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Non-Chord Tones (Embellishing Tones)
Non-Chord Tones (Embellishing Tones)
# # .
P
& .. .. #
Passing notes may be diatonic or chromatic:
P
One may also find passing notes that are metrically stronger than the tones before and after.
&
These are referred to as accented passing notes (APN).
(APN)
NEIGHBOUR NOTE (NEIGHBOUR TONE, NEIGHBOUR, or AUXILIARY) (NN, NT, or N)
N
If a voice moves away from a chord tone by step and then back, the non chord tone is a neighbour note.
& ..
Neighbour notes are normally metrically weak.
diatonic upper neighbour:
N
diatonic lower neighbour: & ..
N
b
chromatic upper neighbour: & .
.
N
& . #
.
chromatic lower neighbour:
N
One may also find an accented neighbour: &
DN DN
Double neighbour (DN)
Both the upper and lower neighbours are heard side by
side. Usually the upper neighbour is heard first, but it
&
could be the other way around:
Inc N
Incomplete neighbour: (INC N)
& ...
(One of the chord tones is absent.)
j
ANT
& .
ANTICIPATION (ANT)
An anticipation states a note of the next chord just before the chord changes.
It is metrically weak. Generally sounds best in the soprano.
j
ESC
ESCAPE TONE or ECHAPPEE (ESC or ECH)
.
Go by step in the wrong direction, then change direction and jump to the next chord &
tone. Echapps are metrically weak. Generally sounds best in the soprano.
(Note: This is NOT the same as the cambiata studied in first semester counterpoint.)
APPOGGIATURA
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the term appoggiatura referred to any metrically strong non chord tone that was not
tied over from a previous note. Almost always, the appoggiatura resolved by step. One can think of the appoggiatura this way: In
place of the chord tone, sound the note a step above or below, then resolve by step to the chord tone. APP
&
diatonic upper appoggiatura:
APP
&
diatonic lower appoggiatura:
APP
chromatic appoggiatura: & #
APP
#
&
Nowadays, many theorists define the appoggiatura in a more restrictive fashion. The new definition
states that the appoggiatura is a metrically strong non-chord tone that is approached by leap and
resolves by step:
&
BECOMES
(Originally, the suspension note was tied over from the preparation. Nowadays, we still use the term suspension even if there isn't a tie.)
&
A suspension that resolves upwards is known as a retardation:
PERFECT AUTHENTIC CADENCE (PAC) &
V(7) I
?
Both chords in root position.
Soprano ends on tonic.
V I V I
&
IMPERFECT AUTHENTIC CADENCE (IAC)
An authentic cadence that is not a PAC.
Examples:
?
^
Same as PAC, but soprano doesn't end on 1
V I
&
?
Either the V(7) or the I or both are not in root position:
V6 I
&
?
vii6 to I
vii6 I
HALF CADENCE
A cadence that ends on V &
?
I V
PHRYGIAN CADENCE
& #
A particular type of half cadence iv6 to V in minor
In four voices, for the smoothest voice leading, the fifth of the ?
iv6 chord is doubled.
iv6 V
&
DECEPTIVE CADENCE
V to something other than I, almost always vi.
?
David Clenman 2005 V vi
vii7
vii7 contains the leading tone and has a dominant function.
(N. B.: the root, third, and fifth of vii7 are the same as the third, fifth, and seventh of V7. Only the seventh of vii7 is different.
But if you lower it a semitone, it is the root of the dominant seventh chord.)
c- b ww w ww ww
& b b ww ww w
n ww ww n ww ww
Root position:
? b b n ww ww
b
vii7 i vii7 i vii7 i
b w
& b b n ww w
First inversion resolves to i6:
? bb ww ww
b
vii 6 i6
5
b w w ww ww
&b b w w
Second inversion resolves to i6:
? b b n ww w n ww w
b w w
vii 4 i6 vii 4 i6
3 3
Mozart K. 309/I
.
&c
f
SINGLE VOICE TEXTURE
?c .
No Accompaniment
(Octave Doubling)
# c . .
Haydn: Piano Sonata, Hob. XVI, No. 2, II mm. 1-2
& J
? # c J
TWO VOICE TEXTURE
Melody and Bass Line
# ## # 3 .
Haydn Op. 13, No. 2/III
& 4
? # # # # 43
THREE VOICE TEXTURE
. . # . .
Beethoven Op 10 No. 2/III
#
& 24
j j
& 24
FOUR VOICE TEXTURE
REPEATED NOTES & CHORDS
3
Haydn String Quartet Op. 1 No. 6
b
& b 43
3
3 Voice Texture
? b b 43
Repeated note in bass,
melody harmonized in
3rds or 6ths
Haydn
b
3 Voice Tecture & b 43 . . . 3 #. 3
3
Repeated double notes
in accompaniment ? b b 43
. . .
Mozart K 310/I
&c
j
#
#
? c
4 Voice Texture
### # c
Beethoven Op. 14 No. 1/I
&
? # # # # c
a common use of rests:
# # # #
Beethoven Op. 53/I
#
CHORALE STYLE
&
? ### # #
##
Beethoven Op. 10 No. 3/I
&
ASCENDING
BROKEN CHORDS
? ##
#
bb .
Beethoven Op. 22/I
&
? bb
Mozart K. 545/I
&c .
ALBERTI BASS
&c
Bottom Top Middle Top
Mozart K. 309/ III
2 . J
&4 J
& 42
Bottom Middle Top Middle
BASS LINE WITH OFFBEAT REPEATED PITCH (Bass and soprano often in parallel 10ths.
Note that the repeated pitch, here, is actually a sustained dominant.)
#
Mozart K. 284/I
& # J
? ##
#
The Motive
A motive is a short, melodic and/or rhythmic musical idea. It is typically 2 to 4 notes in length.
Examples of motives:
? # 24 Repeated pitch (Haydn Symphony No. 88, IV)
#### 4
& 4 Ascending 4th interval (Beethoven Piano Sonata Op. 14, No. 2, I)
& Broken triad (Mozart Piano Sonata K. 545, I)
A movement is usually based on a small number of motives. The motives usually appear prominently at the beginning of the
movement, and are building blocks from which much of what follows is constructed. As an example, the opening melody of
Haydn's Symphony No. 88, IV is built out of two motives. They are labeled here as a and b:
#
a a b a
b a a a
? # 24
#
a a b
?#
a
Motives may be varied in a number of ways and still retain enough of their identity to be recognizable. Some possibilities:
1. A motive may start on different pitches: Beethoven Piano Sonata Op. 10 No. 2, III
j
? 24
#### 4
& 4 Beethoven Piano Sonata Op. 14 No. 1, I
2. Same as above, but one or more intervals may be slightly altered, often in order to fit a different harmony:
b
& b b 44
m. 1 m. 5
n
Mozart Piano Sonata K. 547, I
c-: i V
2005 David Clenman
3. Sometimes intervals are more obviously changed:
(4th has been stretched to a 6th)
#### 4
& 4
4. Notes may be added to a motive without destroying its identity. In the following example, two passing notes are added to m. 4:
.
#### 4
& 4
#
5. The pitches may be inverted:
# . n
& # 44
Mozart Oboe (Flute) Concerto in D, I
6. Rhythmic alteration:
. .
## C w
& J Mozart Symphony No. 35, I
. J
Mozart Eine kleine Nachtmusik K. 525 II
.
.
& 44 J J J J J J J J
7. The contour (melodic shape) of the motive might be altered:
&
Other changes are possible as well.
###
Here is a tuneful example from Mozart Piano Concerto K. 488, I that uses several of the above techniques:
.
& J
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217 VAR. IX
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Learning the Descending Diatonic Circle of Fifths
w w
In the key of C major, & w w
w
Play the tonic
Play the note a fifth lower
Play the note another fifth lower ? w w
w
Continue until you reach the tonic again.
w w w w w w w w
Since the bass is a sequence, we will make the upper voices move &
w w
sequentially, as well. There are a few ways to do this. One of the most
common is to have the top voice start a 10th above the bass and alternate,
? w w w w
w
10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8
w
in contrary motion, 10th, octave, 10th, octave, etc. (this is sometimes
referred to as a 10-8 pattern):
w ww ww ww w ww ww ww
& ww w w w ww w w w
?w
Filling in the inner voices gives:
w w w w w w w
I IV vii iii vi ii V I
w w w w w w w w
&
w w w
Especially in two-part writing, one commonly finds the top and
? w w w w
bottom voices a 10th apart throughout, moving in contrary motion 10 10 10 10 10 10 1 10
(sometimes referred to as a 10-10 pattern):
w
I IV vii iii vi ii V I
w w
Minor keys work the same as major. However, there is the question as to & bbb w w
w w
whether the 7th note of the scale should be raised to make a leading note.
? bb
The answer is that it is not raised when it is not leading to the tonic, and it
b w w
is when it does. As a result, it is only raised on the V chord.
b
&bb
? bb w w w w w w w w
b
b b b www ww www
www www n www ww
& w www
w
? bb w w w
w w
w w w
b
i iv VII III VI ii V i
b w w w w w w nw w
&bb
w w w w
? bb w w w
10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8
b w
b w w w ww ww ww n w
& b b ww ww ww w w w ww ww
w
? bb w w w w w w w w
b
i iv VII III VI ii V i
etc.
Root position
b b b
&
n
?
bb b
I IV vii iii vi ii V I i iv VII III VI ii V i
b b b
Alternating root position with 1st inversion, starting with root position
n
&
?
bbb
I IV6 vii ii6 vi ii6 V I6 i iv6 VII III6 VI ii6 V i6
Alternating root position with 1st inversion, starting with first inversion
& bbb
? b
bb
n
I6 IV vii6 iii vi6 ii V6 I i6 iv VII6 III VI6 ii V6 i
Descending 5ths with Applied Chords
# # b b b n n
Root position triads
c
& # # n
# #
?c
bb
b
I IV V/ V/ V/ V/ V I i V/ V/ V/ VI V/ V i
#
b b b n n
b #
Alternating 7th chords with triads (3 voices)
& b # n # # n n n
?
bb b
V7/ IV V7/ V/ V7/ V/ V7 I V7/ V/ V7/ V/ VI7 V/ V7 i
# n # n
b b b n n b b b # n n n
All 7th chords (3 voices)
& b # n # n
?
bb b
8-7 8-7
V7/ IV V7/ V 8-7/ V7/ V / V7 I V7/ V 8-7 / V7/ V 8-7/ VI7 V 8-7 / V7 i
# n b b b n n b b b
All 7th chords (3 voices)
& b # n # # n
n
#
n n
?
bb b
V7/ IV7 V7/ V7/ V7/ V7/ V7 I V7/ V7/ V7/ V7/ VI7 V7/ V7 i
# # b b b n n
& n
A lovely example of the 2nd line on this page, but in 4 voices and using inversions (alternating3rd and 1st inversion)
#
? b # n # n bb n b # n
b
4 4
V 2 / IV6 V42 / V6/ V 42 / V6/ V42 I6 V 42 / V6/ V42 / V6/ VI 42 V6/ V2 i6
2010 David Clenman
Descending Fifths (diatonic) with 7th Chords
All seventh chords, three voices (Note that the top two voices alternate between 3rd and 7th of the chord.)
b b b n
&
?
bbb
I7 IV7 vii 7 iii7 vi7 ii7 V7 I i7 iv7 VII7 III7 VI7 ii 7 V7 i
b b b
Four voices
&
n
?
bbb
Four voices, alternating root position with 2nd inversion, giving a stepwise descent in the bass.
b b b n
&
? bb
b
7 4 7 4
3 3
Four voices, alternating third inversion with first inversion, giving a stepwise descent in the bass.
b b b
&
n
? b
bb
4 6 4 6
2 5 2 5
&
?
I V ii vi
&
I ii iii IV
&
Fix the parallel 5ths by making the 5th of each
?
5 - 6 5 - 6 5 - 6 5 chord rise a step before the other voices do.
& #
Chromatic version: Accidentals have been added
?
so that the main chords are approached with applied
# # dominants.
&
?
Let's start again, but this time with 4 voices.
Whoops! PARALLEL 5ths & 8ves!
I ii iii IV
&
?
We'll fix the parallel 5ths the same way we did
before.
&
?
We can fix the parallel octaves by changing
&
?
Here are the last 2 examples again, only with the
bass and tenor switched.
& #
#
? #
I V/ii ii V/iii iii V/IV IV
& ww ww ww ww ww ww
w ww w ww
? ww ww
w w
I IV ii V iii vi
ww ww
& ww ww
Often the first chord of each pair is in 1st inversion:
ww ww
w w w w w w
?w w w w w w
I6 IV ii6 V iii6 vi
Chromatic version (1st chord of each pair is the applied dominant of the 2nd chord).
(This is "Doh a Deer," starting at "Soha needle pulling thread." Notice the ascending semitone motion
in (in this particular voicing) the alto:
& ww ww # ww ww # ww ww
w w w w w ww
?w w w w w
I (V/IV) IV V/V V V/vi vi
ww
And with the first of each pair of in first inversion. Note that the bass now ascends by semitone:
& ww ww ww ww ww
w w w ww w ww
?w w #w #w
I6 (V6/IV) IV V6/V V V6/vi vi
Chromatic version in which the first chord of each pair is an applied dominant 7th of the next chord:
w w ww
& b ww ww #w ww #w
w w w w w w
? w w w w w w
V7/IV IV V7/V V V7/vi vi
Same, but with the first chord of each pair in 1st inversion, creatinascending semitone motion in bass:
& b ww ww ww ww ww ww
w ww w ww
? ww ww #w #w
V6/IV IV V6/V V V6/vi vi
5 5 5
Fonte
(Fountain)
(Sometimes called the Falling Sequence)
w w w w
& w w w w
w
? # ww ww w
The fonte is the following pattern:
w w
V/ii ii V I
w w w w
& w w w w
# ww ww w ww
Inversions may be used.
w
The dominant chords may have 7ths.
?
6 6
V 5 /ii ii V5 I
w w w
& bw w b ww w
# ww ww w
w ww
Diminished 7th chords may be used
?
instead of dominant 7ths.
vii7/ii ii vii7 I
&
Write I to V:
?
&
?
Copy what you just wrote,
but a 3rd lower:
&
We could extend the sequence by
?
copying the pattern yet another 3rd lower:
&
A variant of this is to have every second
chord in 1st inversion. Notice how this
creates a descending scale in the bass:
?
b
as an opening idea. It makes a clear statement of the key:
&bb c
? bb c
Mozart Piano Sonata in c K. 457
b
Notes may be repeated, and some of the notes may move in a downward direction, but the overall motion is upwards.
# 6 j
The character often suggests trumpets or horns:
& # 8 j
? # # 68 j
Mozart Piano Sonata in D K. 476
J
It starts either on the first beat of the bar, or with a pickup, and usually ends on a stong beat of the bar.
It does not end on the last beat of the bar:
b
& b 68 j j
j
J
? b b 68 j Haydn String Quartet in Bb Op. 1, No. 1
J J
J
It is typically 2 bars long, but is sometimes 4 bars long.
If it starts on the 1st beat of the bar, it normally starts on the tonic note.
If starting with a pickup, it may start with the tonic note, but more often starts witht the dominant.
b 3
It may end with any note of the chord, but 5th and 3rd are more common than root:
&b 4
? b b 34
Mozart Piano Sonata in Bb K. 570
The rocket opening is rarely accompanied. It most commonly appears in octaves, but it may appear just as single notes:
b
&bb c
? bb c
Beethoven Op. 2, No. 1
If it starts on the first beat of the bar, there may be a full root position tonic chord on the downbeat:
#
& c J J
#
& c J J
B# c
Mozart Eine kleine Nachtmusik K. 525
J J
?# c
J J 2005 David Clenman
The Period
Two phrases are often grouped together into a unit wherein the first phrase ends with a cadence that does not sound final,
and the second phrase ends with a cadence that does sound final:
## 4
Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, Op. 125/IV
& 4 j
.
##
V
& j
.
I
Generally, the antecedent begins on I and ends either on V or with an IAC; the consequent ends with a PAC.
If the antecedent ends on V, and the consequent on I, the effect may suggest a question and answer.
If the two phrases have the same or similar beginnings, the period is called a parallel period:
# # 2 j # j n
Beethoven Trio Op. 8
& 4
B # # 24 j j #
j
#
V I
If the two phrases begin quite differently, the period is called a contrasting period: Gluck Orpheus and Eurydice
3 j
&b 4 J J
n .
one or more consequent phrases:
b . . #
& b 42
from The Marriage of Figaro
? b b 42 J J J J J j j j j j
J J J J J
b . .
V V7
&b
? b b j j j j J
J J J
2005 David Clenman
I
In music of the Classical era (Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven), the parallel period is more common than the contrasting period.
Note that each phrase generally has two distinct parts:
# j J J .
Mozart K. 576/I
& # 68 j J j
? # # 68 j j j j j j
J & j j ?
..
## # J .
& J J J
? ## j
J & j .
.
Sometimes the PAC of the second phrase is in another key, typically the dominant or the relative major (modulating period):
Mozart K. 284/III
#
& # C
#
& # C
## #
&
#
? ## #
1. Repeat the cadence.
Mozart Piano Sonata K. 332/I
& b 43
?
& b 43 .. ..
Mozart The Marriage of Figaro Act I Scene 1
.
2. Delay the PAC by first using one or more IACs.
?b
J
?b
il chi - tar - ri - no le suo - ne - ro, si, le sui - ne - ro, si, le suo - ne - ro. -
Here is the opening of Cherubino's arietta (little aria) Voi che sapete from Mozart's opera the Marriage of Figaro.
b 2 . . n . #
Note that it is a period consisting of two antecedent phrases followed by a consequent phrase:
b
& 4
? b b 24 J J J J J j j j j j
Voi che sa - pe - te che co - sa e a - mor, don - ne ve - de - te s'io l'ho nel cor,
J J J J J
b
&b . .
? b b j j
don - ne ve - de - te
j
s'io l'ho nel
j J
cor.
J J J
To end the arietta, Cherubino sings the same period as above, except that where it would normally end, Mozart has inserted a
b . n . #
deceptive cadence, after which Mozart repeats the consequent phrase, this time ending with a PAC.
& b .
? b b J J J J J j j j j j
Voi che sa - pe - te che co - sa e a - mor, don - ne ve - de - te s'io l'ho nel cor,
J J J J J
b
. .
&b .
? b j j j j
don - ne ve - de - te s'io l'ho nel cor, don - ne ve - de - te s'io l'ho nel cor.
b J J J J J J J J J J J
2005 David Clenman
EXPANDING THE BODY OF THE PHRASE
In the following parallel period, the antecedent phrase is 4 bars long, but the consequent phrase is 6 bars.
Two additional bars have been added in the middle of the consequent phrase.
j
Mozart K 279/III
& 24 #
j ? j
& 24
j
#
J
|
& # n # n
? j
The presentation phrase is followed by a four bar continuation phrase that ends with a clear cadence, either on V or on I.
The continuation phrase contains some or all of the following characteristics:
It often draws on only one of the motives found in the basic idea. Sometimes, it doesn't draw on any of them.
The motive used gradually disappears.
Sequence is used.
Harmonic rhythm is faster, and may accelerate.
The material is seems to be grouped into smaller segments than in the presentation phrase. (Structural units are shorter.)
If a sentence ends with a half cadence, it may be repeated, the second time ending with an authentic cadence.
. .
Presentation
Phrase
bb 4 n n
&bb 4
n
3
? b b b 44
3
n
b
f- i V 6
5
bb b b j .
. gg
Continuation
Phrase
n gg U
&
j
n
n
U
3
? bb b
3
b
i V4 i6 ii6 V
3
PRESENTATION PHRASE
The first two bars present the basic idea. It is built our of two striking ideasa rocket openingand a triplet figure.
The next two bars repeat the basic idea. The repetition in this case is not exact the notes have been altered to fit the
dominant harmonybut it is otherwise essentially the same.
CONTINUATION PHRASE
The melody draws mainly on the triplet motive, which eventually disappears into a cadence.
Sequence is used (mm. 5-6).
Chords change more frequently in the continuation phrase than in the presentation phrase. The music seems to be grouped in
smaller segments (structural units are shorter): the presentation phrase used two bar units, the continuation phrase begins
with one bar units. The result is a feeling of acceleration.
THE PRESENTATION PHRASE IN MORE DETAIL:
The presentation phrase presents the basic idea twice. Bars 3-4 of the presentation phrase are a repetition of bars 1-2.
This repetition takes three forms:
2
. j
. j
&4
& 42
Other than one extra note in the right hand of bar 3, bars 3-4 are the same as bars 1-2.
Some embellishment in bars 3-4 is possible.
2. STATEMENT-RESPONSE REPETITION The repetition harmonically differs from and compliments the first two bars.
Generally, the statment begins with I, and the response begins with V. Some of the more common patterns are:
STATEMENT RESPONSE
m. 1 m. 2 m. 3 m. 4
I V
I V V I
I V I V I V
I IV V I
I ii V I
.
Beethoven Piano Sonata Op. 2 No. 1
bb 4 . n n
&bb 4
n n
3
? bb 4
3
bb 4
f- i V 6
5
Beethoven Piano Sonata Op. 2 No. 3
& 44
# n
? 4 ww w
4
w
C+ I V V7 I
# 2
& 4 # # # #
n
? # 42 n
G+ I ii 4
2
Small Ternary Form
## 4
A
j
& 4 .
#
& # .
j
#
B
& #
A'
##
& j
.
b n
& b b w
IN A MINOR KEY
A piece in a minor key may end with a major tonic chord. (Note n ww
the E n in the example to the right.) The raised third is known as
? bb w
b
a tierce de Picardie, or Picardy third. This is the main use of mode
mixture in a minor key.
. c-: i ii 6 V 8-7 I
5
IN A MAJOR KEY
Assuming you are in C major, each of the following measures shows the normal triad followed by the alternative triad
^ ^ ^
The most common occurences of mixture in a major key make use of b6. The b6 wants to lead to 5:
&
vii7 from the minor key is used to lead to I in the major key:
? b
vii7 I
& b www
?
iv from the minor key. (Often this follows IV and leads to I.)
w
IV iv I
b
&
ii or ii7.
?
I ii 6 V 8-7 I
5
& bw
w
b ww
^ ^
bVI. (This makes use of both b6 and b3.)
?
IV V bVI
One sometimes finds not just a single chord, but an entire section in the parallel minor. In the Classical style, this is how the
minor tonic triad is usually used in a major key.
Note: When two different forms of the same note occur one after
the other, for example 6 and b6, keep the two in the same voice,
and have the lowered note the second of the two.
& b n
b
b
?
No No Yes
& b bb b b ww
b bb ww
?
C: I vi IV iv
Ab: vi IV6 V6 I
5
& w
a. Find the dominant note of whatever key you're in.
? w
(For this example, we'll use C major.) Put it in both
treble and bass clefs:
? w
(Use a different letter name for it, i.e. not Gb, but F#):
? bw w
(between the Ab and F#) is an augmented 6th. All the
different types of augmented 6th chords will have
these notes. When these notes resolve, they go to
the dominant notes that you have written.
? b ww w
It6
? b ww w
Ger6
? b ww w
is an augmented 4th above it:
Fr6
Resolving Augmented Sixth Chords
Italian
& # #
bbb #
# n
n
b b
? b
bb
C+ It6 V It6 V c- It6 V It6 V
German
& # # bbb # #
n n
?
bb bb (# ) n b b b
c-
C+ Ger6 V Ger6 V6 - 5 Ger6 V Ger6 V 6 - 5
4 - 3 4 - 3
Sounds like a dominant 7th chord.
When going to V, parallel 5ths occur. Provided they are not between the soprano and bass, they are allowed.
The German 6th often goes to V 6 - 5. This gets rid of the parallel 5ths.
4-3
bbb #
French
& # # #
n n
? bbb
b b
C+ Fr6 V Fr6 V6 - 5 c- Fr6 V Fr6 V6 - 5
4 - 3 4 - 3
Rondo form has a recurring A section, known as the refrain, main theme, or rondo theme. Between
these A sections are contrasting sections, known as episodes or couplets.
Example:
REFRAIN
All statements of the refrain are in the tonic key.
The refrain is a memorable theme that clearly establishes the tonic key. Sometimes there are two or
more themes, one after the other, all in the tonic key.
The refrain ends with a PAC, providing a clear ending point.
Statements of the refrain after an episode may be abridged.
Statements of the refrain after an episode may have different accompaniment patterns.
Statements of the refrain after an episode may be embellished.
EPISODES
Episodes (with one exception noted below) are generally in different keys than the refrain. In addition,
different episodes are generally in keys different from each other.
An episode may have a clear theme structure, or may be more loosely constructed. An episode may
consist of a group of themes, all in the same key.
CODA
A rondo may end with a coda. The coda (from the Latin word for tail) is a concluding section whose
basic function is to reaffirm the tonic key in order to balance out the precedeing variety of keys. It
may also attempt to tie together elements from previous sections.
A coda may be of any length.
It may state new material, and/or refer to previous material.
In the Classical era, most rondos fall into one of the two following categories:
1. five-part rondo or simple: ABACA (typically used for slow movements)
2. seven-part rondo: ABACABA (typically used for lively finales)
1. ABACA is called simple rondo or five-part rondo. The key scheme is often:
A B A C A Coda
Major I V I other I I
contrasting
minor i III i key i i
A B A C A B A
Major I V I other I I I
contrasting
minor i III i key i i or I i
The C section is most commonly in IV, though vi and the parallel minor are common.
1
Serenade
Eine kleine Nachtmusik
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II
.
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Violin II
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III
Menuetto
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Allegretto
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Viola
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Menuetto da Capo
HSMW001A <7>
15
IV
T
Rondo
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.
Allegro
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S p
Vn. I
# . . j j
& # J J J
J
p
Vn. II
S
J J # J
B # . .
J
J J
S p
Va.
? # . .
Vc.
HSMW001A <7>
16
# # # n #
#
n J #
18
& J J J J
S p
Vn. I
# # # j j j
& n
j j #
#
Vn. II
S p
# j #
B # n j j j # J J
J
S p
Va.
?# J J J # J
J J
S p
Vc.
# n . . . .
#
. .
. .
#
n . .
#
24
Vn. I &
#
&
. . . . # . . # . n .
Vn. II
. .
B#
# # . .
Va.
# .
.
?# b
Vc.
# n . . # . # . B
T
. #
29
Vn. I &
# #
& # n . #
.
Vn. II
b
B # # . .
Va.
#
Vc.
? # b
T T T
# . . T . . .
. #
34
Vn. I &
# .
& # . . . . . . n
Vn. II
# . . . . .
B # . .
Va.
# n
Vc.
?#
HSMW001A <7>
17
# T T
C
#
40
Vn. I &
# #
Vn. II &
# .
Va. B # # n
#
?#
Vc.
. .
# # # . . # . .
.
45
&
f
Vn. I
p
#
# . .
& #
. . p
Vn. II
f . .
B# # # . .
p
Va.
f
. .
?#
.
p
Vc.
# . .
n . ..
50 1
Vn. I &
# ..
&
# n
Vn. II
Va. B # n ..
Vc.
?# ..
b T b
# .. . . . . b b
& . .
D
b
b
2
.
Vn. I
f p
# .. . . . .
& . . b
b n b
. b b
Vn. II
f . . . . . . p
B # . .. b b
b n b b
b
p
Va.
f . . . . .
.
?# . .. b b b b b
p
Vc.
HSMW001A <7>
18
. . b Ti T
# n .
b b b n
b b n b
61
&
f
Vn. I
# b
& n b b b b b b
Vn. II
B # b b b b b n b b n b b b
n b f
Va.
? # b b b b
Vc. b b b
f
b n b b . . . . b
E
# J J J J b b . .
66
Vn. I & b
# b n b b n b n b
&
f b b
Vn. II
B # b b b. n b n b b
Va. b
?# b b n b b n b b
b
Vc.
. . . . . . . .
# n n . . . . n . . b b . . #
71
Vn. I & n b
#
& b
b
n
n
Vn. II
Va. B # n
n
n
Vc.
?# #
b . . . . b
# . . b . . . . b . . b
76
& . . b
#
Vn. I
# b . . b . . b
& b
b
. . b
#
Vn. II
B #
b
b
b . . b . . b
Va. . . b #
b . . . .
?# b b . . b #
Vc.
HSMW001A <7>
19
# b j j j
# # n
F
b n n J
81
&
Vn. I
S p J
# j j j
& b j j n j #
Vn. II
n n
S p
B# n b j j n J
n J J J
p
Va.
n b S
Vc.
?#
# n j j j
J #
86
& J
S p
Vn. I
# j j
& j j j
n p
Vn. II
S #
B# j n j j j j j
# # S Jp n
Va.
?# j j j
J J J
S p
Vc.
# n . . b
91
Vn. I & . .
#
&
. .
Vn. II
Va. B#
n . .
Vc.
?# b
. G T
# . . n
& b
96
Vn. I
#
&
Vn. II
b
B#
Va.
. .
? # b
Vc.
HSMW001A <7>
20
T T T T
# . .
101
Vn. I & . . . .
#
&
n
Vn. II
B#
Va.
?# n
Vc.
T T
#
H
107
Vn. I &
#
&
Vn. II
B # # n
Va.
?#
Vc.
. . . . . . .
# . . . . .
&
J
113
. . .
f
Vn. I
p
# . . .
& . . . .
.. . .
.
Vn. II
f . .
.. . . p
B# . . . . . .
n
f
Va.
p .
?# . .
. .
Vc.
f p
# . . . n
118
& n
. . . . . .
Vn. I
f
#
&
n n
. . .
Vn. II
f
B#
. . .
Va.
f
?# .
. .
Vc.
HSMW001A <7>
21
# # . J n J ..
123
& n . . . . .
#
Vn. I
p f
#
. . # . n . . . ..
& n n # . .
# .
Vn. II
. . f .
B # n # . . .
# n . b .
.
..
Va. #
f .
.
Vc.
? # n
#
. ..
f
. T
# . . . . . .
Coda
&
129
Vn. I
p
# . . . .
&
Vn. II
. . . . p
#
B
p
Va.
. . . .
?#
p
Vc.
T T
#
134
Vn. I &
#
&
Vn. II
B#
Va.
. .
Vc.
?# .
#
139
Vn. I &
#
Vn. II &
Va. B#
. . . . . . # . .
Vc.
?# . .
HSMW001A <7>
22
.K .
# # n . . . .
144
&
f
Vn. I
# . . . . # .
& # n
f
Vn. II
. . .
B# w . .
f
Va.
n
?#
f
Vc.
.
# . .
.
& .
Vn. I
# . . n . # . . . n .
& .
.
Vn. II
. . . .
B# . .
Va.
Vc.
?#
# . . .
& . . .
Vn. I
#
&
Vn. II
Va. B #
?# . .
Vc.
. . . .
.
# . .
&
Vn. I
#
&
Vn. II
Va. B #
?# .
Vc.
. .
HSMW001A <7>
Neapolitan 6th (bII6)
& w
Find the second degree of the scale:
?
C+
& bw
Lower it a semitone:
?
& b b www
Put it in first inversion:
?
& b b www
Double the third of the chord:
? w
C+: bII6
b ^2 ^7 b ^2 ^7
& bb ww b b b b n ww
w w
^
to V7 Note that the b2 falls a diminished 3rd
? w bbb w
to the leading note.
C+: N6 V7 I c-: N6 V7 i
& bb ww b b b b n ww
w w
?
w bbb w
to V
Neap6 V I Neap6 V i
& bb ww bbb b n ww
w w
?
bbb
to the cadential 6
4
w w
Neap6 V
6 - 5 I Neap6 V
6 - 5 i
4 - 3 4 - 3
& bb n ww bbb b n n ww
b w w
? # #
bbb
to vii7/V
w w
Neap6 vii7/V V I Neap6 vii7/V V i
& bb b b b b n
to V4
?
bbb
2
4
Neap6
N6 V4 Neap6
N6 V
2 2
The Neapolitan 6th is more commonly found in minor keys than in major.
As the Neapolitan 6th is a variant of ii, any chord that leads to ii can lead to the Neapolitan 6th.