lekfky
e`tmrmste`n, wdmrmbs ctdmrs brm jclpkmtmky le`f `uloe`n.
?
• Et―s dbrf tc sby mxbjtky. Et mkt keam tcc lujd bt tdm telm
out e` de`fsendt pmrdbps et wbs`―t m`cund tc rmvesm bkk tdm
jc`jmpts tdcrcundky.
• E tde`a wm dbvm omm` nevm` b` bpprcprebtm blcu`t. Et dbs
omm` b prmtty stmbfy wcrakcbf out E wcukf`―t sby E―vm omm`
swblpmf.
:
• Dll, kmt―s smm, E―f sby ycu`nmr aefs bnmf 6‚28 wcukf
om`mflt lcst rcl b rmbfe`n occa b`f lbyom kmbr`e`n
sclm lbtds, obsej bjts cr b oet c spmkke`n. Ctdmr tdb` tdbt,
E tde`a tdmy sdcukf om rmm tc pkby
p kby.. Vdbt―s
Vdbt―s wby lcrm usmuk
cr tdmer fmvmkcplm`t tdb` kcts c rctm kmbr`e`n.
• E suppcsm jckkmnm stufm`ts sdcukf lbe`ky om nevm`
e`fmpm`fm`t bjtevetems wetd b` mkmlm`t c rmmfcl c
jdcejm. Nrcup prcgmjts jcukf om quetm nccf bktdcund et
covecusky fmpm`fs c` wdc ycu nmt nrcupmf wetd.
? 2 J ( O sbys Dclmwcra sdcukf `ct om u`ecrl, tdm sblm cr
mvmryc`m, out sdcukf jclpresm tbsas tdbt dmkp fmvmkcp
e`fmpm`fm`t kmbr`e`n.
kmbr`e`n. J sbys tdmrm wbs c`m smjtec` bocut
tbrnmte`n fe﬈mrm`t stufm`ts wetd fe﬈mrm`t dclmwcra tbsas
cr mvm` kmtte`n stufm`ts jdccsm wdbt scrt c dclmwcra
tdmy fc tdbt lby dbvm pcsseokm pcsetevm elpkejbtec`s cr
tdm uturm.)
uturm.)
? O (F sbys et es dendky u`keamky tc jdb`nm b`ytde`n.
b`ytde`n . O sbys
^dmtdmr mfujbtcrs wekk bjtubkky tbam `ctejm c tdmsm efmbs
b`f elpkmlm`t tdml es u`crtu`btmky fmobtbokm)
fmobtbokm)
: B (J sbys Dm bksc lestbam`ky lbe`tbe`s tdbt rmsmbrjd
rmsmbrjd sdcws
tdmrm es `c jcrrmkbtec` omtwmm` fce`n dclmwcra b`f
sujjmss e` mfujbtec`. Ly omkem es tdbt dm es en`cre`n tdm
rmsmbrjd tdbt suppcrts
suppcr ts b` cppcse`n
cp pcse`n vemw … B sbys
sbys `blmky,
tdbt tdm lcrm dclmwcra b stufm`t dbs, tdm omttmr tdbt
stufm`t fcms bt sjdcck b`f e` kem. Dm vmry jkmbrky lbams tdm
pce`t, wetd wdejd E bnrmm, tdbt
tdbt br rcl dmkpe`n
dmkpe` n stufm`ts,
dclmwcra jb` bjtubkky om dbrluk e` tdbt et jb` fmstrcy
lctevbtec` b`f lbam b` e`tmrmste`n suogmjt ocre`n.)
6 O (B sbys tdm wretmr rmpmbtmf
rmpmbtmf delsmk b nrmbt fmbk b`f
kbocurmf lb`y pce`ts. F sbys sclm smjtec`s wmrm mbsemr
cr tdm rmbfmr tc ckkcw tdb` ctdmrs. J sbys e` spetm c
jc`te`ubkky rmetmrbte`n jmrtbe` pce`ts e` b ocre`n bsdec`.
O sbys tdes wmkk wrettm` b`f bjjmsseokm occa …)
: Xcsseokm b`swmrs
• ^dbt E bnrmm wetd e` jcllm`t O es tdbt dclmwcra sdcukf
om b rmspc`sm tc spmjeflj `mmfs bt b spmjeflj telm. E sby tdes
omjbusm wdm` tmbjdmrs nevm b`y ckf dclmwcra omjbusm tdmy
suppcsmfky —sdcukf―, tdm tbsas fc`―t `mjmssbry
`mjm ssbry smml tc dmkp
d mkp us
kmbr` wdbt wm `mmf tc.
• E tctbkky bnrmm wetd jcllm`tmr O―s bssmrtec` tdbt mxjmssevm
dclmwcra es c﬈-putte`n. E` ly mxpmrem`jm, e E dbvm tcc lujd
tc fc, E m`f up rbje`n tdrcund et wetdcut tbae`n telm tc fc b
nccf gco.
>
?@F MFEVEC@ J2
6 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2
• E fmfl`etmky bnrmm wetd tdes efmb. Bimr bkk, e wm nmt tc lbam
dclmwcra wm fc, wm―f om bokm tc jdccsm tc fc wdbt es
lmb`e`nuk tc us, b`f wdbt wcukf dmkp us tdm lcst. Zc
lujd lcrm lctevbte`n.
• Zcrry, out E gust jb`―t nmt c` ocbrf wetd tdes c`m. Kmt―s om
rmbkestej, mvmryc`m wcukf jdccsm tc fc `ctde`n bt bkk!
?
• Zbfky, tdbt―s
tdbt―s prcoboky rendt. Et―s
Et ―s `ejm tc tde`a wm―
wm―f
f rmpkbjm
dclmwcra wetd wbkas e` tdm pbra b`f bleky ocbrf nblms,
out E fcuot et. Out, wm jcukf wbtjd b smrems bs b bleky, fcms
tdbt jcu`t3
• E fc`―t a`cw tdbt E bnrmm wetd tdbt vemw. Xmrsc`bkky, e E
fef`―t dbvm tc spm`f telm fce`n bssen`lm`ts bt wmmam`fs,
E―f prcoboky nc bkc`n c` bleky cute`ns lcrm cim`.
:
• Vdes es sc trum. Zc lb`y pbrm`ts m`f up fce`n tdmer aefs―
dclmwcra cr tdml, b`f dcw fcms tdmer jdekf kmbr`
b`ytde`n rcl tdbt3 E―f bksc bff tdbt et―s prcoboky b oet c
pbe` cr pbrm`ts tc dbvm tc ammp tbos c` dclmwcra, lcst c
tdml dbvm m`cund c` tdmer pkbtm bs et es.
• E tde`a tdmrm es sclm leffkm nrcu`f dmrm. Ly pbrm`ts
lb`bnmf tc stream b rmbkky nccf obkb`jm. Vdmy sdcwmf b`
e`tmrmst e` wdbt E wbs fce`n cr dclmwcra, b`f dmkpmf e E
bsamf, out uktelbtmky kmi et up tc lm tc tbam rmspc`seoekety
cr fce`n et.
• Dcw bocut tdm efmb c b sjdcck‚dclm pbrt`mrsdep3 Zurmky,
et―s b oet refejukcus tc mxjkufm pbrm`ts rcl dmkpe`n wetd
dclmwcra, mspmjebkky cr ycu`nmr aefs, wdc `mmf dmkp wetd
tdm tbsas b`f fmvmkcpe`n nccf stufy dboets.
6
• Bosckutmky. Et―s `ejm tc om trmbtmf bs lbturm m`cund tc lbam
tdm omst fmjesec`s cr cur cw` kmbr`e`n.
• E―l `ct surm. E dclmwcra wbs`―t jclpukscry,
jclpuksc ry, E―l
E―l gust `ct
surm E―f fc et, mvm` tdcund E bja`cwkmfnm tdbt et dbs dmkpmf
lm kmbr` e` tdm pbst.
=
• E bnrmm tdbt dclmwcra dmkps fmvmkcp smk-fesjepke`m omjbusm
ycu dbvm tc kmbr` tc precretesm ycur bjtevetems b`f lb`bnm
ycur telm. Vdes wekk jclm e` db`fy bt u`evmrsety cr e` tdm
wcrapkbjm.
• E numss tdmrm―s sclm mkmlm`t c trutd tc tdbt. Out, et es`―t
bs e dclmwcra es tdm c`ky tde`n tdbt jb` m`jcurbnm smk-
fesjepke`m. ^dbt bocut kmbr`e`n b lusejbk e`strulm`t cr
fce`n rmnukbr mxmrjesm3
9
• Vdbt―s b oet okbja b`f wdetm, es`―t et3 ^dekm dclmwcra lby
dmkp us omjclm e`fmpm`fm`t up tc b pce`t, et es`―t tdm c`ky
wby tc omjclm e`fmpm`fm`t. E tde`a mxpkcre`n tcpejs c cur
cw` e`tmrmst dmkps us omjclm e`fmpm`fm`t wby lcrm tdb`
b`y crlbk smt dclmwcra jcukf.
= Xcsseokm b`swmr
jdccsm sclm wcrfs rcl tmxt b`f wretm pmrsc`bkesmf sm`tm`jms1
bsa tdrmm pmcpkm ycu a`cw wdbt tdmy tde`a bocut dclmwcra1
jdccsm flvm wcrfs rcl tdm tmxt b`f fl`f tdmer lmb`e`ns1 lbam
b nbp-flkk1 lbam b jrcsswcrf tc tmst `mw vcjboukbry1 rm-rmbf tdm
brtejkm b`f sullbresm mbjd jcllm`t1 lbam b pcstmr sdcwe`n
ycur vemw c` dclmwcra
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ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

4 2 bpprmdm`sevm (bfgmjtevm `mmfmf, ckkcwe`n mxjetmf)

? u`a`cw` (pbrtejepkm bfgmjtevm + `mnbtevm prmflx)
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs : bffetec` (`cu` `mmfmf tc jclpkmtm tdm pdrbsm e` bffetec`)
bffetec`)
2 tbae`n lcrm rmspc`seoekety cr ycur stufy, jdb`ne`n tcw`, 6 fesselekbr (`mnbtevm prmflx `mmfmf)
jdb`ne`n rem`fs, nmtte`n tc sjdcck/jckkmnm b fe﬈mrm`t wby,
= `ulmrcus (bfgmjtevm `mmfmf tc fmsjreom om`mflts
om`mflts))
fce`n ycur cw` sdcppe`n/jccae`n/kbu`fry/oufnmte`n
9 mxpcsurm (`cu` `mmfmf ckkcwe`n tdm tdm))
? fl`fe`n tdm rendt kmjturm dbkk, dbve`n tdm rendt stbtec`mry,
> bpprmjebtevm (bfgmjtevm `mmfmf tc nc wetd cpm` le`fmf)
lmmte`n `mw pmcpkm, nmtte`n b gco 4 jclletlm`ts (pkurbk `cu` `mmfmf tc lbtjd rmspc`seoeketems
rmspc`seoeketems))
?‚:
5 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 `ct/`mvmr (`mnbtevm) 2 @cwbfbys, et es b kct mbsemr tdb` e` tdm pbst, wetd ome`n bokm tc
? fc (e`vmrsec`)
jdbt c`ke`m sc mbseky b`f sdbrm pejturms.
: e (jc`fetec`bk)
6 `ct (`mnbtevm) ? Et rmbkky fmpm`fs, fcms`―t et3 Zc lb`y rem`fsdeps brm obsmf
c` jc`vmrsbtec` b`f sdbrmf vbkums, b`f e ycu jb`―t spmba
= dbve`n (-e`n
(-e`n jkbusm)
tdm sblm kb`nubnm, tdbt jmrtbe`ky lbams jc`vmrsbtec` lcrm
9 om (pbssevm)
fe﬊jukt. Vdbt sbef, e b rem`fsdep wbs jm`trmf brcu`f b sdbrmf
> mw (qub`teflmr lmb`e`n `ct lb`y pmcpkm)
pmcpkm) bjtevety, sby cctobkk, et wcukf`―t om sc lujd
luj d c b` essum.
4 c`m (qub`teflmr)
: Bfvb`tbnms7 et―s b nccf jdb`jm tc nbe` prbjtejm e` tdm crmen`
6‚= ( // e`fejbtms dcw tdm twc lbras brm bkkcjbtmf) kb`nubnm, lmmt pmcpkm rcl brcu`f tdm wcrkf, b`f et kccas
2 E dbf smt c﬈ // c` telm nccf c` ycur JY.
? E `ct // crncttm` ly lbp Fesbfvb`tbnms7 et lby om dbrfmr tc u`fmrstb`f jclpkmx
: wbs c`ky wdm`/bimr // E brrevmf tdbt
jc`jmpts1 et―s dbrfmr tc prcc-rmbf wrettm` wcra1 tdmrm lby om
6 jcukf`―t // lbam up ly le`f
jukturbk lesu`fmrstb`fe`ns.
= rmsuktmf e` // lm/ly dbve`n
9 `ct bokm tc // tbam bfvb`tbnm c
9 Xcsseokm b`swmrs 2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
2 ^dbt E―f om wcrremf bocut wcukf om nmtte`n kcst. E―vm vesetmf • E―vm omm` lb`bne`n ly cw` lc`my cr b wdekm `cw sc E
tdm u`evmrsety E―l nce`n tc `mxt ymbr b`f et es b lbzm! Vdm tde`a E―kk om fl`m e` tdbt rmnbrf. Ly pbrm`ts dbvm nevm` lm b`
jkbssrccl `ulomre`n smmls jc`use`n out E numss E―kk wcra et bkkcwb`jm cr jkctdms se`jm E wbs mkmvm` b`f E―vm se`jm bffmf
cut scc`mr cr kbtmr. E lendt try b`f nmt ly telmtbokm mbrky b`f tc ly —e`jclm― wetd b pbrt-telm gco bt tdm supmrlbramt.
smm e E jb` fl`f tdm rccls tdm fby omcrm ly jkbssms bjtubkky • E―f fmsjreom ly a`cwkmfnm c ekk`mssms bs prmtty obsej, lbe`ky
stbrt. omjbusm E―vm dbrfky mvmr omm` ekk. Vdbt sbef, E fef bttm`f b flrst-
? E bl quetm mxjetmf tc om bokm tc nc tc omf bt b`y telm E keam. bef jcursm kbst ymbr, sc e b`yc`m dbs b` bjjefm`t, E a`cw wdbt
Ly pbrm`ts stekk sm`f lm c﬈ tc omf omcrm 28 pl wdejd es tc fc! ^mkk, e` tdmcry b`ywby
b`y wby …
jclpkmtmky refejukcus. E―l b rmbk `endt cwk sc E―l kccae`n • Ly bleky dbs bkwbys sbef jccae`n
jcca e`n es vmry elpcrtb`t. Vdbt―s
crwbrf tc stbye`n up bs kbtm bs E wb`t. wdy tdmy dbvm e`sestmf E dmkp e` tdm aetjdm` rcl b` mbrky
:2 ome`n kbtm ‚ smt b` bkbrl bnm. Et―s lcrm tdb` survevbk, et―s bocut ome`n bokm tc sdcw
? nmtte`n kcst ‚ rmlmlomr b lbp, kcca up b lbp c` ycur pdc`m, dcspetbkety bs wmkk.
bsa sclmc`m cr dmkp • Bkk c tdmsm saekks brm quetm elpcrtb`t,
elpc rtb`t, brm`―t tdmy3 Dcwmvmr,
: wrc`n suppkems ‚ nc tc b stcrm c` jblpus, bsa tc ocrrcw b e ycu lbfm lm peja tdm lcst elpcrtb`t, E―f sby lc`my
rem`f―s lb`bnmlm`t. Ucu rmbkky `mmf tc om bokm tc oufnmt b`f kevm
6 mbt bkc`m ‚ e`trcfujm ycursmk tc sclmc`m `mw, kestm` tc sclm wetde` ycur lmb`s.
lusej, stufy wdekm ycu mbt ? 2 O (E―l jrcss wetd lysmk bs bkk tdm ctdmr stufm`ts smml tc om sc
= Vcc lujd rmm telm ‚ nmt b gco, vcku`tmmr, smt b` mxmrjesm c` tcp c et.)
rcute`m, smt up b stufy nrcup, gce` b jkuo ? B (Cd
( Cd et sdcukf`―t, ycu a`cw ‚ E tde`a mvmryc`m dbs tdm sblm
9 Lesse`n scjebk cppcrtu`etems ‚ gce` b jkuo fure`n tdm wmma, rmspc`sm wdm` tdmy kmbvm dclm. E a`cw E fef`―t dbvm b dct
brrb`nm tc lmmt rem`fs fure`n tdm wmma, sunnmst tc tdm scjebk lmbk cr wmmas omjbusm E fef`―t a`cw dcw tc jcca. Vde`n
jcllettmm tdbt tdmy dckf b` mvm`t fure`n tdm wmma, brrb`nm es, nmtte`n c` tcp c bkk tdbt es vetbk ‚ E―l surm ycu rmbkesm
tc stby cvmr cr tdm wmmam`f. tdbt e ycu―rm kccae`n bimr ycursmk prcpmrky, et―s mbsemr tc
6 E jb`―t wbet tc stufy sclm c tdm pbpmrs E―vm jdcsm`. Et wekk om jc`jm`trbtm. Zc bktdcund tde`ns keam jccae`n, wbsde`n,
nrmbt `ct tc dbvm tc fc jclpukscry suogmjts tdbt E―l `ct rmbkky nmtte`n ycursmk rmnestmrmf wetd b fcjtcr c wdbtmvmr smml
e`tc b`ylcrm. Et scu`fs keam b jkejdå, out E―l bksc rmbkky mxjetmf tc keam trevebk tde`ns jclpbrmf tc ycur wcra, dbve`n tdcsm tde`ns
lmmt `mw pmcpkm b`f wefm`e`n ly scjebk jerjkm. crnb`esmf m`fs up ome`n jretejbk tc dcw wmkk ycu fc. Fc ycu
> 2 J (vbkumf < bpprmjebtmf1 ctdmr wcrfs fc`―t jckkcjbtm wetd wb`t lm tc dmkp ycu3)
ycu3 )
rem`f) : O (E fef dbvm smjc`f tdcundts bocut e wm wmrm rmbkky rmbfy
? F (flxmf pdrbsm) cr tdes, keam e wm u`fmrstb`f m`cund bocut dcw tdm kcjbk
: F (sbye`n
(sbye`n < b wmkk-a`cw`,
wmkk-a` cw`, wesm stbtmlm`t) lbramt fcms ouse`mss.)
ouse`mss.)
6 B (stccf
( stccf up < fmm`fmf) 6 B (wdbt―s
( wdbt―s lcrm keamky tc dbppm` es tdbt tdm `mw c﬊jms cpmrbtm
= O (jckkcjbtec`) bs b ae`f c sbtmkketm. Zc rbtdmr tdb` us omjcle`n lcrm
9 J (jckkcjbtec`) jukturbkky e`tmr`btec`bk e` bjt, wm―rm bkk gust cpmrbte`n bs wm
> O (rbrety < `ct cim` cu`f) wmrm omcrm)
omcrm)
4 B (jckkcjbtec`) = J (^dbt
( ^dbt E―l sunnmste`n es tdbt wm `mmf tc rmjcn`esm tdbt b`f
put lcrm u`fe`n omde`f
omde`f et.)
9 B (E`
( E` bjt, tde`a tdmrm―s lujd lcrm rmbkesbtec` `cw tdbt tdm
brts `mmf tc om suppcrtmf b`f tdbt tdmy m`db`jm tdm
sjem`jms rbtdmr tdb` ome`n b pckbr cppcsetm.)
cppcsetm.)
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ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

:2 b qubkety Fesjussec`
? sclmtde`n bocut dmrsmk • Vry tc fmvmkcp ycur b`swmrs oy neve`n rmbsc`s
rmbsc`s b`f mxblpkms.
mxblpkms.
: b` bjtevety • _mlmlomr tdbt tdbt ycu
ycu jb` jcllm`t c` ycur pbrt`mr―s b`swmrs
6 b tde`n cr pmrsc` b`f mvm` fmvmkcp et e`tc b fesjussec`, out fc`―t e`tmrrupt
= b qubkety cr tde`n omcrm tdmy dbvm nevm` b ukk b`swmr.
9 b mmke`n • B qumstec` jb` om bffrmssmf
bffrmssmf tc c`m stufm`t cr tc octd
> b saekk, tbkm`t cr boekety stufm`ts. E bffrmssmf tc c`m, tdm ctdmr stufm`t sdcukf bkkcw
4 b wby c trbvmkke`n telm cr tdm flrst stufm`t tc nevm b ukk b`swmr b`f jb` tdm`
62 mssm`tebk((lcst c tdm pmcpkm e` ly c﬊jm wcukf rmnbrf et bs
mssm`tebk gce` e` tdm fesjussec`
fesjussec` e tdmy
tdmy dbvm
dbvm sclmtde`n
sclmtde`n tc sby.
sby. E tdm
tdm
mssm`tebk) qumstec` es bffrmssmf tc octd (usubkky oy b nmsturm e`fejbte`n
? tde`ae`n
tde`ae`n((E wbs bwbrm tdbt ly tde`ae`n wbs stbrte`n tc sdei) —pkmbsm fesjuss―), jb`fefbtms sdcukf fesjuss tdm qumstec`
: jblpe`n(
jblpe`n(wm wmrm … jblpe`n wdekm mkmpdb`ts b`f kec`s tcnmtdmr rcl tdm stbrt.
prcwkmf
prcwkm f brcu`f us
us) ? Xcsseokm b`swmrs
6 rmkbtec`sdeps
rmkbtec`sdeps((E―vm dbf tdm cppcrtu`ety tc truky e`jrmbsm ly 2 Kmt lm smm, tdm omst pbrt c tdm fby wcukf prcoboky om
u`fmrstb`fe`n c rmkbtec`sdeps)
rmkbtec`sdeps) tdm M`nkesd jkbss, bs E dbvm tdes rmbkky e`spere`n tmbjdmr wdc
= sm`sm c dulcur(
dulcur(E wcukf put b sm`sm c dulcur bt tdm tcp c lb`bnms tc lbam kmbr`e`n quetm u`.
ly kest.) ? E―l quetm kujay e` tdbt E nmt b kct c telm wetd ly rem`fs bt
9 jc`usec`
jc`usec`((wm bkk nmt ocnnmf fcw` bt wcra wdm` wm … sjdcck b`f wm bksc pkby e` tdm sblm obsamtobkk tmbl. Dcwmvmr,
mxpmrem`jm jc`usec`)
jc`usec`) tc om dc`mst, E fc`―t nmt bs lujd telm wetd ly bleky bs E―f
> pbtem`jm
pbtem`jm((E `cw dbvm lujd lcrm pbtem`jm tdbt E dbf omcrm)
omcrm ) keam omjbusm mvmryc`m dbs sujd b pbjamf sjdmfukm.
4 kc`n dbuk(
dbuk(et―s tdm kc`n dbuk treps tdbt rmwbrf ycu lcst e` tmrls : Ly tcp peja wcukf prcoboky om Ermkb`f. ^dbt bppmbks tc lm es
c saekks cr ycur jbrmmr.) tdm jcloe`btec` c tdm pejturmsqum sjm`mry, tdm rem`fky kcjbks
= Xcsseokm b`swmr b`f tdm tcm-tbppe`n lusej.
E―kk bkwbys rmlmlomr tdm telm E wm`t tc stby wetd b rem`f―s 6 Zclmtde`n E―l pbrtejukbrky prcuf c wcukf om ru``e`n b 28A
bleky wdm` E wbs ycu`nmr omjbusm et tbundt lm bocut dcw rbjm. E wbs`―t vmry flt wdm` E stbrtmf trbe`e`n, wdejd lbfm et
fe﬈mrm`t blekems brm. Vdm ctdmr bleky wbs br lcrm rmkbxmf mspmjebkky sbtesye`n tc jclpkmtm.
tdb` le`m. Icr mxblpkm, tdmy fef`―t usubkky
u subkky mbt tcnmtdmr, u`keam = E―l `ct b oen b` c surpresms tc om dc`mst. E lujd prmmr ome`n
bt ly dclm wdmrm mvmryc`m mbts mvmry lmbk tcnmtdmr. Zclm c bwbrm c wdbt―s brcu`f tdm jcr`mr.
jcr` mr.
tdm lmbks wmrm b oet spejy cr ly tbstm, out et wbs nrmbt tc try 9 Bosckutmky. E cim` smml tc mmk rmbkky nkccly c` nrmy fbys, b`f
sclmtde`n fe﬈mrm`t. tdm` wdm` tdm su` jclms cut, E jb` mmk lysmk jdmmre`n up.
> E tremf c`ke`m kmbr`e`n rmjm`tky oy m`rckke`n e` b` c`ke`m jcursm.
Bs wmkk bs kmbr`e`n bocut pdctcnrbpdy, wdejd wbs tdm cjus, E
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs wbs bksc bokm tc jc``mjt wetd ctdmr blbtmur pdctcnrbpdmrs
Kc`n tur` rcl bkk cvmr tdm wcrkf.
• _mlmlomr tdbt tdm qumstec`s bsamf oy tdm mxble`mr brm 4 E rmjm`tky nct ly flrst pbrt-telm gco. Et―s b b`tbstej mmke`n
pre`tmf c` ycur sdmmt. mbr`e`n ly cw` lc`my b`f E dcpm et es b stmppe`n stc`m tc
• ^cra tdrcund tdm tbsa kcnejbkky. nrmbtmr tde`ns!
• Nevm mxblpkms, use`n fesjcursm lbramrs b`f ke`ae`n wcrfs. : Xcsseokm b`swmr
• Vry `ct tc kmbvm kc`n sekm`jms. Xbnm 2:5
• Fc`―t wcrry bocut tbkae`n tcc kc`n omjbusm tdm mxble`mr wekk B7 Vdm wmffe`n wcukf dbvm jmrtbe`ky dbvm tbam` b nrmbt fmbk
stcp ycu e ycu nc cvmr tdm telm kelet. c prmpbrbtec`. Vdm orefm b`f nrccl wcukf dbvm dbf tc
• Ucu wekk `mmf tc usm ycur elbne`btec` tc spmjukbtm. occa b vm`um, sm`f cut e`vetbtec`s, ouy cutflts, crnb`esm tdm
• Ucu c`ky `mmf tc jclpbrm twc c tdm tdrmm pejturms b`f jbtmre`n ‚ b`f tdbt―s gust tdm stbrt c et.
et . Vc
Vc jclpbrm tdbt tc
b`swmr b qumstec`. tdm pejturm c tdm freve`n tmst, E―f numss tdbt tdm frevmr dbs
• Fc`―t fmsjreom tdm pejturms out try tc nevm b obkb`jmf kc`n
tur`, jclpbre`n b`f jc`trbste`n tdml (tbkae`n bocut tde`ns spm`t telm pmrdbps
prbjtese`n, fce`n b fe﬈mrm`t ae`f kmssc`s
dbve`n sclm c prmpbrbtec` ‚ prcoboky
wetd b prcmssec`bk
tdbt brm selekbr b`f fe﬈mrm`t) omcrm b`swmre`n tdm qumstec`. freve`n e`strujtcr tc nmt dmr up tc sjrbtjd. E suppcsm tdm
Kestm`e`n jb`fefbtm―s qumstec` ‚ pbrt ci kc`n tur` jcupkm lendt dbvm fc`m sclm prbjtejm tcc. Xmcpkm cim`
• Vry `ct tc nevm b sdcrt b`swmr. dbvm wmffe`n rmdmbrsbks tdm fby omcrm sc tdbt mvmryc`m es
• Fc`―t nevm b km`ntdy b`swmr cr rmpmbt tdm ctdmr jb`fefbtm―s jkmbr c` wdmrm tc stb`f b`f wdbt tc sby. E` octd pejturms, tdm
tbsa. pmcpkm kcca
kcc a prmtty dbppy. E―f
E―f sby rcl tdmer mxprmssec`s tdbt
• Ztbtm ycur jdcejm b`f nevm b rmbsc` wetd b kettkm fmtbek. tdm jcupkm brm bosckutmky mkbtmf, wdmrmbs tdm frevmr es mmke`n
• E ycu rmmr tc wdbt ycur pbrt`mr dbs sbef, try tc bff e` ycur lcrm c b sm`sm c sbtesbjtec` bt dmr bjdemvmlm`t.
cw` cpe`ec` cr rmpdrbsm. O7 E―f dbvm tc sby tdm wmffe`n, omjbusm et―s b lc`ulm`tbk b`f
Jckkbocrbtevm tbsa kem-jdb`ne`n cjjbsec` tdbt es sdbrmf wetd ycur sen`efljb`t
• Fc`―t nevm bktmr`bte`n kc`n tur`s. Mxble`mrs brm kccae`n bt ctdmr bs wmkk bs bleky b`f rem`fs.
dcw ycu e`tmrbjt wetd tdm ctdmr jb`fefbtm. 6 Xcsseokm b`swmr
• _mlmlomr tc bsa cr ycur pbrt`mr―s cpe`ec`, kestm` tc wdbt B7 ^dmrm sdbkk wm stbrt3
tdmy sby, b`f rmkbtm ycur jcllm`ts obja tc tdmers. O7 Dcw bocut —ome`n b prcmssec`bk cctobkk pkbymr―
pkbymr―.. Vdbt―s
Vdbt―s b
• Fc`―t fcle`btm tdm jc`vmrsbtec`. E`stmbf, m`jcurbnm ycur frmbl kcts c pmcpkm dbvm omjbusm c tdm blm b`f crtu`m,
pbrt`mr tc pbrtejepbtm. `ct tc lm`tec` tdm b`s.
• Bt tdm m`f c
cr precretesm tdmprclpt
c`m jckkbocrbtevm tbsa,
tdbt ycu ycuc`.
bnrmm wekkFc`―t
om bsamf tc smkmjt
rmpmbt cr B7 Ucu―rm rendt tdbt tdmrm―s b kct c pmrjmevmf nkblcur. Mvm` sc,
tdm rmbkety es tdbt tcp cctobkkmrs dbvm tc trbe` mxtm`sevmky b`f
sullbresm tdm fesjussec` ycu dbvm gust dbf1 tde`a jbrmukky et wcukf om dbrf wcra ammpe`n ycur ocfy e` pmba jc`fetec`.
bocut tdm wcrfe`n c tdm `mw qumstec`. Gustey ycur smkmjtec` O7 Bosckutmky, b`f E―kk bff dmrm tdbt tdmrm wcukf om b`
oy neve`n rmbsc`s b`f mxblpkms. Fc`―t wcrry e ycu fesbnrmm cr mxtrbcrfe`bry blcu`t c prmssurm tc pmrcrl, b`f jretejesl e
fc`―t dbvm telm tc lbam b fl`bk jdcejm. ycu less b sdct cr nmt b rmf jbrf.
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824
ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU
B7 Zc, tc lcvm tc tdm `mxt prclpt, sclm c tdm tde`ns wm―vm
tbkamf bocut wcukf bppky tc we``e`n b` Ckylpej nckf lmfbk,
wcukf`―t tdmy3 B kct c jclletlm`t b`f fmtmrle`btec` ncms
e`tc tdbt c`m lclm`t e` tdm spctkendt.
O7 Ums, b`f spmbae`n c jclletlm`t, —omjcle`n b pre`jmss― es b
oen c`m. Vdm frmbl scu`fs keam ycu―kk om e` b pcsetec` tc trbvmk
tdm wcrkf b`f lex e` tdm jerjkms c tdm rejd b`f blcus, b`f
lbam b rmbk fe﬈mrm`jm cr jdbretems ycu jbrm bocut. Out wdm`
et jclms fcw` tc et, tdm e`tm`sm lmfeb sjrute`y lust om
mxdbuste`n.
B7 Lll, wdmrmvmr ycu nc, ycu―rm rmjcn`esmf, pdctcnrbpdmf,
p dctcnrbpdmf,
jdbsmf, sjrute`esmf cr tdm te`emst skep up.
O7 Vdm rmbkety fcms`―t scu`f bs nccf bs tdm frmbl, fcms et3
B7 Jmrtbe`ky `ct. B`f tc tbka bocut trmbte`n b`elbks, wmkk E tde`a
tdbt―s quetm b wcrtdy frmbl. Zclmc`m trmbte`n b`elbks jcukf
lbam b rmbk fe﬈mrm`jm. Et―s tdm pmrmjt gco cr mvmry b`elbk
kcvmr.
O7 Umt tdm rmbkety es tdbt ycu―f
ycu―f smm b`f dbvm tc fc sclm vmry
u`pkmbsb`t tde`ns. Bt telms, ycu―f om fmbke`n wetd dendky
d endky
festrmssmf b`elbks, `ct tc lm`tec` tdmer cw`mrs.
B7 Ie`bkky, wcrae`n bs b flrmflndtmr, wmkk tdm frmbl es tdbt ycu―f
ycu―f om
sbve`n kevms.
O7 B`f E fc`―t fcuot tdbt tdmy fc, ymt tdmrm lust om b kct c
rustrbtec` cvmr flrms tdbt jcukf dbvm omm` bvcefmf.
B7 B`f smme`n pmcpkm kcsm tdmer pcssmssec`s cr wcrsm …
Fmjesec` pdbsm
B7 Icr lm, et smmls keam et―s omtwmm` metdmr wcrae`n bs b
flrmflndtmr cr trmbte`n seja b`elbks. Vdbt―s
Vdbt―s omjbusm tdmy―rm
nmtte`n tdmer db`fs ferty, tdmy―rm rendt e` tdmrm dmkpe`n b`f
lbae`n b fe﬈mrm`jm mvmry fby c tdmer wcra.
O7 E smm wdbt ycu lmb`. Et―s dmkpe`n ctdmrs tdbt wcukf lbam
tdm bloetec` rmwbrfe`n. Zc, kccae`n bt tdm ctdmrs, E tde`a tdm
spcrtspmcpkm jcukf om dmkpe`n ctdmrs tcc. Vdmy lendt om b
rckm lcfmk cr ycu`n pmcpkm, cr e`stb`jm nce`n e`tc sjdccks
tc nevm lctevbtec`bk tbkas b`f tdm keam. E tde`a tdbt wcukf kmbf
tc b kct c sbtesbjtec`.
B7 Bksc, ycu
ycu jb`―t en`crm tdm pre`jmss.
p re`jmss. Kcts c rcybks fmvctm
tdmer kevms tc vesete`n pmcpkm e` `mmf b`f jdblpec`e`n
jdbretbokm jbusms.
O7 Et smmls tdbt mbjd c`m c tdmsm prcmssec`s jcukf om
rmwbrfe`n e` tdmer cw` wby.
B7 Out bt b pusd tc peja c`m, E―f stekk nc wetd tdm flrmflndtmr E tde`a
omjbusm E fcuot tdmrm jcukf om b`ytde`n tdbt jcukf om lcrm
rmwbrfe`n tdb` sbve`n b kem.
O7 E―l wekke`n tc bnrmm wetd tdbt.
td bt.
= Xcsseokm b`swmr (Ierst prclpt)
B7 ^dm` E wbs kettkm, E tdcundt E dbf b nccf jdb`jm c omjcle`n
tdm prmsefm`t. B kciy bloetec`, E a`cw! ^dbt bppmbkmf tc lm
lcst wbs tdm jdb`jm tc lbam b fe﬈mrm`jm tc tdm pccr.
O7 E―l surm ycu―kk om bokm tc b﬈mjt pcsetevm jdb`nm mvm` e ycu
fc`―t rmbjd tdcsm dmendts! Bs cr lm, E wb`tmf tc cw` ly
cw` obamry omjbusm E gust kcvmf tdm efmb c mbte`n kcbfs c
rmsd ormbf.
B7 Brm ycu stekk amm` c` tdbt efmb3
O7 Iu``eky m`cund, E wcra pbrt-telm bt b obamry out E―l pkb``e`n
tc stufy lmfeje`m `mxt ymbr, sc et wcukf om ber tc sby tdbt ly
bloetec`s dbvm jdb`nmf cvmr telm.
B7 E numss tdbt et―s rmbkky jcllc` tc lcvm c` rcl jmrtbe`
bloetec`s bs ycu nmt ckfmr.
O7 Ucu―
Ucu―rm
rm bosckutmky rendt. Mvm` sc, E―l bkwbys elprmssmf wdm`
pmcpkm dbvm b frmbl bs b jdekf b`f tdm` tdmy smm et tdrcund
bs b` bfukt …
:
?@F MFEVEC@ J2
2 Xcsseokm b`swmrs
• E tde`a et―s jrujebk tc jdmja b`f rmvesm wdbt ycu wretm. E―vm
cim` pejamf up kettkm lestbams tdbt E jb` mbseky jcrrmjt wdm`
E prccrmbf ly wcra.
• Icr lm, tdm lcst elpcrtb`t tde`n es le`elese`n festrbjtec`s.
B quemt pkbjm es b stbrt, b`f E dbvm tc om vmry fesjepke`mf bocut
`ct jdmjae`n ly lcoekm pdc`m bs wmkk.
? 2 E` ycur jckkmnm ycu wcukf keamkeam tc smt up b` e`tmr`btec`bk
`mwskmttmr tc jc``mjt b`f sdbrm efmbs wetd stufm`ts e` ctdmr
jcu`trems. Ucu fmjefm tc wretm b prcpcsbk tc ycur Jckkmnm
Xre`jepbk, mxpkbe`e`n wdy ycu tde`a tdm `mwskmttmr wcukf
om`mflt tdm jckkmnm b`f ets stufm`ts.
E` ycur prcpcsbk ycu sdcukf cutke`m tdm purpcsm c tdm
`mwskmttmr b`f wdbt et sdcukf jc`tbe`, fmsjreom dcw tdm
`mwskmttmr jcukf om lb`bnmf b`f mxpkbe` wdy et wcukf om
om`mfljebk tc tdm jckkmnm b`f ets stufm`ts.
? B` c`ke`m VY lbnbze`m es e`tmrmstmf e` bufem`jm vemws c`
wdbt lbams b nccf VY jdb``mk. Ucu fmjefm tc wretm b rmvemw
c tdm VY jdb``mk ycu wbtjd tdm lcst. E` ycur rmvemw rmvemw,, cutke`m
tdm typm c prcnrbllms tdm jdb``mk sdcws, tdm qubkety c ets
prcnrbllms, wdc et bppmbks tc b`f dcw et jclpbrms tc ctdmr
jdb``mks.
: Cur tcw` dbs wc`fmruk setms, ouekfe`ns b`f bjtevetems cr
tcurests out vesetcr `ulomrs brm fmjrmbse`n. Vdes es b smrecus
essum bs et wekk m`f up b﬈mjt tdm mjc`cly c tdm wdckm tcw`.
Ucu fmjefm tc wretm b kmttmr tc tdm mfetcr c tdm `mwspbpmr
fmsjreoe`n b tcurest setm e` ycur tcw`, mxpkbe`e`n wdy ycu tde`a
et es kcse`n vesetcrs b`f sunnmste`n dcw et jcukf om elprcvmf tc
bttrbjt lcrm vesetcrs.
:‚6
2 tc pmrsubfm
? lcfbks, prmsm`t b`f uturm tm`sms, jc`fetec`bks
: fmsjreoe`n, mxpkbe`e`n, sunnmste`n, prcpcse`n, rmjcllm`fe`n
6 stufm`t/sjdcck e`tmrmsts, rmkbtec`sdeps
= crlbk wetd suo-dmbfe`ns b`f jkmbr pbrbnrbpds
= Nrbllbr
rmvemw7 prmsm`t tm`sms, fmsjreptevm bfgmjtevms
kmttmr7 prmsm`t b`f uturm tm`sms, lcfbks
Kb`nubnm iu`jtec`s
rmvemw7 fmsjreoe`n, pmrsubfe`n, mxpkbe`e`n, jclpbre`n
kmttmr7 fmsjreoe`n, sunnmste`n, mxpkbe`e`n
Vcpej vcjboukbry
rmvemw7 VY prcnrbllms, lcvems
kmttmr7 tcuresl b`f tcurest setms
Vmxt imbturms
rmvemw7 e`crlbk, jkmbr pbrbnrbpds, m`nbne`n
kmttmr7 rmbsc` cr wrete`n, crlbk/smle-crlbk, jkmbr kbycut, jkmbr
rmjcllm`fbtec` bt tdm m`f
Nckf Mxpmrem`jm J2 © Xmbrsc` Mfujbtec` Keletmf ?824 6

ZV]FM@V―Z OCCA B@Z^M_ AMU ?@F MFEVEC@ J2

4‚5 Lcfmk b`swmrs : Kmttmr

2 Xrcpcsbk
E`trcfujtec`
Vdm purpcsm c tdes prcpcsbk es tc sunnmst b` e`tmr`btec`bk
`mwskmttmr cr cur jckkmnm. E` tdes prcpcsbk, E wekk cutke`m wdy
wm sdcukf dbvm
d bvm b `mwskmttmr, sunnmstmf jc`tm`t, prcjmssms cr
lb`bnmlm`t c tdm `mwskmttmr, b`f pcsseokm om`mflts.
Xurpcsm b`f om`mflts c b `mwskmttmr
Vdm rbtec`bkm omde`f tdm `mwskmttmr es tc lbam jc``mjtec`s wetd
stufm`ts e` ctdmr jcu`trems b`f mxjdb`nm vemws. Vdm `mwskmttmr
wcukf nevm us b pkbtcrl tc sdbrm jrmbtevm wcras b`f bfvejm,
b`f kmbr` lcrm bocut fe﬈mrm`t wbys c keve`n. Et wcukf bksc om
b om`mfljebk prcgmjt mxpmrem`jm cr tdm `mwskmttmr tmbl bs wm
wcukf nbe` vbkubokm wcra mxpmrem`jm.
@mwskmttmr jc`tm`t
E` tdm `mwskmttmr, wm wcukf puokesd brtejkms, stcrems, brt b`f
pdctcnrbpdy oy jckkmnm stufm`ts bt cur sjdcck, b`f rcl
brcu`f tdm wcrkf. ^m prcpcsm b rb`nm c tcpejs brm jcvmrmf,
rcl e`tmr`btec`bk stufy teps tc mbsy rmjepms. E` fesjussec`s wetd
e`tmrmstmf stufm`ts, et dbs omm` rmjcllm`fmf tdbt wm bksc
e`jkufm b` bfvejm jckul`.
Lb`bne`n tdm `mwskmttmr
E sunnmst tdbt tdm `mwskmttmr es wrettm` b`f mfetmf oy b
stufm`t tmbl. E bl wekke`n tc smt up tdes tmbl b`f cvmrsmm
tdm `mwskmttmr cr tdm rmlbe`fmr c tdm ymbr. E wcukf m`vesbnm
smtte`n up b scjebk lmfeb pbnm tc bfvmrtesm b`f nbtdmr
jc`treoutec`s cr tdm `mwskmttmr rcl tmm`bnmrs rcl brcu`f
tdm nkcom. Vdm `mwskmttmr wcukf om puokesdmf mkmjtrc`ejbkky e`
crfmr tc sbvm pre`te`n jcsts b`f m`bokm mbsy festreoutec`.
Zullbry
Cvmrbkk, tdes `mwskmttmr wcukf om om`mfljebk tc tdm rmbfmrs,
jc`treoutcrs b`f stufm`t tmbl. E wcukf m`jcurbnm ycu tc bjjmpt
cur prcpcsbk sc tdbt wm jb` lcvm crwbrf wetd jc``mjte`n
crlbkky wetd cur pmmrs e` tdm nkcobk jcllu`ety.
? _mvemw
^m brm spcekt cr jdcejm wdm` et jclms tc VY jdb``mks tdmsm fbys,
out tdmrm es c`ky c`m stb`f-cut jdb``mk cr lm ‚ Kcjbk Zmvm`.
Kcjbk Zmvm` dbs b rb`nm c sdcws rcl `mws tc frblb tc
jclmfy. ^dbt lbams et rmbkky spmjebk
spmj ebk es tdbt cvmr dbk tdm
jc`tm`t es lbfm rendt dmrm e` ly jety. Vdbt lmb`s tdbt et es`―t
u`usubk tc spct sclmc`m E a`cw c` tdmrm wdejd fmfl`etmky
lbams tdm prcnrbllms lujd lcrm e`tmrmste`n. _mbkety VY es
bksc dmbveky mbturmf b`f E fl`f et dekbrecus b`f cjjbsec`bkky `bek-
Fmbr Lbfbl,
^etd rmmrm`jm tc ycur brtejkm bocut dcw tcurest `ulomrs brm
fmjke`e`n, E wesd tc c﬈mr ly pmrspmjtevm.
E` ly vemw, tdmrm brm lb`y stmps wdejd jcukf om tbam` tc tur`
tdes wcrrye`n trm`f brcu`f, mspmjebkky e` rmnbrf tc cur jety―s kbam.
E` tdm pbst, tdm kbam dbs omm` b vmry pcpukbr vesetcr bttrbjtec`.
Dcwmvmr,, e` rmjm`t ymbrs, tdm kbja c lbe`tm`b`jm
Dcwmvmr lbe`tm`b` jm b`f kettmr dbvm
jbusmf et tc kcsm ets rmputbtec` bs b pkmbsb`t bttrbjtec`.
Vdm flrst stmp E wcukf sunnmst es tc m`surm tdbt tdm pbtds brm
omttmr lbe`tbe`mf. Vdm wbkae`n jerjuet usmf tc om mxtrmlmky
pcpukbr, dcwmvmr,
dcwmvmr, et dbs omjclm
om jclm cvmrnrcw` b`f tdmtd m sdruos `mmf
trelle`n obja urnm`tky. E mxpm`sm es b` essum, pmrdbps b jbkk cr
vcku`tmmrs jcukf nc cut.
@mxt, tdm essum c kettmr jcukf om tbjakmf. E dbvm omm`
fesbppce`tmf tc fesjcvmr tdbt tdm ruooesd oe`s brm c`ky mlptemf
lc`tdky, wdejd dbs kmf tc cvmr﬏cwe`n oe`s b`f kettmr okcwe`n
e`tc tdm kbam. E wcukf rmjcllm`f wm dckf b —Jkmb` tdm Kbam― fby, fby,
pmrdbps e` jc`gu`jtec` wetd b kcjbk sjdcck. Lcrm ruooesd oe`s
sdcukf om prcvefmf oy tdm jety jcu`jek tc bvcef tdm kbam nmtte`n
e` sujd b stbtm bnbe`.
Ie`bkky, E tde`a wm `mmf
` mmf tc dbvm b crul c` wbtmr qubkety
qu bkety.. ^dbt
wbs b swellbokm kbam b mw ymbrs bnc dbs `cw omjclm b dmbktd
dbzbrf. ^etd tdm rendt mxpmrt bfvejm b`f e`vmstlm`t, wm jcukf
rmtur` tdm kbam tc tdm dbppy pkbynrcu`f et wbs cr kcjbks b`f
vesetcrs bkeam.
Oy putte`n tdmsm jdb`nms e`tc bjtec`, E dbvm `c fcuot tdbt wm wekk
om bokm tc rmvmrsm tdm trm`f b`f smm vesetcrs rmtur` tc tdm kbam.
Ucurs betdukky,

oete`n tc wbtjd dcw bkk tdm frblb u`ckfs.

E wcukf rbtm tdm qubkety bs b oet c b lexmf obn, out fc`―t kmt tdbt
put ycu c﬈! C` tdm c`m db`f, sclm c tdm kcjbk jc`tm`t su﬈mrs
rcl tdm kcw-oufnmt jc`strbe`ts. Vdm spmjebk m﬈mjts brm`―t
jc`ve`je`n, b`f tdm jblmrb wcra sclmtelms kmbvms lujd tc om
fmsermf. Mvm` sc, e` b strb`nm scrt
scr t c wby, tdmsm sdcrtjcle`ns
sdcr tjcle`ns
brm jdbrle`n. Kmt―s gust sby tdbt tdes mlpdbsesms tdes es cur
jdb``mk, lbfm oy us cr us.
]`surprese`nky, tdm oennmst bufem`jm cr Kcjbk Zmvm` brm tdm
pmcpkm wdc kevm dmrm. Vdmy try tc e`jkufm sclmtde`n tc bppmbk
cr bkk bnm nrcups bt fe﬈mrm`t telms c fby.
Jclpbrmf tc tdm `btec`bk b`f e`tmr`btec`bk jdb``mks, Kcjbk
Zmvm` lendt smml b kettkm oet blbtmur. Out et lcrm tdb` lbams
up cr et oy ome`n b stbnm cr cur cw` kcjbk vcejms!
Cvmrbkk, Kcjbk Zmvm` es wmkk wcrtd wbtjde`n e ycu mvmr pby cur
jety b veset, bktdcund ycu lendt `mmf b kcjbk nuefm tc mxpkbe`
sclm c cur skb`n!