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!c**

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The Program Counter (PC)

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Rc ACALL(absolutecall)2byteinstruction
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ADDRESSING MODES:
%c@$#""%&c(@c#,#"c(c!(-c (
c$#c$#""%&c$c&+%c(# c)(*$(%c.!c
$#""%&cc("c$#c$"c,())(-"0c
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Immediate Addressing MOV A, #20h
Direct Addressing MOV A, #30h
Indirect Addressing MOV A, @R0
External Direct MOVX A, @DPTR
Code Indirect MOVC A, @A+DPTR
$*!c(,c!"c$#""%&c("c'#(+"c'(#$%c,)7) c
c
c

INDIRECT ADDRESSING:
c
%#*c $#""%&c "c $c +# c '(-#,
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7*'(%$)c)+)c(,c,)7) .c
MOV A,@R0
!"c %"#
*(%c *$
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MOVX @DPTR,A
"c (
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Microcontrollers versus Microprocessors

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4%3c#0)c
4%3c#0)c
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c
c LED are connected port 1 .*AP such that first odd one glow and then the even one

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cc c

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Connection Hex Codec

ACc &c &.c!c &.c&c &.c,c &.cc &.cc &.c*c &.cc &.c$c :c
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'%c 0c c c c c c c c c c
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ccccccccccccccCommon Anode displayc

c
cc
CODE EXAMPLE:

c *AP for count of 0 to 9

Pc(cCc
cccc#&cc
cccc!#=(+c'0O(*(!c
$*$))c)$ c
(+c'0O,B!cc
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4%3c#0)c
4%3c#0)c
#c
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c
TIMER/CO|NTER:
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Timer SFRsc

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#*c$#""c!$c*(##"'(%"c(c$%c <c%$.c!c
<"c#)$%&c(c#"c$#=c

SFR Namec Descriptionc SFR Addressc

c #cc&!c c A!c
c #cc(-c c A!c
c #cc&!c c A!c
c #cc(-c c A!c
c #c(%#()c AA!c
c #c(c AB!c
/!%c (
c%#c!c%$c(,c$%c <c%(c$%c$"")#0cc%#%$)) c*(%+#"cc(c$c%
#.c<(#c
7$')0c!c*($%=c

c0OC!c

(+"c!c+$)
cC!c%(c!cc <.c(-+#0c"%*cc"c!c"$c$"c <c$#""cA!c!"c

*($%c"c?
+$)%c(=c

cA!0OC!c

(-0c$*1c(c!c#".c<#"0c)"c$)1c$(
c#c.c

#cc !$"c-(c <"c*$c7*)
"+) c(c"),=cc$%c .c/!(
c$1%&c!%&"c((c

*(')*$c(c"$#c(,,c-!0c (
c$ c4
"c!%1c(,c!"c$"c!c!&!c$%c)(-c c(,c!c#.c
!$c"c(c"$ 0c-!%c#cc!$"c$c+$)
c(,c0c(!cc$%cc-))c*(%$%c.c/!%c#cc
!$"c!c+$)
c0cc-))c!()c!c!&!c c(,c!c+$)
cGc*$)Hc$%cc-))c*(%$%c!c
)(-c  c (,c !c +$)
c Gc *$)H.c +-%&c )(- !&!c  c %($(%0c #*$))c !$c (
c 
"c

)') c!c!&!c c cCFc$%c$c!c)(-c c(c*$)*
)$c!c,%$)c+$)
.c!$c"c(c"$ =c

cUcCFcNccLcc
cUcCFcNccLcc

#cc-(#1"c!c7$*c"$c-$ 0c
c"c <"c$#cc$%c.c

%*c !#c $#c (%) c -(c  "c +(c (c !c +$)
c (,c $*!c #c c "c $''$#%c !$c !c
$7
c +$)
c $c #c $ c !$+c "c FC0CC.c ,c $c #c *(%$%"c !c +$)
c FC0CCc $%c "c
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(#coverflow

$*1c(c.c

The TMOD SFRc

"c c ,#"c $)1c $(
c (
#c ,#"c *(%#()c <=c c G#c (H.c !c c <c "c
"c (c
*(%#()c !c (c (,c ('#$(%c (,c (!c #".c $*!c c (,c !c <c &+"c !c *#(*(%#())#c
"'*,*c%,(#$(%c*(%*#%%&c!(-c(c#
%c$c#.c!c!&!c,(
#c"cG"cDc!#(
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(c#cc-!#$"c!c)(-c,(
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c
,(#c#c.c

!c%+
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%*(%"=c

c
c
c
c
c
c
 cGAB!Hc <c
c
Bitc Namec Explanation of Functionc Timerc
/!%c !"c c "c "c !c #c -))c (%) c #
%c -!%c c
c c G2.Hc "c !&!.c /!%c !"c c "c *)$#c !c #c -))c #
%c c
#&$#)""c(,c!c"$c(,c.c
/!%c !"c c "c "c !c #c -))c *(
%c +%"c (%c c
Fc  c G2.CH.c/!%c!"cc"c*)$#c!c#c-))cc%*#%c c
+# c$*!%c* *).c
Cc c #c(ccG"c)(-Hc c
Dc c #c(ccG"c)(-Hc c
/!%c !"c c "c "c !c #c -))c (%) c #
%c -!%c c
c c G2.Hc "c !&!.c /!%c !"c c "c *)$#c !c #c -))c #
%c c
#&$#)""c(,c!c"$c(,c.c
/!%c !"c c "c "c !c #c -))c *(
%c +%"c (%c c
c  c G2.DH.c/!%c!"cc"c*)$#c!c#c-))cc%*#%c c
+# c$*!%c* *).c
c c #c(ccG"c)(-Hc c
c c #c(ccG"c)(-Hc c
c
"c (
c*$%c"c%c!c$(+c*!$#0c,(
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"c(c"'*, c$c(c(,c
('#$(%.c!c("c(,c('#$(%c$#=c
c
TxM1c TxM0c #c(c "*#'(%c(,c(c
c c c 
c#.c
c c c F
c#c
c c c A
c$
(
#)($c
c c c ')c#c(c

13-bit Time Mode (mode 0)c

#c(c@@c"c$c
c#.c!"c"c$c#)*c!$c-$"c1'c$#(
%c%c!cACc(c$%$%c
*('$$) c-!c"c'#*"(#0c!cADA.c%#$)) c!c
c#c(c"c%(c
"c%c%-c
+)('%.c

/!%c!c#c"c%c
c(0c7c-))c*(
%c,#(cc(c.c/!%c7c"c%*#%c,#(c
0cc-))c@#"@c(cc$%c%*#%c7.c!
"0c,,*+) 0c(%) cc"c(,c!c-(c#c "c
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Dc(,c7c$%c"c
c(,c7.c!"c$)"(c$%"0c%c""%*0c!c#c*$%c
(%) c *(%$%c ABc +$)
".c ,c (
c "c $c 
c #c (c 0c c -))c (+#,)(-c $*1c (c 3#(c ABc
$*!%c* *)"c)$#.c

&$%0c !#c "c +# c ))c #$"(%c (c
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c -(%c c
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c+#c%c
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&%#$(%"cG$c&%#$(%c%c$c'#(&#$%&c"!('c"c(,%c(%c!c(##c(,c$(
cc(#cDc(%!"H.c

16-bit Time Mode (mode 1)c

#c(c@@c"c$cF
c#.c!"c"c$c+# c*((%) c
"c(.cc,
%*(%"c4
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c(c7*'c!$c$))cFc"c$#c
".c

7c"c%*#%c,#(cc(cCC.c/!%c7c"c%*#%c,#(cCC0cc#""c(cc$%c*$
""c
7c(cc%*#%c c.c %*c!"c"c$c,
))cF
c#0c!c#c$ c*(%$%c
'c(cFCCFc
"%*c +$)
".c ,c (
c "c $c F
c #c (c 0c c -))c (+#,)(-c $*1c (c c $,#c FC0CFc $*!%c
* *)".c

-bit Time Mode (mode 2)c

#c(c@@c"c$%cA
c$
(
#)($c(.c/!$c"c!$0c (
c$ c$"16c ').c/!%c$c#c
"c%c(c0c7c!()"c!c@#)($c+$)
@c$%c7c"c!c#c"),.c!
"0c7c"$#"c*(
%%&c

'.c/!%c7c#$*!"cCCc$%c"c"
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%) c%*#%0c%"$c(,c#"%&c(ccG$"c%c!c
*$"c(,c("cc$%cH0cc-))cc#"c(c!c+$)
c"(#c%c7.c

<(#c7$')0c)"c"$ cc!()"c!c+$)
c<!c$%cc!()"c!c+$)
c<!.c,c-c-#c(c-$*!c
!c+$)
"c(,cc$%cc,(#c$c,-c$*!%c* *)"c!"c"c-!$c-c"=c

Machine Cyclec TH0 Valuec TL0 Valuec

c <!c <!c
c <!c <<!c
c <!c <!c
Dc <!c <!c
Cc <!c <<!c
Fc <!c <!c
c <!c <!c

"c (
c *$%c "0c !c +$)
c (,c c %+#c *!$%&.c %c ,$*0c -!%c (
c
"c (c c (
c $)("c
$)-$ "c"c7c(c$c1%(-%c+$)
c$%c7c"c!c <c!$c"c*(%"$%) c%*#%.c

/!$"c !c %,c (,c $
(

#)($c (6c 2#!$'"c (
c -$%c !c#c (c $)-$ "c !$+c $c +$)
c
,#(c c(cCC.c,c (
c
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+c*(%,&
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c(%c!$+c(c-(## c$(
c*!*1%&c
(c "c ,c !c #c !$"c (+#,)(-c %(#c (c (
c !$+c (c -(## c $(
c #"%&c !c +$)


!c
*#(*(%#())#c!$#-$#c-))c(cc$))c,(#c (
.c

!c$
(
#)($c(c"c+# c*((%) c
"c,(#c"$)"!%&c$c$
c#$c-!*!c-c-))c$)1c(#c$(
c
%c!c #$)c(
%*$(%"c*!$'#.c

Split Timer Mode (mode 3)c

#c(c@@c"c$c"')
#c(.c/!%c#cc"c')$*c%c(c0cc""%$)) c*("c
-(c"'$#$cA
c#".c!$c"c(c"$ 0c#cc"cc$%c#cc"c.c(!c#"c*(
%c
,#(cc(cCCc$%c(+#,)(-c$*1c(c.c))c!c"c!$c$#c#)$c(c#cc-))c%(-ccc(c
.c

/!)c#cc"c%c"')c(0c!c#$)c#ccG..cc$%cHc*$%cc'
c%(c("c0cc(#c
c%(#$))

!(-+#0c (
c$ c%(c"$#c(#c"('c!c#$)c#cc"%*c!c"c!$c(c!$c$#c

%(-c)%1c(c.c!c#$)c#c0c%c!"c*$"0c-))cc%*#%c+# c$*!%c* *)c%(c
$#c-!$.c

!c(%) c#$)c
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c%c(c!$+c-(c"'$#$c#"c

$%0c$(%$)) 0c$c$
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c*$%c
"c!c#$)c#cc$"c$c$
c
#$c&%#$(#c$%c
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The TCON SFRc

<%$)) 0c !#"c (%c (#c <c !$c *(%#()"c !c -(c #"c $%c '#(+"c +$)
$)c %,(#$(%c
$(
c!.c!cc <c!$"c!c,())(-%&c"#
*
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cGAA!Hc <c

Bitc Namec Explanation of Functionc Timerc
Timer 1 Overflow.c !"c c "c "c  c !c *#(*(%#())#c -!%c #c c
c <c c
(+#,)(-".c
Timer 1 Run.c/!%c!"cc"c"c#cc"c
#%c(%.c/!%c!"cc"c*)$#c
Fc c c
#cc"c(,,.c
Timer 0 Overflow.c !"c c "c "c  c !c *#(*(%#())#c -!%c #c c
Cc <c c
(+#,)(-".c
Timer 0 Run.c/!%c!"cc"c"c#cc"c
#%c(%.c/!%c!"cc"c*)$#c
Dc c c
#cc"c(,,.c

"c (
c$ c%(*0c-+c(%) c,%cDc(,c!cAc".c!$"c*$
"c!c(!#cDc"c(,c!c <c

(%c !$+c $% !%&c (c (c -!c #"

! c !$+c (c (c -!c %##
'"c $%c ! c -))c c
"*
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'". %*c !c <c "c 
$#""$)0c (
c *(
)c
4
"c7*
c!c*($%=c

Initializing a Timerc

/c
"c,#"c%$)3c!cc <.c %*c-c$#c-(#1%&c-!c#cc-c-))cc
"%&c!c

)(-"cDc"c(,c.c!c,#"c-(c"0cc$%c c$#c(!cc"%*c-c-$%c!c#c(c
c%'%%c(,c!c7#%$)c'%".cF
c(c"c#c(cc"(c-c
"c*)$#cc$%c
"c.c,,*+) 0c!c (%) cc-c-$%c(c
#%c(%c"ccc(,c.c!
"c(c%$)3c!c
#c-c7*
c!c%"#
*(%=c

c0O!c

#c c "c %(-c %c F

c #c (.c (-+#0c !c #c "c %(c #
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#
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"c"c!ccc/c*$%c(c!$c c7*
%&c!c%"#
*(%=c

cc

'(%c 7*
%&c !"c -(c %"#
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%*#%c(%*c+# c$*!%c* *)cG+# cc*# "$)c'
)""H.c

Reading the Timerc

!#c$#c-(c*((%c-$ "c(,c#$%&c!c+$)
c(,c$cF
c#5c-!*!c (
c
"c'%"c(%c
(
#c"'*,*c$'')*$(%.c(
c$ c!#c#$c!c$*
$)c+$)
c(,c!c#c$"c$cF
c%
#0c
(#c (
c$ c"') c*c-!%c!c#c!$"c(+#,)(-.c

Reading the value of a Timerc

,c (
#c#c"c%c$%cA
c(

!$c"0c!#cA
c
(c)($c(c(#c%c"')c#c(

!%c#$%&c!c+$)
c(,c!c#c"c"').c(
c"') c#$c!c
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c(,c!c#c$%c
(
c#c(%.c

Detecting Timer Overflowc

,%c c "c %*""$# c (c 4
"c 1%(-c !$c !c #c !$"c #"c (c .c !$c "c (c "$ 0c (
c $#c %(c
'$#*
)$#) c%#"c%c!c+$)
c(,c!c#c
c#$!#c (
c$#c%#"c%c1%(-%&c-!%c!c
#c!$"c(+#,)(-c$*1c(c.c

/!%+#c$c#coverflowsc,#(c"c!&!"c+$)
c$*1c(c0c!c*#(*(%#())#c$
($*$)) c
""c!c<7cc%c!cc#&"#.c!"c"c
",
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c(,c
!c #c (
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"c *!*1c ,c !c <7c c "c ".c ,c <c "c "c c $%"c !$c #c c !$"c
(+#,)(-5c,c<c"c"cc$%"c!$c#cc!$"c(+#,)(-.c
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"c !"c $''#($*!c (c *$
"c !c '#(&#$c (c 7*
c $c ,7c )$ .c "c (
))c #*$))0c -c
*$)*
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%c,#(cc(cDF0B.c(-+#0c
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"0c,c-c-$%c(c
"c!c<7c,)$&c(c
%*$c -!%c  !c (,c $c "*(%c !$"c '$""c -c 
"c "c !c #c %$)) c (c FCCFc )""c
DFB0c(#cB0DC.c,c-c"c!c#c(cB0DC0c !c(,c$c"*(%c)$#c!c#c-))c(+#,)(-.c
!
"c-c*(c
'c-!c!c,())(-%&c*(c(c7*
c$c'$
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MOV TH0,#j65&!c c(,cB0DCcGFcUcCFcLcB0DCFHc

MOV TL0,#015(-c c(,cB0DCcGB0DCFcNccLcB0DCHc
MOV TMOD,#0152
c#cc%cF
c(c
SETB TR05$1c#cc"$#c*(
%%&c
JNB TF0,$5,c<c"c%(c"0c4
'c$*1c(c!"c"$c%"#
*(%c
%c!c$(+c*(c!c,#"c-(c)%"c%$)3c!c#cc"$#%&c+$)
c(cB0DC.c!c%7c-(c
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#c #c c $%c 
#%c c (%.c <%$)) 0c !c )$"c %"#
*(%cJNB TF0,$0c #$"c
@;
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*(%.@c !c @P@c ('#$%c $%"0c %c ("c
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%&c!"c"$c%"#
*(%.c,#c
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(%c-))c!%c#$1c
(
c(,c!c)(('.c

Creating specific delays

$7
c*(
%c(,c$cFcc#&"#c"cWFcc<<<<c!$%c-!%c*(
%c%*#$""c c(%c!$%c<<<<c
<c8c<c"c$#c"5"(c$c$7
cc*$%c*(
%c(c
cFCCC.Gcc!3cc*# "$)Hc!#,(#c(c
&+c$c"'*,*c)$ c"
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FCCC
cLcDCCCccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
cDAc,(#cc8cc#"'*+) c
c(c(+#,)(-c-c%c$%c7#$c*(
%cccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
DCCCcNcLcDCCFccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
cDCcc,(#cc8cc#"'*+) .c

c example

)$ =cccccccc0cOcD!cc

c0cOC!c

cc0Oc

cc

)=4%c<c)c

#c
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STEPPER MOTORc
,c$))c((#"0c"'c((#c"c!c$""c(c*(%#().cQ"c!$%)%&c"')* c"c#$)) c!$#c(c% c
c
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%*c(,c#*$%&)c'
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c(,c"'c*(%#())#c
$%c #*(%c %,(#$(%c (c $%(!#c %'
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"')c
c+# c'
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((#c-(%Qc"$#.c2$
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!c 1 c (c #+%&c $c "''#c "c #$)3%&c !(-c !c ((#c "c *(%"#
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cc

cc

Step anglec

c "c $%&)c !#(
&!c -!*!c ((#c "!$,c

#($"c %c (%c "'.c "'c $%&)c "c
,,#%c ,(#c ,,#%c ((#c .c ")*(%c
(,c ((#c $**(#%&c (c "'c $%&)c
'%"c (%c !c $'')*$(%c 0c "') c ,c
(
c #?
#c "$))c %*#%"c %c #((%c *!(("c ((#c !$+%&c "$))#c "'c $%&).(c (,c "'"c
#?
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Steps/secondc

!c#)$(%c-%c2c$%c"'"c'#c"*.c"c&+%c c0c
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*!c%,(#$(%H.c (c#,##%&c(c2c+$)
c
%c$$"!c (
c*$%c*$)*
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cc
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