Problem 1-3 Wangsness Electromagnetic Fields

Find the relative vector R~ of the point P (2; 2; 3) with respect

to P 0( 3; 1; 4).
Solution:
The vector R~ is given by:
R~ = P~ P~ 0 = (2 [ 3]; [ 2] 1; 3 4) = (5; 3; 1)
= 5 x^ 3 y^ z^

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 Problem 1-7 Wangsness Electromagnetic Fields
Show that A~
(B~  C~ ) equals the volume of a parallelepiped
whose sides at a common corner are parallel to the vectors A~ , B~
and C~ .
Solution:
The vector product B~  C~ is numerically equal to the product of the lengths
B and C and the sine of the angle between them. This is equal to the base
B times height A sin AB of the wall which they bound. This is just the area
of this wall which we shall refer as the \base" of the parallelepiped.
Dotting this with A~ gives this area times the length of A times the cosine
of the angle between A~ and the normal to this base. So the overall product
is the base  height of the parallelepiped which in turn is just the volume.

2
 Problem 1-8 Wangsness Electromagnetic Fields
A family of hyperbolae in the xy plane is given by u = xy.
a) Find r~ u.
b) Find the component of the vector A~ = 3 x^ + 2 y^ + 4 z^ in the
direction of r~ u at the point on the curve for which u = 3 and
x = 2.

Solution:
a)
@u x^ + @u y^ + @u z^
r~ u = @x @y @z
where u = xy. Therefore
r~ u = y x^ + x y^
b) The component of the vector A~ = 3 x^ + 2 y^ + 4 z^ in the direction of
r~ u is
A~
r
~ u= r~ u = p3y 2+ 2x2
 

x +y
When u = 3 and x = 2 then xy = 2y = 3 so that x = 2 and y = 3=2.
Therefore
A~
r~ u = 17=5:

3
 Problem 1-9 Wangsness Electromagnetic Fields
The equation giving a family of ellipsoids is:
u = xa2 + yb2 + zc2
2 2 2

Find the unit vector normal to each point of the surface of these
ellipsoids.
Solution:
The unit normal to a surface u(~r) =constant is
~
n^ = r~ u
ru

In the present case:

r~ u = 2 ax2 x^ + by2 y^ + cz2 z^
 

Therefore the normal at point (x; y; z ) is

! 1

n^ =

x x^ + y y^ + z z^ x2 + y2 + z2 2

a2 b2 c2 a4 b4 c4

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 Problem 1-13 Wangsness Electromagnetic Fields
A vector eld is given by
A~ (~r) = xy x^ + yz y^ + zx z^
a) Evaluate the ux through the rectangular parallelepiped sides
a; b; c respectively in the x; y; z dimensions and with corner at
the origin and in the rst octant.
b) Evaluate r~
Ad
R
~ over the volume of this same parallelepiped
and compare your result with that from part a).

Solution:
a) The ux through the rectangular parallelepiped is
Z

A~
d~a
S
where S is the whole surface. For the side I at x = 0 the vector
d~a = dydzx^, for the side at y = 0 then d~a = dxdzy^ and for the
side at z = 0 then d~a = dxdyz^. The sides opposite these have these
vectors reversed in sign.

Therefore the surface integral is

 
Z Z b Z c Z b Z c
A~
d~a =
 
dy dz xy 
 dy dz xy 
 +
S   
x=a   x=0

Z c Z a  Z c Z a 

dz dx yz dz dx yz +
 

  
y =b   
y=0
Z a Z b  Z a Z b 
dx dy zx 
 dx dz zx
  
z=c   z=0
= 21 ab2 c + abc2 + a2 bc
 

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b) The divergence of A~ is y + z + x. Therefore the integral over the volume
of the parallelepiped V is
Z Z a Z b Z c
r~
Ad
~ = dx dy dz(y + z + x)
V   
= 12 a2 bc + ab2 c + abc2
 

This is the same result as in a) as we would expect from the divergence

theorem.

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 Problem 1-15 Wangsness Electromagnetic Fields
A vector eld is given by
A~ (~r) = x2y x^ + xy2 y^ + a3 e y cos x z^
where a;  and  are constants (independent of x; y; z).
a) Evaluate the line integral over the closed loop C in the plane
z = 0 along the curve y2 = kx from x = 2 to x = 0, then along
the y axis back to the y at which x = 2 and then at constant
y back to the starting point.
b) Evaluate S (r~  A~ )
d~a over the at surface enclosed by the
R

loop C and compare your result with that from part a).

Solution:
a) The line integral along the curved part (y2 = kx) is rst. We have
s

y = kx ; 2ydy = kdx ; dy = 12 dx xk
2

Therefore this integral is

Z x= Z x=  
(Ax dx + Ay dy) = x2 y dx + xy2 dy
x=2 x=2Z
p 
dx x5=2 + 12 kx3=2
 

= k
2

p  16 4 
= k 27 x 2 + 15 kx 2 =


2k 7 + 5 k
1 7 5
2
2

Along the y axis the integral is Ay dy at x = 0 which ispzero.

R

The part of the integral parallel to the x axis is at y = 2k and is

p
x2ydx = 2k 83
Z 2 Z 2

Axdx =
 
The path integral around C is therefore
p 8 4 

2k 21 5k

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b) The curl of A~ is
r~  A~ = a3e y cos x x^ + a3 e y sin x y^ + (y2 x2) z^
The vector d~a is dxdyz^ so that the integral of the curl over the surface
is
p
Z Z 2 Z 2k
~  A~ )
d~a =
(r dx
x2 ) p dy (y2
S  kx
Z 2 p p  k 

= dx 2k kx 3 (2 x) x 2
Z
p 2  r x   2 k 2k 
= 2k dx 1 x + x
2 3 3

p
= 2k 31 x3 + k6 x2 23k x x 2 x3 + 2k x2 4k x2
 r 

2 7 15 9 
p  8 2k 4k 16 8k + 8k 
= 2k 3 + 3 3 7 15 9
p  8 4k 
= 2k 21 5

which agrees with part a) as expected.

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 Problem 1-19 Wangsness Electromagnetic Fields
A vector eld is given by
A~ (~r) = a ^ + b ^ + c z^
where a; b and c are constants (independent of ;  and z).
a) Is A~ a constant vector?
b) Evaluate r~
A~ .
c) Evaluate r~  A~ .
d) Find A~ in Cartesian coordinates with components in terms
of x; y and z.
e) Find A~ in spherical polar coordinates with components in
terms of r;  and .

Solution:
a) The vector changes direction as the position is changed because ^ and
^ change their direction. The magnitude of A~ however does remain
constnt.
b) The divergence of A~ is
r~
A~ = 1 @ (A ) + 1 @A + @Az = a
 @   @ @z
NOTE - this is not zero as it would have been were A~ a constant
vector.
c) The curl of A~ is
~r  A~ = ^ 1 @Az @A  + ^  @A @Az  + z^  1 @ (A ) 1 @A 


 @ @z @z @  @   @
= z^ b
NOTE - this also is not zero as it would have been were A~ a constant
vector.
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d) The unit vectors are related by:
^ = cos  x^ + sin  y^ ; ^ = sin  x^ + cos  y^ ; z^ = z^
Therefore our vector can be written as
A~ = (a cos  b sin ) x^ + (a sin  + b cos ) y^ + c z^
Eliminate  using
cos  = p 2x 2 ; sin  = p 2y 2
x +y x +y
to obtain:
A~ = (ax byp) x^2+ (ay2 + bx) y^ + c z^
x +y
e) The unit vectors in spherical coordinates are related to those for cylin-
drical coordinates by:
^ = sin  r^ + cos  ^
^ = ^
z^ = cos  r^ sin  ^
Therefore our vector can be written as
A~ = (a sin  + c cos ) r^ + (a cos  c sin ) ^ + b ^

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 Problem 1-21 Wangsness Electromagnetic Fields
Find the divergence r~
r for the position vector ~r in rectangular,
cylindrical and spherical polar coordinates and show that it is the
same in all these.
Solution:
In rectangular coordinates
~r = x x^ + y y^ + z z^
r~
~r = @r x + @ry + @rz = 3
@x @y @z
In cylindrical coordinates
~r =  ^ + z z^
@ (r ) + 1 @r + @rz = 2 + 1 = 3
r~
~r = 1 @   @ @z
In spherical polar coordinates
~r = r r^  
@ r2r + 1 @ (sin r ) + 1 @r = 3
r~
~r = r12 @r r r sin  @  r sin  @
Clearly all three coordinates give the same result.

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 Problem 1-23 Wangsness Electromagnetic Fields
a) For a vector eld A~ = 4 r^+3 ^ 2 ^ nd the line integral counter
clockwise around a plane loop in the xy plane consisting of
the rst quadrant of a circle radius r centred at the origin
and the portions of the x and y axes inside this quarter circle.
b) Find the surface integral of r~  A~ over the xy plane enclosed
by the loop.
Solution:
a) The path around the circular arc has path d~r = rd ^. So the line
integral for this arc is
Z Z =2
A~
d~r = ( 2)r d = r


For the path along the y axis heading towards the origin the path is
d~r = dr r^ So the line integral for this arc is
Z Z
~A
d~r =  4dr = 4r
r
For the path along the x axis heading away from the origin the path
is d~r = dr r^ So the line integral for this arc is
Z Z r
A~
d~r = 4dr = 4r


Therefore the path integral around the whole loop is

Z

A~
d~r = r
C
b) The curl of A~ is
r~  A~
r^ @ 
@A 

^  1 @Ar
 @ (rA ) + ^  @ (rA ) @Ar 
= r sin  @ (sin A ) @ + r sin  @ @r  r @r  @
2 
^ 3
= r cot  r^ +  + 2  ^


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The surface dierential is
d~a = r2 sin dd r^  r sin drd ^  rdrd ^
Then the product
r~  A~
d~a = 2

3
r cos dd + sin drd + 2 drd


Since we work in the xy plane,  = =2 and only the ^ component

of the surface dierential is non zero. Given the counter clockwise
circulation around the loop, this is the negative value rdrd. So
Z Z r Z =2
~  A~ )
d~a =
(r 2 dr d = r
S  

which is the same as the line integral as expected from Stokes' theorem.

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 Problem 1-25 Wangsness Electromagnetic Fields
a) Apply the divergence theorem to a constant, though arbi-
trary, vector eld A~ (~r) to show that the total vector area d~a R

around a closed surface is zero.

b) Using such a eld show also that for any closed path the
vector sum d~r = 0. R

Solution:
a) Let A~ (~r) = a x^ + b y^ + c z^ (where a; b and c are independent of x; y
and z ) be the constant but arbitrary eld.
Since all derivatives of a; b and c with respect to x; y and z are zero,
the divergence of A~ is also zero everywhere.
Apply the divergence theorem to a volume V enclosed by a closed
surface S to obtain
Z Z
~A
d~a = (r~
A~ )d = 0 so
Z
S Z
V Z

a dax + b day + c daz = 0

S S S
for all a; b and c. This can only be so if each of the integrals is inde-
pendently zero. Therefore
Z Z Z Z

d~a = dax x^ + day y^ + daz z^ = 0 Q.E.D.

S S S S
b) Since all derivatives of a; b and c with respect to x; y and z are zero,
the curl of A~ is also zero everywhere.
Applying Stokes' theorem to a closed loop C anywhere and an arbi-
trary surface S bounded by this loop, we see that the path integral
Z Z

A~
d~r = (r~  A~ )
d~a = 0 so

Z
C Z
S Z

a drx + b dry + a drz = 0

C C C
for arbitrary a; b or c. Therefore the integrals are again separately zero
and therefore
Z Z Z Z

d~r = drx x^ + dry y^ + drz z^ = 0 Q.E.D.

C C C C

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