Professional Documents
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Fire Fighting of Shopping Plaza: 4 Year Rizvi College of Architecture
Fire Fighting of Shopping Plaza: 4 Year Rizvi College of Architecture
4th year
Rizvi college of architecture
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Index
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FIRE ESCAPE
A fire escape is a
special kind
of emergency exit,
usually mounted to the
outside of a building or
occasionally inside but
separate from the main
areas of the building. It
provides a method of
escape in the event of
a fire or other emergency
that makes the
stairwells inside a
building inaccessible.
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STAIRCASES
SIZE 2M WIDE
MATERIAL GRANITE
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SIGNAGES/DIRECTIONS
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MISSUSE OF STAIRCASE
Improper storage of
flammable materials in fire
escape staircase.
Hose reel system
adjacent to the staircase.
Curved design makes its
inefficient for use as a fire
safety staircase.
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FIRE EXITS
Fire Exist doors are opened by a push bar.
Speaker were provided on fire exist for guidance in case of emergency.
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VENTILATION
Glass ventilators on either side of the staircase.
Smoke outlets/ventilation system from basement.
ENTRY / EXIT
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ENTRY / EXIT
ENTRY
HYDRANT
6M
6M ENTRY
HYDRANT
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SMOKE DETECTORS
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A pulsed light beam from a light-emitting diode (LED) with its associated optics is
projected across the interior of a blackened chamber that may contain smoke to be
detected. A photocell, with its optics, looks toward the projected beam along a line
perpendicular to the beam. When smoke enters the chamber, the smoke particles
reflect a small portion of the light beam toward the photocell, which provides a voltage
to be amplified and causes an alarm. The light source may be monitored ahead of the
smoke chamber and regulated to prevent variation of the light intensity from causing
erratic detector behavior.
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IONIZATION DETECTOR
A small amount of
radioactive material
ionizes the air inside a
chamber that is open to
the ambient air.
A measured, small
electrical current is
allowed to flow through
the ionized air.
The small, solid particle
products of combustion
that enter the chamber as
a result of fire interfere
with the normal
movement of ions
(current), and when the
current drops low enough,
an alarm results.
A two-position switch to
control sensitivity may be
provided.
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Ionization detector Photoelectric detector
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Types of vents
Automatic heat and
smoke vents are
available commercially
in two general
categories.
Mechanically
opened vent,
powered by
springs, pneumatic
actuator, or electric
motor.
Drop-out vent
constructed of
plastic which
shrinks in the
presence of heat
(i.e., drop-out
panel).
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Refuge Area
An area of refuge is a location in a building designed to hold occupants during a
fire or other emergency, when evacuation may not be safe or possible. Occupants
can wait there until firefighters come to rescue them.
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Technical requirements
An area of refuge is typically equipped with a steady supply of fresh
outside air.
The ducting that must supply such fresh air is referred to as
pressurisation ductwork.
Such ductwork are items of passive fire protection, ,
The idea is that the ductwork must remain operable even while
exposed to fire for a duration stipulated for each occupancy by the
local building code.
A two way communication system is required on each floor above
or below the main floor in a newly constructed building.
A call box is required in each area of refuge which will call into a
central location called a base station. If the station is not attended
24 hours a day, the call must automatically call to an outside
location and have two-way voice person to person communication
capabilities.
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SYSTEMS FOR FIRE EXTINGUISHING
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Carbon Dioxide Fire
Extinguisher:
Carbon Dioxide extinguishers
contain pressurized liquid
carbon dioxide, which turns
to gas when expelled. Of
particular importance if the
fire protection is needed in
areas with sensitive
electronic equipment.
Effective on Class B or C fires.
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Water & Foam Stored Pressure Fire
Extinguisher:
Stored pressure water fire extinguishers
extinguish fires by providing a cooling, soaking
stream of water. Effective for a Class A fire.
AFFF Foam fire extinguishers are typically used
to fight Class B fires, but are rated to fight Class
A fires as well. FFFP Foam fire extinguishers are
also Class A:B rated. FFFP foam is alcohol
resistant and is effective on a wide variety of
Class B materials
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Hose Reel System
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Types of Hose:
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Standpipe
A standpipe is a type of rigid water piping which is built into multi-story buildings in a vertical
position, to which fire hoses can be connected. Standpipes classes are as follows:
Class I system. A system providing 2 1 2-inch (64mm) hose connections to supply water for
use by fire departments and in handling heavy fire steams.
Class II system. A system providing 11 2-inch (38mm) hose connection to supply water for
use by the fire department during initial response.
Class III system. A system providing both 11 2-inch (38mm) and 21 2-inch (64mm) hose
connections.
Types
There are two types of standpipes:
Automatic Dry
Automatic Wet
Manual Dry
Manual Wet
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Standpipe/ Riser Systems
Many high-rise or other large buildings have an internal system of water mains
(standpipes) connected to fire-hose stations and landing valves. Trained occupants or
employees of the building management operate the hoses until the fire department
arrives. Fire fighters can also connect their hoses to outlets near the fire.
Types
There are two types of standpipes/ riser : Wet Risers" and Dry Risers"
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Wet Riser System
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Pumps Used
Fire pumps are used to boost the water pressure in sprinkler and standpipe systems
and to deliver the required amount of water. The pipes supplying water to the hoses
are pressurized all the time. Three pumps supply the water from the tank to the
hoses. The pumps are the duty pump, the stand-by pump, and the jockey pump.
Pressure switches along the pipe control the starting of each pump. The pressures are
monitored at the pump room to control the pumps. A typical system for a high-rise
building is described below.
Jockey Pump
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Duty Pump
Stand-by Pump
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Why dry riser are used in cold countries?
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Suppression Gas System
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WHERE FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL SHOULD BE
LOCATED??
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PRINCIPLE TYPES OF ALARM SYSTEM
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Automatic Sprinkler System
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External Fire Hydrant
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Emergency exit
An emergency exit in a structure is a special exit for emergencies such as a
fire: the combined use of regular and special exits allows for faster
evacuation, while it also provides an alternative if the route to the regular
exit is blocked by fire, etc.
Local building codes will often dictate the number of fire exits required
for a building of a given size. This may include specifying the number of
stairs
For any building bigger than a private house, modern codes invariably
specify at least two sets of stairs. Furthermore, such stairs must be
completely separate from each other
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An exit sign is a device in a public facility denoting the location of the
emergency exit, guiding people to the closest exit in case of fire or other
emergency. Most relevant codes (fire, building, health or safety) require
exit signs to be permanently lit. Exit signs are designed to be absolutely
unmistakable and understandable to anyone
A small minority of nations adhered to the exit signs that show the word "EXIT"
(or similar in another language). The English word "exit" comes directly from the
Latin word meaning "(he or she) goes out .
Now-a-days emergency exits are given more important with proper design and
colors codes
Emergency exits are to highlighted because during the fire it should be visible
from a distance so that people can run in that direction to be safe
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Fire Detection and Alarm System
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Things to be taken care of
Fire protection should be provided in malls with all care and condition that
are required to save once life
The staircase that are to be provided should be at minimum distance of
24meters
Advantage for fire protection is that is safe life during emergency
Care should be taken that the building in and out is properly maintain
Signage that are to be provided should be properly seen from far away.
Bright colors should be used for signage.
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Signages
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PROPOSALS AND INFERENCES
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LOCATION
The distance between
Bandra fire station &
Globus is about 1 km.
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SERVICE STAIRCASE
Clothes are the major fire load of the building and there is inadequate
storage of it especially in small store areas and in the service staircase.
These areas can be a possible fire hazard.
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EXPOSED WIRING
Some of the detectors are defunct and there is a lack of periodic inspection.
The detectors should be maintained and taken care of.
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CLUTTER FREE FIRE EXIT
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FUNCTIONALITY
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FIRE DRILLS
The employees should be
well informed about fire safety
They were lacking of such
People.
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Thank you
Group members
Rafay
Esa
Noopur
Mubashshira
Ninad
Owesh
Faiz
Ishra
Huzefa
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