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Wiki
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation <#mw-head>, search <#p-search>
This article is about the type of website. For other uses, see Wiki
(disambiguation) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki_(disambiguation)>.
"WikiNode" redirects here. For the WikiNode of Wikipedia, see
Wikipedia:WikiNode <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiNode>.
"Wiki format" redirects here. For the type of markup language, see Wiki
markup <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki_markup>.
File:Ward Cunningham, Inventor of the Wiki.webmPlay media
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Interview with Ward Cunningham
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Cunningham>, inventor of the wiki
A *wiki* (Listen
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/En-us-wiki.ogg>^i
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-wiki.ogg> /wki/
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English> /*WIK*-ee/
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key>) is a
website <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website> that provides
collaborative <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_software>
modification of its content and structure directly from the web browser
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser>. In a typical wiki, text is
written using a simplified markup language
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language> (known as "wiki markup
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki_markup>") and often edited with the
help of a rich-text editor
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_rich-text_editor>.^[1]
<#cite_note-Britannica-1> A wiki is run using wiki software
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki_software>, otherwise known as a wiki
engine. There are dozens of different wiki engines in use, both
standalone and part of other software, such as bug tracking systems
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_tracking_system>. Some wiki engines
are open source <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source>, whereas
others are proprietary. Some permit control over different functions
(levels of access); for example, editing rights may permit changing,
adding or removing material. Others may permit access without enforcing
access control. Other rules may also be imposed to organize content. A
wiki engine is a type of content management system
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_management_system>, but it
differs from most other such systems, including blog software
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog_software>, in that the content is
created without any defined owner or leader, and wikis have little
implicit structure, allowing structure to emerge according to the needs
of the users.^[2] <#cite_note-Easy_Wiki_Hosting-2>
The online encyclopedia project Wikipedia
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia> is by far the most popular
wiki-based website, and is in fact one of the most widely viewed sites
of any kind in the world, having been ranked in the top ten since
2007.^[3] <#cite_note-Alexa_Top_Sites-3> Wikipedia is not a single wiki
but rather a collection of hundreds of wikis, one for each language.
There are at least tens of thousands of other wikis in use, both public
and private, including wikis functioning as knowledge management
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management> resources,
notetaking <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notetaking_software> tools,
community websites <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_community> and
intranets <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intranet>. The English-language
Wikipedia has the largest collection of articles; as of September 2016,
it had over five million articles. Ward Cunningham
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Cunningham>, the developer of the
first wiki software, WikiWikiWeb
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiWikiWeb>, originally described it as
"the simplest online database that could possibly work".^[4]
<#cite_note-4> "Wiki <https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wiki#Hawaiian>"
(pronounced [wiki]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Hawaiian>^[note 1]
<#cite_note-5> ) is a Hawaiian
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language> word meaning
"quick".^[5] <#cite_note-6> ^[6] <#cite_note-7> ^[7] <#cite_note-8>
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Characteristics <#Characteristics>
o 1.1 Editing <#Editing>
o 1.2 Navigation <#Navigation>
o 1.3 Linking and creating pages <#Linking_and_creating_pages>
o 1.4 Searching <#Searching>
* 2 History <#History>
* 3 Alternative definitions <#Alternative_definitions>
* 4 Implementations <#Implementations>
* 5 Trust and security <#Trust_and_security>
o 5.1 Controlling changes <#Controlling_changes>
o 5.2 Trustworthiness and reliability of content
<#Trustworthiness_and_reliability_of_content>
o 5.3 Security <#Security>
+ 5.3.1 Potential malware vector <#Potential_malware_vector>
* 6 Communities <#Communities>
o 6.1 Applications <#Applications>
o 6.2 City wikis <#City_wikis>
o 6.3 WikiNodes <#WikiNodes>
o 6.4 Participants <#Participants>
o 6.5 Growth factors <#Growth_factors>
* 7 Conferences <#Conferences>
* 8 Rules <#Rules>
* 9 Legal environment <#Legal_environment>
* 10 See also <#See_also>
* 11 Notes <#Notes>
* 12 References <#References>
* 13 Further reading <#Further_reading>
* 14 External links <#External_links>
Characteristics
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg>
This section *needs additional citations for verification
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability>*. Please help
improve this article
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiki&action=edit> by adding
citations to reliable sources
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup
/1>.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. /(March 2017)/ /(Learn
how and when to remove this template message
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal>)/
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ward_Cunningham_-_Commons-1.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ward_Cunningham_-_Commons-1.jpg>
Ward Cunningham <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Cunningham>,
inventor of the wiki
Ward Cunningham and co-author Bo Leuf
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Leuf>, in their book /The Wiki Way:
Quick Collaboration on the Web
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wiki_Way>/, described the essence of
the Wiki concept as follows:^[8] <#cite_note-9>
* A wiki invites all usersnot just expertsto edit any page
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_page> or to create new pages
within the wiki Web site, using only a standard "plain-vanilla"
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_software> Web browser without
any extra add-ons <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_extension>.
* Wiki promotes meaningful topic associations between different pages
by making page link creation intuitively easy and showing whether an
intended target page exists or not.
* A wiki is /not/ a carefully crafted site created by experts and
professional writers, and designed for casual visitors. Instead, it
seeks to involve the typical visitor/user in an ongoing process of
creation and collaboration that constantly changes the website
landscape.
A wiki enables communities of editors and contributors to write
documents collaboratively. All that people require to contribute is a
computer, Internet <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet> access, a
web browser <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser> and a basic
understanding of a simple markup language
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language> (e.g., HTML
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML>). A single page in a wiki website
is referred to as a "wiki page", while the entire collection of pages,
which are usually well-interconnected by hyperlinks
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink>, is "the wiki". A wiki is
essentially a database for creating, browsing, and searching through
information. A wiki allows non-linear, evolving, complex and networked
text, while also allowing for editor argument, debate and interaction
regarding the content and formatting.^[9] <#cite_note-Legal-10> A
defining characteristic of wiki technology is the ease with which pages
can be created and updated. Generally, there is no review by a moderator
or gatekeeper before modifications are accepted and thus lead to changes
on the website. Many wikis are open to alteration by the general public
without requiring registration of user
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_(computing)> accounts. Many edits
can be made in real-time <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_web>
and appear almost instantly online. However, this feature facilitates
abuse of the system. Private wiki servers require user authentication
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication> to edit pages, and
sometimes even to read them. Maged N. Kamel Boulos
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maged_N._Kamel_Boulos>, Cito Maramba and
Steve Wheeler <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wheeler> write that
the open wikis produce a process of Social Darwinism
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism>. " 'Unfit' sentences
and sections are ruthlessly culled, edited and replaced if they are not
considered 'fit', which hopefully results in the evolution of a higher
quality and more relevant page. While such openness
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openness> may invite 'vandalism' and the
posting of untrue information, this same openness also makes it possible
to rapidly correct or restore a 'quality' wiki page."^[10]
<#cite_note-BMC-11>
Editing
Some wikis have an "edit" button or link directly on the page being
viewed, if the user has permission to edit the page. This leads to an
"editing page" where participants structure and format wiki pages with a
simplified markup language, sometimes known as wikitext
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikitext>. For example, starting lines of
text with an asterisks <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterisk> creates
a bulleted list <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_(typography)>. The
style and syntax of wikitexts can vary greatly among wiki
implementations,^[/example needed
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE>/] some of which also
allow HTML <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML> tags. Wikis favour
plain-text editing, with fewer and simpler conventions than HTML, for
indicating style and structure. Although limiting access to HTML and
Cascading Style Sheets
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets> (CSS) of wikis
limits user ability to alter the structure and formatting of wiki
content, there are some benefits. Limited access to CSS promotes
consistency in the look and feel, and having JavaScript
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript> disabled prevents a user from
implementing code that may limit other users' access.
MediaWiki <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki> syntax (the "behind
the scenes" code used to add formatting to text) Equivalent HTML
(another type of "behind the scenes" code used to add formatting to
text) Rendered output (seen onscreen by a regular web user)
"Take some more [[tea]]," the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.
"I've had '''nothing''' yet," Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't tak
e more."
"You mean you can't take ''less''?" said the Hatter. "It's very easy to take ''m
ore'' than nothing."
"Take some more <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>," the March Hare said
to Alice, very earnestly.
"I've had nothing yet," Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't
take more."
"You mean you can't take less?" said the Hatter. "It's very easy to ta
ke more than nothing."
"Take some more tea <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea>," the March
Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.
"I've had *nothing* yet," Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't
take more."
"You mean you can't take /less/?" said the Hatter. "It's very easy to
take /more/ than nothing."
Wikis can make WYSIWYG <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYG> editing
available to users, usually by means of JavaScript control that
translates graphically entered formatting instructions into the
corresponding HTML tags <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_element> or
wikitext. In those implementations, the markup of a newly edited,
marked-up version of the page is generated and submitted to the server
transparently
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_(human-computer_interaction)>,
shielding the user from this technical detail. An example of this is the
VisualEditor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor> on
Wikipedia. However, WYSIWYG controls do not always provide all of the
features available in wikitext, and some users prefer not to use a
WYSIWYG editor. Hence, many of these sites offer some means to edit the
wikitext directly.
Some wikis keep a record of changes made to wiki pages; often, every
version of the page is stored. This means that authors can revert to an
older version of the page, should it be necessary because a mistake has
been made, such as the content accidentally being deleted, or the page
has been vandalized to include offensive or malicious text or other
content. Many implementations, like MediaWiki
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki>, allow users to supply an
/edit summary/ when they edit a page; this is a short piece of text
summarizing the changes they have made (e.g., "corrected grammar" or
"fixed formatting in table"). It is not inserted into the article's main
text, but is stored along with that revision of the page (often in a log
or "history" window), allowing users to explain what has been done and
why, and enabling other users to see which changes have been made; this
is similar to a log message when making changes to a revision-control
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision_control> system.
Navigation
Within the text of most pages, there are usually a large number of
hypertext <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext> links to other pages
within the wiki. This form of non-linear navigation is more "native" to
a wiki than structured/formalized navigation schemes. Users can also
create any number of index or table-of-contents pages, with hierarchical
categorization or whatever form of organization they like. These may be
challenging to maintain "by hand", as multiple authors and users may
create and delete pages in an ad hoc
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc>, unorganized manner. Wikis can
provide one or more ways to categorize or tag pages to support the
maintenance of such index pages. Some wikis, including the original,
have a backlink <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlink> feature, which
displays all pages that link to a given page. It is also typically
possible in a wiki to create links to pages that do not yet exist, as a
way to invite others to share what they know about a subject new to the
wiki. Wiki users can typically "tag" pages with categories or keywords,
to make it easier for other users to find the article. For example, a
user creating a new article on cold weather cycling
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_weather_cycling> might "tag" this
page under the categories of commuting, winter sports and bicycling.
This would make it easier for other users to find the article.
Linking and creating pages

Links are created using a specific syntax, the so-called "link pattern".
Originally, most wikis^[/citation needed
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed>/] used
CamelCase <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CamelCase> to name pages and
create links. These are produced by capitalizing words in a phrase and
removing the spaces between them (the word "CamelCase" is itself an
example). While CamelCase makes linking easy, it also leads to links in
a form that deviates from the standard spelling. To link to a page with
a single-word title, one must abnormally capitalize one of the letters
in the word (e.g. "WiKi" instead of "Wiki"). CamelCase-based wikis are
instantly recognizable because they have many links with names such as
"TableOfContents" and "BeginnerQuestions." It is possible for a wiki to
render the visible anchor of such links "pretty" by reinserting spaces,
and possibly also reverting to lower case. However, this reprocessing of
the link to improve the readability of the anchor is limited by the loss
of capitalization information caused by CamelCase reversal. For example,
"RichardWagner" should be rendered as "Richard Wagner", whereas
"PopularMusic" should be rendered as "popular music". There is no easy
way to determine which capital letters
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_letter> should remain
capitalized. As a result, many wikis now have "free linking" using
brackets, and some disable CamelCase by default.
Searching
Most wikis offer at least a title search
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_algorithm>, and sometimes a
full-text search <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_text_search>. The
scalability of the search depends on whether the wiki engine uses a
database. Some wikis, such as PmWiki
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PmWiki>, use flat files
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_file>.^[11] <#cite_note-Augar-12>
MediaWiki's first versions used flat files, but it was rewritten by Lee
Daniel Crocker <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Daniel_Crocker> in the
early 2000s (decade) to be a database application. Indexed database
access is necessary for high speed searches on large wikis.
Alternatively, external search engines
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engine> such as Google Search
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search> can sometimes be used on
wikis with limited searching functions in order to obtain more precise
results.
History
Main article: History of wikis
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_wikis>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HNL_Wiki_Wiki_Bus.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HNL_Wiki_Wiki_Bus.jpg>
Wiki Wiki Shuttle <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Wiki_Shuttle> at
Honolulu International Airport
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_International_Airport>
WikiWikiWeb <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiWikiWeb> was the first
wiki.^[12] <#cite_note-ebersbach10-13> Ward Cunningham started
developing WikiWikiWeb in Portland, Oregon, in 1994, and installed it on
the Internet domain <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name> c2.com
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C2.com> on March 25, 1995. It was named
by Cunningham, who remembered a Honolulu International Airport
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_International_Airport> counter
employee telling him to take the "Wiki Wiki Shuttle
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Wiki_Shuttle>" bus that runs between
the airport's terminals. According to Cunningham, "I chose wiki-wiki as
an alliterative substitute for 'quick' and thereby avoided naming this
stuff quick-web."^[13] <#cite_note-cunningham-14> ^[14]
<#cite_note-history-15>
Cunningham was, in part, inspired by Apple's HyperCard
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperCard>, which he had used. Hypercard,
however, was single-user.^[15] <#cite_note-artima-16> Apple had designed
a system allowing users to create virtual "card stacks" supporting links
among the various cards. Cunningham developed Vannevar Bush
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush>'s ideas by allowing users
to "comment on and change one another's text."^[1]
<#cite_note-Britannica-1> ^[16] <#cite_note-hypercard-17> Cunningham
says his goals were to link together the experiences of multiple people
to create a new literature to document programming patterns
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_language>, and to harness
people's natural desire to talk and tell stories with a technology that
would feel comfortable to those not used to "authoring".^[15]
<#cite_note-artima-16>
Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia> became the most
famous wiki site, entering the top ten most popular websites in 2007. In
the early 2000s (decade), wikis were increasingly adopted in enterprise
as collaborative software. Common uses included project communication,
intranets, and documentation, initially for technical users. Some
companies use wikis <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_wiki> as
their only collaborative software and as a replacement for static
intranets, and some schools and universities use wikis to enhance group
learning <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_learning>. There may be
greater use of wikis behind firewalls
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)> than on the public
Internet. On March 15, 2007, the word /wiki/ was listed in the online
/Oxford English Dictionary
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary>/.^[17]
<#cite_note-OED1-18>
Alternative definitions
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the word "wiki" was used to refer to
both user-editable websites and the software that powers them; the
latter definition is still occasionally in use.^[2]
<#cite_note-Easy_Wiki_Hosting-2> Wiki inventor Ward Cunningham wrote in
2014^[18] <#cite_note-19> that the word "wiki" should not be used to
refer to a single website, but rather to a mass of user-editable pages
and or sites, so that a single website is not "a wiki" but "an instance
of wiki". He wrote that the concept of wiki federation, in which the
same content can be hosted and edited in more than one location in a
manner similar to distributed version control
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_version_control>, meant that
the concept of a single discrete "wiki" no longer made sense.^[19]
<#cite_note-20>
Implementations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_screenshot_on_Nexus_9_20141121.jpg
>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_screenshot_on_Nexus_9_20141121.jpg
>
Homepage of Wikipedia
Wiki software <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki_software> is a type of
collaborative software
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_software> that runs a wiki
system, allowing web pages to be created and edited using a common web
browser. It may be implemented as a series of scripts behind an existing
web server <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server>, or as a
standalone application server
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_server> that runs on one or
more web servers. The content is stored in a file system
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system>, and changes to the content
are stored in a relational database management system
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_system>. A
commonly implemented software package is MediaWiki
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki>, which runs Wikipedia
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia>. See the list of wiki software
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wiki_software> for further
information. Alternatively, personal wikis
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_wiki> run as a standalone
application on a single computer. WikidPad
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikidPad> is an example. One application,
TiddlyWiki <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiddlyWiki>, simply makes use
of an even single local HTML file with JavaScript inside.
Wikis can also be created on a "wiki farm
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki_farm>", where the server-side
software is implemented by the wiki farm owner. PBwiki
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBwiki>, Socialtext
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialtext>, and Wikia
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikia> are popular examples of such
services. Some wiki farms can also make private, password-protected
wikis. Note that free wiki farms generally contain advertising on every
page. For more information, see Comparison of wiki farms
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_wiki_farms>.
Trust and security
Controlling changes
"Recent changes" redirects here. For the Wikipedia help page, see
Help:Recent changes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Recent_changes>.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:History_Comparison_Example_(Vector).png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:History_Comparison_Example_(Vector).png>
History comparison reports highlight the changes between two revisions
of a page.
Wikis are generally designed with the philosophy of making it easy to
correct mistakes, rather than making it difficult to make them. Thus,
while wikis are very open, they provide a means to verify the validity
of recent additions to the body of pages. The most prominent, on almost
every wiki, is the "Recent Changes" pagea specific list numbering
recent edits, or a list of edits made within a given time frame.^[20]
<#cite_note-21> Some wikis can filter the list to remove minor edits and
edits made by automatic importing scripts ("bots
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_bot>").^[21] <#cite_note-22>
From the change log, other functions are accessible in most wikis: the
revision history <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changelog> shows
previous page versions and the diff <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diff>
feature highlights the changes between two revisions. Using the revision
history, an editor can view and restore a previous version of the
article. The diff feature can be used to decide whether or not this is
necessary. A regular wiki user can view the diff of an edit listed on
the "Recent Changes" page and, if it is an unacceptable edit, consult
the history, restoring a previous revision; this process is more or less
streamlined, depending on the wiki software used.^[22] <#cite_note-23>
In case unacceptable edits are missed on the "recent changes" page, some
wiki engines provide additional content control. It can be monitored to
ensure that a page, or a set of pages, keeps its quality. A person
willing to maintain pages will be warned of modifications to the pages,
allowing him or her to verify the validity of new editions quickly.^[23]
<#cite_note-24> A watchlist is a common implementation of this. Some
wikis also implement "patrolled revisions", in which editors with the
requisite credentials can mark some edits as not vandalism. A "flagged
revisions" system can prevent edits from going live until they have been
reviewed.^[24] <#cite_note-25>
Trustworthiness and reliability of content

Critics of publicly editable wiki systems argue that these systems could
be easily tampered with by malicious individuals ("vandals") or even by
well-meaning but unskilled users who introduce errors into the content.
While proponents argue that the community of users can catch malicious
content and correct it.^[1] <#cite_note-Britannica-1> Lars Aronsson
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Aronsson>, a data systems
specialist, summarizes the controversy as follows: "Most people, when
they first learn about the wiki concept, assume that a Web site that can
be edited by anybody would soon be rendered useless by destructive
input. It sounds like offering free spray cans next to a grey concrete
wall. The only likely outcome would be ugly graffiti
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti> and simple tagging, and many
artistic efforts would not be long lived. Still, it seems to work very
well."^[12] <#cite_note-ebersbach10-13> High editorial standards in
medicine and health sciences articles, in which users typically use
peer-reviewed journals or university textbooks as sources, have led to
the idea of expert-moderated wikis.^[25] <#cite_note-26> Some wikis
allow one to link to specific versions of articles, which has been
useful to the scientific community, in that expert peer reviewers could
analyse articles, improve them and provide links to the trusted version
of that article.^[26] <#cite_note-27> Noveck points out that
"participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have
a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the
basis of their ongoing participation." On controversial topics that have
been subject to disruptive editing, a wiki may restrict editing to
registered users.^[27] <#cite_note-Noveck-28>
Security
"Edit war" redirects here. For Wikipedia's policy on edit warring, see
WP:EW <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:EW>.
The open philosophy of wiki allowing anyone to edit content does not
ensure that every editor's intentions are well-mannered. For example,
vandalism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism> (changing
wiki content to something offensive, adding nonsense or deliberately
adding incorrect information, such as hoax
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoax> information) can be a major
problem. On larger wiki sites, such as those run by the Wikimedia
Foundation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation>,
vandalism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism> /can/ go unnoticed
for some period of time. Wikis, because of their open nature, are
susceptible to intentional disruption, known as "trolling
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll_(Internet)>". Wikis tend to take a
/soft-security <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_security>/^[28]
<#cite_note-soft_security-29> ^[/unreliable source
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources>/]
approach to the problem of vandalism, making damage easy to undo rather
than attempting to prevent damage. Larger wikis often employ
sophisticated methods, such as bots that automatically identify and
revert vandalism and JavaScript enhancements that show characters that
have been added in each edit. In this way vandalism can be limited to
just "minor vandalism" or "sneaky vandalism", where the characters
added/eliminated are so few that bots do not identify them and users do
not pay much attention to them.^[29] <#cite_note-30> ^[/unreliable
source
An example of a bot that reverts vandalism on Wikipedia is ClueBot NG.
ClueBot NG can revert edits, often within minutes, if not seconds. The
bot uses machine learning
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning> in lieu of heuristics
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic_(computer_science)>.^[30]
<#cite_note-31>
The amount of vandalism a wiki receives depends on how open the wiki is.
For instance, some wikis allow unregistered users, identified by their
IP addresses <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address>, to edit
content, while others limit this function to just registered users. Most
wikis allow anonymous editing without an account,^[31] <#cite_note-32>
but give registered users additional editing functions; on most wikis,
becoming a registered user is a short and simple process. Some wikis
require an additional waiting period before gaining access to certain
tools. For example, on the English Wikipedia
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia>, registered users can
rename pages only if their account is at least four days old and has
made at least ten edits. Other wikis such as the Portuguese Wikipedia
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Wikipedia> use an editing
requirement instead of a time requirement, granting extra tools after
the user has made a certain number of edits to prove their
trustworthiness and usefulness as an editor. Vandalism of Wikipedia
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism_of_Wikipedia> is common (though
policed and usually reverted) because it is extremely open, allowing
anyone with a computer and Internet access to edit it, although this
makes it grow rapidly. In contrast, Citizendium
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizendium> requires an editor's real
name and short autobiography, affecting the growth of the wiki but
sometimes helping stop vandalism.
Edit wars can also occur as users repetitively revert a page to the
version they favor. In some cases, editors with opposing views of which
content should appear or what formatting style should be used will
change and re-change each other's edits. This results in the page being
"unstable" from a general users' perspective, because each time a
general user comes to the page, it may look different. Some wiki
software allows an administrator to stop such edit wars by locking a
page from further editing until a decision has been made on what version
of the page would be most appropriate.^[9] <#cite_note-Legal-10> Some
wikis are in a better position than others to control behavior due to
governance structures existing outside the wiki. For instance, a college
teacher can create incentives for students to behave themselves on a
class wiki they administer by limiting editing to logged-in users and
pointing out that all contributions can be traced back to the
contributors. Bad behavior can then be dealt with in accordance with
university policies.^[11] <#cite_note-Augar-12> The issue of wiki
vandalism is debated. In some cases, when an editor deletes an entire
article and replaces it with nonsense content, it may be a "test edit",
made by the user as she or he is experimenting with the wiki system.
Some editors may not realize that they have damaged the page, or if they
do realize it, they may not know how to undo the mistake or restore the
content.
Potential malware vector

Malware <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware> can also be problem for
wikis, as users can add links to sites hosting malicious code. For
example, a German Wikipedia article about the Blaster Worm
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaster_Worm> was edited to include a
hyperlink to a malicious website. Users of vulnerable Microsoft Windows
systems who followed the link would be infected.^[9]
<#cite_note-Legal-10> A countermeasure is the use of software that
prevents users from saving an edit that contains a link to a site listed
on a blacklist <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklist> of malware
sites.^[32] <#cite_note-33>
Communities
Applications
File:Development of "Mathe fr Nicht-Freaks" from Sep 2009 to June
2016.webmPlay media
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Development_of_%22Mathe_f%C
3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks%22_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Development_of_%22Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freak
s%22_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm>
Visualization of the collaborative work in the German wiki project Mathe
fr Nicht-Freaks
<https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/de:Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks>
The English Wikipedia has the largest user base among wikis on the World
Wide Web <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web>^[33]
<#cite_note-34> and ranks in the top 10 among all Web sites in terms of
traffic.^[34] <#cite_note-35> Other large wikis include the WikiWikiWeb
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiWikiWeb>, Memory Alpha
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_Alpha>, Wikivoyage
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikivoyage> and Susning.nu
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susning.nu>, a Swedish-language knowledge
base. Medical <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_wikis> and
health-related wiki examples include Ganfyd
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganfyd>, an online collaborative medical
reference that is edited by medical professionals and invited
non-medical experts.^[10] <#cite_note-BMC-11> Many wiki communities
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_community> are private,
particularly within enterprises
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_software>. They are often used
as internal documentation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_documentation> for in-house
systems and applications. Some companies use wikis to allow customers to
help produce software documentation.^[35] <#cite_note-36> A study of
corporate wiki users found that they could be divided into
"synthesizers" and "adders" of content. Synthesizers' frequency of
contribution was affected more by their impact on other wiki users,
while adders' contribution frequency was affected more by being able to
accomplish their immediate work.^[36] <#cite_note-37> from a study of
1000s of wiki deployments,Jonathan Grudin concluded careful stakeholder
analysis and education are crucial to successful wiki deployment.^[37]
<#cite_note-38>
In 2005, the Gartner Group, noting the increasing popularity of wikis,
estimated that they would become mainstream collaboration tools in at
least 50% of companies by 2009.^[38] <#cite_note-39> ^[/needs update
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chron
ological_items>/]
Wikis can be used for project management
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management>.^[39] <#cite_note-40>
^[40] <#cite_note-41> ^[/unreliable source
Wikis have also been used in the academic community for sharing and
dissemination of information across institutional and international
boundaries.^[41] <#cite_note-42> In those settings, they have been found
useful for collaboration on grant writing
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_writing>, strategic planning
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_planning>, departmental
documentation, and committee work.^[42] <#cite_note-43> In the mid-2000s
(decade), the increasing trend among industries toward collaboration was
placing a heavier impetus upon educators to make students proficient in
collaborative work, inspiring even greater interest in wikis being used
in the classroom.^[9] <#cite_note-Legal-10>
Wikis have found some use within the legal profession, and within
government. Examples include the Central Intelligence Agency
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency>'s
Intellipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellipedia>, designed to
share and collect intelligence
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_assessment>, dKospedia,
which was used by the American Civil Liberties Union
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union> to assist
with review of documents pertaining to internment of detainees in
Guantnamo Bay <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay>;^[43]
<#cite_note-44> and the wiki of the United States Court of Appeals for
the Seventh Circuit
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Ci
rcuit>,
used to post court rules and allow practitioners to comment and ask
questions. The United States Patent and Trademark Office
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office> operat
es
Peer-to-Patent <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-Patent>, a wiki to
allow the public to collaborate on finding prior art
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_art> relevant to examination of
pending patent applications. Queens
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens>, New York has used a wiki to
allow citizens to collaborate on the design and planning of a local
park. Cornell Law School
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Law_School> founded a wiki-based
legal dictionary called Wex, whose growth has been hampered by
restrictions on who can edit.^[27] <#cite_note-Noveck-28>
City wikis
A city wiki (or local wiki) is a wiki used as a knowledge base
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management> and social network
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network> for a specific
geographical <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography> locale.^[44]
<#cite_note-45> ^[45] <#cite_note-46> ^[46] <#cite_note-47> The term
'city wiki' or its foreign language equivalent (e.g. German 'Stadtwiki')
is sometimes also used for wikis that cover not just a city, but a small
town or an entire region. A city wiki contains information about
specific instances of things, ideas, people and places. Much of this
information might not be appropriate for encyclopedias
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia> such as Wikipedia
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia> (e.g., articles on every
retail outlet in a town), but might be appropriate for a wiki with more
localized content and viewers. A city wiki could also contain
information about the following subjects, that may or may not be
appropriate for a general knowledge wiki, such as:
* Details of public establishments such as public houses, bars,
accommodation or social centers
* Owner name, opening hours and statistics for a specific shop
* Statistical information about a specific road in a city
* Flavors of ice cream served at a local ice cream parlor
* A biography of a local mayor and other persons
WikiNodes
WikiNodes are pages on wikis that describe related wikis. They are
usually organized as neighbors and delegates. A /neighbor/ wiki is
simply a wiki that may discuss similar content or may otherwise be of
interest. A /delegate/ wiki is a wiki that agrees to have certain
content delegated to that wiki.^[47] <#cite_note-48> One way of finding
a wiki on a specific subject is to follow the wiki-node network from
wiki to wiki; another is to take a Wiki "bus tour", for example:
Wikipedia's Tour Bus Stop
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TourBusStop>.
Participants
The four basic types of users who participate in wikis are reader,
author, wiki administrator and system administrator. The system
administrator is responsible for installation and maintenance of the
wiki engine and the container web server. The wiki administrator
maintains wiki content and is provided additional functions pertaining
to pages (e.g. page protection and deletion), and can adjust users'
access rights by, for instance, blocking them from editing.^[48]
<#cite_note-49>
Growth factors
A study of several hundred wikis showed that a relatively high number of
administrators for a given content size is likely to reduce growth;^[49]
<#cite_note-50> that access controls restricting editing to registered
users tends to reduce growth; that a lack of such access controls tends
to fuel new user registration; and that higher administration ratios
(i.e. admins/user) have no significant effect on content or population
growth.^[50] <#cite_note-51>
Conferences
Active conferences and meetings about wiki-related topics include:
* Atlassian Summit, an annual conference for users of Atlassian
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlassian> software, including
Confluence
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence_(software)>^[51]
<#cite_note-52>
* OpenSym <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSym> (called WikiSym
until 2014), an academic conference
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_conference> dedicated to
research about wikis and open collaboration
* SMWCon, a bi-annual conference for users and developers of Semantic
MediaWiki <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_MediaWiki>.^[52]
<#cite_note-53>
* TikiFest, a frequently held meeting for users and developers of Tiki
Wiki CMS Groupware
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiki_Wiki_CMS_Groupware>.^[53]
<#cite_note-54>
* Wikimania <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimania>, an annual
conference dedicated to the research and practice of Wikimedia
Foundation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation>
projects like Wikipedia.
Former wiki-related events include:
* RecentChangesCamp <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecentChangesCamp>
(2006-2012), an unconference
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconference> on wiki-related topics
* RegioWikiCamp (2009-2013), a semi-annual unconference on
"regiowikis", or wikis on cities and other geographic areas.^[54]
<#cite_note-55>
Rules
Wikis typically have a set of rules governing user behavior. Wikipedia,
for instance, has a labyrinthine set of policies and guidelines summed
up in its five pillars: Wikipedia is an encyclopedia; Wikipedia has a
neutral point of view; Wikipedia is free content; Wikipedians should
interact in a respectful and civil manner; and Wikipedia does not have
firm rules. Many wikis have adopted a set of commandments. For instance,
Conservapedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservapedia> commands,
among other things, that its editors use "B.C.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Christ>" rather than "B.C.E.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.C.E.>" when referring to years prior to
C.E. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era> 1 and refrain from
"unproductive activity."^[55] <#cite_note-56> One teacher instituted a
commandment for a class wiki, "Wiki unto others as you would have them
wiki unto you <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Rule>."^[11]
<#cite_note-Augar-12>
Legal environment
Joint authorship of articles, in which different users participate in
correcting, editing, and compiling the finished product, can also cause
editors to become tenants in common
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenants_in_common> of the copyright,
making it impossible to republish without permission of all co-owners,
some of whose identities may be unknown due to pseudonymous or anonymous
editing.^[9] <#cite_note-Legal-10> However, where persons contribute to
a collective work such as an encyclopedia, there is no joint ownership
if the contributions are separate and distinguishable.^[56]
<#cite_note-57> Despite most wikis' tracking of individual
contributions, the action of contributing to a wiki page is still
arguably one of jointly correcting, editing, or compiling, which would
give rise to joint ownership. Some copyright issues can be alleviated
through the use of an open content
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_content> license. Version 2 of the
GNU Free Documentation License
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License> includes
a specific provision for wiki relicensing; Creative Commons
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons> licenses are also
popular. When no license is specified, an implied license to read and
add content to a wiki may be deemed to exist on the grounds of business
necessity and the inherent nature of a wiki, although the legal basis
for such an implied license may not exist in all
circumstances.^[/citation needed
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed>/]
Wikis and their users can be held liable for certain activities that
occur on the wiki. If a wiki owner displays indifference and forgoes
controls (such as banning copyright infringers) that he could have
exercised to stop copyright infringement, he may be deemed to have
authorized infringement, especially if the wiki is primarily used to
infringe copyrights or obtains direct financial benefit, such as
advertising revenue, from infringing activities.^[9]
<#cite_note-Legal-10> In the United States, wikis may benefit from
Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_230_of_the_Communications_Decency_Act>,
which protects sites that engage in "Good Samaritan
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Samaritan>" policing of harmful
material, with no requirement on the quality or quantity of such
self-policing.^[57] <#cite_note-58> However, it has also been argued
that a wiki's enforcement of certain rules, such as anti-bias,
verifiability, reliable sourcing, and no-original-research policies,
could pose legal risks.^[58] <#cite_note-59> When defamation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation> occurs on a wiki,
theoretically all users of the wiki can be held liable, because any of
them had the ability to remove or amend the defamatory material from the
"publication." It remains to be seen whether wikis will be regarded as
more akin to an internet service provider
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider>, which is
generally not held liable due to its lack of control over publications'
contents, than a publisher.^[9] <#cite_note-Legal-10> It has been
recommended that trademark owners monitor what information is presented
about their trademarks on wikis, since courts may use such content as
evidence pertaining to public perceptions. Joshua Jarvis notes, "Once
misinformation is identified, the trade mark owner can simply edit the
entry."^[59] <#cite_note-60>
See also
* icon
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg>In
ternet
portal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internet>
* Comparison of wiki software
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_wiki_software>
* Content management system
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_management_system>
* CURIE <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CURIE>
* Dispersed knowledge <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersed_knowledge>
* List of wikis <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wikis>
* Mass collaboration <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_collaboration>
* Universal Edit Button
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Edit_Button>
* Wikis and education <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikis_and_education>
Notes
1. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-5>* The realization of the Hawaiian /w/
phoneme <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme> varies between [w]
and [v], and the realization of the /k/ phoneme varies between [k]
and [t], among other realizations. Thus, the pronunciation of the
Hawaiian word /wiki/ varies between ['wiki], ['witi], ['viki], and
['viti]. See Hawaiian phonology
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology> for more details.
References
1. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ref-Britannica_1-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ref-Britannica_1-1> ^/*c*/ <#cite_ref-Britannica_1-2> "wiki"
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1192819/wiki>,
/Encyclopdia Britannica
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica>/, *1*,
London: Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.>,
2007, retrieved April 10, 2008
2. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ref-Easy_Wiki_Hosting_2-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ref-Easy_Wiki_Hosting_2-1> Mitchell, Scott (July 2008), /Easy
Wiki Hosting, Scott Hanselman's blog, and Snagging Screens/
<http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/cc700339.aspx>, MSDN
Magazine, retrieved March 9, 2010
3. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-Alexa_Top_Sites_3-0>* /Alexa Top Sites/
<http://www.alexa.com/topsites>, retrieved December 1, 2016
4. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-4>* Cunningham, Ward
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Cunningham> (June 27, 2002),
/What is a Wiki/ <http://www.wiki.org/wiki.cgi?WhatIsWiki>,
WikiWikiWeb, retrieved April 10, 2008
5. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-6>* mauimapp.com. Hawaiian Words; Hawaiian to
English <http://www.mauimapp.com/moolelo/hwnwdshw.htm> [Retrieved
September 19, 2008].
6. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-7>* Hasan, Heather (2012), /Wikipedia, 3.5
million articles and counting/, p. 11, ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number> 978144885
5575
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781448855575>
7. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-8>* Andrews, Lorrin (1865), /A dictionary of
the Hawaiian language to which is appended an English-Hawaiian
vocabulary and a chronological table of remarkable events/
<https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhawa00andrrich/>, Henry M.
Whitney, p. 514
8. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-9>* Leuf & Cunningham 2001
<#CITEREFLeufCunningham2001>. See Ward Cunningham's site
http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiDesignPrinciples
9. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ref-Legal_10-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ref-Legal_10-1> ^/*c*/ <#cite_ref-Legal_10-2> ^/*d*/
<#cite_ref-Legal_10-3> ^/*e*/ <#cite_ref-Legal_10-4> ^/*f*/
<#cite_ref-Legal_10-5> ^/*g*/ <#cite_ref-Legal_10-6> Black, Peter;
Delaney, Hayden; Fitzgerald, Brian (2007), /Legal Issues for Wikis:
The Challenge of User-generated and Peer-produced Knowledge, Content
and Culture/
<https://elaw.murdoch.edu.au/archives/issues/2007/1/eLaw_legal%20issues%20fo
r%20wikis.pdf>
(PDF), *14*, eLaw J.
10. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ref-BMC_11-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ref-BMC_11-1> Boulos, M. N. K.; Maramba, I.; Wheeler, S.
(2006), "Wikis, blogs and podcasts: a new generation of Web-based
tools for virtual collaborative clinical practice and education"
<http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6920/6/41/>, /BMC medical
education/, BMC Medical Education, *6*: 41, doi
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier>:10.1186/1472-6920-
6-41
<https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1472-6920-6-41>, PMC
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central> 1564136
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1564136> Freely
accessible, PMID
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier> 16911779
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16911779>
11. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ref-Augar_12-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ref-Augar_12-1> ^/*c*/ <#cite_ref-Augar_12-2> Naomi, Augar;
Raitman, Ruth; Zhou, Wanlei (2004). "Teaching and learning online
with wikis". Proceedings of Beyond the Comfort Zone: 21st ASCILITE
Conference. CiteSeerX
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX> 10.1.1.133.1456
<https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.133.1456> Freely
accessible.
12. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ref-ebersbach10_13-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ref-ebersbach10_13-1> Ebersbach 2008 <#CITEREFEbersbach2008>,
p. 10
13. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-cunningham_14-0>* Cunningham, Ward (November
1, 2003). "Correspondence on the Etymology of Wiki"
<http://c2.com/doc/etymology.html>. WikiWikiWeb. Retrieved March 9,
2007.
14. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-history_15-0>* Cunningham, Ward (February 25,
2008). "Wiki History" <http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiHistory>.
WikiWikiWeb. Retrieved March 9, 2007.
15. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ref-artima_16-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ref-artima_16-1> Bill Venners (October 20, 2003). "Exploring
with Wiki: A Conversation with Ward Cunningham, Part I"
<http://www.artima.com/intv/wiki.html>. artima developer. Retrieved
December 12, 2014.
16. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-hypercard_17-0>* Cunningham, Ward (July 26,
2007). "Wiki Wiki Hyper Card"
<http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiWikiHyperCard>. WikiWikiWeb. Retrieved
March 9, 2007.
17. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-OED1_18-0>* Diamond, Graeme (March 1, 2007).
"March 2007 update"
<http://www.oed.com/public/update0703/march-2007-update>. Oxford
English Dictionary
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary>. Retrieved
March 16, 2007.
18. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-19>* The plural of wiki is wiki.
<https://twitter.com/wardcunningham/status/531149812976996352>, Ward
Cunningham, Twitter, November 8, 2014
19. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-20>* "Smallest Federated Wiki"
<http://forage.ward.fed.wiki.org/view/an-install-of-wiki>.
/wiki.org/. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
20. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-21>* Ebersbach 2008 <#CITEREFEbersbach2008>, p. 20
21. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-22>* Ebersbach 2008 <#CITEREFEbersbach2008>, p. 54
22. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-23>* Ebersbach 2008 <#CITEREFEbersbach2008>,
p. 178
p. 109
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25. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-26>* Barsky, Eugene; Giustini, Dean (December
2007), "Introducing Web 2.0: wikis for health librarians"
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/Journal of the Canadian Health Libraries Association/, *28* (4),
pp. 147150, doi
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<https://doi.org/10.5596%2Fc07-036>, ISSN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number> 1708-68
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26. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-27>* Yager, Kevin (March 16, 2006), "Wiki ware
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/Nature/, *440* (7082): 278, Bibcode
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<https://doi.org/10.1038%2F440278a>, PMID
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier> 16541049
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27. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ref-Noveck_28-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ref-Noveck_28-1> Noveck, Beth Simone (March 2007), "Wikipedia
and the Future of Legal Education"
<http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journ
als/jled57&div=8&id=&page=>,
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28. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-soft_security_29-0>* /Soft Security/
<http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/mb.pl?SoftSecurity>, UseModWiki
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29. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-30>* "Security"
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30. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-31>* Hicks, Jesse (February 18, 2014). "This
machine kills trolls"
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32. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-33>* Meta.wikimedia.org
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33. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-34>* "List of largest (Media)wikis"
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49472
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37. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-38>* Grudin, Jonathan (2015). "Wikis at work:
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38. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-39>* Conlin, Michelle (November 28, 2005),
"E-Mail Is So Five Minutes Ago"
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o>,
/Bloomberg BusinessWeek/
39. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-40>* HomePage
<http://projectmanagementwiki.org/> [Retrieved May 8, 2012].
40. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-41>* Ways to Wiki: Project Management
<http://www.editme.com/Ways-to-Wiki-Project-Management>; 2010-01-04.
41. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-42>* Wanderley, M. M.; Birnbaum, D.; Malloch,
J. (2006). "SensorWiki.org: a collaborative resource for researchers
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expression/. IRCAM Centre Pompidou: 180183. ISBN
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42. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-43>* Lombardo, Nancy T. (June 2008). "Putting
Wikis to Work in Libraries"
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43. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-44>* "SusanHu's FOIA Project UPDATE"
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44. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-45>* Andersen, Michael (November 6, 2009)
"Welcome to Davis, Calif.: Six lessons from the worlds best local
wiki
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e-worlds-best-local-wiki/>."
Niemen Journalism Lab. Niemen Foundation/Harvard University
45. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-46>* McGann, Laura (June 18, 2010) "Knight
News Challenge: Is a wiki site coming to your city? Local Wiki will
build software to make it simple
<http://www.niemanlab.org/2010/06/knight-news-challenge-is-a-wiki-site-comin
g-to-your-city-local-wiki-will-build-software-to-make-it-simple/>."
Niemen Journalism Lab. Niemen Foundation/Harvard University
46. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-47>* Wired
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)>: Makice, Kevin
(July 15, 2009). Hey, Kid: Support Your Local Wiki
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47. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-48>* "Frequently Asked Questions"
<https://web.archive.org/web/20070810213702/http://wikinodes.wiki.taoriver.n
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WikiNodes. Archived from the original
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48. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-49>* Cubric, Marija (2007). "Analysis of the
use of Wiki-based collaborations in enhancing student learning"
<https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/dspace/handle/2299/3672>. University of
Hertfordshire. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
49. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-50>* Roth, C.; Taraborelli, D.; Gilbert, N.
(2008). "Measuring wiki viability. An empirical assessment of the
social dynamics of a large sample of wikis"
<http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=cress>.
The Centre for Research in Social Simulation: 3. "Figure 4 shows
that having a relatively high number of administrators for a given
content size is likely to reduce growth." ^[/dead link
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot>/]
50. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-51>* Roth, C.; Taraborelli, D.; Gilbert, N.
(2008). "Measuring wiki viability. An empirical assessment of the
social dynamics of a large sample of wikis"
<http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=cress>.
The Centre for Research in Social Simulation. ^[/dead link
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot>/]
51. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-52>* Summit.atlassian.com. Atlassian Summit
homepage <http://summit.atlassian.com/> [Retrieved June 20, 2011].
52. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-53>* Semantic-mediawiki.org. SMWCon homepage
<http://semantic-mediawiki.org/wiki/SMWCon> [Retrieved June 20, 2011].
53. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-54>* Tiki.org. TikiFest homepage
<http://tiki.org/TikiFest> [Retrieved June 20, 2011].
54. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-55>* Wiki.regiowiki.eu. European
RegioWikiSociety homepage <http://wiki.regiowiki.eu/Main_Page>; June
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55. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-56>* Conservapedia Commandments
<http://www.conservapedia.com/Conservapedia:Commandments>; May 15,
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56. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-57>* /Redwood Music Ltd v. B Feldman & Co
Ltd/, RPC 385, 1979 Missing or empty ||title=| (help
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57. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-58>* Walsh, Kathleen M.; Oh, Sarah (February
23, 2010). "Self-Regulation: How Wikipedia Leverages User-Generated
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58. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-59>* Myers, Ken S. (2008), "Wikimmunity:
Fitting the Communications Decency Act to Wikipedia", /Harvard
Journal of Law and Technology/, The Berkman Center for Internet and
Society, *20*: 163, SSRN
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<https://ssrn.com/abstract=916529> Freely accessible
59. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-60>* Jarvis, Joshua (May 2008), "Police your
marks in a wiki world"
<http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journ
als/manintpr179&div=31&id=&page=>,
/Managing Intellectual Property/ (179), pp. 101103
Further reading
* Ebersbach, Anja (2008), /Wiki: Web Collaboration/, Springer
Science+Business Media
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media>,
ISBN
50-7
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-35150-7>
* Leuf, Bo; Cunningham, Ward (April 13, 2001), /The Wiki Way: Quick
Collaboration on the Web/, AddisonWesley
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison%E2%80%93Wesley>, ISBN
99-X
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-71499-X>
* Mader, Stewart (December 10, 2007), /Wikipatterns/, John Wiley &
Sons <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons>, ISBN
62-6
* Tapscott, Don (April 17, 2008), /Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Collaboration> Changes
Everything/, Portfolio Hardcover, ISBN
93-3
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