Basic Concept of Base Isolation

System for Buildings

Dr. Taiki SAITO

Japan Society of Seismic Isolation
Chief Research Engineer,
Building Research Institute, Japan
Email: tsaito@kenken.go.jp

Contents
Introduction
Basic Idea of BI system
Design procedure of BI building
Response spectrum method
Time history analysis
Ultimate capacity of isolators
International activity of JSSI

1
Basic Idea of BI system
Isolation from ground

By balloon? By Magnetic force?

Introduction
Seismic isolation

Stopper Friction
Rolling? Sliding?

2
Introduction
Restoring position?

Sliding?

Introduction
Restoring system

By spring? By sliding on a
curved plate?

3
Introduction
Gravity Force and Inertia Force
Resisting Force

m L
T = 2 T = 2
k g
(m: mass, k: stiffness) (L: curvature, g: gravity acceleration)
Effective for heavy building Effective for light building

Introduction
Damping system

T
d0
d0
With Damper

time

Damper

4
Introduction
Requirement of BI devices
1. Isolating the building from the ground

2. Supporting the weight of building

3. Damping of response amplitude

4. Restoring the original position after an earthquake

Rubber Block

Introduction Weight of
Rocking

building

Isolators
Rubber bearing
Large axial deformation

Laminated Rubber

Weight of
building
Earthquake
Load
Rubber

Steel

Stiff Soft

5
 High damping rubber
Reinforcing steel plate

Cover rubber

Flange plate

500
2

Shear stress (N/mm )

400

2
300
200
1
Force (kN)

100
0
-100
0
-200
-300
-400
-1
-500
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 -2
Displacement (mm)
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Natural Rubber Bearing High-damping Rubber

800
(NRB) Bearing (HRB) 600
400

Force (kN)
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-800
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300
Lead Rubber Bearing Displacement (mm)
(LRB)

Sliding bearing

Introduction 50
40
30
20
Force (kN)

10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40

Isolators
-50
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
Displacement (mm)

Curved plane
sliding bearing
Sliding bearing or Roller bearing 200
150
100
Force (kN)

50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400
Displacement (mm)

Linear Rail
Rail roller bearing
12
CLB2000F (P =19 6MN)

Linear Block 6

Rubber Shim 0

Flange Plate
-6

P/P =0 98
-12
-600 -300 0 300 600
mm

6
Introduction Cast Lead

Steel Flange Plate

Dampers
Lead damper

Stud

Steel Flange Plate

Steel Damper Rod

Steel damper
(kN)
800
F = 1150 (kNs/m) V 0.38
600

400

200

-200

-400

-600

-800
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 (cm)

Viscous damper

Introduction
Response of BI building

STERA 3D

7
 Introduction
Response of BI system
X

Upper structure
(rigid mass)

Base Isolation level

(spring)

Y"

Introduction
Response of BI system
Vibration model Equilibrium of forces Equation of motion

M X + CX + Ke X = - MY
X

- m(X"+Y") X + 2hX + 2 X = - Y

Q=keX = (2/T) = (Ke/M)

c X' X

Y T: natural period X
h : damping factor
Y" X
Numerical integration

8
 Introduction
Y: JMA-Kobe NS component
Effect of natural period h = 0.05

T longer
Acceleration smaller
X

T longer
Displacement larger
X

Introduction
Response spectrum
X
Response of T longer
SDOF system Acceleration smaller
with natural
period of T &
viscous damping
of h
Y

Response spectrum of acceleration for

Time history of acceleration JMA Kobe-NS wave, h=0.05

9
Introduction
JMA Kobe-NS wave
Effect of damping

Acceleration response spectrum Displacement response spectrum

Reduction of applied
Introduction lateral forces to super
structure

Increase of displacement
response of isolated story

10
Contents
Introduction
Idea of BI system
Design procedure of BI building
Response spectrum method
Time history analysis
Ultimate capacity of isolators
International activity of JSSI

Design procedure of BI building

Statistics
Number of buildings

350

300

250
Private house
200

150

100 Apartment building

50

0
83
84
19

85
19

86
19

87
19

88
19

89
19

90
19

91
19

92
19

93

1995 The Great Hanshin-

19

94
19

95
19

96
19

97
19

Awaji Earthquake Disaster

98
19

99
19

00
19

01
20

02
20

20

2000 Revision of
Building Standard Law

11
 Design procedure of BI building
Building Standard Law, Japan
NO Need for Structural Calculation?

1 or 2 story wooden house YES

1 story S or RC building YES
Height>60m
Specification code
NO

Response Spectrum Method Time History Analysis

Reviewed by local government official Reviewed by

special committee

Design procedure of BI building

Response Spectrum Method
Design earthquake is defined as the response spectrum at the bedrock level.
cm/s2
1500
Hard soil
1000 Medium soil
Engineering Bedrock Soft soil
500

0 s
0 1 2 3 4 5

Soil amplification
cm/s2
1500
5% damping
1000

500
Bedrock
Vs > 400 cm/sec
0 s
0 1 2 3 4 5

12
 Design procedure of BI building
Response Spectrum Method
Building is modeled by SDOF nonlinear hysteresis system.

Upper structure
(elastic range)

Base Isolation level

(inelastic range)

Force

Drift

Design procedure of BI building

Response Spectrum Method
Responses are obtained by equivalent linearization.
Response evaluation
Upper structure 1500
cm/s2
(elastic range) h=0.05
1000
Base Isolation level
500
(inelastic range) he
0
s
0 1 2 3 4 5
Nonlinear system Equivalent linear system Te
Acceleration response
Force Force
Ke cm
100
80 h=0.05
60
Drift Drift 40
he 20 he s
0

Ke: equivalent stiffness

0 1 2 3 Te 4 5

he : equivalent damping Displacement response

13
 Design procedure of BI building
Time History Analysis
Artificial earthquake compatible with design spectrum
2
cm/s2 cm/s
1500 400
5% damping 200
1000
0 s

500
Bedrock -200 Three different
-400
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
phase models
0 s
0 1 2 3 4 5
Historical earthquake scaled to have the max. velocity 50cm/s
2
cm/s
600
Earthquake response is obtained 400
El Centro1940NS,
200
by time history analysis 0
-200
s
Taft 1952EW,
(numerical integration method) -400
-600 Hachinohe1968EW,
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
using design earthquake ground etc.
motions. Site specific artificial earthquake
2
cm/s
1000
500
0 s Wave generation
-500 from the nearest
-1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Fault, etc.

Design procedure of BI building

Time History Analysis
Building is modeled by MDOF nonlinear hysteresis system.
Responses are obtained by numerical integration method.
800

RFL
2,860 600

RFL
600

Living Kitchen
10F
10FL
9FL

9FL
8FL

8FL
30,79
29,99

7FL

6FL
7FL

5FL 6FL

4FL
5FL
3FL

4FL
2,860

2FL

3FL
3,550

Isolator Isolator Isolator

1FL
GL
2FL
Sway
Rocking
6,800 6,000 2,700
960 15,500 950

Y1 Y2 Y3

14
 Design procedure of BI building
Confirmation of ultimate limit state
a. Allowable deformation of isolation device
b. Compressive and tensile load of isolator
c. Isolation gap (horizontal and vertical)
Example. LRB
Isolation gap
Compression stress (N/mm2)

Design criteria
Diameter: 800mm 21N/mm2
Rubber sheet: 5.1mm
Number of sheets: 33 Design criteria
Rubber height: 168mm 240%168 = 403mm =

Shear strain (%)

Design procedure of BI building

Ultimate capacity of isolators

Ultimate Compression Test Ultimate Shear Test

(from Prof. Nishi, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan)

15
Design procedure of BI building
Architectural planning
9 Isolators must support superstructure without losing supporting
capacity of vertical loads subjected to fires expected to happen in or
in the vicinity of isolation interface.
9 Piping and wiring must have flexible joints and slacks between
superstructure and substructure, so as to follow the displacement at
isolation interface during earthquakes.
9 It must be planned that entrances, connecting bridges, stairs,
elevators and etc. do not pound to other facilities or injure humans.
9 Information panels, which show that the building is seismically
isolated and deforms largely during earthquakes, must be set up on
noticeable place in the building.

Design procedure of BI building

Maintenance
Designer must draw up maintenance plans and inform owners, managers
and others so that seismic isolation keep demanded performance during
the buildings lifetime.
9 Large relative displacement at isolation interface occurs during strong
earthquake. Thus, obstacles in or in the vicinity of isolation interface
spoil efficient seismic performances.
9 Some isolation devices deteriorate by aging. Aged deteriorations must be
considered by heat accelerated tests and others at design stage.
9 Rubber bearings creep subjected to long term loads. Unexpected creeps
and external damages must be found out by regular examinations.
9 Breaks, water leakage and others may happen when piping and wiring
have insufficient deformation capacities.

16
 Contents
Introduction
Idea of BI system
Design procedure of BI building
Response spectrum method
Time history analysis
Ultimate capacity of isolators, etc.
International activity of JSSI

International Activity of JSSI

CIB/W114
As one of the working
commissions in CIB
(International Council for
Research and Innovation
in Building and
Construction), W114:
Earthquake Engineering
and Buildings has been
established since
November 2006 .

Headquarter: JSSI
Coordinator: Taiki SAITO
http://www.cibw114.net/

17
International Activity of JSSI
CIB/W114
The first CIB/W114 meeting, "International Workshop on Response Control and Seismic
Isolation of Buildings," was held in Guangzhou, China on 27 November 2006.

International Activity of JSSI

Contents
CIB/TG44 book
1. Introduction
published in November 2006 2. Devices for Seismic Isolation
and Response Control
3. A Comparative Study of
Seismic Isolation Code
Worldwide
4. Observed Response of
Seismically Isolated Buildings
5. World Report
5.1 China
5.2 Italy
5.3 Japan
5.4 Korea
5.5 New Zealand
5.6 Taiwan
5.7 The United of America
6. Conclusions

18
 China from Dr. Zhou Fulin adn Dr. Wen Liuhan

Around 600 base isolation buildings have been constructed. The

one was constructed in 1991.

35 base isolation buildings are constructed on the two-story reinforced concrete

platform of subway station in Beijing, China.

Base isolators at the large span structure of the Miniature building models
Shanghai F1 circuit. for shaking table test

Italy from Mauro Dolce, Massimo Forni and Alessandro Martelli

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006

19
Korea from Dong Guen Lee

Currently, there are

only two seismically
isolated buildings in
Korea, with a third to
be built soon.

The Unison Research

and Development
Center building,
constructed in 1997,
was the first
seismically-isolated
building.

Korea from Dong Guen Lee

The second was

Traum Hous III, a 12-
story apartment
building in Seoul

20
New Zealand from John X. Zhao

The first seismically

isolated structure in
New Zealand was the
Motu Bridge in the
North Island
completed in 1974.

Rocking Seismic Isolation System

The isolation mechanism is provided by

stepping action of each of the two feet
of the piers. Steel dampers are used for
energy dissipation.

USA from Ian Aiken and Andrew Whitaker

Construction of the first seismically-isolated building in the

USA was completed in 1985, and by mid-2005 there were
approximately 80 seismically-isolated buildings in the USA

The first building in the

USA is the Foothill
Communities Law &
Justice Center, in Rancho
Cucamonga, California,
was completed in
1985,with 98 high-
damping rubber bearings
located below the
basement level

21
USA from Ian Aiken and Andrew Whitaker

The second building

application in the USA
was the City and County
Building, in Salt Lake
City, Utah, completed in
1989 with 208 lead-rubber
and 239 natural rubber
bearings.
This project was the first
in the world to use
isolation for retrofit,
completed in 1989.

USA from Ian Aiken and Andrew Whitaker

The USC University Hospital in

Los Angeles, completed in 1991,
was the first hospital in the world to
use seismic isolation with 68 lead-
rubber isolators and 81 natural-
rubber isolators.

Roof

6th

4th

Lower
Foundation

The 1994 Northridge earthquake

22
 Macedonia from Garevski A. Mihai and James M. Kelly

Primary School Pestalozzi" in Skopje, the first structure in the world

base isolated by means of rubber bearings constructed in 1969

Thank you for your attention.

23