Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Geology Department
Engineering Geology
Ground Water, and Sand Dune Migration problems (El Obour City,
Egypt, 2009)
1- Soil Mechanics
2- Rock Mechanics
3- Stability of Slope
References:
Arora, K. R. (1988): Introductory soil engineering, Standard Publisher
Distributors, Delhi, 630 P.
Bell, F. G. (2007): Engineering Geology (2nd Edition), Elsevier Ltd.
(Pub.), Amsterdam, 593 P.
Das, B. M. (2008): Advanced soil mechanics (3rd Edition), Taylor &
Francis Group, New York, 594 P.
Nelson, J. D. and Millar, D. J. (1992): Expansive soils, problems and
practice in foundation and pavement engineering.-
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 359 P.
Geologic definition:
Soil is all friable materials resulting from either weathering of the
underlying rocks or transported from other places.
Agronomy definition:
Soil consists of the thin layers of the earths crust formed by
surface weathering that are able to support plant life.
Courses No.(404G &425G) Dr/ Waleed A. Ogila 18
Soil Types
According to the physical state of soils
Cohesive soils are the soils which adsorbed water and deformed plastically
at varying water content due to the presence of clay minerals.
(mud sticking on shoes in a rainy day when one walk in a field)
Courses No.(404G &425G) Dr/ Waleed A. Ogila 20
Collapsing Soils
Expansive Soils
Specific Gravity;
moisture content;
Soil density;
Soil particles;
Soil consistency;
Shear strength;
Collapsing potentiality for collapsing soils;
Swelling potentiality for expansive soils.
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Water Content Determination
1- Oven Drying Method
Diameter (D) mm
Courses No.(404G &425G) Dr/ Waleed A. Ogila 27
Gradation:
Gradation is the distribution of particles of different size in a soil mass.
Larger gradation means a wider particle size distribution.
Well graded poorly sorted (e.g., glacial till)
Poorly graded well sorted (e.g. beach sand)
Liquid
Semi Plastic
plastic
Solid solid Moisture
S.L P.L L.L Content %
The relationship between the four physical states of consistency (After Lambe and Whitman, 1969).
Courses No.(404G &425G) Dr/ Waleed A. Ogila 32
Liquid Limit
is defined as the moisture
content at which soil begins
to behave as a liquid material
and begins to flow
Slope of flow
curve = Flow
Index of soil
240 gm
Plasticity Chart
Courses No.(404G &425G) Dr/ Waleed A. Ogila 37
Liquidity Index L.I: < 0.00 Soil is in semi-plastic solid to
solid state
Liquidity index of a soil indicates the
nearness of its water content to L.I: 0.00 1.00 Soil is in plastic state
its liquid limit.
L.I: > 1.00 Soil is in liquid state
L.I = (Wc-P.L)/P.I
Consistency Index
Consistency index indicates the firmness
of the soil where it shows the
nearness of the initial water
content of a soil to its plastic limit.
Pocket Penetrometer
6 mm
C
f = C + tan
f : Failure shear strength
: Failure shear stress
Non-
: Normal Stress
Cohesive
C: Cohesion Shear
soils Strength
: Friction angle Parameters
Courses No.(404G &425G) Dr/ Waleed A. Ogila
42
The graphical method for the determination of stress
on an inclined plane (Mohrs Circle)
P(&)
1: Major Comp. Stress
3: Minor Comp. Stress
o 2
3 e c h f : Normal Stress
(1 + 3)/2
: Failure shear stress
1 : inclined angle of shear
oh = oc + ch plane
f /
Factors affecting shear strength of soils
Non cohesive soils
Packing soils of closed packing > soils of open packing
Grading well graded soils > ill graded soils
Drainage well drained soils > poorly drained soils
Cohesive soils
Plasticity low plasticity soil > high plasticity soils
Void ratio soils of low void ratio > soils of high void ratio
Disturbance undisturbed soils > disturbed soils
Saturation un saturated soils > over saturated soils
Sensitivity
S = (qun undisturbed) /( qun remolded)
T1
The basic concept of additional
settlement due to collapse of (1)
Settlement
grain structure, (After
Jennings and Knight, 1975).
Void Ratio
Collapse potential Severity of
(%) problem ec
0 - 1 No problem
1 - 5 Moderate trouble
5 - 10 Trouble
Log P
10 - 20 Several trouble
Typical result of collapse potential test
> 20 Very trouble (After Jennings and Knight, 1975).
eo : the initial void ratio
ec : the change of void ratio due to wetting
1- Indirect Methods
A- Activity
B- Free Swelling
1- Upper curved portion (stage I). This is mainly the result of pre-compression of the
specimen. (initial consolidation, where the decrease in volume is due to
expulsion and compression of air in the voids).
2- A straight-line portion (stage II). This is referred to as primary consolidation
(water expulsion ). At the end of the primary consolidation, the excess pore
water pressure generated by the incremental loading is dissipated to a large
extent.
3- A lower straight-line portion (stage III). This is called secondary consolidation.
During this stage, the specimen undergoes small deformation with time. This
consolidation occurs due to plastic readjustment of the soil particles.
Courses No.(404G &425G) Dr/ Waleed A. Ogila 51
Date :
Pre-Swelling State
Consolidation
Curve
Unloading Curve
Sand Fine
Clay Gravel
Silt Very
Fine Medium Coarse Gravel
Fine
0.005 0.05 0.10 0.25 0.5 1.0 2.0 mm
Courses No.(404G &425G) Dr/ Waleed A. Ogila 53
2- Texture Classification Triangular Soil Classification by
U.S Bureau of Public Roads
Well Graded W
Poorly Graded P
Non-Plastic Fine M
Plastic Fine C
Low Plasticity L
High Plasticity H
Courses No.(404G &425G) Dr/ Waleed A. Ogila 55
Classification criteria
Unified soil
classification
system
(Clean Gravels)