3 a a 2 <_ < A Fir Bae rom = FA $ zag re a ND ei! ee me) cc) ak {Oo ik AK] _ _ARS He \Y SY = MY, ; i } SX u a> = =DETAILGreen 02/12 DETAIL Special Edition 66266 ISSN 1868-3843 4 Magazine Projects Publications is 2 Background Electro-mobilty: a dead end? Jakob Schoof 3 Sustainable architecture Eoviogicalficld tost Research instiule 1n Wageningen Glaus en Kaan Architecten, Wageningen Climate neutral thanks to hydropower SupormarketinGraz LOVE Architecture and Urbanism, Graz Urean node and central hub Office building in Sydney ingenhoven architects, Ousseldort/Architectus, Sydney Clever devices against burvaucras futetanily residence n Vienna ‘quersraft architesten, Vienna 4. Research and practice ‘A resource-saving synergy: hybrid timber constructions for high-rise buildings Quatty management for healry indoor spaces Chisthe Oven ues Kenpo 5 Products and materials 6 Specialist information ‘Low-caroon bulings are all about people Inierview with Judit Kimpian Planning partners and manufacturers www.det l.de/english toil deparmar Chron Sehtichfedor-rrone ab Schoo ral cedakhong deta do, wesw’ +4989 38 16 20.57 Advenlon ena anselgeraqdtaida:teleprove: +4 £028 1620-0 Diernnton 8 euoecr Uc conespordon: Oner Loner ‘Werattre: Foargal oy, aren Hore Engich prooncading: ra Roce fore: TBE GeaLoBRaNarEboNoN oe Tlgprone: 4961 796296211 4 14 16 22 M4 50 llchere ence dapareen:Irstiut rematorale Architektur Dokumentation GH § Ca, KG, HeckrbrUcke 6 BOCAS Munich Germany, DETAMSI¢en 201202 comonveateia 3 In recent months, there has been a remarkable transformation of awareness in Germany. At Jast, the ‘energy turnaround’ tovards a way of living and economic management without fossil fuels and nuclear energy has become the focus of a concrete public conversation. Instead of nere political declarations of intent, atten- tion is finally being paid to the conflict of goals and interests, the questions of finance and the cultural consequences inevitably asso- Ciated with such an ambitious millennial pro- ject This development is often painful, but never- theless necessary and welcone. However, it also requires increased anareness, particularly anong experts. Otherwise, well-intentioned so- lutions wil) be torpedoed and prejudices wit be upheld when differentiation is what is actu- ally needed. le have seen nunerous examples of this in the recent public discourse. Blind po- Tenic against thermal insulation ~ to mention but one of then - is just as fruitless as its non-selective application to historic facades Awareeness 5 also essential so that the energy discussion does not constrict the view of the overall, large-scale situation. Issues such as water managenent and bio-diversity are just as ‘important as protection of the climate. There are also the social and econonic questions oF sustainable building: how can the gentrifica- tion of entire city districts be halted? How do ne prevent future Speculation bubbles in the real-estate market which result in thousands of vacant new buildings as on Spain’s Mediterrane- an coast? How do ne retain clean, healthy in- door air in today’s new buildings, whose compo- sition is often rather Tike an unknown cocktail of chenicals? This current issue of DETAIL Green looks beyond the boundaries of the energy debate. It show- cases buildings that offer solutions for the efficient use of mater, healthy interiors as well as nore bio-diversity in our cities and tonns. However, these examples also underline the fact that it is not sufficient to merely do the ‘honework’ involved in ecologically sus~ tainable building. It is also high tine that architects once again bring the positive pozen- tial of their own discipline into the debate, After all, hunans have two cerebral hemi spheres: the left one for rational problem-solving, while the right, for perception, intuition and Creativity. Only with buildings’ that stimulate both henispheres equally, does sustainable building have a future. Jakob Schoof201202 DETAMGIeo" Bi D and after - the enduring influence of Britain’s best known eco-district ol Lowenstein For those working on sustainable archi- ‘tecture projects in Britain around the turn of the millennium, the constuction land- seage was very different to how it sto day. Considerable public funding was avaliable for a variety of one off eco-cul tural projects connectod to tha turn of the ‘century, from the much lauded habitat-b'- ome patks of the Eden Project to the less known Earth Centre in the north east However, the mainstream — whether the building industry, the archvtectural sector, ‘or Government ministries driving policy dacisions — had not really begun to ac: knowledge the impact of building on the environment, on energy issues and on ‘Climate Change. Sustainability was stil very much an outsiders’ practice. In par tioular, the eneray and carton footprints ‘of the country's housing stock received. almost no altention, This has changed dramatically over the last decade, There is widespread ac- knouledigment that housing is a critical paar of raducing Britain's overall carbon footprint. with the provious Labour Gov: temment launching the important Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) regulatory Quidelines, and the ongaing Fstrotit ror the Future research into reducing energy se in the exsting building stack, There is debate about how effective this willbe, but it's clear that these issues are now mainstream and are impacting the entre building industry. One of, if not the key housing projec the early 2000's which helped propel these issues into the limelight, generating a breath-taking amount of attention and Gebate within the architectural community ‘and parts of the building sector was BedZED, the South London eco- district. Tho scheme was completed and opened ten years ago in the summer of 2002. The result of fve years work, BedZED (short for Beddington Zero Energy Develop: ment) would become the high profile ex: ‘ample of how housing projects could be done in a vary diferent, radically sustain- able manner. Although the first examples. of eco-disticts were emerging across Eu- rope and despite the Rogers Urhan Re- rnaissance Report having emphasised compact, mxed-use cites - the kind of 800-urbanisrn introduced at BedZED was Completely new fo Briain It also pushed the two main organisations which had madle BedZED happen into the limelight; of Bill Dunster, then an idealistic, if ravor ik, architect, who had recently left M- chao! Hopkins Architects after 14 years overseeing their groenest projects, and BioRegional, at the time a small local or ganisation which had emerged cut ot South London's notwores of grassroots ecological activists. In the intervening period, both ZEDFacto- ry (Dunstar's architectural practice) and BioRegional have grown and developed significantly, pecoming fixtures in the eus- tainabie building world. ZEDFactory were part of the Shanghal Expo derionstration projects, and have major housing pro- Jects on site in two cities in China. Bio Regional have gone from strength to strength, developing OnePlanetCommun' ties ut of their BedZED oxperionce. To day they have a network of partners around the werld, while also acting as Consultants - far instance, for the Olym- ies - carrying out research and running ‘environmental projects within and across BadZED's noighbouring South London ‘boroughs, all undor their social enterpriso remit. Both organisations have taken sin- ular paths, which, while rooted in BedZED, single therm aut from other or- arisations in their respective fields. Housing and whole systems Realising BedZED was an enormous Challenge. “It was a really ing journey, oth professionally and personally,” say BBioRegional co-founder, Pooran Desai "Looking back, we were naive, and that made us ambitious. Without the naivety, don't think it would have happened, | never realised how complex it would be to buld a community. There are so many steps in that process. At any one port, there was real prossure to default to ‘nor mat." Desai and Dunster both stata, albeit separately, that they were tryin “change the whole bullding system.” The eso-district has been Nothing if not controversial, beginning, Dunster recalls, “from the day it opened.” Probably the main challenge was the ongoing prob- DETAMSI¢:n 201202 lems with the biomass fuelled combined heat and power plant, which was eventu- ally decommissioned. There was also cril- icism that the project was too expensive to be realsstcally developed in more or thaciox settings, However, Dunster points to Quantity Surveyors reports stating £1476 as the out turn construction cost per square mete of gross intemal area. This is compettive in today's prices with mainstream housing. It's aso less than Murray Grave, the timber high rise hous ing project in London commissioned by Poabody Trust, the same atfordabie hous: ing charity that also backed BedZED, Dunster adds that in the intervening ten years biomass CHP has come of age. “The problem was, we tried to do ittoo * Now thore ig another miaro-pyroly sig CHP unit amie and a half further north, which would not have been located in this district without BedZED’s local stimulus. itis also acknowledged that Bod ZED significantiy influenced the eary work and principles of the Government's Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH's). Furthermore, Dunster states thal, despite all the criticism, “The residents like both the zera carbon neighbourhood idea and the individual buildings - they sell well and the architecture is working." ‘The Dunster and Desai partnership came oan end in 2004. Arguably, the funda: mental split was intellectual. Desai came to see green Itestyies as the key 10 ‘chango, whoreas the architect, Dunstor, continues to believe that equablo low car- bon lifestyles need to be thorouchly inte- grated wih low carbon duleings and in- frastructure in order to be attract've, ac- cessible to everyone and thus genuinely offective, Desai recalls how ho only began to fully grasp the complexity of the systems he was working with as BedZED began op- ‘erating, how mult ple systems overlapped ‘and fed back into other related systems, for instange: how a ear sharing club works in an eco-district, or how to inte- grais local food supplies. Desai was helped by the work of Herbert Girard, the anthropologist, and his detailed ap- proach to understanding the metabol'sms Of ctios. Wth BodZED immediately at hand to act as the research subject and resource, and supported by pioneering ‘eco-feotprinters, Best Foot Forward, the practical and the conceptual were drawn Oliver Lonenstein runs the UK Green Cultural Review, Fourth Door Review (mw. fourthdoor.co.uk) and is a UK correspondent for DETAIL Green of BecZED, Agcording o 2007 en ts, cpace reat equromots nino TOV aweung une wera 77% lower, and vost car ute use 65% ter than ho UK average 2 The RuraZED cancepr (Avett: 2EDctan) soaks tomate 2a ere roushg achievabe st Sdtemes pet hectare. veh = a4mcal densty for Tod oftemes nthe Uk 4 Biace cf 523200 f Upton the tet homes fotive Lev 6 be mult conteaton WF te Uce Coos of Sumainabe heme 4 Gre Brighten [Arches FCB Sido), Pe st pigject ne Ucto be conlsted accu BoBegina's OmPianeit hing’ teria together: applying eco-footprinting with broader metabolic and ‘whole systerns’ thnkng, The ZEDiactory after BaciZED For Dunster, BedZED, as well as the sub soquent work of ZEDfactory, wore about integrating what he describes as tools into whole systems thinking. Two early post-BedZED projects; BowZED and Pen- ryn Jubilee Centre in Comwall, were moves to explore the versatility of the ap. proach. “Tho whole point was, and stil Is, that we coms up with a sories of simple replicabie loos that deliver a consistent building physics strategy over aten year penod. With each project the tools are re fined, de! vering a etter environmental performance for a reduced cost - unt! slowy zero carbon/zero waste becomes the default industry standard.” The tools were also about realising zero energy design invery different, site-spe- fie responses and at dierent scales. ‘What intorested re was, cauld wo shane an industry and its approach? So we've been trying lo evolve a whole new supply cchain and development tools that express contemporary vernacular and taciltate© BogZED andar: 19 ensuing intuance of Brahe box known eon eter 5. Evonthe covouprantot Macca’ Cy was party bsp by he OnePlanet hing pies feller wht wns arp come he nora’ roenest ty 6 onal vow ofLordcn Olrpie Sadism. Ourng {Me tis prove, Biorogonat wacror wine ‘ioe White Fun (anaF) Ux, oeloped he vison cf One Pet Games’ for London 2012 Pu scbsequerny anveed cahavio mini Fe the emergence of a society that no longer requires fossil {uel or nuciear energy.” Dunster’s team was already an outlet and distibuter for building kits, materials and technologies at the time BedZED opened, ‘which in time, and with praetice, became moro refined. “t's very simple thing: ‘you cant introduce innovation with your products, unless you can soures your products.” A current product; ZED roots ~ roofs with integrated PV's shipped in trom Onna -, ‘re what Dunstor calls @ ready-10-root Cconcepi. “Tho commercial PV installers ‘overcharged the indusby for whal was a niche product”, says Dunster, adding that this “Kiled the most promising technology suitable for immediate urban integration”. None-the less, he is stil convinced that the new ZED roof-integrated systems wil approacti crid-pariy within the next ino ‘years. Itis at tmes like this, extoling solar technology, that ane can understand why this architect was anes identified as part ‘of a small number of pionosring sustaina bility practitioners, ranging from Thomas Herzog lo Rover! & Brenda Vale, who en visaged a future solar architecture. This solar signature stil has not let him. Whether tis in ZedFactory’s small-scale RuraiZED exemplar, or in large scale ur- ’ban planning in Brazil, South Korea and China ~ international work now accounts for two thirds of ZedFactory's work load — ‘an updated version of the sane prin: piles, inciuding a focus on energy from crop waste, personal elect transporta- tion, urban parkland integration, and pas- sive concepts for energy efficiency which guided BadZED's design stil remains Central to the approach of the practice, The impact of OnePLanetliving While buildings wore important for Bro- Regional, they remained a part oftheir hove systems approach. After edZED ‘opened, Desai was keen on pinning down ‘and codilying the principles for ving which were functioning in the eco-distrct, resulting in an inital set of ten ideniiiabie principles that ranged all the way from ze- ro carhon and sustainable transport, to lo al food, equity and local economy, as woll as health and happiness. Scaling up was also impacting an the ane bitions of BioRecional, From this came BioRegional Solutions, a ten year busi ness strategy to develop and showcase a series of exemplar projects highlighting ‘the ton prineipies, with Desai and his BoRegional co-founder, Sue Riddiestone, working to transform these into one easily identiiaoie brand. Soon, OneP’anetlv- Ing, and ts offspring, OnePlanetCommu- nities, had been conceived, and trade: marked, To realise this strategy the group needed new concrete prototypes. For a big hous ing project known as Thames Gateway, BaRegional and ZEDiactory developed Ideas on how to use reclaimed materials as pat of a ‘motabolio' systorn, resulting ina repor, Z-Squared, but no actual building. Subsequenty, the organisation began discussions with, and then went in- ‘to partnership wth a large developer, (Quiniain Estates, who wore dipping thelr toes into the sustainability market. Launched in 2005, B:oRegional Quinisin 201202 DETAMGIeo" ‘began looking at sites, including two which could not have been more con- trasting: the fashionable seaside town of Brighton on the Sussex South Coast, and Middlesborough, an industrial fown in one of the poorest parts of North East Eng: land. & ino up of diferent architects wero approached. For Brighton, BoRegional Quiniain inked up with FOBStucios, wile for OneRiverside, in Middlesborough, one time ‘entart-terribie’, Wil Allsop, along with the young practice, FAT, led the team, There wore ather projects, both at home and abroad, from Ono Gatlions, in London's old east docklands area and (OneSutton, to developments in Portugal fan China, underining BioFegional as a gjacal organisation. The aubsequent years were exciting ones, for BioRegional. Not aniy were these pro- jects in development, but the'r reputation and infuence was spreading to an inter- national level. These were hardly limited to building. True to ther name, BioRe- gloral, continued to nurture regional pro Jects, which included charcoal-producing networks, as well as reviving South Lon- dor's lavender fields and tuming it into @ Cconmmunity organisation and commercial organic farm producing lavencir 0). At the other end of the spectrum, BioRegion- al produced partnership reports on ‘greening’ large and international bus! nesses, such as B&Q and Kingfisher, and ia pola! consulting at the regional, na- tional and international level. Scaling up had occured, possibly at a larger scale tian Desai had ever dreamt of The UK building projects did not proceed quite as planned, however. First One Gallions fell foul of the recession and was ‘abandoned as a project, the land ancl project sold to another company. (OneBrighton continued and was complet 0, albeit two years later than initially Planned, in 2009. Wih the recession cut- ting its way thraugh the developer and volue houee-bullding eoctar, OneRivar side had become an extremely dificult proposition. the ond of 2011, Quintain DETAMSI¢:n 201202 7 PonzeD (tucnecte Zebxsc0r I 3 corcaat or Derosyamialy shaped budge tte soe rabalares noone ad ecaurce reavaitee atonal ana rarely @ Thneng beyond srohtecte: Ts ZEF (Zero Enargy Fart, develonedby he 2E0Factay, shows "how oad canbe gtomnand dstiovted ig rerewacle energy. ath same tre a ec ing vaUed nuterss and oestra a are career’ Setowaces some left their partnership with BioRegional, et fectively abandoning the Middlesborcugh project alter the first phase was complet ‘ed. Seven hundred and fifly homes have been buit, but with unemployment high mortgages are hard to get approved. De sai, whi not gloomy, acknow/edgos how dificult the situation has pecorne, “I shows how jobs are an incredibly impor tant part of what's required. If there's groutn in jods ~ green growth that is — that's how it could work.” ‘OneBrighton, as tho Br ghton OnePian- ciLiving projéct is marketed, 8 consid: fered a sucess, even if it scaled down the breadth of what BedZED had sought to do. “I's a powerful distilation and sim. pitfication af what we learnt at BecZED,” ‘says Desai, who continues by describing tis proves and its results as “elegant. “in the nex! 5 years, believe iLwill come to be szenas the most moortant Zero ‘Caron housing development in the UK." Dunster has a diferent, less positive, tako. “It's just a block of fats. Most of the groan plaudits relate to its sit. I's loca- tion, location, location,” he says, arguing that much of what was pioneered at BedZED has been discarded - including almost al the renewable eneray strate despite Desai’s zero carbon claims ~ as well as thermal performance, root gar= dens, and solar energy. By siding with lifestyles, arques Dunster, BioRogional walked into tha arms of Quintain and the whole volume house builder/developer, \who liked this soft, more saleable ap proach that did not require any stuctural changes to thelr existing market product, Dunster clearly sees BioRegional as hav. ing squandered thei independence, in ‘exchange for serious commercial invest= ment Exporting the approach With Quintain having removed thernseives from the sustainable housing marae, that story is history. Never-the-iess, Desai ‘sounds bullish, in the politest way, about the future. There 's 820 billion warth of de- velopment around the wor'd which has used the One Planot Communitios trarne. work, he tells me, while the two main West Coast American urban eco-distrcts, in Sonoma, California and Bainbridge 's- land, Seatte, have aiready received One PranetLiving accreditation. Another as- pect of BioRegional's work, namely ts ed- Lucational dimension, underpins the sec- (ond ten years strategie pian. Already 8x Universities, including Johannesburg and Durban in South Arica and Monterrey in Mexico, are running OnePlanetLving courses. Nex! sieps are fo build on this, fn the Web, through social media, open source and e-learning, Duneter, an iconoclast and mixture of passionate and resigned, also env'sages dynamic, rapidly changing future. China seems fo feature heawilyn ths, from solar integrated roots, to similarly imported electric ZEDBIKES, io his boli that China Ig the front ling in climate change, What is striking is that bath Dunster and Desai have brought individual interpretations of how a tar wider, systemic approach to the built environment can be applied in wholly different forms. They do not fully encom- pass the spectrum of sustainable housing couture in Britain, but ten years ago had not even exit5 Popes 21202 DETAMGe0" DETAIL Cutting-edge architecture Cries ROn nie te Rr Cente eure Reta at ony Subtly revived brutalism Refurbished apartment blocks in Sheffield Hankins\Brown, London/Studio Egret West, London ni imi Baan Bae] yb Including two issues on sustainable planning and construction DETAIL is one ofthe world's most influential ercritectural publications, DETAIL English edition is published six times pr year complemented by two adeiticnal DETAIL Green issues in May and November. Architectural professionals benef from limulating, upto-cata, ntermetive material for design anc planning. Specialy prepared detailed scale drawings, supple mented by text and comprenensive keys offer a uniaue oppor tunity to study the very best in contemporary architecture DETAIL Green: 1 Tho journal forall aspects of sustalnablo planning and construction = Publichod twice a year in May and Novemiyer within he DETAIL subscription programme = Examples of actual buildings an the relevant certification processes Designed by architects Jack Lynn and low brick curtain walling which had be- up by inverting the solid to void ratio to = Excellent practical value Ivor Sith and duit oatween 1857 and come inereasingy soat-stained over time. 2/5 glazing and 1/S sold. The flats were Global relevare 1963, the council housing estate inSnet- The on-going refurbishment of Park Hil, enlarged to incorporate new storage 1m Compiled by the peoale who create DETAIL fiel, Parc Hill, comprises near'y 1000 fits _undertaxen oy developer Uraan Splash in space and new hallway and landing win 1m Regular iniermation updates ‘ona 32.acre slats. Sinco it was given —_gollaboralion with architects Hawkins\ dows were inserted to improve the pas: accessible at yanwdetailde/englsh Grade II" isted status in 1998, ithas been Brown and Sudo Egret West, respects _ sive surveillance of the access decks. — considered to be the largest sted build the boldness and strenath of the original Moreover, new, extemal elevaters and a Topics 2013 ing in Europe. Despite its increasing dete duldings but proviees them with natier helical stainless steel staircase on the cor: 1 January Concrete rioration over the decactes, the quailtes of thermal performance, better daylightng ner of the building improve accessiolity 2 March” Traneparent and Teanshicent this massive piece of brutalist architecture and fresh colours. A new facade made of and provide panoramic views. Overall, the hey ‘coanapn: cassis bay igeatiea have always remain beyond doubt, In- glass and anodized aluminium panes (a thermal, solar and acoustic performance DETAIL Groon is also availbale as ‘and Soroo's spired by Le Corbusier's Unilo dHatita- modified version of a propvisiary sysiom, othe facades were increased io a point ‘mini subscription (2 locus por yoar) pits DETAR Green 3/ia tion, apartments are grouped together into to limit construction costs) was instaledl | _ that allowed the scheme to achieve a 4 ny patel Tass three-storey ‘clusters’and are accessed and the original concrete frame repaired BREEAM ‘Very Good rating. Of the 78 a. Sapuanber, Seal Canc kisbh via external access nalconies (ar streets where needed. The colours of the facade —_anartments refurbished in Phase | of the ie Keene eniead reno se ucinee inthe s4y’, as they are called) on overy third floor. Duo to the stoeply sloping site (10% ctacten), the blacks are between 4 and 15 storeys high but stl have flush roofs. The exposed concrete frame was originally in-fled wth reds, range and yet change every three storeys, trom auber- gine at the battom, to rad, orange, yolow and an acid lemon-creen at the top. The heavy concrete balustrades were re- placed wth more slender ones, and the north and east facing elevations onened project, only 26 are for affordable rent. This may improve the social mix in the ar- 3, but ctics question whether sufficient aifordabie housing is being provided in Shettield to reaccommadate former ten- fants elsewhere in the city i Quick and easy ordering: 8 www.detail.de/subscription & Call +49 893816200 (EH Fax: +49 89.998670 DS senat plus DETAIL Green 2/13 (pcr cng Email: mail@detail.de IETAIL « Hackerbruecke 6 - 80935 Munich - Germany | would like to order DETAIL English: 11-year classic subecration (suc) Pease care my cra ena €tonshy #82 /U88 17280 om es eaccnacncad CUA Fe (retsinncceteecia Ps corse : i 11-year student subseription ess.) € 79.40 / $56.50 / USS 105.90 oF aT ER (ratsinocsesgsischoa Fl Green mini subscription ae (Gls has andor ce 39-/ £24 USS 65.- Finn sre (rasingginegepasingn Pee 2012 + asrareed pce +4 credo or dor ++ AF I ITE TOA ea) Swe DETAIL * Hackerbruecke 6 + 8035 Murich * GERMANY * phone +45469081520-0 + fax +49 69306570 + mail@dotaiide en Stallto Powe Glass house with Single-family home near Ulm surplus energy Werner Sobek Gruppe, Stuttgart/Frankfurt “The ideal house is coo! in the summer land warm ip the winter. itis open to sun ‘on the south and has a sheltering storage room to the north." This quots, atvibuted 10 tho Grook philosopher Soctatos, do scribes Werner Sobek’s design concept for the residence D10 near Ulm. The 182m? house was designed to provide its ‘wo inhabitants with maximum comfort while consuming less eneray than provid ed by the roaf-mourited PY modules (an- nual energy production 7500 kWh/a). Fut= thermore the stucture had to oe com- pletely recyclable which meant avoiding the use of glued joints or composites, ‘Tho sty‘ of tha building owes more to Mies van dor Rohe's Farnsworth Building in Plano (llinois, USA) than to ancient Greece. Sandwiched between cantilever ‘lor and root, floar-te-csiling glazing fac- 88 west, south and east. The roof rests on two shear walls fo the north and fous fit igrane ste! columns behind the south- facing glazing, There, however, the sien: larty to the Famsworth House ends. In ccontvast to the Mies-van-dar-Rtie bull ing D10 consists of a concrete basement with garage (sealed with mineral slurry rather than with bituminous caulking) and the ground floor constructed entrely in timbar (although ths is not apparent out side) wit the exception of the steel cok tmns, Even in the insulation of the buld- ing, embedied energy was minimised: the rockwool used in D10 consumes oniy 29% as much energy as standard mineral woo! in the manufacturing process. ‘ventilation sysiom with 85% heat recou- ery supplies all spaces with fresh air. Al- tematively, opening the siding glass doors ta the garden provides natural ven- tlation. A combination of geothermal 21202 DETAMGe0" probes, thermal pumps and concrete core activation of the ground floor slab por vides the building with heating andi coo! ing. Essential 0 the postive eneray bal ange are the soar gains from the windows hich provide 68% of the required heat- ing. The annval primary energy balance of the house (inetucing the PV installaten, which was mounted at a low inclination langle and set back from the roct edge, so ‘a8 no! fo be visible trorn the garden) was Calculated with the Passivhaus-Projek- tierungs-Paket (PHPP). According to this calculation, the building generates a sur- plus of 22 kWhvim?a after meeting al household sloctricty nosds. This: made possible by the selection of eneray- efficient ventilators, pumps and household appliances trom the refrigerator, dryer anc) toaster to the vantiater engine which only roquiros 0.38 Whvnr’ of transported arr ‘Sreunfoa lan (ep) andeecton Sea oo 2 tara rg © Bechosr Battvoom Dressing oar P Beadnart © Gangs DETAMSI¢:n 201202 Optimising the standard Two semi-detached homes in Rothwell HIA Architects, London High volume house builders in the UK are working to develop replicable models for newly built zero-earoon Nomes, which will ‘become mandatory in the country by 2016. The CarbonLight Homes, a sar ‘detached house in Rothwell, Northam. tonshire, provides them wrth a model of \what can 96 achieved in this respect. Funded by the roof manufacturer, Velux, and designed by HTA Architects, the homes achieve Level 4 of the Code for Sustainable Homes. Furthermore, their design aims to maximise comfort and daylight provision in the interior spaces, Built as part of a 200-home sulburoan de: velopment, the design adopts the narrow frontage terraced typology which is sti frequent in UK high volume housing, as it maximises the land use and minimises the areas susceptible to heat loss in the building envelope. CaroanL ight Homes ‘comprise a 97 mv three-bedroom and a 142 me four-bedroorn home. Far from usu alare the open atia-cunrsiainwells that run through the enti height of the Oui ings, providing extra daylight and venta tion through automatically operated root windows. In the summer, the houses can thus be largely opened up and cooled through purge ventilation at night. The of ‘ent and architects are confident that this strategy wil be effectve and chase not to installa mechanical ventilation. Through ‘computer modeling, the architects achieved an average daylight factor of more than 6% in every room, which is more than thres times the level required by the Code for Sustainable Homes. Extomaliy, the Weston Red Cedar shin- gie cladding is prooably the most strking feature of the homes. Structurally, the houses consist of hot rolled steel frames Whist SIPS panels were used for the roofs, The external walls consist ofa light ‘gauge motal frame with mineral woo in ulation sankkviched in-botwoan. With in ulation thicknesses between 230 and 270 mm, the wal's, oot and ground! floor slab achieve U-values of 0.11 Wik, Each home uses an air-source heat pump and solar collectors for heating and hat water cupply. The electricity for the air purnp and household appliances is im ported ‘rom the grid and its CO, content is offset by an ‘allowaole solution’ accord- ing to the British definition for zero car: bon, withthe clint investing in improve ments to the cnorgy efficiency of existing local housing, As the CarbonLight Homes \were conceived as a “ving experiment’ they will be inhabited by a test fay and monitored over a period of one year, be- {ore they are offered for sala on the treo market. Facasetod section eee facade) Seat 1:25 Boat Sola them polar havea bans, Salkngioresther memran: ct panel consti Gf 12m Os8/205 me ig reve Ye a ‘sk Yapour oct aya sole year, 70 mm [Gervices sono aocarredste colar mpawet ereectunt gyeaumplacerboa'a 128m" > Enarra vais Vestem Red Ceca’ ehnalae (raat batere, 25% SS ate carte batons Bc om, tneathor means gid PAR nal ‘ton boars 20 + do mm, ster pace pyood {ieatie ard bot prot 18 mere hat sau mat lame ntetucon het ale arma ele are: faomm mineraea even ig a tan Gord 40am vp eat ayer 0 eterbowe, 125 rm yoo boa, 20 mm: seaisc ly robtire easiart TSG, foonna inde ny. 22mm enghrese inher12 Popes Passivhaus at no extra cost Primary school in Wolverhampton Architype, Upper Twyford Bushbury Hill Schoo! in Wolverhampton is: ‘one of two Passivhaus schools that Arch ‘ype designed for the local city council ‘Rad been the architects’ idea to adopt the Passiviaus standard for the two schools, which is a UK first. Ths, they claimed, ‘would improve building performance more eifectvely than the BREEAM ‘Very Good’ or Excelent’ standards curently stpulat fed by UK schoo! building regulations. The client agreed, but imposed one condition: that the ambitious energy standard should ‘ot result in higher construction costs, nor affect the timescale for the design and de- livery ofthe projec Both Architype schools are asd on the sam timber-rame construction and over- all shergy concept, bul are diferent in ay- out and section. The smaller of the two, Bushbury Hil, Is iocated amidst three large, inter war residential areas, and re places an older schoo! bulding bult on ‘the same four-hectare site. The school ac cormodates 240 chileren aged 3-11 on a gross floce area of 1900 mé distributed ver twa ors. This layout is fairy unusual {or primary schools in the UK (which are generally single-storey), but was neces say 10 Greate a building compact enough Greunsoorpian Seale 1780 to mest the Passivhaus criteria. ‘The new schoal consists af two wings set fata slight angie to one anether, and is ssorvad by a central, party dauble-height atrium, One of the two long elevations fac: 18s due south, towards the street. Public access is from the east, while the western endo the building accommodates the ouble-height spots and dining hall with adjacent kitchen facilties. Inside the building, nine classrooms with associated smaller croup rooms, tachnol= ‘ogy and science areas, a nursery and cre- cche as well as staff facies are all {grouped around the atrium, The easter action of tho building accommadatas spaces for a mut-agency support tear, vwhich are direcily accessible from the out- Side. Lixewisa, all ground floor classrooms have drect access to the exterior areas. Architype chose a simple, robust pallette cf materials for the building, including timbe cladding, lovally-sourced brick, al ‘minim roafing and aluminium-clad timber windows. The south elevation and public frontage of the schoo! contains large are a8 0 glazing. Brise-soleils as well as a large brick and timber canopy provide shading from the high summer sun, 21202 DETAMGe0" Fasadaioot easton Seale 8 Sanahg seam aumnion estng: gectectle Undetay-pyarod WEP exter ge, 187% venblatonrafers 68 x8 ne, bathe mer rane sturnen Ppegnated fixer 13 er otk 400 arsed nt cells ns, 400 nm CSS layer tape abel to on (a ‘ghar. teen: yecum Toreboars, 18m > Urested douse lng 20 190mm cot od Wate, 80 50 en orem praznated Fretoard wits tape apie at, 18 rr [lst 200 eve sutra bets Drm. bh fled wth cellcce heulatn, O5B aye we te opales!io rts irah Iyer) rams sonice Zona, care gypsum bebo, 15mm — Rinahinees oy DETAMSI¢:n 201202 The timber construction is based on ear {er School buildings by Architype, out was. modified here for increased energy eft- ciengy. The geovosical conditions dictated onerete piles and oround beams, which were completely isolated from the floor slab by an insulation layer. The external walls are simple oad dearing timbar studs, wrapped externaly by an adtional .duvetlayer of insulation. An inner sheath ing board of 18 mm OSE serves as an air- lightness layer. In summer, airis supplied to the class~ rooms through windows and ventilation panels in the facades. Its extracted again at high level from the atrium via automat cally operated vents. In winter, a MVHR. system eupples fresh pre-heated air to the classrooms and extracts return air from the atrium. A gas-ired condensing boiler provides top-up heating to the classrooms via low-temperature rad ators, In order to keep the primary energy de- mand in the building below the Pas- sivhaus lint of 120 #Whiméa (including appliances) the design team spectioa presence and daylight detectors for light ing, automate controls for ventiation pan els and induction stoves for the school's kitchen. This was met with initial scept- cism by the caterer, reports Jonathan Hines, director of Archtype. But things have worked outwell, and the company is ‘now installing this cooking technology even in other facies where possible. Despite the ambitious eneray targets, Bushbury Hil Schoo! was completed in time and on budget. At 1788 £/ne, it even remains rolatively choap for construction coasts for primary schoo's inthe UK, which range from 1550 to 2200 &/rF Knowledge hub Library and history centre in Worcester Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios, Bath/London Heralded as the UK's fist fully integrated public and unwersty rary, Worcester Li brary and History Gentre is the test cultur al bullding in the country to achieve a BREEAM Outstanding’ rating, wih a re cord score of 86.4, The Hive’, as thas been nicknamed by its architects, Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios, stands in a regen ‘oration area an the north-east bank ofthe River Severn, just at the western edge of Worcester City Centre, In addition to the | brary facilites, the bulding is also home to the county archives and record ottice, a local history centre and a mul-agency customer service centre, ‘Together with Max Fordhiam Partnership, structural enginoors Hyder, and land. scape architects, Grant Associates, FOB. Shidies designed a building the form of which recalls the Royal Worcester kins ‘that, with the Cathedral, ance clominated the city’s exyline. At the same time, break: ing down the building into seven distinc volumes, each with its own roof, also re- ‘duces the visual impact of the new struc ture on its environment. At the heart of the Hive i a central airum, connected direct: ly to the main entrange. Together wit three additional crculation cores, it con- necis the different levels of the building [An in-situ concrete frame forms the lower floors of the building, ising to a concrete ring beam at the eaves. 40% of the oa ment content in the coneroto was re- placed by ground granuiated blast-fur- nave slag to reduce embodied CO,, The root cones are formed by solic laminated timber panels, ‘The copper aloy cladding of the building, which consists of 600 x 600 mm diagonal shingles, was chosen io allow the use of a single material to roof and elevations ~ ac: cording to the architacts, a “golcen cloak draped over the entio ferm. The Hive is naturally ventlated vith the exception of internal meeting rooms and the archive where mechanical ventilation is required, The natural ventilation strategy uses both stack etfect and wind-drven ventilation. The briof for the building required strate les to meet the ohialenges of climate change as predicted by UK CIP 10 2020 and 2050. According to the the climats tengineers, the exposed thermal mass in the oullding should temper internal condi- tions for most of the year. In peak sumer Conditions coolth will ne drawn from the River Sorvern and delivered via eofft- mounted chiled beams. Heating is provid fed by locally sourced biomass via a low temperature hot water system distributed to perimeter floor trenches,Posteaiors 6x LUFTINE HOMES DESI GUIDE Imperfect Health Giovanna Borasi, Mirko Zardini (ed). Lars Miller Pubishers, Zurich 2012. 400 p., ISBN 978-2-03778-279-8, €50.00 In the frst naif of the 20th century the re: lationship between architecture, urban planning and health belonged to the clas Sical themes of modern architecture. la recent years oniy, the topic has re emerged as worthy of attention as pho- nomena such as the Sick Building Syn- drome and the relationship between car dependent cties and obesity are once more commonly discussed. Naw the Ca adian Genie for Architecture in Montreal has taken up this topicin the exhibition Imperfect Health" and the accompanying exhibition catalogue, Food for the City NAi Publishers, Rotterdarn/Stroam den Haag, Den Haag 2012. 254 p. ISBN 978- 90-5682-854-3, € 29,50 ‘The manner in which modern humankind has organised the food chain s anything ‘out sustainable. Over a billion people worlduuide are starving and almost as many ate obese. The lifestyle ot madern Urban dwellers has mostly been divorced fromm the origin of their foods the ingredi: ents and the production process is a mystery whose ecological and social cost remains unseen as it twere hidden in a secret ‘black box The book Fa0d for the Gi’, which s the outcome of a thros-year prograrnimo on. food at the Dutch cultural cantre ‘Soom Lifetime Homes Design Guide Chris Goodman/Habinteg Housing Asso- Cialion, IHS BRE Press, Bracknell 2012 86 p. ISBN 978-1-84806-188-0. £35.00 The Litetine Homes Standard and its 16 design criteria emerged from discussions ‘among @ croup of housing experts (in- cluding Habinteg Housing Association {and the Helen Hamlyn Foundation) in the late 1980s, Their aim was to develop a set tf design standards for housing that wou'd improve access and adaptability for a broad range of households with dit ng needs, from young parents with toddlers to the elderly or disabled. After 20 years of camipaigning for the use af the Siandard, Habinteg Housing Asso: Glation convened a Technical Advisory 21202 DETAMGe0" Health cara is currently all too often loft to individuals and urgently neds to be seen 28 a problem for society as a whole, ar- {gue Giavanna Borasi and Mirko Zardini in thelr preface, Furthermore, according to the editors, the ability of architecture to heal is per go limited. That may very well be true, but the excellent essays and ex tremely inspiring ar, architectural and de- sign projects that are shown in this book suggest otherwise: that between aties, thelr buildings and the health of their in habitanis a strong interaction exists which will probably become more significant in the future. ‘perfect Health's a convinc- ing oeuvre: the intormatve and vsually appealing volume ilustrates the many as: pects of the topic and its relevance for ‘many aspects of fulure human oohabita- ton on our planet. den Haag’, iluminates this interesting and at times horrifying topic. In thitoon es says artists, architects, philosophers, so- iologists, and activists — from organic farmers t0 chets — analyse the current ab- errant developments and explain where ‘and how in their opinions improvemants could bs mado. This book also offers something for the gye: photo essays pro vide ins ghts into the culture of inclustria ised food. However, ‘Food tor the Cty’ al: 50 avoids some of the really fundamental igsues: the manopovy structure of the re: tall food market, the destructive effect on developing countries by the acricultural subsidies of industral nations, the patent- ing of seeds by multinational corporations ‘and the influence of financial speculation 1n food prices are oniy mentioned in passing or are not discussed al al Group in 2009 to review the 16 design cr totia. The updated vorsion of the Stand: ard is explained in detail in this compact, vel somewhat pricey, design guide. The brochure provides guidance on the de- sign of literally al areas and around the home ~ from narking lots, entrances and hallways to balconies and bathrooms. All requirements are explained in text as well as in additonal floor pians, sections, and detail drawings. While the guide is thus very much abaut the ‘bread-and- butter Issues in housing design, it does highlight the fact that ultimately, sustainable archi ‘eclure is all about usabilty. Even the greenest’ buildings will be of ite us socisty if they fail io meet the needs of their residents, across all age groups and rogardiess of any individual special needs they may have, DETAMSI¢:n 201202 UNDERSTANDING GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS ‘The Architecture of Light Mary Ana Stzane. Routledge, Abingdord New York 2011. 246 p. ISBN 978-0-815- 94796. £29.99 ‘With hor b90k The Architecture of Licht Mary Ann Sieane reminds us of an often undervalued resource of sustainable ar chitecture: daylight. This book depi natural light abave all as a design tool in the hands of architacte and less as a scalable quanilly. In gach of tho ton chapters of her book the author, who teaches at the University of Camiridge, documents only one oF two buildings. in doing s0, Steane demonstrates the man. ner in which a good building analysis, should be conducted: not merely deserip- tively but always within the framework of ‘Tho Environmental Design Pocketbook Sofie Pelsmakers. RIBA Publishing, Lon- don 2012. 412 p., ISBN 978-1-85946-374- 1. £25.00 If there is any truth in the saying that ar Chitects do not like reading lone texts, then Sofie Pelsmaxers' Environmental Design Pockethook’ is bound to become a tue architects" favourte. The ambition Of the author (and ner publisher) was no less than to condenee everything that ar Chitects ought to know about ecologically sustainable design into one volume ~ from the basics of cimate change to env'- ronmental ste planning, indoor comfort retrofits of existing buildings and iow-car- ‘bon energy supply. That said, the boox which according to Pelsrmakers, is tho Understanding Green Building Materials ‘Traci Rose Rider, Stacy Glass, Jessica McNaughton. W.WY. Nexton, New York! London 2011. 190 p,, ISBN 978-0-292. 79317-4. £ 1998 ‘Green! building materials are an impor tant sub-category of sustainable architec ture for which practical and independent guidance is often hard to obtain, This may be a consequence of the often vested in torests of manufacturers, certifying bod ies and other parties alike. \Wth their new book, the three authors ~ all of whom are based in the USA — have now made a convincing attempt at filing this gap. “Understanding Green Building Matorials’ Is targoly targetod at the North American the historic, geographic and cultural con- text of the individual ulldings. However the disadvantage of this approach i that a systematic overview af the topic is nat consistently apparent and that the rela, tionship botwoon the different chapters often remains uncigar. Furthermore, the photographs in this back do not corrmu- ricate all the cuales of daylight in the showcased buildings, as they are printed in black and whe ony. Therefore colour fan inseparable dimension to the quality of light, is missing, Overall, tho reador wil require patence to fuly appreciate the richness of the book's contents. He (or she) will be rewarded with a beiliant\y \wnitten collection of essays, but may have to look elsewhere for a book which systematically covers the topic of day- lighting fruit of over a decade of rasoarch - stil amounts to over 400 pages. Yet the infor: mation it contains is concise and illustrat: fed with myriads of hand skstches that form an appealing contrast to the rather more dry facts in the tables and check Ists, Moro of a reference volume than a book that anyone wil be Ikoly to read chapter by chapter, this volume provides most answers that designers could ever look for in an erwirorrnental design prin: or. A lst at further readings is also provid ed at the endof each chapter. Wherever possible, the author refers to general de- sign guidelines and figures rather than to regulations and standards that are prone to become outdated in a few years, Thus ‘The Environmental Design Pocketbook’ is likely to be a good investment even in lors of usoful service lite readorchip but can be recommended to anyone in search of a compact. usoful handbook on the topic. In twelve chap- tess, the authors provide wel-researched information on the materiais-elated re: quirements of (US) green building rating systems, on product lane's and certtica tions, as well as on the methods of life cy- cle assessment before embarking on a more detailed description of relevant ‘types of building materia's with their e- spective pros and cans. They manage to both avoid generalisations where they are inappropriats, and lengthy discussions of theoretical aspects thal would not be of rest to practitioners. The only set- backs ofthis book are “s impractical for- mat and the rather dull layout devoid ot bar a few diagrams and logos, imagos or graphics.November 2012 UK Passivhaus Conference 7.114.2012-8.11.2012 NottinghamvUK http://ukpassivhausconferenes.org.uk 4 Conferencia Espafiola Passivhaus Spanish Passive House Conference 8.11.2012-9.11.2012 Vitoria-Gasteiz/Soain www.plataforma pop.org/ sonforonciaPH.oho Sustainable Building & Retrofit Show Congress and exhibition 11.2012-10.11.2012 Dubiin/tretanc way. custainablebuilgingshow.com/ International Passive House Days Passive house residents open thelr home 9.11,2012=11.11 2012 Worldwide wynt.paes vohouse-international.ora/ index php?0ace_ d=262 Base Glasgow Exhioition and conference on low-carbon construction and infrastructure 13.11.2012 Glascow/UK wan basealasgomshow.com bauhaus.solar Congress and exhibition on solar architecture and energy-efficient building 13.11.2012-14.11.201 ErfurtiGemany www buna solar de Greenbuild tonal exhibition and conferet 14.11.2012-16.11.2012 San Francisco/UISA wae. greenduildexno.org RIFF Architecture Conference Conference on architecture and habitat 19.11.2012 -20.11.2012 Bucharest/Romana wit ei. r0| RENEXPO South East Europe Trade fair and congress on renewable energy and energy-efficiency 21.11.2012 -28,11.2012 Bucharest/Romania wr snexpo- buch: RENEXPO Austria Trade fair and conference on renewable energy and energy-efficient building 20.11.2012-1.12.2012 Salzourg/Auctia vaww.renexpo-austia.a December 2012 Passitbat French Passive House Congr 4.12,2012-6.12,2012 www. passibatfr 18. Internationales Holzbau-Forum Intemational congress and exhibition on timber constructions, 5.12.2012-7.12.2012 Garmisch-Partenkirchor/Germary www orun-ho'zbau.con 7. Energy Foruen Gongress on solar architecture and building skins 6.12.2012-7.12.2012 Bressanone italy vane. energy forum, January 2013 BAU 2013, Trade fair for architecture, systems 14.1.2012-49.1.2013, Munich/Geenany vwwnw.au-muenchen.com jrials and Intersolution International Trade Fair for Solar Enerey 23.1.2019-26.1.20 Geni/Beigium www. intorsolution.be Klimahouse 2013 Intemational fair on energy-efficient construction and sustainable building 24,1.2018-27.1,2018 Bolzanottaly swe klmahouso. it MiaGreen 2013 Expo & Conference Trade fair for green building, solar cloan teahnology ote USA. 013~1.2.2013 wow rriagreen.com February 2013 CEP Clean Energy Building Trade fair for renewable energies and passive houses 72.2018-92.2013 Stuttga*/Germany ww. cep-oxp0.de World Sustainable Energy Days Congress on sustainable eneray production and use in construction, industry and transport 27,2.2018-1.8.2013, Welg/Austia 52 DETANG.e: March 2013 expoEnergy Wels Trade fair for energy efficiency and renewable energies 1.8.2018-3.8.2012 Wels /Austria wan. expoenierey.cu EcoBuild Fair for sustainable design, construction ‘and the bullt environment 5.6.2018-7.8.2013 London/Uk wun ecobuiid.co uk. ‘Swiss Minergie Expo Trade fair on energy-efficient and custainable builaing ISH 2013 Trade fair on building services, air conditioning and renewable energies 123.2019-16 5.2013, Franktur/Germary hitp://ish messetraniaurt.cam April 2013 Expo Build China 2013 International trade event for the building industry 14.2013 -3.4.2018 iahai/China vayy/expobuild.com Holcim Forum for Sustainable http://vaww Roleinfouncation orgy T1s34/ath,_Forum_2013, Economy. of, Sustainable_Construetion htm EcoBAU Live 2013 Trade fair and conference about sustainapie building in Germany 25.4.2019-27.4,2019 Colognes: 7th European Conference on Sustainable Cities and Towns International conference 17.4.2013-19.4,2013 Geneva/Swtzoriand www. susizinablegene 17. International Passive House Conference 19.4.2013- 20.4,2018 Franiur/Germary wanw.passivhaustagung.de distinctively beautiful buidings, Combine this\gith ‘oxcallont environmental credentials, outstandins durabilty and a life expectancy of at least 50 yaa and you can be sure your project will continue to lob 006, long into the future, FoNore information, samples and inspiration roEle Jake oof Is this what the dream house of the future might look lke? A dauble storey timber building with a pitched rat, white stuc- £0, welkinsulated (U-value of external wall: 0.10 Wire), 230 m' of living space 50m: of which is a whealchair access! ble quest apartment in a single-storey dark red annex. There is 2 sauna on the unpar floor, whist a timoer deck on the root of the annex accommodates a whirpodl. The electricity that pow: brs this unassuming luxury ~ along with the rast ofthe building ~ is generated by two PV systems providing @ total of 15.7 KW, one on the root and other on the facade of the annex. Addition ally, a small vind turbine in the garden provides enough elec- tricity to drive an electric car at least 12000 kilometres per year. This house, named ‘Generation , stands In a prefabricated home exhibition in Poing east of Munich (il 1). Fischorhaus, the manufacturer of Generation X, is not the only one an the market: more than a dozen “surplus energy” homes are currently of teree by German pretad housing manufacturers, a vend! that is steadily increasing Fastr than many expected, a concept is thus being estab: lished on the mainstream market which, until recerly, was stil the domain of research institutions, universities and a few pio- neering architects and engineers, The rapid pace of develop- ment has been set by the Gernan Federal Ministry of Building Transporation and Urban Development, which at the end of 201 1 completed its own ‘Efficlont Home Plus Eloctro-modilty based on the designs of Werner Sobek and his team (ll. 2). The concept thal sustainable building and sustainable tanspor- talion belong together and should be developed together, ‘ought to be applauded. Switzerland has been werking towarc’s this goal with their conospt ot the "2000 Watt Society 'for several years now — but it also demonstrates just how dificuit taking this Path is. Whether surplus-eneray, single-family hornes with per ‘o-mobility: 201202 DETAMGIeo" a dead end? sonal electric cars is the most appropriate approach to this, problem remains open to debate. The policy goal: one milion electric cars by 2020 ‘The Gernan federal government would like to see one million ‘electric vehicles on the streets of Germany by 2020, and the aim is to have five milion by 2030. In ordor to achiove this, the ‘government has inliated a number of funding programmes ‘whose sum totals approximately 300 million euros a year. The problem that is to be solved by elecro-mobilty seams obvious: transportation remains the Achilles heal of European climat= policy. Between 1930 and 2010 oarbon dioxide emissions in the states of the EU-27 fall by around 18%. On the other hand, dur. ing the same time poriod, transportation omissions in Europe in ‘creased by 20%. The main cause of the problem, however, is the transport of goods, rather than corrmuter transport the the ever increasing division of produelion, more and more halt ‘completed products are transported back and forth across Eu: rope. In Germany alone freight ratfic (measured in tonne kilo: metres) has increased since 1999 by more than 25%. In view of this situation, ong has to ask: Are a milion electric cars by 2020 ‘a realistic goal? Net only in terms of climate protection - what ‘would it achieve? Which problems will remain unsolved? The last question, especially, has more to do with urban develop ment and architecture than might be apparent at first glance. A realistic goal? The excascingly small marketshare of electric cars at present has threa major causes: high acquisition costs, shor range, ‘nd the slew recharga tm forthe batteries. n tho rear fut, itienot predicted that tnero wil be fundamental morovemarts in the short rango ard the slow battery recharge tn. In act, they are not even absolutely necessary: today there are already concepts for Dattry-leasing and car-sharing whee the custom ferneed rot actualy purchase the expensive traction patton. In toms of range, a Sommer survey conduct by the Frank {urt University of Applied Science found thet almst 30% cl the workers in the Rhine-Main area would be able to crive an elec- tric car to work fr their daly commute. Furthermore, the Ger- man Oo-lnstiut (Green Institite) discovered thatthe average German citizen annvelly takes only twelve car tips whers the cistance exceeds the range ofan electrical battery Novertholoss, be Oxo-insttut estimates that by 2020 the poten tial marct share for electric cars in Germany wil only be a halt milion cars which would only be 1.3% ofall pasvenger cars in the county By 2030 it would be possinie to have se milion electric cars, provided thatthe forecasts mace by he scien- tists, concaming futuro pricing, technalog.cal doveloprronts, as wal as puronase beraviour, turn out to ba corect. The manus facturers have come lo similar conclusions themeolvos: twill DETAMSI¢:n 201202 not be a transition of just a few years", stated the Daimler Chair man of the Board of Management, Dieter Zetsche, in eaxly 2012, Wollgang Schneider, Vice-President of Ford in Europe predicted: “We will nat see a noteworthy number of electric ve- hicles in this decade.” What aro the advantages of e-mobilty? Eloctric cars can provide two important sorvices in the fight against climate change and CO, emissions: as a ternporary storage for surplus solar and wine-generated electricity, and ~ ifthey can, in fact, be driven with renewable energy — through CO, savings as opposed to pettoleum powered vehicles. Ac: ‘cording to caloulations by the Agency for Renewable Eneray, Half a milion electric cars would have approximately the sane storage capacity as Germany's largest pumped storage power Station, Goldisthal (8.5 GW). fall of the cwrent 45 milion cars in Garmany ware switched to electric power, they woul pro vide sufficient storage for as much electiicty as Germany con. umes in 12 hours. However, the manufseture of the necessary batteries would require far more than the currently known world wide reserves of rare earths, ‘The CO, balance of e-mobiity is net always positive. Thecreti- cally, f only electricity generated from renewable sources were used for elect to almost zaro. In contrast, an alectric car powored by tho cur. rent blend of electricity available in Gormany. whichis largaly generated from coal, emits 145160 grams of CO, per kilomie- tra, This is mote than the emissions of a fual efficient petrol At bast, according to the Oko-institut, only 0.8% af the CO, ‘emigsions of German traffic can be caved by the 0.6 milion pro- jacted oleotric cars by 2020. And even tnat only appliss if the development of renewable energy is advanced in earnest, a * Hf io ff a © Le cosceapied 104, 88 oun Mlzomn Bi sommn 1 Pratap Home ‘Goreraten Xn Poing ea Muni. photo aay fred sparse srl wn wine diver move alocesy an se dens Inlring the seco eat, consume 2 Palicalyseersored pit oj he EMoinahacs Ps Eiiiert HomePlis Bern Gest by Vane Seek Gre and TEs bar Supls oreray residence, and art play wrdow er ome. 3 Canc ie various ye of buble tenanor in’ clason owavaleacos ‘Scros: Nermann krotacor'TU ugnna). Tre aooated und vee areas ‘Reuse to noseary manos Ste ange 4 etlonship between us puto of ly ard ts censty Soutes Petes Nour einy Kern) The hen is cma are can oly be ‘fluences by polical meas ses toa very fred eter Which problems remain unsoWved? Decisions pertaining to vansportation should net only be made in view of CO, mitigation. In the future, cities need to continue to ctfer a high quality of life and mobility should remain affordable. Furthermore, no one should be excluded from access to impor- tont services and supply facilities. Last fut not least, land use ‘consumption noads to be recucad. The annual increase in land use for housing and transportation infrastructure in the EU cor- responds approximately to the surface area of Berlin, About half of this area consists of sealed surfaces impermeable to water ‘As the American architectural histerian Robert Bruegman has ccbse-ved, urban eprav is currently spreading in Europe: hous: ing density is increasing in many metropolitan areas in the USA, whereas it is falling in many locations in Europe. Tha conditions’ con either side of the Allantic are increasingly coming to resem: ble one another ‘The combination of surplus eneray homes and personal alectic car does not offer a solution to either of these problems. Fur thermore the land use situation in Germany remains pressured: 77 hectares of area are slll used each day (based on figures ‘rom 2010) for new housing and transportation infrastructure ~ that is almost nine square metres a second,despite the fact that the population growth has all but stalled, The fact that only a fifth of the new areas are located near public transport stops should alse raise questions. Policy goals intend to reduce this number to 30 hectares a day bby 2020. In an article by the Federal Insitute for Building, City ‘and Spatial Research (Gundesinstituts fir Bau, Stadt- und Raumforschung - BESA) in 2011 the following conclusion was ‘drawn: “The 80 hectare goal is not going to happen by itso Without the stringant uso of the avallabla tools to reach a com- prehensive and forceful land use management, without taking 2 ostot zo00-+ er person Leineee ety 1000-49 Greg Peace ari Gat see o\ ety Some HP sean : Tore aire Me Tg won ae oa @ ts Wo im wo ws ao Zs ao f patency bea 1000 g e & 2 52) Eke wo: a dead one? advantage of existing potential, and without dedicated actions, itwill not be possible to reach that goal.” Yet the existing poten tial remains neglected: annually in Getrrany far fewer brown: field sites are recycled than new ones are created. ‘The highest consumption of land per head occurs outside of conurbations, ie, in places where single-family homes are the ‘dominant dwelling typology, and whore there is no pressure to Ltlise land officiently. Car dependent housing developments, chronically use transportation infrastucture inefficiently, claims the Viennese transportation expert [and seif-contested car tric) Hermann Knaflacher I 3|: ata speed of SO km/h, a cy list requires about 6.7 mr of street space (including minimum safety margins). At the same speed, a bus whion is 40% occu: plod requires 4.1 mF per passenger, whereas a car requires ‘over 75 mF, The car ~ engine of soca exclusion? Depenciencs on cars also has a social component: the greater the number of cars in an area, the more the infrastructure and supply facillies are geered towards thelr needs. Travellors us- ing other means of transport are olten ignored. The Dortmund tratfic planner, Christian Holz-Rau, writes that "Already today, mobility which is reliant on small-scale structures, especially that of children, the elderly, and the handicapped, is strongly lined in many areas ... through sagragation and decreasing density.” The less densely an araa is inhabited the lass cost-et- fective the public trarspor will be. In order to run a somewhal eificient bus networs, an area must have a population density of at least 35-40 residential units per hectare, ancl for a light train line an evan higher density It also questionable how much longer municipal authoritios can afford low density housing developments. The development costs (for streets, connection to electricity, gas and sewers, tc.) par residential unit are typically 3.5 timas higher tor single ‘amily homes than for three ta tour storay apartment Buildings. ‘The annwal operating costs for all these services ditfer approx ‘mately by the same facter. Christian Holz Rau points out that presently, “The transportation infrastructure in Germany ... is 60 ‘extensively developed that the communal authorities, for quila some time already, have been lacking the necessary funds to pay for ts constant maintenance.” Theretore what applies to Dulldings also applies to anspor infrastructure: in the future ‘the rehabilitation of oxisting structures will gain in significance relative to the building of new structures, Density has tits “The meaning cf the term ‘density’ has undergone remarkable ‘transformation — from a synonym for overpopulatian, urban mis fry, and dangor to public health, to a worthy goal. Quantitative density alone, however, is not the solution ~ density has to be 201202 DETAMGIeo" ‘qualified through mixed development and the attractive design of public open space, Even then, density has its Iiits: In Zurich the thingtank ‘Avenir Suisse’ has identified an ‘aversion to dens ty’ with the local population and the cily government, due to the fact that constant influx into the city causes the price cf rent to rise, traffic to increase, and puts open space under ever greater proscura to ba davolopod. In spite of the professional optimism of planners to the contrary higher density will continue fo be associated with the idea of lower quality of life. The Swiss sociologists Colette Peter and Axel Willener theretore argue that, as a compensation fr ir ‘creased density in neighbourhoods, a decreased density within ‘apartments should be allowed: “Itis difficutt to Increase density ingide and outside of the apartment at the same time ... For those wiling to give up owning their own home, the alternative ‘would be to have a generously sizad apartment, which is sutfi- cently private, combined with well designed open space out side. The trends that ever fewer people reside in ever more ‘square metres of space: we will not be able fo change thal.” Even the assumption that higher density automatically means a reduction in the demand for transport is a misconception. The increasing specialisation of the work force makes it seem illuso- ry that residential and commercial spaces might be combined In the same urban quarter for the large majority of the popula- tion. Mixed use developments have been considered common ‘sonse for decades in urban planning. Novertholess in 2008 the average German citizen travelled 18.8 km daily 1o and from ‘work; in 2002 itwas still only 15.2 kilometres. Beyond that, the relationship of most people to their place of residence, ié notoriously lothargic. Increasing fuol prices, a ‘change in the place of work, or even new opportunities for inner city housing, templ only few people to move to the inner city or ina high density residential areas - especially when these sub- urbanites have put their entire savings info financing ther pri- vataly owned homes. Theretore itis even mare important nat to develop unsustainable housing types in order to meet a sup posed market demand, which will hen remain for generations fo. come, Otherwise, there will be more than just the hich CO, ‘emissions in traffic. Transportation experts also wam cl a new form of fue! poverty: the price of petal climbs and people are not able to reduce thelr work required mobility, thay are more lixely to restrict themselves In other areas rather than changing their place of resicon Naturally, the individual cost of mobility is softened by surplus- ‘energy-housing coupled with electro-mobilty. However, even a million elactric cars in 2020 would be balanced by 40 milion ‘conventional cars ~ the majonty of which would park in garages and carports of single-family homes, This should bo thought provoking for those who promote this building type as a solution for the fulure. DETAMSI¢:n 201202 Complex, but costy options ‘The complexity of the possible approaches to reducing land use is demonstrated by the German research project, REFINA (Reduction of Land Area Requirements and Sustainable Proper: ty Management). This is considered ta be the mest ambitious project ofits kind in Europe. The 46 individual projects, which ‘aro currently conducted in Garman municipalities, range from information programmes, to internet-based platforms for dorolict property management, to advice for citizens on where to relo- cate, to cooperative projects belween neighbouring municipali ties to better coordinate new property developments among thom. In epite ofall the differences netween the projects, one important conclusion can be drawn: most of the strategias aro dopandnt on public financing or af least require considerable commitment an the part of the authoriias in terms of personnel The markel alone ‘regulates’ very litle. In plain termes: Itis all lot ese belonging tos car-charhg projctin Amster. Ths sluton Sfficertin tae of esouoes and gnace but can hardy be persed Costeflacive narra spatsey hated sigefavty-hare deve 6 Tram are experiencing a erasince In mean European counties.’ in Arete bute toto cty oonee 7 Inatuavalcrntaken ‘oo examo for eee oucad ih congacton te Dutch manctactutor PAL-V ras dovlopao a moro her igh can Ayling sheivopte thas range of 20010 800 Klara 18 Vscrary sypbiossoftanspeaten and ben planning 2010 he fe Inge Grau propose that fire cy evens be cereale ‘song aon shaped ai naknrhe concep calles Loop Cty fa Coceenasen aire reer ‘about money ~ and considering the desolate condition of com: munal financing in Germany, this is not optnistic news. Conclusion Surplus-energy-homes with electro-mobilty might play a similer role to the low-energy Masdar City in the Persian Gulf: not a financially viable model for everyone, but a testing ground for naw energy-efficient tochnolocies, their interaction with people, and their consequences for everyday life. Even in the rehabilta tion of existing cevalopments, the combination of surplus ener: gy and electra-mobilty is suré to delivar new stimul. Fer new evelepments the continuation af the unhealthy postwar al ‘ance of the single-family home and the car is surely not a pana: ‘cea. The only approaches that can claim to be sustainable are those which guarantee thal our cites are livable in the future, re is affordable and transportation is available forall.Rese institute 1] field study As is well-known, a bullding is navar completely Tinished’. After the construction workers nave left the site and the designers have written thet final invoices, the ouilding users are only be: ginning the often several year phase of getting used to the build- ing and optimising the operators. This cbvicusiy also applies to the newly built Dutch Ecological Research Institute NIOO-KNAW (Nederlands Instituut voor Ecol: ‘ogie) in Wageningen, a smal town near the German border in the eastorn part of tie Nethoriands. Howover here, the principle ‘of 'work in progress’ has ben taken a step further. The sclenusts who work at the institute study not only the ecology of lakes, land masses and watercourses through laboratory and field studies, but even conceived the institute building complex, tse {38 a tst casa for ecological construction. For tha designers, this had three essential aspects: frstly the highest standards of on- ray efficiency and environmental standards had to be met, soo- 201202 DETAMGIeo" in Wageningen ‘ondly the experiences with the new oullding atter completion were to De publicised, and thirdly the buildings would be period: ically refurbished with new environmental technologies - such as the most efficient generation of solar panels, Anistic ambition instead of eco-aesthetios In spite of its experimental character, the institute and its director Louise Vet oid nat want a building styled with an ‘eco-aestheti’ oF the look-and/-foe! of an industrial laboratory, but rater ono which would also satisty the highest artistic standards. Const ‘quently the contract was awardedto the Amsterdar-based chitects Claus en Kaan, who up until then were less well known {or their ecological concems than for their creative ambitions and the high quality of its architectural dotaling Tho seoingical ressarch institute — a sub- department of the Foy: al Dutch Academy of Scionce (Konink’ike Nederlandse Acade- DETAMSI¢:n 201202 1 Aealpree tem me ~ Staple ‘Seas 15000 D5 Netnwest elevation mie van Wetenschappen/KNAW), which officially assumed the role of the client — is located beside a major roadion the northern ‘outsicrs af Wageningen. The faur hectare plot was supplied by the local university, whose campus lies directly across the stveet In spite of the administrative separation of the two facilites, syn- ‘ergy between the neighoours was intended, ‘The 11000 m* comprehensive spatia| brief of the NIOO-KNAW distributed over an almost 100-metre-iang block paralle!to tne treat, as woll 2s a sories of annoxes to the east. which contain storage spaces, greenhouses, aviaries, workshops and larger experimental laboratories. Further laboratories and offices are located in the main building, The client originally requested a three-storey dulding in order to be mere visible from across the sireet, Howover functional requiremants necessitated that there bo a large number of direct connections betwoen offices and laboratories. Claus en Kaan therefore designed a mere two sto- Client: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (KNAW), Ansterdan User: Nederlands Instituut voor Ecologie (NIOO-KNAWD , Wageningen Architects: Claus en Kaan Architecten, Ansterdan Structural engineers: Arup, Amsterdam Energy concept, building systens technology: DWA, Ede Bui iding physics and fire protection: Do", Arnhen Project management: Archisupport, Anerongen rey dullding with a rather deep plan, where three atria provide Natural light. An intended side etect: by nature of ts compact: ness the building now has a lower level of thermal losses: through the building envelope. Storage rooms are located in the darker inner spaces which do not require natural light. The labo- ratories lie cirecty berind the west tacade, facing the street: ‘whilst the offices are situated on the east, north and south, Ab ‘though the building seems symmetrical at frst glance, it actually has four different facade types which correlate to various build- ing functions. The wesiem laboratory facade represents the public display window of the institute. Tharefore it has 2floor-to-celing high double glazing which is divided by very slender mulions. Sun- hading is provided by wooden rse-solell which cant lever far in front of each storey floor. Windows in the wast facade cannot ‘be opened: the laboratories have an exclusively mechanicalFecowah atte n Wageningen 201202 DETAMGIeo" ventilation system, in order to guarantee the required stable ci- mate conditions. The office facades in the north and south are ‘escentialy the same type, bul feature insulated ventilation win ‘dows integrated in the glass surfaces which can 62 manually opened. The east facade projects a comp\etely dierent image: