A General Considerations

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Cal. Prac. Guide Fed. Civ. Pro. Before Trial Ch. 5-A
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Rutter Group Practice Guide: Federal Civil Procedure Before Trial, Calif. & 9th
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William W Schwarzer, A. Wallace Tashima, and James M. Wagstaffe; Contributing Ed
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Chapter 5. Service Of Process
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A. General Considerations
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1. Definitions
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a. [5:1] Service of process:
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2. [5:3] Constitutional Requirements
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a. [5:4] Method chosen must be \u8220\'3freasonably calculated to provide
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actual
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notice\u8221\'3f
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constitutionally required
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(4) [5:8] Actual notice not essential
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(5) [5:8.1] Actual notice not sufficient
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b. [5:9] Same standard in all civil actions
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c. [5:10] Mailed notice constitutional minimum where defendant\rquote s whereabo
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(1) [5:11] Sufficiency of address
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(2) [5:12] Compare\u8212\'3fstatutory requirements:
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(3) [5:12.5] Effect of mail returned undelivered?
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(4) [5:12.10] Service by e-mail or social media:
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d. [5:13] Comment\u8212\'3fconstitutional issues rare
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e. [5:13.1] Compare\u8212\'3fbasis for personal jurisdiction also required
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3. [5:14] Federal vs. State Rules:
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a. [5:15] Removed actions
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b. [5:16] State methods of service authorized
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(1) [5:17] Effect
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(2) [5:17.1] Which state
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(a) [5:17.2] Example
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(b) [5:17.3] Where service made
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(c) [5:17.5] Limitation\u8212\'3fspecial federal service rules
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(3) [5:17.8] Simultaneous use of federal and state rules?
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(a) [5:17.9] Compare\u8212\'3fcontent of notice must comply with chosen service
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(b) [5:17.11] Comment:
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c. [5:18] Distinction re
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time
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for service
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(1) [5:19] Federal 120\u8211\'3fday rule
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(2) [5:20] State rules
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(3) [5:20.5]
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Erie
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issue:
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4. [5:21] Waiver of Service by Contract
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1.
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Definitions
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a. [5:1]
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Service of process:
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\u8220\'3fService of process\u8221\'3f refers to a formal delivery of documents
that is legally sufficient to charge the defendant with
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notice
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of a pending action. [See
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Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft v. Schlunk
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(1988) 486 US 694, 699, 108 S.Ct. 2104, 2108;
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Mann v. Castiel
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(DC Cir. 2012) 681 F3d 368, 372
}}}
\u8212\'3fservice of process is \u8220\'3fa ritual that marks the court\rquote s
assertion of jurisdiction over the lawsuit\u8221\'3f (internal quotes omitted)]
\par
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\u8220\'3f(T)he core function of service is to supply notice of the pendency of
a legal action, in a manner and at a time that affords the defendant a fair oppo
rtunity to answer the complaint and present defenses and objections.\u8221\'3f [
}
drslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Henderson v. United States
}
}
(1996) 517 US 654, 671\u8211\'3f672, 116 S.Ct. 1638, 1647\u8211\'3f1648;
}}}
}
drslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Murphy Bros., Inc. v. Michetti Pipe Stringing, Inc.
}
}
(1999) 526 US 344, 350, 119 S.Ct. 1322, 1327]
}}}
\par
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(1) [5:1.1]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Court authority to exercise personal jurisdiction perfected by service of proces
s:
}
}
In order for a court properly to exercise personal jurisdiction, there must be a
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
basis
}
}
for the exercise of personal jurisdiction (e.g., minimum contacts,
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
see
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
3:19, 3:76 ff.
}
}
). However, a court lacks the power to assert personal jurisdiction over a defen
dant unless the
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
procedural
}
}
requirements of
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
effective service of process
}
}
are also satisfied. [
}
74e0e&refType=RP&fi=co_pp_sp_506_372&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1
.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Search)#co_pp_sp_506_372" }{\fldr
slt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Mann v. Castiel,
}
}
supra, 681 F3d at 372;
}}}
}
f6ec74e0e&refType=RP&fi=co_pp_sp_506_1138&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=
cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Search)#co_pp_sp_506_1138" }
{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
SEC v. Ross
}
}
(9th Cir. 2007) 504 F3d 1130, 1138
}}}
\u8212\'3fservice of process is the
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
means
}
}
by which court asserts personal jurisdiction]
\par
}
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(2) [5:1.2]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Impact\u8212\'3fjudgment void absent effective service of process:
}
}
As when there is no constitutionally-sufficient basis for the exercise of person
al jurisdiction, courts uniformly hold that a judgment is
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
void
}
}
where the requirements for effective service have not been satisfied (
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
see
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
6:181 ff
}
}
.). [
}
slt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Mann v. Castiel,
}
}
supra, 681 F3d at 372;
}}}
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
but see also
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
5:2.1
}
}
re waiver of service and voluntary appearance]
\par
}
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
b. [5:2]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Summons:
}
}
\u8220\'3fSummons\u8221\'3f in a civil action is a document designed to provide
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
notice
}
}
to the defendant of: (a) the pendency of a lawsuit against him or her; (b) the
limited period of time within which to respond; and (c) the consequences of fail
ing to make a timely response. [See
}
dType=L&pubNum=1000600&cite=USFRCPR4&originatingDoc=Ic0714db1eb2111da90bd8aaf6ec
74e0e&refType=RB&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=Do
cumentItem&contextData=(sc.Search)#co_pp_8b3b0000958a4" }{\fldrslt
FRCP 4(a)
}}}
]
\par
}
}
}
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
c. [5:2.1]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Compare\u8212\'3fwaiver of service:
}
}
Service of process is not always required. Defendant may execute a waiver of se
rvice that eliminates the need for personal service, and the action then proceed
s as if service had been effected. [
}
cumentItem&contextData=(sc.Search)#co_pp_5ba1000067d06" }{\fldrslt
FRCP 4(d)
}}}
;
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
see discussion at
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
5:87 ff.
}
}
]
\par
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Moreover, once a party
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
appears voluntarily
}
}
in an action, service of process becomes unnecessary. [
}
drslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Wesley v. Don Stein Buick, Inc.
}
}
(D KS 1998) 996 F.Supp. 1299, 1311, fn. 10;
}}}
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
see discussion at
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
3:64.1 ff.
}
}
]
\par
}
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
d. [5:2.2]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Party status:
}
}
Absent service of process, waiver of service or a voluntary appearance, a party
is not required to take any action in a lawsuit, even if named as a defendant i
n a filed complaint. \u8220\'3f(O)ne becomes a party officially, and is required
to take action in that capacity, only upon service of a summons or other author
ity-asserting measure stating the time within which the party served must appear
and defend.\u8221\'3f [
}
{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Murphy Bros., Inc. v. Michetti Pipe Stringing, Inc.
}
}
, supra, 526 US at 350, 119 S.Ct. at 1327
}}}
\u8212\'3fobligation to remove case did not begin to run from date \u8220\'3fcou
rtesy copy\u8221\'3f of complaint was faxed to named defendant]
\par
}
}
}
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
2. [5:3]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Constitutional Requirements:
}
}
}
{\f2 \b1 \chcbpat37 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Due
}
}
}
process
}
}
of law requires that defendants be afforded
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
notice
}
}
of proceedings involving their interests and an
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
opportunity to be heard.
}
}
Basically, this requires \u8220\'3fnotice reasonably calculated, under all the
circumstances, to appraise interested parties of pendency of the action and affo
rd them an opportunity to present their objections.\u8221\'3f [
}
slt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.
}
}
(1950) 339 US 306, 314, 70 S.Ct. 652, 657;
}}}
and see
}
drslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Mennonite Board of Missions v. Adams
}
}
(1983) 462 US 791, 795\u8211\'3f798, 103 S.Ct. 2706, 2709\u8211\'3f2711]
}}}
\par
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
a. [5:4]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Method chosen must be \u8220\'3freasonably calculated to provide
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
actual
}
}
notice\u8221\'3f:
}
}
}
Due
}
}
}
process
}
}
requires a method of service likely to result in the defendant receiving actual
notice: \u8220\'3fThe means employed must be such as one desirous of
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
actually
}
}
informing the (defendant) might reasonably adopt to accomplish it.\u8221\'3f [
}
fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
}
}
, supra, 339 US at 315, 70 S.Ct. at 657
}}}
(emphasis and parentheses added); and see
}
drslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
}
}
, supra, 462 US at 799, 103 S.Ct. at 2711]
}}}
\par
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(1) [5:5]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\u8220\'3fBest\u8221\'3f method
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
not
}
}
constitutionally required:
}
}
However, the Constitution does not require personal service of summons in every
case. Nor does it require, as a substitute for personal service, the method whi
ch is \u8220\'3fmost likely\u8221\'3f to reach the defendant. All that is requir
ed is a method \u8220\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
reasonably
}
}
likely\u8221\'3f to provide such notice. [
}
drslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Greene v. Lindsey
}
}
(1982) 456 US 444, 455, 102 S.Ct. 1874, 1881]
}}}
\par
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(2) [5:6]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\u8220\'3fExtraordinary efforts\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
not
}
}
constitutionally required:
}
}
Plaintiff must undertake reasonably diligent efforts to locate the defendant.
}
But \u8220\'3fextraordinary\u8221\'3f efforts are not required. For example, it
may be enough that appropriate public records have been searched; plaintiff need
not hire a private investigator to locate the defendant. [
}
drslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
}
}
, supra, 462 US at 798, 103 S.Ct. at 2711, fn. 4]
}}}
\par
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(3) [5:7]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Reasonableness as key:
}
}
The specific method required in a particular case depends on whether the defend
ant\rquote s
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
whereabouts
}
}
are known or can be ascertained with reasonable effort, and on the nature of th
e proceedings.
\par
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
If the defendant\rquote s whereabouts are ascertainable, notice must be given th
rough a procedure that has a
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
reasonable probability
}
}
of actually reaching him or her. Thus, for example,
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
constructive
}
}
service (by publication in a newspaper or by posting on the courthouse door) is
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
not
}
}
sufficient notice to a defendant whose address is known or can be ascertained w
ith reasonable effort. [See
}
slt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
}
}
, supra, 339 US at 315\u8211\'3f316, 70 S.Ct. at 657\u8211\'3f658;
}}}
}
drslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
}
}
, supra, 462 US at 799, 103 S.Ct. at 2711;
}}}
and
}
slt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Walker v. City of Hutchinson
}
}
(1956) 352 US 112, 116, 77 S.Ct. 200, 202]
}}}
\par
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\u8226\'3f [5:7.1] If plaintiff knows the defendant is in jail, notice published
in a newspaper plus certified mail to defendant\rquote s house are
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
not
}
}
enough: \u8220\'3f(W)hen the government knows (or can easily ascertain) where a
person may be found, it must direct its notice there, and not to some other add
ress where the designee formerly resided.\u8221\'3f [
}
{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Small v. United States
}
}
(DC Cir. 1998) 136 F3d 1334, 1337
}}}
(parentheses in original)]
\par
}
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\u8226\'3f [5:7.2] But, notice by
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
publication
}
}
may be proper in
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
limited
}
}
circumstances: \u8220\'3f(I)n the case of persons missing or unknown, employmen
t of an indirect and even a probably futile means of notification is all that th
e situation permits.\u8221\'3f [
}
slt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.,
}
}
supra, 339 US at 317, 70 S.Ct. at 658]
}}}
\par
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(4) [5:8]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Actual notice not essential:
}
}
If a proper method of service is followed,
}
due
}
}
}
process
}
}
is satisfied even if it does not result in the defendant receiving actual notic
e. [
}
slt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
McDonald v. Mabee
}
}
(1917) 243 US 90, 92, 37 S.Ct. 343, 344]
}}}
\par
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(5) [5:8.1]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Actual notice not sufficient:
}
}
By the same token, defendant\rquote s actual notice of the litigation does not
cure defects in service. Service of process in accord with
}
74e0e&refType=LQ&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=Do
cumentItem&contextData=(sc.Search)" }{\fldrslt
FRCP 4
}}}
or applicable statutes is still required. [
}
slt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Mid-Continent Wood Products, Inc. v. Harris
}
}
(7th Cir. 1991) 936 F2d 297, 301;
}}}
}
slt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Rhyme Syndicate Music
}
}
(6th Cir. 2004) 376 F3d 615, 623;
}}}
see
}
fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Mann v. Castiel
}
}
(DC Cir. 2012) 681 F3d 368, 373
}}}
\u8212\'3fdefendant\rquote s knowledge complaint filed not sufficient to establi
sh court\rquote s personal jurisdiction;
}
dType=Y&serNum=2027288770&pubNum=4637&originatingDoc=Ic0714db1eb2111da90bd8aaf6e
c74e0e&refType=RP&fi=co_pp_sp_4637_441&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cbl
t1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Search)#co_pp_sp_4637_441" }{\f
ldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Sikhs for Justice v. Nath
}
}
(SD NY 2012) 850 F.Supp.2d 435, 441]
}}}
\par
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Comment:
}
}
There is no \u8220\'3fsubstantial compliance\u8221\'3f exception when it comes
to service of process under
}
FRCP 4
}}}
. Thus, for example, even if defendant actually
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
received
}
}
copies of the summons and complaint in the mail, if the requirements for federa
l waiver of service or the borrowed procedures for service by mail under the app
licable state law are not met, service will not have been made.
\par
}
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Compare\u8212\'3fservice under state rules:
}
}
}
FRCP 4
}}}
also authorizes service of summons pursuant to state rules (
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
see
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
5:16 ff.
}
}
); and, if states allow substantial (rather than strict) compliance with their s
ervice of process rules, so does the district court. [See
}
slt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Hukill v. Oklahoma Native American Domestic Violence Coalition
}
}
(10th Cir. 2008) 542 F3d 794, 798]
}}}
\par
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[5:8.2]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
PRACTICE POINTER:
}
}
}
All this said, if you represent a defendant who, in fact, received actual notice
(even if not via proper service), consider whether there is any real utility in
challenging the validity of service rather than simply filing a responsive plea
ding.
}
[See
}
{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Syncrude Canada Ltd. v. Highland Consulting Group, Inc.
}
}
(D MD 2013) 916 F.Supp.2d 620, 628
}}}
\u8212\'3fmotion to dismiss denied where defendant had actual notice and had ack
nowledged receipt of service]
\par
}
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Nevertheless, there might be a reason to challenge service despite actual notice
if:
\par
}
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\u8226\'3f Obtaining more time (by requiring proper service) will allow you and
your client an opportunity to prepare for and mount a full defense;
\par
}
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\u8226\'3f The action is approaching or has passed the deadline for proper servi
ce (120 days under
}
cumentItem&contextData=(sc.Search)#co_pp_ea62000089cc6" }{\fldrslt
FRCP 4(m)
}}}
, \u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
5:524 ff.
}
}
) and therefore could facilitate a dismissal for failure to serve; or
\par
}
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\u8226\'3f A default judgment was entered and the challenge to the validity of s
ervice is necessary to render the judgment void (
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
see
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
6:178 ff.
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
b. [5:9]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Same standard in all civil actions:
}
}
The same constitutional standard applies to
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
all
}
}
civil actions, whether in personam or in rem. [
}
drslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Shaffer v. Heitner
}
}
(1977) 433 US 186, 205\u8211\'3f207, 97 S.Ct. 2569, 2580\u8211\'3f2581]
}}}
\par
}
}
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
c. [5:10]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Mailed notice constitutional minimum where defendant\rquote s whereabouts ascert
ainable:
}
}
The Supreme Court has refrained from passing on the constitutionality of partic
ular methods of service. But where a defendant\rquote s name and address are \u8
220\'3freasonably ascertainable,
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
notice by mail or other means as certain
}
}
to ensure actual notice\u8221\'3f is the
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
minimum
}
}
the Constitution requires. [
}
{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
}
}
, supra, 462 US at 800, 103 S.Ct. at 2712
}}}
(emphasis added)]
\par
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(1) [5:11]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Sufficiency of address:
}
}
If the city or county in which the defendant is located is ascertainable, servi
ce by mail must be attempted even if defendant\rquote s street address is unknow
n. [See
}
{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
}
}
, supra, 462 US at 798, 103 S.Ct. at 2711, fn. 4
}}}
\u8212\'3f\u8220\'3fSimply mailing a letter to (defendant in the county) quite l
ikely would have provided actual notice, given the well-known skill of postal of
ficials and employees in making proper delivery of letters defectively addressed
\u8221\'3f (parentheses added; internal quotes omitted)]
\par
}
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(2) [5:12]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Compare\u8212\'3fstatutory requirements:
}
}
Service by ordinary mail may satisfy constitutional
}
due
}
}
}
process
}
}
requirements. But it would
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
not
}
}
, by itself, satisfy the
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
statutory
}
}
requirements governing service of process under either the Federal Rules or the
California Code of Civil Procedure (see below).
\par
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[5:12.1\u8211\'3f12.4]
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Reserved
}
}
.
\par
}
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(3) [5:12.5]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Effect of mail returned undelivered?
}
}
Where a mailed notice is returned undelivered,
}
due
}
}
}
process
}
}
requires that plaintiff take
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
additional reasonable steps
}
}
to attempt to provide actual notice to the defendant
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
before resorting to service by publication.
}
}
[
}
{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Jones v. Flowers
}
}
(2006) 547 US 220, 229\u8211\'3f230, 126 S.Ct. 1708, 1716
}}}
\u8212\'3fnotice of tax sale sent by certified mail returned unopened, marked \u
8220\'3funclaimed\u8221\'3f]
\par
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Comment:
}
}
Although
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Jones
}
}
, supra, involved notice to a property owner of a tax sale of his property, the
Court relied in part on cases dealing with service of process in defining
}
due
}
}
}
process
}
}
of law. Therefore, it appears the same standard applies to service of process.
\par
}
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\u8226\'3f [5:12.6] Where registered or certified mail isreturned unopened, such
additional steps could include follow-up
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
regular mail
}
}
with forwarding requested; posting of notice on the front door; or readdressing
otherwise undeliverable mail to \u8220\'3foccupant.\u8221\'3f [
}
drslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Jones v. Flowers
}
}
, supra, 547 US at 235, 126 S.Ct. at 1719]
}}}
\par
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\u8226\'3f [5:12.7]
}
Due
}
}
}
process
}
}
does
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
not
}
}
, however, require searches for defendant\rquote s new address in local phone bo
oks or in government records such as income tax rolls before resorting to servic
e by publication: \u8220\'3fAn open-ended search for a new address . . . imposes
burdens . . . significantly greater than the several relatively easy options ou
tlined above.\u8221\'3f
}
[
}
drslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Jones v. Flowers
}
}
, supra, 547 US at 236, 126 S.Ct. at 1719]
}}}
\par
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Comment:
}
}
Such searches are inevitably required, however, where a federal plaintiff relie
s on state rules governing service of process by publication;
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
see
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
5:169.
\par
}
}
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[5:12.8\u8211\'3f12.9]
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Reserved.
\par
}
}
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(4) [5:12.10]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Service by e-mail or social media:
}
}
In certain situations, courts have authorized service by e-mail as a means of sa
tisfying
}
due
}
}
}
process
}
}
. However, it is presently unclear when and under what circumstances service by
e-mail or other electronic means (e.g., via a social media posting) will be appr
oved as a method reasonably calculated to provide actual notice. [See
}
drslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Rio Properties, Inc. v. Rio Int\rquote l Interlink
}
}
(9th Cir. 2002) 284 F3d 1007, 1018;
}}}
}
f6ec74e0e&refType=RP&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionTyp
e=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Search)" }{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Fortunato v. Chase Bank USA, N.A.
}
}
(SD NY 2012) 2012 WL 2086950, *2\u8211\'3f3
}}}
\u8212\'3fservice by private Facebook message inadequate;
}
f6ec74e0e&refType=RP&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionTyp
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
FTC v. PCCare247 Inc.
}
}
(SD NY 2013) 2013 WL 841037, *4\u8211\'3f6
}}}
\u8212\'3fservice by Facebook and e-mail satisfies
}
due
}
}
}
process
}
}
;
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
and discussion at
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
5:197.4 ff.
}
}
]
\par
}
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
d. [5:13]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Comment\u8212\'3fconstitutional issues rare:
}
}
Service of process must comply with
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
both
}
}
the constitutional standard, above, and the statutory requirements below. As wi
ll be seen, the Federal Rules and comparable state rules impose
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
rigid
}
}
requirements re service of summons.
\par
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
As a result, constitutional issues rarely arise. I.e., if the service satisfies
applicable federal and state rules, there is little chance that it will fail to
satisfy
}
due
}
}
}
process
}
}
. [
}
slt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Amba Marketing Systems, Inc. v. Jobar Int\rquote l, Inc.
}
}
(9th Cir. 1977) 551 F2d 784, 787]
}}}
\par
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
e. [5:13.1]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Compare\u8212\'3fbasis for personal jurisdiction also required:
}
}
In addition to adequate notice,
}
due
}
}
}
process
}
}
requires that the court have a
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
constitutionally-sufficient basis
}
}
for exercise of personal jurisdiction over the defendant (
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
see
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
3:19
}
}
).
\par
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Personal service
}
}
of summons
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
within
}
}
the forum state satisfies
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
both
}
}
requirements (
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
see
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
3:40 ff.
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
However, where any other method of service is utilized, \u8220\'3fminimum contac
ts\u8221\'3f generally must exist between defendant and the forum state to estab
lish a sufficient
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
basis
}
}
for exercise of personal jurisdiction (
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
see
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
3:11 ff.
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
3. [5:14]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Federal vs. State Rules:
}
}
How service may be made in a federal action is a federal question to be determin
ed according to federal law. [
}
drslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Dodco, Inc. v. American Bonding Co.
}
}
(8th Cir. 1993) 7 F3d 1387, 1388;
}}}
see also
}
{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Henderson v. United States
}
}
(1996) 517 US 654, 656, 116 S.Ct. 1638, 1640
}}}
\u8212\'3fin federal question cases, FRCP governs manner and timing of service]
\par
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Federal
}
Rule 4
}}}
governs service of process in federal actions, including those based on diversi
ty of citizenship (
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
see
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
1:270 ff.
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
a. [5:15]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Removed actions:
}
}
In cases originally filed in state court, but removed to
}
federal
}
}
}
}
court
}
}
}
, federal law governs service of summons on additional defendants
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
after
}
}
}
removal
}
}
}
. [See
}
dType=L&pubNum=1000546&cite=28USCAS1448&originatingDoc=Ic0714db1eb2111da90bd8aaf
6ec74e0e&refType=LQ&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType
=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Search)" }{\fldrslt
28 USC \u167\'3f 1448
}}}
;
}
dType=L&pubNum=1000600&cite=USFRCPR81&originatingDoc=Ic0714db1eb2111da90bd8aaf6e
c74e0e&refType=RB&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=D
ocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Search)#co_pp_4b24000003ba5" }{\fldrslt
FRCP 81(c)
}}}
;
}
fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Wallace v. Microsoft Corp.
}
}
(10th Cir. 2010) 596 F3d 703, 706
}}}
\u8212\'3fwhere defendant not properly served under state law before removal, po
stremoval service governed by FRCP]
\par
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Thus, to serve additional defendants after
}
removal
}
}
}
, a new summons must be obtained from the
}
federal
}
}
}
}
court
}
}
}
. [See
}
dType=L&pubNum=1000600&cite=USFRCPR81&originatingDoc=Ic0714db1eb2111da90bd8aaf6e
c74e0e&refType=RB&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=D
ocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Search)#co_pp_10c0000001331" }{\fldrslt
FRCP 81(c)(1)
}}}
;
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
see discussion at
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
2:3563 ff
}
}
.]
\par
}
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
But the sufficiency of service of process
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
prior to
}
}
removal from state court is determined under state law. [
}
drslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Cardenas v. City of Chicago
}
}
(7th Cir. 2011) 646 F3d 1001, 1005;
}}}
}
slt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Lee v. City of Beaumont
}
}
(9th Cir. 1993) 12 F3d 933, 936\u8211\'3f937;
}}}
}
{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Sommervold v. Wal\u8211\'3fMart, Inc.
}
}
(8th Cir. 2013) 709 F3d 1234, 1235
}}}
(same)]
\par
}
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
b. [5:16]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
State methods of service authorized:
}
}
Federal
}
Rule 4
}}}
contains detailed provisions as to the manner in which summons and complaint ma
y be served (\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
5:166 ff.
}
}
).
\par
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
But
}
Rule 4
}}}
also incorporates state rules of service: Service may be made \u8220\'3ffollowi
ng state law for serving a summons in an action brought in courts of general jur
isdiction in the state where the district court is located or where service is m
ade . . .\u8221\'3f [
}
cumentItem&contextData=(sc.Search)#co_pp_06a60000dfdc6" }{\fldrslt
FRCP 4(e)(1)
}}}
]
\par
}
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(1) [5:17]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Effect:
}
}
Practitioners familiar with state procedures for service of process can utilize
these same procedures in federal actions (
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
see
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
5:169
}
}
). Courts are split, however, on whether service of a state court summons after
removal is sufficient to effect service. [See
}
slt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Gerena v. Korb
}
}
(2nd Cir. 2010) 617 F3d 197, 202]
}}}
\par
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(2) [5:17.1]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Which state:
}
}
Plaintiffs may utilize the service of process rules in effect in the state in w
hich the federal court is located or,
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
if service is effected in another state
}
}
, the rules of
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
that
}
}
state as well. [
}
FRCP 4(e)(1)
}}}
;
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
see
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
5:168 ff.
}
}
]
\par
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(a) [5:17.2]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Example:
}
}
P sues D in a federal court located in California. D is located in Texas. Under
}
FRCP 4(e)(1)
}}}
, P can serve D by a method authorized either under
}
FRCP 4
}}}
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
or
}
}
California\rquote s service of process rules,
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
or
}
}
Texas\rquote service of process rules if service is effected there.
\par
}
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(b) [5:17.3]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Where service made:
}
}
There is no requirement that defendant be domiciled or engage in continuous act
ivities in the state where service is effected. Thus, service is made where defe
ndant is physically located at the time of service.
\par
}
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[5:17.4]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
PRACTICE POINTER:
}
}
}
If defendant is subject to service in several states, plaintiffs can make servi
ce in whichever state has the
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
easiest
}
}
service rules.
\par
}
}
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li1200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
For example, if defendant is a large corporation doing business nationwide, plai
ntiffs may effect service in a state permitting service by first class mail rath
er than in a state requiring delivery of summons to an officer of the corporatio
n.
\par
}
}
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(c) [5:17.5]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Limitation\u8212\'3fspecial federal service rules:
}
}
The \u8220\'3fborrowing\u8221\'3f of state service of process rules applies \u8
220\'3f(u)nless federal law provides otherwise ... \u8221\'3f [
}
cumentItem&contextData=(sc.Search)#co_pp_7fdd00001ca15" }{\fldrslt
FRCP 4(e)
}}}
]
\par
}
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Federal law provides special rules for service of process on foreign defendants,
minors, incompetents and governmental defendants. [See
}
cumentItem&contextData=(sc.Search)#co_pp_ae0d0000c5150" }{\fldrslt
FRCP 4(f)
}}}
,
}
cumentItem&contextData=(sc.Search)#co_pp_16f4000091d86" }{\fldrslt
(g)
}}}
,(i),(j);
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
and
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
5:195 ff.
}
}
]
\par
}
}
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li1200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[5:17.6\u8211\'3f17.7]
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Reserved
}
}
.
\par
}
}
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(3) [5:17.8]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Simultaneous use of federal and state rules?
}
}
}
Rule 4(e)
}}}
does not require plaintiff to tell defendant whether service is being made unde
r federal or state law (or if the latter, which state\rquote s law). It is there
fore unclear whether plaintiff must designate
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
beforehand
}
}
the rules under which it is attempting service, or instead wait to see what hap
pens and elect whichever law validates the service.
\par
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(a) [5:17.9]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Compare\u8212\'3fcontent of notice must comply with chosen service method:
}
}
While nothing in
}
Rule 4(e)
}}}
requires plaintiff to advise defendant at the time of service whether it is acc
omplished under federal or state law, the notice to defendant must be in complia
nce with the service method utilized (e.g., notifying defendant how many days th
ereafter defendant must appear in the action).
\par
}
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[5:17.10]
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Reserved
}
}
.
\par
}
}
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(b) [5:17.11]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Comment:
}
}
Since there is apparently no requirement for plaintiff to disclose in advance un
der which law it is attempting service, service should be upheld if sufficient u
nder
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
either
}
}
federal or applicable state law (i.e., the law of the state where the action is
pending or of the state where service is effected). [See
}
{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Joe Hand Promotions, Inc. v. Wing Spot Chicken & Waffles, Inc.
}
}
(ED VA 2013) 920 F.Supp.2d 659, 663\u8211\'3f664
}}}
(analyzing validity of service under both state and federal law)]
\par
}
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Presumably, plaintiff must decide prior to executing the proof of service under
which law service has been effected (
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
see
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
5:319
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li1200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[5:17.12]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
PRACTICE POINTER:
}
}
}
If you represent defendant, you need to analyze the propriety of the method of
service under whichever law may apply (i.e.,
}
FRCP 4
}}}
or the service of process rules of the state where the action is pending or of
the state where service is made).
\par
}
}
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li1200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Look at the proof of service filed by plaintiff
}
}
to determine under which law service is claimed to have been made.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
See discussion at
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
5:319
}
}
.
\par
}
}
}
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
c. [5:18]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Distinction re
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
time
}
}
for service:
}
}
There is a major distinction between the state and federal rules as to the time
within which summons must be served:
\par
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(1) [5:19]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Federal 120\u8211\'3fday rule:
}
}
The federal rule is that (except as to defendants outside the country) service
must be made
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
within 120 days after filing the complaint
}
}
, or the case will be dismissed unless \u8220\'3fgood cause\u8221\'3f is shown f
or the delay (
}
cumentItem&contextData=(sc.Search)#co_pp_ea62000089cc6" }{\fldrslt
FRCP 4(m)
}}}
,
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
see
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
5:254
}
}
). (This has special implications in cases removed from state court;
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
see
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
5:305
}
}
.)
\par
}
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(2) [5:20]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
State rules:
}
}
Under California law, a case
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
may
}
}
be dismissed for failure to serve summons
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
after 2 years
}
}
(
}
dType=L&pubNum=1000201&cite=CACPS583.420&originatingDoc=Ic0714db1eb2111da90bd8aa
f6ec74e0e&refType=LQ&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionTyp
Calif. CCP \u167\'3f 583.420(a)
}}}
) and
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
must
}
}
be dismissed
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
after 3 years
}
}
(
}
Calif. CCP \u167\'3f\u167\'3f 583.210(a)
}}}
,
}
583.250(a)(2)
}}}
).
\par
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[5:20.1\u8211\'3f20.4]
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Reserved.
\par
}
}
}
}
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(3) [5:20.5]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Erie
}
}
issue:
}
}
Some state rules may impose additional requirements or limits on time for servic
e of process. Under
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Erie,
}
}
federal courts in diversity actions must apply such state rules if they are \u8
220\'3fan integral part of the state statute of limitations.\u8221\'3f [
}
drslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Walker v. Armco Steel Corp.
}
}
(1980) 446 US 740, 752\u8211\'3f753, 100 S.Ct. 1978, 1985;
}}}
see
}
fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Hinkle v. Henderson
}
}
(7th Cir. 1998) 135 F3d 521, 522, fn. 1
}}}
\u8212\'3fstate rule required exercise of reasonable diligence to serve summons
before expiration of statute of limitations;
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
and further discussion at
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
1:140
}
}
]
\par
}
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
4. [5:21]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Waiver of Service by Contract:
}
}
The constitutional and statutory requirements re summons exist for defendant\rq
uote s protection, and are subject to contractual waiver by the defendant. The o
nly limitation is that such waiver be
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
knowing
}
}
and
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
voluntary
}
}
.
\par
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
As part of a business agreement, defendant may waive service of process in an ac
tion to enforce the agreement. The waiver may be upheld if found to be knowing a
nd voluntary (i.e., not an unconscionable provision of an adhesion contract). [S
ee
}
slt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
D.H. Overmyer Co., Inc. v. Frick Co.
}
}
(1972) 405 US 174, 187\u8211\'3f188, 92 S.Ct. 775, 783]
}}}
\par
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Cross-refer:
}
}
Contractual waiver of service by foreign states is discussed at \u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
5:253.1a
}
}
.
\par
}
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
a. [5:22]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Compare\u8212\'3fwaiver of service under
}
FRCP 4
}}}
:
}
}
}
FRCP 4(d)
}}}
provides an alternative procedure for obtaining a waiver of service from indivi
duals and corporations (
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
see discussion at
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
5:87
}
}
). The
}
FRCP 4(d)
}}}
procedure is available, however, only after commencement of suit, whereas a con
tractual waiver is usually obtained long before suit is even contemplated.
\par
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[5:22.1\u8211\'3f22.2]
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Reserved
}
}
.
\par
}
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
b. [5:22.3]
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Compare\u8212\'3fconsent to jurisdiction:
}
}
Parties may also validly consent to the jurisdiction of the courts in a particu
lar state. If \u8220\'3freasonable and just,\u8221\'3f the forum-selection agree
ment is a valid
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
basis
}
}
for personal jurisdiction, regardless of \u8220\'3fminimum contacts.\u8221\'3f
[
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
The
}
}
drslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Bremen v. Zapata Off\u8211\'3fShore Co.
}
}
(1972) 407 US 1, 10, 92 S.Ct. 1907, 1913;
}}}
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
see
}
}
\u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
4:60 ff.
}
}
]
\par
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(A consent to jurisdiction is often coupled with a contractual waiver of service
in an action to enforce the agreement. Forum-selection clauses are discussed fu
rther at \u182\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
3:67 and 4:60 ff
}
}
.)
\par
}
}
}
{\li600 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\u169\'3f 1989-2014 by The Rutter Group, a Thomson Reuters Business
\par
}
}
{\f3 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
(2014)
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0 {
\clpadt24 \clpadft3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr24 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \brdrw10 \
brdrcf21 \brdrs \clbrdrb \clbrdrl \trql \clwWidth4320 \cellx4320
\clpadt24 \clpadft3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr24 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \brdrw10 \
brdrcf21 \brdrs \clbrdrb \clbrdrr \trql \clwWidth5760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\li24 \ri24
{\li24 \f2 \b1 \ql \ri24 \fs16 \cf21 \i0
End of Document
\par
}
}
}\f2 \li24 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \ql \sb0 \fs16 \ri24 \cf21 \i0 \intbl \cell \i
ntbl
{\li24 \ri24
{\li24 \f2 \b0 \ri24 \fs16 \cf21 \qr \i0
\u169\'3f 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
\par
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}
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ow }}\par
}
}\sect }

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