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Basic Questions
Basic Question 1
9.1.1 Identify the intermolecular forces present in a given element elements G
Specify the major intermolecular forces that exist in a crystal of each of the following elements:
H2 Van der waals forces of attraction
He Van der waals forces of attraction
O2 Van der waals forces of attraction
C Covalent forces of attraction
Na Metallic forces of attraction
P4 Van der waals forces of attraction
S8 Van der waals forces of attraction
Basic Question 2
9.1.2 Compare melting points / boiling points of elements using strength of G
intermolecular forces
Explain the following observation: Sulphur melts at a much lower temperature than graphite.
Sulphur has van der waals (VDW) forces of attraction between its molecules. Graphite has
covalent bonds between the carbon atoms. Covalent bonds are stronger and harder to break than
VDW so sulphur melts at a lower temperature than graphite.
Basic Question 3
9.1.2 Compare hardness of given elements according to strength of IMF -
Basic Question 4
9.1.3 Explain why metals conduct electricity and non-metals do not G
Basic Question 5
9.1.3 Explain why metals are shiny -
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Silver is a metal that has a metallic bonding, the delocalised electrons can absorb and re-emit
light energy which is visible as a shine.
Basic Question 6
9.1.3 Explain why metals are malleable and ductile and non-metals are not T
Basic Question 7
9.2.1 Explain order of boiling points of given elements using strength of G
intermolecular forces
Explain why the boiling points of the halogens increase down the group.
As we go down the group, the number of electrons increases so Van der Waals forces of
attraction increase in number and strength. As a result higher temperature is needed to separate
them.
Basic Question 8
9.2.1 Compare melting points / boiling points of compounds using strength of G
intermolecular forces
a. Explain why CH4 has a lower boiling point than C2H4.
CH4 is smaller, it has less electrons, so its Van der Waals forces are weaker than C2H6.
Therefore, its boiling point will be lower.
b. Which has a higher boiling point HF or HCl? Why?
HF. The major intermolecular forces in HF are H-bonds while in HCl are dipole-dipole forces.
H-bonds are stronger than dipole-dipole forces, so more energy is required to break them HF
will have a higher boiling point.
Basic Question 9
9.2.2 Know structure of a network solid T
a) Germanium has a similar structure to that of diamond. Describe the structure of Germanium.
Germanium exists as a giant structure where each germanium atom is strongly and covalently
bonded to four other germanium atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. The bonding is extremely
strong.
b) Silicon dioxide SiO2 has a similar structure to that of diamond. Describe the structure of silicon
dioxide. You may use a diagram if necessary.
Silicon (IV) oxide or silicon dioxide or SiO2 is a giant covalent molecule. Every silicon atom is
strongly and covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral structure. Every oxygen
atom is strongly and covalently bonded to two silicon atoms.
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The ratio is 2 Silicon atoms: 4 Oxygen atoms or simply 1 Silicon atom : 2 Oxygen atoms as
you can see from the structure below.
Basic Question 10
9.2.4 Identify IMF present between particles of different compounds G
Specify the major intermolecular forces that exist in a crystal of each of the following compounds:
CH4 Van der Waals forces of attraction
HCl Dipole-dipole forces of attraction
CO2 Van der Waals forces of attraction
NH3 Hydrogen bonding
HF Hydrogen bonding
NaCl Ionic bonding
SiO2 Covalent bonding
Basic Question 11
9.2.4 Know why solid ionic compounds do not conduct but when molten they do G
Explain why solid NaCl is a non-conductor of electricity, while when melted it becomes a good
electrolyte.
In solid NaCl ions are not free to move, but when molten ions are free to move. To carry an
electric current the charged particles must be free to move.
Basic Question 12
9.2.4 Explain the term lattice with respect to a specific ionic compound. GT
Magnesium reacts with chlorine to form magnesium chloride. In the lattice of magnesium chloride,
the ratio of magnesium ions to chloride ions is 1 : 2
Explain the term Lattice.
It is the regular pattern of positive and negative ions (Mg2+ and Cl-)
Basic Question 13
9.2.4 Identify the type of solid a given substance is -
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Describe the structure of solid CO2, I2, KCl, diamond, H2O, Li, Xe and SiO2. Are they made of ions,
giant structures or separate molecules?
Substance Type of Solid Particles making up solid
CO2 molecular molecules
I2 molecular molecules
KCl ionic ions
diamond network solid atoms
H2O molecular molecules
Li metallic atoms
Xe atomic atoms
SiO2 network solid atoms
Basic Question 14
The following table is a list of the electron distribution of atoms of certain elements.
element electron distribution
A 2, 5
B 2, 8, 4
C 2, 8, 8, 2
D 2, 8, 18, 8
E 2, 8, 18, 8, 1
F 2, 8, 18, 18, 7
Note:
To be able to solve this question, check the last number in every electron distribution, this gives
the number of valence electrons which is equivalent to the number of the group
e.g Element A: 2,5 has 5 valence electrons so it is in group 5
i) is a noble gas. D
ii) is a soft metal with a low density. E
iii) can form a covalent compound with element A. B or F
iv) has a giant molecular structure similar to diamond. B
v) can forma negative ion of the type X3-. A
Draw a diagram that represents the formula of this compound, the arrangement of the valency
electrons around the negative ion and the charge on the ions.
Use to represent an electron from atom C.
Use x to represent an electron from atom F.
C is Calcium F is Iodine
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CaI2 Ca 2+
2 I electron of Ca x electron of I
8.3 Know how to draw the electron dot diagram for a given molecular compound T
c) Draw a diagram representing the arrangement of valency electrons in the molecule of nitrogen
tirchloride.
Use to represent an electron from chlorine atom.
Use x to represent an electron from nitrogen atom.
Basic Question 15
9.2.6 Explain why electrolytic properties of given substances G
Explain why an aqueous solution of sugar is a non-electrolyte, while that of NaCl is a good electrolyte.
An aqueous solution of NaCl is a good electrolyte because the NaCl in water dissociates into ions
that can move and carry electric current.
While an aqueous solution of sugar contains no ions as sugar molecules do not dissociate into ions
and remain molecules so it is a non-electrolyte.
Basic Question 16
9.2.8 Explain states of given substances using strength of IMF -
Basic Question 17
9.2.8 Explain variation in boiling points between given substances using strength of -
IMF
Ether, CH3 O CH3 is a gas at room conditions, while ethanol, C2H5 O H boils at 78C.
Suggest a reason for the difference in boiling points of the two chemicals.
Ethanol molecules are held by hydrogen bonds that are stronger than the dipole-dipole bonds
between the ether molecules. So more heating and higher temperature is needed to vaporise
ethanol.
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Sample Questions
9.1 The Elements
9.1.1 Van Der Waals Forces
Sample Question 1
Which of the following is/are correct properties of a substance that has Van der Waals forces between
its molecules?
a) It is hard
b) It has a low melting point
c) It is a good conductor of electricity
d) It has a low heat of vaporization
e) It has a high boiling point
Sample Question 2
a) What particles make up the crystal lattice of a molecular substance like hydrogen chloride?
Molecules
Sample Question 3
Sample Question 4
What is diamond?
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It is a tetrahedral structure of linked hexagons where every carbon atom is strongly and
covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms.
What kind of bonds exists between its atoms? Covalent bonds
Does it have delocalized bonds? No
Can we speak of a molecule of diamond? No
Sample Question 5
What is graphite?
It is a layered structure of linked hexagons where every carbon atom is strongly and covalently
bonded to three other carbon atoms leaving one electron free that form a cloud of free electrons
between layers.
What kind of bonds exists between its atoms?
Covalent bonds
Does it have delocalized bonds? Yes
Can we speak of a molecule of graphite? No
Sample Question 6
Sample Question 7
Sample Question 8
In which of the following substances are the intermolecular forces mainly metallic?
H2; Na ; O2 ; C.
Na
Sample Question 9
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To the left of the Periodic Table.
b) Is it easy for metals to lose electrons? Yes
c) As a result, can they act as oxidizing agents or as reducing agents? Reducing agents
Sample Question 10
Sample Question 11
a) What model do we use in order to explain most of the physical properties of metals?
The lattice structure.
b) Many of the physical properties of metals can be explained using the idea of _____________
Delocalized electrons
Sample Question 12
List some elements that are conductors. What makes them conductors?
Most metals are conductors. They are conductors due to the presence of mobile or free or
delocalized electrons that can move and carry electric current.
Sample Question 13
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It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the delocalized electrons or mobile sea of
electrons and the regular array of positive metal ions (cations) within a solid metal.
Sample Question 14
Which of the following substances are network solids? CH4 ;NaCl ; SiO2 and HCl, quartz.
SiO2 and quartz
Sample Question 15
Sample Question 16
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What property must a molecule have in order to be able to exhibit dipole dipole forces?
It must have difference in electronegativity between its atoms and a nonzero net dipole.
Example NH3, HF, HCl, H2O
Sample Question 17
Sample Question 18
What are hydrogen bonds? Between which atoms or molecules do they act?
Hydrogen bonds are special kinds of dipole-dipole interactions between a hydrogen atom
which is covalently bonded to a nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine atom in one molecule and a nitrogen,
oxygen or fluorine atom in another molecule .
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