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PSD Random Vibration Tutorial For Femap and NX Nastran PDF
PSD Random Vibration Tutorial For Femap and NX Nastran PDF
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................ 4
2. THE PSD FUNCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
3. THE NX NASTRAN METHOD ......................................................................................................................................... 7
4. EXAMPLE 1: CANTILEVER BEAM ................................................................................................................................... 8
4.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION ........................................................................................................................................................................................8
4.2 ANALYTICAL SOLUTION .......................................................................................................................................................................................9
4.3 DEFINING THE SYSTEM DAMPING .......................................................................................................................................................................10
4.4 CREATING THE PSD FUNCTION ..........................................................................................................................................................................11
4.5 CREATING THE MODAL FREQUENCY TABLE/SETTING UP THE LOAD SET OPTIONS FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS ........................................................................12
4.6 CREATING THE EXCITATION NODE AND TYING IT TO THE MODEL ...............................................................................................................................14
4.7 LOADING THE MODEL ......................................................................................................................................................................................15
4.8 CONSTRAINING THE MODEL ..............................................................................................................................................................................16
4.9 SPECIFYING GROUPS FOR NODAL AND ELEMENTAL OUTPUT ....................................................................................................................................17
4.10 CREATING AN ANALYSIS SET SIMPLE PSD .....................................................................................................................................................18
4.11 INTERPRETING THE OUTPUT ..........................................................................................................................................................................26
4.12 RMS VALUES ............................................................................................................................................................................................27
4.13 POSITIVE CROSSINGS ...................................................................................................................................................................................28
4.14 FATIGUE ANALYSIS USING RMS STRESS AND POSITIVE CROSSINGS .......................................................................................................................30
4.15 FATIGUE ANALYSIS TIME TO FAILURE ...........................................................................................................................................................31
5. EXAMPLE 2: SOLID MESHED BEAM ............................................................................................................................ 32
5.1 ANALYTICAL SOLUTION .....................................................................................................................................................................................33
5.2 PSD FUNCTION INPUT......................................................................................................................................................................................34
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1. INTRODUCTION
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Frequency PSD
(Hz) (G2/Hz)
20 0.01
100 0.05
900 0.05
1,100 0.01
For more of the nitty gritty math details see NASAs webpage on random vibration here: https://femci.gsfc.nasa.gov/random/
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A system subject to random vibration does not have a single resultant stress. Luckily for us, the stress results do typically
follow a Gaussian distribution (think bell-curve):
The Gaussian distribution allows stress results to be reported statistically. Femap will generate 1- stresses, which
represent the stress that the system will likely see 68% of the time. The 2- stress level covers 95% of cases, and 3-
covers 99.7%. Most of the time a system is designed to the 3- stress level.
Image By Dan Kernler (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
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Given an input PSD function, an output response can be calculated by using the systems transfer function.
= |()|2
The () represents the system transfer function. A systems transfer function simply represents its output to input
ratio. NX Nastran performs a frequency response analysis on the system to obtain the system transfer function, and then
does the random vibration analysis as a post processing step based upon this transfer function.
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= 0.2 2
Steinberg, Dave S. Vibration Analysis for Electronic Equipment. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1988. 226-231.
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Based upon this end deflection, the beams resonant frequency can be calculated as:
1
= = 110.5
2
This output in G. If an equivalent value is desired in English units, simply multiply this by gravity
27 = 27 = 10,422 2
In English units, the max PSDout = 13.14e6 in2/s4. This can also be verified against the FE Model.
Note: When approximating transmissibility (Q), the square root of the natural frequency should be scaled by 0.5 2 per Steinberg. In this case there is 100%
mass participation for the first mode, thus 2 is appropriate.
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An approximation of the transmissibility of the beam is Q = 21. This value yields a critical damping ratio of 2.38%; this is
what we will use.
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4.5 CREATING THE MODAL FREQUENCY TABLE/SETTING UP THE LOAD SET OPTIONS FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
The model frequency table is a function which defines which frequencies NX Nastran will obtain a solution
for; that is, each frequency represents a separate solution that is written out to the results file. The
function can either be created manually, or Femap can create one for you. If you do not know about which
frequencies youd like the analysis to focus, it is preferable to have Femap set it up, otherwise you will most
likely end up with a large amount of extraneous output.
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Select Next
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PSD Functions: Generates PSDF output set for each frequency in the
modal frequency table
Autocorrelation Functions: Creates output for the autocorrelation
functions if applicable
Root Mean Square: Generates CRMS results for each frequency in
the modal frequency table
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Choose your constraint set and load created for the PSD
analysis
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The PSD output sets are titled RMS Values and Positive
Crossings. RMS Values will give all of the traditional stress,
displacement, and acceleration data. Positive Crossings will
output the frequency of positive crossings for each of the
requested output vectors. This frequency is utilized to
calculate fatigue damage based on a duration of excitation.
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In the RMS Values output set you can contour all the
usual output vectors.
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We can see that Beam EndA Pt1 Comb Stress vector gives a positive
crossings frequency of 110.4 Hz. This means that given the white noise
PSD input of 0.2 G2/Hz, the beam will experience a fully reversible stress of
3,162 psi at a frequency of 110.4 Hz.
Statistically speaking, this stress value represents the 1 value and will be
experienced 68.3% of the time. A 2 of 2*3,162 or 6,324 psi will be
experienced 27.1% of the time and a 3 value of 9,486 psi will be
n1 n2 n3
experienced 4.33% of the time. These values represent 99.73% of the
stresses the beam will see at point A. It is probable that the beam will see
Rn
stresses at and above the 4 level, but this will only happen 0.27% of the
N1 N 2 N 3
time, so we will ignore them.
All three level stresses fall into the infinite life range on a fatigue curve
for aluminum. To demonstrate how to treat the problem if this is not the
case, let us assume that there is a small hole in the beam which causes a
stress concentration factor of 3. This would put the 1 stress level at
9,486 psi. We can use Miners cumulative damage index to get a sense of
how long the beam will last under this condition. Miners cumulative
damage is given by the equation on the right.
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# of Cycles
infinite 11.0E6 cycles 14.0E4 cycles
to Fail
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Based upon this end deflection, the beams first natural frequency can be calculated as:
1
= ( ) = 110.6
2
Utilizing Miles Equation to estimate Grms we see that Grms is approximately 27 Gs:
= = 27
2
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Damping Function
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10,300
2 = 27
386.09 2
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Hand Calculations:
= 27 = 13.5
( )(2 )
= = = 3,240
This comparison between the PSD results, Miles equation, and hand calculations offer some insight into the relative
accuracy of the approximation and analysis.
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6. CONCLUSION
The topic of Random Vibration is complex. What is presented here is a brief introduction to the theory and
implementation of the subject. It is suggested that the user read a bit of the documentation provided on this subject
within the NX Nastran library that is installed with every license of FEMAP & NX Nastran.
For a lot of FEA work, a straightforward recipe to accomplish your analysis task is seldom available and if it does, could
easily lead you down the wrong path. Thus, Im fond of saying that nothing beats having a good theoretical
understanding of what you are doing and being highly suspicious of any result generated in color. Or as I have read
Computer models are to be used but not necessarily believed.
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