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Behavior of op-amps
Output voltage can be in range from negative to positive supply voltage
- Rail-to-rail ops allow widest voltage range (nearly up to supply voltage)
- Normal op-amps have lower output voltage range
The (-) input produce an output signal that is 180 out of phase with the
input signal
The (+) input produce an output signal that is in phase with the input signal
No offset voltage
Summing amplifier
Differential amplifier
Rcm (is parallel with R1) causes small errors, as it is usually > 1000M
Through Ccm (< 5pF) higher gain errors will be produced in higher
frequencies (Rc=1/jc)
-Example: at 1 Mhz Ccm reactance is at 32k, which shunts the external
resistance, therefore creating a higher gain error
Other errors
Bias current Ib- (nA-fA) creates a voltage at the feedback resistor which
shows up at the output
-In values: Ib- = 10nA, therefore 0.1 mV across R2, with Eout = 10V that
means an error of 0.001%; therefore the error is rather small in this case
Non-inverting amplifier or follower
ph probe amplifier
Summing amplifier
Summing amplifier
U3
U4
Input Output
Active filters
Frequency Response:
Comparators
Compares the input voltage with some reference voltage and gives in
the output positive or negative saturation limits of the op-amp
Comparators
Schmitt Trigger Comparator