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com

1 2 :


.

.
.
.
.

.

.
( )1-2 .

()1 2

( )

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()1 2

(

) .
.
.
.
.
.

.
( )
.


.
.

.

) (PH
: )(PH
NaOH , Na2 CO3 , Ca(OH)2
CO2 , HCL , H2SO4
.
.
.
.

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()1 2

.

.

.

( )
.
( )%50 .

.

.

( )50 ()100
.
( )50 ()5000
( )100 .
( )5000
( )100 ) (E.Coli ( )2000
( )100
) (radio nuclides

.

.

.

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2 2 :



.
)( 0.15 m/sec
.
.


.






.

.

) (150 m ) ( 500 m
) (150 m ) (100m
( 10 . ) ( 5 min
) min
). (25 50 mm

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( )1 2
.
.
( )1 2

( 2

)2






( 3.2

) Km


)(11m


.

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( )2 2

)3 2 (

.

.

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( )3-2

( )4 2

. .

( )4 2

(2
)5








( ) 0.3 0.6 m/sec .

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( )5 2

( . )1 2 :


.

3 2 :

) (Plain sedimentation
( ) Chemical sedimentation
.

1 3 2 :


.

1 1 3 2 :


.

.

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) ( Fw ) (Fb ) (Fd
. ) (m
:
=
ds ds
sV m Fw Fb Fd
dt dt

Fw = s gV

Fb = w gV

S2
Fd CdAW
2

:
: V )(m3
: s )( Kg/m3

)( Kg/m3 : w
: g )( m/sec2
: S
: Cd
: A .

:
ds S2
m gV ( S W ) CdAW
dt 2

.

.
ds S2
m 0 gV ( S W ) CdAW
dt 2
:

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d 3 d 2
V A
6 4
:
0.5
4 gd ( s w )
S
3Cd w
) (Cd
:
w Sd Sd
Re

( ) : (Kinematic viscosity ) m2/sec
( ) 4 :
: Cd
24
1 Re < 1
Re
1 g S W 2
S d
18 W
2 Re > 2000 Cd = 0.4
) . ( Re = 10 5
:

10 s w
S g d
3 w

3 1 <Re < 2000 :

24 3
Cd 0.34
Re Re

.
)6 2 (
( 10 ) .

.

.

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.
( 25)
( )% 63
.

( ) 6 2

2 3 2 :

:
) (So
( )S < So So
H
To

.

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:
1 .
2

.
.



( )7 2

( )7 2

:
H V .Q Q
So
To A.V A
:
: H .
: To .


.

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) ( So
.
1 2 3 2 :


(. ) 8 2
(1 ) (So
) Po .
) (So )( Sx

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( ) 8 2

) ( ) (H ) (B ) . (Vo
) (L So > Sx
(. )9 2

( )9 2

:
So H

Vo
Sx H SL H

Vo X Vo L
:
So S L L
X
Sx Sx

) (So ) .( ) (Sx
) ( So ) (x ) . (
( ) 8 2 )(dp

:
dp
da
B. X
:
Po dp
a
o B. X
)(X ) (Sx ) (Po
:
Po dpS x
a
o B.So.
) (B )() (So :

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1 Po
a
B.So. o
S x dp

) (So
( )8 2
) (So :
ABCD
=a
B.
). A = ( AD
) (r
(. )8 2
( : )1 2
(32.6 )m/day

). (1.2
). (20C
0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.1 ()
100 99 93 70 40 15 10

:
= 1.01 10 6 W = 0.99823 ) (20C
:
g ( s w )d 2
S
18 w

9.81 10 6 (1.2 0.99823) 2

S d 109071 d 2
18 1.01 0.99823
:

0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.1
)(mm
0.011 0.044 0.175 0.393 0.534 0.698 1.09 )(mm/sec
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.11
100 99 93 70 40 15 10

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( ) 0.5
.
(. )10-2

( )10-2

32.6 m/day
= 0.377 mm/sec 1 Po = 0.73 SxP
:
P 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03
Sx 0.06 0.16 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.37
Sx P 0.0024 0.0064 0.0088 0.0104 0.0120 0.0136 0.0111

Sx P = 0.0647

:
Po
1
So 0
A (1 Po ) SxdP

1
A 0.73 (0.0647) 0.902 %90.2
0.377
-2 2 3 2
:

1 2 2 3 2 :

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. ( )11 2
) (Sx )( So

:
Po
Sx
A S
o o
dp

(: )11-2
Sx Vo So

h H
:

h
dA Sx h

dP So H

( )11-2
) (h :

h h
dA
= B
Q o
Vdy
dP

). (B
) (dt :
dx = V dt dy = - Sx dt
:
Vdy = -Sxdx

( )11-2

x= y=0

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x=0 `y = h
:
dA B
o
BSx
dP

Q
Sxdx
Q o
dx

) (Sx :
dA BSx Sx

dP Q So
.


. ( )12 2
.




.

( )12 2

.


.

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.

.
Vo2
Fr
gR
: R .
Vo So L :
H
2 2
So L
Fr
gRH 2

.
) ( 10 5 .

.

2 2 2 3 2 :

.
.

.

:
Vo R Q
Re
2 r
:
: R = H .
: r .

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.

.

3 -2 2 3 2 ) : ( Bottom Scour
So
Q

BL
.
Vo
Q

BH
. ) (Vs

.
:
= w g R J
J : :
1 Vs2
J
4R 2g
( :
). 0.03

(. )13 2
f = f . N= f . p ( s - w ) gd

= ( s - w ) gd
:
: d .
: f ) ( 0.2 ). ( 0.1
: p ) (0.2 ). ( 0.6
( ) 0.06 : ) (0.04 ) ( 0.06
) ( 0.04 .

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:
40 s w
Vs .g.d
3 w
( )13 2

) ( )(
= :
= 0.05 0.03 ) (Vo

.
(. )14 2

( )14 2

(: )2 2
)(1.005 ( )0.2 mm

.
:
:
9.81 0.2 2 10 6 1.005 0.99823
So 6
( ) 1.46 10 4 m / sec
18 1.01 10 0.99823
.
0.5
40 1.005 0.99823
VS 9.81 0.2 10 3
3 0.99823

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Vs = 0.013 m/sec

Q
Vs 0.013
W .H

Q
So 1.46 104
WL

H 1.46 10 4
0.011
L 0.013

) ( 273 m
.
.

3 2 3 2 :

)( So
). ( 2.5 x 10 4 m/sec
A
Q

So
) ( 3 m ) ( 4 m
.

( )4 ( )6
.
( 5 x 10 3

) m/sec
Vo2
Fr 10 5 Re
VoR
2000
gR
.
. ( )12 1/4 .

.

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( )25 ( )100/3
.
.


. .

4 2 3 2 :


.

.

.

(: )3 2
)15-2 (
) .(25min

.
( . ) 3m

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( )15 2

:
( ) 15 - 2 ) (25 min
) (Dh4 ( 55
) 60 % ) ( Dh3
) ( 60 70 % ( )
:
55 60 Dh4 60 70 Dh3 70 80 Dh2 80 100 Dh1
A
2 h 2 h 2 h 2 h
) (Dhi ( )15 2 :
A = ( 57.5 x 0.3) + (65x 0.32) + ( 75x 0.21) + ( 90x 0.17) = 69 %
) (3m ) ( 25 min :
V A 3
25 60
Q Q
:
Q 3
So 2 10 3 m / sec
A 25 60
:
2 10 3
So 1.33 10 3 m / sec
1.5

.

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( )15 2
:
.

3 3 2 ) (Hindered settling :



.
:
Sh 2
1 fcv 3
S
:
= Sh .
= S .
= Cv ( ) .
= :
f = 1.2 .
f = 1.4 .
f = 2.0 .
f = 2.8 .
( :)4 2
) (CaCO3 ) ( 0.1 mm ) (1.1
) . ( 7 % .
.
:
:

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2
S W 9.81.0.13 10 6 1.1 0.99823
S gd ( ) ( ) 5.5 10 4 m / sec
18 W 18 1.01 10 6
0.99823
) ( %7 ) ( 70000 mg/l ) (1.1
:
70000
63.636ml
1.1
:
63.636
Cv 0.064
10 3
2
) Sh 5.5 10 4 (1 2.8 0.064 3

Sh 3.05 10 4 m / sec
( 3.05x 104
). m/sec
4 3 2 :

.
( . )16-2
) . ( 10 - 30 cm
.
.
.
.

( )16 -2

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. ( )17-2
( D ) A ) (Vo ) (So :
CD AC

So Vo
CD w / cos
( So Vo ) Vo
AC ( H w / cos ) / sin
Q
Vo sin
A
Q : .
A .
:
Q w / sin AF
So
A H / tan w / sin AE

( )17-2

) (300 mm (2.9
) m .

(:) 5 2
( )35000 m3/day
( )
) ( 22 C .

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:
So = 2.510-4 m/sec
= 60
H = 2.9 m
W = 0.3 m
)( (AD
)17 2 ): (t
Q W
So
A H cos W
Q 0.3 1 Q
So
A 2.9 0.5 0.3 5.83 A
) (5.83
) (5.83
.
1 Q 35000 1
A 4
277.778m2
5.83 So 86400 2.5 10 5.83
:
16.8 x 16.8 m
: Vo
35000
Vo 1.66 103 m / sec
86400 16.8 16.8 sin 60
:
W B 0.3 16.8
R 0.147
)2W 2 B 2(0.3 16.8
:
VoR 1.66 103 0.147
Re 244
106
:
Vo 2 1.662 106
Fr 1.9 106
gR 9.8 0.147

.
.

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5 3 2 :
) (Coagulants


.
( )2-2
.
) (C .
) (B

.
( )2-2



-
C Na+
SO4-- K+ A
O2 HCO3- Ca++ <1m
N2 NO3- Mg++ 1m
- ++
CO2 NO2 Fe
---
PO4 Mn++
SiO2- NH4+

>1m
<1


1- 10 C

: >1
:

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) (A
. (
) .

( )
.

1 5 3 2 :


. "
"

. ) ( 1 cm3
( 0.1 mm ) ) ( 0.06 m2
( 10-5 mm )
). ( 600 m2
.

:



.

)(Electrophorese

.
.

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) (Electric double layer ( )18-2

.

( )18-2

(
) ) ( adsorb ( )
.
.
.

COO
PH RNH 2
:
COO COOH
RNH3 PH RNH3 PH ) (R
.
(
)
Si . A
.
( )
( )
.

.
)15-2 (
( Thermo dynamic potential ) (
) Electro kinetic potential

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.

.
2 5 3 2 :


.
) ( Anions
) ( kations .
( )
.
.
( )

.

.
.




.

3 5 3 2 ( ) :
) (A+3 ) ( Fe+3
( ) . .

:

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3+ 2+
H2O OH2 H2O OH
+ H+
H2O Me OH2
H2O Me OH2
H2O OH2 H2O OH2

( ) :

:
[A (H2O)6 ]3+ OH [ A ( H2O)5 (OH) ] 2+ OH [ A ( H2O )4 (OH)2]+
] OH [ A ( H2O)3 (OH)3 ] OH [ A (H2O)2 (OH)4

:
[ A8 (OH)20 ] 4+ [ A7 (OH)17] 4+[ A6 (OH)15] 3+ [ A13 (OH)34 ] 5+

.
.

4 5 -3 2 :
:

( ) .
.

:
A2(SO4)3 . 18 H2O + 3 Ca(HCO3)2 2 A (OH)3 + 3 CaSO4 + 6 CO2+18H2O

A2(SO4)3 . 18 H2O + 3 Ca(OH)2 2 A (OH)3 + 3 CaSO4 + 18 H2O

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2 A :
(OH)3 A2O3 . 3 H2O

) (PH ) ( AL2O3 . 3 H2O
.
) (PH
.
) (10 mg/l ) (120 mg/l .
Na2O + A2O3 :

2 NaAO2
:
A2(SO4)3 + 6 NaAO2 + 4 nH2O 4 A2O3 . nH2O + 3 Na2SO4

.
( )2 - 5 % :
.
:
:
2Fe C3 + 3 Ca(HCO3)2 2 Fe(OH)3 + 3 Ca C2 + 6 CO2

:
PH > 8.5 ) (PH
:
6 Fe SO4 + 3 C2 2 Fe C3 + 2 Fe2(SO4)3
:
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3 Ca(HCO3)2 2 Fe (OH)3 + 3 Ca SO4 + 6 CO2

) (PH .
FeSO4 . 7H2O + Ca(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 + CaSO4 + 7 H2O
:
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4 Fe(OH)3

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.
). (PH
( : )6 2
) ( 30 mg/
:
)(%70 1 ) (CaO
2 Fe(OH)3 .
:
O2+ 2FeSO4 . 7H2O+ 2Ca(OH)2 2Fe(OH)3 +2CaSO4+ 13H2O
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2

30 2 74
Ca(OH ) 2 8 mg /
2 278

8 56 100
CaO 8.6 mg /
74 70

30 2 107
Fe(OH ) 3 11.5 mg /
2 278
( : )7 2
) . ( 50 mg/
( 10 mg/ ) CaCO3
( ) 10 mg/ .
.

:
A2(SO4)3 .18H2O+ 3Ca(HCO3)2 2A (OH)3+ 3CaSO4+ 18H2O+6CO2

A2(SO4)3 . 18H2O+ 3Ca(OH)2 2A (OH)3 + 3CaSO4+ 18H2O

) (10 mg/ :
10 100
20mg /
50

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:
50 20 = 30 mg/
) (30 mg/ :
28
30 8.4mg / as CaO
100
5 5 3 2 :
(
( )4 3 )
(. )20 2

( )20 2

.

.

(. )21 2

( )21 2

( )22 -2 .

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)( Qm3/sec )(A
). (P

( )22 2

) (A ). (F
2Fe +++ + Fe 3Fe ++ :
:
3Fe++ + 3C 3Fe+++ + 3C -
( Pkg/sec) Fe+++
) ( Fe+++ ) (C
.
) (P
) . (C
( ) (f = P ) fC
.
) (Fe+++ ) (F ) ( q = QC

)(Q P = q fC = QC Q = f
. ) . (Q
) (Q ) (Q :
) ( Q > Q ) ( QC > QC = P ) (QC
) (QC ) (C


.

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)(QC ) ( Q< Q ) (QC < QC = P

) (QC . (
)
.

6 5 3 2 ( ) :
) (Theory of Flocculation
:
1 .
2 ) (Coagulant .
3 ) (PH ) (A+++ 4 7 = PH

) ( Fe++ . 8.5 < PH

) (Fe +++ . 4 < PH
4 .
5 :
.
.

( )
dV ()23 2 G
dz

) . (d .
) (z :
dv
dq .z.2 d 2 z 2 dz
dz
z dz
2G
(d z 2 ) 1/ 2
2

:
d
z dz
q 2 2G
o
(d z 2 ) 1/ 2
2

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4G 3
q d
3
) (n
:
2
Ng Gn2 d 3
3
( )
.
.
): (n
) (n
.

( )23 2

.

(. )24-2

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( )24 2

): (d
.
Velocity gradient - ): (C
) (G
.
) . (G (
) .
) (G
) (G .
) (G
) (G
) (G ) ( 20 sec 1 ) (G
)(20 ( ) (30 75 sec
1
)
.
) (G :
( )25 2 ) . ( dx x dy x dz

( )25 2

:
K= G d x dy

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:
: .
: G ( ) .
dv
Gdx dy dz
dz

:
P = kdv = G dx dy dv

G 2 dx dy dz
) (w :
P
W G 2
dx dy dz
) (G :
W
G

) :(kinematic viscosity



: ) ( mass density :
W
G

( : )8 -2
) ( 500 m3 ) ( 1000 m3/h
). (20C
). ( G = 20 sec-1
): (w = G2
W = 0.0010087 x 20 2 = 0.4 watt/m3
:
0.4 x 500 = 200 watt
= 0.2 k.w
: G = 75 sec-2
W = G2 = 0.0010087 x 752 = 5.6 watt/m3

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P = 5.6 x 500 = 2800 watt = 2.8 k.w

) (0.5 k.w ) ( 2.5 k.w ). (1000 m3/h
:

.
Flash mixing 7 5 3 2 :

. .
( ) (
)
.

.

.
) . (Flash mixers
. ( 1000 ) ( 0.5 1.5 k.w )m3/h

( )
( ) activated silica
.

Fe(OH)3 ( ( Fe(OH)3 ) A(OH)3
) A(OH)3 .
.

) (Flocculation 8 5 3 2 :

. .
(

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) (PH ) .
.
- :
:
- ) (Q ). (m3/sec
. ) T = 1800 1200 sec - ) (T sec )
).( V = Q.T
:
d 1 / 23 V 1 / 23 Q.T
( )26 2 .
.

( )26 2

) (P
:
P = Q gh
:
: .
: g .
: h .
:
P Qgh
W
V dw

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hg
W watt / m 3
T

W gh
G
T
( )27-2 .
) (G :
:
V2
FD CD A
2
:
: CD .
: .
: A .
: V . m.sec-1
( 0.75 ) .

( )27-2

) (CD . (-2
.)28

( )28-2

1/w CD

5 1.2
20 1.5
1.9
:
V3
P FDV C D A
2

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:
1 :
1200 1800 sec
2 0.2 0.8 m.sec-1 :
3 ) (1/4 )(3/4
4 ) ( 20%
.

) (10 :
w
w w
) CD 1.9 ( )(9.8 40

9 5 3 2 :

. :
1
.
2 .
(
) .

) (d1 ) (S1
) (d2 ) (S2 :

) (d1 d 2 ) 2 ( S1 S 2
4
) (n1 ) ( (d1 )29 2 ) (n2
) (d2 ) (d1
) (d2 :

Ns ) n1n2 (d1 d 2 ) 2 ( S1 S 2
4

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( )29 - 2

:
1 g s w 2
S1 S 2 ) (d1 d 22
18 w
) N s k n1n2 (d1 d 2 )3 (d1 d 2
(k) : :
g s w
k
72 w
:
1 ).(n
2 ). (d
3 d1 d2

.
:
2 2 3
Ng n Gd
3

.

.

:
1 .

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- 2
.
) ( AL2O3 , nH2O )(Fe2O3 , nH2O
) ( 240 m/h ) . ( 360 m/h
) ( 60 m/h .

10 5 3 2 :
:
. Qm3/sec
SO
Q
m / sec :
A
) (So
.
) (So
) ( 2 x 10-4 m/sec ) ( 4 x 10-4 m/sec ). ) 0.75 1.5 m/h
) (To .
(2-6 ) (d
). hour
)30-2 (
.

( )30-2

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.

.
)31-2 ( )32-2 . (

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( )31-2

( )32-2

.

(. )33-2

( )33-2

( )34-2
.

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( )34-2

.
.
.
.
( : ) 9 2
( ) ( Q = 0.5 m3/sec
). So = 4 x 10-4 m/sec
( ) Tf = 1800 sec
V = Qtf = 0.5 x 1800 = 900 m3
:
h 1/ 2 3
900 4.7 5m
d=5m :
:

Q 0.5
A W .L 1250m 2
So 4 104
L=5w :
A 1250
W 16m
5 5

L = 5 x 16 = 80 m
:
L.w.d 6400
Ts 12800 sec 3.5 h
Q 0.5

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:
80
22.9 m / h
3.5


.
11 5 3 2 () :
) (Vo
. So
H Q

To A
) (S ) (So
. (
S
) (So )> S
So


) (So S
.

(. )35-2

( )35-2

To H

So
tf
H

S So

.

By.anas alezzo
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12 5 3 2 :


.

. ( )36 2

) (1

( )36 2

) (3 ) (2
) (4 ) (6 )(7
) (5 .
. )37-2 (

.

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) (1 ) (2
) (5 ) (6 .

( )37 2

) (3 ) (4 .
)38 2 (
) . (accelater
) (1 ) (2
) (3 ) (4 ) (5 .
) (6 ) (7 . ) (8
) (9 .

( )38 - 2

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)39 2 (
.
) (3 ) (1
) (2 .
(
) . 70 cm ) (5 ) (6
) (1 . ) (1
) (4 ) (3 ) (8
.
) . (7
.

( )39 2

) (6
. ) (2
.
)(10 ) (5
( 6 )
) . ( 30 sec ) (5 ) (10
) (30 sec ) (5 ) (6 .

13 5 3 2 :
:
( )30 .

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.
) ( 1.2 X 10-3 m/sec
) ( 6.8 x 10-4 m/sec .
) (%4 ) (%25 .

) (60C .
) ( 10 3 x 4 m3/mL/sec
) ( 10-3 x 2 m3/mL/sec .
)(% 8 4

.
.

.

:
1 .
2 .
3 .
)(150 m2 4 ) (300 m2
) (150 m2 )(1000 m3/hour
.
( )3-2
.

)(hour
)(m/day
)(m/day
38

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:
20 33 250 28 -
20 40 250 48 -
:
55 175 2 -
100 350 1 -
:
-- -- 0.2 -
-- -- 0.2 -

14 5 3 2 :
.
( ).
.
.

.
) (SO4-- .
AL2( SO4)3
.
)1-2 (
.

(molecular range)1 m 1 14 5 3 2
) (PO43-
) ) (Fe2+(3+ ) ) ( Mn2+(+3 .
APO4 ) FePO4 (
. )0.02 mg/L ( 0.5mg/L
) (biological stability
). (PO43-

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.

) . ( 1m
.

.
Fe++ Fe 3+ Mn++ ) Mn3+ (
.
) (1m
:
) (SO4-- A2(SO4)3 .
) ( C- )(FeC3
( SO4-- ) C .
.
) (NH4+ ). ( NO3-
) ( CO2 :
A2(SO4)3 + (n+3) H2O A2O3 nH2O + 3H2SO4

)3H2SO4 + 6HCO3- 3 SO4-- + 6H2CO3(6H2O + 6 CO2

) (H+ ). (PH
:
2H2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2 + 2H2O
. ) (PH

2 14 5 3 2 (: 1m)1

.

.

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3 14 5 3 2 ( : ) 1
.

) ( 1
.
) (1 ) (10 ( )2-2
.
. ) (%100
.
:
1 .
2 ) ( - 50 m.v (
A2O3 , nH2O ) Fe2O3 , nH2O .
) (1
.

15 5 3 2 ) : ( Coagulant aids

. :
1
.
( ) ) (CaCO3
.
2
( )
.


.

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3
( ).

.
.
.

.

) . ( activated silica
:
(
) :
Na2 SiO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2SiO3
H2SiO3 ). (silicic acid

) (poly silicic
:
nH2SiO3 (H2SiO3)n
:
OH OH OH OH

n Si = O O = Si O Si O Si O Si - OH

OH OH OH OH OH
1 2 3 N

.
.
). (%100

.

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-2 (
. )40

( )40-2

)40-2 (

( )
:
ONa OH OH OH

O = Si O Si O Si O Si O Si - OH

OH OH OH ONa OH

:
-
O OH OH OH

O = Si O Si O Si O Si O Si - OH

OH OH OH O- OH

()41-2

( )41-2

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(The degree of salt formation or the degree of ionization

) .
:
1
.
2 .

) ( HCO3- ) ( HCO3- (50

) . mg/l .
( )
:
1 :

) ( vegetable gums .
(
)
) . (polyelectrolytes
.
) ) Wispofloc
.
2 :

) (polymethyl acrylic acid
:
CH2 CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3

n C - CH3 - C - C C C C C C -

COOH COOH H COOH H COOH H COOH

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( )Separan
( . )Sedipur
16 5 3 2 :
) (Dosage of organic poly electrolytes
) (%2
.

.

) (1mg/l ) (2 mg/l
:
1

.
) ( 24 hour
( ) ). (16 hour
2
.

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