Xc`ams idgdaþ`jnms
Gds aacvmg ma nmfhjd bc rms`ds; quc sc`fcgtds nmfhjmg nþfd nmfhjmg, hmkd quê ndgbjnjdgcs
nmfhjmg
 v ⭨ U+ gmsmaV / „ U+ n gmsmaVn

Sgm vdnma sc prdgugnjm ndfd gmsma cg ca ndgtcxtd; ndgsdgmgtc gmsma.

v ⭨ U+ n gmsmaV / „ U+n gmsmaV
Sgm vdnma sc ndgvjcrtc cg gmsma cg ca ndgtcxtd; cgtrc ndgsdgmgtcs gmsmacs.
+ vcamr  v
n  ⭨  ⭨  „ U 
U -sdgdrm V   U+ pmamtmaV /  „  V# (sc bm cg ugm pmamhrm).
+ matm

Am rc`am ndrrcspdgbc m quc am E sc ndgvjcrtc cg pmamtma mgtc vdnma pmamtma, d scm mgtc j 1y
qujsd7 Uj e‚jsdV.

+; aæfjtc bc fdricfm
#; aæfjtc bc pmamhrm
//; aæfjtc bc irmsc

Ckcfpad bc aæfjtc bc irmsc;

^c ac iuc am vmnm m ‟ým Kumgm; //
Cstc cs aæfjtc bc irmsc pdrquc am cajsjþg sc prdbukd cg ugm irmsc.

Ckcfpad bc aæfjtc bc pmamhrm;

Ycrbí;#
^c bm cg ugm pmamhrm
Ca aæfjtc bc fdricfm nmsj gugnm sc rcmajzm.

Gdtmnjþg cg aamvcs

U
Y ⭨  + gmsma
V / „ U+ n gmsmaVn
Y ⭨ U+ ngmsmaV  „ U+ ngmsmaVn#
 U+ gmsmaV / „  (bds rc`ams)

Xcbunnjþg bc ams bds rc`ams m ugm sdam

U
Y ⭨  + gmsma V / U+ ngmsmaV {  n+ gmsma }
n 

  # 
Am suprcsjþg 6 D

1pmrcb7 Upm‚rc;V
+dnaus UbV
U + bcgtma
V ⭨ D /#
 

1tdfmbd7 Utd‚fmdV
 b ⭨ D / U v„v V #
Xc`ams bc jgscrnjþg
Cacfcgtd guad mpmrcnc m am jzqujcrbm.
^c`fcgtd m jgscrtmr mpmrcnc m am bcrcnom.
Ckcfpad 1vjgjaam7 (pdr vcgæm), 1cfpajaam7 (pdr cfpacm).
  +pmamtma
D⭨ U + irjnmtjvm
V /# v„v

Ams rc`ams idgdaþ`jnms

Am rcamnjþg cgtrc am rcprcscgtmnjþg idgêtjnm y am rcprcscgtmnjþg idgdaþ`jnm sc cstmhacnc fcbjmgtc

ams rc`ams idgdaþ`jnms.

Xc`ams quc idrfmg pmrtc bc am ndfpctcgnjm idgdaþ`jnm bc ads omhamgtcs

Xcprcscgtmnjþg idgdaþ`jnm;
nmsms /ˏemsm/+/s/
pmpcacs /pmˏpca/+/s/
augcs /ˏaugcs/+/s/

Xcprcscgtmnjþg idgêtjnm;
nmsms UˏemsmsV
pmpcacs UpmˏpcacsV
augcs UˏaugcsV

\mrm idrfmr ca paurma sc mýmbc ca fdricfm bc paurma, quc sc fmgjijcstm idgdaþ`jnmfcgtc ndfd
/s/; /ˏemsm/+/s/ ↘ UˏemsmsV
^j am ûatjfm vdnma cs tþgjnm, sc jgscrtm am vdnma /c/ cgtrc ams bds ndgsdgmgtcs ijgmacs numgbd
pcrtcgcncg m bds fdricfms bjicrcgtcs;
/pmˏpca/+/s/ ↘ UpmˏpcacsV

Cg pdsjnjþg ijgma bc pmamhrm sc cajbc ugm bc ams bds ndgsdgmgtcs jbêgtjnms; / ˏaugcs/+/s/ ↘
UˏaugcsV

Ams rc`ams idgdaþ`jnms dpcrmg sdhrc namscs gmturmacs

gmturmacs..
Xcprcscgtmnjþg idgdaþ`jnm;
nmvm /ˏemhm/
nmbm /ˏembm/
 vm`d /ˏ hm`d/
 hm`d/

Xcprcscgtmnjþg idgêtjnm;
nmvm Uˏemθ ̗ mV
nmbm Uˏemü ̗ mV
 

 vm`d Uˏ hm
 hmɮ ̗ dV

Ams ndgsd
ndgsdgmgt
gmgtcs
cs dnausjvms
dnausjvms  sdg
sdgdrm
drmss sc ndg
ndgvjc
vjcrtc
rtcg
g cg ndg
ndgsdg
sdgmgt
mgtcs
cs mprdxjfmgtcs
mprdxjfmgtcs  cg pds
pdsjnj
jnjþg
þg
jgtcrvdníajnm

Xcprcscgtmnjþg idgdaþ`jnm;
cgvæd /cgˏ hjd/

smg`rc /ˏsmg`ɷ c/
c/
ígidrm /ˏmgidɷ m
m//

Xcprcscgtmnjþg idgêtjnm;
cgvæd Ucfˏ hjdV
smg`rc Uˏsmgˬ`ɷ ccVV
ígidrm Uˏmɽidɷ m
mVV
Ams ndgsdgmgtcs gmsmacs
gmsmacs mbdptmg
 mbdptmg ca au`mr bc mrtjnuamnjþg
mrtjnuamnjþg bc
 bc am ndgsdgmgtc sj`ujcgtc;
Ams rc`ams idgdaþ`jnms pucbcg cxprcsmrsc fcbjmgtc rc`ams bc rccsnrjturm, rcnurrjcgbd tmfhjêg m
ads rms`ds bjstjgtjvds.
Sgm rc`am bc rccsnrjturm tjcgc am idrfm sj`ujcgtc;
 M ↘ H / N TT B
 M; Cacfcgtd quc cxpcrjfcgtm
cxpcrjfcgtm ca prdncsd
↘ ; sc ndgvjcrtc cg
H; Xcsuatmbd bca prdncsd
/ ; cg ca ndgtcxtd
N; Ndgtcxtd mgtcrjdr ma cacfcgtd quc cxpcrjfcgtm ca prdncsd
 TT ; \dsjnjþg bca cacfcgtd quc cxpcrjfcgtm
cxpcrjfcgtm ca prdncsd
B; Ndgtcxtd pdstcrjdr ma cacfcgtd quc cxpcrjfcgtm ca prdncsd

Ams dnausjvms
dnausjvms sdgdrms
 sdgdrms sc ndgvjcrtcg cg ndgsdgmgtcs mprdxjfmgtcs
mprdxjfmgtcs cg
 cg pdsjnjþg jgtcrvdníajnm;
/h/ ↘ Uθ ̗ V /Ydnma TT Ydnma
/b/ ↘ Uü ̗ V /Ydnma TT Ydnma
/`/ ↘ Uɮ ̗ V /Ydnma TT Ydnma
/h b `/; U+dhstruycgtc
U+dhstruycgtcVV U+
U+sdgdrd
sdgdrdVV U„
U„ndgtjgud
ndgtjgudVV U„
U„cstrjbcgtc
cstrjbcgtcVV

Uθ ̗  ü ̗  ɮ ̗ V; U+dhstruycgtc

U+dhstruycgtcVV U+
U+sdgdrd
sdgdrdVV U+
U+ndgtjgud
ndgtjgudVV U„
U„cstrjbcgtc
cstrjbcgtcVV

Ams ndgsdgmgtcs gmsmacs

gmsmacs mbdptmg
 mbdptmg ca au`mr bc mrtjnuamnjþg
mrtjnuamnjþg bc
 bc am ndgsdgmgtc sj`ujcgtc

/f/ /p/ /h/; U„ndrdgma

U„ndrdgmaVV U+
U+mgtcrjdr
mgtcrjdrVV U„
U„matd
matdVV U„
U„pdstcrjdr
pdstcrjdrVV U+
U+bjstrjhujbd
bjstrjhujbdVV
 

UɽV /i/; U„ndrdgma

U„ndrdgmaVV U+
U+mgtcrjdr
mgtcrjdrVV U„
U„matd
matdVV U„
U„pdstcrjdr
pdstcrjdrVV U„
U„bjstrjhujbd
bjstrjhujbdVV

Ug ̫V /ο ̔/ /t ̫/ /b ̫/; U+ndrdgma

U+ndrdgmaVV U+
U+mgtcrjdr
mgtcrjdrVV U„
U„matd
matdVV U„
U„pdstcrjdr
pdstcrjdrVV U„
U„bjstrjhujbd
bjstrjhujbdVV

/g/ /s/; U+ndrdgma

U+ndrdgmaVV U+
U+mgtcrjdr
mgtcrjdrVV U„
U„matd
matdVV U„
U„pdstcrjdr
pdstcrjdrVV U+
U+bjstrjhujbd
bjstrjhujbdVV

UgˬV /e/ /`/ /x/; U„ndrdgma

U„ndrdgmaVV U„
U„mgtcrjdr
mgtcrjdrVV U+
U+matd
matdVV U+
U+pdstcrjdr
pdstcrjdrVV U+
U+bjstrjhujbd
bjstrjhujbdVV

/g/ ↘ UgV /TT /s/

/g/ ↘ UgˬV /TT /e/ /`/ /x/

U+gmsmaV ↘ U+
 U+mgtcrjdr
mgtcrjdrVV / TT U+
U+mgtcrjdr
mgtcrjdrVV

U+gmsmaV ↘ U„
 U„mgtcrjdr
mgtcrjdrVV / TT U„
U„mgtcrjdr
mgtcrjdrVV

U+gmsmaV ↘ U+
 U+ndrdgma
ndrdgmaVV / TT U+
U+ndrdgma
ndrdgmaVV

U+gmsmaV ↘ U„
 U„ndrdgma
ndrdgmaVV / TT U„
U„ndrdgma
ndrdgmaVV ctn.

Nodfsey Gdmf „ \rmxjs y acg`umkc

acg`umkc \jgnjpjds Bc Idgdad`jm @cgcrmtvm

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