12 . DESIGN OF FORMWORK. may be assumed at 1,200,000 Ibs, per sq. in., which is the value commonly used fer pine. : Deflection. + In addition to strength in bending and shear, form members must be designed so that a safe maximum deflection will not be exceeded. This may be taken at } in. for sheathing, using the full live load of 75 Ibs. per sq. ft. For joists and beams carrying joists the deflection should not excced } in, for dead load and a live load of 40 Ibs. per sq. ft. For members ynder horizontal pressure, deflection should not exceed 4 in, Deflection considerations will generally govern the thickness of sheathing. Actual and Nominal Timber Sizes. It must be carefully noted that the actual dimensions of dressed wood will be less than the nominal by an amount varying from in. to } iti, This must be allowed for in design, as it makes a considerable difference go the strength of a timber, especially in the small sizes. If the dressed sizes are not specified when ordering the following allowances should be deducted : For sheathing up to 2 in. in thickness, deduct j in. from the nominal thickness ; For timbers 2 in, by 4 in. up to 6 in, by 6 in., deduct } in. from each dimerfsion ; For timbers larger than 6 in. by 6 in., deduct } in, from each dimension. This rule will be followed in all tables and calculations, as it will give safe values for either dressed or undressed timber. Accuracy. . Too great a refinement in design is not necessary, and is a waste of time, Exact calculations of bending moment are useless when so many assumptions are made as to live loads, stresses, quality of material, and especially workntanship on the job, and approximations are sufficiently close. Sizes should be chogen that are sufficiently strong, remembering that actual construction in the field will not be as accurate as office calcula- tions. To design formwork intelligently a knowledge of the loads and pres- sures caused by wet concrete and the safe allowable stresses on timber is necessary, together with some knowledge of mechanics so that correct sizes can be chosen. For those, howevey, who have hadyno training in mechanics, tables will be given covering ordinary conditions, from which the correct sizes to use can be obtained to suit the particular conditions. .