Professional Documents
Culture Documents
iq#"k flag ladYi dj] lgrs foifr vusd] ^cuk^ u NksM+s /;s; dks] j?kqcj jk[ks VsdAA
jfpr% ekuo /keZ iz.ksrk
ln~xq# Jh j.kNksM+nklth egkjkt
STUDY PACKAGE
Subject : Mathematics
Topic : Idefinite & Definite Integration
Available Online : www.MathsBySuhag.com
Index
1. Theory
2. Short Revision
3. Exercise (Ex. 1 + 5 = 6)
4. Assertion & Reason
5. Que. from Compt. Exams
6. 39 Yrs. Que. from IIT-JEE(Advanced)
7. 15 Yrs. Que. from AIEEE (JEE Main)
Indefinite Integration
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.TekoClasses.com & www.MathsBySuhag.com
page 2 of 89
2. Standard Formula:
ax bn 1 dx 1
(i) (ax + b) n
dx =
a n 1
+ c, n 1 (ii) = ln (ax + b) + c
ax b a
1 ax+b 1 a pxq
(iii) eax+b dx =
a
e +c (iv) apx+q dx =
p n a
+ c; a > 0
Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
1 1
(v) sin (ax + b) dx = cos (ax + b) + c
a
(vi) cos (ax + b) dx = sin (ax + b) + c
a
1 1
(vii) tan(ax + b) dx = ln sec (ax + b) + c
a
(viii) cot(ax + b) dx = ln sin(ax + b)+ c
a
1 1
(ix) sec (ax + b) dx =
a
tan(ax + b) + c (x) cosec(ax + b) dx = cot(ax + b)+ c
a
1
(xi) sec (ax + b). tan (ax + b) dx = sec (ax + b) + c
a
1
(xii) cosec (ax + b). cot (ax + b) dx = cosec (ax + b) + c
a
x
(xiii) secx dx = ln (secx + tanx) + c OR ln tan + c
4 2
x
(xiv) cosec x dx = ln (cosecx cotx) + c OR ln tan
2
+ c OR ln (cosecx + cotx) + c
dx x dx 1 x
(xv) = sin1 +c (xvi) 2 2
= tan1 + c
a
a2 x2 a a x a
dx 1 x dx x
(xvii) 2
x x a 2
= sec1
a a
+c (xviii)
2
x a 2
2
= ln x x a
2
OR sinh1
a
+c
dx x
(xix) 2
x a 2
= ln x x a
2 2
OR cosh1
a
+c
dx 1 ax dx 1 xa
(xx) 2
a x 2 =
2a
ln ax + c (xxi) 2
x a 2 =
2a
ln xa + c
x a2 x
(xxii) 2
a x 2
dx =
2
2
a x 2
+
2
sin1
a
+c
x x2 a2
x a2
(xxiii) 2
x a dx = 2
2
2
x a 2
+
2
n
a + c
x x2 a 2
x a2
(xxiv) 2
2
x a 2
2
x a dx =
2
2
n
a +c
ax
e
(xxv) eax. sin bx dx = 2 (a sin bx b cos bx) + c
a b2
e ax
(xxvi) e cos bx dx = 2
ax.
(a cos bx + b sin bx) + c
a b2
3. Theorems on integration
(i) c f (x).dx = c f ( x).dx (ii) (f ( x) g( x)) dx = f (x)dx g(x) dx
g(ax b)
(iii) f (x)dx g( x) c f (ax b)dx = a + c
Note : (i) every contineous function is integrable
(ii) the integral of a function reffered only by a constant.
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
Get Solution of These Packages & Learn by Video Tutorials on www.MathsBySuhag.com
f (x).dx
= g(x) + c
= h(x) + c
g(x) = f(x) & h(x) = f(x)
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.TekoClasses.com & www.MathsBySuhag.com
g(x) h(x) = 0
means, g(x) h(x) = c
5
Example : Evaluate : 4x dx
page 3 of 89
5 4 6 2 6
Solution. 4x dx =
6
x +C=
3
x + C.
3 7 2
5x 2 4
Example : Evaluate : x x
dx
x
3 7 2
5x 2 4
Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
Solution. x x
dx
x
3 2 7 2
= x dx + 5x dx 4dx + x dx + x dx
3 2 1 1 / 2
= x dx + 5 . x dx 4 . 1 . dx + 7 . dx + 2 . x
x
dx
x4 x3 x 1/ 2
= +5. 4x + 7 log | x | + 2 1/ 2 + C
4 3
4 5
x
= + x 3 4x + 7 log | x | + 4 x + C
4 3
Example : Evaluate : e x log a e a log x e a log a dx
Solution. We have,
x log a
e e a log x e a log a dx
log a x a a x
x a a a ) dx
= e e log x elog a dx = (a
x ax x a 1
= a dx + x a dx + a a dx = + + aa . x + C.
log a a1
2x 3x
Example : Evaluate : 5x
dx
2x 3x
Solution. 5x
dx
2x 3 x 2 x 3 x ( 2 / 5) x (3 / 5 ) x
=
5 x 5 x dx
= dx =
5 5 loge 2 / 5
+
loge 3 / 5
+C
3
Example: Evaluate : sin x cos3 x dx
1
Solution. = (2 sin x cos x )3 dx
8
1 1 3 sin 2x sin 6 x
sin 3 2x dx
=
8 =
8 4
dx
1 1 3 1
=
(3 sin 2 x sin 6x ) dx = cos 2x 6 cos 6 x + C
32 32 2
x4
Example : Evaluate : x 2
1
dx
x4
Solution. x 2
1
dx
x 4 1 1 x4 1 1 1 x3
( x 2 1) dx + x
= x2 1
dx = x 2
1
+
x2 1
dx = 2
1
dx =
3
x + tan1 x + C
1
Example: Evaluate : 4 9x 2 dx
1
Solution. We have 4 9x 2
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
Get Solution of These Packages & Learn by Video Tutorials on www.MathsBySuhag.com
1 1
=
9 4x 2
dx
9
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.TekoClasses.com & www.MathsBySuhag.com
1 1 1 1 x 1 3x
=
9 ( 2 / 3) 2
x 2 dx = .
9 ( 2 / 3)
tan1 +C=
2/3 6
tan1 + C
2
Example : cos x cos 2x dx
page 4 of 89
Solution. cos x cos 2x dx
1
2
= 2 cos x cos 2x dx
1 1 sin 3 x sin x
(cos 3x cos x) dx
= =
2 3 1
+c
Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
2
Self Practice Problems
2
1. Evaluate : tan x dx Ans. tanx x + C
1
2. Evaluate : 1 sin x dx Ans. tanx sec x + C
4. Integration by Subsitutions
If we subsitute x = (t) in a integral then
(i) everywhere x will be replaced in terms of t. (ii) dx also gets converted in terms of dt.
(iii) (t) should be able to take all possible value that x can take.
3
Example : Evaluate : x sin x 4 dx
Solution. We have
3
= x sin x 4 dx
1
Let x 4 = t d(x 4) = dt 4x 3 dx = dt dx = dt
4x 3
( n x ) 2
Example : x
dx
( n x ) 2
Solution. x
dx
1
Put nx = t dx = dt
x
2 dx 2
= t .
x
= t dt
t3 ( n x ) 3
= +c = +c
3 3
2
Example :
Evaluate (1 sin x) cos x dx
Solution. Put sinx = t
cosx dx = dt
t3 sin3 x
(1 t 2 ) dt = t +
3
+c = sin x +
3
+c
x
Example : Evaluate :
x 4 x2 1
dx
Solution. We have,
x x
=
4 2
x x 1
dx =
(x ) x 2 1
2 2 dx
dt
Let x 2 = t, then, d (x 2) = dt 2x dx = dt dx =
2x
x dt 1 1 1 1
= 2
t t 1
.
2x
=
2 2
t t 1
dt =
2 2
3
2
dt
1
t
2 2
t 1
1 1 2 +C
= . tan1
2 3 3
2 2
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
Get Solution of These Packages & Learn by Video Tutorials on www.MathsBySuhag.com
1 2t 1 1 2x 2 1
= tan1 +C=
tan1 + C.
3 3 3 3
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.TekoClasses.com & www.MathsBySuhag.com
( f ( x))n 1 f ( x) ( f ( x))1n
Note: (i) [ f(x)] n f (x) dx =
n1
(ii) f ( x ) n
dx =
1 n
dx
page 5 of 89
(iii) x (x n 1)
nN Take x n common & put 1 + x n = t.
dx
(iv) ( n 1) n N, take x n common & put 1+x n = t n
2
x x 1 n
n
dx
take x n common as x and put 1 + x n = t.
Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
(v)
n 1/ n
Self Practice Problems
n
x 1 x
sec 2 x
1. dx Ans. n |1 + tan x| + C
1 tan x
sin(nx )
2. dx Ans. cos (n x) + C
x
5. Integration by Part :
d
f ( x) g(x) dx g(x) dx dx f (x) g(x) dx dx
= f(x)
(i) when you find integral g( x) dx then it will not contain arbitarary constant.
x2 1 x2
= (tan1 x)
2
1 x 2 .
2
dx
x2 1 x 2 1 1 x2 1 1
=
2
tan1 x
2 2
x 1
dx =
2
tan1 x
2 1 x 2
1
dx
2
x 1
= tan1 x [x tan1 x] + C.
2 2
Example : Evaluate : x log(1 x) dx
Solution. x log(1 x) dx
x2 1 x2
= log (x + 1) .
2
x 1
.
2
dx
x2 1 x2 x2 1 x2 1 1
=
2
log (x + 1)
2 x 1
dx =
2
log (x + 1)
2 x 1
dx
x2 1 x2 1 1
=
2
log (x + 1)
2 x 1
+
x 1
dx
x2 1 ( x 1) 1 dx
=
2
log (x + 1)
2 x 1
2
x2 1 x x log | x 1 |
= log (x + 1) +C
2 2 2
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
Get Solution of These Packages & Learn by Video Tutorials on www.MathsBySuhag.com
2x
Example : Evaluate : sin 3 x dx
e
2x
Solution. Let = e sin 3 x dx. Then,
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.TekoClasses.com & www.MathsBySuhag.com
2x
= e sin 3 x dx
cos 3 x cos 3 x 1 2x 2
= e2x 2e 2 x
dx = e cos 3x + e 2 x cos 3x dx
page 6 of 89
3 3 3 3
1 2 2 x sin 3 x sin 3 x
= e2x cos 3x + e 2e 2 x dx
3 3 3 3
1 2 4
= e2x cos 3x + e2x sin 3x e 2 x sin 3 x dx
3 9 9
1 2 4 4 e 2x
Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
= e2x cos 3x + e2x sin 3x + = (2 sin 3x 3 cos 3x)
3 9 9 9 9
13 e2x e2x
= (2 sin 3x 3 cos 3x) = (2 sin 3x 3 cos 3x) + C
9 9 13
Note : (i) ex [f(x) + f (x)] dx = ex. f(x) + c (ii) [f(x) + xf (x)] dx = x f(x) + c
x x
Example : e ( x 1)2
dx
x 1 1 1 1 ex
ex ex dx
Solution.
( x 1)2
dx ( x 1) ( x 1)2 =
( x 1)
+c
x 1 sin x
Example : e dx
1 cos x
x x
1 2 sin cos
2 2
Solution. ex
2 x dx
2 sin
2
1 x x
e x cos ec 2 cot dx
= ex cot +c
2 2 2
1
Example : n (nx ) dx
( nx )2
Solution. put x = et
1 1 1 1 1
e t nt dt e
t
nt 2 dt = et nt + c
t2 t t t t
1
x n (nx ) +c
nx
Self Practice Problems
1. x sin x dx Ans. x cosx + sin x + C
2 x
2. x e dx Ans. x 2 ex 2xex + 2ex + C
6. Integration of Rational Algebraic Functions by using Partial Fractions:
PARTIAL FRACTIONS :
f( x)
If f(x) and g(x) are two polynomials, then g( x ) defines a rational algebraic function of a rational function of x.
f( x)
If degree of f(x) < degree of g(x), then g( x ) is called a proper rational function.
f( x)
If degree of f(x) degree of g(x) then g( x ) is called an improper rational function
f( x) f( x)
If g( x ) is an improper rational function, we divide f(x) by g(x) so that the rational function g( x ) is expressed in the
( x )
form (x) + where (x) and (x) are polynomials such that the degree of (x) is less than that of g(x).
g( x )
f( x)
Thus, g( x ) is expressible as the sum of a polynomial and a proper rational function.
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
Get Solution of These Packages & Learn by Video Tutorials on www.MathsBySuhag.com
f( x)
Any proper rational function can be expressed as the sum of rational functions, each having a simple
g( x )
factor of g(x). Each such fraction is called a partial fraction and the process of obtained them is called the
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.TekoClasses.com & www.MathsBySuhag.com
f( x)
resolutions or decomposition of into partial fractions.
g( x )
f( x)
The resolution of into partial fractions depends mainly upon the nature of the factors of g(x) as
page 7 of 89
g( x )
discussed below.
CASE I When denominator is expressible as the product of non-repeating linear factors.
Let g(x) = (x a1) (x a2) .....(x an ). Then, we assume that
f( x) A1 A2 An
= + + ..... +
g( x ) x a1 x a2 x an
where A1, A2, ...... An are constants and can be determined by equating the numerator on R.H.S. to the
Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
numerator on L.H.S. and then substituting x = a 1, a2, ........,an .
3x 2
Example : Resolve 3 into partial fractions.
x 6 x 2 11x 6
3x 2 3x 2
Solution. We have, 3 2 =
x 6 x 11x 6 ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
3x 2 A B B
Let = + + . Then,
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) x 1 x2 x3
3x 2 A( x 2)( x 3) B( x 1)( x 3 ) C( x 1)( x 2)
=
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
3x + 2 = A(x 2) (x 3) + B (x 1) (x 3) + C(x 1) (x 2) ...........(i)
Putting x 1 = 0 or x = 1 in (i), we get
5
5 = A(1 2) (1 3) A = ,
2
Putting x 2 = 0 or, x = 2 in (i), we obtain
8 = B (2 1) (2 3) B = 8.
Putting x 3 = 0 or, x = 3 in (i), we obtain
11
11 = C (3 1) (3 2) C = .
2
3x 2 3x 2 5 8 11
3 2 = = +
x 6 x 11x 6 ( x 1)( x 2 )( x 3 ) 2( x 1) x2 2( x 3)
Note : In order to determine the value of constants in the numerator of the partial fraction corresponding to the non-
repeated linear factor px + q in the denominator of a rational expression, we may proceed as follows :
q
Replace x = (obtained by putting px + q = 0) everywhere in the given rational expression except in the
p
factor px + q itself. For example, in the above illustration the value of A is obtained by replacing x by 1 in
3x 2
all factors of except (x 1) i.e.
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
3 1 2 5
A= =
(1 2)(1 3 ) 2
Similarly, we have
3 2 1 33 2 11
B= = 8 and, C = =
(1 2)(2 3) (3 1)(3 2) 2
3 2
x 6 x 10 x 2
Example : Resolve into partial fractions.
x 2 5x 6
Solution. Here the given function is an improper rational function. On dividing we get
x 3 6 x 2 10 x 2 ( x 4)
2 =x1+ 2 ...........(i)
x 5x 6 ( x 5 x 6)
x 4 x 4
we have, 2 =
x 5x 6 ( x 2)( x 3)
x 4 A B
So, let = + x + 4 = A(x 3) + B(x 2) ...........(ii)
( x 2)( x 3) x2 x3
Putting x 3 = 0 or, x = 3 in (ii), we get
1 = B(1) B = 1.
Putting x 2 = 0 or, x = 2 in (ii), we get
2 = A (2 3) A = 2
x 4 2 1 x 3 6 x 2 10 x 2 2 2
= + Hence =x1 +
( x 2)( x 3) x2 x3 x 2 5x 6 x2 x3
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
Get Solution of These Packages & Learn by Video Tutorials on www.MathsBySuhag.com
CASE II When the denominator g(x) is expressible as the product of the linear factors such that some of
them are repeating.
1 1
Example g( x ) = k this can be expressed as
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.TekoClasses.com & www.MathsBySuhag.com
( x a) ( x a1 )( x a 2 ).......( x ar )
A1 A2 A3 Ak B1 B2 Br
+ 2 + 3 + ....+ k +
( x a1 )
+ (x a2 )
+ ...... + (x ar )
xa ( x a) ( x a) ( x a)
Now to determine constants we equate numerators on both sides. Some of the constants are determined
page 8 of 89
by substitution as in case I and remaining are obtained by
The following example illustrate the procedure.
3x 2 (3 x 2)dx
Example : Resolve 2
( x 1) ( x 1)( x 2)
into partial fractions, and evaluate ( x 1)2 ( x 1)( x 2)
3x 2 A1 A2 A3 A4
Solution. Let = + 2 + +
( x 1)2 ( x 1)( x 2)
Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
x 1 ( x 1 ) x 1 x2
3x 2 = A1 (x 1) (x + 1) (x + 2) + A 2 (x + 1) (x + 2)
+ A3 (x 1)2 (x + 2) + A4 (x 1)2 (x + 1) .......(i)
Putting x 1 = 0 or, x = 1 in (i) we get
1
1 = A2 (1 + 1) (1 + 2) A2 =
6
Putting x + 1 = 0 or, x = 1 in (i) we get
5
5 = A3 (2)2 (1 + 2) A3 =
4
Putting x + 2 = 0 or, x = 2 in (i) we get
8
8 = A4 (3)2 (1) A4 =
9
Now equating coefficient of x 3 on both sides, we get 0 = A1 + A3 + A4
5 8 13
A1 = A3 A4 = =
4 9 36
3x 2 13 1 5 8
2 = + 2 +
( x 1) ( x 1)( x 2) 36( x 1) 6( x 1) 4( x 1) 9( x 2)
(3 x 2)dx
and hence
( x 1)2 ( x 1)( x 2)
13 1 5 8
= n |x 1| n |x + 1| + n |x + 2| + c
36 6( x 1) 4 9
CASE III When some of the factors of denominator g(x) are quadratic but non-repeating. Corresponding to
Ax B
each quadratic factor ax 2 + bx + c, we assume partial fraction of the type 2 , where A and B are
ax bx c
constants to be determined by comparing coefficients of similar powers of x in the numerator of both sides.
A(2ax b) B
In practice it is advisable to assume partial fractions of the type 2 + 2
ax bx c ax bx c
The following example illustrates the procedure
2x 1 2x 1
Example : Resolve 2
( x 1)( x 2)
into partial fractions and evaluate ( x 1)( x 2 2)
dx
2x 1 A Bx C
Solution. Let 2 = + 2 . Then,
( x 1)( x 2) x 1 x 2
2x 1 A( x 2 2) (Bx C)( x 1)
=
( x 1)( x 2 2) ( x 1)( x 2 2)
2x 1 = A (x 2 + 2) + (Bx + C) (x + 1) ...(i)
Putting x + 1 = 0 or, x = 1 in (i), we get 3 = A(3) A = 1.
Comparing coefficients of the like powers of x on both sides of (i), we get
A + B = 0, C + 2A = 1 and C + B = 2
1 + B = 0, C 2 = 1 (Putting A = 1)
2x 1 1 x 1
B = 1, C = 1 = + 2
( x 1)( x 2 2) x 1 x 2
2x 1 1 1 x
Hence 2
( x 1)( x 2)
dx = n |x + 1| +
2
n |x 2 + 1| +
2
tan1
2
+c
CASE IV When some of the factors of the denominator g(x) are quadratic and repeating fractions of the
A (2ax b) A2
A 0 (2ax b) A 1
form 2 2 1 + 2
ax bx c ax bx c
ax bx c
2
2
ax 2 bx c
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
Get Solution of These Packages & Learn by Video Tutorials on www.MathsBySuhag.com
A
2k 1( 2ax b) A 2k
+ .......+ k
ax 2 bx c k
ax 2 bx c
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.TekoClasses.com & www.MathsBySuhag.com
page 9 of 89
2x 3 A Bx C Dx E
Solution. Let 2 2 = + 2 + . Then,
( x 1)( x 1) x 1 x 1 ( x 2 1)2
2 2 2
2x 3 = A(x + 1) + (Bx + C) (x 1) (x + 1) + (Dx + E) (x 1) ......(i)
1
Putting x = 1 in (i), we get 1 = A (1 + 1) 2 A =
4
Equation coefficients of like powers of x, we have
A + B = 0, C B = 0, 2A + B C + D = 0, C + E B D = 2 and A C E = 3.
Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
1
Putting A = and solving these equations, we get
4
1 1 5
B= = C, D = and E =
4 2 2
2x 3 1 x 1 x5
2 2 = + 2 +
( x 1)( x 1) 4( x 1) 4( x 1) 2( x 2 1)2
2x
Example : Resolve 3 into partial fractions.
x 1
2x 2x
Solution. We have, 3 =
x 1 ( x 1)( x 2 x 1)
2x A Bx C
So, let 2 = + 2 . Then,
( x 1)( x x 1) x 1 x x 1
2x = A (x 2 + x + 1) + (Bx + C) (x 1) .......(i)
2
Putting x 1 = 0 or, x = 1 in (i), we get 2 = 3 A A =
3
2
Putting x = 0 in (i), we get A C = 0 C = A =
3
Putting x = 1 in (i), we get 2 = A + 2B 2 C.
2 4 2
2= + 2B B=
3 3 3
2x 2 1 2 / 3 x 2 / 3 2x 2 1 2 1 x
3 = . + 2 or,, 3 = + 2
x 1 3 x 1 x x 1 x 1 3 x 1 3 x x 1
Self Practice Problems
1 x2
1. (i)
( x 2)( x 3)
dx Ans. n
x3
+C
dx 1 1 1
(ii)
( x 1)( x 2 1)
Ans.
2
n |x + 1|
4
n (x 2 + 1) +
2
tan1 (x) + C
dx dx
7. Integration of type ax 2 bx c
, ax 2 bx c
, ax 2 bx c dx
Express ax 2 + bx + c in the form of perfect square & then apply the standard results.
Example : Evaluate : x 2 2x 5 dx
Solution. We have,
x 2 2x 5 = x 2 2x 1 4 dx
1 1
= (x + 1) ( x 1)2 22 + . (2)2 log |(x + 1) + ( x 1)2 2 2 | + C
2 2
1
= (x + 1) x 2 2x 5 + 2 log |(x + 1) + x 2 2x 5 | + C
2
1
Example : Evaluate : x 2
x 1
dx
1 1 1
Solution. x 2
x 1
dx = 1 1
dx = ( x 1/ 2) 2
3/4
dx
x2 x 1
4 4
1 1 x 1/ 2
= ( x 1/ 2)
2
3 /2
2 dx =
3 /2
tan1
3 /2
+C
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
Get Solution of These Packages & Learn by Video Tutorials on www.MathsBySuhag.com
2 2x 1
= tan1 + C.
3 3
1
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.TekoClasses.com & www.MathsBySuhag.com
Example : Evaluate :
9 8x x 2
dx
1
Solution. dx
page 10 of 89
9 8x x 2
1 1
= 2
{ x 8 x 9}
dx = 2
{ x 8 x 16 25}
dx
1 1 x4
= {(x 4) 2 2
5 }
dx = 5 ( x 4) 2
2 dx = sin1 +C
5
Self Practice Problems
Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
1 1 2x 1
1. 2
2x x 1
dx Ans.
3
n
2x 2
+C
1 1 3 2 3
2. 2
2x 3 x 2
dx Ans.
2
log x 4 x 2 x 1 + C
8. Integration of type
px q px q
ax 2
bx c
ax bx c
dx, 2
dx, (px q) ax 2 bx c dx
( 2x 4) 1 2x 4 1
=
x 2 4x 1
dx =
x 2 4x 1
dx x 2 4x 1
dx
dt 1
=
dx, where t = x 2 + 4x + 1
t ( x 2 )2 3
2
=2 t log | (x + 2) + x2 4x 1 | + C
= 2 x 2 4 x 1 log | x + 2 + x 2 4x 1 | + C
Example : Evaluate : ( x 5) x 2 x dx
d
Solution. Let (x 5) = . (x 2 + x) + . Then,
dx
x 5 = (2x + 1) + .
Comparing coefficients of like powers of x, we get
1 11
1 = 2 and + = 5 = and =
2 2
2
(x 5) x x dx
1 11
= (2x 1) x 2 x dx
2 2
1 11
= 2 (2x 1) x 2 x dx x 2 x dx
2
1 11
x 2 x dx
2
(2x 1) x 2 x dx
=
2
2 2
1 11 1 1
=
2 t dt
2 x
2 2
dx where t = x 2 + x
2 2
1 t3 / 2 11 1 x 1 x 1 1
= . 2 2
2 3/2 2 2 2
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
Get Solution of These Packages & Learn by Video Tutorials on www.MathsBySuhag.com
2
2 2
1 1 x 1 x 1 1
. log
2 2 2 2 2 + C
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.TekoClasses.com & www.MathsBySuhag.com
1 3/2 11 2x 1 x 2 x 1 n x 1 x 2 x
= t +C
3 2 4 8 2
page 11 of 89
1 2 11 2x 1 x 2 x 1 n x 1 x 2 x
(x + x)3/2 = +C
3 2 4 8 2
Self Practice Problems
x 1 1 1 2x 1
1. x 2 dx Ans. log |x 2 + x + 3| + tan1 + C
x3 2 11 11
6x 5
Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
2. 3x 2 5x 1
dx Ans. 2 3x 2 5x 1 + C
3. (x 1) 1 x x 2 dx
1 2 3 9
Ans. (x + x + 1)3/2 (2x + 1) 2
3 8 1 x x 2 16 log (2x +1 + 2 x x 1 ) + C
9. Integration of trigonometric functions
dx dx dx
(i) a b sin x 2
OR
a b cos x 2 OR asin x bsinx cos x c cos 2 x
2
dx dx dx
(ii) a b sinx
OR
a b cosx
OR a b sinx c cos x
Hint: Convert sines & cosines into their respective tangents of half the angles and then,
x
put tan = t
2
a.cos x b.sinx c d
(iii) .cos x m.sinx n
dx. Express Nr A(Dr) + B
dx
(Dr) + c & proceed.
1
Example : Evaluate : 1 sin x cos x dx
1
Solution. = 1 sin x cos x dx
1
=
2 tan x / 2 1 tan 2 x / 2 dx
1
1 tan 2 x / 2 1 tan 2 x / 2
1 tan 2 x / 2 sec 2 x / 2
= 1 tan 2
x / 2 2 tan x / 2 1 tan x / 2 2 dx = 2 2 tan x / 2
dx
x 1 x
Putting tan = t and sec2 dx = dt, we get
2 2 2
1 x
= dt = log | t + 1| + C = log tan 1 + C
t 1 2
3 sin x 2 cos x
Example : Evaluate : 3 cos x 2 sin x dx
3 sin x 2 cos x
Solution. = 3 cos x 2 sin x dx
d
Let 3 sin x + 2 cos x = . (3 cos x + 2 sin x ) + (3 cos x + 2 sin x)
dx
3 sin x + 2 cos x = (3 sin x + 2 cos x) + (3 cos x + 2 sin x )
Comparing the coefficients of sin x and cos x on both sides, we get
12 5
3 + 2 = 3 and 2 + 3 = 2 = and =
13 13
(3 sin x 2 cos x ) (3 cos x 2 sin x )
= 3 cos x 2 sin x
dx
3 sin x 2 cos x
= 1 . dx +
3 cos x 2 sin x
dx
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
Get Solution of These Packages & Learn by Video Tutorials on www.MathsBySuhag.com
dt
=x+
t
, where t = 3 cos x + 2 sin x
5 12
= x + n | t | + C = n | 3 cos x + 2 sin x | + C
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.TekoClasses.com & www.MathsBySuhag.com
x+
13 13
3 cos x 2
Example : Evaluate :
sin x 2 cos x 3
dx
page 12 of 89
3 cos x 2
Solution. We have, =
sin x 2 cos x 3 dx
Let 3 cos x + 2 = (sin x + 2 cos x + 3) + (cos x 2 sin x) +
Comparing the coefficients of sin x, cos x and constant term on both sides, we get
2 = 0, 2 + = 3, 3 + = 2
6 3 8
= , and =
5 5 5
Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
(sin x 2 cos x 3 ) (cos x 2 sin x)
= sin x 2 cos x 3
dx
cos x 2 sin x 1
= dx
sin x 2 cos x 3
dx +
sin x 2 cos x 3
dx
= x + log | sin x + 2 cos x + 3 | + 1, where
I
1
1 =
sin x 2 cos x 3
dx
2 tan x / 2 1 tan 2 x / 2
Putting, sin x = 2 , cos x = we get
1 tan x / 2 1 tan 2 x / 2
1
1 =
2 tan x / 2 2(1 tan 2 x / 2)
dx
3
1 tan 2 x / 2 1 tan 2 x / 2
1 tan2 x / 2
= 2 tan x / 2 2 2 tan 2
x / 2 3(1 tan2 x / 2)
dx
sec 2 x / 2
= tan 2
x / 2 2 tan x / 2 5
dx
x 1 x x
Putting tan = t and sec2 = dt or sec2 dx = 2 dt, we get
2 2 2 2
2dt
1 =
t 2 2t 5
x
2 dt t 1 tan 1
2
=2
( t 1)2 22
=
2
tan1
2
= tan1
2
x
tan 1
2
Hence, = x + log | sin x + 2 cos x + 3 | + tan1 +C
2
6 3 8
where = , = and =
5 5 5
dx
Example : 1 3 cos x 2
2
sec x dx 1 tan x
Solution.
tan x 4
= 2 =
2
tan1
2
+C
m
1 0 . Integration of type sin x. cos n x dx
Case - If m and n are even natural number then converts higher power into higher angles.
Case - If at least m or n is odd natural number then if m is odd put cosx = t and vice-versa.
Case - When m + n is a negative even integer then put tan x = t.
5
Example: sin x cos 4 x dx
Solution. put cos x = t sinx dx = dt
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
Get Solution of These Packages & Learn by Video Tutorials on www.MathsBySuhag.com
2 2 4
= (1 t ) . t 4 . dt = (t 2t 2 1) t 4 dt
8 6
= (t 2t t 4 ) dt
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.TekoClasses.com & www.MathsBySuhag.com
t9 2t 7 t5
= + +c
9 7 5
cos9 x cos7 x cos5 x
page 13 of 89
= +2 +c Ans.
9 7 5
1/ 3 7 / 3
Example : (sin x) (cos x) dx
1/ 3 7 / 3
Solution. (sin x) (cos x) dx
1 1/ 3
= (tan x ) dx
Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
2
cos x
put tanx = t sec2x dx = dt
1/ 3 3 4/3
= t dt =
4
t +c
3
= (tanx)4/3 + c Ans.
4
2 4
Example : sin x cos x dx
1 2
8
Solution. sin 2x(1 cos 2x )dx
1 2 1 2
=
8 sin 2x dx +
8 sin 2x cos 2x dx
1 1 sin3 2 x
=
16 (1 cos 4 x ) dx
16 3
1 sin 4x sin3 2x
= + +c
16 64 48
x2 1
1 1 . Integration of type: x 4 Kx 2 1 dx where K is any constant.
1
Divide Nr & Dr by x & put x = t.
x
1 x2
Example : 1 x2 x 4
dx
1
1 2 dx
x 1 dt
Solution. 2 1
x 2 1
x+
x
=t 2
t 1
x
1 t 1
n +C
2 t 1
1
x 1
1 x
n 1 +C
2 x 1
x
1
Example : Evaluate : x 4
1
dx
Solution. We have,
1
=
4
x 1
dx
1 2
x 2 1 x2
= x 2
1
dx =
2 x 2
1
dx
x2 x2
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
Get Solution of These Packages & Learn by Video Tutorials on www.MathsBySuhag.com
1 1 1 1
1 2
1 2 1 1
2
1 x x 1 x 1 x2
=
2
x 2
1
x2 2
1 dx =
2 x 2 1 dx 2 x 2 1 dx
2 2
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.TekoClasses.com & www.MathsBySuhag.com
x2 x x x
1 1
1 2 1
1 x x2 1
= 2 dx
2 dx
page 14 of 89
2 1 1 2
x 2
x 2
x x
1 1
Putting x = u in 1st integral and x + = in 2nd integral, we get
x x
1 du 1 d
= 2
2 u 2
2
2
2 2
2
Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
1 u 1 2
= tan1 1 log +C
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x 1/ x
1 1 x 1/ x 2
tan1
= log +C
2 2 2 4 2 x 1/ x 2
1 x 2 1 1 x2 2 x 1
1
= tan 4 2 log x 2 x 2 1 + C
2 2 2x
Self Practice Problem :
1
x 3
2
x 1 1 x
1.
x 4 7x 2 1
dx Ans.
6
n 1
x 3
+C
x
1 y 1 y 2 1
2. tan x dx Ans. tan1 + n + C where y = tan x
2 2 2 2 y 2 tan x
1 2 . Integration of type
dx dx
b) px q
OR ax 2
bx c px q
; put px + q = t 2.
a
x
(
1
Example: Evaluate : ( x 3) x 1
dx
1
Solution. Let = ( x 3)
x 1
dx
Here, P and Q both are linear, so we put Q = t 2 i.e. x + 1 = t 2 and dx = 2t dt
1 2t
= 2
( t 1 3) t 2
dt
dt 1 t2 1 x 1 2
=2 t 2
2 2 =2.
2(2)
log
t2
+C =
2
log
x 1 2
+ C.
x2
Example : Evaluate : (x 2
3 x 3) x 1
dx
x2
Solution. Let = ( x 2 3 x 3) x 1
dx
( t 2 1) 2t dt
2
Putting x + 1 = t , and dx = 2t dt, we get = {(t 2
1)2 3( t 2 1) 3} t 2
1
2
1
( t 1) t2
=2 t 4 2
t 1
dt = 2 t 2
1
1
dt
2
t
1
du u t t
1 2 2
=2 u 3
2 2 where t
t
= u. =
3
tan1
3
+C=
3
tan1
3 +C
2 t 2 1 2 x
1 1 +C
= tan t 3 + C = 3 tan
3 3 ( x 1)
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
Get Solution of These Packages & Learn by Video Tutorials on www.MathsBySuhag.com
1 3 . Integration of type
1 dx 1
dx
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.TekoClasses.com & www.MathsBySuhag.com
, put ax + b = ; , put x =
t
2
b) px 2 q t
a
x
(
b) px 2 qx r
a
x
(
dx
Example :
page 15 of 89
1 x2 x 1
x
(
)
dt dt
Solution = 1 1 1
2 = 1 1
t 2 1 t 1
t t t t2 t
dt dt
= 2 =
Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
t t 1 1 3
t
2 4
2
1 1 3
= n t t +C
2 2 4
dx
Example : (1 x 2
) 1 x2
1 dt
Solution. Put x =
t
= (t 2
1) t 2 1
2 2
put t 1=y
y dy 1 y
= (y 2
2) y
=
2
tan1
2
+ C
1 x2
1 1
tan = +C
2 2x
Self Practice Problems :
dx
1.
( x 2) x 1
Ans. 2 tan1 x 1 + C
dx x 1
2. 2
( x 5x 6) x 1
Ans. 2 tan1 x 1 2 tan 1
2
+C
3
dx 1
3. ( x 1) 1 x x 2
Ans. sin1
2 x 1
5
+C
2
dx 2
1 1 x
4. Ans. tan1 2 + C
(2x 2 1) 1 x 2 3 3 x
dx x 2 2x 4 6 ( x 1)
1
5. ( x 2 2x 2) x 2 2x 4
Ans.
2 6
n 2 +C
x 2x 4 6 ( x 1)
1 4 . Integration of type
x
dx or x x ; put x = cos2 + sin 2
x
x
dx or x x ; put x = sec2 tan 2
x
dx
put x = t2 or x = t2.
x x
;
n n n
1 5 . Reduction formula of tann x dx , cot x dx , sec x dx , cos ec x dx
n 2 n 2 2
1. n = tan x dx = tan x tan x dx = (sec x 1) tann 2x dx
2 n2 tann1 x
sec x tan + dx
n = =
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should"nwith
n2
1 "I Will". Ineffective People don't. n n2
Get Solution of These Packages & Learn by Video Tutorials on www.MathsBySuhag.com
n 2
2. n = cot x dx = cot . cot n2 x dx = (cos ec
2
x 1) cot n2 x dx
cot n1 x
n = cos ec 2 x cot n 2 x dx n 2 n = n 2
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.TekoClasses.com & www.MathsBySuhag.com
n 1
n 2
3. n = sec x dx = sec x sec n2 x dx
page 16 of 89
n = tanx secn 2x (tan x)(n 2) secn 3 x. secx tanx dx.
n = tanx secn 2 x dx (n 2) (sec 2 x 1) secn 2x dx
(n 1) n = tanx secn 2x + (n 2) n 2
tan x sec n2 x n2
n = +
n 1 n 1 n 2
n 2
4. n = cos ec dx = cos ec x cosecn 2 x dx
Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
(cot x)(n 2) ( cosec x cosec x cot x) dx
n = cotx cosec n 2x + n3
2 n2
cotx cosec x (n 2) cot x cos ec x dx
n2
2
= cotx cosec x (n 2) (cos ec x 1) cosec
n
n2
x dx n2
n2
(n 1) n = cotx cosec x + (n 2) 2n 2
n2
cot x cos ec x n2
n = +
n 1 n 1 n 2
Example : Obtain reducation formula for n = sin x dx. Hence evaluate sin x dx
n 4
= cos x (sin x) n1 n 2
+ (n 1) (sin x)
(1 sin2x) dx
n1
n = cos x (sin x) + (n 1) n2 (n 1) n
cos x(sin x)n1 (n 1)
n = + n2 (n 2)
n n
cos x(sin x )3 3 cos x(sin x) 1 x
+C
Hence 4 = +
4 4 2 2
Self Practice Problems :
x 3
1. x4
dx Ans. ( x 3)( x 4) + n x3 x4 + C
dx x 1 2 x
2. 3/2 Ans. 8 2 x x 1 + C
[( x 1)(2 x)]
1/ 7
dx x 1
3. [(x 2) (x 1) ]
8 6 1/ 7 Ans. 7
x 2
+C
dx dx
4. Deduce the reduction formula for n = 4 n
(1 x )
and Hence evaluate 2 = (1 x 4 2
)
x 4n 5
Ans. n = +
4(n 1)(1 x 4 )n 1 4(n 1) n1
1 1
x 3 1 x
1 x 1 x
x
2
2 = 4 + tan n + C
4 (1 x ) 4 2 2 2 4 2 1
x 2
x
5. If m,n = (sin x) m
(cos x)n dx then prove that
(sin x )m 1(cos x )n1 n 1
m,n = + . m,n2
mn mn
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.