: -21

&&

( ):
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.

: . . .

2008
-21: -

-21:
2001 - 2008.

2008
. 2121/1993,
.

2 173
-21: -

I. ................................................................................................................... 4
II. .......................................................................................... 27
III. Boole .............................................................................................................................. 33
IV. .............................................................. 54
V. - ........................................................................... 89
VI. ........................................................................................................... 128
VII. .............................................................................................................. 165

3 173
-21: -

I.

: 10=244.7510 10=35.26710 .

. (2 , 2) 8 4
(16 , 16) 2
1 .
.

. (2 , 2 16 , 16)
.
.

(: ).

A. 10=244.7510
(244) (0.75) .
, , :

244 2
0 122 2
0 61 2
1 30 2
0 15 2
1 7 2

1 3 2

1 1 2
1 0

, . , . ,
,
.
111101002, 8 . , .
0.75, , :
0.75 2 = 1.5 = 1 + 0.5

0.5 2 = 1.0 = 1 + 0.0
0.0 2 = 0.0 = 0 + 0
0.0 2 = 0.0 = 0 + 0
, . 2,
.
.
.
,
.

4 173
-21: -

0.11002. 10
2=11110100.11002
,
. :
11110100.1100
{{ {
F 4 C
16= F4.C16
35.26710, 2=00100011.01002.
,
. :
0010
{{ {,
0011.0100
2 3 4
. 16=23.416

. 2
:
1 27 + 1 26 + 1 25 + 1 24 + 0 23 + 1 22 + 0 21 + 0 20 + 1 21 + 1 22 + 0 23 + 0 24 = 244.7510 .
, 16 :
F16 161 + 416 160 + C16 161 = 15 161 + 4 160 + 12 161 = 244.7510 .
10, .

,
, .
, 244 255(=28-1),
8 , .
2 16,
0 27 + 0 26 + 1 25 + 0 24 + 0 23 + 0 22 + 1 21 + 1 20 + 0 21 + 1 22 + 0 23 + 0 24 = 35.2510

216 161 + 316 160 + 416 161 = 2 161 + 3 160 + 4 161 = 35.2510 .
35.267 35.25 = 0.017 10.

, , .

.
, .
=37510, =56810, =35010, =10610, =45.510 =48.7510.
. . ,
.
.
.
. + , + , , + .
. ,
+ .

()

5 173
-21: -

n = log 2 X + 1 ,
n = log 2 375 + 1 = 9 . 2: 28,
27,...,2

375 256 119 128 119 64 55 32 23 16 7 8 7 4 3 2

256 1 0 0 64 1 32 1 16 1 0 0 4 1 2 1
119 119 55 23 7 7 3 1
, ,

37510 = 1011101112 .
.

1
16:
n = log16 X + 1
= log16 375 + 1 = 3.
, , 16, 16 2 = 256
16:
375 256 119 16
256 1 112 7
119 7
, 375 3752 = 17716 .

2
375,

37510 = 1011101112 = 000101110111

{ { { = 17716 .
1 7 7

: ( 1 0111011 1 ) 2 .
MSB LSB

: 37510 = ( 1 7 7 )16
MSB LSB

. .

375 101110111 177
568 1000111000 238
350 101011110 15
106 1101010 6A
45.5 101101.1 2D.8
48.75 110000.11 30.C
: .

()
375
. 375 :

6 173
-21: -

0101110111 1010001000
+1
1010001001 2
:
0177 (15 0)(15 1)(15 7)(15 7) = (15)(14)88 = FE 88
+1
FE 89 16


375 1010001001 F89
568 10111001000 FDC8
350 1010100010 FEA2
106 10010110 F96
45.5 1010010.1 FD2.8
48.75 1001111.01 FCF.4
:
.

2 ,
2n A , :
(), 375 9 ,
101110111. 1,
,
0101110111. 2 375 210 375 = 649 ,
9 + 1 = 10 , 0. 649
, 2 375 10100010012
. .

()
+ :

1 1 1 ()
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
+1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 ()
.

+
1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
+ 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

2.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ()
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
+1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
1) 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 ()
.
25.
.

7 173
-21: -

+ .

1 1 1 1 1 1 ()
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
+0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 ().

, :
1 1 1
177 238 0 1 7 7 177
+238 +15E + F EA2 +06A
3F 396 1) 0 0 1 9 1E1

+ .
:
1 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 1.1 0
+ 1 1 0 0 0 0.1 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 0.0 1

2.

1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 . 1 0
+1 0 0 1 1 1 1 . 0 1
0)1 1 1 1 1 0 0 . 1 1

, :

1
2 D . 8
+ 3 0 . C
5 E . 4

1
0 2 D . 8
+ F C F . 4
0)F F C . C

=24710, =93210 =16310.

. ,, 12
3 . .
.
, , . 12
3 .
. +
. ( )
.

8 173
-21: -

.
n = log 2 X + 1 ,
n = log 2 247 + 1 = 8 . 2:
27,26,...,2.
247 128 119 64 55 32 23 16 7 8 7 4 3 2
128 1 64 1 32 1 16 1 0 0 4 1 2 1
119 55 23 7 7 3 1

, ,

24710 = 0000111101112 ,
,
12 .

1
2 16:
n = log16 X + 1
= log16 247 + 1 = 2.
, , 16:
247 16
240 15
7
, 247 247 = F 7 = 0 F 716 , 1510 = F16 .
10 16

2

.
:
247 = 000011110111 = 000011110111
10 { { { = 0F 7 .
2 16
0 F 7

. .

247 0000 1111 0111 0F7
932 0011 1010 0100 34
163 0000 1010 0011 0A3
: .

. 247
. 247 :
000011110111 111100001000
+1
111100001001 2

, :

9 173
-21: -

0F7 (15 0)(15 15)(15 7) = (15) ( 0 )( 8 ) = F 08

+1
F 09 16

247 1111 0000 1001 F09
932 1100 0101 1100 C5C
163 1111 0101 1101 F5D
: .

2 ,
2n A , :
(), 247 ,
000011110111. 2
247 212 247 = 3849 . 3849 ,
2 247 1111000010012
, .
.

. + :
111111 1 ()
000011110111
+ 001110100100
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 ()

2.
1 11111111111 ()
000011110111
+111101011101
1| 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 ()

84.
.
, :
1 1 11
0 F7 0F7
+34 + F5D
4 9 1| 0 5 4

=24710, =35210, =46010 =10110.

. 12
3 .
.
.
, , . 12
3 .

10 173
-21: -

. + , + , +
.
.

()

n = log 2 X + 1 ,
n = log 2 247 + 1 = 8 . 2: 27,26,...,2

247 128 119 64 55 32 23 16 7 8 7 4 3 2

128 1 64 1 32 1 16 1 0 0 4 1 2 1
119 55 23 7 7 3 1
, ,

24710 = 0000111101112 ,
,
12 .

, . 2, .
,
,
.

247 2
1 123 2
1 61 2
1 30 2
0 15 2
1 7 2
1 3 2
1 1 2
1 0
, 247 0000111101112. (
, .)
.

1
2 16:
n = log16 X + 1
= log16 247 + 1 = 2.
, , 16:
247 16
240 15
7
, 247 247 = F 7 = 0 F 716 , 1510 = F16 .
10 16

11 173
-21: -

2
,

247 = 000011110111 = 000011110111

10 { { { = 0F 7 .
2 16
0 F 7

. .

247 0000 1111 0111 0F7
352 0001 0110 0000 160
460 0001 1100 1100 1CC
101 0000 0110 0101 065
: .

()
247
. 247 :
000011110111 111100001000
+1
111100001001 2
, :
0F7 (15 0)(15 15)(15 7) = (15) ( 0 )( 8 ) = F 08
+1
F 09 16

12 173
-21: -

247 1111 0000 1001 F09
352 1110 1001 0001 E0
460 1110 0011 0100 E34
101 1111 1001 1011 F9B
: .

2 ,
2n A , :
(), 247 ,
000011110111. 2
247 212 247 = 3849 . 3849 ,
2 247 1111000010012
, .
.

()
+ :
1111 ()
000011110111
+0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
001001010111 ()

+
11 ()
000101100000
+0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
001100101100 ()

2.
1111 1 ()
000011110111
+1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
111100101011 ()

+ .

1 1 1 1 1 1 ()
000011110111
+000001100101
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 ()

, :
1 1 1 1
0F7 160 0F7 0F7
+1 6 0 +1C C +E34 +0 6 5
257 32C F2B 15C

13 173
-21: -

85FA16, 453A16, FFFF16, 1016, 10016. ,

. .

) M .
85 FA16 = 23 ( 24 ) + ( 22 + 20 ) ( 24 ) + ( 23 + 22 + 21 + 20 ) 24 + 23 + 2
3 2

= 23 212 + 22 28 + 28 + 23 24 + 22 24 + 2124 + 20 24 + 23 + 2
= 215 + 210 + 28 + 27 + 26 + 25 + 24 + 23 + 2
= 10000101111110102.

453 A16 = 22 ( 24 ) + ( 22 + 20 ) ( 24 ) + ( 21 + 20 ) ( 24 ) + 28 + 21
3 2

= 22 212 + ( 22 + 20 ) 28 + ( 21 + 20 ) 24 + 23 + 21
= 214 + 210 + 28 + 25 + 24 + 23 + 21
= 1000101001110102.
FFFF16 = ( 23 + 22 + 21 + 20 ) ( 24 ) + ( 23 + 22 + 21 + 20 ) ( 24 ) + ( 23 + 22 + 21 + 20 ) 24 + ( 23 + 22 + 21 + 20 )
3 2

= 23 212 + 22 212 + 21212 + 212 + 23 28 + 22 28 + 2128 + 20 28 + 23 24 + 22 24 + 2124 + 20 24 + 23 + 22 + 21 + 20

= 215 + 214 + 213 + 212 + 211 + 210 + 29 + 28 + 27 + 26 + 25 + 24 + 23 + 22 + 21 + 20
= 11111111111111112.
1016 = 1 24 + 0 = 100002.
10016 = 1 ( 24 ) = 1 28 = 1000000002.
2

) . :
85 FA16 = 215 + 210 + 28 + 27 + 26 + 25 + 24 + 23 + 2
= 235 + 21+ 33 + 22 + 3 2 + 21+ 32 + 20 + 3 2 + 22 + 31 + 21+ 31 + 20 + 31 + 21
= ( 23 ) + 21 ( 23 ) + ( 22 + 21 + 20 ) ( 23 ) + ( 22 + 21 + 20 )( 23 ) + 21
5 3 2 1

= 85 + 2 83 + 7 82 + 7 8 + 2
= 1027728.
453 A16 = 214 + 210 + 28 + 25 + 24 + 23 + 21
= 22 + 3 4 + 21+ 33 + 22 + 23 + 22 + 3 + 21+ 3 + 20 + 3 + 21
= 22 ( 23 ) + 2 ( 23 ) + 22 ( 23 ) + 22 23 + 2123 + 20 23 + 21
4 3 2

= 4 84 + 2 83 + 4 82 + 7 8 + 2
= 424728.
FFFF16 = 215 + 214 + 213 + 212 + 211 + 210 + 29 + 28 + 27 + 26 + 25 + 24 + 23 + 22 + 21 + 20
= 235 + 22+34 + 21+34 + 20+34 + 22+33 + 21+ 33 + 233 + K + 22 + 21 + 20
= ( 23 ) + ( 22 + 21 + 20 )( 23 ) + ( 22 + 21 + 20 )( 23 ) + ( 22 + 21 + 20 )( 23 ) + ( 22 + 21 + 20 )( 23 ) + 22 + 21 + 20
5 4 3 2 1

= 85 + 7 84 + 7 83 + 7 82 + 7 8 + 7
= 1777778
1016 = 1 24 + 0 = 2 23 = 2 8 = 208.
10016 = 1 ( 24 ) = 1 28 = 22 + 23 = 22 ( 23 ) = 4 82 = 4008.
2 2

14 173
-21: -

) M .
85 FA16 = 8 163 + 5 162 + F 16 + A
= 32768 + 1280 + 240 + 10
= 34298.
453 A16 = 4 163 + 5 162 + 3 16 + A
= 16384 + 1280 + 48 + 10 = 17722.
FFFF16 = F 163 + F 162 + F 16 + F
= 61440 + 3840 + 240 + 15 = 65535.
1016 = 1 16 + 0 = 16.
10016 = 1 162 + 0 16 + 0 = 256.

, .
8{ 5{ F
{ {A
1000 0101 1111 1010
1000010111111010.
, ,
.
001000
{{{{{{ 010111111010 . 1027728.
1 0 2 7 7 2

8D4E16, 34A216, FFFF16, 2016, 20016. ,

. .

) M .
8 D 4 E16 = 23 ( 24 ) + ( 23 + 22 + 20 ) ( 24 ) + ( 22 ) 24 + 23 + 22 + 21
3 2

= 23 212 + 23 28 + 22 28 + 20 28 + 22 24 + 23 + 22 + 21
= 215 + 211 + 210 + 28 + 26 + 23 + 22 + 21
= 10001101010011102.
34 A216 = ( 21 + 20 ) ( 24 ) + ( 22 ) ( 24 ) + ( 23 + 21 ) ( 24 ) + 21
3 2

= 21212 + 20 212 + 22 28 + 23 24 + 2124 + 21

= 213 + 212 + 210 + 27 + 25 + 21
= 00110100101000102.
FFFF16 = ( 23 + 22 + 21 + 20 ) ( 24 ) + ( 23 + 22 + 21 + 20 ) ( 24 ) + ( 23 + 22 + 21 + 20 ) 24 + ( 23 + 22 + 21 + 20 )
3 2

= 23 212 + 22 212 + 21212 + 212 + 23 28 + 22 28 + 2128 + 20 28 + 23 24 + 22 24 + 2124 + 20 24 + 23 + 22 + 21 + 20

= 215 + 214 + 213 + 212 + 211 + 210 + 29 + 28 + 27 + 26 + 25 + 24 + 23 + 22 + 21 + 20
= 11111111111111112.
2016 = 2 24 + 0 = 1000002.
20016 = 2 ( 24 ) = 2 28 = 29 = 10000000002.
2

) . :

15 173
-21: -

8D 4 E16 = 215 + 211 + 210 + 28 + 26 + 23 + 22 + 21

= 235 + 22 + 33 + 21+ 33 + 22 + 32 + 20 + 32 + 20+ 31 + 22 + 2
= ( 23 ) + ( 22 + 21 ) ( 23 ) + ( 22 + 20 ) ( 23 ) + ( 20 )( 23 ) + 22 + 21
5 3 2 1

= 85 + 6 83 + 5 82 + 1 8 + 6
= 1065168.
34 A216 = 213 + 212 + 210 + 27 + 25 + 21
= 21+ 3 4 + 20 + 3 4 + 21+ 33 + 21+ 3 2 + 22 + 31 + 21
= ( 21 + 20 )( 23 ) + 21 ( 23 ) + 21 ( 23 ) + 22 23 + 21
4 3 2

= 3 84 + 2 83 + 2 82 + 4 8 + 2
= 322428.
FFFF16 = 215 + 214 + 213 + 212 + 211 + 210 + 29 + 28 + 27 + 26 + 25 + 24 + 23 + 22 + 21 + 20
= 235 + 22+34 + 21+34 + 20+34 + 22+33 + 21+ 33 + 233 + K + 22 + 21 + 20
= ( 23 ) + ( 22 + 21 + 20 )( 23 ) + ( 22 + 21 + 20 )( 23 ) + ( 22 + 21 + 20 )( 23 ) + ( 22 + 21 + 20 )( 23 ) + 22 + 21 + 20
5 4 3 2 1

= 85 + 7 84 + 7 83 + 7 82 + 7 8 + 7
= 1777778
2016 = 21 24 + 0 = 22 23 = 4 8 = 408.
20016 = 2 ( 24 ) = 2 28 = 233 = ( 23 ) = 1 83 = 10008.
2 3

) M .
8D 4 E16 = 8 163 + D 162 + 4 16 + E
= 32768 + 3328 + 64 + 14
= 36174.
34 A216 = 3 163 + 4 162 + A 16 + 2
= 12288 + 1024 + 160 + 2
= 13474.
FFFF16 = F 163 + F 162 + F 16 + F
= 61440 + 3840 + 240 + 15 = 65535.
2016 = 2 16 + 0 = 32.
20016 = 2 162 + 0 16 + 0 = 512.

,
.
8{ D
{ 4{ E
{
1000 1101 0100 1110
1000110101001110.

, ,

.
{{{{{{ . 1065168.
001000110101001110
1 0 6 5 1 6

16 173
-21: -

: 10=24.62510 10=135.27310 .
. (2 , 2) 8 4
(16 , 16) 2
1 .
.
. (2 , 2 16 , 16)
.
.
(: ).

A. 10=24.62510
(24) (0.625) .
, , :

24 2
0 12 2
0 6 2

0 3 2
1 1 2
1 0




, . , . ,
,
.
000110002. ,
. , .
0.625, , :

0.625 2 = 1.25 = 1 + 0.25

0.25 2 = 0.50 = 0 + 0.5
0.5 2 = 1.0 = 1 + 0
0.0 2 = 0.0 = 0 + 0

, . 2,
.
.
.
,
.
0.10102. 10
2=00011000.10102
,
. :
00011000.1010
{{ {
1 8 A
16= 18.16

17 173
-21: -

135.27310, 2=10000111.01002.
:
{{ { ,
10000111.0100
8 7 4
. 16=87.416

. 2
:
0 27 + 0 26 + 0 25 + 1 24 + 1 23 + 0 22 + 0 21 + 0 20 + 1 2 1 + 0 2 2 + 1 23 + 0 24 = 24.62510 .
, 16 :
116 161 + 816 160 + A16 161 = 1 161 + 8 160 + 10 161 = 24.62510 .
10, .

,
, .
2 16,
1 27 + 0 26 + 0 25 + 0 24 + 0 23 + 1 22 + 1 21 + 1 20 + 0 2 1 + 1 2 2 + 0 23 + 0 2 4 = 135.2510

816 161 + 716 160 + 416 161 = 8 161 + 7 160 + 4 161 = 135.2510 .
135.273 135.25=0.023
10.
, , .
, 135
255, 8 ,
.

=14710, =327610 =30710.

. ,, 12
3 . .
.
, , . 12
3 .
. +
. ( )
.

.
n = log 2 X + 1 ,
n = log 2 147 + 1 = 8 . 2 n1 = 2 7 = 128 :
147 128 19 64 19 32 19 16 3 8 3 4 3 2
128 1 0 0 0 0 16 1 0 0 0 0 2 1
19 19 19 3 3 3 1
, ,

14710 = 0000100100112 ,
,
12 .
.

18 173
-21: -

1
2 16:
n = log16 X + 1
= log16 147 + 1 = 2.
, , 16 n1 = 161 = 16 :
147 16
144 9
3
, 147 14710 = 9316 = 09316 .
2

.
:
147 = 0000100100112 = 000010010011
10 {{{ = 09316 .
0 9 3
. .

147 0000 1001 0011 093
3276 1100 1100 1100 CCC
307 0001 0011 0011 133
: .

. 147
. 147 :
000010010011 111101101100
+1
111101101101 2
, :
093 (15 0)(15 9)(15 3) = (15) ( 6 )(12 ) = F 6C
+1
F 6 D 16



147 1111 0110 1101 F6D
3276 -* -*
307 1110 1100 1101 ECD
: .

* =3276
12
12 2 -211=-2048 211-1=2047.
12 (.. 16
=3276=0000 1100 1100 1100=0CCC 1111 0011 0011 0100=F334.

2 ,
2n A , :
(), 147 ,
000010010011. 2
147 212 147 = 3949 . 3949 ,

19 173
-21: -

2 147 1111011011012
, .

. + :
1 ()
000010010011
+ 110011001100
110101011111 ()

2.
1 11111 ()
000010010011
+111011001101
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 ()

-160. -160
2 111101100000.
, :
1 1 1
0 93 093
+CCC + ECD
D5F F60

. =0100101101002, 12 =0CD16
3 .
.

(12 ) (3
)
0100 1011 0100
0CD
: , .

. + .
( ) 2 16
. .
. : 10=124.6510 .
(2) 8 4
(16) 2 1
. (2 16) .
;
.
(: ).

A. O =0100101101002
:
0 211 + 1 210 + 0 29 + 0 28 + 1 27 + 0 26 + 1 25 + 1 24 + 0 23 + 1 22 + 0 21 + 0 20 = 120410 .

20 173
-21: -

,
. :
010010110100
{{{
4 B 4
16= 4416.

:
{0 { C { D
000011001101

:
016 162 + C16 161 + D16 160 = 12 161 + 13 160 = 20510
.

(12 ) (3
)
1204 0100 1011 0100 44
205 0000 1100 1101 0CD
: , .

. (+) :
111111 ()
010010110100
+ 000011001101
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 ()

11 ()
44
+ 0CD
5 8 116 ()

0 211 + 1 210 + 0 29 + 1 28 + 1 27 + 0 26 + 0 25 + 0 2 4 + 0 23 + 0 22 + 0 21 + 1 20 = 140910

516 162 + 816 161 + 116 160 = 140910

1204 + 205 = 140910

. 205 :
0000 1100 1101 111100110010
+1
111100110011 2
, :
0CD (15 0)(15 12)(15 13) = (15) ( 3)( 2 ) = F 32
+1
F 33 16

(2 16).
1 11 ()

21 173
-21: -

010010110100
+111100110011
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 ( -)

44
+ F33
1 3 E 7 ( -)

0 211 + 0 210 + 1 29 + 1 28 + 1 27 + 1 26 + 1 25 + 0 24 + 0 23 + 1 22 + 1 21 + 1 20 = 99910

316 16 2 + E16 161 + 716 160 = 3 16 2 +14 161 + 7 160 = 99910

1204 - 205 = 99910

. 10=124.6510
(124) (0.65) .
, , :

124 2
0 62 2
0 31 2


1 15 2
1 7 2
1 3 2
1 1 2
1 0


, . , . ,
,
.
0111 11002. ,
. , . 0.65,
, :

0.65 2 = 1.30 = 1 + 0.30

0.30 2 = 0.60 = 0 + 0.60
0.60 2 = 1.20 = 1 + 0.20
0.20 2 = 0.40 = 0 + 0.40

, . 2,
.
.
.
,
.

22 173
-21: -

0.10102. 10
2=0111 1100.10102
,
. :
01111100.1010
{{ {
7 C A
16= 7C.16

(16)
(16).
2 16
:

0 27 + 1 26 + 1 25 + 1 24 + 1 23 + 1 22 + 0 21 + 0 20 + 1 21 + 0 22 + 1 23 + 0 24 = 124.62510

716 161 + C16 160 + A16 161 = 7 161 + 12 160 + 10 161 = 124.62510

124.65 124.625=0.025
10.
, , .

, 124 255,
8 , .

10

. = 1011 01002, .
.
0 (
0). . ; .
. = 2F16 .
.
0.
. ; .
(:
).
. (
)
6 (Bin8421),
2. .


(Bin8421) ( ) ( 2)

. O = 1011 01002
, :
1 27 + 0 26 + 1 25 + 1 24 + 0 23 + 1 22 + 0 21 + 0 20 = 18010

23 173
-21: -

: 0101 10102
:
0 27 + 1 26 + 0 25 + 1 24 + 1 23 + 0 22 + 1 21 + 0 20 = 9010

2.
. , 1,
.

.
:
216 161 + F16 160 = 2 161 + 15 160 = 4710

:
{2 { F
00101111
= 0010 11112 , , :
0 27 + 0 26 + 1 25 + 0 24 + 1 23 + 1 22 + 1 21 + 1 20 = 4710
: 0101 11102
:
0 27 + 1 26 + 0 25 + 1 24 + 1 23 + 1 22 + 1 21 + 0 20 = 9410

2.
.

. 6 :
26-1=63 0.
5 : 25-
1=31 -31. 2
6 : -26-1 = -32 -26-1-1=31.
000000 100000,
1 .
:


(Bin8421) ( ) ( 2)
63 (111111) +31 (011111) +31 (011111)
0 (000000) -31 (111111) -32 (100000)
64 63 64

11

. = 0000 1001 01012, 12 =0D416

3 .
.

: , .

(12 ) (3
)
0000 1001 0101
0D4

24 173
-21: -

. + .
( ) 2 16
. .
.
0.
. ; .
( )

A. O =0000 1001 01012

:
0 211 + 0 210 + 0 29 + 0 28 + 1 27 + 0 26 + 0 25 + 1 24 + 0 23 + 1 22 + 0 21 + 1 20 = 14910 .
,
. :
000010010101
{{{
0 9 5
16= 09516.

:
{0 { D { 4
000011010100

:
016 162 + D16 161 + 416 160 = 13 161 + 4 160 = 21210
.

: , .

(12 ) (3
)
149 0000 1001 0101 095
212 0000 1101 0100 0D4

. (+) :

1 1 1 ()
000010010101
+ 000011010100
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 12 ()

1 ()
0 95
+ 0D4
1 6 916 ()

0 211 + 0 210 + 0 29 + 1 28 + 0 27 + 1 26 + 1 25 + 0 2 4 + 1 23 + 0 2 2 + 0 21 + 1 20 = 36110

116 162 + 616 161 + 916 160 = 36110

25 173
-21: -

149 + 212 = 36110

.
:
0000 1101 0100 111100101011
+1
111100101100 2
, 16 :
0D4 (15 0)(15 13)(15 4) = (15) ( 2 )(11) = F 2 B
+1
F 2C 16
2 16,
.
1111 ()
000010010101
+111100101100
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 ( -)

09 5
+ F2C
F C 1 ( -)

1 ( F),
. (
FFF ) 1
0000 0011 1111 (03F) = 6310. 6310,
: 149 212 = 6310.

. 4 : 1001 0101
00002 ( ) :
1 211 + 0 210 + 0 29 + 1 28 + 0 27 + 1 26 + 0 25 + 1 24 + 0 23 + 0 22 + 0 21 + 0 20 = 238410 (= 149 16)
4
24=16.
,
. :
100101010000
{{{
9 5 0
16= 95016.
4
.

. , 1,
12 ,
16 ( ).

26 173
-21: -

II.

12

. BCD 61, 25, 308 479

.
. BCD 61 25
amming .

. BCD ,
,
. , , :

6 1 2 5 3 0 8 4 7 9



0110 0001 0010 0101 0011 0000 1000 0100 0111 1001 BCD
6110 01100001. 01100001 1,
. , 1.
.
:

BCD
61 0110 0001 1
25 0010 0101 1
308 0011 0000 1000 1
479 0100 0111 1001 0

. . 61
m0 m1m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = 011000012 . mi , 0 i 7 ,

m0 m1 m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 m7
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
:
c3 = 1: p3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = p3 0001 p3 = 0
c2 = 1: p2 m1m2 m3 m7 = p2 1101 p2 = 0
c1 = 1: p1m0 m2 m3 m5 m6 = p1 01000 p1 = 0
c0 = 1: p0 m0 m1m3 m4 m6 = p0 01000 p0 = 0.
,
p0 p1m0 p2 m1m2 m3 p3 m4 m5 m6 m7 =
p0 p1 0 p2 110 p3 0001 = 000011000001.
25,
m0 m1 m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 m7
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
:

27 173
-21: -

c3 = 1: p3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = p3 0101 p3 = 1
c2 = 1: p2 m1m2 m3 m7 = p2 0101 p2 = 1
c1 = 1: p1m0 m2 m3 m5 m6 = p1 01010 p1 = 1
c0 = 1: p0 m0 m1m3 m4 m6 = p0 00000 p0 = 1.

Hamming :
p0 p1m0 p2 m1m2 m3 p3 m4 m5 m6 m7 =
p0 p1 0 p2 010 p3 0101 = 110101010101.

13

. o Hamming, ;
. 100101112. amming.
. 1011001101112 amming
; , ;

()
Hamming
.

()
.
m0 m1m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = 100101112 .

:
c3 = 1: p3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = p3 0111 p3 = 1
c2 = 1: p2 m1m2 m3 m7 = p2 0011 p2 = 0
c1 = 1: p1m0 m2 m3 m5 m6 = p110111 p1 = 0
c0 = 1: p0 m0 m1m3 m4 m6 = p0 10101 p0 = 1

,
p0 p1m0 p2 m1m2 m3 p3 m4 m5 m6 m7 =
p0 p11 p2 001 p3 0111 =
101000110111

()
, 12, 8
. . ,
,
:
p0 p1m0 p2 m1m2 m3 p3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = 101100110111
p3 : p3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = 10111 c3 = 0,
p2 : p2 m1m2 m3 m7 = 10011 c2 = 1,
p1 : p1m0 m2 m3 m5 m6 = 010111 c1 = 0
p0 : p0 m0 m1m3 m4 m6 = 110101 c0 = 0

28 173
-21: -

, 0100 4. ,
p2 . 10010111.

14

. 110101112. amming
.
. 1110101001102 amming
; , ;

()
.
m0 m1m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = 110101112 .

:
c3 = 1: p3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = p3 0111 p3 = 0
c2 = 1: p2 m1m2 m3 m7 = p2 1011 p2 = 0
c1 = 1: p1m0 m2 m3 m5 m6 = p110111 p1 = 1
c0 = 1: p0 m0 m1m3 m4 m6 = p0 11101 p0 = 1

,
p0 p1m0 p2 m1m2 m3 p3 m4 m5 m6 m7 =
p0 p11 p2 101 p3 0111 = 111010100111

()
, 12,
8 . . ,

:

p0 p1m0 p2 m1m2 m3 p3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = 111010100110

p3 : p3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = 00110 c3 = 1,
p2 : p2 m1m2 m3 m7 = 01010 c2 = 1,
p1 : p1m0 m2 m3 m5 m6 = 110111 c1 = 0,
p0 : p0 m0 m1m3 m4 m6 = 111101 c0 = 0,

, c3c2 c1c0 = 11002 = 1210 .

, m7 , 1
0. m0 m1m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 m7
m7 11010111.

29 173
-21: -

15

. :
1011112, 10102, 10101012.
.
.
.
.

()
101111 1, . ,
1 0. , 1010,
0 1, (2) 1. ,
1010101 1 1, 0.

()
:
x y 1
0 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 2 0 1
R.
XOR.

()
, , R.
XOR,
.
x
p
y
XNOR

16

. 11012. amming
.
. 10000012 amming
,
.
:

. .
m0 m1 m2 m3 = 11012 . mi , 0 i 7 ,

m0 m1 m2 m3
1 1 0 1
:

30 173
-21: -

c2 = 1: p2 m1 m2 m3 = p2 101 p2 = 0
c1 = 1: p1 m0 m2 m3 = p1101 p1 = 0
c0 = 1: p0 m0 m1 m3 = p0 111 p0 = 1.
,
p0 p1 m0 p2 m1 m2 m3 =
p0 p11 p2 101 = 1010101.
.
p0 p1 m0 p2 m1 m2 m3 = 1000001 , p0 = 1 , p1 = 0 p2 = 0 .
m0 m1 m2 m3
0 0 0 1

, :
p2 m1 m2 m3 = 0001 , c2 = 1
p1 m0 m2 m3 = 0001 , c1 = 1
p0 m0 m1 m3 = 1001 , c0 = 0
,
1. ,
c2 c1c0 = 1102 , . , m2 . m2
. m2
, m2 = 1 . 1000011.
.

m0 , m1 m2
. m3 .
. ,

.

31 173
-21: -

17

Hamming p0 p1 m0 p2 m1 m2 m3 , p
m . To p0 m0 , m1 , m3 , p1
m0 , m2 , m3 o p2 m1 , m2 , m3 .
:
) ,
) m0, .
.

mi .
m1m3
m0 m1 m3 p 0 m0 00 01 11 10
0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 p 0 = m0 m1m3 + m0 m1m3 + m0 m1m3 + m0 m1m3
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 = m0 ( m1 m3 ) + m0 ( m1 m3 )
1 1 0 0 = m0 m1 m3
1 1 1 1

p1 p 2 .
p p . p 0 p0 .
e0 = p0 p 0 , xor.
. ,
E = e1 + e2 + e3

p0

hat_p0

p1
E
hat_p1

p2

hat_p2

m0 p0 p1 , m0
p0 p1 p2 . m0
M 0 = e0 e1e2 = 1 , m0 :

0 = 0 m0 . xor 0=0 m0.

M0=1, xor m0 , .

32 173
-21: -

III. Boole

18

Boole ;
Boole ;

Boole

. , ,
,
,
.

Boole .

19

. abc , a + b + c , a + bc , ab + c , =1, b=1,

c=0.

. N abc = 1 a + b + c = 0 ,
a, b, c.

()
:
abc = (1 1) 0 = (1 0) 0 = 0 0 = 0
a + b + c = 1 + 1 + 0 = 1 + 0 + 0 = 1
a + bc = 1 + 1 0 = 1 + 0 = 1
ab + c = 1 1 + 0 = 1 0 + 0 = 0
()
abc (a,b,c)=(1,1,1)
(a,b,c)=(1,0,1). , (a,b,c),
AND abc=0. (a,b,c)
0. (1,0,1) .

a + b + c , (a, b,c) = (0,0,0)

(a, b, c)=(0,1,0). , 1 (a, b,c),
OR, 1.

20

. ;

33 173
-21: -

. abc , a + b + c , a + bc , ab + c , a=1, b=1,

c=0.
. N abc = 1 a + b + c = 0 ,
a, b, c.
. ai = 1
i
ai = 0 , ai , i < N ,
i
.

()

.
.

( )
.
1,
0. ,
:

:
OR
( 1) .
x+ y 1 x y
1.

AND
, . (
) xy 1 x y 1.
NOT
,
. x 1 x= 0 .

()
:
abc = (1 1) 0 = 1 0 = 0
a + b + c = 1+1+ 0 = 1+ 0 = 1
a + bc = 1 + 1 0 = 1 + 0 = 1
ab + c = 1 1 + 0 = 1 + 0 = 1
()
abc (a,b,c)=(1,1,1).
, , AND

34 173
-21: -

abc=0. 0 . (1,1,1)
.
a + b + c , (0,0,0). ,
1, OR, 1.

()
ND, 0, - ( a1 , a2 ,..., aN ) ,
. , ( a1 , a2 ,..., aN ) = (1,1,....,1) .
R, ( a1 , a2 ,..., aN ) = ( 0, 0,..., 0 ) . ai = 1 ,
OR 1, 1
.

21

;
NAND, NOR, XOR. ;

.
,
. ,
.
NAND ( xy ) ' .
NOR ( x + y ) ' .
R x y = xy '+ x ' y .

.

22

. : xyz+ xyz+yz xyz+xyz+xyz.

. .
. ,
.

()

xy ' z + x ' yz + yz = xy ' z + ( x '+ 1) yz = xy ' z + yz = ( xy '+ y ) z

, xy '+ y = y + x ,
( y + x ) z = yz + xz .

35 173
-21: -

xy ' z + xy ' z + xyz ' = xy ' z (1 + 1) + xyz '

= xy ' z + xyz '
= x ( y ' z + yz ' )
= x( y z)

()
DeMorgan,
f ' = ( xz + yz ) ' = ( x '+ z ' )( y '+ z ' )
= x ' y '+ x ' z '+ z ' y '+ z ' z '
= x ' y '+ x ' z '+ ( y '+ 1) z ' = x ' y '+ x ' z '+ z '
= x ' y '+ ( x '+ 1) z '
= x ' y '+ z '
: f=(x+z)(y+z)=z+xy ( )
:
f ' = ( x ( y z ) ) ' = x '+ ( y z ) '

()
Dergan
:
f ' = ( xy ' z + x ' yz + yz ) '
= ( x '+ y + z ' )( x + y '+ z ' )( y '+ z ' )
= ( x ' y '+ x ' z '+ xy + yz '+ z ' )( y '+ z ' )
= ( x ' y '+ xy + z ' [ x '+ y + 1]) ( y '+ z ' )
= ( x ' y '+ xy + z ' )( y '+ z ' )
= x ' y '+ z ' y '+ z ' x ' y '+ z ' xy + z '
= z ' ( y '+ x ' y '+ 1) + x ' y '
= z '+ x ' y '

Dergan
:
f ' = ( xy ' z + xy ' z + xyz ') '
= ( x '+ y + z ')( x '+ y + z ')( x '+ y '+ z )
= ( x '+ x ' y + x ' z '+ yx '+ y + yz '+ z ' x '+ yz '+ z ')( x '+ y '+ z )
= ( x ' [1 + y + z '] + y + z ' [1 + y ]) ( x '+ y '+ z )
= ( x '+ y + z ')( x '+ y '+ z )
= x '+ x ' y + x ' z + yx '+ yz + z ' x '+ z ' y '
= x ' [1 + y + z + z '] + yz + z ' y '
= x '+ yz + y ' z '
= x '+ ( y z ) ' = x ( y z ) '

()

36 173
-21: -

( ( x ' y '+ z ') ') ' = ( ( x ' y ') ' z ) ' = ( ( x + y ) z ) ' , .
, OR NAND.
ND XOR.

23

. : f = xy z + xyz + y z g = xy z + xz + xyz .
. f g ,
.
. f g .
. f f = 0 g g = 0 ,
f , g , f g .

. ,
.

f :
f = x ' y ' z + x ' yz + y ' z = ( x '+ 1) y ' z + x ' yz
= y ' z + x ' yz = ( y '+ x ' y ) z = ( y '+ x ' ) z

, y '+ x ' y = y '+ x ' ,

f ( y '+ x ') z = y ' z + x ' z .
, : f = x(y+y)z+yz = x1z+yz = xz+yz =
(x+y)z

g:
g = xy ' z + zx + xyz ' = ( y '+ 1) zx + xyz '
= zx + xyz '
= x ( z + yz ' )
= x ( z + y ) = xz + xy

DeMorgan
,
f ' = ( y ' z + zx ') ' = ( y + z ')( z '+ x )
= yz '+ xy + z ' z '+ z ' x
= yz '+ xy + z '+ z ' x = z '( y + 1 + x) + xy
= z '+ xy
, : f=(yz+zx)=(y+z)(z+x)=z+xy

g:
g = [x(z+y)] = x+(z+y) = x+zy

37 173
-21: -

,
f = y ' z + x ' z = ( x + x ') y ' z + x ' ( y + y ') z
= xy ' z + x ' y ' z + x ' yz + x ' y ' z
= xy ' z + x ' y ' z + x ' yz

g = xz+xy = xz(y+y)+xy(z+z) =
= xyz+xyz+xyz+xyz =
= xyz+xyz+xyz=(5,6,7)

f ' f = ( z '+ xy )( y ' z + x ' z ) = z ' y ' z + z ' x ' z + xyy ' z + xyx ' z
=0+0+0+0=0
.
g
gg = (x+zy)(xz+xy) = xxz+xxy+zyxz+zyxy = 0+0+0+0 = 0

() f = z+xy, , AND, OR
NOT. De Morgan f f = (z(xy))
NAND .
g () g=x+zy. De Morgan
g=x+(z+y)=(x(z+y)) , NAND OR
.

24

f(x,y,z)=xy+yz+xyz. .
. :
[f(0,0,0)+f(0,1,0)] f(1,1,0).

:
(: AND ()
. .. xy x y.)

,
, :

f(x,y,z) = xy+yz+xyz

38 173
-21: -

= xy(z+z)+yz(x+x)+xyz
= xyz+xyz+xyz+x yz+xyz
= xyz+xyz+xyz+xyz
= xyz+xyz+xyz+xyz
=(0, 4, 6, 7)

x y z xyz xy'z' xyz' xyz f(x,y,z)=xyz+ xy'z'+ x'yz'+ x'y'z

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

1
:
f(0,0,0) = 0 0+0 0+0 0 0 = 0 0+1 1+0 1 1 = 0 + 1 + 0 = 1
: f(0,1,0)=0 f(1,1,0)=1.
:
[f(0,0,0)+f(0,1,0)] f(1,1,0) = [1+0] 1 = 1 1 = 1

2

, .
f(0,0,0) m0
1. f(0,1,0) m2
0 f(1,1,0) m6
1.
:
[f(0,0,0)+f(0,1,0)] f(1,1,0) = [1+0] 1 = 1 1 = 1

25

. f ( x, y ) = xy + xy . .
x, y ,
;
. f ( x, y, z ) = xyz + xy z + xyz + xy z . .
;

()
:
x y x' y' xy x'y' xy+ x'y'
0 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 0

39 173
-21: -

1 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 1
R .
x
f(x,y)
y
XNOR

()
:

x y z xyz xy'z' x'yz' x'y'z xyz+ xy'z'+ x'yz'+

x'y'z
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

xyz + xy ' z '+ x ' yz '+ x ' y ' z = x ( yz + y ' z ' ) + x ' ( yz '+ y ' z )
= x ( y z ) '+ x ' ( y z )
= x ( y z ).
( y z ) ' = ( yz + y ' z ') , .
R . 1
.

x
y f(x,y,z)
XOR
XOR

26

. f ( x, y ) = xy + xy .
. x, y ,
;
. f ( x, y , z ) = xyz + xyz + xyz + xyz .
. ;

()
:

x y x' y' xy' x'y xy'+

x'y
0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 1

40 173
-21: -

1 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0

R .

()
:
x y z xyz xy'z' x'yz' x'y'z xyz+ xy'z'+ x'yz'+
x'y'z
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

xyz + xy ' z '+ x ' yz '+ x ' y ' z = x ( yz + y ' z ' ) + x ' ( yz '+ y ' z )
= x ( y z ) '+ x ' ( y z )
= x ( y z ).

( y z ) ' = ( yz + y ' z ') , .

R . 1
.

27

o (NOT, AND, OR) NAND.

(:
x y
NAND).

( )
Boole:
( : = , = )

NAND:

AND :
( - )
( : = , = )
( ) ( )

41 173
-21: -

NAND:

OR :
+ ( - )
+ ( De Morgan + )
( : = , = = )

NAND:

28

F(x,y,z) G(x,y,z)
. ;

,
F1, F2 F.
F1 = (x + z) y
F2 = (x z) y = (x z+x z) y
F = F1+F2 = [(x+z) y] + [(x z+x z) y]

G.
G1 = (x + z) y
G2 = (x y) z
G = G1 + G2 = [(x+z) y] + [(x y) z]

F(x,y,z) G(x,y,z)
. :
F = [(x+z) y] + [(x z+x z) y]
= [(x z) y] + [x y z+x y z]
= x y z + x y z + x y z
= x y z + x y z = (2,7)

G = [(x+z) y] + [(x y) z]
= [(x z) y] + x y z

42 173
-21: -

= x y z + x y z = (2,7)

29

. (:
1, 2, 3 ).

NAND :
1 = , 2 = 1 , 3 = 1 = 2 3

, :
= ( De Morgan =
= )
+ ( )
( )
( + ) ( De Morgan )
( + ) ( + ) ( )
+ + + ( : = 0 : + 0 = , )
+

XOR,
NAND XOR.

30
1 2 .

43 173
-21: -

:
Y1 Y1 = A C = (A C)=C+AC. =0,
1=C, A=1, 1=C. .
2 = C + B, 0, C B ,
1. :
C

A
Y1
C B

B Y2
Y1

Y2

31
,
X1 2.
NAND.

:
= 1 + 2.
H 1 AND, NAND
NOR. ,
1 = ()(+C)
= (AB + A + C) [De Morgan]
= (A(+1) + C) [, , z + 1 = 1]
= ( 1 + C)
= (A + C) = AC [De Morgan]
2:
2 = (()(+C))
= ((AB + A + C)) [DeMorgan]
= AB + A + C [(z) = z]
= A + B + C []
,
= 1 + 2 = C + (A + B + C) = C + A + B + C
= (A+1) C + A + B
= A + B + C
.
X = A + B + C

44 173
-21: -

= ((A + B + C)) [(z) = z]

= (ABC) [DeMorgan]
NAND:

(A A) = A.

32
F(w,x,y,z) G(w,x,y,z)
. ;

,
F1, F2 F.
F1 = (x+z) w
F2 = (x z) y = (x z+x z) y
F = F1+F2 = [(x+z) w] + [(x z+x z) y]
G.
G1 = (x + z) (w + y)
G2 = (x y) z
G = G1 + G2 = [(x+z) (w + y)] + [(x y) z]
F(w,x,y,z) G(w,x,y,z)
.
:
F= [(x+z) w] + [(x z+x z) y]
= [(x z) w] + [x y z+x y z]
= (w x z) + (x y z) +(x y z)
= [(w x z) (y + y)] + [(x y z) (w + w)] + [(x y z) (w + w)]
=(w x y z)+(w x y z)+(w x y z)+(w x y z)+(w x y z)+(w x y z)
=( 10, 8, 15, 7, 10, 2)=( 2, 7, 8, 10 ,15)

G= [(x+z) (w + y)] + [(x y) z]

= [(x z) (w + y)] + (x y z)
= [(w x z) + (x y z)] + [x y z]
= [(w x z) (y + y) + (x y z) (w + w)] + [(x y z) (w + w)]
=(w x y z)+(w x y z)+(w x y z)+(w x y z)+(w x y z)+(w x y z)
=( 10, 8, 10, 2,15,7)
=( 2,7,8,10 ,15)

45 173
-21: -

Karnaugh .

33
() .

1, 2, 3 .
1 = (())
2 = (())
3 = (1 2) = ( (()) (()) )
= 3 + = ( (()) (()) ) +
:
= ( (()) (()) ) +
= ( () + () ) + De Morgan
= ( () (+) ) +
= ( (+) (+) ) + De Morgan
= ( A+A+BA+B) +
= ( A+BA) + =0 & +0=
= A+ (BA + ) =0 & +0=
= A + A +=
=+A +=+

() OR.

34

. (:

A, B, C).

X1 X3

X2

X1 = (AB)
2 = (+C)
3 = (12)=1+2= ++C = B+C

46 173
-21: -

X = (C+X3) = (C+B+C) = (+C)

35

A,B,C 1,2 .
AND, NAND, OR NOR,
1 2 .

:
Y1 , 1. ,,1
1.
1 1
, 1, 1 0
,. , AND, NAND,
OR NOR, 1 AND.
Y2 1, C 2.
1,C,2 2.
2 1
Y1,C 0, 2 0
1,C. , AND,
NAND, OR NOR, 2 NOR.

36

- , A, B, C Y
. H 1 0.

47 173
-21: -

. .
. XOR .
.
XOR .
(: XOR
).

. :

C Y
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0

:
Y = abc + abc + abc + abc

. XOR
X y xy
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
x = 0 y. x=1,
y. XOR
:
Y

. :

48 173
-21: -

Y = a ( bc + bc ) + a ( bc + bc )

= a ( b c ) + a ( b c )
: x y = xy + xy
( x y ) = xy + xy . d = a ,

Y = d ( b c ) + d ( b c ) , Y = d ( b c ) .
, d XOR,
:
c

Y
b

37

=0 +=1 :
(A+C)(A+B)(B+C) = BC

1 :

:
(A+C) (A+B) (B+C) =
= (AA + AB + AC + BC) (B+C) = (AA=0, AB=0)
= ABC + ACC + BBC + BCC = (BB=B, X+X=X)
= ABC + AC + BC =
= AC (B + 1) + BC = (B+1=1, A+B=1)
= AC (A + B) + BC =
= AAC + ABC + BC = (AA=0)
= (A +1) BC = (X+1=1)
= BC

2 :
, :

+
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1
=0 +=1 2 3
=. (=)
:

49 173
-21: -

(A+C) (A+B) (B+C) =

= (+C) (+B) (B+C) = (B+B=B)
= ( + BC + CB + CC) = (BB=0, CC=C, X+0=X)
= (BC + BC + C) =
= (C (B + B) + C) = (B+B=1)
= (C 1 + C) = (C1=C, C+C=C)
= BC

38

F(w,x,y,z) G(w,x,y,z)
, .
;

,
F1, F2 F.
F1 = (x z) w= (x z+x z) w
F2 = (x + z) y
F = F1+F2 = [(x z+x z) w] + [(x+z) y]
G.
G1 = (x + z) (w + y)
G2 = (x w) z
G = G1 + G2 = [(x+z) (w + y)] + [(x w) z]
F(w,x,y,z) G(w,x,y,z)
.
:
F= [(x+z) y] + [(x z+x z) w]
= [(x z) y] + [xw z+x w z]
= (y x z) + (xw z) +(xw z)
= [(y x z) (w + w)] + [(x w z) (y + y)] + [(x w z) (y + y)]
=(w x y z)+(w x y z)+(w x y z)+(w x y z)+(w x y z)+(w x y z)
=( 10 , 2, 15, 13, 10, 8)
=( 2,8,10,13 ,15)

G= [(x+z) (w + y)] + [(x w) z]

= [(x z) (w + y)] + (xw z)
= [(w x z) + (x y z)] + [xw z]
= [(w x z) (y + y) + (x y z) (w + w)] + [(xw z) (y + y)]
=(w x y z)+(w x y z)+(w x y z)+(w x y z)+(w x y z)+(w x y z)
=( 10, 8,10, 2,15, 13)
=( 2,8,10,13,15)

50 173
-21: -

.

Karnaugh .
, F :
F=w(x'z'+xz)+y(z+x)'
=wx'z'+wxz+y(x'z')
= x'z'(w+y) + wxz
=(x+z)'(w+y) + wxz
=G
.

39

- , A, B, C Y1, Y2
. H 1 0.

. N 1 2.
. 1 2 .

. :

A B C Y1 2
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1

1
:
Y 1 = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC

2 2, :
Y 2 = ABC + ABC = AC Y 2 = A + C

51 173
-21: -

. 1 : Y 1 = AB + AB = ( A B) , :

40

(SOP)
(POS). Boole,
F(x,y,z), (2,4,5,6)=(0,1,3,7).

(2,4,5,6)= ((0,1,3,7))=
=(xyz+xyz+xyz+xyz)
=((x+y+z)+(x+y+z)+(x+y+z)+(x+y+z))
=(x+y+z)(x+y+z)(x+y+z)(x+y+z)
=(x+y+z)(x+y+z)(x+y+z)(x+y+z)
=M0 M1 M3 M7
=(0,1,3,7)

:
,
.
:
(2,4,5,6)=x'yz'+xy'z'+xy'z+xyz'=z'y(x+x')+xy'(z+z')=yz'+xy'
,
(0,1,3,7)=(x+y+z)(x+y+z')(x+y'+z')(x'+y'+z')=
=(xx+xy+xz'+xy+yy+yz'+xz+yz+zz')(xx'+xy'+xz'+y'x'+y'y'+y'z'+z'x'+z'y'+z'z')
=(x+xy+xz'+xy+xz+y+yz'+yz+zz')(xx'+xy'+y'x'+y'+y'z'+z'y'+xz'+z'x'+z')
=(x+y)(y'+z')
=xy'+xz'+yy'+yz'
=xy'+xz'+yz'
=xy'+xy'z'+xyz'+yz'
=xy'+yz'

:
(A+AB=A) y x , , '=0.

41

F(w,x,y,z) G(w,x,y,z)
. ;
(: F1,F2 G1,G2.)

52 173
-21: -

w
F1

F2
F
y

F
F = (F1 + F2 + y)
NOR .
F1 = w(x + z) [ AND x OR]
F2 = x (w+z) [ AND x OR]
F = (F1 + F2 + y) = F1 F2 y [de Morgan]
= (w(x + z)) (x(w+z)) y [de Morgan]
= (w + (x + z)) (x + (w+z)) y [de Morgan]
= (w + xz)(x + wz)y [de Morgan]
= (wx + w wz + xzx + xz wz) y []
= (wx + xzw) y [ a a = 0 , a a = a]
= wx y + wx y z
H F
F = wx y (z+z)+ wx y z = wx y z + wx y z + wx y z+ = (4,8,9).
G
G = G1 G2

G1 = (xnor(w,x) + y) = xor(w,x) y [de Morgan]

= (wx + wx) y [ xor]
= wx y+ wxy
G2 = w + (x z) = w + x + z

G = (wx y+ wxy) (w + x + z)
= 0 + 0 + wx y z + w wxy + wx xy + wxy z
= wx y z + wxy + wxy + wxy z [ a a = 0, a a = a]
= wx y z + wxy + wxy z
= wx y z + wxy (1 + z) [ wxy]
= wx y z + wxy [ 1 + a = 1]
G :
G = wx y z + wxy(z+z) = wx y z + wxyz + wxyz = (4, 9, 8).
F G ,
.
: , F G
, .

53 173
-21: -

IV.

42

, (X)
(S) .
:
(D) - () - ().
.
.
1 0 .
1 0
.
. ,
.
. Karnaugh .

.
(D,,) (X,S).
:

D X S
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1

. 2 Karnaugh , .

D 00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
D
0 1 0
D 1 1 1 1 1
D 1

X = + D + D S = D

54 173
-21: -

43

: F (w,x,y,z) = (2,4,6,7,8,10,14,15)
. Karnaugh.
. .

. Karnaugh,
, .

yz y
wx 00 01 11 10
00 1

01 1 1 1
x
11 1 1
w
10 1 1

z
F(w,x,y,z) = x y + y z + wx z+ w x z

B. Karnaugh AND-OR.

, :
F(w,x,y,z) = xy + yz + wxz + wxz
= (x + z) y + (wx + wx) z
= (x + z) y + (w x) z

55 173
-21: -

44

(=3210)
() =-9. .. =1210=11002,
=-9=12-9=310=112.
.
. .
. Karnaugh.
. NAND.

.
=1510 : =-9=15-9=610=1102.
. 4 (=3210),
3 (=210) .
, ,
() .
:

3 2 1 0 2 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 -9 X X X
0 0 0 1 1 -8 X X X
0 0 1 0 2 -7 X X X
0 0 1 1 3 -6 X X X
0 1 0 0 4 -5 X X X
0 1 0 1 5 -4 X X X
0 1 1 0 6 -3 X X X
0 1 1 1 7 -2 X X X
1 0 0 0 8 -1 X X X
1 0 0 1 9 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 10 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 11 2 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 12 3 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 13 4 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 14 5 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 15 6 1 1 0

56 173
-21: -

. Karnaugh,
.
,
(w,x,y,z) (3210).

yz y
wx 00 01 11 10
00

01
x
11 1 1 1
w
10

z
2(w,x,y,z) = x y + x z

yz y
wx 00 01 11 10
00

01
x
11 1 1
w
10 1

z
Y1(w,x,y,z) = yz + y z

yz y
wx 00 01 11 10
00

01
x
11 1 1
w
10 1

z
Y0(w,x,y,z) = z

. NAND
:
2 = xy+xz = [(xy) (xz)]
Y1 = yz+yz = [(yz) (yz)]
Y0 = z = (zz)
:

57 173
-21: -

45

. , B,
C, D 0,
50 1, .

C D

:

, :
C D .
,,C D.
C,D , ,
.

.

Karnaugh.
.

58 173
-21: -

:
A, B, C, D 1
. , =1 =0 .
, . =.
, :
A B C D
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0
1 2

CD C
CD C
AB 00 01 11 10
AB 00 01 11 10
00
00 1 1 1 1
01 1
01 1 1 1 B
B 11 1 1 1
11 1 A
A 10 1
10 1 1 1
D
D
= AB+CD+AC+AD+BC+BD = = BCD+ACD+ABC+ABD =
= (A+B) + CD + (A+B)(C+D) = = (A+B)(CD) + (AB)(C+D) =
= (A+B) + CD + (AB)(C+D) = (A+B)(C+D) + (AB)(CD)

A A
B B
C C
D D

59 173
-21: -

46

BCD -7- (BCD to 7-segment

display). Karnaugh 7 : a,
b, c, d, e, f, g.

10 BCD display :
[0] = {a,b,c,d,e,f} a
[1] = {b,c}
[2] = {a,b,d,e,g} f b
[3] = {a,b,c,d,g}
[4] = {b,c,f,g} g
[5] = {a,c,d,f,g}
[6] = {a,c,d,e,f,g} e c
[7] = {a,b,c}
[8] = {a,b,c,d,e,f,g} d
[9] = {a,b,c,d,f,g}
( 10 15 .)

BCD w, x, y, z ( w ),
7 a, b, c, d, e, f, g:

w x y z a b c d e f g
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 5 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 6 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 9 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 X 1 X A,B,E,F X X X X X X X
1 1 X X C,D X X X X X X X
, Karnaugh,
7 , AND-OR
( , AND OR NAND):

y yz y
yz
wx 00 01 11 10 wx 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1 00 1 1 1 1

01 1 1 1 01 1 1
x x
11 X X X X 11 X X X X
w w
10 1 1 X X 10 1 1 X X

z z
a = w + y + xz + xz b = x + yz + yz

60 173
-21: -

wx yz 00 01 11 y 10 yz y
wx 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1
00 1 1 1
01 1 1 1 1
x 01 1 1
11 X X X X x
w 11 X X X X
10 1 1 X X w
10 1 1 X X
z
z
c = x + y + z
d = w + xyz + xy + xz + yz
yz y y
yz
wx 00 01 11 10 wx 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 00 1
01 1 01 1 1 1
x x
11 X X X X 11 X X X X
w w
10 1 X X 10 1 1 X X

z z
e = xz+ yz f = w + xy + xz + yz

yz y
wx 00 01 11 10
00 1 1

01 1 1 1
x
11 X X X X
w
10 1 1 X X

z
g = w + xy + xy + yz

61 173
 -21: -

xyz xz xz xy xy yz yz yz xz

47

7- (7-segment decoder).
Karnaugh 7 a, b, c, d, e, f, g.

(0-F) display :

a a [0]={a,b,c,d,e,f} [8]={a,b,c,d,e,f,g}
A b [1]={b,c} [9]={a,b,c,d,f,g}
7-

c f b [2]={a,b,d,e,g} [A]={a,b,c,e,f,g}
B
d [3]={a,b,c,d,g} [B]={c,d,e,f,g}
g
C e [4]={b,c,f,g} [C]={d,e,g}
f e c [5]={a,c,d,f,g} [D]={b,c,d,e,g}
D [6]={a,c,d,e,f,g} [E]={a,d,e,f,g}
g
d [7]={a,b,c} [F]={a,e,f,g}

f g. 4 A, B, C, D (
). led a, b, c, d, e, f, g, display
1.

62 173
-21: -

:
A, B, C, D, ( A
), 7 a, b, c, d, e, f, g:

A B C D a b c d e f g
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 5 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 6 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 9 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 A 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 C 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 D 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 E 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 F 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
,
Karnaugh, 7
, :

C CD C
CD
AB 00 01 11 10 AB 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1 00 1 1 1 1

01 1 1 1 01 1 1
B B
11 1 1 11 1
A A
10 1 1 1 10 1 1 1

D D
a = AC+BC+BD+ABD+ABC b = AB+BD+ACD+ACD+ACD

CD C CD C
AB 00 01 11 10 AB 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1 00 1 1 1

01 1 1 1 1 01 1 1
B B
11 1 11 1 1 1
A A
10 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1

D D
c = AC+AD+AB+AB+CD d = AC+BCD+BCD+ABD+BCD

63 173
-21: -

CD C CD C
AB 00 01 11 10 AB 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 00 1

01 1 01 1 1 1
B B
11 1 1 1 1 11 1 1
A A
10 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1

D D
e = AB+AC+BD+CD f = AB+AC+ACD+ABC+BCD

CD C
AB 00 01 11 10
00 1 1

01 1 1 1
B
11 1 1 1 1
A
10 1 1 1 1

D
g = A+BC+CD+BC
, f g (NOT-AND-OR) ( ,
NOT, AND OR NAND):

f = AB+AC+ACD+ABC+BCD g = A+BC+CD+BC

48

. ,
(C3C2C1C0, C3 ) 2 (2s complement),
.
. ,
4 bits (C3C2C1C0, C3 )
2 (2s complement) (signed
magnitude).

64 173
-21: -

. 4 bits 16 ,
. 2, bit C3
(sign). ( )
2 : X= -C323 + C222 + C121 + C020.

2
C3 C2 C1 C0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 +1
0 0 1 0 +2
0 0 1 1 +3
0 1 0 0 +4
0 1 0 1 +5
0 1 1 0 +6
0 1 1 1 +7
1 0 0 0 -8
1 0 0 1 -7
1 0 1 0 -6
1 0 1 1 -5
1 1 0 0 -4
1 1 0 1 -3
1 1 1 0 -2
1 1 1 1 -1

2

C3 C2 C1 C0 M4 M3 M2 M1 M0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 +1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 +2 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 +3 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 +4 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 +5 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 +6 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 +7 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 -8 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 -7 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 -6 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 -5 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 -4 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 -3 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 -2 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 -1 1 0 0 0 1

B. , M4=C3, M3=C3C2C1C0= C3(C0+C1+C2) M0=C0.

65 173
-21: -

, Karnaugh,
2 1, NOT-AND-OR
( , NOT, AND OR NAND):

C1 C1
C1C0 C1C0
C3C2 00 01 11 10 C3C2 00 01 11 10
00 00 1 1

01 1 1 1 1 01 1 1
C2 C2
11 1 11 1 1
C3 C3
10 1 1 1 10 1 1

C0 C0
M2=C2C3+C0C1C2+C0C2C3+C1C2 M1 = C0C1+C1C3+C0C1C3
C

,
, :

M2 = C2C3+C0C1C2+C0C2C3+C1C2C3 = C2(C3+C0C1) + C2C3(C0+C1) =

= C2[C3(C0+C1)] + C2[(C0+C1)C3] = C2 [C3(C0+C1)].

M1 = C0C1+C1C3+C0C1C3 = C1(C0+C3) + C1C0C3 = C1(C0C3) + C1(C0C3) = C1 (C0C3).

C3 C2 C1 C0

M4

M3

M2

M1

M0

49

(1,2,3) . ,
NOR, () 1
.
1 0 .

(1,2,3)
() 1 .
:

66 173
-21: -

1 2 3 X
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0
1 Karnaugh .

2
23
1 00 01 11 10
0 1 1 1

1 1 1
3
X = 23 + 12 + 13

NOR. , DeMorgan,
, NOR.
: = (2+3) + (1+2) + (1+3)
. OR 3- NOR,
, NOR,
NOT, NOR.

50

(=3210)
() =-10. .. =1210=11002,
=-10=12-10=210.
.
. .
. Karnaugh.
. NAND.
.
.

.
=1510 : =-10=15-10=510=1012.

67 173
-21: -

. 4 (=3210),
3 (=210) .
, ,
() .
:

3 2 1 0 2 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 -10 X X X
0 0 0 1 1 -9 X X X
0 0 1 0 2 -8 X X X
0 0 1 1 3 -7 X X X
0 1 0 0 4 -6 X X X
0 1 0 1 5 -5 X X X
0 1 1 0 6 -4 X X X
0 1 1 1 7 -3 X X X
1 0 0 0 8 -2
1 0 0 1 9 -1
1 0 1 0 10 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 11 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 12 2 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 13 3 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 14 4 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 15 5 1 0 1

. Karnaugh,
.
Karnaugh 4 ,
(w,x,y,z) (3210).

yz y
wx 00 01 11 10
00

01
x
11 1 1
w
10

z
2(w,x,y,z) = x y

68 173
-21: -

yz y
wx 00 01 11 10
00

01
x
11 1 1
w
10

z
Y1(w,x,y,z) = y

yz y
wx 00 01 11 10
00

01
x
11 1 1
w
10 1

z
Y0(w,x,y,z) = z

. NAND
:
2 = xy = [(xy)] = [(xy) (xy)]
Y1 = y = (yy)
Y0 = z
:

. Karnaugh
:
2 = wxy
Y1 = wxy
Y0 = wxz + wyz

69 173
-21: -

51

NAND.
A B C D

:
:

F = ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ABC + BCD

Karnaugh :

00 01 11 10
CD
00 0 0 1 0
01 0 0 1 0

11 1 0 0 0

10 1 1 1 1

F = ABC + ABC + CD

DeMorgan
NAND:

F = (ABC + ABC + CD) = ((ABC) (ABC) (CD))

70 173
-21: -

52

(w,x,y,z) 1
1 0.
. .
. Karnaugh.
.
1 0,
NAND.

. (w,x,y,z) .
16 :

w x y z E
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1

. Karnaugh .
.
.

71 173
-21: -

yz y
wx 00 01 11 10
00

01 1
x
11 1 1 1
w
10 1

z
E = wxy + xyz + wxz + wyz

. 1
0 . Karnaugh
.
.
.

yz y
wx 00 01 11 10
00

01 1
x
11 1 1 1
w
10 1

z
E = wx + yz

NAND
:

= wx + yz = [(wx + yz)] = [(wx)(yz)]

53

(v,w,x,y,z) 1
1 0.
. .

72 173
-21: -

. Karnaugh.

. (v,w,x,y,z) .
32 :

v w x y z E
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 0

. Karnaugh
, v=0 v=1,
.
( v=0 v=1)
. .
v=0 yz y
wx 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1 1

01 1 1 1
x
11 1
w
10 1 1 1

73 173
-21: -

yz y
v=1
wx 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1

01 1
x
11
w
10 1

z
wxy + wyz + wx z+ xyz

( 1) ( v=1),
( v=0) .

.
. ,
,
.
.
.
.
v=0 yz y
wx 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1 1

01 1 1 1
x
11 1
w
10 1 1 1

z
vwx + vyz + vw z + vxy + vwy + vxz
, :
= wxy+wyz+wxz+xyz+vwx+vyz+vwz+vxy+vwy+vxz

54

(w,x,y,z)
1 0
2.
. .
. Karnaugh.
.
7 NOT .

74 173
-21: -

.
1 0,
NAND.

. (w,x,y,z) .
16 :

w x y z E
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0
. Karnaugh .
.
.
yz y
wx 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1 1

01 1 1 0 1
x
11 1 0 0 0
w
10 1 1 0 1

z
E = wx + wy + wz + xy + xz + yz

.
:

= wx + wy + wz + xy + xz + yz
= wx + w (y + z) + x (y + z) + yz
= wx + (w + x) (y + z) + yz
= (w+x) + (w x) (y z) + ( y+z)

75 173
-21: -

. 1
0 . Karnaugh

.
.
.
yz y
wx 00 01 11 10
00

01 1
x
11 1 1 1
w
10 1

z
E = wx + yz

NAND
:

= () = (wx + yz) = (wx)(yz) = [(wx)(yz)] = [ [(wx)(yz)] [(wx)(yz)]]

NAND :

NAND
NAND.

55

5 NOT .

2, , L :
L=1 <, L=0 .

76 173
-21: -

=10 =10. ,

10 -2
11 -1
00 0
01 1

1 0 1 0 L
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0

Karnaugh .
.
.
BB B1
1 0
A1A0 00 01 11 10
00 0 1 0 0

01 0 0 0 0
A0
11 1 1 0 0
A1
10 1 1 1 0

B0
E = A1B1 + A1A0B0 + A0B1B0

7
2 NOT. :
E = A1B1 + A1A0B0 + A0B1B0 =
= A1B1 + A0B0 (1+ B1)
5 2 NOT.
:

77 173
-21: -

56

d2d1d0
d2dc2d1dc1d0dc0p dci di, p
d2d1d0. , , 110
1010010.
, ( ) .

p ( di ,
dci ).
. ,
. i cci = ( di dci ) ,
:

:
di dci cci
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
cc = d dc + d dc = ( d dc ) .
i i i i i i i

,
, .
di , dci .
:
p

d0
PC
d1

d2

i :

78 173
-21: -

cci ( ,
AND , . XOR , XOR
). PC , di,
dci. PC ,
. PC
, cci .

d0_corr
PC
d1_corr

d2_corr

:
cci . pc
, dci_corr u di_corr,
, di_corr:
di dci pc di _ corr
0 0 0 0 Karnaugh
0 0 1 1 dci pc 00 01 11 10
0 1 0 0 di _ corr = dci pc + di pc ,
di
0 1 1 0 :
0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0

dci

pc di_corr

dci_corr

dci

57

1.

79 173
-21: -

) G 1

0 .
) G . .
) G
. .

)
ABCD G
0 0000 1
1 0001 1
2 0010 1
3 0011 0
4 0100 1
5 0101 1
6 0110 0
7 0111 0
8 1000 1
9 1001 1
10 1010 1
11 1011 0
12 1100 0
13 1101 0
14 1110 0
15 1111 0

) G = A ' C '+ B ' D '+ B ' C ' DeMorgan

G = A ' C '+ B ' ( D '+ C ' )
= A ' C '+ B ' ( DC ) '
= ( A + C ) '+ ( B + DC ) '
= ( ( A + C )( B + DC ) ) '
, :

80 173
-21: -

58

) F
F(,,C,D) =(1,3,5,7,9,11,12,14).
) F .

)
ABCD F
0 0000 0
1 0001 1 ) Karnaugh
2 0010 0
CD
3 0011 1 AB 00 01 11 10
4 0100 0 00 1 1
5 0101 1 01 1 1
6 0110 0 11 1 1
7 0111 1 10 1 1
8 1000 0
9 1001 1 F = A ' D + B ' D + ABD '
10 1010 0
11 1011 1 = ( A '+ B ') D + ABD '
( De Morgan)
12 1100 1 = ( AB ) ' D + ( AB ) D '
13 1101 0
14 1110 1 = ( AB ) D
15 1111 0

F :

B
F

59

1 9, 8421.
F 1 3,
. 4 2 .

1 9,
.
. 0 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
, . :

81 173
-21: -

xyzw F
0000 X
0001 0
0010 0
0011 1
0100 0
0101 0
0110 1
0111 0
1000 0
1001 1
1010 X
1011 X
1100 X
1101 X
1110 X
1111 X

Karnaugh

zw 00 01 11 10
xy
00 X 1
01 1
11 X X X X
10 1 X X

F F = xw + yzw + yzw = xw +
z(yw+yw) = x w + z ( y w). :
x

60

x,y,z,w
1 , 0.
:
. (: 0 1 )
.
. Karnaugh
. 2 .

82 173
-21: -

.
x y z w F
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 ) Karnaugh
0 0 1 1 1
CD
0 1 0 0 0 AB 00 01 11 10
0 1 0 1 1 00 1 1 1
01 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 11
0 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
G = A ' C '+ B ' D '+ B ' C '
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0

.
zw
xy 00 01 11 10

0 1 1
0
0 1 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
0

F=yz'w+x'y'z+x'zw+y'zw

. 2 ,
. :
F=yz'w+x'y'z+x'zw+y'zw=w(y xor z)+x'z(y'+w)
.

83 173
-21: -

Z
Y

W
F

61

, 2
a1a0 b1b0 , 2 .

F(a1, a0, b1, b0) = 1, | |=2
0, ,
1 2.
AND, XOR XNOR.

b1b0 00 01 11 10
a1 a0 b1 b0 |A B| a1a0
0 0 0 0 0 0 00 1
0 0 0 1 1 0 01 1
0 0 1 0 2 1 11 1
0 0 1 1 1 0 10 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 Y = a1a0 b1b0 + a1a0b1b0
0 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 3 0 + a1a0b1b0 + a1a0 b1b0
0 1 1 1 2 1
1 0 0 0 2 1 = a1b1 ( a0 xor b0 ) + a1b1 ( a0 xor b0 )
1 0 0 1 3 0
= ( a1b1 + a1b1 )( a0 xor b0 )
1 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 0 = ( a1 xor b1 )( a0 xnor b0 )
1 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 2 1
1 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0

84 173
-21: -

62

(3) NAND 2 .

:
:

F = ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ACD

Karnaugh :

CD 00 01 11 10

00 0 0 0 0
01 0 0 0 0

11 1 1 0 1

10 1 1 0 1

F = AC + AD

:
F = (AC + D) = A (C + D) = A (C D) = (A (C D))
3 NAND 2 :

85 173
-21: -

:
:

F = ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ACD

Karnaugh
:

CD 00 01 11 10

00 0 0 0 0
01 0 0 0 0

11 1 1 0 1

10 1 1 0 1

F,
:

F = A + CD

F DeMorgan,
NAND:

F = (A + CD) = A (C D) = (A (C D))
, 3 NAND 2
.

63

(w,x,y,z)
1 0
2 0 .
. .
. Karnaugh.
.
4 (
NOT).
.
0 2,
( NOT).

86 173
-21: -

. (w,x,y,z) .
16 :

w x y z E
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0

. Karnaugh .
.
.

yz y
wx 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1 1

01 1 0 0 0
x
11 1 0 0 0
w
10 1 1 0 0

z
E = wx + xy + yz

.
:

= wx + xy + yz
= x (w + y) + (y + z)
= x (w y) + (y + z)
= (x + (w y)) + (y + z)

87 173
-21: -

. 0
2, . Karnaugh
.

.

yz y
wx 00 01 11 10
00 1 1

01 0 0 0
x
11 0 0 0
w
10 1 0 0

E = xy

= xy = (x+y)

NOR :

88 173
-21: -

V. -

64

F ;
.

2-to-4
decoder

A 20 D0 F(A,B,C,D)
B 21 D1
D2
C
Enable D3
D

D0 D2 0 2 , .

: D0 = [(CD)AB] =[ ABCD]
: D2 = [(CD)AB] =[ ABCD]

: F = D0 D2 = [ABCD] [ABCD] = [ABCD+ ABCD] =

[ACD(B+B)]=[ACD1] = [ACD] = A+C+D

65

F .
.

2--4
Decoder

A 20 0
B 1
21 2 F(A,B,C,D)
C 3
D Enable

F0 F3 0 3 , .
: F0 = D[(BC) A] = D[(B+C) A] = ABD + ACD
: F3 = D[(BC) A] = ABCD.

: F = F0 + F3 = ABD + ACD + ABCD

89 173
-21: -

Karnaugh
F.
CD C
AB 00 01 11 10
00 1 1

01 1
B
11 1
A
10

66

G(,,) ,
2--1.
.
2--1
Multiplexer 2--1
Multiplexer
Z 0
1 1 0
Y 1 G(X,Y,Z)
Y
X
:

F(Y,Z) . : F = Y1 + YZ = Y(1+Z) +
YZ = + + = + (+) = Y+Z (: F=Y1+YZ =Y+YZ =(Y+Y)(Y+Z)
=1(Y+Z) =Y+Z).

, : G = XY + XF = XY +
X(Y+Z) = XY + XY + XZ = (X+X)Y+XZ = Y + XZ

, G = (Y+X) (Y+Z).
Karnaugh G
Karnaugh,
, .
xy
z 00 01 11 10
0 1 1

1 1 1 1
G G = (y+x) (y+z).

90 173
-21: -

67

G(A,W,,,) ,
3 2--1.
.
2--1
Multiplexer

X 0 G0 2--1
1 1
Multiplexer
Y
0
2--1 1 G(A,W,X,Y,Z)
Multiplexer
A
0 0 G1
Z 1

2--1 0, 1, F (select) S, :
F = I0S + I1S
:
1 ( ): G0 = XY+1Y = XY+Y = +
2 ( ): G1 = 0W+ZW = WZ
3 ():
G = G0+G1A = (X+Y)A + (WZ)A = AX+AY+AWZ
G ,
G(A,W,X,Y,Z), (.. G Karnaugh 0):

Y Y

WX 00 01 11 10 WX 00 01 11 10
00 0 0 1 1 00 0 0 0 0

01 1 1 1 1 01 0 0 0 0
X X
11 1 1 1 1 11 0 1 1 0
W W
10 0 0 1 1 10 0 1 1 0

Z Z

: G = AW + AZ + AXY.
De Morgan , :
G = ( AW + AZ + AXY ) = (AW)(AZ)(AXY) = (A+W)(A+Z)(A+X+Y).

91 173
-21: -

68

g(w,x,y) = wy + x y + wxy

4--1. : S0=x,
S1=w w,x,y .

:
g(w,x,y), (. )
, I0-I3, y.

w x y g(w,x,y) 4--1
0 0 0 0 y I3
I0=y
0 0 1 1 y
0 1 0 1 y I1
I1=y
0 1 1 0 y I0 O g (w,x,y)
1 0 0 0
I2=y
1 0 1 1 w S1
1 1 0 0 x S0
I3=y
1 1 1 1

:
O = S1S0 I 0 + S1S0 I1 + S1S0 I 2 + S1S0 I 3
= w ' x ' I 0 + w ' xI1 + wx ' I 2 + wxI 3
:
O = I 0 , w = 0 x = 0 , . w ' x ' = 1 , I 0 = g ( 0, 0, y )
O = I1 , w = 0 x = 1 , . w ' x = 1 , I1 = g ( 0,1, y )
O = I 2 , w = 1 x = 0 , . wx ' = 1 , I 2 = g (1, 0, y )
O = I 3 , w = 1 x = 1 , . wx = 1 , I 3 = g (1,1, y ) .
,
I 0 = g ( 0, 0, y ) = 0 y + 1 y + 0 y ' = y
I1 = g ( 0,1, y ) = 0 y + 0 y + 1 1 y ' = y '
I 2 = g (1, 0, y ) = 1 y + 1 y + 0 0 y ' = y
I 3 = g (1,1, y ) = 1 y + 0 y + 0 1 y ' = y

92 173
-21: -

69

8--1
F(w,x,y,z) = XOR ( XOR (w,x), XOR (y,z)) (F(w,x,y,z)=(wx)(yz)) .

:
, F(w,x,y,z):

XOR
w x y z w' XOR (y,z) F(w,x,y,z)
(w,x)
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
0 = z
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 = z
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
2 = z
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
3 = z
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 = z
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
5 = z
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
6 = z
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
7 = z
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1

() w, x, y (w=)
. , z F,
0 7, z (.
).

:
z

y s0 I0 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7
x s1
w s2

F(w,x,y,z)

93 173
-21: -

70

bit ,
1 .
3 1 ( ).

:

.
,
ripple-carry .
, :
B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0

x y x y
Co F Ci Co F Ci
S S

x y x y
Ripple-carry
Co F Ci Co
S S

A2 A1 A0

71

BCD 4 .
4 NAND.

4 bit 0000+0000+(0)=0000
1111+1111+(1)=(1)1111 ( ). BCD,
1001+1001+(1)=(1)1001.
(0)0000 (0)1001, BCD .

BCD 4 A, B, Cin, 0 , 9,
4 00000
10011=(9+9+1). BCD
:

94 173
-21: -

BCD
(

(CD BCD
(4) (1)
) BCD )
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(c)wxyz
0 (0)0000 (0)0000 0 0
1 (0)0001 (0)0001 1 0
2 (0)0010 (0)0010 2 0
3 (0)0011 (0)0011 3 0
4 (0)0100 (0)0100 4 0
5 (0)0101 (0)0101 5 0
6 (0)0110 (0)0110 6 0
7 (0)0111 (0)0111 7 0
8 (0)1000 (0)1000 8 0
9 (0)1001 (0)1001 9 0
10 (0)1010 (1)0000 16 6
11 (0)1011 (1)0001 17 6
12 (0)1100 (1)0010 18 6
13 (0)1101 (1)0011 19 6
14 (0)1110 (1)0100 20 6
15 (0)1111 (1)0101 21 6
16 (1)0000 (1)0110 22 6
17 (1)0001 (1)0111 23 6
18 (1)0010 (1)1000 24 6
19 (1)0011 (1)1001 25 6

9,
. d
9. , Karnaugh
, c=0 c=1.
X 19 31
.

wx w
wx w
yz 00 01 11 10
yz 00 01 11 10
1 00 1 X X 1
00
1 01 X X X 1
01 z
z
1 1 11 X 1 X X
11
y
y
1 1 10 X X X X
10
x
x
c=0 c=1

d = wx+wy+c. DeMorgan d = wx +
wy + c = ((wx)(wy)c)=((wx)(wy)(cc))
.

95 173
-21: -

A B

Cout Cin
wxyz
d

BCD Cout 0

Cin 0

72

7483 4 bits.
(block diagram) .

/ 8 bits. 2.

(33)10- (18)10.
16 1 4 3 7 8 11 10

B 4 A4 B3 A3 B2 A 2 B1 A1
14 Co ut 7483 Cin 13
4 3 2 1
Vcc = 5
GND= 12
15 2 6 9

. 3.1: 4-bit 7483. 1 4 1 4

, 1 4
. Cin
1, 1 Cout 4, 4.
.

A4 B 4 A3 B 3 A2 B 2 A1 B 1 C in

A B Cin A B Ci n A B C in A B C in

FA FA FA FA

C out C out Cout Cout

Cout 4 3 2 1

. 3.2: 4 bits.

96 173
-21: -

73

F(A,B,C,D) G(A,B,C,D),

(sum of minterms). ( A ).

2--4
Decoder
D3
D2 F
A S1 D1
B S0 D0

2--4
Decoder
D3
D2
C S1 D1 G
D S0 D0

(active low) :

decoder: D0 = (AB), D1 = (AB), D2 = (AB), D3 = (AB).

decoder: D0 = (CD), D1 = (CD), D2 = (CD), D3 = (CD).

, F G () :

97 173
-21: -

F = ((AB) (AB) (CD)) = (AB) + (AB) + (CD) =

AB + AB + CD = (A+A)B + CD = 1B + CD = B + CD.
G = ((AB) + (CD)) = (AB) (CD) = ABCD.

B minterms {m4, m5, m6, m7, m12, m13, m14, m15} (=mX1XX). CD
minterms {m3, m7, m11, m15} (=mXX11).

ABCD minterm m0 (=m0000).

, F G
(sum of minterms) :
F = {3,4,5,6,7,11,12,13,14,15} G = {0}.

74

F(A,B,C,D) G(A,B,C,D),

(sum of minterms). ( A ). : S2
(0).

98 173
-21: -

(active low)
S2 0 (
D3, D2, D1, D0 , ), :

3--8 decoder: D0 = (AB), D1 = (AB), D2 = (AB), D3 = (AB).

2--4 decoder: D0 = (CD), D1 = (CD), D2 = (CD), D3 = (CD).

, F G () :
F = ((AB) + (CD)) = (AB) (CD) = ABCD
G = ((AB) (CD) (CD)) = (AB) + (CD) + (CD) =
= AB + CD + CD = AB + C
ABCD minterm m14 (=m1110).
C minterms {m0, m1, m4, m5, m8, m9, m12, m13} (=mXX0X).
AB minterms {m0, m1, m2, m3} (=m00XX).

, F G
(sum of minterms) :

F(A,B,C,D) = {14} G(A,B,C,D) = {0,1,2,3,4,5,8,9,12,13}.

75

f :
f(n) = trunc(n)
(= )
n. n 4 bit (0000[2]-1111[2]),
2 bit (00[2]-11[2]).

) f .
) f0, f1, f,
Karnaugh.
) f (. f0, f1 ) NAND.
) f0 8--1.

:
)
w x y z n f(n)= trunc(n) f1 f0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 2 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 3 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 4 2 1 0
0 1 0 1 5 2 1 0
0 1 1 0 6 2 1 0
0 1 1 1 7 2 1 0
1 0 0 0 8 2 1 0
1 0 0 1 9 3 1 1
1 0 1 0 10 3 1 1
1 0 1 1 11 3 1 1
1 1 0 0 12 3 1 1
1 1 0 1 13 3 1 1
1 1 1 0 14 3 1 1
1 1 1 1 15 3 1 1

99 173
-21: -

y y
yz yz
wx 00 01 11 10 wx 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1 00

01 01 1 1 1 1
x x
11 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1
w w
10 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1

z z
f0 = wx + xy + xz = wx + x(y+z) f1 = w + x
)

) :

f1 = w + x f0 = wx + x(y+z) f1 = w + x f0 = wx + xy + xz
(6 ) NAND (7 )

) f0 8--1, 3
( select) 0-7 0, 1,
z, z, f0 z, 2 .

w x y z f0
0 0 0 0 0
I0=z 8--1
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 1 1 I7
I1=1 1 I6
0 0 1 1 1
1 I5
0 1 0 0 0 z I4
I2=0
0 1 0 1 0 0 I3
0 1 1 0 0 0 I2
I3=0 O f0 (w,x,y,z)
0 1 1 1 0 1 I1
1 0 0 0 0 z I0
I4=z
1 0 0 1 1
w S2
1 0 1 0 1 x S1
I5=1
1 0 1 1 1 y S0
1 1 0 0 1
I6=1
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1
I7=1
1 1 1 1 1

100 173
-21: -

76

3--8,
6.13 .
4--16 3--8.

101 173
-21: -

77

4--1 ( 1 bit),
:
) 16--1, ) 12--1, ) 4--1, 4 bit, ) 64--1.

:
) 16 4 (4 ,
4 ),
. , 5 4 .

) 12 3 (4 ,
3 ),
. , 4 4 .

) 4
.

) () (), 64 , 16, 4
1 . 2 . ,
21 6 .

78

8 1 (74151)
,
16 1. .

102 173
-21: -

79

F(a, b, c, d) = (4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15)

2--4 ( );

:
2--4 2 .
(. OR), 2
. 4
2 ,
. . Karnaugh
:

103 173
-21: -

cd
ab 00 01 11 10
00 0 0 0 0

01 1 0 1 1

11 1 0 1 1

10 1 0 1 1

F = bc+ac+bd+ad = (a+b)c+(a+b)d = (a+b)(c+d)

DeMorgan
F=(ab)(cd)=F1F2, F1= ab F2= cd.
F1, F2 2 ,
, ,
. F1 0, D0
(1,0)=(a,b) F2
1, D1
(1,0)=(c,d). , F1, F2 F,
F1F2 0, D0
(1,0)=(F1,F2) :

a F1 c F1 F
A1 D0 A1 D0 A1 D0
b d F2 F2
A0 D1 A0 D1 A0 D1

D2 D2 D2

D3 D3 D3

F 2--4,
:
a F1
A1 D0
b
A0 D1
D2
F
D3 A1 D0
A0 D1
c D2
A1 D0
d F2 D3
A0 D1
D2
D3

80

F=A+3B+2
=3210 4-bits, B=B1B0 2 bit.
, 2 1 (
). .
(: C=3B+2,
F=A+C).

104 173
-21: -

:
C=3B+2.
C, .
B , 0, 1, 2 3 ( ).
C 2, 5, 8, 11 ( ). C 4
, (0010, 0101, 1000,
1011 ). C
B ( ).
B10 C3C2C1C0
00 0010
01 0101
10 1000
11 1011
C
B. (
) . C3=B1, C0=B0. C2, C1
, 2 1.
.
10 C2 10 C1
00 0 00 1
D0=B0 D0=B0
01 1 01 0
10 0 10 0
D1=0 D1=B0
11 0 11 1
2 1
B1, D0, D1 .
C :

B0 0 B0 B0
B1 B1
D 0 D1 D0 D1
B1 0

C3 C2 C1 C0
, C.
/, .
A3 C3 A2 C2 A1 C1 A0 C0

FA FA FA HA
Carry Carry Carry Carry
Sum Sum Sum Sum

F4 F3 F2 F1 F0

A0, C0
F . F
5 .
. 5 (F4)
. :

105 173
-21: -

B0 0 B0 B0
B1 B1
D0 D1 D0 D 1
A3 B1 A2 A1 A0 0

FA FA FA HA
Carry Carry Carry Carry
Sum Sum Sum Sum

F4 F3 F2 F1 F0

81

F(a,b,c)=ab+abc+ac 2 1 (
).
(: F Shannon).
:
2 1 D0, D1, S G
G=sD0+sD1. F
o Shannon. :
F(a,b,c) = a'F(0,b,c) + aF(1,b,c) F(0,b,c) = bc F(1,b,c) = b+c.
F a D0= F(0,b,c)
D1= F(1,b,c). F(0,b,c) F(1,b,c)
Shannon :
F(0,b,c) = b' F(0,0,c) + b F(0,1,c) F(0,0,c)=0 F(0,1,c)=c
( b D0=0 D1=c).
F(1,b,c)= b'F(1,0,c)+ b F(1,1,c) F(1,0,c)=c F(1,1,c)=1
( b D0=c D1=1).
:

0 D0

c D1
D0
b F
D1
D0
a
1 D1

82

bit , =a1a0 =b1b0, .
3 8
1, . (: 00=1).

5 bits, 33=27,
5 bits . :

106 173
-21: -

a1 a0 b1 b0 p4 p3 p2 p1 p0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1

p4, p3, p2, p1, p0 ,

. 5 3 8.
07, 815.
:

p4=(15), p3=(11,14,15), p2=(10), p1=(9,13,15), p0=(0,4,5,6,7,8,12,13,14,15)

p0 p0=((1,2,3,9,10,11)),
. :

a1
Enable 0 0
1 1
a0 22 2
2
b1 21 3 3
b0 4
20 4
5 5
6 6
7 p0
7

Enable 0 8
9 p1
1
22 2
10 p2
21 3 11
0 12
2 4
13
p3
5
6 14
7 15 p4

83

, 4 2

107 173
-21: -

. 4
, 2 4 XOR 2
(: 4
).




g2 g1 g0
0 +
1 0 0 ++1
1 0 1 -
1 1 0 -
1 1 1 ---1

2 -
+ Y +1 ( Y 1 ).
:
-=+ B +1, -= A ++1, ---1= A +1+ B +1-1= A + B +1





g2 g1 g0
0 +
1 0 0 ++1
1 0 1 + B +1
1 1 0 A ++1
1 1 1 A + B +1
4
.
Z3 Y3 Z2 Y2 Z1 Y1 Z0 Y0

c4 c3 c2 c1
FA FA FA c0 FA c0

s3 s2 s1 s0

(g2g1g0) 3...0 3..0
A3...0 3...0 3..0 B3...0 :
g2g1g0 = 110, 111
g2g1g0 = 101, 111

:

108 173
-21: -

d0
0
d1
g1 1
21 .
d2
g0 20 2 4 2
d3
E 3

g2

d1, d2, d3 1
g2g1g0 101, 110, 111 . ,
:
d,=1 d3=1
d1=1 d3=1
d1, d2, d3 1
, :
1. d2=1 d3=1 , d2d3=01 d2d3=10,
d 2 d 3 + d 2 d 3 = 1 , d2d3=1.

2. d1=1 d3=1 , d1d3=01 d1d3=10,

d 1 d 3 + d 1 d 3 = 1 , d1d3=1.

1
XOR. XOR
:
p q p q
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

p=1 pq= q p=0 pq=q.

q=1 pq= p q=0 pq=p. XOR
,
.
3...0 3..0 A3...0 3...0 3..0 B3...0 .
i=i(d2d3) i=i(d1d3)
i(03). g2g1g0 0 100
d1, d2, d3 0 ,
.
g2g1g0 =
100, 101, 110, 111 .
c0 .
g2=1 c0=g2. .

109 173
-21: -

d0
0
d1
g1 1
21 .
d2
g0 20 2 4 2
d3
E 3
A3 B3 A2 B2 A1 B1 A0 B0
g2

Z3 Y3 Z2 Y2 Z1 Y1 Z0 Y0

c4 c3 c2 c1
FA FA FA c0 FA g2
c0

s3 s2 s1 s0

84

8 1 2 1.
Boole ( Shannon).

2 1 D0, D1, S G
G(s,D0,D1)= s D0+sD1.
Shannon :
G(s,D0,D1)= s D0+sD1= s G(0,D0,D1)+s G(1,D0,D1)
G(0,D0,D1)=D0 G(1,D0,D1)=D1.
.

G(0,D0,D1)
D0 0 0
G(s,D0,D1) G(s,D0,D1)
D1 1
G(1,D0,D1) 1

s s
8 1 I0, I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, I6, I7, s2s1s0
F
F(s2, s1, s0, I0, I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, I6, I7)=
= s 2 s1 s0 I 0 + s 2 s1 s0 I 1 + s 2 s1 s0 I 2 + s 2 s1 s0 I 3 + s 2 s1 s0 I 4 + s 2 s1 s0 I 5 + s 2 s1 s0 I 6 + s 2 s1 s0 I 7 .
F Shannon s2:
F(s2,s1,s0,I0,I1,I2,I3,I4,I5,I6,I7)= s 2 F(0,s1,s0,I0,I1,I2,I3,I4,I5,I6,I7)+s2F(1,s1,s0,I0,I1,I2,I3,I4,I5,I6,I7)
F(0,s1,s0,I0,I1,I2,I3,I4,I5,I6,I7)= s 1 s 0 I 0 + s 1 s 0 I 1 + s 1 s 0 I 2 + s 1 s0 I 3 =F0(s1, s0, I0, I1, I2, I3,)
F(1, s1, s0, I0, I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, I6, I7)= s1 s0 I 4 + s1 s0 I 5 + s1 s0 I 6 + s1 s0 I 7 = F1(s1, s0, I4, I5, I6, I7,).
2 1 .

F0(s1, s0, I0, I1, I2, I3)

0 F(s2, s1, s0, I0, I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, I6, I7)

F1(s1, s0, I4, I5, I6, I7) 1

s2

110 173
-21: -

Shannon F0 F1 s1:
F0(0, s0, I0, I1, I2, I3,)= s 0 I 0 + s0 I 1 = F00(s0, I0, I1)

F0(1, s0, I0, I1, I2, I3,)= s0 I 2 + s0 I 3 = F01(s0, I2, I3)

F1(0, s0, I4, I5, I6, I7,)= s0 I 4 + s0 I 5 = F10(s0, I4, I5)

F1(1, s0, I4, I5, I6, I7,)= s0 I 6 + s0 I 7 = F11(s0, I6, I7)

F00(s0, I0, I1) 0 F0

F01(s0, I2, I3) 1

0 F(s2, s1, s0, I0, I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, I6, I7)

1
F10(s0, I4, I5) 0
F11(s0, I6, I7) 1 F1

s1 s2

F00, F01, F10 F11 2 1

. :
I0 0

I1 1 F00
0 F0

I2 0 F01 1

I3 1
0 F(s2, s1, s0, I0, I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, I6, I7)

I4 0 1

I5 1 F10
0

1 F1
I6
0 F11
I7
1

s0 s1 s2

Shannon
s1 ( s0) ,
( ) 7 2 1

111 173
-21: -

85

bit , ( =a2a1a0 =b1b0),
P=. (AND),
.

a2 a1 a0
x b1 b0
a2b0 a1b0 a0b0
+ a2b1 a1b1 a0b1
c3 a2b1+c2 a2b0+a1b1+c1 a1b0+a0b1 a0b0

c3 c2 c1

c1, c2, c3
a1b0+a0b1, a2b0+a1b1+c1, a2b1+c2 . aibj
.
6 ,
a1b0+a0b1 a2b1+c2,
a2b0+a1b1+c1. .

b1 b0 a2 a 1 a 0

c3 c HA c2 c c1 c
FA HA
s s s

c3 a2b1+c2 a2b0+a1b1+c1 a1b0+a0b1 a0b0

86

(F) ;

112 173
-21: -

Decoder
0 F
A 1 2 to 4
2 1
B 20 2
3

F=(AB+AB)+A=AB+A(B+1)= AB+A=A+B, OR.

87

(decoder) 4 16 OR .

2, , G
: G = 1 >, G = 0 .

=10 =10. ,
2

10 -2
11 -1
00 0
01 1

1010 G(A>B)
0000 0
0001 0
0010 1
0011 1
0100 1
0101 0
0110 1
0111 1
1000 0
1001 0
1010 0
1011 0
1100 0
1101 0
1110 1
1111 0

,
, :

113 173
-21: -

1111
1110
1101
1100
1011
1010
1001
1000
0111
0110
0101
0100
A1 S3 0011
A0 S2 0010
B1 S1 0001
0000
B0 S0

88

.
.

: 0
(LSB), 3 (MSB).

Cout S(3) S(2) S(1) S(0) Cin

0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 1
1 0
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0

114 173
-21: -

Cout S(3) S(2) S(1) S(0) Cin

0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0

89

3 .
Boole:
D = ABC+ABC+ABC+ABC
E = ABC + ABC
F = ABC + AC + BC
G = ABC

2 ( x y) 2 ( s c
). : s = x y c =
xy.
XOR AND.
:
D = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
= A(BC + BC) + A(BC + BC)

115 173
-21: -

= A( B C ) + A( B C )
=(C)=(AB)C
= H1 C, H1= A B
E = ABC + ABC
= (AB + AB)C
= (A B) C = H1 C
F = ABC + AC + BC
= ABC + (A + B)C
= (AB)C + (AB)C
= (AB) C = H2 C, H2=AB
G = ABC
= (AB) C = H2 C
:
() A B A B ,
() A B C D E,
() AB C F G,
:

C s D
HA
c E
H1

A s
HA
B c

H2
s F
HA
C c G

90

3 (=210)
S +2,
G (G=0 S=A, G=1 S=A+2).
:
() .
() 2--4 OR 2 .
() 2--1 NOT.

/ (, , ).

() 0 (000) 7 (111),
0 (0000) 9 (1001). S 4
( S3S2S1S0). G=1,
010 G=0,
000.
0G0.
:

116 173
-21: -

C2 C1 0
2 1 0
+ 0 G 0
S3 S2 S1 S0
3
3 (0,0,0), (G,A1,C1) (0,2,C2).
: O A0+0+0.
S0=A0 C1=0 .
G+1+C1 = G+A1 ( C1=0)
G A1.
0+A2+C2 = A2+C2
A2 C2.
2
:

() 2--4 OR
2 , . ,

() 2--4.
.
:

x y C S
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0

, ( 2 )
2--4 4 (D0, D1, D2, D3)
2 OR 2 s. c
D3
.

2 2--4 2
OR 2 :

117 173
-21: -

() Boole 2-1--1
-1 -
. 2--1,
Boole 2 .
2--1 I0 I1 z
Y = zI0+zI1. s c x y
:
s = x y = xy + xy (I0 = y, I1 = y, z = x)
c = xy = x0 + xy (I0 = 0, I1 = y, z = x).
, 21--1
:

2--1
() .
:

(,
, , .)
.

118 173
-21: -

91

F(x,y,z,w) = (1,2,5,7,10) 4
1 .

F(x,y,z,w)=(1,2,5,7,10)= xyzw + xyzw + xyzw + xyzw + xyzw .

Shannon F x
F(x,y,z,w)= x F(0,y,z,w)+xF(1,y,z,w)
F(0,y,z,w) = yzw + yzw + yzw + yzw , F(1,y,z,w) = yzw .
Shannon F(0,y,z,w) F(1,y,z,w) y
F(0,y,z,w)= y F(0,0,z,w)+yF(0,1,z,w) F(1,y,z,w)= y F(1,0,z,w)+yF(1,1,z,w)
F(0,0,z,w) = zw + zw =zw F(0,1,z,w) = w
F(1,0,z,w) = zw F(1,1,z,w) = 0
F
F(x,y,z,w)= xy F(0,0,z,w)+ xy F(0,1,z,w)+ xy F(1,0,z,w)+ xy F(1,1,z,w)
4 1 D0, D1, D2, D3,
s1s0 G,
G(s1,s0, D0, D1, D2, D3) = s1 s 0 D0+ s1s 0 D1+ s1 s 0 D2+ s1s 0 D3
s1=x, s0=y
G(x, y, D0, D1, D2, D3) = xy D0+ xy D1+ xy D2+ xy D3

F D0, D1, D2, D3 F(0,0,z,w),
F(0,1,z,w), F(1,0,z,w), F(1,1,z,w)
D0= zw
D1=w
D2= zw
D3=0
F

z
D0
w
D1
F(x, y, z, w)
D2

0 D3
s 1s 0

xy
:
x, y, z, w - .

119 173
-21: -

xyzw F x y,
0 0000
1 0001 1 , .
zw
2 0010 1 :
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101 1
w
6 0110
7 0111 1
8 1000
9 1001
zw '
10 1010 1
11 1011
12 1100
13 1101
0
14 1110
15 1111

92

) 4--16
2--4 .
) ,
2 / 3 , F(w,x,y,z)=xy+yz+wx y

A) 4 16 ,
s3s2s1s0 D0D15 :

s3s2 s1s0 D0D1D2D3 D4D5D6D7 D8D9D10D11 D12D13D14D15

0 xx xx 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 00 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
01 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
10 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
00 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
01 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
01
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
10
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

120 173
-21: -

00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
11
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

2 4 s1s0. En
2 4
s3s2. D0D3
s3s2=00, D4D7
s3s2=01, D8D11
s3s2=10, D12D15
s3s2=11. En
2 4 s3s2,
0, 1, 2, 3 En
. :
En d D0
0
D1
s1 21 d1
D2
s0 20 d2
d3 D3

En d D4
0
E
D5
En d s1 21 d1
0
D6
s0 20 d2
s3 21 d1
d3 D7
s2 20 d2
d3
En d D8
0

D9
s1 21 d1
D10
s0 20 d2
d3 D11

En d D12
0

D13
s1 21 d1
D14
s0 20 d2
d3 D15

B) 4 16
4 1.
w, x, y, z s3, s2, s1, s0
F :
F(w,x,y,z)=xy+yz+wx y =
w xy z + w xyz+wxy z +wxyz+ w x yz+ w xyz+w x yz+wxyz+wx y z + wx y z=
(3, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)
3 OR
OR
.

121 173
-21: -

En d D0
0

D1
y 21 d1
D2
z 20 d2
d3 D3

En d D4
0
1
D5
En d y 21 d1
0
D6
z 20 d2
w 21 d1
d3 D7
x 20 d2
d3
En d D8
0

D9
y 21 d1
D10
z 20 d2
d3 D11

F(w, x, y, z)
En d D12
0

D13
y 21 d1
D14
z 20 d2
d3 D15

93

2 4
(3210). | | ( ).
, 2--1 .

:
2 n
[-2n-1, +2n-1-1] ( n=4
[-8, +7]). (3)
(0 = +, 1 = ).

X, | X | :

X X 0
X =
X X <0

4
[0, 8] 4
( =3210 ).

()

X (=3210) , X 3 = 1
2 X .
2 1

122 173
-21: -

( 1).
Z = 1 X 2 X1 X 0 + 1 = X 2 X1 X 0 + X 3 .

X (=3210) , X 3 = 0
X , Z = 0 X 2 X 1 X 0 .
Z = X 2 X 1 X 0 + 0 = X 2 X 1 X 0 + X 3 .

( Y2 Y1 Y0 ) X 3 .
= X 2 X 1 X 0 X 3 =0 = X 2 X 1 X 0 X 3 =1 . , Y
2--1 3 .
3 2--1 X 3
:

C2 C1
2 1 0
+ 3
3 2 1 0

:
Y2

Y1

Y0

3
y

C2 C1
HA

HA

HA
c

c
s

s
Z2
Z3

Z1

Z0

()

123 173
-21: -

( 2--1
()) :

,

. : (i) (ii)
, 3 .

To (i) : (=3210)
. 2 .
2 1
( 1):

C3 C2 C1
X 3 X 2 X1 X 0
+ 1
3 2 1 0
4 4 . ,
X X3
1, C3 X 3 ( 3 = C3)
3 3 . To (i)
:
X2

X1

X0
1
y

C3 C2 C1
HA

HA

HA
c

c
s

s
Y2
Y3

Y1

Y0

124 173
-21: -

(ii) X
X3. 2--1 4
. 4 2--1 3.
Xi, i
Zi (i=03) :

94

= a6 a5 a4 a3 a2 a1 a0 B = b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 7 .
7 Gi = (ai, bi), i=0,,6.

() Gi ai=bi
Gi aibi.
[: = 0001111 = 0010111. 5 (0, 0) (1, 1)
2 (0, 1) (1,0)].
2--4, OR 2 .
.

() NOT,
(); , ;

:
() ( (0,0) (0,1) (1,0) (1,1) ) Gi :
(i) , ai bi,
. ( xi) 1
ai bi Gi (ai=bi). ( yi) 1
ai bi Gi (aibi).
(ii) xi ( yi) 1.

(i). H 1 ai=bi
( Gi = (0,0) Gi = (1,1) ) 0 aibi ( Gi = (0,1) Gi = (1,0) )
xi = ai bi + ai bi ( XNOR), 0 3
. H 1 aibi (
Gi = (0,1) Gi = (1,0) ) 0 ai=bi ( Gi = (0,0) Gi = (1,1) )
yi = ai bi + ai bi ( XOR), 1 2
. yi = xi xi = yi .
OR,
2--4 .
2--4

OR 2 .

125 173
-21: -

(i) 2--4 ai bi. 0

3 OR xi 1
2 OR yi.
7 , Gi, xi yi,
i=0,...,6.

xi ( yi) 1 ( (ii)).
. p, q
r 2-bit p+q+r. 7
, 6 ( x6, x5, x4, x3, x2, x1) 2 .
2-bit x6+x5+x4 x3+x2+x1 .
1
x0.
2-bit
. , (ii), xi,
:

, xi
yi. ,
7 (=1112).
( S2S1S0), 7S=111-S2S1S0,
S
. NOT .

126 173
-21: -

NOT 2--4. 0
Si 1 1, D2
D2 = I 1 I 0 = 1 S i = S i . (ii) yi
3 2--4 NOT
(ii) xi. , , OR yi
.

() M 3

.

127 173
-21: -

VI.

95

Q .
Q=0. ;

Qt+1 = D = GQt + GQt. ., Qt+1 - (XOR) G

Qt. , G=1, D= Qt, Toggle Flip-Flop, G=0,
D=Qt flip-flop .

96

() 3 D flip flops QA, QB, QC. flip

flops DA=QC, DB=QA, DC=(QA+QC)QB,
.
; ;

:
D flip-flops : DA=QC, DB=QA, DC=(QA+QC)QB.

, :

128 173
 -21: -

Q Q QC Q=DA QB=DB QC=DC
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1

, QAQBQC=000,
: 000 100 110 111 011 001 000 ... .
: 101 010 100 ....

CLK

QA

QB

QC

Johnson,

.

97

flip-flops JK
0, 4, 6, 3, 1, 0, 4, 6, ...
0.
.

:
:

FLIP-FLOPS

Q Q QC Q Q QC J KA JB KB JC KC
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0

129 173
-21: -

1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1

JA, KA, JB, KB, JC, KC, Karnaugh:

QB QC QB QC
Q 00 01 11 10 Q 00 01 11 10
0 1 0 X X X X
1 X X X X 1 1 1 1

J = QBQC (QB + QC) K = QB + QC

QB QC QB QC
Q 00 01 11 10 Q 00 01 11 10
0 X X 0 X X 1 1
1 1 X X 1 X X 1

JB = QAQC = (QA + QC) KB = QA + QC

QB QC QB QC
Q 00 01 11 10 Q 00 01 11 10
0 X X 0 X 1 X
1 X X 1 1 X 1 1 X

JC = QAQB KC = QA + QB

, JA, KA, JB, KB, JC, KC,

.

CLK

QA

QB

QC

130 173
 -21: -

98

flip-flops D
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,0,1,2,...

:
:

FF
Q Q QC Q QB QC D DB DC
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

, DA, DB, DC, Karnaugh:

QB QC QB QC
Q 00 01 11 10 Q 00 01 11 10
0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

D = QAQBQC + QA(QB+QC) = DB = XOR (QB, QC)

= QA(QBQC)+ QA(QBQC) =
= XOR (QA, QBQC)

QB QC
Q 00 01 11 10
0 1 1
1 1 1

DC = QC

131 173
-21: -

99

) D flip-flop flip-flop
/ D flip-flop.
) JK flip-flop D flip-flop
2--1 ( ).
.

:
) 1 : flip-flop
: Q(t+1) = T'Q(t) + TQ' (t). D flip-
flop : Q(t+1) = D. D flip-flop T
flip-flop D flip-flop : D = T'Q(t)
+ TQ' (t) = T Q(t), XOR Q D flip-flop
.

2 :
. ,
D flip-flop ,
:

132 173
-21: -

D-FF
1
Q T Q D
0 1
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0
D = T Q.

Q
T SET
D Q

CLK
CLR
Q

) JK flip-flop
J K Q(t) Q(t+1)
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
: Q(t+1) = JQ(t) + KQ(t).
D flip-flop : Q(t+1) = D.
D flip-flop JK flip-flop D
flip-flop : D = JQ(t) + KQ(t), 2--1
0 1 J K s
Q D flip-flop .

J
I0
SET

K
MUX D Q
I1 CLK
s

CLR
Q

100

) () FFs
JK , .

133 173
-21: -

J3 Q3 J2 Q2 J1 Q1 J0 Q0

K3 Q3' K2 Q2' K1 Q1' K0 Q0'

CLK

) ;
:
) FFs.
J0 = 1 J1 = (Q2 Q3) + Q0 J2 = Q0 Q1 J3 = Q2
K0 = 1 K1 = Q0 Q1 K2 = (Q0 Q1) + Q3 K3 = (Q0 Q1) Q2
. 4 FFs
24 = 16
16 .
FFs
Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 J3K3 J2K2 J1K1 J0K0 Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0
0 0 0 0 00 01 00 11 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 00 01 10 11 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 00 01 00 11 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 00 11 11 11 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 10 01 10 11 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 10 01 10 11 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 10 01 10 11 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 11 11 11 11 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 00 00 00 11 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 00 00 10 11 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 00 00 00 11 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 00 11 11 11 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 10 00 00 11 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 10 00 10 11 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 10 00 00 11 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 11 11 11 11 0 0 0 0
.
0000 0101 0111

0110
0001 1000

0010 1010 1001

0011

0100 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

Q3Q2Q1Q0 : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12, 13, 14,

15 ( 10 2421).

)
(5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10), (

134 173
-21: -

) .
.

101

) () 3 FFs D
, 001, 010, 100, 001 ... 100, 010, 001, 100 ...
0 1 .
) () (
, ,
,
; ).
.

:
)
.
3,
100,
3 FFs D.
0, 3, 5, 6 7, .
.
, FFs
FF
FF. .

1 7

1 0

2 6
0 1

3 5
0

135 173

FFs

Q2 Q1 Q0 Q2 Q1 Q0 D2 D1 D0
0 0 0 0 x x x x x x
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 x x x x x x
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 x x x x x x
0 1 1 0 x x x x x x
0 1 1 1 x x x x x x
1 0 0 0 x x x x x x
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 x x x x x x
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 x x x x x x
1 1 1 0 x x x x x x
1 1 1 1 x x x x x x
FFs
Karnaugh, .

Q1Q0 Q1Q0 Q1Q0

XQ2 XQ2 XQ2
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
00 x x 1 00 x 1 x 00 x x
01 x x x 01 x x x 01 1 x x x
11 x x x 11 1 x x x 11 x x x
10 x 1 x 10 x x 10 x x 1

D2 = X Q1 + X Q0 D1 = X Q0 + X Q2 D0 = X Q2 + X Q1
FF,
, .
X

D2 Q2 D1 Q1 D0 Q0

Q2' Q1' Q0'

CLK

)
. FFs.
D2 = X Q1 + X Q0 D1 = X Q0 + X Q2 D0 = X Q2 + X Q1
.
3 FFs 1 24 = 16
16 .
-21: -

FFs

Q2 Q1 Q0 D2 D1 D0 Q2 Q1 Q0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
:
0 0

1
0 7
1 0
1 1
2
0 1

6
0
1
0 1 0
3
1
4
0
5
1

(0, 3, 5, 6, 7)
( ).

() , :
- 0 1 (
),
- 7 1 (
),
- 6 ( 3 5) 1
( ),

:

137 173
 -21: -

0 7 6

1 0 1 0
0 1

1
3
1 0

2
5
0 1

FFs

Q2 Q1 Q0 Q2 Q1 Q0 D2 D1 D0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 x x x x x x
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 x x x x x x
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 x x x x x x
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 x x x x x x
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
, , ,
FFs Karnaugh,
.

Q1Q0 Q1Q0 Q1Q0

XQ2 XQ2 XQ2
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
00 x 1 00 1 x 00 1 x
01 x 01 x 01 1 x 1 1
11 x 11 1 x 11 x 1 1
10 1 x 10 x 10 1 x 1

D2 = X Q2 Q1 + X Q2 Q0 D1 = X Q2 Q0 + X Q2 Q1 D0 = X Q2+ X Q1 + Q2 Q1Q0

138 173
-21: -

() FF,
.
X

D2 Q2 D1 Q1 D0 Q0

Q2' Q1' Q0'

CLK

102

) FFs JK ,
() 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 0, ... ( mod-6). .

) ()
; .

) 6.
3 FFs JK 8
(0-7).

. 6
7 .
:

139 173
 -21: -

000

001
110 111

010

011

100 101

,
FFs FF
FF. .

FFs
Q2 Q1 Q0 Q2 Q1 Q0 J2K2 J1K1 JoKo
0 0 0 0 0 1 0x 0x 1x
0 0 1 0 1 0 0x 1x x1
0 1 0 0 1 1 0x x0 1x
0 1 1 1 0 0 1x x1 x1
1 0 0 1 0 1 x0 0x 1x
1 0 1 0 0 0 x1 0x x1
1 1 0 x x x xx xx xx
1 1 1 x x x xx xx xx

T FFs
Karnaugh, .

Q2 Q1Q0 Q1Q0 Q1Q0

00 01 11 10 Q2 00 01 11 10 Q2 00 01 11 10
0 1 0 1 x x 0 1 x x 1
1 x x x x 1 x x 1 1 x x x

J2 = Q1 Q0 J1 = Q2 Q0 J0 = 1

Q1Q0
Q2 Q1Q0 Q1Q0
00 01 11 10 Q2 00 01 11 10 Q2 00 01 11 10
0 x x x x 0 x x 1 0 x 1 1 x
1 1 x x 1 x x x x 1 x 1 x x

K2 = Q0 K1 = Q0 K0 = 1

140 173
-21: -

FF,
, .

J2 Q2 J1 Q1 J0 Q0

K2 Q2' K1 Q1' K0 Q0'

X
CLK

)
.
FFs.

J2 = Q1 Q0 J1 = Q2 Q0 J0 = 1
K2 = Q0 K1 = Q0 K0 = 1
.
3 FFs 23 = 8
8 .

FFs

Q2 Q1 Q0 J2K2 J1K1 JoKo Q2 Q1 Q0
0 0 0 00 00 11 0 0 1
0 0 1 01 11 11 0 1 0
0 1 0 00 00 11 0 1 1
0 1 1 11 11 11 1 0 0
1 0 0 00 00 11 1 0 1
1 0 1 01 01 11 0 0 0
1 1 0 00 00 11 1 1 1
1 1 1 11 01 11 0 0 0

141 173
-21: -

000

001
111

010

110
011

100 101

(6 7)
.
.

103

) FFs T
=0 0, 2, 3, 1, 0, 2, 3, 1, 0, ...
=1 0, 1, 3, 2, 0, 1, 3, 2, 0, ....
, .

FFs.
1:

00 11
0 1
1 0

0 1 1 0

01 10

2:
.
FFs

Q1 Q0 Q1 Q0 T1 T0
0 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1
142 173
-21: -

0 1 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 1

Q1Q0 Q1Q0
E 00 01 11 10 E 00 01 11 10
0 1 1 0 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

T1 T0

T0 = E Q1Q0 + EQ1 Q0 + E Q1 Q0 + EQ1Q0 = E (Q1 Q0 ) + E Q1 Q0 = E Q1 Q0

T1 = E Q1 Q0 + EQ1Q0 + E Q1Q0 + EQ1 Q0 = E Q1 Q0 + E Q1 Q0 = E Q1 Q0 = T0

3:
E
SET SET
D
T1 Q1 D
T0 Q0
T1 T0

CLR
Q1 CLR
Q0

CP

104

A) D flip-flop flip-flop .
(AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR,
XOR, XNOR). .
B) JK flip-flop flip-flop
.
.

A)
T flip-flop .

Q D
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
T-
FF
Q T
0 0
1 1
0 1
1 0

T = D Q.
143 173
-21: -

Q
D SET
D
T Q

CLK
CLR Q

B)
T flip-flop .

FF
Q J K Q
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 1

flip-flop
Karnough .

JK K
Q 00 01 11 10
0 1 1
Q 1 1 1
J

: T= JQ +KQ.

flip-flop JK flip-flop
flip-flop 2--1 0
1 J K s Q flip-
flop .

J
I0
SET

K
MUX D
T Q
I1 CLK
s

CLR Q

144 173
 -21: -

105

)
() FFs .
.
X

T2 Q2 T1 Q1 T0 Q0

Q2' Q1' Q0'

CLK

) .
=0
=1.

:
) FFs.

2 = X Q2 + X Q1 Q0 1 =X + X Q0 = X + Q0 0 =X + X Q1 = X + Q1

.
3 FFs 24 = 16
16 .

FFs

Q2 Q1 Q0 2 1 0 Q2 Q1 Q0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

145 173
-21: -

000

1
0

001

1
1 0
1
010 0
1

0
1
011 1

1 0 0 0
100 101 110 111

B) :
X=0 0123456701

.
8 (mod-8)

X=1
o 03210,

.
o 4, 5, 6 7
3, 2, 0 1
03120.

.

146 173
-21: -

106

) FFs JK ,
() ,
=0, =0: 3, 2, 1, 0, 3, 2, ...
=0, =1: 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, ...
=1, =0: 0, 2, 0, 2, ...
=1, =1: 1, 3, 1, 3, ...
.

) ()
; .

:
)
.
4.
2 FFs JK.

:
- 1 3 X=1 Y=0
- 0 2 X=1 Y=1
.

X=0, Y=0

X=0, Y=1
0 1

X=1, Y=0 X=1, Y=1

1
, Y=
X =0

0
, Y=
X=0
X =0

, Y=

X=0
, Y=

1
0

3 2
X=0, Y=1

X=0, Y=0

H ,
FFs FF
FF. :

147 173
-21: -

OI
FFs

Y Q1 Q0 Q1 Q0 J1K1 J0K0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1x 1x
0 0 0 1 0 0 0x x1
0 0 1 0 0 1 x1 1x
0 0 1 1 1 0 x0 x1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0x 1x
0 1 0 1 1 0 1x x1
0 1 1 0 1 1 x0 1x
0 1 1 1 0 0 x1 x1
1 0 0 0 1 0 1x 0x
1 0 0 1 x x xx xx
1 0 1 0 0 0 x1 0x
1 0 1 1 x x xx xx
1 1 0 0 x x xx xx
1 1 0 1 1 1 1x x0
1 1 1 0 x x xx xx
1 1 1 1 0 1 x1 x0

148 173
 -21: -

FFs
Karnaugh, .

Q1Q0 Q1Q0

00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
00 1 x x 00 x x 1
01 1 x x 01 x x 1
11 x 1 x x 11 x x 1 x
10 1 x x x 10 x x x 1

J1 = Y Q0 + Y Q0 = ( Q0) K1 = Y Q0 + Y Q0 = ( Q0)

Q1Q0 Q1Q0

00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
00 1 x x 1 00 x 1 1 x
01 1 x x 1 01 x 1 1 x
11 x x x x 11 x x
10 x x 10 x x x x

J0 = X K0 = X

FF,
, .

Y
J1 Q1 J0 Q0

K1 Q1' K0 Q0'

CLK

B)

FFs.

J1 = Y Q0 + Y Q0 K1 = Y Q0 + Y Q0

J0 = X K0 = X

149 173
-21: -

.
2 FFs 2 24 = 16
16 .

FFs

Y Q1 Q0 J1K1 J0K0 Q1 Q0
0 0 0 0 11 11 1 1
0 0 0 1 00 11 0 0
0 0 1 0 11 11 0 1
0 0 1 1 00 11 1 0
0 1 0 0 00 11 0 1
0 1 0 1 11 11 1 0
0 1 1 0 00 11 1 1
0 1 1 1 11 11 0 0
1 0 0 0 11 00 1 0
1 0 0 1 00 00 0 1
1 0 1 0 11 00 0 0
1 0 1 1 00 00 1 1
1 1 0 0 00 00 0 0
1 1 0 1 11 00 1 1
1 1 1 0 00 00 1 0
1 1 1 1 11 00 0 1

:
X=0, Y=0

X=1, Y=0
X=1, Y=1 X=0, Y=1
0 1

X=1, Y=0 X=1, Y=1

Y=1
X=0

0
, Y=
,
X=0
X=0

, Y=

X=0
, Y=

1
0

3 2
X=0, Y=1
X=1, Y=1
X=1, Y=0

X=0, Y=0

- 1 3 X=1 Y=0
- 0 2 X=1 Y=1

.
.

150 173
-21: -

107

FFs T ,
2 ,
: =0 ,
=1 Gray.
.

2 bits
.
...

1. .
0

00 11
1

0 1 1 0
1
01 10

0
2. .

FFs
E Q1 Q0 Q1 Q0 T1 T0
0 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 1

3. karnaugh.

151 173
-21: -

Q1 Q0 Q1 Q0
E 00 01 11 10 E 00 01 11 10

0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

T1 T0

T1 = Q1 Q 0 + E Q 0 + EQ1 Q 0 = Q 1 + E Q 0 + (EQ1 )Q 0 = (EQ1 ) Q 0 + (EQ1 )Q 0 = (EQ1 ) Q 0

T0 = E + Q1 Q 0 + Q1Q 0 = E + (Q1 Q 0 )

4. .

SET SET
TD1 Q1 TD0 Q0

CLK

Q1 Q
CLR CLR 0

108

) Q D Flip
Flop D PRESET CLEAR
.
Q 0 PRESET CLEAR
0.

CLK

PRESET

C L E AR

152 173
-21: -

) JK Flip
Flop. J K Flip Flop
( 1)
D Q Flip Flop
.

:
) Q FF
PRESET CLEAR .

PRESET CLEAR FF
0 1 Q=1
1 0 Q=0
1 1

, Q .

CLK

PRESET

CLEAR

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8

, :
1: PRESET = CLEAR = 1, Q D 1.
2: PRESET = CLEAR = 1, Q D 0.
3: PRESET = 0, CLEAR = 1, Q 1 ( ).
4: PRESET = CLEAR = 1, Q D 0.
5: PRESET = CLEAR = 1, Q D 1.
6: PRESET = 1, CLEAR = 0, Q 0 ( ).
7: PRESET = 1, CLEAR = 0, Q 0 ( ).
8: PRESET = CLEAR = 1, Q D 0.

) 1 . JK Flip Flop
D Q. D
Q JK Flip Flop 1,
0.

JK Flip Flop .
153 173
-21: -

JK-FF
Q D
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
J = K = D.
Q J K
0 0 X
1 1 X
1 0
0 X 1

D J Q

CLK

K Q'

2 . JK ff
:
Q(t+1) = J Q'(t) + K' Q(t) (1)
1
DQ(t) D XOR Q(t) = 1,
Q(t+1) = D XOR Q(t) = D Q'(t) + D' Q(t) (2)
A (1) (2) J = K = D.

109

) Flip Flops JK
2 , ()
1 0, [10]t
[10]t+1 :
[10]t+1 = [10]t +10
( [10]t [10]t+1 10

).
) , D Flip
Flops . .

:
() .
Flip Flops
: 00, 01, 10, 11.
X1X0 :

154 173
-21: -

00

00

01 01

11 11

10

00 11 10 10 01 00

10

11
11

01
01

10

00

.
FFs
FF FF.
:

OI
FFs

1 0 1 0 1 0 J1K1 J0K0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 x
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 x x 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 x 0 0 x
0 0 1 1 1 1 x 0 x 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 x 1 x
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 x x 1
0 1 1 0 1 1 x 0 1 x
0 1 1 1 0 0 x 1 x 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 x 0 x
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 x x 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 x 1 0 x
1 0 1 1 0 1 x 1 x 0
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 x 1 x
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 x x 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 x 1 1 x
1 1 1 1 1 0 x 0 x 1
FFs
karnaugh :

155 173
-21: -

A1A0 JA1 A1A0

KA1

X1X0 00 01 11 10 X1X0 00 01 11 10

00 x x 00 x x

01 1 x x 01 x x 1

11 1 x x 11 x x 1

10 1 1 x x 10 x x 1 1

A1A0 JA0 A1A0 KA0

X1X0 00 01 11 10 X1X0 00 01 11 10

00 x x 00 x x

01 1 x x 1 01 x 1 1 x

11 1 x x 1 11 x 1 1 x

10 x x 10 x x

JA1=KA1=X1X0+10+100=X1(X0+0)+1(00)=X1(X00)+1(00)=1 (00)
JA0=KA0=0

:

() [10]t+1
[10]t 10
/
. :

c1 A0 0 c2
c1+A1+X1. c2 .
:

156 173
-21: -

CLK
SET A1 SET A0
D Q D Q

CLR
Q CLR
Q

X1 X0

x y x y
c2 c1
c FA c HA
s s

110

D, G JK
flip flops A1, A0. D=0
D=1. G=0 Gray
G=1. Q flip
flops. .

.
DG.

00

00 00, 01

10 10, 11

01

11 11 01 01

11
01, 10
10

00
00, 11

10

.
FFs
FF FF.
:

OI
FFs

D G 1 0 1 0 J1K1 J0K0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 x 1 x
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 x x 1

157 173
-21: -

0 0 1 0 1 1 x 0 1 x
0 0 1 1 0 0 x 1 x 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 x 1 x
0 1 0 1 1 1 1 x x 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 x 1 0 x
0 1 1 1 1 0 x 0 x 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 x 1 x
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 x x 1
1 0 1 0 0 1 x 1 1 x
1 0 1 1 1 0 x 0 x 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 x 0 x
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 x x 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 x 0 1 x
1 1 1 1 0 1 x 1 x 0

FFs karnaugh :

A1A0 JA1 A1A0

KA1

DG 00 01 11 10 DG 00 01 11 10

00 1 x x 00 x x 1

01 1 x x 01 x x 1

11 1 x x 11 x x 1

10 1 x x 10 x x 1

A1A0 JA0 A1A0 KA0

DG 00 01 11 10 DG 00 01 11 10

00 1 x x 1 00 x 1 1 x

01 1 x x 01 x 1 x

11 x x 1 11 x 1 x

10 1 x x 1 10 x 1 1 x

JA1= D0+ D0=DA0

KA1= DG0+ DG0+ DG0+ DG0= (DG) 0+(DG)0= DG0= GJA1
JA0=G+D1+D1= G+(D1)
KA0= G+D1+D1= G+(D1)

:

158 173
-21: -

D J
SET
Q J
SET
Q
A1 A0
K Q K Q
G CLR CLR

111

2
. ,
S
.
(A) 1
0 .
NOR .
(B) T-FF XOR

(A). , FF 1
0
.
(:
3.1.2. .)

:
(A)
2, .
0
1 .

(..
).
:

S
(V)
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0

M Karnaugh

159 173
-21: -

BS S
A 00 01 11 10
0 0 0 0
A 1 0 0 0
B

V = BS + S + AB
V = [ BS + AS + AB ] =
(BS) (AS) (AB) = (B+S) (A+S) (A+B)

:
V = V = [(B+S) (A+S) (A+B)] = [ (B+S) + (A+S) + (A+B) ]

() , T flip flop
XOR, V. ,
V
1
(V=1)
0 (V=0).
T
flip-flop .

T-FF
Q V
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
Q T
0 0
1 1
0 1
1 0

T = V Q.
( T flip flop D flip
flop D=V).

160 173
-21: -

( )
, ()
A, B, S
T flip-flop, () flip-flop Karnaugh
()
XOR, NOR NOT.

112

3 D flip flops .
210=000.
() 3 flip flop JK
.
() 3 flip flop T
.
() 2 flip flop;
(
)
.

SET SET SET

D Q D Q D Q
FA2 FA1 FA0
CLR
Q CLR
Q CLR
Q

clk
A2 A1 A0

161 173
-21: -

:
.
.
JK flip flop flip flop.

D flip flops :
DA2 = A2A1+10
DA1 = (210)
DA0 = A2A1+10
M , o

Flip Flop

2 1 0 DA2 DA1 DA0 2 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

001

000

011

111 010

110

101

100

000
000010101111000.

162 173
-21: -

( )
.

.
.

(A) 3 JK flip flops

. FFs
FF
FF. :

Flip Flop

2 1 0 A2 A1 A0 J2 K2 J1 K1 J0 K0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 x 1 x 0 x
0 0 1 x x x x x x x X x
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 x x 1 1 x
0 1 1 x x x x x x x X x
1 0 0 x x x x x x x X x
1 0 1 1 1 1 x 0 1 x X 0
1 1 0 x x x x x x x X x
1 1 1 0 0 0 x 1 x 1 X 1

JA1=KA1=1
.
JA2=JA0 2=0. Karnaugh
JA2 2.

A1A0 JA2 A1A0

KA2

A2 00 01 11 10 A2 00 01 11 10

0 x x 1 0 x x x x

1 x x x x 1 x 1 x

JA2=A1 KA2=A1

SET SET SET

J Q J Q J Q
FA2 1 FA1 FA0
K CLR
Q K CLR
Q K CLR
Q
clk
A2 A1 A0

163 173
-21: -

(B) 3 flip flops

()
T flip flop JK flip flop
J, K.
JK flip flop . flip flop
.

1
SET SET SET
T
D Q TD Q TD Q
FA2 FA1 FA0
CLR
Q CLR
Q CLR
Q
clk
A2 A1 A0

() 2 flip flops

flip flop FA2, FA0

, .
T flip flops :

1
SET SET
TD Q T
D Q
FA1 FA0
CLR
Q CLR
Q
clk
A2 A1 A0

2
2 1
0.

164 173
-21: -

VII.

113

4-bit flip-flops D
4--1 ( ).
s1 s0
.

s1 s0
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1 1-4
:
D D flip-flop .
4 D flip-flops CP
s1 ( s0) s1
( s0). :
- (s1,s0) = 00, .
D
flip-flop Q flip-flop.
Q flip-flop 0 flip-flop
(s1,s0) = 00
0.
- (s1,s0) = 01, .

D flip-flop Q flip-flop.
Q flip-flop 1 flip-
flop (s1,s0) = 01
1.
- (s1,s0) = 10,
.
D flip-flop 0.
0 2
(s1,s0) = 10 2.
- (s1,s0) = 11,
1-4.
D flip-flop i
(i=1,4). i (i=1,4) 3
(s1,s0) = 11
3.

.

165 173
-21: -

4 3 2 1

Q
CLR

CLR

CLR

CLR
SET

SET

SET

SET
D

D
CP

s1

s0

s1 MUX s1 MUX s1 MUX s1 MUX

4x1 4x1 4x1 4x1
s0 s0 s0 s0
3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0

4 3 2 1

114

4
. 2 : shift
load . 4
D flip-flops 4 4--1.

shift load
0 0
0 1
1

:
D D flip-flop .
4 D flip-flops CLK
s1 ( s0) shift
( load). :
- (shift,load) = 00, .

D flip-flop Q flip-flop.
Q flip-flop 0
flip-flop (shift,load) = 00
0.
- (shift,load) = 01,
1-4.
D flip-flop
i (i=1,4). i (i=1,4) 1
(shift,load) = 01
1.
- (shift,load) = 10 11,
. Q flip-flop
166 173
-21: -

2 3
2 3
. (shift,load) = 10 11
2 3 .

4 3 2 1
Q

Q
CLR

CLR

CLR

CLR
SET

SET

SET

SET
D

D
CLK

shift

load

s1 MUX s1 MUX s1 MUX s1 MUX

4x1 4x1 4x1 4x1
s0 s0 s0 s0
3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0

4 3 2 1

115

3 1
0 :
1 0

a2a1a0, bits
0 0 ( bit
bit).
0 1 b2b1b0, bits
2, 1 0.
1 0 .
. (
4 bits
1 1 , D Flip Flop
.
D FF
.)

167 173
 -21: -

3 SR Flip Flops 1 D Flip Flop,

, 6 4--1, 1 2--1, 1 AND NOT
.

Q2

Q2

Q1

Q1

Q0

Q0
Q

R2

R1
S2

S1

S0

R0
D

CLK

E1

E0

MUX s1 MUX s1 MUX s1 MUX s1 MUX s1 MUX s1 MUX

s0
2x1 4x1 4x1 4x1 4x1 4x1 4x1
s0 s0 s0 s0 s0 s0
1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0

0 B2 A 0 0 B1 0 0 0 B0 1 0

(S R) SR Flip Flop 4 x 1
, D D Flip Flop 2 x 1 .
4 Flip Flops (3 x SR 1 x D)
CLK. s1 ( s0) 4 x
1 E1 ( E0) s0 2 x 1
E1 E0.
:
- (1,0) = 00,
a2a1a0, bits ( bit
bit).
a2a1a0 3
. ( ) SR
Flip Flop bit a0. bit a0
SR Flip Flop ( )
( ) SR Flip Flop bit a1.
( ) SR Flip Flop bit
a2, SR Flip Flop bit a1 ( ),
SR Flip Flop bit a0 ( ).
1 = 0 = 0 4 x 1 0,
,
( ) SR Flip Flop
, SR Flip Flop
SR Flip Flop ( ) SR Flip Flop
SR Flip Flop ( ).
, bit
SR Flip Flop ( ) S
FF, R (
) bit. bit
SR Flip Flop 1, S=1, R=0
SR Flip Flop Q
1, .
168 173
-21: -

- (1,0) = 01,
b2b1b0, bits 2, 1
0. 1 = 0, 0 = 1 4 x 1
1,
, ( ) SR Flip
Flop 2, SR Flip Flop
1 SR Flip Flop
0.

- (1,0) = 10, .
1 = 1, 0 = 0 4 x 1
2, , S
R SR Flip Flops 0,
SR Flip Flop .

- (1,0) = 11, .

. 1 = 0 = 1 4 x 1
3,
, ( ) SR Flip
Flop SR Flip Flop ( ),
SR Flip Flop SR Flip Flop
( ) SR Flip Flop 0 ( S=0,
R=1).

3,
7 (
3 bits)
4 bit . bit (
) D Flip Flop, 1 = 0 = 1
2 x 1 1
SR Flip Flop.

Q FFs Flip Flop
Q Q. NOT
.

, 4 x 1
SR Flip Flop .
R SR Flip Flop S.
SR Flip Flop D Flip Flop (
S 1, S=1, R=0
SR Flip Flop Q 1. S
0, S=0, R=1 SR Flip Flop
Q 0 --- Flip Flop
D Flip Flop D = S).

0, 1 3
. 2
(1,0 = 10 ). 2 4 x 1

169 173
 -21: -

Q SR Flip Flop,
Flip Flops .

Q2

Q2

Q1

Q1

Q0

Q0
Q

R2
S2

R1
S1

S0

R0
D

CLK

E1

E0

s1 s1 s1
MUX MUX MUX MUX
s0
2x1 4x1 4x1 4x1
s0 s0 s0
1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0

B2 A B1 0 B0

116

.
; c1c0
00, 01,10, 11; ( 5
- ).

c1c0
00
01
10
11
Q

A3 A2 A1 A0
SET

CLR

SET

CLR

SET

CLR

SET

CLR
K

K
J

clk
c1
c0

s1 s1 s1 s1 s1 s1 s1 s1
s0 Mux s0 Mux Mux s0 Mux s0 Mux s0 Mux s0 Mux Mux
s0 s0
4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1
3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0
Y
X
Y
X
0 I3 0 I3 0 I2 0 I2 0 I1 0 I1 0 I0 0 I0

170 173
-21: -

4 bits ,
.

O JK flip flop :

J K Qt+1
0 0 Qt
0 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 Qt

P flip
flop J=P =P ( P=0, 1
). :
) c1c0 = 00 : J, K flip flop Aj (j[0,
3]) Ij Ij .
) c1c0 = 01 : J, K flip flop Aj (j[0, 2])
Q, Q flip
flop Aj+1 J, K flip flop A3
.
) c1c0 = 10 : J, K flip flop Aj (j[1,
3]) Q, Q flip
flop Aj-1 J, K flip flop A0
.
) c1c0 = 11 : J, K flip flop Aj (j[0,
3]) 0.

c1c0
00
01
10
11

117

3 2,
1 0 :
2 1 0

0 0 0 2 1 0 bits
.
1 0 0 1 2 1
0 bits .
X 0 1
X 1 .

171 173
-21: -

3 JK Flip Flops, , 3
4--1, 3 XOR NOT .

:

:
bits,
,
( ) .
J Flip Flop
4--1 , K
( JK Flip Flop
D Flip Flop J 1, J=1, K=0
JK Flip Flop
Q 1. J 0, J=0, K=1
JK Flip Flop Q 0 ---
Flip Flop D Flip Flop D = J).
1 0 (
2). , 1 = 0 = 0
, 1 = 0 0 = 1
1 = 1 ( 0 )
. 1
0 (s1 s0 ) 4--1
.

, ,
2. 2 = 0
2 1 0 2 = 1 1 2 1
0. 2
XOR, 2, 1 0.
bits 2, 1 0.
2=0, XOR 2, 1 0 2=1
2, 1 0.
.
Q

Q
Q

Q
K

K
J

C LK

E1
E0

s1 MUX s1 MUX s1 MUX

s0 4x1 s0 4x1 s0 4x1
3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0
A2

A1

A0

E2

172 173
-21: -

4--1
:
(1,0) = 00,
2 1 0 ( 2 = 0) 1 2 1 0 ( 2 =1).
1 = 0, 0 = 0 4--1
0, 0 ( )
XOR bit A2,
0 XOR
bit A1, 0
XOR bit A0.
(1,0) = 01, .
1 = 0, 0 = 1 4--1
1, 1 ( ) JK
Flip Flop FF, 1 FF
FF 1 FF
FF.
(1,0) = 1, .
1 = 1, 0 = 0 4--1
2 1 = 1, 0 = 1
4--1 3, 2 3
FF
, 1,0
(10 11) FF Q.

173 173