Global Status Report On Road Safety: Time For Action

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY
ISBN 978 92 4 156384 0 World Health Organization

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT
Department of Violence & Injury Prevention & Disability (VIP)
20 Avenue Appia
Geneva 27
Switzerland
ON ROAD SAFETY
E-mail: trafc@who.int
www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention WHO TIME FOR ACTION
GLOBAL STATUS REPORT
ON ROAD SAFETY
TIME FOR ACTION
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Global status report on road safety: time for action.
1.Accidents, Traffic - statistics and numerical data. 2.Accidents, Traffic - trends. 3.Wounds and injuries - epidemiology. 4.Safety - statistics
and numerical data. 5.Data collection. I.World Health Organization. Dept. of Violence and Injury Prevention.
ISBN 978 92 4 156384 0 (NLM classification: WA 275)
Suggested citation: Global status report on road safety: time for action. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009 (www.who.int/violence_
injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2009).
World Health Organization 2009
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Contents
Preface iv
Acknowledgements v
Executive summary vii
1. Background 1
An international response to road trafc injury prevention 4
2. The need for a global assessment of road safety 7

Methodology 8
3. The state of road safety around the world 11

Road trafc injuries remain a global public health problem 11
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the highest burden and road trafc death rates 12
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vulnerable road users 14
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4. Conclusions
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References 41
Country proles
Statistical annex 227
iii
Preface
The Global status report on road safety reafrms our understanding of road trafc injuries as a global health
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v
Executive summary
O
ver 1.2 million people die each conducted in 2008. The results provide
year on the worlds roads, and a benchmark that countries can use to
between 20 and 50 million assess their road safety position relative
suffer non-fatal injuries. In most regions to other countries, while internationally
of the world this epidemic of road trafc the data presented can collectively
injuries is still increasing. In the past ve be considered as a global baseline
years most countries have endorsed the against which progress over time can
recommendations of the World report on be measured. The Global status report Over 90% of the
road trafc injury prevention which give presents a number of key ndings:
worlds fatalities on
guidance on how countries can implement
a comprehensive approach to improving t -PXJODPNF BOE NJEEMFJODPNF the roads occur in
road safety and reducing the death toll countries have higher road trafc
on their roads. To date, however, there fatality rates (21.5 and 19.5 per low-income and
has been no global assessment of road 100 000 population, respectively) middle-income
safety that indicates the extent to which than high-income countries (10.3
this approach is being implemented. This per 100 000). Over 90% of the countries, which
Global status report on road safety is worlds fatalities on the roads occur have only 48% of the
the rst broad assessment of the status in low-income and middle-income
of road safety in 178 countries, using countries, which have only 48% worlds vehicles.
data drawn from a standardized survey of the worlds registered vehicles.
>V]b]2;]VO\B@7>>
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1 The criteria used to dene comprehensive in relation to laws on speed, drinkdriving,
and use of helmets, seat-belts and child restraints are described in the main text.
viii GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

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cause of death by
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and coverage of the data that information on the extent of their
Leading causes of death, 2004 and 2030 compared
TOTAL 2004 TOTAL 2030

RANK LEADING CAUSE % RANK LEADING CAUSE %
1 Ischaemic heart disease 12.2 1 Ischaemic heart disease 12.2
2 Cerebrovascular disease 9.7 2 Cerebrovascular disease 9.7
3 Lower respiratory infections 7.0 3 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 7.0
4 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 5.1 4 Lower respiratory infections 5.1
5 Diarrhoeal diseases 3.6 5 Road trafc injuries 3.6
6 HIV/AIDS 3.5 6 Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers 3.5
7 Tuberculosis 2.5 7 Diabetes mellitus 2.5
8 Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers 2.3 8 Hypertensive heart disease 2.3
9 Road trafc injuries 2.2 9 Stomach cancer 2.2
10 Prematurity and low birth weight 2.0 10 HIV/AIDS 2.0
11 Neonatal infections and other 1.9 11 Nephritis and nephrosis 1.9
12 Diabetes mellitus 1.9 12 Self-inicted injuries 1.9
13 Malaria 1.7 13 Liver cancer 1.7
14 Hypertensive heart disease 1.7 14 Colon and rectum cancer 1.7
15 Birth asphyxia and birth trauma 1.5 15 Oesophagus cancer 1.5
16 Self-inicted injuries 1.4 16 Violence 1.4
17 Stomach cancer 1.4 17 Alzheimer and other dementias 1.4
18 Cirrhosis of the liver 1.3 18 Cirrhosis of the liver 1.3
19 Nephritis and nephrosis 1.3 19 Breast cancer 1.3
20 Colon and rectum cancers 1.1 20 Tuberculosis 1.1
Source: World health statistics 2008 (http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/2008/en/index.html)
ix
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sectors involved in collecting and
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also placed a considerable burden on "DDPSEJOH UP 8)0T (MPCBM #VSEFO
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number of motorized vehicles in
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1
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than the total amount that these countries
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1 A billion here is used to refer to one thousand million.
Road trafc injuries
are one of the top
three causes of
death for people
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2 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

Table 1. Leading causes of death by age, world, 2004
RANK 04 YRS 514 YRS 1529 YRS 3044 YRS 4569 YRS 70+ YRS TOTAL
Lower respiratory Ischaemic heart Ischaemic heart Ischaemic heart
1 Perinatal causes infections Road trafc injuries HIV/AIDS disease disease disease
Lower respiratory Cerebrovascular Cerebrovascular Cerebrovascular
2 infections Road trafc injuries HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis disease disease disease
Chronic obstructive Lower respiratory
3 Diarrhoeal diseases Malaria Tuberculosis Road trafc injuries HIV/AIDS pulmonary disease infections
Ischaemic heart Lower respiratory
4 Malaria Drownings Violence disease Tuberculosis infections Perinatal causes
Chronic obstructive Trachea, bronchus, Chronic obstructive
5 Measles Meningitis Self-inicted injuries Self-inicted injuries pulmonary disease lung cancers pulmonary disease
Lower respiratory Trachea, bronchus,
6 Congenital anomalies Diarrhoeal diseases infections Violence lung cancers Diabetes mellitus Diarrhoeal diseases
Lower respiratory Hypertensive heart
7 HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS Drownings infections Cirrhosis of the liver disease HIV/AIDS
Cerebrovascular
8 Whooping cough Tuberculosis Fires disease Road trafc injuries Stomach cancer Tuberculosis
Proteinenergy Lower respiratory Colon and rectum Trachea, bronchus,
9 Meningitis malnutrition War and conict Cirrhosis of the liver infections cancers lung cancers
Maternal Nephritis and
10 Tetanus Fires haemorrhage Poisonings Diabetes mellitus nephrosis Road trafc injuries
Proteinenergy Ischaemic heart Maternal Alzheimer and other
11 malnutrition Measles disease haemorrhage Self-inicted injuries dementias Diabetes mellitus
12 Syphilis Leukaemia Poisonings Fires Stomach cancer Tuberculosis Malaria

Nephritis and Hypertensive heart
13 Drownings Congenital anomalies Abortion nephrosis Liver cancer Liver cancer disease
14 Road trafc injuries Trypanosomiasis Leukaemia Drownings Breast cancer Oesophagus cancer Self-inicted injuries
Cerebrovascular Hypertensive heart
15 Fires Falls disease Breast cancer disease Cirrhosis of the liver Stomach cancer
Nephritis and Inammatory heart
16 Tuberculosis Epilepsy Diarrhoeal diseases War and conict nephrosis diseases Cirrhosis of the liver
Nephritis and
17 Endocrine disorders Leishmaniasis Falls Falls Oesophagus cancer Breast cancer nephrosis
Upper respiratory Colon and rectum Colon and rectum
18 infections Violence Meningitis Diarrhoeal diseases cancers Prostate cancer cancers
Iron deciency Nephritis and
19 anaemia War and conict nephrosis Liver cancer Poisonings Falls Liver cancer
Trachea, bronchus, Mouth and oropharynx
20 Epilepsy Poisonings Malaria lung cancers cancers Road trafc injuries Violence
Source: WHO (2008), Global Burden of Disease: 2004 update.

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friends and community of those affected.
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national capacity and international
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to guide the national road trafc
safety effort. The World repor t promoted a
comprehensive approach to road safety
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1 For the full text of these resolutions, see http://www.who.int/roadsafety/about/resolutions/
en/index.html.
Figure 1. The systems approach to road safety
Source: Adapted from reference 13.

2 The need for a
global assessment
of road safety
A
s more countries begin or &YBNQMFTPGTVDIBTTFTTNFOUTJODMVEF
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addressing their national road performance on a number of
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but also to enable countries to compare road safety capacity of member
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comparable data to assist national policy DPVOUSJFT
formulation and drive regional policy.
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again at their road safety strategies
to address their vulnerabilities.
7
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such as speed and blood alcohol limited to the analysis of aggregated
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tUIFJOEFQUISPBETBGFUZBTTFTTNFOUT painted a largely illustrative picture by
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focus countries. or have focused on specic aspects of
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XJUIJOSFHJPOT and tuberculosis all have tools and
JOEJDBUPSTUIBUBMMPXUIFNUPBTTFTTUIF
global status of their particular topic on
a regular basis.
Methodology
*O"VHVTU8)0CFHBOUPEFWFMPQ
the Global status report on road safety
(4334
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BTTFTTSPBETBGFUZBSPVOEUIFXPSME
The specific objectives of the project

XFSF
t to assess the status of road safety
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core set of road safety indicators and
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t UPJOEJDBUFUIFHBQTJOSPBETBGFUZ
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priorities for intervention and to
stimulate road safety activities at a
national level.
" TFMGBENJOJTUFSFE RVFTUJPOOBJSF XBT

developed using the recommendations of
the World report as a basis for its content.
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road safety researchers and practitioners
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of international and regional road
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OPOHPWFSONFOUBM PSHBOJ[BUJPOT BOE Figure 2. Methodology
academic institutions.1
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t institutional settings and policies
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existence of policies to encourage
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and public transport and strategies
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1 national dataset
t vehicle and infrastructure standards
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audits of road infrastructure Global Status Report
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t legislation on some of the main
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enforcement levels relating to each transport and enforcement sectors should
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identication in each participating country XIFSFUIFFYQFSUTXPVMEBHSFFBTBHSPVQ
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1 See Acknowledgements section, page v.

2 For the questionnaire and accompanying instruction booklet see www.who.int/violence_
injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2009
3 This survey reports perceptions of enforcement, as agreed by the group of respondents in 4 In the Eastern Mediterranean Region questionnaires were administered during face-to-face
the consensus meeting. Note that the eight countries that did not hold a consensus meeting interviews.
did not answer these questions, while some groups of respondents could not come to a 5 More details on the methodology can be found at www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/
consensus on these scores and so left the enforcement questions blank. road_safety_status/2009

%BUB DPMMFDUJPO CFHBO JO .BSDI Most of the data collected through
BOEXBTDPNQMFUFEJO4FQUFNCFS this project are reported in this
BGUFSXIJDIUIFEBUBXFSFWBMJEBUFEJOB document. The main text contains an
EJBMPHVF CFUXFFO 8)0 TUBGG BOE UIF BOBMZTJT PG BHHSFHBUFE JOGPSNBUJPO
/BUJPOBM %BUB $PPSEJOBUPST UP SFTPMWF XIJMF UIF DPVOUSZ QSPGJMFT EFTDSJCF
BOZJODPOTJTUFODJFT7BMJEBUFEEBUBXFSF the main variables reported by each
then sent for government clearance. participating country using a standard
UFNQMBUF5IF4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFYJODMVEFT
'JOBM EBUB XFSF SFDFJWFE GSPN DPVOUSZCZDPVOUSZ SFTVMUT GPS NPTU
QBSUJDJQBUJOHDPVOUSJFTBOEBSFBT WBSJBCMFT *ODPNQMFUF EBUB BOE MBDL
8)0 .FNCFS 4UBUFT BOE "TTPDJBUF of comparability on some variables
.FNCFS 4UBUFT BOE OPONFNCFS affected the ability to analyse and report
BSFBT 5BCMF
5IFTF DPVOUSJFT some of the information received from
BOEBSFBTBDDPVOUGPSPWFSPGUIF countries.
XPSMETQPQVMBUJPO
Table 2. Participation in the survey, by WHO region and income groupa
NUMBER OF MEMBER
NON-PARTICIPATING MEMBER/ASSOCIATE MEMBER
STATES AND ASSOCIATE COUNTRIES/AREAS PARTICIPATING
STATES AND % OF REGIONAL POPULATION
WHO REGION MEMBER STATES
41 Algeria, Cte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon,
AFRICAN REGION 46
(0 HIC, 11 MIC, 30 LIC) Guinea (8.8%)
32
Antigua & Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Haiti,
REGION OF THE AMERICAS 36b (31 Member and Associate Member States, 1 non-member area)
St. Kitts & Nevis (1.1%)
(6 HIC,c 26 MIC)
10
SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION 11 Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1.4%)
(0 HIC, 6 MIC, 4 LIC)
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN 20
21 (19 Member States, 1 non-member area) Djibouti, Somalia (1.7%)
REGION (5 HIC, 12 MIC, 3 LICd)
49
EUROPEAN REGION 53 Andorra, Denmark, Luxembourg, Monaco (0.7%)
(25 HIC, 21 MIC, 3 LIC)
26
WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 28e Niue, Tokelau (< 1%)
(6 HIC, 15 MIC, 5 LIC)
195 178 19
GLOBAL Member and Associate (176 Member and Associate Member States, 2 non-member areas) (accounting for 1.7% of population of the 195
Member States (42 HIC, 91 MIC, 45 LIC) Member and Associate Member States)
HIC = high-income countries; MIC = middle-income countries; LIC = low-income countries
a
See Table A.2 in Statistical Annex for information on WHO regions and income level classications.
b
Includes one Associate Member State, Puerto Rico.
c
Includes one non-member area, the British Virgin Islands.
d
Includes one non-member area, the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
e
Includes one Associate Member State, Tokelau.

3
Road trafc injuries remain
a global public health
The state of road
safety around the
XPSME
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DFSUJmDBUF
EBUB JSSFTQFDUJWF PG UIF UJNF
QFSJPE CFUXFFO DPMMJTJPO BOE EFBUI
problem estimates that 1.27 million people died
Road trafc injuries remain an important as a result of a road trafc collision in
QVCMJDIFBMUIQSPCMFNBUHMPCBM SFHJPOBM that year . The total number of deaths
and national levels. While steps are being reported in this survey is approximately
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TBGFUZ NVDITUJMMOFFETUPCFEPOFJGUIF indicating vast underreporting. When
rising trend in road trafc deaths is to be UIFTFEBUBBSFNPEFMMFE TFF4UBUJTUJDBM
halted or reversed. "OOFY
UIFUPUBMEBZOVNCFSGPSUIF
178 countries included in the study is
0WFS UIF QBTU GFX ZFBST B SBOHF PG NJMMJPO "MNPTU BMM EBUB TPVSDFT
methods has been used by different TIPXUIBUBCPVUUISFFRVBSUFSTPGSPBE
organizations to estimate the number of trafc deaths are among men and that
HMPCBM SPBE USBGmD GBUBMJUJFT 5IF 8)0 the highest impact is in the economically
(MPCBM#VSEFOPG%JTFBTFQSPKFDU
active age ranges.
Figure 3. Population, road trafc deathsa, and registered motorized vehicles,

by income group
Population Road trafc deathsa Registered vehicles
HIC LIC
HIC
8.5% 9.2%
15.6%
LIC
36.7% LIC HIC
41.9% MIC 52.1%
MIC 38.7%
MIC 49.6%
47.8%
a
30-day denition, modelled data.
11
Low-income and middle-income BOEEPFTOPUHJWFBOBTTFTTNFOUPGSJTL JU
countries have the highest burden OPOFUIFMFTTHJWFTBOJOEJDBUJPOPGXIFSF
and road trafc death rates intervention could help signicantly to
.PTU
PGUIFXPSMETGBUBMJUJFTPOUIF reduce the total number of road trafc
SPBETPDDVSJOMPXJODPNFBOENJEEMF deaths at a global level.
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"QQSPYJNBUFMZ PG SFQPSUFE SPBE VTFPGSBUFTQFSQPQVMBUJPOJT
the roads occur in USBGmDEFBUITPDDVSJODPVOUSJFToXIJDI a more useful measure of the size of a
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MPXJODPNFBOE
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"GSJDB BOE &HZQU o BOE BDDPVOU GPS SJTL"TXFMMBTBDDPVOUJOHGPSUIFIJHIFTU
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less than half of the CBTFE PO NPEFMMFE OVNCFST UIF fatality rates relative to population are
DPVOUSJFT XJUI UIF IJHIFTU OVNCFS PG BMTPIJHIFTUJOMPXJODPNFBOENJEEMF
XPSMETWFIJDMFT EFBUIT BSF $IJOB *OEJB /JHFSJB UIF JODPNFDPVOUSJFT 5BCMF

6OJUFE 4UBUFT 1BLJTUBO *OEPOFTJB UIF
3VTTJBO 'FEFSBUJPO #SB[JM &HZQU BOE *UJTFWJEFOUUIBU BMUIPVHIUIFIJHIFTUSBUFT
&UIJPQJB TFF 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM BSF JO MPXJODPNF BOE NJEEMFJODPNF
"OOFY
8IJMFUIFUPUBMOVNCFSPGEFBUIT DPVOUSJFT SPBEUSBGmDJOKVSJFTSFNBJOWFSZ
is clearly related to both the population SFMFWBOUUPIJHIJODPNFDPVOUSJFTBTXFMM
BOENPUPSJ[BUJPOMFWFMTXJUIJOBDPVOUSZ "OVNCFSPGIJHIJODPNFDPVOUSJFTIBWF
>V]b]>DW`]bE6=

Table 3. Modelled road trafc injury fatality rates (per 100 000
population),a by WHO region and income group
WHO REGION HIGH-INCOME MIDDLE-INCOME LOW-INCOME TOTAL

b
AFRICAN REGION 32.2 32.3 32.2
c
REGION OF THE AMERICAS 13.4 17.3 15.8
b
SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION 16.7 16.5 16.6
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION 28.5 35.8 27.5 32.2
EUROPEAN REGION 7.9 19.3 12.2 13.4
WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 7.2 16.9 15.6 15.6
GLOBAL 10.3 19.5 21.5 18.8
a
30-day denition.
b
No high-income countries.
c
No low-income countries.
Figure 4. Trends in road trafc fatality rates in selected high-income countries
30
25
Rate per 100 000 population
20
15
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8
9
9
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
197
198
197
198
199
198
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
Year
Australia Canada France Japan Sweden United States of America
road trafc injury fatality rates well above in the 1970s and 1980s have started
the average for this income group. For to atten, suggesting that extra steps
instance, high-income countries in the are needed to reduce these rates further
Eastern Mediterranean Region have a (see Figure 4).
modelled road trafc injury fatality rate
of 28.5 per 100 000 population, which The 10 countries with the lowest
is well above the global average for modelled road trafc fatality rates are
countries in this broad income group, almost all high-income countries, where
as shown in Table 3. Similarly, while a rates vary between 3.4 and 5.4 deaths
number of high-income countries have per 100 000 population. While these
managed to reduce their road trafc countries, the Netherlands, Sweden and
fatality rates in recent decades, in other United Kingdom for instance, may be top
high-income countries the downward performers globally with regard to road
trends in road trafc fatalities that began safety, they too still have considerable
13
>V]b]>DS\bS`5@A>
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and the successful implementation of VOSFHVMBUFE TFF#PY

a comprehensive approach to the
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DIJMESFO BHFE CFUXFFO BOE $. into consideration during the planning of
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passengers account for transport system.
5IJTHMPCBMTVSWFZTIPXTUIBUQFEFTUSJBOT
almost half of global
Nearly half of those dying on the DZDMJTUT BOE SJEFST PG NPUPSJ[FE UXP
road trafc deaths. worlds roads are vulnerable road XIFFMFST BOE UIFJS QBTTFOHFST BDDPVOU
users GPS BSPVOE PG HMPCBM SPBE USBGmD
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countries the majority of road users are up the highest reported proportion of
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8JUIJO
PSUISFFXIFFMFST5IFTFHSPVQTPGSPBE regions the proportion of deaths among
users do not have a protective shell
around them and are therefore more at 1 If users of unsafe public transport are included as vulnerable road users then this gure of
46% is likely to be an underestimate: in this survey data on public transport fatalities was
not collected separately from data related to other four-wheeled vehicles.

Box 1: Unsafe public transportation
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XJUIUIPTFXIPDBOBGGPSEJUBWPJEJOHUIFTFVOSFHVMBUFEBOEVOTBGFWFIJDMFT"TUVEZJO,FOZBGPVOEUIBUCVTFTBOE
matatusaBSFUIFWFIJDMFTNPTUGSFRVFOUMZJOWPMWFEJOGBUBMDSBTIFTBOEUIBUQBTTFOHFSTJOUIFTFWFIJDMFTBDDPVOUGPS
PGUIFUPUBMSPBEEFBUIT'5IJTNBZCFFYQMBJOFEJOQBSUCZEFSFHVMBUJPOJOUIFQVCMJDUSBOTQPSUNBSLFU
XJUIPVUDPODVSSFOUSFHVMBUJPOTPOTBGFUZNFBTVSFT*O4SJ-BOLB GPSFYBNQMF QVCMJDUSBOTQPSUCVTFTBSFFJUIFSPXOFE
CZUIFHPWFSONFOUPSQSJWBUFMZPXOFE XJUITUVEJFTTIPXJOHBOJODSFBTFESJTLBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUSBWFMPOQSJWBUFMZ
PXOFECVTFT(PWFSONFOUCVTFTBSFNBJOUBJOFECZUIF.JOJTUSZPG5SBOTQPSUBOESFHVMBUFEUPFOTVSFTBGFUZ XIJMF
SFHVMBUJPOTBSFNVDIMFTTTUSJOHFOUGPSQSJWBUFPXOFST
SVOOJOHQBSBMMFMQVCMJDCVTTFSWJDFT'PSJOTUBODF UIFSF
are almost no restrictions on driver eligibility or on the
maintenance of privately operated public transportation
vehicles .
8IJMFMJCFSBMJ[BUJPOPGUIFQVCMJDUSBOTQPSUNBSLFUDBO
JODSFBTFUIFTVQQMZPGWFIJDMFT QSPUFDUJPOPGQVCMJD
TBGFUZOFFETUPCFBOFTTFOUJBMGFBUVSFPGUIJTNBSLFU
>V]b]1@SQVO
.BYJNJ[BUJPOPGQSPmUTNVTUOPUCFBMMPXFEUPMFBEUPB
reduction in safety standards.
a
Matatus are small-scale public transport service vehicles in Kenya.
Figure 5. Reported deaths by type of road user (%), by WHO region and income groupa
AFRICAN LIC
REGION
MIC
REGION OF THE MIC

AMERICAS
HIC
SOUTH-EAST LIC
ASIA REGION
MIC
EASTERN LIC
MEDITERRANEAN
REGION MIC
HIC
EUROPEAN LIC
REGION
MIC
HIC
WESTERN LIC
PACIFIC
REGION MIC
HIC
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Vulnerable road users Occupants of four-wheeled motorized vehicles Others

a
See Table A.2 in Statistical Annex for information on WHO regions and income level classications.

vulnerable road users varies considerably. Results of this survey suggest that as
*O UIF 4PVUI&BTU "TJB 3FHJPO GPS motorization increases globally many
JOTUBODF WVMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST BSF countries are not giving sufficient
SFQPSUFEUPBDDPVOUGPSPWFSPGUIPTF attention to the needs of vulnerable
LJMMFEPOUIFSPBETJO5IBJMBOE XIJMFJO groups of road users in their transport
OFJHICPVSJOH.ZBONBSUIFmHVSFJT policies. Many of the proven interventions
PHOTO TOP Poor
infrastructure and
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BSFBNPOHUIFSFBTPOTXIZ PGGBUBMJUJFTBSFBNPOHWVMOFSBCMF VTF PG TFBUCFMUT BOE DIJME SFTUSBJOUT
pedestrians have to share the
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other modes of transportation. SFHJPOoTVDIBTUIF%PNJOJDBO3FQVCMJD relevant to car occupants. More research
PHOTO BOTTOM Police enforcement and
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automatic speed enforcement are QSPQPSUJPOJTDPOTJEFSBCMZMPXFSBUMFTT WVMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST XIJMF MBOE VTF
highly effective measures used to UIBO planning and road design should also
enforce speed limits.
UBLFUIFOFFETPGUIFTFSPBEVTFSTJOUP
consideration.
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both vehicle occupants and vulnerable
SPBE VTFST 4FUUJOH BOE FOGPSDJOH
appropriate speed limits is essential.
5IJT TVSWFZ TIPXFE UIBU POMZ PG
countries rate their speed enforcement
BTNPSFUIBOPOBTDBMFPGUP
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death on the road can also be achieved

by reducing the total amount of motorized
SPBE USBOTQPSU 5IJT JO UVSO SFRVJSFT
considerable investment in infrastructure
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Reducing the volume of trafc on roads

being used by vulnerable road users can
BMTPSFEVDFFYQPTVSFUPUIFSJTLPGBDSBTI
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>V]b]50ZOYSZSg0WUAb]QY>V]b]Q][
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on the use of private cars. This survey
GPVOE UIBU POMZ POFUIJSE
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as an alternative to motorized transport.
'PSUZGPVS QFS DFOU PG DPVOUSJFT EP OPU
IBWF QPMJDJFT FJUIFS OBUJPOBM PS MPDBM

Box 2: Land use and transport planning
1SJPSJUJ[JOHUIFOFFETPGWVMOFSBCMFSPBEVTFSTJODMVEFTSFDPHOJ[JOHUIFJNQPSUBODFPGUIFCVJMUFOWJSPONFOUXIFO
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FOWJSPONFOUBOETFUUJOHVQBTVQQPSUJWFQPMJDZGSBNFXPSLSBUIFSUIBOGPDVTJOHPOMZPOIVNBOCFIBWJPVSBTUIF
QSJNBSZDBVTFPGSPBEUSBGmDDSBTIFT5IFFYBNQMFTQSFTFOUFECFMPXTIPXFGGPSUTJOGPVSTFUUJOHTUPJODPSQPSBUFUIF
needs of vulnerable road users in planning for land use and transport.
Bogota UIFDBQJUBMPG$PMPNCJB UIFIVNBOUFOEFODZUPNBLFFSSPST QFEFTUSJBOT*OUIFmSTUNPOUIT

implemented land use and transport 4XFEFOTTVTUBJOBCMFSPBETUSBUFHZ PGPQFSBUJPOUIFSFXFSFOPDBS
measures intended to meet the thus aims to modify the environment motorcycle or bicycle fatalities in the
OFFETPGUIFDJUZTOPONPUPSJ[FE XIJMFQSPUFDUJOHSPBEVTFSTGSPN corridor .
road users and to improve public VOBDDFQUBCMFMFWFMTPGSJTL"TXFMM
USBOTQPSUJOUIFQFSJPEo as building bicycle and pedestrian
5IFNFBTVSFTJODMVEFECVJMEJOH MBOFT UVOOFMTBOEDBSGSFFQMBZ Lagos /JHFSJB JTUIFTJYUIMBSHFTU
TQFDJmDDZDMJOHBOEQFEFTUSJBOPOMZ BSFBT PUIFSFOWJSPONFOUBMTPMVUJPOT DJUZJOUIFXPSMEXJUIBQPQVMBUJPO
SPVUFT JODMVEJOHBDBSGSFFSPVUF are being implemented to separate PGNJMMJPOQFPQMF'PSZFBST
excluding cars from the city centre and protect these road users. Where UIFDJUZIBTHSPXOSBQJEMZBOE
BUQFBLUJNFTJOUIFNPSOJOHBOE SPBEVTFSTDBOOPUCFTFQBSBUFE UIF TUSVHHMFEXJUIPVUSFMJBCMFQVCMJD
BGUFSOPPOEFWFMPQJOHBIJHI TUSBUFHZBDLOPXMFEHFTUIFOFFEUP transportation. The public transport
capacity bus system at a cost of give pedestrian safety priority over system largely consists of minibuses
64NJMMJPOUIBUDBSSJFTBCPVU DBSUSBGmDoQBSUJDVMBSMZCZSFEVDJOH BOEUBYJNPUPSDZDMFT NBOZPGXIJDI
QFPQMFBEBZ5IFTF speed. BSFOPUSPBEXPSUIZBOEDPOUSJCVUF
measures contributed to reducing substantially to pollution and road
the number of road trafc fatalities USBGmDDSBTIFT*O UIFTUBUF
GSPNJOUPJO Delhi *OEJB IBTSFDFOUMZDPNQMFUFE government created an agency
They also improved access to jobs UIFmSTUQIBTFPGBDPSSJEPSXJUI DBMMFEUIF-BHPT.FUSPQPMJUBO
and created a more liveable urban TFHSFHBUFEQFEFTUSJBO CJDZDMFBOE 5SBOTQPSU"VUIPSJUZ -"."5"
XJUI
environment "% . bus lanes on a major arterial road the mission to transform the state
of the city. The pedestrian lane has transport system by facilitating
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Swedens model of road safety is GPSUIFOFFETPGUIFFMEFSMZ DIJMESFO JOJUJBUJWFPG-"."5"BOEUIFTUBUF
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The Vision Zero road safety 4JODFTUSFFUWFOEPSTBSFBOJOUFHSBM BCVTSBQJEUSBOTJUTZTUFNXIJDIXBT
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based on an understanding that the consideration has been given to 5IJTTZTUFNQSPWJEFT-BHPT
environment needs to be modied QSPWJEJOHTQBDFGPSUIFNXJUIPVU DPNNVUFSTXJUIBDMFBO BGGPSEBCMF
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tolerance to mechanical forces and around the city ! ".
Cable barriers are used in a number of high-income countries Designed spaces for street vendors in Delhi, India, are part of
and have been shown to be cost effective at reducing head-on a new initiative that gives road space to different groups of
Bogotas high-capacity bus system. collisions on highways. vulnerable road users.
>V]b]/DWZZOdSQSa>/6=
AeSRWaV@]OR/R[W\WabÒbW]\
>V]b]2;]VO\B@7>>
17
that encourage public transport as an Speed
BMUFSOBUJWFUPDBSUSBOTQPSU SFnFDUJOHB What is known?
similar neglect in meeting the needs of t An increase in average speed is
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countries report JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY
5IFTF mHVSFT BSF of a crash occurring and to the
perhaps surprising given that decreased TFWFSJUZ PG UIF DSBTI DPOTFRVFODFT
their enforcement dependency on the use of private cars # $.
can have other positive impacts such as t "JODSFBTFJOBWFSBHFTQFFEMFBET
of speed limits as
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over 7 on a scale PG MFTT USBOTQPSUSFMBUFE BJS QPMMVUJPO
DSBTIFT UIBU DBVTF JOKVSJFT BOE B
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PGUP
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PGTVSWJWJOHJNQBDUTPGLNIPS
Few countries have above % &.
comprehensive road safety t 4BGFTQFFEUISFTIPMETWBSZBDDPSEJOH
UP EJGGFSFOU UZQFT PG SPBE EJGGFSFOU
laws that are well enforced types of collision and different
&OBDUJOH BOE FOGPSDJOH MFHJTMBUJPO SPBE VTFST XJUI UIFJS JOIFSFOU
PO B OVNCFS PG SJTL GBDUPST GPS SPBE WVMOFSBCJMJUJFT &GGFDUJWF TQFFE
traffic injuries and deaths is critical NBOBHFNFOUOFFETUPUBLFUIFTFBOE
JO JOnVFODJOH FYQPTVSF UP SJTL DSBTI other variables into account %.
PDDVSSFODF JOKVSZ TFWFSJUZ BOE QPTU t ;POFT PG LNI DBO SFEVDF
crash injury outcomes. Comprehensive DSBTI SJTL BOE JOKVSZ TFWFSJUZ BOE
BOE DMFBS MFHJTMBUJPO FOGPSDFE XJUI BSF SFDPNNFOEFE JO BSFBT XIFSF
appropriate penalties and accompanied vulnerable road users are particularly
CZ QVCMJD BXBSFOFTT DBNQBJHOT IBT BUSJTL % '.
CFFO TIPXO UP CF B DSJUJDBM GBDUPS JO t Apart from reducing road traffic
reducing road trafc injuries and deaths JOKVSJFT BOE EFBUIT MPXFSJOH UIF
BTTPDJBUFE XJUI TQFFE ESJOLoESJWJOH average trafc speed can have other
BOEUIFOPOVTFPGPDDVQBOUQSPUFDUJPO positive effects on health outcomes
NFBTVSFT IFMNFUT TFBUCFMUT BOEDIJME FHCZSFEVDJOHSFTQJSBUPSZQSPCMFNT
SFTUSBJOUT
5IF SFTVMUT PG UIF HMPCBM BTTPDJBUFEXJUIDBSFNJTTJPOT
%
survey suggest that the legislation on
UIFTFSJTLGBDUPSTJTOPUDPNQSFIFOTJWF What this survey found
JONBOZDPVOUSJFT BOEFOGPSDFNFOUJT Research on effective speed management
PGUFOMBDLJOH4JNJMBSMZ NBOZDPVOUSJFT indicates that the speed limits on urban
MBDL UIF JOTUJUVUJPOBM NFDIBOJTNT SPBET TIPVME OPU FYDFFE LNI
BOE SFTPVSDFT UIBU XPVME BMMPX UIFN While there remains a fairly high fatality
to implement planned activities in SJTL BU UIJT TQFFE PS FWFO MPXFS GPS
B DPPSEJOBUFE GBTIJPO o JODMVEJOH QFEFTUSJBOT DZDMJTUTBOEPUIFSWVMOFSBCMF
BEPQUJOH BOE FOGPSDJOH MBXT XIJDI SPBE VTFST
NBOZ DPVOUSJFT XJUI HPPE
may result in a piecemeal approach road safety records have adopted this
to road safety efforts that is seen in many SFDPNNFOEBUJPO XIJMF BMTP HJWJOH
DPVOUSJFT TFF#PY
QSPWJODJBM PS MPDBM EFDJTJPONBLFST UIF
authority to reduce these national speed
MJNJUT*OUIJTXBZUSBGmDDBMNJOHNFBTVSFT

Box 3: A coordinated approach to road safety
The World report on road trafc injury preventionEFWFMPQFECZ8)0BOEUIF

8PSME#BOLSFDPNNFOETUIBUDPVOUSJFTJEFOUJGZBOBHFODZXJUIUIFBVUIPSJUZBOE 0OMZPG
SFTQPOTJCJMJUZUPNBLFEFDJTJPOTBOEDPPSEJOBUFSPBETBGFUZBDUJWJUJFTBDSPTTNVMUJQMF
TFDUPST BOEXJUIBEFRVBUFmOBODFTGPSSPBETBGFUZBDUJWJUJFT5IFWorld report also countries have
recommends that each country should prepare a multisectoral national road safety
TUSBUFHZ XJUIUBSHFUTGPSUIFBDIJFWFNFOUPGTQFDJmDPVUDPNFTBOEXJUISFTPVSDFT
urban speed limits
allocated to ensure implementation of relevant activities.
PGLNIPSCFMPX
"MUIPVHIDPVOUSJFT
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TVSWFZXBTVOBCMFUPPCUBJOJOGPSNBUJPOPOUIFQSFDJTFSPMFPSFGGFDUJWFOFTTPGUIFTF
BHFODJFTJOGVMmMMJOHUIFGVODUJPOTSFRVJSFE TFF5BCMF"JO4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY
*OEFFE authorities to reduce
JOUIFRVBMJUBUJWFDPNNFOUTPGUIFTVSWFZ SFTQPOEFOUTIJHIMJHIUFEUIFDPOTJEFSBCMF
difculty that they had during the consensus meetings in identifying the lead agency them further.
for road safety in their country.
5IFHMPCBMTVSWFZBMTPGPVOEUIBUXIJMF O
PGDPVOUSJFTSFQPSUIBWJOHB
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IBWFHPWFSONFOU
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>V]b]>/6=

Figure 6. Proportion of countries by urban The results suggest that urban speed
speed limit range in 174 countries management is poor in many countries.
8IJMFPGDPVOUSJFTIBWFTQFFEMJNJUT
>90 km/h (2%)
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7190 km/h (6%)

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<50 km/h (62%) local authorities to reduce national speed
MJNJUT TFF5BCMF"JO4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY

5IFHMPCBMTVSWFZTIPXFEUIBUPOMZ
of participating countries meet both
5170 km/h (29%)
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reduce the national speed limits. Figure
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that in most countries additional efforts
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reducing road trafc injuries can be made needed.
and implemented at the subnational level
BT OFFEFE o GPS FYBNQMF JO SFTJEFOUJBM 'VSUIFSNPSF UIF SFTVMUT PG UIF HMPCBM
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the results of this survey the criteria used the enforcement of their national speed
for assessing urban speed management MJNJUTBUNPSFUIBOPOBTDBMFPGUP
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t speed limits on urban roads are set TVHHFTUT UIBU FWFO JO DPVOUSJFT XIFSF
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UIFTFTQFFEMJNJUTXIFSFOFDFTTBSZ
WHAT CAN BE DONE
4 Countries need to set speed limits that reect the function of individual roads. In doing so, they
should consider the types of vehicles using the road, the nature and purpose of the road, roadside
activities, provision of facilities for vulnerable road users, and the frequency of use by pedestrians
and cyclists. Increased priority should be given to vulnerable road users, notably in urban areas,
where speed limits should not exceed 50 km/h.
4 Local authorities need to be given the authority, resources and political support to implement
measures to reduce speed limits to levels that may be lower than national limits where vulnerable
road users are particularly at risk.
4 Programmes put into place to address speeding need to foster a public awareness and understanding
of the effects of speeding and the reasons for enforcing speed limits.

Drinking and driving ESJOLoESJWJOH)PXFWFS POMZDPVOUSJFT
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in the number of crashes involving DSBTI XIFO VOEFS UIF JOGMVFODF PG
young people ! . BMDPIPM$POTFRVFOUMZ UIFWorld report
t &OGPSDJOH TPCSJFUZ DIFDLQPJOUT BOE advised that BAC limits for this group
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What this survey found and most of these countries are in the
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participating countries report having
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Figure 7. Blood alcohol concentration limits (g/dl) by country/area
b
0.05
> 0.05
Laws at subnational level
No limit stipulated
No law
No data
21
Alcometers are part of the Mexican
PHOTO LEFT
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CENTRE )FMNFUTBSFFGGFDUJWFBUSFEVDJOHUIFSJTLPGIFBE
injuries but do not prevent a crash from occurring.
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involving motorcyclists from occurring.
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RIGHT
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campaigns and extensive helmet distribution.
3BOEPN CSFBUIUFTUJOH BOE QPMJDF Use of motorcycle helmets

DIFDLQPJOUT BSF JNQPSUBOU FOGPSDFNFOU What is known?
NFDIBOJTNT UIBU IBWF CFFO TIPXO t Wearing a motorcycle helmet
UP SFEVDF BMDPIPMSFMBUFE DSBTIFT DPSSFDUMZDBOSFEVDFUIFSJTLPGEFBUI
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alcohol concentration PG NJEEMFJODPNF DPVOUSJFT BOE helmets in reducing head injuries
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over 7.
What this survey found
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WHAT CAN BE DONE
participating in this global survey
4 All countries should have a drinkdriving IBWF MBXT TFU BU FJUIFS UIF OBUJPOBM PS
law and should strictly enforce it. TVCOBUJPOBM MFWFM UIBU SFRVJSF IFMNFUT
4 Drinkdriving laws should be based UP CF XPSO CZ VTFST PG NPUPSJ[FE
on blood alcohol concentration, or the
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equivalent breath alcohol content limits,
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4 All countries should set limits of 0.02 g/dl 'PS JOTUBODF TPNF DPVOUSJFT NBLF
or below for young/novice drivers. FYDFQUJPOT GPS NPUPSDZDMJTUT VTJOH MPX

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PGDPVOUSJFT specic standard.
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1 Some of these have exceptions, such as exempting those for medical reasons or for religious
reasons.
Figure 8. Motorcycle helmet laws and helmet standards by country/area
Has a law and standard

Has a law but no/unknown standards
No law
No data

&WFO XIFSF DPNQSFIFOTJWF MBXT BSF Seat-belt use
JO QMBDF FOGPSDFNFOU JT MPX JO NPTU What is known?
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are in place is also difcult to ascertain PDDVQBOUTCZo!'"

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WHAT CAN BE DONE

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4 All countries should have mandatory laws 8IJMFTFBUCFMUMBXTBSFXJEFTQSFBEoXJUI
on helmet use on motorized two- and O
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three-wheelers. in the global survey reporting national or
4 These laws should cover all riders who are TVCOBUJPOBMMBXToJONBOZDPVOUSJFTUIF
legally allowed to ride on motorized two-
or three-wheelers, all engine types and all MBXEPFTOPUBQQMZUPBMMDBSPDDVQBOUT
road types. JF UP GSPOU BOE SFBSTFBU PDDVQBOUT

4 Countries need to enact laws requiring 0OMZ O
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helmets to meet a national or international BMMDBSPDDVQBOUTUPXFBSTFBUCFMUT BOE
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4 Countries need to establish systems to
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and an enforcement rating of greater
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should be required to t seat-belts in
both front and rear seats of all vehicles,
irrespective of the end market.
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of countries reported having no data in many countries and must be equally
applied to the occupants of both front and
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rear-seats in cars.
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4 Enforcement efforts must be backed
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programmes that highlight the risk of
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injury when not wearing a seat-belt and
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income countries. Although the survey detected and penalized.
Figure 9. Seat-belt laws by country/area
National law applies to all car occupants

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No law or law does not apply to all car occupants
No data

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developmental stage in mind. They &WFO XIFSF MFHJTMBUJPO JT JO QMBDF
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restraints in many countries is also an
report any legislation at all on the use of important factor that affects usage.
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child restraints for
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vehicles.
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Figure 10. Child restraint legislation by country/area
National child restraint laws

No law
No data
WHAT CAN BE DONE
4 Child restraint laws need to be enacted and enforced. These laws should specify
the type of restraint, the childs age for which each restraint is appropriate, and
the seating position.
4 Mechanisms should be established to improve access to affordable child restraints.
4 Countries need to establish systems to collect data on rates of child restraint use.
4 Programmes to increase use of child restraints need to address social norms and
encourage a culture of safety. The public needs to be aware of the safety benets
of using child restraints.
Legislation: summary

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to be done.
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27
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of appropriate measures and penalties UIFTVSWFZIBE
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generating public and political support for plus
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indicators such as rates of helmet
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campaigns that both highlight the safety Data on fatalities
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and also increase the perception of a standardized denition of a road trafc
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The current recommended denition of

Few countries have reliable a road trafc fatality for harmonization
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to developing a systems approach to XBT CBTFE PO SFTFBSDI XIJDI TIPXFE
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the proportion of road trafc deaths that DSBTIw UISPVHI B EBZ QFSJPE BOE B
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definitional issues can be overcome OPU'BDUPSTUIBUDBOBGGFDUUIFRVBMJUZPG
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harmonization and comparison purposes competing priorities and availability of
JUXPVMECFFBTJFSJGBMMDPVOUSJFTVTFEUIF resources.
same denition.
Figure 11. Time period used to dene a road trafc fatality by country/
area and income group
Other
Within 1 year
Within 30 days
Within 7 days
Within 24 hours
On the scene
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Number of countries 4JNQMFDBTVBMUZSFHJTUFSTDBO
HIC MIC LIC be used to obtain a minimum
EBUBTFUXIJDIQSPWJEFT
JOGPSNBUJPOPOOPOGBUBM
injuries.
>V]b];>SRS\E6=

The extent of underreporting is also in data collected by the police and
JOnVFODFECZ transport sectors compared to health
t UIF TFDUPS UIBU SFDPSET UIF TFDUPS EBUB XIJDI TVHHFTUT UIF OFFE
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t UIFQSPQPSUJPOPGDSBTIFTJOWPMWJOH 5IJT TVSWFZ TIPXFE UIBU POMZ PG
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and JTTVFT PG VOEFSSFQPSUJOH BOE UP NBLF
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employed and extrapolated. TVSWFZXFVTFE B
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health care facilities. 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY GPS NPSF JOGPSNBUJPO

5BCMF TIPXT UIF SFQPSUFE EBUB BOE
0OF XBZ PG JNQSPWJOH UIJT QSPCMFN SBUFQFSQPQVMBUJPOWFSTVTUIBU
JT UP MJOL EBUB TPVSDFT 4UVEJFT IBWF PCUBJOFECZUIFNPEFM JOEJDBUJOHB
TIPXO IJHIFS MFWFMT PG VOEFSSFQPSUJOH difference globally.
Figure 12. Proportion of countries using different data sources for

road trafc fatalities
No data (2%) Health (7%)
Other (15%)
Police (50%)
Statistics (9%)
Linked to health/
other sector (7%)
Transport (11%)

Table 4. Road trafc deaths by WHO region using
reported and modelled data
REPORTED DATAa MODELLED DATAa

RATE PER 100 000 RATE PER 100 000
WHO REGION n POPULATION n POPULATION
AFRICAN REGION 52 302 7.2 234 768 32.2
REGION OF THE AMERICAS 139 466 15.5 142 252 15.8
SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION 143 977 8.4 285 020 16.6
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION 76 912 14.1 175 668 32.2
EUROPEAN REGION 113 346 12.8 117 997 13.4
WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 135 316 7.6 278 321 15.6
GLOBAL 661 319 10.1 1 234 026 18.8
a
Adjusted for 30-day denition.
WHAT CAN BE DONE
4 Encourage the use of the 30-day denition of road trafc fatality for
harmonization across data sources.
4 Improve data linkages between police, transport and health sectors.
4 Increase human capacity to undertake data collection, analysis and interpretation.
4 Improve the use of ICD1 coding in vital registration to adequately reect road
trafc deaths.
1
The International Classication of Diseases (ICD) is used to classify diseases and other health problems recorded on
many types of records, including death certicates and health records. The most recent (10th) revision of the ICD codes
came into use in 1994 but some countries still use previous versions.
Data on non-fatal injuries employ hospital staff to code injuries

*OBEEJUJPOUPNPSUBMJUZEBUB JOGPSNBUJPO XIFOUIFQBUJFOUJTEJTDIBSHFEGSPNDBSF
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it provides a complete picture of the TVDI BT UIF "CCSFWJBUFE *OKVSZ 4DBMF
JNQBDUPGSPBEUSBGmDDSBTIFTGPSQPMJDZ *OKVSZ4FWFSJUZ4DPSFPSUIF*OUFSOBUJPOBM
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IPTQJUBM TUBGGJOH EPDUPS BOE OVSTF UIFO MJOL UIFTF EBUB UP QPMJDFUSBOTQPSU
USBJOJOH BOE BMMPDBUJPO PG GVOET GPS databases "&o#.
hospital admissions and rehabilitation.
)PXFWFS JUJTOPUBMXBZTFTTFOUJBMUPTFU )PXFWFS JO NBOZ DPVOUSJFT UIF MFWFM
up a sophisticated injury information of severity of an injury is recorded by
TZTUFNXIFOSFTPVSDFTBSFTDBSDFTPNF the police at the site of the crash. This
type of casualty register or repeated results in less reliable categorization of
TVSWFZTDBOCFFRVBMMZVTFGVM JOKVSJFT 5IF MBDL PG IBSNPOJ[BUJPO JO
UFSNJOPMPHZ VTFE BMTP NBLFT DPVOUSZ
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SFMJBCJMJUZ PG EBUB PO OPOGBUBM JOKVSJFT iTFSJPVTwJTEFmOFEBTiSFRVJSJOHIPTQJUBM
are probably even more complex BUUFOUJPOw XIJMFJOPUIFSTJUJTiJOQBUJFOU
than those relating to data on deaths. DBSF GPS BU MFBTU IPVSTw XIJMF ZFU
Reliable assessment of the severity of others have longer admission times.
JOKVSZSFRVJSFTTPNFDMJOJDBMFYQFSJFODF 5IFSF JT VTVBMMZ MJUUMF MJBJTPO CFUXFFO
PS NFEJDBM FYQFSUJTF " GFX DPVOUSJFT UIF QPMJDF BOE IFBMUI GBDJMJUJFT UP USBDL

Training police in Addis Ababa on data
PHOTO LEFT
DPMMFDUJPOJTPOFNFBTVSFVTFECZUIF&UIJPQJBO
>V]b];9VOgSaWE6=
government to improve estimates of road trafc injury
fatalities.
CENTRE "OVSTFBUUFOETUPBNPUPSDZDMJTUXJUIBIFBE
JOKVSZJO$IJBOH.BJ 5IBJMBOE
RIGHT3FNFNCFSJOHUIPTFLJMMFEJOSPBEUSBGmDDSBTIFT
in France.
The majority of IPXMPOHBQBUJFOUJTBENJUUFEGPSBOE 5IJTTVSWFZTIPXFEBSBUJPCFUXFFO

so the category of serious can range EFBUIT BOE TFWFSF JOKVSJFT *G UIJT XFSF
countries do not GSPN B GFX DVUT BOE CSVJTFT UP TFWFSF applied to the global total of 1.27 million
have robust data on IFBEJOKVSJFT5PDPNQPVOEUIJT JONPTU EFBUIT JUXPVMENFBOUIBUBQQSPYJNBUFMZ
IJHIJODPNFDPVOUSJFTUIPTFJOWPMWFEJO NJMMJPOQFPQMFBSFJOKVSFETFWFSFMZ
OPOGBUBMSPBEUSBGmD BDSBTIXJUIBOZUZQFPGJOKVSZBSFVTVBMMZ enough to be seen in an emergency
seen in an accident and emergency room room. This supports previous estimates
injuries.
GPS JOTVSBODF QVSQPTFT XIJMF JO MPX PGUIFUPUBMOVNCFSPGOPOGBUBMJOKVSJFT
JODPNF BOE NJEEMFJODPNF DPVOUSJFT BMMTFWFSJUZMFWFMT
BTCFUXFFOBOE
UIJTEFQFOETPOBDDFTTUPDBSF BHPPE million "%.
QSFIPTQJUBMDBSFTZTUFN mOBODFT BOE
PUIFSWBSJBCMFT TFF#PY

WHAT CAN BE DONE
4 The data collected by the health sector need to be improved. This is particularly true with regard
to data on non-fatal injuries. This can take the form of discharge data using ICD coding, injury
surveillance systems or, where this is not feasible, intermittent surveys or casualty registers which
collect only minimum data #.
4 There is a need for standard denitions of levels of severity of non-fatal injuries to allow them to
be accurately recorded and collated. The denitions should be simple enough to be administered by
both health and non-health personnel.
4 Countries should be encouraged to link all data sources on road trafc injuries in order to help
address underreporting.

>V]b];>SRS\E6=
>V]b]E6=
Box 4: Pre-hospital care
.VDIDBOCFEPOFUPMPXFSUIFCVSEFOPGEFBUIBOEEJTBCJMJUZGSPNSPBE
trafc injuries by strengthening trauma care services across the spectrum
GSPNQSFIPTQJUBMDBSFUISPVHIUPSFIBCJMJUBUJPO5IFDIBJOPGTVSWJWBMTUBSUT
BUUIFTDFOFPGUIFJODJEFOU1SPNQU HPPERVBMJUZQSFIPTQJUBMDBSFDBO
save the lives of many injured persons.
5IJTHMPCBMTVSWFZTIPXFEUIBUPGUIFDPVOUSJFTIBWFGPSNBM
QSFIPTQJUBMDBSFTZTUFNT5IFRVBMJUZPGUIFTFTZTUFNT IPXFWFS XBT
OPUFWBMVBUFE5IFZDPVMESBOHFGSPNTPQIJTUJDBUFETZTUFNTXJUIIJHIMZ
RVBMJmFETUBGGUPUIPTFUIBUSFMZPOMZPOmSTUSFTQPOEFST FHCZTUBOEFST
5IFRVJDLBSSJWBMPGFNFSHFODZSFTQPOTFUFBNTJTBOJNQPSUBOUGBDUPS
JOSFEVDJOHBEWFSTFIFBMUIDPOTFRVFODFTPGBDSBTI"MUIPVHINPTU
DPVOUSJFTIBWFPOFVOJWFSTBMQSFIPTQJUBMDBSFBDDFTTUFMFQIPOFOVNCFS
>V]b]E6=
DPVOUSJFTIBWFVQUPUISFFEJGGFSFOUOBUJPOBMUFMFQIPOFOVNCFSTBOE
BGVSUIFSDPVOUSJFTIBWFMPDBMPSSFHJPOTQFDJmDOVNCFST5IJTDBOCF
DPOGVTJOHGPSUIFMBZQFSTPOXIPIBTUPSFNFNCFSUIFEJGGFSFOUOVNCFST
BOEUIFOEFDJEFXIJDIOVNCFSUPVTF'PSFYBNQMF JO4PVUI"GSJDBJG
ZPVBSFVTJOHBNPCJMFQIPOFZPVBSFSFRVJSFEUPEJBM XIJMFPO
BMBOEMJOFUIFOVNCFSJT5PDPNQPVOENBUUFST BOVNCFSPG
Where no pre-hospital trauma care system exists, trained
private ambulance companies cannot be accessed unless one has medical community members can provide rst aid.
JOTVSBODFXIJDIDPWFSTUIJTTFSWJDF
5IFNPTUDPNNPOQSFIPTQJUBMDBSFBDDFTTOVNCFSVTFEJT VTFECZDPVOUSJFT
GPMMPXFECZ VTFE
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BOE VTFEQSFEPNJOBOUMZJO"GSJDB
"T
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'PSJOTUBODF UIF&VSPQFBO6OJPOJTNPWJOHUPXBSETUIFBEPQUJPOPGPOFVOJWFSTBMOVNCFS
GPSBMMJUTNFNCFS
countries.

Data on economic costs t 8 I J M F D P V O U S Z M F W F M D P T U J O H
Considerable economic and social costs studies are important for internal
SFTVMUGSPNEFBUIT JOKVSJFTBOEEJTBCJMJUZ DPNQBSJTPOT BUBHMPCBMMFWFMUIFZ
caused by road trafc crashes. The survey IBWF DPOTJEFSBCMF MJNJUBUJPOT XJUI
SFTVMUTTIPXFEUIBU regard to comparisons in terms of the
t -FTT UIBO IBMG PG BMM QBSUJDJQBUJOH EJGGFSFOU NFUIPEPMPHJFT FNQMPZFE
countries have conducted a study on the different currencies used and the
UIFDPTUPGSPBEUSBGmDEFBUITBOE EJGGFSFOUZFBSTJOXIJDIUIFTBNQMFT
PSJOKVSJFT TFF5BCMF
XFSFDPMMFDUFE
t Most surveys are not national
but based on a sample and are )PXFWFS UIJT UZQF PG JOGPSNBUJPO BU
usually conducted in a teaching country level is extremely important
IPTQJUBM %BUB ESBXO GSPN UIFN GPS TIPXJOH UIF JNQBDU PG SPBE USBGmD
XIJMFVTFGVM UIFSFGPSFIBWFMJNJUFE crashes on all the sectors involved and
generalizability. for convincing politicians to invest in
t (SPTT PVUQVU NFUIPEPMPHZ JT UIF QSFWFOUJPO ,OPXJOH UIF FGGFDUJWFOFTT
most common method used to assess PG JOUFSWFOUJPOT BOE DPOTFRVFOU DPTUo
costs. While this type of costing is CFOFmU SBUJPT XPVME CF NPTU CFOFmDJBM
VTFGVM GPS IFBMUI TFSWJDFT JU TIPXT to countries.
POMZ UIF UJQ PG UIF JDFCFSH -PTT PG
QSPEVDUJWJUZ EBNBHFT SFEVDFE WHAT CAN BE DONE
RVBMJUZPGMJGFBOEPUIFSGBDUPSTBSF
important indirect costs that need to 4 Countries should be encouraged to conduct
national studies on the costs of road trafc
be included if the true cost to society
crashes as well as on the cost-effectiveness
is to be calculated. of interventions they put into place.
4 Where possible, costing should include
both direct and indirect costs.
Table 5. Countries with one or more studies on the economic cost of

road trafc crashes by WHO region
COUNTRIES
DEATHS AND OTHER TYPES REPORTING AT
INJURIES DEATHS ONLY INJURIES ONLY OF STUDIES LEAST 1 STUDY
WHO REGION n n n n n
AFRICAN REGION 15 2 0 17
REGION OF THE AMERICAS 14 0 1 15
SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION 6 1 7
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION 10 1 1 12
EUROPEAN REGION 25 2 27
WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 11 2 13
ALL 81 5 1 4 91

Data on monitoring and
evaluation Table 6. Countries with targets included in their road
safety strategies by WHO region and income level
0OMZ PG UIF DPVOUSJFT TVSWFZFE

IBWFBOBUJPOBMSPBETBGFUZTUSBUFHZ WHO REGION LOW-INCOME MIDDLE-INCOME HIGH-INCOME TOTAL
XIJDI JODMVEFT UBSHFUT 0WFS POFUIJSE AFRICAN REGION a
9 2 11
PGUIFTFDPVOUSJFTBSFJO&VSPQFXIFSFB REGION OF THE AMERICASb 9 3 12
&VSPQFBO6OJPOUBSHFUXBTTFUTPNFZFBST SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGIONa 2 2 4
BHPGPSBDIJFWFNFOUCZ TFF5BCMF EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION 0 2 1 3

0UIFS SFHJPOT MJLF "GSJDB IBWF BMTP EUROPEAN REGION 1 11 21 33
recently adopted targets although these WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 1 6 5 12
have yet to be reected at country level. GLOBAL 13 32 30 75
a
No high-income countries.
b
No low-income countries.
Targets are not the only method of
monitoring or evaluating progress. Pages
oEFTDSJCFUIFFWJEFODFPOBOVNCFS
of proven interventions that are critical to Figure 13. Levels of motorcycle helmet
wearing in 60 countriesa
improving road safety. These include
SFEVDJOH TQFFE BOE ESJOLoESJWJOH BOE
JODSFBTJOHUIFVTFPGIFMNFUT TFBUCFMUT % motorcycle helmet
17% wearing (range)
and child restraints.
024%
3% 2549%
While some countries have put into
5074%
QMBDF MFHJTMBUJPO UP BEESFTT UIFTF SJTL % of countries 75100%
GBDUPST GFX DPVOUSJFT IBWF FTUBCMJTIFE
systems to collect data on monitoring or 59% 22%
evaluating the success of these measures

at a national level.
*O UIJT TVSWFZ POMZ PG DPVOUSJFT

a
SFQPSUFE EBUB PO NPUPSDZDMF IFMNFU In 51 countries this estimate was based on an observational study,
the source of which is noted in the country proles. In 9 countries the
XFBSJOHSBUFT XJUIUIFMFWFMTPGIFMNFU estimated wearing rate is the opinion of the consensus group.
XFBSJOHSFQPSUFEWBSZJOHXJEFMZ BTTIPXO
JO'JHVSFBOE5BCMF"JOUIF4UBUJTUJDBM
"OOFY )PXFWFS UIF NFUIPEPMPHJFT Figure 14. Seat-belt wearing rates
VTFEUPEFUFSNJOFUIFTFmHVSFTXFSFOPU in 95 countriesa
FWBMVBUFEBTQBSUPGUIJTTUVEZ XIJMFGPS
TPNFDPVOUSJFTUIFIFMNFUXFBSJOHSBUFT % seat-belt
18% wearing (range)
SFQPSUFEXFSFSFTVMUTPGTNBMMTUVEJFTJO 21%
<30%
QBSUJDVMBSHFPHSBQIJDBSFBT XIJDIMJNJU
3049%
their generalizability.
7% 5069%
% of countries 7089%
-FWFMTPGTFBUCFMUXFBSJOHBNPOHGSPOU
>90%
TFBU PDDVQBOUT XFSF SFQPSUFE GPS 14%
DPVOUSJFTBOESBOHFGSPNVOEFSUP
PWFS TFF'JHVSFBOE5BCMF" 40%
JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY
-JNJUBUJPOT PG UIF
methodologies used are similar to those
a
In 86 countries this estimate was based on an observational study,
the source of which is noted in the country proles. In 9 countries the
estimated seat-belt wearing rate is the opinion of the consensus group.

PGIFMNFUXFBSJOHEBUB'PSUZTFWFOQFS IBMGPGBMMSPBEUSBGmDGBUBMJUJFT TFF'JHVSF
cent of countries reported having no data BOE 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY

PO SBUFT PG TFBUCFMU VTF JO GSPOU TFBUT )PXFWFS POMZ IBMG PG QBSUJDJQBUJOH
BOE SFQPSUFE OP EBUB PO SBUFT PG countries have any data on the proportion
XFBSJOHSFBSTFBUCFMUT of road traffic deaths attributable to
BMDPIPM o BOE UIPTF UIBU EP GSFRVFOUMZ
The proportion of deaths related to only have data from more sophisticated
alcohol reported in this study varies from UFSUJBSZ IPTQJUBMT XIJDI MJNJUT UIF
DPVOUSJFTXIFSFUIJTmHVSFJTVOEFS UP QPTTJCJMJUZPGNBLJOHHFOFSBMJ[BUJPOTPO
UIPTFXIFSFBMDPIPMDPOUSJCVUFTUPPWFS the basis of the information.
Figure 15. Proportion of alcohol-related fatal

crashes in 93 countriesa
% alcohol-relatedness
11% (range)
3% <5%
28%
59%
15% 1019%
% of countries 2029%
3039%
4049%
11% 17% >50%
15%
a
In 90 countries this estimate was based on ofcial data, the source of
which is noted in the country proles. In 3 countries the proportion given
is the opinion of the consensus group.
WHAT CAN BE DONE
4 Countries need to step up efforts to collect robust data on a number of intermediate indicators that
relate to road trafc injury prevention and that can be used for monitoring and evaluation research.
These include:
t rates of helmet use;
t rates of seat-belt use;
t the proportion of drivers with blood alcohol concentration over the legal limit;
t rates of child restraint use.
4 While high-income countries often use sophisticated survey methodology, basic helmet and seat-belt
wearing surveys are relatively simple and cheap to conduct. Surveys are essential for comprehensive
monitoring to take place.
4 These data are pivotal to making policy decisions based on evidence, and to evaluating measures
that are put in place.
4 The health sector should play an important role in research related to risk factors.

4
Strengths and weaknesses
of this survey
Conclusions
BTTFTTNFOUT BMMPX DPVOUSJFT UP NPOJUPS

their progress over time compared to that
of other countries.
5IJTTVSWFZJTBmSTUTUFQUPXBSETBCSPBE
global assessment of road safety. It brings 5IFTVSWFZNFUIPEPMPHZXBTEFTJHOFEUP
UPHFUIFSBVOJRVFTFUPGEBUBPOBOVNCFS increase the accuracy and completeness
PGSPBETBGFUZWBSJBCMFTGPSDPVOUSJFT PGUIFEBUBUIBUXFSFTVCNJUUFEUP8)0
BDDPVOUJOHGPSPWFSPGUIFXPSMET CZ SFRVJSJOH SFTQPOEFOUT GSPN NVMUJQMF
population. It brings road safety into line TFDUPSTUPUBLFQBSUBOESFBDIDPOTFOTVT
XJUIPUIFSJTTVFTTVDIBTDMJNBUFDIBOHF PO UIF GJOBM BOTXFST "O BEEJUJPOBM
UPCBDDPBOEUVCFSDVMPTJT XIFSFSFHVMBS CFOFmUPGUIFNFUIPEPMPHZXBTUPGPTUFS
>V]b]2;]VO\B@7>>
>V]b]

NVMUJTFDUPSBM DPMMBCPSBUJPO CZ MJOLJOH Key messages and
SPBETBGFUZQSBDUJUJPOFSTXPSLJOHJOUIF recommendations
TBNF DPVOUSZ 4PNF /BUJPOBM %BUB
Coordinators reported that the consensus This survey covered the magnitude of road
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practitioners from different sectors had JOTUJUVUJPOT QPMJDJFT MFHJTMBUJPOBOEEBUB
met to discuss road safety. As a result of DPMMFDUJPOTZTUFNT BOEQFSDFJWFEMFWFMT
UIFSFHJPOBMUSBJOJOHXPSLTIPQTIFMEBT of enforcement of legislation at a country
QBSUPGUIJTQSPKFDU OFUXPSLTPG/BUJPOBM level. The main ndings are summarized
%BUB$PPSEJOBUPSTIBWFCFFOEFWFMPQFE BTGPMMPXT
and are already being used to facilitate t 3PBEUSBGmDGBUBMJUJFTSFNBJOBNBKPS
regional collaboration. QVCMJD IFBMUI QSPCMFN XJUI UIF
IJHIFTU GBUBMJUZ SBUFT QFS
/POFUIFMFTT BTXJUIBOZTUVEZ UIFSFBSF QPQVMBUJPO JO NJEEMFJODPNF BOE
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t 5IF DPNQBSBCJMJUZ PG EBUB BDSPTT DZDMJTUT BOE VTFST PG NPUPSJ[FE
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VTFEJOUIFRVFTUJPOOBJSF FHXIBU approximately half of all road trafc
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reporting data from different years JO MPXJODPNF BOE NJEEMFJODPNF
PS
BOEEJGGFSFOUTPVSDFT countries in Asia.
PGEBUBVTFEGPSWBSJBCMFT FHGBUBMJUZ t 8IJMFNBOZDPVOUSJFTIBWFBCBTJD
data in some countries came from the MFHJTMBUJWF GSBNFXPSL JO QMBDF GPS
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PODPNQMFUFOFTT
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t 5IF TVSWFZ GPDVTFE PO OBUJPOBM IFMNFUT TFBUCFMUT BOE DIJME
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DPVOUSJFTXIFSFSJTLGBDUPSMFHJTMBUJPO BSFGSFRVFOUMZOPUDPNQSFIFOTJWFJO
JTFOBDUFEBUUIFTVCOBUJPOBMMFWFM their scope.
UIF EFUBJMT PO UIFTF WBSJBCMFT XFSF t &OGPSDFNFOUPGMBXTSFMBUJOHUPUIFTF
OPUSFDPSEFE4JNJMBSMZ XIJMFNBOZ SJTLGBDUPSTGPSSPBEUSBGmDJOKVSJFTJT
MBXT PO SPBE USBGGJDSFMBUFE SJTL perceived to be suboptimal in many
factors are enacted at national countries.
MFWFM FOGPSDFNFOU BOE SFHVMBUPSZ t *OTUJUVUJPOBM GSBNFXPSLT BSF
measures are often carried out at insufciently developed or resourced
the subnational or local level. in many countries to be effective.
t 'JOBMMZ EBUBDPMMFDUJPOJOUIJTQSPKFDU 'PSJOTUBODF XIJMFPGDPVOUSJFT
JOWPMWFEUIFVTFPGTFMGBENJOJTUFSFE report the existence of a national
RVFTUJPOOBJSFTXIJDIDBOJOUSPEVDF SPBE TBGFUZ TUSBUFHZ POMZ POFUIJSE
a number of potential biases. In of countries report government
BEEJUJPO B EFHSFF PG TVCKFDUJWJUZ endorsement of the strategy that has
XBT JOUSPEVDFE BT SFTQPOEFOUT both precise targets and sufcient
XFSFBTLFEUPSBUFUIFJSperception GVOEJOH GPS JUT JNQMFNFOUBUJPO o
of enforcement of the legislation on CPUIPGXIJDIBSFJNQPSUBOUGPSUIF
SJTLGBDUPSTJOUIFJSDPVOUSZ success of a strategy.

t 5IFSF BSF TFWFSBM MJNJUBUJPOT JO UIF FGGPSUT NVTU CF XFMMQVCMJDJ[FE
data that countries collect and report TVTUBJOFE BOEJNQMFNFOUFEUISPVHI
POSPBEUSBGmDJOKVSJFT6OEFSSFQPSUJOH the use of appropriate measures and
PG SPBE USBGGJD EFBUIT o B DSVDJBM penalties for infringement.
indicator in terms of assessing
NBHOJUVEFoJTBNBKPSQSPCMFNJO 4. Countries need to encourage
NBOZ DPVOUSJFT *O BEEJUJPO POMZ collaboration among different sectors
PG BMM DPVOUSJFT JOEJDBUFE UIBU involved in collecting and reporting
UIFZIBEEBUBPOGBUBMBOEOPOGBUBM road trafc injury data. This involves
SPBEUSBGmDJOKVSJFT FTUJNBUFTPGUIF JNQSPWJOH EBUB MJOLBHFT CFUXFFO
DPTUUPUIFJSFDPOPNZ BOEEBUBPO QPMJDF USBOTQPSUBOEIFBMUITFSWJDFT
monitoring and evaluation indicators IBSNPOJ[BUJPOPGDBTFEFmOJUJPOT BT
TVDIBTSBUFTPGIFMNFUVTFBOETFBU XFMMBTJODSFBTJOHIVNBODBQBDJUZUP
CFMUXFBSJOH VOEFSUBLFEBUBDPMMFDUJPO
5IFSFTVMUTQSFTFOUFETVHHFTUUIBUXIJMF (PWFSONFOUTOFFEUPFOTVSFUIBUUIF
NPTUDPVOUSJFTIBWFUBLFOTUFQTUPXBSET institutions that have been nominated
BEESFTTJOHSPBETBGFUZ BEEJUJPOBMFGGPSUT BT SFTQPOTJCMF GPS UBLJOH BDUJPO
BSFOFFEFE on road safety have the necessary
human and nancial resources to act
(PWFSONFOUT OFFE UP UBLF JOUP effectively. The evidence suggests that
consideration the needs of all road the development and endorsement
VTFSTXIFONBLJOHQPMJDZEFDJTJPOT PG B OBUJPOBM TUSBUFHZ XJUI SFBMJTUJD
that impact on road safety. To UBSHFUT BOE FBSNBSLFE GVOEJOH
EBUF UIFOFFETPGWVMOFSBCMFSPBE for implementation are important
users have been neglected in many GBDUPST UPXBSET NFFUJOH MPOHUFSN
countries and should be given road safety goals.
SFOFXFEFNQIBTJT QBSUJDVMBSMZXIFO
decisions are made about road The results of this survey can be used
EFTJHOBOEJOGSBTUSVDUVSF MBOEVTF as a tool to inform policy decisions in
planning and transport services. DPOKVODUJPOXJUIPUIFSJOUFSOBUJPOBMBOE
OBUJPOBMTUVEJFTBOEQSPHSBNNFToGPS
(PWFSONFOUT OFFE UP FOBDU FYBNQMF UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT 3FHJPOBM
DPNQSFIFOTJWF MBXT UP QSPUFDU BMM $PNNJTTJPOT QSPKFDU PO TFUUJOH SPBE
road users by setting speed limits USBGGJD DBTVBMUZ SFEVDUJPO UBSHFUT PS
that are appropriate to the type and alongside implementation and evaluation
GVODUJPO PG UIF SPBE TUJQVMBUJOH of the good practice manuals developed
blood alcohol concentration limits UISPVHIUIF6OJUFE/BUJPOT3PBE4BGFUZ
UIBUIFMQSFEVDFESJOLoESJWJOH BOE Collaboration. The results can also be
SFRVJSJOH UIF VTF PG BQQSPQSJBUF used to leverage political support and
QSPUFDUJPO NFBTVSFT &YJTUJOH resources for safer road transportation for
MFHJTMBUJPOTIPVMECFSFWJFXFEBOE BMMSPBEVTFST JODMVEJOHJOJOUFSOBUJPOBM
BNFOEFE UP DPOGPSN XJUI HPPE GPSVNT0OFLFZNJMFTUPOFJOJOUFSOBUJPOBM
practices that are based on sound SPBETBGFUZFWFOUTXJMMCFUIF'JSTU(MPCBM
evidence of effectiveness. .JOJTUFSJBM$POGFSFODFPO3PBE4BGFUZUP
CFIFMEJO.PTDPXJO/PWFNCFS
&OGPSDFNFOUPGBMMSPBETBGFUZMBXT %VSJOH UIF $POGFSFODF EFMFHBUFT BSF
OFFETUPCFJNQSPWFE&OGPSDFNFOU MJLFMZ UP DBMM GPS B Decade of Action

on Road Safety 4IPVME UIJT QSPQPTBM EPPDDVS BOEDPVOUSJFTIBWFUBLFONBOZ
CF FOEPSTFE CZ NFNCFS DPVOUSJFT TUFQTUPXBSETQVUUJOHJOQMBDFFWJEFODF
such a decade could be an important CBTFE JOUFSWFOUJPOT UP NBLF SPBET
opportunity to further catalyse action. TBGFS "U UIF JOUFSOBUJPOBM MFWFM IJHI
The results of this Global status report level commitment has been evidenced
and the gaps it has identied should by various international resolutions and
TFSWFBTLFZFMFNFOUTJOUIFEJTDVTTJPOT DPMMBCPSBUJWFQSPKFDUT5IJTTVSWFZTIPXT
during the Ministerial Conference on IPXFWFS UIBU NVDI NPSF SFNBJOT UP
3PBE4BGFUZBTXFMMBTGPSQMBOOJOHUIF CF EPOF /P DPVOUSZ DBO BGGPSE UP TJU
activities envisaged in the context of the CBDL BOE BTTVNF UIBU JUT SPBE TBGFUZ
Decade of Action. XPSLJTDPNQMFUF BOEUIFJOUFSOBUJPOBM
community must continue to recognize
An increasing body of research road trafc injuries as an important health
EFNPOTUSBUFTXBZTUPQSFWFOUDSBTIFTPS and development issue and intensify
UPSFEVDFUIFTFWFSJUZPGJOKVSJFTXIFOUIFZ support for their prevention.

References
1. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 update(FOFWB 8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPO IUUQXXXXIP
JOUIFBMUIJOGPHMPCBM@CVSEFO@EJTFBTF(#%@SFQPSU@VQEBUF@"OOFY"QEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM

2. World health statistics 2008 (FOFWB 8PSME )FBMUI 0SHBOJ[BUJPO IUUQXXXXIPJOUXIPTJT
XIPTUBUFOJOEFYIUN BDDFTTFE"QSJM

.VSSBZ$+-FUBMThe Global Burden of Disease 2000 project: aims, methods and data sources (1&%JTDVTTJPO
1BQFS/P
(FOFWB 8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPO
1FEFO.FUBM FETWorld report on road trafc injury prevention(FOFWB 8PSME )FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPO
IUUQXXXXIPJOUWJPMFODF@JOKVSZ@QSFWFOUJPOQVCMJDBUJPOTSPBE@USBGmDXPSME@SFQPSUFOJOEFYIUNM
BDDFTTFE"QSJM

&TJZPL#FUBMRoad trafc accidents and disability: A cross-section study from Turkey. Disability and Rehabilitation
o
(VSVSBK(Road trafc injury prevention in India#BOHBMPSF /BUJPOBM*OTUJUVUFPG.FOUBM)FBMUIBOE/FVSP
4DJFODFT 1VCMJDBUJPO/P
IUUQXXXOJNIBOTLBSOJDJOFQJEFNJPMPHZEPDFQ@GUQEG BDDFTTFE
"QSJM

+BDPCT( 5IPNBT"" "TUSPQ"Estimating global road fatalities$SPXUIPSOF 5SBOTQPSU3FTFBSDI-BCPSBUPSZ
53-3FQPSU
IUUQXXXUSBOTQPSUMJOLTPSHUSBOTQPSU@MJOLTmMFBSFBQVCMJDBUJPOT@@53-
QEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM

3FBEJOH3"SFBTPDJPFDPOPNJDTUBUVTBOEDIJMEIPPEJOKVSZNPSCJEJUZJO/FX4PVUI8BMFT "VTUSBMJBChild
Care Health and Development
"FSPO5IPNBT"FUBMThe involvement and impact of road crashes on the poor: Bangladesh and India case
studies QSPKFDU113
$SPXUIPSOF 6OJUFE,JOHEPN 5SBOTQPSU3FTFBSDI-BCPSBUPSZ IUUQXXX
HSTQSPBETBGFUZPSHUIFNFTEFGBVMUQEGT5IF1PPS@mOBMmOBMSFQPSUQEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM

Guidelines for estimating the cost of road crashes in developing countries QSPKFDU3
-POEPO 5SBOTQPSU
3FTFBSDI -BCPSBUPSZ %FQBSUNFOU GPS *OUFSOBUJPOBM %FWFMPQNFOU IUUQXXXUSBOTQPSUMJOLTPSH
USBOTQPSU@MJOLTmMFBSFBQVCMJDBUJPOT@@31%' BDDFTTFE"QSJM

0EFSP8FUBM3PBEUSBGmDJOKVSJFTJO,FOZBNBHOJUVEF DBVTFTBOETUBUVTPGJOUFSWFOUJPOInjury Prevention
and Safety Control o
(VSVSBK(3PBEUSBGmDEFBUIT JOKVSJFTBOEEJTBCJMJUJFTJO*OEJBDVSSFOUTDFOBSJPThe National Medical Journal
of India o
/FXUPO+Road safety Partnership program. Shared responsibility8FTUFSO"VTUSBMJB 0GmDFPG3PBE4BGFUZ
IUUQXXXPGmDFPGSPBETBGFUZXBHPWBVEPDVNFOUT+BNFT/FXUPO3PBE4BGFUZ1BSUOFSTIJQ1SPHSBNQEG
BDDFTTFE"QSJM

1BVMP[[J-+FUBM&DPOPNJDEFWFMPQNFOUTFGGFDUPOSPBEUSBOTQPSUSFMBUFENPSUBMJUZBNPOHEJGGFSFOUSPBE
VTFSTBDSPTTTFDUJPOBMJOUFSOBUJPOBMTUVEZAccident Analysis & Prevention o
,PQQJUT& $SPQQFS.5SBGmDGBUBMJUJFTBOEFDPOPNJDHSPXUIAccident Analysis & Prevention o
178.
4XFEJTI(PWFSONFOU)FBMUIBOE8FMGBSF4UBUJTUJDBM%BUBCBTF IUUQFQDGTJOEFY
BTQ LPEFOHFMTLB BDDFTTFE"QSJM

7BTDPODFMMPT&"Urban transport, environment and equity: The case for developing countries-POEPO&BSUITDBO
1VCMJDBUJPOT
,IBZFTJ.-JWBCMFTUSFFUTGPSQFEFTUSJBOTJO/BJSPCJUIFDIBMMFOHFPGSPBEUSBGmDBDDJEFOUTWorld Policy and
Practice o
0EFSP83PBEUSBGmDBDDJEFOUTJO,FOZBBOFQJEFNJPMPHJDBMBQQSBJTBMEast African Medical Journal
o
41
%IBSNBSBUOF 4% 4UFWFOTPO . 1VCMJD SPBE USBOTQPSU DSBTIFT JO B MPX JODPNF DPVOUSZ Injury Prevention
o
1FBMPTB&5IFQPMJUJDTPGIBQQJOFTTPlanners Tabloid "VHVTUo4FQUFNCFS IUUQXXXTBDUPBQB
PSHOFXTMUSOFXTQEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM

5JXBSJ(4FMGPSHBOJ[JOHTZTUFNTBOEJOOPWBUJPOJO"TJBO$JUJFT*O+POTPO( 5FOTUSPN& FETUrban transport
development: a complex issue#FSMJOBOE)FJEFMCFSH 4QSJOHFS7FSMBH o
.PCFSFPMB % 4USFOHUIFOJOH VSCBO USBOTQPSU JOTUJUVUJPOT B DBTF TUVEZ PG -BHPT TUBUF Sub-Saharan Africa
Transport Policy Program %JTDVTTJPO1BQFS/P
IUUQXXXXPSMECBOLPSHBGSTTBUQ3FTPVSDFT
44"51%JTDVTTJPO1BQFSTEQQEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM

4VC4BIBSBO"GSJDB5SBOTQPSU1SPHSBN1PMJDZ 44"51
%FWFMPQJOHOFXGSPOUJFSTUPJNQSPWFVSCBONPCJMJUZ
SSATP Newsletter no 6 +BOVBSZ IUUQHPXPSMECBOLPSH).$&2) BDDFTTFE"QSJM

/JMTTPO(Trafc safety dimension and the power model to describe the effect on speed safety-VOE -VOE
*OTUJUVUFPG5FDIOPMPHZ
'JODI %+ FU BM Speed, speed limits and accidents 1SPKFDU 3FQPSU
$SPXUIPSOF 5SBOTQPSU 3FTFBSDI
-BCPSBUPSZ
27. Transport Research Centre. Speed management report1BSJT 0&$%1VCMJTIJOH
1BTBOFO&Ajonopeudet ja jalankulkijan turvallisuus [Driving speeds and pedestrian safety]&TQPP 5FLOJMMJOFO
LPSLFBLPVMV -VJLFOOFUFLOJJLLB
(SVOEZ$FUBMThe effect of 20 mph trafc speed zones on road casualties in London, 19862006-POEPO
-POEPO4DIPPMPG)ZHJFOFBOE5SPQJDBM.FEJDJOF JOQSFTT

$PNQUPO31FUBM$SBTISJTLPGBMDPIPMJNQBJSFEESJWJOH*O.BZIFX%3 %VTTBVMU$ FETProceedings of the
16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Trafc Safety, Montreal, 49 August 2002.POUSFBM
4PDJUEFMBTTVSBODFBVUPNPCJMFEV2VCFD o IUUQXXXTBBRHPVWRDDBUBDUFTQEG
B
QEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM

.PTLPXJU[)FUBM.FUIPEPMPHJDBMJTTVFTJOFQJEFNJPMPHJDBMTUVEJFTPGBMDPIPMDSBTISJTL*O.BZIFX%3
%VTTBVMU $ FET Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Trafc Safety,
Montreal, 49 August 2002.POUSFBM 4PDJUEFMBTTVSBODFBVUPNPCJMFEV2VCFD o IUUQ
XXXTBBRHPVWRDDBUBDUFTQEG B
QEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM

4IVMUT3FUBM3FWJFXPGFWJEFODFSFHBSEJOHJOUFSWFOUJPOTUPSFEVDFBMDPIPMJNQBJSFEESJWJOHAmerican Journal
of Preventive Medicine o
1FFL"TB$5IFFGGFDUPGSBOEPNBMDPIPMTDSFFOJOHJOSFEVDJOHNPUPSWFIJDMFDSBTIJOKVSJFTAmerican Journal
&MEFS38FUBM&GGFDUJWFOFTTPGTPCSJFUZDIFDLQPJOUTGPSSFEVDJOHBMDPIPMJOWPMWFETrafc Injury Prevention
o
-JV#FUBM)FMNFUTGPSQSFWFOUJOHJOKVSZJONPUPSDZDMFSJEFSTThe Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
JTTVF
,SBVT+' 1FFL$ 8JMMJBNT"$PNQMJBODFXJUIUIF$BMJGPSOJBNPUPSDZDMFIFMNFUVTFMBXAmerican
Journal of Public Health o
4FSWBEFJ'FUBM&GGFDUPG*UBMZTNPUPSDZDMFIFMNFUMBXPOUSBVNBUJDCSBJOJOKVSJFTInjury Prevention
o
Helmets: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners(FOFWB 8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPO
IUUQXXXXIPJOUWJPMFODF@JOKVSZ@QSFWFOUJPOQVCMJDBUJPOTSPBE@USBGmDIFMNFU@NBOVBMQEG BDDFTTFE
"QSJM

&MWJL3 7BB5The handbook of road safety measures"NTUFSEBN &MTFWJFS4DJFODF
Seat-belts and child restraints: increasing use and optimising performance#SVTTFMT &VSPQFBO5SBOTQPSU4BGFUZ
$PVODJM

41. Motor vehicle occupant protection facts 20068BTIJOHUPO %$ /BUJPOBM)JHIXBZ5SBGmD4BGFUZ"ENJOJTUSBUJPO
IUUQXXXOIUTBHPWTUBUJDmMFT%05/)54"5SBGmD*OKVSZ$POUSPM"SUJDMFT"TTPDJBUFE
'JMFTQEG BDDFTTFEPO"QSJM

;IV.FUBM"TTPDJBUJPOPGSFBSTFBUTBGFUZCFMUVTFXJUIEFBUIJOBUSBGmDDSBTIBNBUDIFEDPIPSUTUVEZInjury
Prevention o
Seat-belts and child restraints: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners -POEPO '*"
'PVOEBUJPOGPSUIF"VUPNPCJMFBOE4PDJFUZ IUUQXXXXIPJOUSPBETBGFUZQSPKFDUTNBOVBMTTFBUCFMU
TFBUCFMUQEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM

;B[B4FUBM3FWJFXTPGFWJEFODFSFHBSEJOHJOUFSWFOUJPOTUPJODSFBTFVTFPGDIJMETBGFUZTFBUTAmerican Journal
&DPOPNJD$PNNJTTJPOGPS&VSPQF*OUFSTFDSFUBSJBU8PSLJOH(SPVQPO5SBOTQPSU4UBUJTUJDTGlossary of transport
statistics SEFE/FX:PSL /: 6OJUFE/BUJPOT&DPOPNJDBOE4PDJBM$PVODJM 53"/481

IUUQXXXVOFDFPSHUSBOTNBJOXQQEGEPDTHMPTTFOQEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM

%FSSJLT). .BL1.IRTAD special report. Underreporting of road trafc casualties5IF)BHVF /FUIFSMBOET
.JOJTUSZPG5SBOTQPSU 1VCMJD8PSLTBOE8BUFS.BOBHFNFOU IUUQXXXXIPJOUSPBETBGFUZQVCMJDBUJPOT
JSUBE@VOEFSSFQPSUJOHQEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM

4NFFE 3+ 4PNF TUBUJTUJDBM BTQFDUT PG SPBE TBGFUZ SFTFBSDI Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
o
+PJOU$PNNJUUFFPO*OKVSZ4DBMJOHThe Abbreviated Injury Scale: 1990 revision$IJDBHP *- "TTPDJBUJPOGPS
UIF"EWBODFNFOUPG"VUPNPUJWF.FEJDJOF
$PQFT84FUBM5IF*OKVSZ4FWFSJUZ4DPSFSFWJTJUFEThe Journal of Trauma o
International statistical classication of diseases and related health problems, tenth revision7PMVNF5BCVMBS
MJTU7PMVNF*OTUSVDUJPONBOVBM7PMVNF*OEFY(FOFWB 8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPO
)PMEFS:FUBMInjury surveillance guidelines(FOFWB 8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPO

Country proles
&YQMBOBUPSZOPUFT
t#BDLHSPVOE
t.FUIPEPMPHJDBMWBSJBUJPOT
t5FSNJOPMPHZBOEJOUFSQSFUBUJPO
t1SFTFOUBUJPOPGEBUB
*OEJWJEVBMDPVOUSZQSPmMFT MJTUFEBMQIBCFUJDBMMZ
&YQMBOBUPSZOPUFT
Background
The country proles in this section present a selection of information about road safety as reported by each of the
QBSUJDJQBUJOHDPVOUSJFTBSFBT"EEJUJPOBMOBUJPOBMEBUBDBOCFGPVOEJOUIF4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY 5BCMFT"o"

5IFDPVOUSZTVSWFZUPPMTNBZCFEPXOMPBEFEGSPNUIFGPMMPXJOHXFCTJUFXXXXIPJOUWJPMFODF@JOKVSZ@QSFWFOUJPO
SPBE@TBGFUZ@TUBUVT
Methodological variations
0OFIVOESFEBOETFWFOUZFJHIUDPVOUSJFTBSFBTQBSUJDJQBUFEJOUIFTVSWFZGPSUIFGlobal status report on road safety
TFF5BCMFPOQBHF
8IJMFNPTUDPVOUSJFTBSFBTGPMMPXFEUIFTUBOEBSEJ[FENFUIPEPMPHZ TFFQBHFTo for
NPSFEFUBJMT
JOFJHIUPGUIFN "VTUSBMJB (FSNBOZ ,B[BLITUBO 1VFSUP3JDP 4BJOU7JODFOUBOEUIF(SFOBEJOFT
4JOHBQPSF 6LSBJOFBOE6[CFLJTUBO
UIFRVFTUJPOOBJSFXBTDPNQMFUFECZUIF/BUJPOBM%BUB$PPSEJOBUPS /%$

BOEOPDPOTFOTVTNFFUJOHXBTIFME*OBEEJUJPO JOBMMDPVOUSJFTBSFBTPGUIF
8)0&BTUFSO.FEJUFSSBOFBO3FHJPO UIFRVFTUJPOOBJSFXBTOPUTFMGBENJOJTUFSFECVUXBTDPNQMFUFEUISPVHI
GBDFUPGBDFJOUFSWJFXTCFUXFFOUIF/%$TBOEJOEJWJEVBMSFTQPOEFOUT$POTFOTVTNFFUJOHTXFSF IPXFWFS IFME
JOUIFTFDPVOUSJFTBSFBTJOBDDPSEBODFXJUIUIFQSPKFDUNFUIPEPMPHZ
%BUBBSFSFQPSUFEGPSQPQVMBUJPO JODPNFHSPVQBOEHSPTTOBUJPOBMJODPNFQFSDBQJUBGPSUIFMBUFTUZFBSBWBJMBCMF
TFFFYQMBOBUPSZOPUFTJOUIF4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFYGPSNPSFEFUBJMT

Terminology and interpretation

5IFGPMMPXJOHUFSNTBOEJTTVFTTIPVMECFDPOTJEFSFEXIFOSFWJFXJOHUIFJOEJWJEVBMDPVOUSZQSPmMFT
t 5IFRVFTUJPOOBJSFBTLFEGPSJOGPSNBUJPOPOBOVNCFSPGUPQJDT XJUIGPMMPXVQRVFTUJPOTFYQMPSJOHFBDIUPQJD
JOGVSUIFSEFUBJM'PSNBOZUPQJDTSFTQPOEFOUTXFSFBTLFEUPTLJQfollow-up questions depending on their
BOTXFSUPUIFUPQMFWFMRVFTUJPO$POTFRVFOUMZ UIFDPVOUSZQSPmMFTEPOPUSFQPSUJOGPSNBUJPOGSPNGPMMPXVQ
RVFTUJPOTJGUIFTFTIPVMEIBWFCFFOTLJQQFE)PXFWFS JGUIFTFRVFTUJPOTXFSFBOTXFSFEUIFSFTQPOTFTBSF
SFDPSEFEJOUIF4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY
t Road classications JOQBSUJDVMBSUIFEFmOJUJPOPGBOVSCBOSPBE BSVSBMSPBEBOEBIJHIXBZ
WBSZHSFBUMZ
GSPN DPVOUSZ UP DPVOUSZ 3FTQPOEFOUT XFSF BTLFE UP SFQPSU PO UIF TQFFE MJNJUT PG EJGGFSFOU LJOET PG SPBE
according to the denitions used in the country concerned.
t 3FTQPOEFOUTXFSFBTLFE BTJOEJWJEVBMT UPSBUFUIFeffectiveness of enforcement of various elements of
OBUJPOBMSPBETBGFUZMFHJTMBUJPOPOUIFCBTJTPGUIFJSQSPGFTTJPOBMPQJOJPOPSQFSDFQUJPO"TDBMFPGUP
XBTVTFE XIFSFXBTiOPUFGGFDUJWFwBOEXBTiIJHIMZFGGFDUJWFw5IFHSPVQPGSFTQPOEFOUTUIFOUSJFEUP
reach consensus on an enforcement score. These scores are therefore subjective and should be seen only
BTBOJOEJDBUJPOPGIPXFOGPSDFNFOUJTQFSDFJWFEJOUIFDPVOUSZ.BOZSFTQPOEFOUTFYQSFTTFEEJGmDVMUZJO
BTTFTTJOHMBXFOGPSDFNFOUBUBOBUJPOBMMFWFMTJODFJUPGUFOWBSJFTGSPNSFHJPOUPSFHJPOXJUIJOBDPVOUSZBOE
the intensity of the enforcement may vary at different times.
t Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits refer to the maximum amount of alcohol that is legally acceptable
JOUIFCMPPEPGBESJWFSPOUIFSPBEoJFUIFCMPPEBMDPIPMMFWFMBCPWFXIJDIBESJWFSNBZCFQVOJTIFECZ
MBX'PSUIFQVSQPTFTPGUIJTSFQPSU UIF#"$MJNJUJODPVOUSJFTXIFSFBMDPIPMDPOTVNQUJPOJTQSPIJCJUFEIBT
CFFOSFDPSEFEBT[FSPXJUIBOFYQMBOBUPSZGPPUOPUF
47
t 8IFSFSFTQPOEFOUTQSPWJEFEFYQMBOBUPSZJOGPSNBUJPOPOrates of helmet wearing and/or seat-belt use
oGPSJOTUBODF BEFTDSJQUJPOPGUIFNFUIPEPMPHZPSHFPHSBQIJDBMDPWFSBHFoUIJTJOGPSNBUJPOJTSFQPSUFEJO
footnotes.
t "motorcycle helmet lawJTBTTFTTFEBTiBQQMJFTUPBMMSJEFSToZFTwJGUIFMBXSFRVJSFTESJWFSTBOEQBTTFOHFST
CPUIBEVMUTBOEDIJMESFO
UPXFBSBIFMNFU-BXTXJUIFYDFQUJPOTPOUIFHSPVOETPGSFMJHJPO NFEJDBMDPOEJUJPOT
PSPUIFSSFBTPOTBSFJOEJDBUFEXJUIUIFGPPUOPUFiTPNFFYDFQUJPOTw
t 3FTQPOEFOUTXFSFBTLFEUPSFQPSUPOvehicle standardsSFRVJSFEGPSDBSNBOVGBDUVSFSTPSBTTFNCMFSTJO
UIFDPVOUSZ5IFSFGPSFOPJOGPSNBUJPOJTJODMVEFEPOWFIJDMFTUBOEBSETGPSDPVOUSJFTXIFSFNBOVGBDUVSFPS
BTTFNCMZEPOPUUBLFQMBDF4PNFDPVOUSJFTBQQMZTUSJOHFOUTUBOEBSETUPJNQPSUFEWFIJDMFTCVUEBUBPOTVDI
TUBOEBSETXFSFOPUDPMMFDUFEBTQBSUPGUIJTTVSWFZ
t 7BSJBCMFTIBWFCFFODPEFEi%BUBOPUBWBJMBCMF o
wJGUIFJOGPSNBUJPOXBTOPUQSPWJEFEUISPVHIUIFOBUJPOBM
data collection process.
Presentation of data
Country proles contain dataPOSPBEUSBGmDGBUBMJUJFTBOEOPOGBUBMJOKVSJFTBTreportedCZDPVOUSJFTBSFBT
t %BUBGSPNEJGGFSFOUDPVOUSJFTBSFOPUOFDFTTBSJMZDPNQBSBCMF BTEJGGFSFOUEFmOJUJPOTBOEUJNFGSBNFTIBWF
been used.
t %VFUPTQBDFDPOTUSBJOUTJOGPPUOPUFT UIFEBUBTPVSDFIBTCFFOTVNNBSJ[FEBT1PMJDF 5SBOTQPSUPS)FBMUI
JGUIFEBUBBSFGSPNUIF.JOJTUSZPG*OUFSJPS .JOJTUSZPG5SBOTQPSUPS.JOJTUSZPG)FBMUI SFTQFDUJWFMZ
t 5IFQSPQPSUJPOPGEFBUITXIFSFUIFTFYJTVOLOPXOIBTOPUCFFOSFQPSUFEJOUIFQSPmMFT
In the charts presenting data on deaths by road user category QSPQPSUJPOT NBZ OPU TVN UP EVF UP
SPVOEJOH4PNFDPVOUSJFTDMBTTJGZSPBEUSBGmDGBUBMJUJFTBDDPSEJOHUPUIFWFIJDMFPSSPBEVTFSiBUGBVMUwSBUIFSUIBO
BDDPSEJOHUPXIPEJFE PSVTFDBUFHPSJFTEJGGFSFOUGSPNUIPTFSFRVFTUFEJOUIFRVFTUJPOOBJSF*OUIFTFDPVOUSJFT
EFBUITBNPOHWVMOFSBCMFSPBEVTFSTBSFFWFONPSFMJLFMZUPCFVOEFSSFQPSUFE
The standard colour coding of the pie charts VTFE UP SFQSFTFOU UIF SPBE VTFS DBUFHPSJFT SFRVFTUFE JO UIF
RVFTUJPOOBJSFJTTIPXOCFMPX"EEJUJPOBMDBUFHPSJFTBSFSFQSFTFOUFECZOPOTUBOEBSEDPMPVST
%SJWFSTPGXIFFMFEWFIJDMFT Cyclists
1BTTFOHFSTPGXIFFMFEWFIJDMFT Pedestrians
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PS
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CZUIFDPVOUSZ%VFUPTQBDFDPOTUSBJOUT BOBSCJUSBSZDVUPGGQPJOUPGXBTBQQMJFEUPUIFGFXDPVOUSJFTUIBU
provided many decades of trend data.
Where the primary source of informationGPSCPUIUIFQJFBOEUSFOEHSBQITXBTOPUTUJQVMBUFE UIFTPVSDFIBT

CFFOSFQPSUFEBTA$PVOUSZRVFTUJPOOBJSF
Information about the number of vehicles in the country includes only registered vehicles BOEQSPQPSUJPOTPG
WBSJPVTUZQFTPGTVDIWFIJDMFT5IFTFQSPQPSUJPOTNBZOPUTVNUPEVFUPSPVOEJOH*OTPNFDPVOUSJFT
respondents noted that a substantial proportion of the vehicle eet may not be registered.

AFGHANISTAN
Population: 27 145 275
Income group: Low
Gross national income per capita: $319
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK DATA

Lead agency Yes Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget Yes 1 835c
National road safety strategy No Reported non-fatal road trafc injuries (2007)
Measurable targets n/a 3 212d
Funded n/a Costing study available
No
c
Police data, dened as died within 1 year of the crash.
d
Police data.
NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits Yes
Maximum limit urban roads 50 km/h
DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY
Enforcementa 10
Drinkdriving law Yes
BAC limit general population 0.0 g/dlb
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.0 g/dlb
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Yes E
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol A BL
AIL

Enforcementa V
10
OTA
Motorcycle helmet law No T AN
Applies to all riders n/a
DA
Helmet standards mandated n/a
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa n/a
Seat-belt law No
Applies to all occupants n/a
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa n/a
Child restraints law No TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcementa n/a
a
Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.
b
Alcohol consumption prohibited by law.
E
A BL
V AIL
VEHICLE STANDARDS
O TA
No car manufacturers TAN
DA
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Yes
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling No
National policies to promote public transportation No
REGISTERED VEHICLES
731 607 total (2008)
Motorcars 59%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers 12%
POST-CRASH CARE
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) 20%
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system No Trucks 1%
National universal access number n/a Buses 8%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health.

n/a Data not required/not applicable. 49
ALBANIA
Income group: Middle
Gross national income per capita: $3 290

Lead agency Interministerial Committee of Road Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget No 384d (77% males, 23% females)
Measurable targets n/a 1 344e
No
d
Police data, dened as died at the crash scene.
e
Police data.
Enforcementa 9
Drivers
Drinkdriving law Yes Pedestrians (40%) 4-wheelers (24%)
BAC limit general population 0.05 g/dl
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.05 g/dl
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Yes
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 5%b
Enforcementa 8
Passengers
Motorcycle helmet law Yes 4-wheelers (22%)
Applies to all riders Yes
Helmet standards mandated Yes
Helmet wearing rate Cyclists (6%) Riders motorized
Enforcementa 2- or 3-wheelers (9%)
10
Seat-belt law Yes
Source: 2006, Ministry of Transport
Applies to all occupants Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate 30% Frontc
Enforcementa 9
TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
Child restraints law Yes
Enforcementa 8 12
Deaths per 100 000 population
a
Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a 10
b
2007, Internal Affairs Ministry (Directory of Road Police). 8
c
1996, Citizen Society of Road Safety, data from pilot cities.
6
VEHICLE STANDARDS 4
No car manufacturers 2
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS 0
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Yes 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure No Year
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs (Road Police Directory) and Ministry of Transport
(General Directory of Road Transport)
National policies to promote public transportation Yes
REGISTERED VEHICLES
349 646 total (2007)
Motorcars 68%
POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system Yes Trucks 12%
National universal access number No Buses 5%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

ANGOLA

Lead agency National Directorate of Road Trafc Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget Yes 1 814c
National road safety strategy Yesa Reported non-fatal road trafc injuries
Measurable targets n/a
a
Not formally endorsed by government. No
c
Transport data, dened as died at the crash scene.
Maximum limit urban roads 60 km/h DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY
Enforcementb 5
Drinkdriving law
BAC limit general population
BAC limit young or novice drivers
E
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
A BL
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol
V AIL
Enforcementb
O TA
T AN
Motorcycle helmet law Yes DA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb 5
Seat-belt law No
Enforcementb n/a
2 500
Child restraints law No
Number of road trafc deaths
Enforcementb n/a 2 000

b
scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 1 500
1 000
VEHICLE STANDARDS
500
No car manufacturers
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Year
Source: National Directorate of Road Trafc
POST-CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system No 671 060 total (2007)
National universal access number n/a Registered vehicle types: data not available

ARGENTINA

Lead agency National Road Safety Agency Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
Funded in national budget Yes 4 063d (75% males, 25% females)
National road safety strategy Yes Reported non-fatal road trafc injuries (2007)
Measurable targets Yes 174 339e
Funded No Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries)
d
Health data, dened as died at the scene of the crash. National Registry
of Transit Records (RENAT) reported 4 175 deaths in 2007.
e
Health data.
Local authorities can set lower limits Yes DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY
Enforcementa 3
Drinkdriving law Yes Unspecied (23%) Occupants 3- and
BAC limit general population 0.05 g/dl 4-wheelers (42%)
Enforcementa 3
Motorcycle helmet law Yes Pedestrians (19%)
Helmet wearing rate 13%b Riders motorized
Enforcementa 1 Cyclists (6%) 2-wheelers (10%)
Seat-belt law Yes

Applies to all occupants Yes Source: Ministry of Health Argentina, 2006
Seat-belt wearing rate 48%b, c
Enforcementa 3
Enforcementa n/a TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
a
Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a 4 500
b
2005, Argentina National Risk Factor survey.
c
Front seats only. 3 500
3 000
2 500
VEHICLE STANDARDS 2 000
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on 1 500
Fuel consumption Yes 1 000
Seat-belt installation for all seats Yes 500
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: The Health Statistics and Information Ofce, the Department of Policies,
Regulation, and Institutes at the National Ministry of Health, Argentina
National policies to promote walking or cycling No (subnational)

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system Yes 12 399 887 total (2007)
National universal access number No Registered vehicle types: data not available

ARMENIA

Lead agency Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget Yes 371c (75% males, 25% females)
No
c
Police data, no specied time period.
d
Police data.
Speed limits set nationally Yes DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY
Enforcementa 5
Pedestrians (39%)
Drinkdriving law Yes Drivers
Enforcementa 5
Motorcycle helmet law Yes
Passengers
4-wheelers (26%)
Helmet standards mandated No
Helmet wearing rate Cyclists (<1%)
Enforcementa 5
Source: 2007, Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementa 3
Child restraints law Yes TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
Enforcementa 5 600
a
scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 500

b
2007, Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia.
400
300
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Yes 0
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Year

National policies to promote walking or cycling No Source: Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia
REGISTERED VEHICLES
POST-CRASH CARE
366 836 total (2007)
Motorcars 79%
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system Yes Buses 7%
National universal access number Yes Other 15%

a
AUSTRALIA
a
Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).
Income group: High
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency Department of Infrastructure, Transport,
Regional Development and Local Government
DATA
Funded in national budget Yes
Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
National road safety strategy Yes 1 616i (73% males, 27% females)
Measurable targets Yes
Funded Yes Reported non-fatal road trafc injuries
(20052006)
31 204j
NATIONAL LEGISLATION Costing study available
Speed limits set nationally No (subnationally) Yes (deaths and injuries)
i
Local authorities can set lower limits n/a Transport data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
j
Maximum limit urban roads n/a Health and Transport data, hospitalized cases only.
Enforcementb n/a
Drinkdriving law No (subnational) DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

BAC limit general population 0.05 g/dlc
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.00.02 g/dld Pedestrians (13%)
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints n/a
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 30%e
Cyclists (3%) Drivers
Enforcementb n/a 4-wheelers (49%)
Motorcycle helmet law No (subnational)
Applies to all riders Yesf Riders motorized
Helmet standards mandated Yesf 2- or 3-wheelers
(15%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb n/a
Seat-belt law No (subnational)

Applies to all occupants Yesg
Seat-belt wearing rate 97% Front, 92% Rearh Passengers
Enforcementb n/a 4-wheelers (21%)
Child restraints law No (subnational) Source: 2007, Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development
Enforcementb n/a and Local Government: Monthly Road Death Series
b
c
No national limit, but all states and territories have a consistent BAC limit of 0.05 for general TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
population.
d
For young provisional drivers, all states and territories have a zero BAC requirement, with exception 35
of one territory with a BAC limit of 0.02 g/dl.
e
19992003, Transport data. 30
f
No national law, but all states and territories require motorcycle helmets for all riders and compliance
25
with a helmet standard.
g
No national law, but all states and territories require the use of seat-belts by all vehicle occupants. 20
h
2006, Transport data, national survey.
15
10
VEHICLE STANDARDS
5
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption No 0
Seat-belt installation for all seats Yes 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Year
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Yes Source: 2008, Department of Infrastructure, Transport,
Regional Development and Local Government
National policies to promote walking or cycling Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES
14 774 921 total (2007)
Motorcars 78%
POST-CRASH CARE
National universal access number Yes Buses <1%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Department of Infrastructure, Transport,

n/a Data not required/not applicable. 54 Regional Development and Local Government.
AUSTRIA
Income group: High

Lead agency Austrian Road Safety Council Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget Yes 691e (77% males, 23% females)
Measurable targets Yes 53 211f
Funded No
Costing study available
e
Statistics Austria, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
f
Statistics Austria.
Enforcementa 7
Other (3%)
BAC limit general population 0.05 g/dl Drivers 4-wheelers
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.01 g/dl (45%)
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Yes Pedestrians (16%)
Enforcementa 9 Cyclists (5%)
Applies to all riders Yesc Riders motorized
Helmet standards mandated Yes 2- or 3-wheelers
Helmet wearing rate 95%d (17%)
Enforcementa 9
Seat-belt law Yes Passengers
4-wheelers (14%)
Seat-belt wearing rate 89% Front, 49% Reard
Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs & Statistics Austria
Enforcementa 7
Enforcementa 9
a
2 500
b
2007, Statistics Austria. 2 000
c
Some exceptions.
d
2007, Austrian Road Safety Board survey. 1 500
1 000
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on 500
Fuel consumption No
1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Year
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Statistics Austria

National policies to promote walking or cycling Yes
National policies to promote public transportation Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES
5 796 973 total (2007)
Motorcars 73%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 14%
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system Yes Buses <1%
Data cleared by the Federal Ministry of Health, Family and Youth.

55
AZERBAIJAN

Lead agency State Road Police Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget Yes 1 107c (78% males, 22% females)
Measurable targets Yes 3 432d
Funded Yes Costing study available
No
c
Police data, dened as died within 7 days of the crash.
d
Police data.
Enforcementa 9
Drivers
Drinkdriving law Yes Pedestrians (38%) 4-wheelers (28%)
Enforcementa 9
Passengers
Applies to all riders Yes Cyclists (1%)
4-wheelers (31%)
Helmet wearing rate
Riders motorized
Enforcementa 9 2- or 3-wheelers (1%)
Source: 2007, Head Department of State Road Police
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementa 9 TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
Child restraints law Yes 1 400
Enforcementa 9 1 200
a
b
2007, State Road Police. 800
600
VEHICLE STANDARDS 400
Fuel consumption No
Seat-belt installation for all seats No 0
1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Year
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Source: Azerbaijan Republic. Trend Data on Road Trafc Accidents in 19982006

National policies to promote walking or cycling No REGISTERED VEHICLES
784 018 total (2007)
Motorcars 77%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers <1%
Trucks 16%
POST-CRASH CARE
Buses 4%
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system Yes Non-motorized vehicles <1%

56
BAHAMAS
Population: 331 278
Income group: High

Lead agency Road Trafc Department Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget Yes 50d (90% males, 10% females)
No
d
Police data, dened as died within 1 year and 1 day.
e
Health data.
Local authorities can set lower limits No
Enforcementa 5
Cyclists (22%)
Drivers 4-wheelers
(42%)
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 5%b Riders motorized
Enforcementa 3 2- or 3-wheelers
(14%)
Passengers
Helmet wearing rate 1015%c
4-wheelers (22%)
Enforcementa 3
Seat-belt law Yes
Source: Country questionnaire
Enforcementa 0
Enforcementa TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
0
a
b
2007, from hospital reports. 80
c
Estimation by consensus group.
60
VEHICLE STANDARDS
40
National policies to promote walking or cycling No Source: Ministry of Health

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system 27 058 total (2007)
National universal access number Registered vehicle types: data not available
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Transport.

57
BAHRAIN
Population: 752 648
Income group: High

Lead agency General Directorate of Trafc Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
National road safety strategy Multiple Reported non-fatal road trafc injuries (2007)
Measurable targets n/a 3 415f
Yes (deaths only)
e
Police data, dened as any death caused directly by road trafc injury,
regardless of time period.
f
General Directorate of Trafc data.
Local authorities can set lower limits No DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY
Enforcementa 4
Drivers 4-wheelers
Drinkdriving law Yes (39%)
BAC limit general population 0.0 g/dlb Pedestrians (29%)
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints No
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 8%c
Enforcementa 4
Motorcycle helmet law Yes Cyclists (7%)
Applies to all riders Yes Passengers
Helmet standards mandated No 4-wheelers (20%)
Helmet wearing rate Riders motorized
5
Source: 2007, General Directorate of Trafc
Seat-belt law Yes
Applies to all occupants No
Seat-belt wearing rate 22%d
Child restraints law No 14
Enforcementa n/a
12
a
b
Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. 8
c
2007, General Directorate of Trafc.
d
2008, Ministry of Works. 6
4
VEHICLE STANDARDS 2
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Year
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Source: 2007, General Directorate of Trafc

382 977 total (2008)
Motorcars 81%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks <1%

BANGLADESH
Income group: Low

Lead agency National Road Safety Council Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
Funded in national budget No 3 160c (89% males, 11% females)
c
Police data, dened as died at the crash scene. Respondents concerned
this gure greatly underestimates the true number of deaths, citing
example of Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey 2003, which estimated the
annual number of deaths to be 13 200.
d
2003, Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey.
Enforcementa 0 Other (9%) Drivers 4-wheelers (4%)
Drinkdriving law Yes Passengers 4-wheelers (22%)

BAC limit general population Noneb
BAC limit young or novice drivers Noneb
Riders motorized
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints No 2- or 3-wheelers (8%)

Applies to all riders Yes Pedestrians (54%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 3
Seat-belt law No
Source: National Road Trafc Accident Report 2006, Bangladesh Road Transport Authority
Enforcementa n/a
Enforcementa n/a 4000
3500
a
b
2000
1000
500
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
0
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects No 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure No
Year
Source: National Road Safety Action Plan 20082010, National Road Safety Council
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 054 057 total (2007)
Motorcars 15%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 6%
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system No Buses 3%
National universal access number n/a Other 4%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Directorate General of Health Service.
BARBADOS
Population: 293 891

Lead agency No Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget n/a 38c (62% males, 37% females)
No
c
d
Actual data collected by Royal Barbados Police Force.
Enforcementa 5
Drinkdriving law Yes Pedestrians (18%)
Drivers 4-wheelers
BAC limit young or novice drivers Noneb (24%)
Riders motorized
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Yes 2- or 3-wheelers
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol (8%)
Enforcementa 2
Passengers
Helmet standards mandated Yes 4-wheelers (50%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 8
Seat-belt law Yes Source: 2007, Royal Barbados Police Force
Enforcementa 8
Enforcementa 7
a
b
Drinkdriving not dened by BAC limit.
LE
IL AB
VEHICLE STANDARDS A VA
N OT
No car manufacturers TA
DA
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
126 262 total (2007)
Motorcars 82%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 4%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, National Insurance and Social Security.
BELARUS

Lead agency Standing Committee by Council of Ministers of Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Republic of Belarus, Ensuring Road Safety 1 517c (74% males, 26% females)
Funded in national budget No
Reported non-fatal road trafc injuries (2007)
National road safety strategy Yes 7 991d
Funded Yes
c
Ministry of Home Affairs, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
d
Ministry of Home Affairs data.
Enforcementa 6 Drivers
Pedestrians (40%) 4-wheelers (24%)
Passengers
Enforcementa 7 4-wheelers
(23%)
2- or 3-wheelers (4%)
Enforcementa 9
Seat-belt law Yes Source: 2007, Ministry of Home Affairs
Enforcementa 7
Enforcementa 6 25
a
20
b
2007, Ministry of Home Affairs.
15
5
Fuel consumption Yes
Seat-belt installation for all seats Yes
0
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Yes Year
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus
REGISTERED VEHICLES
3 147 625 total (2007)
Motorcars 74%
POST-CRASH CARE
National universal access number Yes Buses 1%

61
BELGIUM
Income group: High

Lead agency Interministerial Committee for Road Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
No
d
Statistics Belgium, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
e
Statistics Belgium estimate.
Enforcementa 5
Unspecied (6%)
BAC limit general population 0.05 g/dl Other (5%)
BAC limit young or novice drivers Occupants
0.05 g/dl
4-wheelers (56%)
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol Pedestrians (10%)
Enforcementa 3
Applies to all riders Yesb
Seat-belt law Yes

Source: 2007, Statistics Belgium
Seat-belt wearing rate 79% Front, 46% Rearc
Enforcementa 3
6
a 35
b 30
Some exceptions.
c
Belgian Road Safety Institute: 2007 observational study (front seats), 2006 self-report survey (rear 25
seats).
20
15
VEHICLE STANDARDS
10
Fuel consumption Yes 5
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects No Year
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure No Source: Country questionnaire

6 362 161 total (2007)
Motorcars 79%
POST-CRASH CARE
Buses <1%%
Data not available. Data cleared by the General Directorate for Mobility and Road Safety.
62
BELIZE
Population: 287 699

Lead agency National Road Safety Committee Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
Funded in national budget No 68c (75% males, 25% females)
Measurable targets Yes 652d
No
c
Health data, dened as died within 1 year of the crash. Police data
reported 47 deaths in 2006.
d
Belize Institute of Statistics.
Enforcementa 1
Pedestrians (23%)
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.08 g/dl Drivers (13%)
Helmet standards mandated Yes Passengers (51%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 3
Seat-belt law Yes Source: Belize Institute of Statistics
Enforcementa 4
a 100
b
Some exceptions. 80
70
60
30
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Source: Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Unit

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system Yes 54 225 total (2007)
National universal access number Yes Registered vehicle types: data not available

BENIN
Income group: Low

Lead agency National Centre for Road Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget Yes 605b
Measurable targets n/a 3 251c
No
b
Transport data, dened as died within 7 days of the crash.
c
Transport data.
Maximum limit urban roads 50 km/h Drivers 4-wheelers
Enforcementa 2 (11%)
Pedestrians (25%)
BAC limit general population None
BAC limit young or novice drivers None Passengers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Yes 4-wheelers
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol Cyclists (3%) (24%)
Enforcementa 5
Motorcycle helmet law Yes Riders motorized
Applies to all riders Yes 2- or 3-wheelers
Helmet standards mandated No (37%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 1 Source: 2007, Centre National de Scurit Routire
Seat-belt wearing rate TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
Enforcementa n/a
800

a
300

0
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Year
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: National Road Safety Centre Database

REGISTERED VEHICLES
222 850 total (2007)
Motorcars 67%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 5%
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system No Buses <1%

BHUTAN
Population: 658 479

Lead agency Road Safety and Transport Authority Reported road trafc fatalities (2006 2007)
National road safety strategy No Reported non-fatal road trafc

Measurable targets n/a injuries (2006 2007)
Funded n/a 724d
No
c
Police data for 12-month time period, dened as died within 30 days of
the crash.
d
Police data for 12-month time period.
Enforcementa 3
E
A BL
V AIL
Enforcementa 3 O TA
T AN
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 9
Seat-belt law Yes
4
Enforcementa n/a
a
E
BL
A
AIL
V
O TA
T AN
DA
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
35 703 total (2007)
Motorcars 55%
POST-CRASH CARE
National universal access number Yesb Buses <1%
b Other 9%
For free ambulance transport to hospital.

BOLIVIA
(Plurinational State of)

Lead agency Inter-institutional Road Safety Council Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget No 1 073d
No
d
National Police data, dened as died at the crash scene.
e
National Police data.
Other (1%)
Enforcementa 3 Drivers 4-wheelers (10%)
BAC limit young or novice drivers Noneb Pedestrians (35%)
Enforcementa 4
Helmet standards mandated No Cyclists (1%) Passengers
Helmet wearing rate 4-wheelers (49%)
Enforcementa No consensusc Riders motorized
Seat-belt law No
Source: 2007, National Police data
Seat-belt wearing rate n/a
Child restraints law No 1 600
Enforcementa n/a 1 400
a
b
c
No consensus, but group agreed that enforcement is lax. 800
600

200
0
Source: National Police, National Statistics Institute
National policies to promote public transportation No REGISTERED VEHICLES
699 646 total (2007)
Motorcars 25%
Trucks 11%
POST-CRASH CARE
Buses 1%
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system Yes Non-motorized vehicles
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Sports and the Bolivian National Police.
BOSNIA AND
HERZEGOVINA

Lead agency Ministry of Communication and Transport Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
of Bosnia and Herzegovina 428e
National road safety strategy Yesa 11 647f
Funded Yes
No
a
Formally approved in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina only (not in the Republic of Srpska). e
Institute for Statistics of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
(dened as died at the crash scene), and Ministry of Internal Affairs of
the Republic of Srpska (dened as died within 30 days of the crash).
f
Data from multiple sources.
Enforcementb 6 Other (5%)
Pedestrians (24%)
Enforcementb 6
Cyclists (6%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb Passengers
6 Riders motorized 4-wheelers (23%)
Seat-belt law Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Srpska. Data for Republic of Srpska only
Enforcementb 7
Enforcementb 5
b
Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
c
2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Srpska (data for Republic of Srpska only).
VEHICLE STANDARDS
LE
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards ond IL AB
A VA
OT
N
TA
DA
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
d REGISTERED VEHICLES
Data for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina only.
675 063 total (2007)
Motorcars 85%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 9%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Civil Affairs.

67
BOTSWANA

Lead agency Department of Road Transport and Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
No
d
Transport data, dened as died within 1 year of the crash.
e
Transport data.
Enforcementa 8
Pedestrians (26%) Drivers 4-wheelers
Enforcementa Cyclists (2%)
7
Riders motorized
Passengers
(1%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 9
Source: 2007, National Road Trafc Crash Database
Seat-belt law Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate 75%c
Enforcementa 7
a 35
Enforcement n/a
a
b
2007, National Road Trafc Crash Database, based on occasional, non-comprehensive surveys.
c
2007, National Road Trafc Crash Database, rate among drivers and rear-seat passengers involved in a 20
crash.
15
10
VEHICLE STANDARDS
5
0
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
Source: National Road Trafc Crash Database
National policies to promote public transportation No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES
293 755 total (2007)
Motorcars 39%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 5%

BRAZIL

Lead agency National Trafc Department (DENATRAN) Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
c
Health data (Mortality Information System), dened as died anytime after
the crash.
d
State Trafc Departments, National Trafc Department, Ministry of Cities
NATIONAL LEGISLATION data.

Enforcementa Drivers 4-wheelers (5%)
6
Drinkdriving law Yes Passengers 4-wheelers (5%)
Other (37%) Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(20%)
Enforcementa 6
Helmet wearing rate 88% Front, 11% Rear
Enforcementa Pedestrians (28%)
7
Seat-belt law Yes
Source: 2006, Ministry of Health Mortality Information System
Seat-belt wearing rate 60%b
Enforcementa 6
Enforcementa 30
4
a 25
b
Data from Society of Orthopedics and Traumatology. 20
15
5
Fuel consumption No
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Year
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure No Source: Ministry of Health Mortality Information System

49 644 025 total (2007)
Motorcars 61%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) <1%
Trucks 10%
POST-CRASH CARE
Buses 4%
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system Yes Non-motorized vehicles 1%

BRITISH VIRGIN
a
ISLANDS
a
Non WHO member-area.
Population: 23 000
Income group: High

Funded in national budget n/a 6d (67% males, 33% females)
National road safety strategy No (subnational) Reported non-fatal road trafc injuries (2007)
Measurable targets n/a 132e
No
d
Police data, dened as died within 1 year and 1 day of the crash.
e
Police records.
Enforcementb 6
Drinkdriving law Yes Riders motorized
BAC limit general population 0.08 g/dl 2- or 3-wheelers (17%)
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Yes Drivers 4-wheelers
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 4%c (33%)
Enforcementb Passengers
4-wheelers (50%)
Applies to all riders
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb 3
Seat-belt law Yes
Source: 2007, Police department
Enforcementb 7
Enforcementb 5 TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
b
c
2007, Police observational data.
6
VEHICLE STANDARDS
4
2
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
0
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Year
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: Royal Virgin Islands Police Force

Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Development.
BRUNEI
DARUSSALAM
Population: 390 056
Income group: High

Lead agency Brunei Darussalam Road Safety Council Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget 54c (80% males, 20% females)
Measurable targets n/a 556d
c
d
Police data.
Maximum limit urban roads 80 km/h Other (2%)
Enforcementa 7 Pedestrians (9%)
Drinkdriving law Yes Cyclists (2%) Drivers 4-wheelers
(46%)
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.08 g/dl Riders motorized
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 3.7%b (11%)
Enforcementa 6
Helmet wearing rate 98%b
Enforcementa 9
Seat-belt law Yes Source: Department of Investigations and Trafc Control, Royal Brunei Police Force
Seat-belt wearing rate 70% Frontb
Child restraints law Yes 60
Enforcementa 4
50
a
b
2007, Police data.
30
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: Department of Investigations and Trafc Control, Royal Brunei Police Force

National policies to promote public transportation REGISTERED VEHICLES
304 432 total (2007)
Motorcars 83%
Trucks 1%
POST-CRASH CARE
Buses <1%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Communications.

BULGARIA

Lead agency State-Public Consultative Commission Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
on the Problems of Road Safety 1 006c (73% males, 27% females)
Funded Yes
No
c
d
Police data.
Maximum limit urban roads 50 km/h Unspecied (2%)
Enforcementa 6
Other (2%)
Occupants
Drinkdriving law Yes 4-wheelers (65%)
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.05 g/dl Pedestrians (26%)
Enforcementa 7
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 7
Seat-belt law Yes Source: 2007, Trafc Police Department, Ministry of Interior
Enforcementa 4 1 600
a
b
2007, Trafc Police Department, Ministry of Interior.
1 000
800
400
200
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Yes 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: Trafc Police Department, Ministry of Interior
REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 628 680 total (2007)
Motorcars 75%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 10%

72
BURKINA FASO
Income group: Low

Lead agency National Ofce of Road Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
c
Police and Health data, dened as died at the crash scene.
d
Police data.
Enforcementa 3 Other (13%)
Drinkdriving law Yes Occupants

BAC limit general population Noneb 4-wheelers
Enforcementa 1
Helmet standards mandated Yes Pedestrians (34%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 1
Source: Gendarmerie Nationale
Seat-belt law No
Enforcementa n/a

Enforcementa n/a
a
b
E
A BL
V AIL
VEHICLE STANDARDS
O TA
No car manufacturers T AN
DA
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
515 453 total (2007)
Motorcars 30%
POST-CRASH CARE

BURUNDI
Income group: Low

Funded in national budget n/a 65d
No
d
Health data, dened as died anytime after the crash.
e
Health data.
Enforcementa DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY
5
E
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 70%b A BL
Enforcementa 1 VAIL
O TA
Motorcycle helmet law Yes T AN
Applies to all riders Yes DA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 5
Enforcementa n/a
a
scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. LE
b
2005, Police Spciale de Roulage et de la Scurit Routire.
IL AB
VA
c
Source and methodology not specied.
A
N OT
TA
VEHICLE STANDARDS DA
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
59 486 total (1998 June 2008)
Motorcars 26%
POST-CRASH CARE
National universal access number n/a Non-motorized vehicles 19%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and AIDS Control.
CAMBODIA
Income group: Low

Funded in national budget Yes 1 545f (79% males, 20% females)
National road safety strategy Yesa Reported non-fatal road trafc injuries (2007)
Measurable targets n/a 25 858g
a
Not formally endorsed by government. Yes (deaths and injuries)
f
Data from multiple sectors, dened as died within 7 days of the crash.
g
Data from multiple sectors.
Maximum limit urban roads 40 km/h Other (4%) Drivers 4-wheelers (4%)
Enforcementb 1
Drinkdriving law Yes Passengers
BAC limit general population 0.05 g/dl Pedestrians (13%) 4-wheelers (11%)
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints n/ac Cyclists (5%)
Enforcementb n/ac

Applies to all riders No Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(63%)
Helmet wearing rate 21%d
Enforcementb 2
Seat-belt law Yes Source: 2007, Road Trafc Accident Victims Information System (RTAVIS)
Seat-belt wearing rate 0%e
Enforcementb TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
1
Enforcementb 0 1 600
b 1 400
c
Regulations are in place, but not yet enforced. 1 200
d
2006, Ministry of Health observational study in Phnom Penh. 1 000
e
800
600
VEHICLE STANDARDS
400
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects No 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Year
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: 19952005, Ministry of Interior/Trafc Police; 20062007,
Road Trafc Accident Victims Information System (RTAVIS)
REGISTERED VEHICLES
154 389 total (2007)
Motorcars 9%
POST-CRASH CARE
National universal access number Yes Trucks 2%

CAMEROON

Lead agency Ministry of Transport Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Measurable targets No 2 471c
b
c
Police data.
Maximum limit urban roads 60 km/h Pedestrians (10%)
Enforcementa 4
Drivers 4-wheelers
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.08 g/dl Cyclists (18%)
Enforcementa 3
(17%) Passengers
4-wheelers (40%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 1
Seat-belt law Yes Source: Consensus group estimate, based on 2001 data


a 1 200
800

400
200
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
0
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects No 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2005
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes d
Year
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT d
Data for 2002 not provided.
Source: Ministry of Transport
REGISTERED VEHICLES
312 259 total (2005)
Motorcars 56%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 8%
National universal access number Yes Non-motorized vehicles 1%

CANADA
Income group: High
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency Road Safety Directorate, Transport Canadaa
Funded in national budget Yes DATA
Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
National road safety strategy Yes 2 889h (68% males, 32% females)
Funded Yes Reported non-fatal road trafc injuries (2006)
a 199 337i
With support and collaboration by the Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators and its members.
NATIONAL LEGISLATION h
i
Speed limits set nationally No (subnationally) Police data.
Maximum limit urban roads up to 70 km/h
Enforcementb n/a
BAC limit general population 0.08 g/dl Other (1%)
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.00.04 g/dl
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Yes Pedestrians (13%) Drivers
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 30%c 4-wheelers
Cyclists (3%)
(54%)
Enforcementb 4
Riders motorized
Motorcycle helmet law No (subnational) 2- or 3-wheelers
Applies to all riders Yesd (7%)
Helmet standards mandated Yesd
Helmet wearing rate 99%e
Enforcementb n/a
Passengers
Seat-belt law No (subnational) 4-wheelers (22%)
Applies to all occupants Yesf
Seat-belt wearing rate 93% Front, 87% Rearg
Enforcementb n/a
Source: Police-reported records of trafc collisions that occurred on public roads during 2006
Child restraints law No (subnational)
Enforcementb n/a
b
c
2006, Coroners data compiled by Trafc Injury Research Foundation. 35
d
No national law, but all provinces and territories require motorcycle helmets for all riders and
compliance with a national helmet standard.
e 30
2006, Transport Canadas National Trafc Collision Data le, rate among drivers and passengers
involved in crashes occurring on public roads. 25
f
No national law, but all provinces and territories require the use of seat-belts by all vehicle occupants.
g
2006, Transport Canada, Average for Rural and Urban Roads Surveys. 20
15
Fuel consumption No
0
1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Year
Source: Vital Statistics compiled by Ministry of Health, Labor and Source: Country questionnaire
REGISTERED VEHICLES
National policies to promote public transportation No (subnational)
20 065 000 total (2006)
Motorcars 52%
POST-CRASH CARE
n/a Data not required/not applicable. Data cleared by the Public Health Agency of Canada.
77
CAPE VERDE
Population: 530 437

Lead agency General Directorate of Road Transport Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Measurable targets No 899e
No
d
e
Police data.
7
E
Enforcementa 3 V AIL
O TA
T AN
Applies to all riders Nob DA
Enforcementa 9
Seat-belt law Yes

Enforcementa 6 NUMBER OF
a YEAR DEATHS
b
Exceptions include children and the armed forces.
c
Estimation by consensus group. 2007 49
Source: Direao Geral dos Transportes Rodovirios

VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure
REGISTERED VEHICLES
54 158 total (2007)
Motorcars 66%
POST-CRASH CARE
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Internal Administration.

CENTRAL AFRICAN
REPUBLIC
Income group: Low

Lead agency Directorate of Transport and Road Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
a
d
Police data, dened as died within 1 year of the crash, from capital
(Bangui) only.
e
Transport data based on police reports.
Enforcementb 4
A BL
AIL
V
Enforcementb 4
O TA
T AN
DA
Applies to all riders Yesc
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb 3
Seat-belt law Yes

Enforcementb n/a
b
LE
c
IL AB
VA
Some exceptions.
A
N OT
TA
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
5 834 total (2007)
Motorcars 21%
POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system No Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) <1%
National universal access number n/a Trucks <1%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Population and HIV/AIDS and the
n/a Data not required/not applicable. 79 Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation.
CHAD
Income group: Low

Lead agency National Commission on Road Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
a
d
Transport and Police data, dened as died within 1 year of the crash.
e
Directorate General for Surface Transport.
Enforcementb 2
A BL
AIL
V
TA
Enforcementb 0
O
T AN
DA
Enforcementb 4
Seat-belt law Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate 1% Front, <1% Rearc

Enforcementb n/a
b
Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a E
scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. A BL
AIL
c
V
O TA
T AN
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
124 088 total (2006)
Motorcars 16%
POST-CRASH CARE
National universal access number n/a Non-motorized vehicles 3%

CHILE

Lead agency National Trafc Safety Commission (CONASET) Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
Funded in national budget Yes 2 280e (79% males, 21% females)
Measurable targets No 50 010f
e
Health data, dened as died within 1 year and 1 day of the crash.
f
Police data.
Maximum limit urban roads 60 km/h Drivers 4-wheelers (12%)
Enforcementa 5
Passengers
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.5 g/dl Other (27%)
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Yes Riders motorized
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 21%b 2- or 3-wheelers
Enforcementa 3 (3%)

Helmet wearing rate 100%c Pedestrians (40%)
Enforcementa 3
Seat-belt law Yes Source: 2006, National Institute of Statistics/Ministry of Health/Civil Registry


Enforcementa 4 14
a 12
b
National Police of Chile data for 2007.
c
National Trafc Safety Commission (CONASET) data for 2005 for greater Santiago only. 8
d
National Trafc Safety Commission (CONASET) data for 2007 conducted in multiple cities. 6
4
VEHICLE STANDARDS 2
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Year
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Source: National Institute of Statistics/Ministry of Health/Civil Registry

2 824 570 total (2007)
Motorcars 61%
Trucks 5%
POST-CRASH CARE
Buses 2%
National universal access number Yes Other <1%
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

81
CHINA
Population: 1 336 317 116

Lead agency Inter-Ministerial Convention on Road Trafc Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
e
f
Police data.
Maximum limit urban roads 30-50 km/h DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY
Enforcementa 8
Other (14%) Drivers passenger vehicles (5%)
Passengers of
cars (17%)
Enforcementa 8
Motorcycle helmet law Yes Pedestrians (26%)
Enforcementa No consensus Riders motorbikes
(28%)
Seat-belt law Yes Cyclists (9%)
Source: Trafc Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security
Enforcementa No consensus

Enforcementa n/a
a
b
2006, Police data. 10
c
Zhang J, Zhuo J, Chen NA. Study of motorcycle helmet use in Guangxi. Chinese Journal of Disease 9
Control & Prevention, 2004, 8(6):512515.

d
20052006, Study in Guangzhou City and Nanning City. 8
7
VEHICLE STANDARDS 6
5
0
1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure No consensus
Year
Source: Trafc Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security


COLOMBIA

Lead agency Ministry of Transportation Reported road trafc fatalities (2001)
d
National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, dened as
died within 30 days of the crash.
e
National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences.
Enforcementa 4
Other (5%) Drivers 4-wheelers (6%)
BAC limit general population 0.04 g/dl Passengers
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.04 g/dl 4-wheelers (11%)
Enforcementa 5
Riders motorized
Helmet standards mandated Yes (36%)
Seat-belt law Yes

Applies to all occupants Yes Source: 2007, National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences
Enforcementa 7
Enforcementa 25
3
a
b
2007, Ministry of Transportation (SIAT-RNAT).
c
20072008 Road Prevention Fund. Use of helmets that meet a regulatory standard: 70%. 15
10
VEHICLE STANDARDS
5
0
Seat-belt installation for all seats Yes 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects No Source: Ministry of Transportation, National Institute of Legal Medicine and
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Forensic Sciences, Road Prevention Fund

National policies to promote public transportation Yes 4 951 225 total (2007)
Motorcars 36%
Trucks 4%
POST-CRASH CARE
Buses 3%
National universal access number Other <1%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Social Protection.

83
COMOROS
Population: 839 187
Income group: Low

Lead agency Directorate for Road Safety, Circulation Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
and Regulation 12d (70% males, 30% females)
National road safety strategy No 120e
Funded n/a
No
d
Military Police data, dened as died within 24 hours of the crash.
e
Military Police data.
Pedestrians (17%)
Enforcementa 3
Drivers 4-wheelers
(17%)
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.0 g/dlb Riders motorized
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 4%c (8%)
Enforcementa 4
Motorcycle helmet law No
Helmet standards mandated n/a Passengers
Enforcementa n/a
Seat-belt law No
Source: 2007, Gendarmerie
Enforcementa n/a

a
b
c
2007, National Military Police.
LE
IL AB
VEHICLE STANDARDS VA
O TA
T AN
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
DA

REGISTERED VEHICLES
22 378 total (2007)
Motorcars 86%
POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system No Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) 5%
National universal access number n/a Trucks 3%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Solidarity and Gender Equality.
CONGO

Lead agency Directorate General for Land Transport Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget Yes 214b (80% males, 20% females)
No
b
c
Police data.
Enforcementa 3
E
A BL
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol AIL
AV
OT
Enforcementa
N
TA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 4
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementa 3
Enforcementa n/a
a
E
A BL
V AIL
VEHICLE STANDARDS
O TA
T AN
DA
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
100 000 total (2007)
Motorcars 56%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 5%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Social Affairs and Family and the
n/a Data not required/not applicable. 85 Ministry of Security and Public Order.
COOK ISLANDS
Population: 13 325

Lead agency Police Department Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget Yes 5b (80% males, 20% females)
Measurable targets n/a 382c
No
b
Health data (Rarotonga only), dened as died at the crash scene.
c
Police and health data.
Enforcementa 4 Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
Drinkdriving law Yes Pedestrians (40%) (60%)
Enforcementa 4
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa n/a
Source: 2007, Ministry of Health Annual Statistical Bulletin
Seat-belt law No
Enforcementa n/a

Enforcementa n/a
10
a

8
7
6
VEHICLE STANDARDS
5
2
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects No 1
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure No 0
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
National policies to promote walking or cycling No Year

National policies to promote public transportation No Source: Country questionnaire, Rarotonga only


COSTA RICA

Lead agency Council on Road Safety (COSEVI) Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
No
c
Judicial Branch data, dened as died within 1 year of the crash.
d
National Institute of Insurance.
Enforcementa 6
Drinkdriving law Yes Drivers 4-wheelers (20%)
BAC limit general population 0.05 g/dl Pedestrians (33%)
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol Passengers
(18%)
Helmet standards mandated No Cyclists (9%)
Helmet wearing rate
Seat-belt law Yes Source: 2007, Judicial Branch
Enforcementa 7
a
b
National survey conducted in 2004. 18
16
14
10
8
4
2
0
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
National policies to promote walking or cycling No Yeare
e
Data for 2001 not provided.
Source: Council on Road Safety (COSEVI). National Institute
for Statistics and Census (Vital Statistics)

Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport.
87
CROATIA

Funded in national budget Yes 619d

d
e
Police data.
Drinkdriving law Yes Drivers 4-wheelers
BAC limit general population 0.05 g/dl (29%)
Pedestrians (20%)
Enforcementa 7
Cyclists (5%)
Riders motorized Passengers
Helmet wearing rate 2- or 3-wheelers (19%) 4-wheelers (21%)
Enforcementa 6
Seat-belt law Yes Source: 2007, Ministry of Interior
Enforcementa 7
a 1 800
Enforcement 5
1 600
a
b
2007, Ministry of Interior. 1 200
c
2004, Ministry of Interior.
1 000
800
400
200
1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: Ministry of Interior

REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 949 936 total (2007)
Motorcars 77%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 9%
Data not available. Data cleared by the National Institute of Public Health.
88
CUBA

Lead agency National Highway and Transportation Commission Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget No 994f (79% males, 21% females)
Measurable targets n/a 7 507g
f
Health data, dened as died within 1 year of the crash.
g
National Transportation Directorate data.
Enforcementa 5
Drinkdriving law Yes Unspecied (12%)
BAC limit general population Noneb Occupants 4-wheelers
Other (8%)
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 30%c Riders motorized
Bus passengers 2- or 3-wheelers
Enforcementa 4 (3%) (12%)
Helmet wearing rate 95%d Cyclists (14%)
Seat-belt law Yes

Source: 2007, Ministry of Health
Seat-belt wearing rate 70% Fronte
Enforcementa 8
a
b
Drinkdriving not dened by BAC limit. 20
c
2007, Forensic Medicine Institute, Ministry of Public Health.
d
2007, National Transportation Directorate, Ministry of Internal Affairs.
e
2007, National Transportation Directorate, Ministry of Internal Affairs, only applies to cars with seat- 15
belts or those manufactured after 2001.
10
VEHICLE STANDARDS
5
0
Source: National Statistics Directorate, Ministry of Public Health, 20062007
REGISTERED VEHICLES
658 003 total (2008)
Motorcars 36%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 13%
n/a Data not required/not applicable. Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health.
89
CYPRUS
Population: 854 671
Income group: High

Lead agency Road Safety Council Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget Yes 89f (84% males, 16% females)
Measurable targets Yes 2 119g
Yes (deaths only)
f
g
Police data.
Enforcementa 6
(37%)
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.05 g/dl Cyclists (3%)
Motorcycle helmet law Yes 2- or 3-wheelers
(28%) Passengers
Applies to all riders Yesc 4-wheelers
Helmet wearing rate 68% Driversd
Enforcementa 5
Source: 2007, Police records
Seat-belt law Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate 81% Front, 9% Reare
Enforcementa 7
Enforcementa 180
3
160
a
b
2007, Police records. 120
c
Some exceptions. 100
d
2007, Police in cooperation with the Government Statistical Service, 56% passengers.
e
2007, Police records, national observational study. 80
60
40
1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Year
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Source: Country questionnaire

592 480 total (2007)
Motorcars 69%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 2%

90
CZECH REPUBLIC
Income group: High

e
f
Police data.
Enforcementa 5
Other (1%)
(41%)
Applies to all riders Yes Riders motorized
Helmet wearing rate 97% Driversc (11%)
Enforcementa 9
Passengers
Seat-belt law Yes 4-wheelers (18%)
Source: 2007, Police Presidium of the Czech Republic, Directorate of Trafc Branch
Enforcementa 8
a
b 18
2007, Czech Police.

c 16
2007, Czech Police, 85% for passengers.
d
2006, Transport Research Centre. 14
12
10
VEHICLE STANDARDS 8
0
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
Year
5 455 110 total (2006)
Motorcars 75%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 9%

91
DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF
THE CONGO
Income group: Low

No
c
Police data, dened as died at the crash scene, Kinshasa only.
d
Police and health data, Kinshasa only.
Enforcementa 5
Drinkdriving law Yes Other (1%) Drivers 4-wheelers (5%)
Enforcementa 5
Passengers
4-wheelers
Helmet standards mandated No (35%)
Helmet wearing rate
Seat-belt law Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate 80% Front, 40% Rearb Source: 2007, Road Trafc Police, National Road Safety Committee
Enforcementa 7
Enforcementa n/a
a
b
2007, estimated based on nes given out by the Road Trafc Police.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
LE
IL AB
A VA
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
N OT
TA
DA


DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC

Funded in national budget n/a 1 414d (83% males, 17% females)
No
d
National Police and General Ground Travel Bureau data, dened as died
at the crash scene.
e
Police data.
Pedestrians (5%)
Enforcementa 2
Drinkdriving law Yes Riders motorized
BAC limit general population Noneb 2- or 3-wheelers (8%) Drivers 4-wheelers
(42%)
Enforcementa 2
Applies to all riders Passengers
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 2
Seat-belt law Yes

Source: 2007, General Ground Travel Bureau
Enforcementa 6
Enforcementa n/a
a
b
Drinkdriving not dened by BAC limit. YEAR DEATHS
c
2006, General Ground Travel Bureau, study involving drivers and front-seat passengers only.
2005 1 366
2006 1 386
VEHICLE STANDARDS 2007 1 414
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 121 244 total (2007)
Motorcars 28%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 16%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance.
ECUADOR

Lead agency The National Commission of Ground Transit Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
and Transportation 1 801c (74% males, 26% females)
National road safety strategy 9 511d
Measurable targets
Funded
c
National Institute of Statistics and Census data, dened as died within 24
hours of the crash.
d
National Institute of Statistics and Census data.
Enforcementa Occupants 4-wheelers (14%)
3
Riders motorized
Drinkdriving law Yes 2- or 3-wheelers (1%)
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.08 g/dl Other (42%) Cyclists (<1%)
Enforcementa 5
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa Pedestrians (43%)
2
Seat-belt law Yes
Source: 2006, National Institute of Statistics and Census
Seat-belt wearing rate 30% Front, 10% Rearb
Enforcementa 3
1 800
a
1 600
b
2007, National Directorate of Ground Transit and Transportation. 1 400
1 200
1 000
600
400
Fuel consumption No
200
Seat-belt installation for all seats No
0
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006
e
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure No e
No data supplied for 2002.
Source: National Directorate of Transit, Department of Archives and Statistics;
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Guayas Transit Commission

961 556 total (2006)
Motorcars 38%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 8%
National universal access number n/a Other <1%

EGYPT

Lead agency National Council for Road Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Measurable targets No 154 000e
No
d
Health data, dened as died at the crash scene.
e
2007, Health data.
Enforcementa 7
Drinkdriving law Yes Occupants 4-wheelers
BAC limit general population Noneb (48%)
Other (30%)
Enforcementa 4
Applies to all riders No
Pedestrians (20%)
Helmet wearing rate 70% Passengersc
Cyclists (2%) 2- or 3-wheelers (<1%)
Seat-belt law Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate 70% Driversc Source: 2005, National Information Center for Health & Population
Enforcementa 7
Enforcementa n/a
a
b
c
2003, Ministry of Interior.
E
A BL
VEHICLE STANDARDS V AIL
O TA
AN
T
Fuel consumption No DA
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
4 300 000 total (2008)
Motorcars 60%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 18%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Population.
EL SALVADOR

Lead agency Deputy Ministry of Transportation Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Measurable targets No 11 655d
c
Forensic Medicine, Police and Health data, dened as died anytime after
the crash.
d
Health data.
Local authorities can set lower limits No Other (4%) Drivers 4-wheelers (9%)
Enforcementa 4
Passsengers
BAC limit general population 0.05 g/dl Pedestrians
Enforcementa 5 (2%)

Cyclists (4%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 6
2008, Institute of Forensic Medicine, compared with data of the National Civil Police
Seat-belt law Yes and the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare
Enforcementa 0
25
a
b
2007, Assistant Directors Ofce of Ground Transportation, National Civil Police.
15
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: Data for 1970 to 1998, General Bureau of Statistics and Census.
Data for 1999 to 2007, Forensic Statistics Section of the Institute of Forensic Medicine.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
630 638 total (2007)
Motorcars 45%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 7%
ERITREA
Income group: Low

Lead agency Ministry of Transport and Communication Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
d
e
Police data.
7
E
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 1.2%b A BL
O TA
Applies to all riders Yesc DA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 9
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementa 2 180
a
b
2007, Trafc Police archive. 120
c
Some exceptions.
100
80
60
VEHICLE STANDARDS
40
1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: Land and Transport Department

REGISTERED VEHICLES
60 849 total (2007)
Motorcars 51%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 16%

ESTONIA
Income group: High

Lead agency The Road Safety Committee of the Government Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
of the Republic of Estonia 196d (75% males, 25% females)
National road safety strategy Yes 3 270e
Funded Yes
d
Estonian National Road Administration data, dened as died within
30 days of the crash.
e
Estonian National Road Administration data.
Enforcementa 6
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Yes Cyclists (9%)
Enforcementa Riders motorized
8
2- or 3-wheelers
Motorcycle helmet law Yes (6%)
Helmet standards mandated Yes Passengers
4-wheelers (27%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 9
Source: 2007, Estonian National Road Administration
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementa 7
35
Enforcementa 8
a
30
b
2007, Estonian National Road Administration.
c 20
2007, Trafc Behaviour Monitoring.
15

1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: Estonian National Road Administration

REGISTERED VEHICLES
708 794 total (2008)
Motorcars 74%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 11%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Social Affairs.

98
ETHIOPIA
Income group: Low

d
e
Police data adjusted by comparing with health data.
Enforcementa Other (1%) Drivers 4-wheelers (6%)
2
BAC limit general population Noneb Pedestrians (55%) Passengers
BAC limit young or novice drivers Noneb 4-wheelers (37%)
Enforcementa 1
Helmet standards mandated n/a Riders motorized
Helmet wearing rate 60%c 2- or 3-wheelers (1%)
Enforcementa n/a
Cyclists (<1%)
Seat-belt wearing rate 20%c Source: 2007, Federal Police Commission Annual Report
Enforcementa n/a

a
Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a 4.0
b
Drinkdriving not dened by BAC limit. 3.5
c
2007, Consensus group estimate.
3.0
2.5
VEHICLE STANDARDS 2.0
No car manufacturers 1.5
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS 1.0

0.5
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
National policies to promote walking or cycling No Source: Country questionnaire
REGISTERED VEHICLES
244 257 total (2007)
Motorcars 29%
POST-CRASH CARE
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Transport and Communications.
FIJI
Population: 838 698

Measurable targets Yes 663f
e
f
Police data.
Enforcementa 7
Enforcementa 7
Helmet wearing rate 90%c 4-wheelers (49%)
Enforcementa 10
Seat-belt law Yes
Applies to all occupants Yes Source: 2007, Fiji Police
Enforcementa 9
a
b 100
2006, Fiji Police.
c
d
2007, Fiji Police. 80
60
VEHICLE STANDARDS
40
20
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
Source: Fiji Police

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Women and Social Welfare.

100
FINLAND
Income group: High

Lead agency Ministry of Transport and Communications Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
of Finland 380f (73% males, 27% females)
National road safety strategy Yes 8 446g
Funded Yes
f
Road Trafc Accidents 2007, Statistics Finland and Central
Organization for Trafc Safety in Finland, dened as died within 30 days
NATIONAL LEGISLATION of the crash.
g
Road Trafc Accidents 2007, Statistics Finland and Central
Speed limits set nationally Yes Organization for Trafc Safety in Finland.
Enforcementa 7
Other (1%)
Drivers 4-wheelers
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 24%b Cyclists (6%)
Enforcementa 8
Riders motorized
Applies to all riders Yesc (11%)
Helmet wearing rate 95% Driversd Passengers
Enforcementa 9 4-wheelers (18%)
Seat-belt law Yes

Seat-belt wearing rate 89% Front, 80% Reard Source: Road Trafc Accidents 2007, Statistics Finland and
Central Organization for Trafc Safety in Finland
Enforcementa 7
a
b 14
Road Trafc Accidents 2007, Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Trafc Safety in Finland.
c
Some exceptions.
d 12
e
2007, Central Organization for Trafc Safety in Finland, data for rear-seat passengers apply to urban 10
areas only.
8
VEHICLE STANDARDS 6

Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Source: Road Trafc Accidents 2007, Statistics Finland and
Central Organization for Trafc Safety in Finland
REGISTERED VEHICLES
4 656 370 total (2007)
Motorcars 61%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 2%
Data cleared by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.

101
FRANCE
Income group: High

Lead agency Interministerial Road Safety Task Force Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
e
Observatoire national interministriel de scurit routire (ONISR) data,
dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
f
NATIONAL LEGISLATION Observatoire national interministriel de scurit routire (ONISR) data.

BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.05 g/dl Cyclists (3%) Drivers 4-wheelers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Yes (43%)
Enforcementa 4
Applies to all riders Yesc 2- or 3-wheelers
Enforcementa 7
Passengers
Source: 2007, Observatoire national interministriel de scurit routire (ONISR)
Enforcementa 8
5
a
b
2006, Observatoire national interministriel de scurit routire (ONISR).
c
Some exceptions. 30
d
2006, ONISR, Observational study, data apply to motorcyclists (99% for moped riders).
25
20
Year
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure No Source: Observatoire national interministriel de scurit routire

National policies to promote walking or cycling No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES
39 926 000 total (20062008)
Motorcars 77%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 1%
Data cleared by the Interministerial Road Safety Task Force.

102
GAMBIA
Income group: Low

Lead agency National Roads Authority Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
No
c
Police and health data, dened as died within 1 year of the crash.
d
Actual data from the Gambia Police Force and Royal Victoria Teaching
Hospital.
Enforcementa 3
A BL
AIL
Enforcementa 4 AV
N OT
TA
DA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 4
Seat-belt law Yes

Enforcementa n/a
a
Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a E
A BL
AIL
b
V
O TA
T AN
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
14 450 total (2007)
Motorcars 61%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 6%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Department of State for Works, Construction and Infrastructure.
GEORGIA

Lead agency Transport Commission Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget 737c (78% males, 22% females)
No
c
Ministry of Internal Affairs data, dened as died within 20 days of the
crash.
d
Ministry of Internal Affairs data.
Cyclists (<1%)
Enforcementa 8
Enforcementa 9
Helmet standards mandated No Unspecied (72%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 6
Seat-belt law Yes Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia
Enforcementa 8
a
Enforcement 7 1 400
a
1 200

b 1 000
2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia.
800
National policies to promote walking or cycling No Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia
REGISTERED VEHICLES
567 900 total (2008)
Motorcars 83%
POST-CRASH CARE
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Affairs.
104
a
GERMANY
a
Questionnaire completed by the Federal Highway Research Institute BASt (no consensus meeting).
Income group: High

Lead agency Federal Ministry for Trafc, Building and Housing Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
e
Federal Statistics Ofce data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
f
Federal Statistics Ofce data.
Enforcementb Other (1%)

BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.0 g/dl Drivers 4-wheelers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Yes Cyclists (10%) (43%)
Enforcementb
Riders motorized
Applies to all riders Yes (18%)
Helmet wearing rate 97% Drivers, 96% Passengersd
Enforcementb
Passengers
Applies to all occupants Yes Source: 2006, Federal Statistics Ofce
Enforcementb

Enforcementb
16
b
Enforcement score represents professional opinion of BASt, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not
14
effective and 10 is highly effective.

c
2006, Federal Statistics Ofce. 12
d
2007, Federal Highway Research Institute.
10
8
VEHICLE STANDARDS
6
Fuel consumption No
2
0
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006
Source: Federal Statistics Ofce
REGISTERED VEHICLES
55 511 374 total (2007)
Motorcars 84%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 8%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Federal Highway Research Institute BASt.
105
GHANA
Income group: Low

Lead agency National Road Safety Commission Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
Funded in national budget Yes 1 856b (73% males, 27% females)
Measurable targets Yes 14 492c
b
National Road Safety Commission data (based on police reports), dened
as died within 30 days of the crash.
c
National Road Safety Commission data (based on police reports).
Enforcementa 2
BAC limit general population 0.08 g/dl 4-wheelers
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.0 g/dl Pedestrians (42%) (35%)
Enforcementa 2
Enforcementa Cyclists (4%) 2- or 3-wheelers (5%)
3
Seat-belt law Yes
Applies to all occupants Yes Source: National Road Safety Commission, Road Trafc Accident Statistics 2006

Enforcementa 0
10
a
6
VEHICLE STANDARDS
4
2
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
0
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Year
Source: Building and Road Research Institute
REGISTERED VEHICLES
931 642 total (2007)
Motorcars 53%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 9%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Transportation.
106
GREECE
Income group: High

Funded in national budget n/a 1 657e (82% males, 18% females)
No
e
National Statistical Service data, dened as died within 30 days of the
crash.
f
Police data.
Pedestrians (16%)
Cyclists (1%)
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 7.2%b
Enforcementa 7
Helmet standards mandated Yes Riders motorized
Helmet wearing rate 58% Drivers, 32% Passengersd 2- or 3-wheelers (30%)
Enforcementa 7 Passengers
4-wheelers (15%)
Seat-belt law Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate 75% Front, 42% Reard Source: 2006, National Statistical Service
Enforcementa 7
a
b
2006, Road Trafc Police and Port Police Authorities, drivers involved in fatal crashes.
c
Some exceptions. 2 000
d
2006, Road Trafc Police and Port Police Authorities, includes only people involved in reported road
trafc crashes. 1 500
1 000
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

0
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure
Year
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: National Statistical Service
REGISTERED VEHICLES
7 212 236 total (2006)
Motorcars 65%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 17%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity.
GUATEMALA

Lead agency Ministry of the Interior, Department of Transit Reported road trafc fatalities (2004)
of the National Civil Police 581b (74% males, 25% females)
National road safety strategy No (subnational) 2 586c
Funded n/a
No
b
National Statistical Institute data (mainly from police records), dened as
died at the crash scene.
c
National Statistical Institute data (mainly from police records).
Enforcementa 3
Pedestrians (23%) Drivers (28%)
Drinkdriving law No (subnational)
BAC limit general population n/a
BAC limit young or novice drivers n/a
Enforcementa n/a
Passengers and
unspecied (49%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 3 Source: 2004, National Civil Police, Institute of National Statistics
Seat-belt law Yes

Enforcementa 5
400

a 250
200
150

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Source: Vital Statistics
1 613 796 total (2008)
Motorcars 28%
Trucks 7%
Buses 5%
POST-CRASH CARE
Non-motorized vehicles <1%
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system No Other 23%
National universal access number n/a Unspecied 2%
GUINEA-BISSAU
Income group: Low

Funded in national budget n/a 117c
No
c
Enforcementa 4
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints No E
A BL
AIL
Enforcementa 3 AV
N OT
TA
DA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa n/a
Seat-belt law No
Enforcementa n/a
a
Enforcement n/a
a
b
Drinkdriving not dened by BAC limit. LE
IL AB
AVA
VEHICLE STANDARDS N OT
TA
No car manufacturers DA
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
57 839 total (2008)
Motorcars 73%
POST-CRASH CARE

GUYANA
Population: 737 906

Lead agency Ministry of Home Affairs Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
c
Police data, dened as death resulting from injuries due to a road
accident event (time period not specied).
d
Ministry of Home Affairs data.
Enforcementa 4
BAC limit general population 0.08 g/dl Passsengers
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.08 g/dl Pedestrians (30%) 4-wheelers (25%)
Enforcementa

Helmet wearing rate Cyclists (16%)
5
Seat-belt law Yes
Source: 2007, Guyana Police Force Trafc Headquarters
Enforcementa 7
Enforcementa 0 250
a

b
Some exceptions.
150
VEHICLE STANDARDS
100
50
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Source: Trafc Headquarters
REGISTERED VEHICLES
127 825 total (2008)
Motorcars 35%
POST-CRASH CARE

HONDURAS

e
National Transit Bureau data, dened as died within 24 hours
of the crash.
f
Ministry of Security and Ministry of Health data.
Enforcementa Other (9%)
3
Pedestrians (9%)
Helmet standards mandated No Passsengers
Helmet wearing rate 60% Drivers, 40% Passengersc 4-wheelers (51%)
Enforcementa 5
Seat-belt law Yes
Applies to all occupants Yes Source: 2007, National Transit Bureau/Ministry of Security
Enforcementa 7
700
Enforcementa n/a
600
a
b
2007, National Transit Bureau, proportion of fatal crashes due to alcohol.
c 400
2007, National Transit Bureau/Ministry of Security.
d
2007, National Transit Bureau.
300
200
VEHICLE STANDARDS
100
0
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Source: Forensic Medicine Bureau/Public Ministry
786 682 total (2007)
Motorcars 62%
Trucks 10%
POST-CRASH CARE
Buses 4%
National universal access number No Other <1%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of State Health.

HUNGARY
Income group: High

Lead agency Interministerial Committee for Road Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Yes (deaths only)
e
f
Police data.
Enforcementa 4
Drinkdriving law Yes Other (1%)
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Yes Pedestrians (23%) Drivers 4-wheelers
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 12%b (34%)
Enforcementa 5
Helmet wearing rate 95%c Riders motorized
Passengers
Seat-belt law Yes
4-wheelers (21%)
Enforcementa 4 Source: 2007, Trafc Accidents 2006 Yearbook

a
b
2006, Central Statistical Ofce.
c
Estimation by consensus group, drivers and passengers. 25
d
2007, Observational study.
20
15
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption No
5
0
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
REGISTERED VEHICLES
3 625 386 total (2007)
Motorcars 83%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 12%

112
ICELAND
Population: 301 006
Income group: High

Lead agency The Road Trafc Directorate Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
e
Statistics Iceland Mortality Coding Register data, dened as died within
NATIONAL LEGISLATION 30 days of the crash.
f
Icelandic Accident Register data.
Enforcementa 7 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 20%b 2- or 3-wheelers (5%) Drivers 4-wheelers
Enforcementa (53%)
7
Helmet standards mandated No Passengers
4-wheelers (32%)
Enforcementa 8
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementa 8 Source: The Road Trafc Directorate yearly report 19982007

Enforcementa 8
a
b
2007, The Road Trafc Directorate. 16
c
Estimation by consensus group, drivers and passengers.
d 14
2007, National telephone survey conducted by Capacent Gallup.
12
10
8
6
VEHICLE STANDARDS 4
0
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
Year
Source: Road Trafc Directorate
293 299 total (2007)
Motorcars 71%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 3%

113
INDIA
Population: 1 169 015 509
Income group: Low

Lead agency Department of Road Transport Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
and Highways 105 725d (84% males, 16% females)
National road safety strategy Yesa 452 922e
Funded n/a
a
Not formally endorsed by government. d
e
Police data.
Speed limits set nationally No (subnationally)
Maximum limit urban roads n/a Unspecied (11%) Passenger cars and taxis (15%)
Enforcementb n/a

BAC limit general population 0.03 g/dl Other (29%) Riders motorized
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.03 g/dl 2- or 3-wheelers
Enforcementb 3
Helmet wearing rate Pedestrians (13%) Cyclists (4%)
Enforcementb 2
Source: Road Accidents in India 2006. Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways
Seat-belt law Yes

Enforcementb n/a
100 000
b
c
Some exceptions.
60 000
40 000
VEHICLE STANDARDS
20 000
Seat-belt installation for all seats No 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Source: National Crime Records Bureau
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT REGISTERED VEHICLES
National policies to promote walking or cycling Yes 72 718 000 total (2004)
National policies to promote public transportation Yes Trucks and Lorries 3%
Light motor vehicles 5%
(goods and passengers)
Buses 1%
Two wheelers 71%
POST-CRASH CARE
Cars, jeeps and taxis 13%
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system Yes Tractors and trailers 6%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
INDONESIA

Lead agency National Cabinet Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Yes (deaths only)
e
f
Police data.
Drinkdriving law No
Passengers
BAC limit young or novice drivers n/a Pedestrians (15%) 4-wheelers (4%)
Enforcementa n/a

Riders motorized
Helmet wearing rate 93%c 2- or 3-wheelers
Seat-belt law Yes

Applies to all occupants No Source: 2008, National Police. Based on data collected in 3 provinces,
Seat-belt wearing rate 85%d deaths at the crash scene only
Enforcementa 7
Enforcementa n/a
a
b
c
2007, National rate estimated from study of helmet wearing in 31 cities in 10 provinces.
d 14 000
2005, Jakarta survey.
12 000
10 000
Seat-belt installation for all seats No 2 000
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Source: National Police
REGISTERED VEHICLES
63 318 522 total (2007)
Motorcars 15%
POST-CRASH CARE

IRAN
(Islamic Republic of)

Lead agency Headquarter for Transportation and Fuel Management Reported road trafc fatalities
Funded in national budget Yes (20072008 Iranian Calendar)
22 918e (80% males, 20% females)
National road safety strategy Multiple
Measurable targets n/a Reported non-fatal road trafc injuries
Funded n/a (20072008 Iranian Calendar)
685 611f
NATIONAL LEGISLATION e
Forensic Medicine data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
f
Health data.
Enforcementa 6
BAC limit general population 0.0 g/dlb Unspecied (11%)
4-wheelers (29%)
Seat-belt law Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate 7580%d Riders motorized
8
Source: 1998, Forensic Medicine Organization
a
Enforcement n/a
a
scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
b
c
2008, Trafc Police, 2025% drivers, 34% passengers.
d
2007, Trafc Police.
E
BL
VEHICLE STANDARDS
A
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on V AIL
Fuel consumption Yes O TA
Seat-belt installation for all seats Yes TAN
DA
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
17 000 000 total (2008)
Motorcars 48%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 5%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education.
IRAQ

Lead agency Supreme Council Road Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2005)
Funded in national budget No 1 789b (83% males, 17% females)
No
b
Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology and Police
Statistics, dened as died within 7 days of the crash, excludes Kurdistan
region.
c
Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology and Police
Statistics, excludes Kurdistan region.
Enforcementa 5
E
A BL
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol AIL
AV
OT
Enforcementa 5
N
TA
Motorcycle helmet law No DA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa n/a
Seat-belt law Yes

Enforcementa 8
35
Enforcement a
n/a 25
a 20
15
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology, data since 1990
exclude Kurdistan region
REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 242 269 total (2006)
Motorcars 35%
POST-CRASH CARE

IRELAND
Income group: High

Lead agency Road Safety Authority Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
Funded Costing study available
d
Road Safety Authority data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
e
Road Safety Authority data.
Enforcementa No consensus Other (8%)

Drivers 4-wheelers
Pedestrians (20%) (40%)

Helmet standards mandated
Riders motorized
Helmet wearing rate 2- or 3-wheelers (8%)
Enforcementa No consensus Passengers
4-wheelers (22%)
Seat-belt law Yes
Applies to all occupants Yes Source: Road Safety Authority, Road Collision Facts Ireland 2006

500
a

b 400
Based on Bedford D, McKeown N, Vellinga A, Howell F (2006) Alcohol in fatal road crashes in Ireland in
2003 Population Health Directorate, Health Service Executive. 350
c
2006, Road Safety Authority Seat Belt Wearing Survey. 300
250
200
50
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Yes 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: Road Safety Authority, Road Collision Facts Ireland 2006

2 444 159 total (2006)
Motorcars 76%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 2%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Department of Transport.

118
ISRAEL
Income group: High

Lead agency National Road Safety Authority Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
e
f
Police data.
Enforcementa 5
Enforcementa 6
Riders motorized
Helmet wearing rate 95%c 2- or 3-wheelers (9%)
Enforcementa 9
Seat-belt law Yes Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, Israeli Police
Seat-belt wearing rate 94% Drivers, 88% Front passengers, 45% Reard
Enforcementa 8
Enforcementa 800
5
700
a
b
2007, Israeli Police.
c 500
2006, Observational study conducted by the National Road Safety Authority, drivers and passengers.
d
2007, Observational study conducted by the National Road Safety Authority. 400
300

100
0
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, Israeli Police
2 283 634 total (2007)
Motorcars 78%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 2%

119
ITALY
Income group: High

Lead agency General Directorate for Road Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
d
ISTAT (National Statistics Ofce) and ACI (Automobile Club dItalia) data,
dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
e
ISTAT and ACI data.
Enforcementa 7
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol No consensus (32%)
Passengers
Seat-belt law Yes
4-wheelers (17%)
Enforcementa 7 Source: ISTAT (National Statistics Ofce) and ACI (Automobile Club dItalia)

Enforcementa 7
a
b
Some exceptions.
c
2007, SISTEMA ULISSE Monitoraggio Nazionale sulluso dei dispositivi di sicurezza. 7 000
6 000

4 000
Seat-belt installation for all seats Yes 2 000
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS 1 000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
Source: ISTAT (National Statistics Ofce) and ACI (Automobile Club dItalia)
REGISTERED VEHICLES
43 262 992 total (2008)
Motorcars 83%
POST-CRASH CARE

120
JAMAICA

No
c
c
Health data.
Enforcementa 3
(23%)
Enforcementa 2
Passsengers
Helmet wearing rate 7% Drivers, 6% Passengersb Riders motorized 4-wheelers (29%)
Seat-belt law Yes

Applies to all occupants Yes Source: 2007, Police Trafc Headquarters, Jamaica Constabulary Force
Seat-belt wearing rate 69% Drivers, 62% Passengersb
Enforcementa 5
Enforcementa 4
a TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
b
2000, Healthy Lifestyle Survey.
18
16
12
2
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure No 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
National policies to promote walking or cycling Yes Source: Jamaica Constabulary Force


JAPAN
Income group: High

Lead agency Central Trafc Safety Policy Council Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Measurable targets Yes 1 034 445g
f
Police data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash. Vital statistics
data (2006): 8 195 deaths, dened using International Classication of
NATIONAL LEGISLATION Diseases (ICD) codes.
g
Police data.
Maximum limit urban roads n/aa
Enforcementb No consensus Drivers 4-wheelers
(28%)
Enforcementb No consensus Passengers
4-wheelers (9%)
Enforcementb No consensus 2- or 3-wheelers (18%)
Seat-belt law Yes

Source: 2006, Police data
Seat-belt wearing rate 95%99% Driversd
Enforcementb No consensus TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
Enforcementb No consensus
a
20
Different system of road classication used.
b
c
2007, Police data.
d
2007, National Police Agency/Japan Automobile Foundation.
10
5
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption Yes 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Year
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Source: Vital Statistics compiled by Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Noe
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Noe
REGISTERED VEHICLES
National policies to promote walking or cycling No consensus
91 378 636 total (2006h & 2008i)
Motorcars 63%
e
Some irregular or informal safety checks are conducted. Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers 14%
Trucks 18%
Buses <1%
POST-CRASH CARE Other 5%
h
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system Yes Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (data on motor-driven
cycles and small-sized special motor vehicles).
National universal access number Yes i
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
JORDAN

a
d
Public Security Directorate/Jordan Trafc Institute data, dened as died
within 30 days of the crash.
e
Public Security Directorate/Jordan Trafc Institute data.
Enforcementb 6
Riders motorized
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.08 g/dl 2- or 3-wheelers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints (<1%)
Enforcementb 3
Motorcycle helmet law Yes Passengers
Applies to all riders Yes 4-wheelers (39%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb 4 Source: Country questionnaire
Seat-belt law Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate 65% Drivers, 10% Front passengersc TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
Enforcementb 5 20
Enforcementb n/a 16
14
b
c
2006, Jordan Trafc Institute.
8
6
VEHICLE STANDARDS 4
2
Year

REGISTERED VEHICLES
841 933 total (2007)
Motorcars 65%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 18%

a
KAZAKHSTAN
a

Lead agency Road Police Department Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Measurable targets No 32 988e

d
Ministry of Internal Affairs, Health Ministry and Statistics Agency, dened
as died within 7 days of the crash.
e
Health data.
Enforcementa 5
Enforcementa 10
Helmet standards mandated No Unspecied (84%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 5
Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementa 7
Enforcementa 7
a
Enforcement score represents professional opinion of NDC, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not
b
E
BL
c
2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs.
A
V AIL
O TA
VEHICLE STANDARDS
T AN
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
3 105 954 total (2008)
Motorcars 79%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 13%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Traumotology and
124 Orthopedics Scientic Research Institute.
KENYA
Income group: Low

No
c
d
Police data.
Enforcementa 4
Drivers 4-wheelers (9%)
Passengers
4-wheelers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints No Pedestrians (47%) (33%)
Enforcementa 2
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa n/a Riders motorized
Cyclists (9%) 2- or 3-wheelers (1%)
Seat-belt law Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate Source: 2007, Trafc Police
Enforcementa 3
a

b 2 500
2 000

0
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure No Source: Kenya Trafc Police Department

1 004 243 total (2007)
Motorcars 56%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 10%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation.
KIRIBATI
Population: 95 067

Lead agency Kiribati Police Service Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget No 7c (84% males, 16% females)d
National road safety strategy Yes Reported non-fatal road trafc injuries
No
c
d
19992006, health data.
Enforcementa 6 Drivers 4-wheelers
(38%)
Motorcycle helmet law No 2- or 3-wheelers
(44%)
Helmet standards mandated n/a Passengers
4-wheelers (13%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa n/a
Source: 2007, Emergency Accident Record Book, Ministry of Health and Medical Services
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementa 0 16
a
b
20032008, Kiribati Police Service.
10
8
VEHICLE STANDARDS 6
4
2
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: Kiribati Police Service, data for South Tarawa,
Betio and referral cases from other islands
REGISTERED VEHICLES
16 000 total (2008)
Motorcars 60%
POST-CRASH CARE
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Medical Services.
KUWAIT
Income group: High

No
c
Health data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
d
Health data.
Enforcementa 6
A BL
AIL
Enforcementa 9 AV
N OT
TA
DA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 3
Seat-belt law Yes

Enforcementa n/a
a
E
A BL
AIL
b
V
O TA
T AN
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 364 790 total (2007)
Motorcars 55%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 7%

KYRGYZSTAN
Income group: Low

Lead agency Commission of Trafc Accident Prevention Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
to the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic 1 252c
National road safety strategy Multiple 6 223d
Funded n/a
No
c
Health and Ministry of Internal Affairs data, dened as died within 1 year
of the crash.
d
Health and Ministry of Internal Affairs data.
Enforcementa 7
Other (1%)
BAC limit general population Noneb Drivers (23%)
Pedestrians (43%)
Enforcementa 4
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 7
Seat-belt law Yes Cyclists (1%) Passengers (32%)
Source: 2007, Central Administration of Road Safety to the Ministry of Internal Affairs
Enforcementa 5 of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republican Medical Information Center to the Ministry of
Public Health of the Kyrgyz Republic
Enforcementb n/a
a
b
Drinkdriving not dened by BAC limit. TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
VEHICLE STANDARDS NUMBER OF

YEAR DEATHS
2006 1 051
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
2007 1 252

Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Executive Director of
n/a Data not required/not applicable. 128 Road Safety Under the Kyrgyz Government.
LAO PEOPLES
DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC
Income group: Low

Lead agency Ministry of Public Works and Transport Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget No 608f
f
g
NATIONAL LEGISLATION Police data.

Enforcementa 5
LE
Yes
IL AB
Enforcementa 3 A VA
N OT
Motorcycle helmet law Yes TA
Enforcementa 6
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementa n/ae TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

a
350
b
20002007, Police data. 250
c
Some exceptions.
d
2007, Handicap International Belgium, survey conducted in Vientiane. 200
e
Law not yet enforced. 150
100
50
VEHICLE STANDARDS
0
No car manufacturers 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Source: Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction
REGISTERED VEHICLES
National policies to promote public transportation Yes 641 081 total (2007)
Motorcars 2%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 3%

LATVIA

Lead agency Road Trafc Safety Council Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
e
Road Safety Directorate data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
f
Road Safety Directorate data.
(31%)
Enforcementa 7
Helmet standards mandated No Cyclists (8%) 4-wheelers (19%)
Riders motorized
Seat-belt law Yes
Applies to all occupants Yes Source: 2006, Road Safety Directorate, Statistics of Road Trafc Accidents in Latvia 2007
Enforcementa 7
Enforcementa 6
40
a

b
2006, Statistics of road accidents in Latvia, Road Trafc Safety Directorate. 30
c
2006, research by Road Trafc Research, LTD. Drivers and passengers of motorcycles in Riga and Riga
region. 25
d
2006, Observational studies by Road Trafc Research, LTD and Data Serviss, LTD. 20
15
5
0
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Year
Source: Road Safety Directorate
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 062 935 total (2006)
Motorcars 77%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 11%

130
LEBANON

a
d
Internal Security Forces data, dened as died within 7 days of the crash.
e
Internal Security Forces data.
Enforcementb 4
A BL
AIL
V
Enforcementb 1
O TA
TAN
DA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb 2
Seat-belt law Yes

Enforcementb n/a
b
LE
c
IL AB
VA
2007, Internal Security Forces.
A
N OT
TA
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
POST-CRASH CARE
1 400 000f total (2007)
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system No Registered vehicle types: data not available
National universal access number n/a f

LESOTHO

Lead agency Road Safety Department Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
a
Not formally endorsed by government. Yes (deaths only)
c
Road Safety Department data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
d
Police data.
Enforcementb Drivers 4-wheelers (4%)
5
4-wheelers (13%)
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.10 g/dl Riders motorized
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Yes 2- or 3-wheelers (<1%)
Enforcementb 5
Helmet standards mandated No Unspecied Pedestrians (34%)
Helmet wearing rate (49%)
Enforcementb 6
Seat-belt law Yes
Applies to all occupants No Source: Lesotho Road Accident Statistical Report 2007, Road Safety Department
Enforcementb 5
Enforcementb n/a TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
b
400
VEHICLE STANDARDS
300
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects 100
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT 0
1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Year
Source: Lesotho Road Accident Statistical Report 2007, Road Safety Department
POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system No REGISTERED VEHICLES
National universal access number n/a Data not available
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.
LIBERIA
Income group: Low

Lead agency No Reported road trafc fatalities
Funded in national budget n/a
National road safety strategy No Reported non-fatal road trafc injuries

No
Enforcementa 2
A BL
AIL
V
TA
Enforcementa 3
O
b
T AN
DA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 2
Seat-belt law Nob

Enforcementa n/a
a
E
A BL
AIL
b
No laws but national regulations enforced by Liberia National Police.
V
O TA
T AN
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
11 086 total (2007)
Motorcars 67%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 7%
National universal access number n/a Other <1%
LIBYAN ARAB
JAMAHIRIYA (the)

Funded in national budget n/a 2 138d (65% males, 35% females)
d
General Trafc Department data, dened as died within 30 days of the
crash.
e
General Trafc Department data.
Enforcementa 3
Drivers 4-wheelers
Unspecied (20%)
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints No Pedestrians
(15%)
Enforcementa 5
Passengers
Motorcycle helmet law Yes 4-wheelers
Cyclists (5%)
Applies to all riders No (28%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 7
Source: 2008, General Trafc Department
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementa n/a
a
b
Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. 1 500
c
2007, General Trafc Department.
1 000
VEHICLE STANDARDS
500
0
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Year
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: General Trafc Department

REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 826 533 total (2007)
Motorcars 76%
POST-CRASH CARE
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Environment.
LITHUANIA

Lead agency State Trafc Safety Commission Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
c
d
Police data.
Enforcementa 6
Enforcementa 6
Helmet standards mandated No Passengers
Riders motorized
Seat-belt law Yes Source: 2006, Police Department (Ministry of Interior)

Enforcementa 6
35
Enforcementa 5
a
30
b
2006, Police Department (Ministry of Interior).
20
15
VEHICLE STANDARDS
10
5
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
0
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Yes 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Year
Source: Police Department (Ministry of Interior)
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 781 686 total (2006)
Motorcars 89%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 8%

135
MADAGASCAR
Income group: Low

Funded in national budget n/a 550b
Measurable targets Yes 5 190c
b
c
Police data.
Enforcementa

E
A BL
V AIL
Enforcementa 5 OTA
T AN
Applies to all riders
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 6
Seat-belt law Yes
6
Enforcementa n/a
a
E
BL
A
AIL
V
O TA
VEHICLE STANDARDS TAN
DA
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
197 981 total (2006)
Motorcars 52%
POST-CRASH CARE

MALAWI
Income group: Low

No
c
Malawi Trafc Police and Road Safety Council data, dened as died within
d
Malawi Trafc Police & Road Safety Council data.
Enforcementa Other (<1%) Drivers 4-wheelers (8%)
5
Pedestrians (45%)
Enforcementa 4
Helmet wearing rate 2- or 3-wheelers
(1%)
Seat-belt law Yes

Applies to all occupants No Source: 2007, National Road Council/ Malawi Trafc Police
Enforcementa 6
a
b
Data source not available.
LE
VEHICLE STANDARDS IL AB
A VA
N OT
TA
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS DA
REGISTERED VEHICLES
130 000 total (2007)
Motorcars 41%
POST-CRASH CARE

MALAYSIA

Lead agency Cabinet Committee on Road Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
e
f
Police data.
Enforcementa 6
Other (6%) Drivers 4-wheelers (13%)
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.08 g/dl Passengers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Yes 4-wheelers
Enforcementa 6
Helmet wearing rate 90% Drivers, 70% Passengersc 2- or 3-wheelers
Seat-belt law Yes

Seat-belt wearing rate 70% Frontd Source: 2007, Royal Malaysian Police
Enforcementa 6
a 35
b 30
Some exceptions.
c
2007, Malaysian Institute on Road Safety Research. 25
d
2003, International Association of Trafc and Safety Sciences Research Vol 28 No. 1 (published 2004).
20
15
VEHICLE STANDARDS
10
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Source: Road Safety Department Malaysia
REGISTERED VEHICLES
16 825 150 total (2007)
Motorcars 45%
POST-CRASH CARE

MALDIVES
Population: 305 556

Lead agency Road Trafc Police of Maldives Police Service Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget No 8b (88% males, 12% females)
No
b
Police data, dened as died at the scene of the crash.
Drinkdriving law No
BAC limit young or novice drivers n/a Cyclists (25%)
Enforcementa n/a

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa n/a
Seat-belt law No Source: 2007, Maldives Police Service

Enforcementa n/a
Enforcementa n/a
a
LE
IL AB
AVA
VEHICLE STANDARDS
N OT
TA
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
33 807 total (2007)
Motorcars 8%
POST-CRASH CARE

MALI
Income group: Low

Lead agency National Directorate for Land, Sea and River Transport Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget Yes 659c
c
Police and Health data, dened as died within 7 days of the crash.
Enforcementa 4
A BL
AIL
Enforcementa 3 AV
N OT
DA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 2
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementa 5
200
a
Enforcement 2 160
a
b
80
60
0
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005
Yeard
d
Data for 2002 not provided
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: Direction de la Rgulation de la Circulation et des Transports Urbains
du District de Bamako, data for Bamako district only
REGISTERED VEHICLES
167 245 total (2007)
Motorcars 52%
POST-CRASH CARE
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Equipment and Transport.
140
MALTA
Population: 406 582
Income group: High

Lead agency Malta Transport Authority Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
No
c
Police data (dened as died within 30 days of the crash) and Health data
(using ICD-10 codes).
d
Police data.
Enforcementa 5
Passengers
(7%)
Applies to all riders Yes Riders motorized
Helmet standards mandated No 2- or 3-wheelers (29%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 9
Seat-belt law Yes Source: 2007, Malta Police, published by the National Statistics Ofce
Enforcementa 8
Enforcementa 6 30
a
b
2006, Malta Transport Authority survey. 20
15
VEHICLE STANDARDS
10
0
346 118 total (2007)
Motorcars 76%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 17%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Parliamentary Secretary for Health.
MARSHALL ISLANDS
Population: 59 286

Lead agency Department of Public Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget Yes 1f (male)
Measurable targets n/a 35g
a
f
Police data, dened as died within 24 hours of the crash.
g
Police data.
Enforcementb 5
Drinkdriving law Yes DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY
BAC limit general population Nonec
BAC limit young or novice drivers Nonec
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Yes YEAR DEATHS
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 70%d
Enforcementb 2007 1 driver of 4-wheeled vehicle
6
Applies to all riders Yese
Enforcementb 7
Seat-belt law No
Applies to all occupants n/a TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
Enforcementb n/a

Enforcementb E
BL
n/a
A
b
V AIL
TA
scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. O
AN
c
T
DA
d
Police estimate for average year.
e
Some exceptions.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
2 487 total (2006)
Motorcars 63%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 4%
n/a Data not required/not applicable. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.
142
MAURITANIA
Income group: Low

Lead agency Department of Road Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
No
d
e
Police data supplemented with a study (not referenced).
4
E
O TA
Helmet wearing rate 50% Driversc
Enforcementa 4
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementa 1
Enforcementa 250
1
a
b
c
Estimation by consensus group. 150
100
VEHICLE STANDARDS
50
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Source: Direction des Transports et de la scurit routire

Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs.
MAURITIUS

Lead agency Trafc Management and Road Safety Unit Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
a
e
Central Statistics Ofce data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
f
Central Statistics Ofce data.
Enforcementb 4
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.05 g/dl 4-wheelers
Enforcementb 5
Cyclists (9%) 2- or 3-wheelers
(36%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb 9
Source: 2007, Trafc Management and Road Safety Unit and the Police Road Safety Unit
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementb n/a 14
b
c
2007, Forensic Science Laboratory.
d
2004, Survey conducted by the Trafc Management and Road Safety Unit. 8
6
VEHICLE STANDARDS 4
2
0
Source: Road Transport and Road Trafc Accident Statistics, 2007
334 125 total (2007)
Motorcars 43%
Trucks 5%
POST-CRASH CARE
Buses 1%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Quality of Life.
MEXICO

Lead agency National Council of Injury Prevention (CONAPRA) Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
No
c
National Institute of Statistics Geography and Information data, dened
as died at the crash scene.
d
Health data.
Enforcementa 4
Other (1%)
BAC limit general population n/ab Occupants 4-wheelers
BAC limit young or novice drivers n/ab (68%)
Pedestrians (21%)
Enforcementa 3
Cyclists (4%)
Enforcementa 3
Seat-belt law Yes
Source: 2006, National Institute of Statistics Geography and Information
Enforcementa 5
a 6 000
b
BAC limits are set at the subnational level (0.08 g/dl in the Federal District and most cities). 5 000
4 000
VEHICLE STANDARDS
3 000
1 000
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
0
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects No 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: Vital Statistics

REGISTERED VEHICLES
24 970 879 total (2006)
Motorcars 66%
POST-CRASH CARE

MICRONESIA
(Federated States of)
Population: 111 117

Funded in national budget n/a 12d
National road safety strategy No (subnational) Reported non-fatal road trafc injuries
No
d
e
Police, estimate for an average year.
Local authorities can set lower limits n/a
Maximum limit urban roads n/a
Enforcementa n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 90%b Police estimate that
Enforcementa n/a 10% of road trafc deaths are
pedestrians, 30% are drivers
Motorcycle helmet law No (subnational) of motorcars, and 60% are
Applies to all riders n/a passengers in motorcars.
Enforcementa n/a
Seat-belt law No
Applies to all occupants n/a Source: Country questionnaire
Enforcementa n/a

a
b
2007, Police and Transport data.
c
Police estimate for average year.
E
A BL
V AIL
VEHICLE STANDARDS
O TA
T AN
DA
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
4 217 total (2007)
Motorcars 42%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 3%
n/a Data not required/not applicable. Data cleared by the Department of Health and Social Affairs.
146
MONGOLIA

Lead agency National Committee of Road Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Measurable targets Yes 932e
No
d
Health data, time period not specied in denition.
e
Police data.
Maximum limit urban roads 60 km/h Cyclists (<1%)
Enforcementa 4

Applies to all riders Yes Occupants
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 3
Seat-belt law Yes Source: 2007, National Center for Health Development, Ministry of Health

Seat-belt wearing rate 7080% Driversc
Enforcementa 2
a
20
b 15
2007 Police data, proportion of road trafc deaths involving drunk drivers.
c
2008, Police estimate, 1020% front-seat passengers, 510% rear-seat passengers.
10
VEHICLE STANDARDS 5
0
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Source: National Center for Health Development, Ministry of Health
REGISTERED VEHICLES
161 989 total (2007)
Motorcars 68%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 21%
National universal access number Yes Non-motorized vehicles <1%

MONTENEGRO
Population: 597 983

Funded in national budget n/a 122b (82% males, 18% females)
No
b
c
Police data.
Enforcementa 6
Drivers 4-wheelers
Drinkdriving law Yes Riders motorized (48%)
BAC limit general population 0.05 g/dl 2- or 3-wheelers
Enforcementa 6
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 6 Source: 2007, Police Directorate, Department for Road Safety Surveillance and Control
Seat-belt law Yes


160
a
120
100
60
0
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Yes 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Source: Police Directorate, Department for Road Safety Surveillance and Control
REGISTERED VEHICLES
199 014 total (2007)
Motorcars 90%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 6%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Social Welfare.
MOROCCO

Lead agency Interministerial Committee of Road Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget No 3 838e (81% males, 18% females)
No
e
f
Transport data.
Enforcementa 5
Other (3%)
Drinkdriving law Nob
BAC limit young or novice drivers n/a Drivers 4-wheelers (16%)
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 3%c Pedestrians (28%)
Enforcementa n/a
Passengers
Helmet standards mandated Yes Cyclists (7%)
Helmet wearing rate 67% Driversd
Enforcementa 4
Riders motorized
Seat-belt law Yes 2- or 3-wheelers (16%)
Seat-belt wearing rate 75% Front, 19% Reard Source: 2007, National Road Administration
Enforcementa 8
a
b
Alcohol consumption is prohibited.
c
2007, National Road Administration, Ministry of Equipment and Transport. 12
d
2007, National Committee of Prevention from Trafc Accidents, urban areas only.
10
8
VEHICLE STANDARDS 6
0
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Source: National Road Administration, and National Statistic Administration
2 284 060 total (2007)
Motorcars 72%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 23%
149
MOZAMBIQUE
Income group: Low

Lead agency National Institute of Trafc Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
No
b
c
Police data.
Drivers 4-wheelers
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.06 g/dl 4-wheelers
Enforcementa 7
Helmet wearing rate
Source: 2007, Ministry of Interior
Enforcementa 7
Seat-belt law Yes

a
800
600
VEHICLE STANDARDS
400
200
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
0
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Yes 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: Ministry of Interior
REGISTERED VEHICLES
258 680 total (2007)
Motorcars 60%
POST-CRASH CARE

MYANMAR
Income group: Low

Lead agency Trafc Rules Enforcement Supervisory Committee Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget No 1 638d (75% males, 25% females)
d
Police, Transport and Health data, dened as died within 30 days of the
crash.
e
Police and Transport data.
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Yes Passengers
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 4-wheelers
Enforcementa (33%)
5
Helmet wearing rate 60%c Cyclists (12%)
Seat-belt law 2- or 3-wheelers (10%)
Applies to all occupants
Source: 2007, Road Trafc Administration Department
Enforcementa
Child restraints law

Enforcementa
a 1 800
b
c
2007, Road Transport Administration Department.
1 200
1 000
600
400
0

REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 045 105 total (2008)
Motorcars 26%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 3%
National universal access number No Other 2%

NAMIBIA

Funded in national budget Yes 368c
No
c
d
Health data.
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol E
A BL
AIL
Enforcementa 5
V
Motorcycle helmet law Yes O TA
T AN
DA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 8
Seat-belt law Yes

Enforcementa 16
2
14
a
12
b
2007, study on seat belt compliance by Global Road Safety Partnership (GRSP Namibia). 10
8
6
VEHICLE STANDARDS
4
Seat-belt installation for all seats Yes 2002 2003 2004 2005
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects No Source: National Road Safety Council, Road Collision Statistical Report 2005
239 612 total (2008)
Motorcars 45%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 6%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Services and
n/a Data not required/not applicable. 152 the Ministry of Works and Transport.
NAURU
Population: 10 152

Lead agency Nauru Police Force Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget Yes 1b (male)
No
b
Police and Health data, dened as died within 24 hours of the crash.
c
Police and Health data.
Enforcementa

E
A BL
V AIL
Enforcementa
O TA
T AN
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa n/a
Seat-belt law No

Enforcementa n/a
a
E
BL
A
AIL
V
O TA
T AN
DA
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
POST-CRASH CARE
REGISTERED VEHICLES
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system Yes
National universal access number Yes Data not available

NEPAL
Income group: Low

Lead agency Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Department of Road 962e (80% males, 20% females)
National road safety strategy Yesa 2 653f
Funded n/a
a
Not formally endorsed by government. e
f
Police data.
Enforcementb 5
E
A BL
V AIL
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol d
O TA
Enforcementb 6 T AN
DA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb 9
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementb 4
4.0
3.5
Enforcementb n/a
3.0
b
Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a 2.5
c
Drinkdriving not dened by BAC limit. 2.0
d
No data on deaths, but proportion of annual road trafc crashes caused by alcohol estimated at 11%.
1.5
1.0
VEHICLE STANDARDS 0.5
20012002 20022003 20032004 20042005 20052006 20062007
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yearg
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects No g
Data collected by nancial year

617 305 total (2007)
Motorcars, jeeps, vans 14%
Minibuses, pick-ups, mirobuses 2%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks, cranes 5%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Population.
NETHERLANDS
Income group: High

Lead agency Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Directorate-General Passenger Transport, Road Safety Division 791f (73% males, 27% females)
National road safety strategy Yes 16 750g
Funded Yes
f
Dened as died within 30 days of the crash, Road Safety in the
Netherlands. Key Figures 2008.
g
Transport data. Hospitalized cases.
Enforcementa No consensus Pedestrians (12%) Drivers 4-wheelers (32%)

Enforcementa No consensus Cyclists (24%)
c
Helmet wearing rate 92% Drivers, 72% Passengersd 4-wheelers (14%)
Riders motorized
Enforcementa No consensus 2- or 3-wheelers (18%)
Seat-belt law Yes
Applies to all occupants Yes Source: 2007, SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research and Statistics Netherlands

9
a

b
Case-control study in Tilburg police district. 7
c
Some exceptions. 6
d
Applies to mopeds only.
e
2006 data, Road Safety in the Netherlands. Key Figures 2008. 5
4
3
VEHICLE STANDARDS 2
0
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Source: Statistics Netherlands/Ministry of Transport, 2007
REGISTERED VEHICLES
8 862 935 total (2007)
Motorcars 82%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 2%
Data cleared by the SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research; Ministry of
Health, Welfare and Sport; Bureau of Trafc Law Enforcement; Ministry of
155 Transport, Water Management and Public Works.
NEW ZEALAND
Income group: High

d
e
Transport data.
Enforcementa 7
Pedestrians (10%)
Drivers 4-wheelers
BAC limit general population 0.08 g/dl Cyclists (2%)
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 31%b 2- or 3-wheelers (9%)
Enforcementa 6
Applies to all riders Yesc Passengers
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 9
Seat-belt law Yes Source: 2007, Ministry of Transport
Enforcementa 9
a
Enforcement 8 14
a
b
2007, Transport data. 10
c
Some exceptions.
8
6
VEHICLE STANDARDS
4
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Yes 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: Country questionnaire

REGISTERED VEHICLES
3 189 131 total (2007)
Motorcars 82%
POST-CRASH CARE
Data not available. Data cleared by the National Road Safety Management Group.
156
NICARAGUA

Lead agency National Police, Special Trafc Safety Unit Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget Yes 522c (78% males, 22% females)d

c
Police data, denition not specied.
d
2006 Police data.
e
Enforcementa 3
Applies to all riders Cyclists (8%)
Seat-belt law Yes

Source: National Police, Statistical Yearbook 2007
Enforcementa 5
12
Enforcementa 3
a 10
b
National Police, year not specied. 8
6
VEHICLE STANDARDS 4
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
0
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Yes 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: National Police

REGISTERED VEHICLES
382 707 total (2007)
Motorcars 31%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 8%

157
NIGER
Income group: Low

d
e
Police data from urban areas.
Enforcementa 2
Drivers (20%)
Pedestrians (33%)
Enforcementa 3
Passengers
(47%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 1
Source: 2007, Ministry of Transport
Seat-belt law No
Enforcementa n/a
400
a
b
c
2007, Ministry of Transport. 250
200
150
VEHICLE STANDARDS
100
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
REGISTERED VEHICLES
76 061 total (2005)
Motorcars 76%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 1%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation.
NIGERIA
Income group: Low

Lead agency Federal Road Safety Commission Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
d
Federal Road Safety Commission data, dened as died within 1 year of
the crash.
e
Federal Road Safety Commission data.
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol <10%b LE
Enforcementa 2 IL AB
A VA
Motorcycle helmet law Yes N OT
TA
Helmet wearing rate <5%b
Enforcementa 2
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementa 6
Enforcementa n/a
12 000
a

b
Source not specied.
c
6 000
VEHICLE STANDARDS
4 000
Fuel consumption 2 000
Seat-belt installation for all seats
0
REGISTERED VEHICLES
7 600 000 total (2007)
POST-CRASH CARE
Motorized 4-wheelers 60
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system Yes Motorized 2-wheelers 40
National universal access number No Trucks <1%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Federal Ministry of Health.

NORWAY
Income group: High

Lead agency Ministry of Transport and Communications Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
c
Statistics Norway data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
d
Statistics Norway data.
Enforcementa 6
Other (3%)
Cyclists (3%) Drivers 4-wheelers
(47%)
2- or 3-wheelers
Helmet wearing rate 100% Drivers and passengersb Passengers
4-wheelers (20%)
Enforcementa 9
Seat-belt law Yes
Applies to all occupants Yes Source: 2007, Statistics Norway
Enforcementa 6
Enforcementa 9
9
a

b
2007, Norwegian Public Roads Administration. 7
6
5
VEHICLE STANDARDS 4
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Source: Statistics Norway
REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 599 712 total (2007)
Motorcars 80%
POST-CRASH CARE
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Care Services.

160
OMAN

No
c
d
Police data.
Enforcementa 6

LE
IL AB
A VA
Enforcementa 4 N OT
TA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 7
Seat-belt law Yes
9
900
a 800
Enforcement n/a
700
a
b
Estimation by consensus group, based on 4% of trafc offences relating to seat-belts. 500
400
300
0
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Source: Directorate General of Trafc Services of the Royal Oman Police
REGISTERED VEHICLES
629 670 total (2007)
Motorcars 72%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 6%

PAKISTAN
Income group: Low

Lead agency National Road Safety Secretariat Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget No 5 565c
No
c
Police data, dened as died at the crash scene or anytime after the
crash.
d
Police data.
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol E
Enforcementa ABL
AIL
4
AV
Applies to all riders No TA
DA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 4
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementa 3
Enforcementa n/a
a
E
BL
b
A
VAIL
O TA
VEHICLE STANDARDS
T AN
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on DA
Fuel consumption No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
5 287 152 total (2006)
Motorcars 27%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 4%
National universal access number Yes Unspecied 2%

PALAU
Population: 20 314

Lead agency Patrol Division, Ministry of Justice Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget Yes 3d (100% males)
Measurable targets Yes 91e
No
d
Justice data, dened as died from injuries or complications resulting from a
crash.
e
Health data.
Enforcementa 5
BAC limit general population 0.10 g/dl Drivers 4-wheelers (1)
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.0 g/dl Pedestrians (1)
Enforcementa 4
Helmet wearing rate 4-wheelers (1)
Enforcementa 8
Seat-belt law No Source: 2007, Ministry of Justice
Enforcementa n/a

a
b
2007, Country questionnaire.
c
Some exceptions.
E
A BL
V AIL
VEHICLE STANDARDS O TA
TAN
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
5 530 total (2007)
Motorcars 33%
POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system Yes Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) 24%

PANAMA

Lead agency Trafc and Ground Transport Authority Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget Yes 425b (82% males, 18% females)c
National road safety strategy Reported non-fatal road trafc injuries (2005)
Measurable targets 11 383d
No
b
Comptroller General of the Republic data, dened as died within 30 days
of the crash.
c
2005, Comptroller General of the Republic data.
d
Comptroller General of the Republic data.
Local authorities can set lower limits No Other (<1%)
Enforcementa Passengers
6
4-wheelers
Enforcementa 9 Cyclists (4%) 2- or 3-wheelers (1%)
Seat-belt law Yes
Applies to all occupants Yes Source: 2005, Comptroller General of the Republic


a
Enforcement 35
3
a 30
20
10
5
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
0
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Yes 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Source: Comptroller General of the Republic
REGISTERED VEHICLES
671 085 total (2007)
Motorcars 65%
Trucks 9%
POST-CRASH CARE
Buses 3%

164
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Income group: Low

Funded in national budget No 237d
No
d
e
Police data.
Maximum limit urban roads 60 km/h Pedestrians (39%) Drivers 4-wheelers (11%)
Enforcementa 1

Enforcementa 5

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa Cyclists (1%)
7
Seat-belt law Yes Source: 2007, Motor Vehicle Insurance LTD
Enforcementa 0
a
200
b 150
c
1988, Trafc police.
100
0
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure No Source: Trafc Directorate, Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary
National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation
REGISTERED VEHICLES
59 645 total (2007)
Motorcars 64%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 18%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Department of Health and Social Affairs.
PARAGUAY

No
c
Police data, time period not specied in denition.
d
Health data.
Enforcementa 3
Passsengers 4-wheelers (1%)
BAC limit general population n/a Riders motorized
BAC limit young or novice drivers n/a Other (35%) 2- or 3-wheelers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints n/a (24%)
Enforcementa n/a Cyclists
(1%)
Helmet wearing rate Pedestrians (37%)
Enforcementa n/a
Seat-belt law Yes

Source: 2006, Database of the Vital Statistics Subsystem,
Applies to all occupants Yes Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare
Enforcementa n/a
14
a
b 10
2007, Journal of the Paraguayan Touring and Automobile Club. No. 103/2007, Asuncin only.
8
6
VEHICLE STANDARDS
4
2
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
0
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects No 2003 2004 2005 2006
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare; National Police
(Statistics Department)
REGISTERED VEHICLES
576 167 total (2007)
Motorcars 38%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 8%
National universal access number No Unspecied 5%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare.
PERU

d
e
Police data.
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 11%b Pedestrians (78%)
Cyclists (3%)
Enforcementa 2
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 1
Seat-belt law Yes
Source: 2007, Institute of Legal Medicine
Enforcementa 7
a
b
2007, National Police.
c
2007, National Council for Road Safety. 3 000
2 500

1 500
1 000
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
500
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure No 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Source: National Police
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 442 387 total (2007)
Motorcars 64%
POST-CRASH CARE

PHILIPPINES

Lead agency Department of Transportation and Communication Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
c
Transport data, national roads only, dened as died within 30 days of the
crash.
d
Transport data, national roads only.
Drinkdriving law No
BAC limit general population n/a ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS IN METRO MANILA,
BAC limit young or novice drivers n/a 2006
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 371 Deaths total
Enforcementa n/a Drivers (of mechanically propelled
vehicle or pedal cycle) 37%
Motorcycle helmet law No (subnational) Passengers (of mechanically
Applies to all riders n/a propelled vehicle) 12%
Helmet standards mandated n/a Pedestrians 51%
Enforcementa n/a Source: 2006, Metro Manila Accident Reporting and Analysis System
Seat-belt law Yes

Seat-belt wearing rate 52% Driversb
Enforcementa 3
Enforcementa n/a
a
E
BL
b
2000, Health data, survey.
A
V AIL
O TA
VEHICLE STANDARDS
T AN
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on DA
Fuel consumption No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
5 515 576 total (2007)
Motorcars 17%
Minibus, van, etc. (seating <20) 29%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 5%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Department of Health; the Department of Transport and
n/a Data not required/not applicable. 168 Communications; and the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority.
POLAND

Lead agency The National Road Safety Council Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
e
f
Police data.
Enforcementa 5
BAC limit general population 0.02 g/dl Pedestrians (35%) Drivers 4-wheelers
Enforcementa 7
Cyclists (9%)
4-wheelers (21%)
Helmet wearing rate
Seat-belt law Yes
Applies to all occupants Yes Source: 2007, Police, Motor Transport Institute
Enforcementa 7
Enforcementa 6
25
a

b
2007, Police. BAC is measured in all fatal and injury crashes. 20
c
Some exceptions.
d
2006, National Road Safety Council observational study. 15
10
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption No
1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Year

18 035 047 total (2006)
Motorcars 75%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 13%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Infrastructure.

169
PORTUGAL
Income group: High

Lead agency National Authority for Road Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
No
d
National Authority for Road Safety data, dened as died at the crash
scene or on the way to health services.
e
NATIONAL LEGISLATION National Authority for Road Safety data.

Enforcementa 8
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 31%b (35%)
Enforcementa 8
Cyclists (4%)
Helmet wearing rate 2- or 3-wheelers
Enforcementa (22%)
9
Passengers
Seat-belt wearing rate 86% Front, 28% Rearc Source: 2007, National Authority for Road Safety
Enforcementa 9
a
b
2007, National Institute of Legal Medicine. 25
c
2004, Preveno Rodoviria Portuguesa, urban roads (2005 PRP data estimate 93% and 64% on
motorways).
20
15
VEHICLE STANDARDS
10
0
Source: The National Statistics Institute (INE)
REGISTERED VEHICLES
5 948 269 total (2006)
Motorcars 88%
POST-CRASH CARE

170
a,b
PUERTO RICO
a
Associate WHO Member State.
b Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).
Income group: High

Lead agency Department of Transportation and Public Works Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
National road safety strategy Multiple Reported non-fatal road trafc injuries
Measurable targets n/a 39 888g (July 2007July 2008)
f
g
Automobile Accident Compensation Administration data.
Enforcementc
Enforcementc

Cyclists (2%) Passengers
Applies to all riders Yes 4-wheelers
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementc Riders motorized
Seat-belt law Yes
Source: 2007 Annual Report, Trafc Department, Puerto Rico Police
Enforcementc

Enforcementc
18
c 16

d
2007, US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS).
e
2006, US Department of Transportation/National Highway Trafc Safety Administration. 12
10
8
VEHICLE STANDARDS 6

0
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects No 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Source: Institute of Forensic Science of Puerto Rico; Age-adjusted death rates
per 100 000 population, Puerto Rico 2000 Census population
REGISTERED VEHICLES
3 165 543 total (July 2006 July 2007)
Motorcars 90%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 2%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Department of Health.

QATAR
Population: 840 635
Income group: High

d
Hamad Medical Corporation and Police data, dened as died within
e
Hamad Medical Corporation data.
Enforcementa 7
Cyclists and Drivers 4-wheelers
BAC limit general population 0.00 g/dl pedestrians (27%) (44%)
2- or 3-wheelers
4-wheelers (25%)
Seat-belt law Yes
Applies to all occupants No Source: 2007, Trafc and Patrols Department
Enforcementa 7
Enforcementa n/a
a
b
2007, Trafc and Patrols Department. 40
c
2008, Trafc and Patrols Department study.
35
30
15
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
10
1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
Year
National policies to promote public transportation Yes Source: Trafc and Patrols Department


REPUBLIC
OF KOREA
Income group: High

Lead agency Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
e
f
Transport data.
Enforcementa 7
Enforcementa 7
Passengers
Motorcycle helmet law c Yes 4-wheelers (11%)
Helmet standards mandated Yes Cyclists (5%) Riders motorized
Helmet wearing rate 85%c 2- or 3-wheelers
Seat-belt law Yes
Applies to all occupants Yes Source: Road Trafc Accidents in Korea 2007, Road Trafc Authority
Seat-belt wearing rate 77% Frontd
Enforcementa 8
2
a 16
b
2007, Trafc Accidents in Korea 2007, Road Trafc Authority.
c 12
2007, National Police Agency. Observational study in 33 cities, drivers and passengers.
d
2005, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
10
8
VEHICLE STANDARDS 6

Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Source: Road Trafc Authority
18 213 228 total (2007)
Motorcars 66%
POST-CRASH CARE
Data cleared by the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs.
173
REPUBLIC OF
MOLDOVA

Lead agency National Trafc Safety Board Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
No
c
National Bureau for Statistics (compiles Police and Health data), dened
as died within 1 year of the crash.
d
National Bureau for Statistics data.
Enforcementa No consensus Other (2%)

Drivers 4-wheelers
Pedestrians (34%)
Enforcementa 2
Cyclists (2%) Passengers
4-wheelers (33%)
Helmet wearing rate
Seat-belt law Yes
Source: 2007, Trafc Police database
a
Enforcement n/a 35
a
b
2007, Trafc police database (trafc deaths with alcohol detected / number of road trafc deaths
25
per year). 20
15
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Yes 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

REGISTERED VEHICLES
448 202 total (2007)
Motorcars 74%
POST-CRASH CARE

ROMANIA

Lead agency The Interministerial Council for Road Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
a
e
f
Police data.
Enforcementb 5
Pedestrians (11%)
Cyclists (7%)
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 2%c 2- or 3-wheelers
Enforcementb (8%)
8
Applies to all riders Yes Passsengers
Enforcementb 6
Seat-belt law Yes
Source: 2007, National Road Trafc Police Directorate
Enforcementb 5
Enforcement b 3 000
3
b
c 2 000
2007, National Road Trafc Police Directorate.
d
2007/2008, Unofcial Road Trafc Police estimation for motorcycle riders.
1 500

0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Yes Source: National Road Trafc Police Directorate
REGISTERED VEHICLES
Motorcars 79%
Trucks 3%
POST-CRASH CARE
Buses <1%
175
RUSSIAN
FEDERATION

Lead agency The Commission of the Government of Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Russian Federation for Road Safety 33 308c (74% males, 26% females)
Funded Yes
c
Ministry of Internal Affairs data, dened as died within 7 days
of the crash.
d
Ministry of Internal Affairs data.
Enforcementa 6
Drivers 4-wheelers
Enforcementa 6
Riders motorized
Applies to all riders Yes (2%) Passsengers
Helmet wearing rate No consensus
Enforcementa 6
Source: 2007, The Road Safety Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementa 7
40 000
Enforcementa 8
35 000
a
b
2007, The Road Safety Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. 25 000
20 000

10 000
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Year
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Source: The Road Safety Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs

REGISTERED VEHICLES
38 695 996 total (2007)
Motorcars 72%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 13%
Data cleared by the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

176
RWANDA
Income group: Low

No
d
e
Police data.
Drinkdriving law Yes Other (10%) Passengers

Road trafc deaths involving alcohol Riders motorized
(16%)
Motorcycle helmet law Nob
Applies to all riders n/a Pedestrians (40%)
Cyclists (18%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa n/a
Seat-belt law Yes Source: Trafc Police

Enforcementa 9
a
b
No law, but a police directive requires helmet use by all drivers and passengers of motorized 400
2-wheeled vehicles.
c
Estimation by consensus group. 300
200
VEHICLE STANDARDS
100
0
Source: Service de Scurit Routire
61 000 total (2008)
Motorcars 35%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 4%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Infrastructure.

SAINT LUCIA
Population: 164 924

Lead agency Road Transport Board Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget No 30b (83% males, 17% females)
b
Trafc Department (Police), dened as died within 1 year of the crash.
c
Trafc Police.
Enforcementa 0
Enforcementa 1
Helmet standards mandated 4-wheelers (39%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 8
Seat-belt law Yes Source: Royal Saint Lucia Police Force
Enforcementa 7
Enforcementa n/a
a
E
A BL
O TA
T AN
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
DA

REGISTERED VEHICLES
49 700 total (2007)
Motorcars 60%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 23%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Wellness, Human Services,
n/a Data not required/not applicable. 178 Family Affairs, National Mobilization and Gender Relations.
SAINT VINCENT &
a
THE GRENADINES
a Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).
Population: 120 402

Lead agency Ministry of National Security Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Measurable targets n/a 168f
No
e
f
Police Force, Trafc Department, Health Planning Unit, Statistical Unit.
Enforcementb 4
Pedestrians (33%)
Enforcementb
Passengers
Motorcycle helmet law Yes 4-wheelers
Applies to all riders Yes (33%)
Enforcementb 9
Seat-belt law Yes
Source: 2007, Police Force, Trafc Department
Enforcementb 9
Enforcementb 16
6
14
b
Enforcement score based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where
0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 12
c
d
Estimated by respondents.
8
6
VEHICLE STANDARDS
4
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: Trafc Department, Police Headquarters

24 334 total (2008)
Motorcars 38%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 9%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Environment.
SAMOA
Population: 187 023

Lead agency Land Transport Authority Reported road trafc fatalities (average year)
Funded in national budget Yes 20c (76% males, 24% females, 20042007)
Measurable targets No (20062007)
Funded No 178d
No
c
Accident Compensation Corporation data, denition unknown.
d
Health data.
Enforcementa 6
A BL
AIL
Enforcementa 1 AV
N OT
TA
DA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 6
Seat-belt law Yes

Enforcementa 1 30
a
b
2004-2007, Accident Compensation Corporation. 20
15
0
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
2004 2005 2006 2007
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: Accident Compensation Corporation



SAN MARINO
Population: 30 926
Income group: High

Funded in national budget No 1b
No
b
c
Health data.
Enforcementa 5
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 2- or 3-wheelers
Enforcementa (20%)
6
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 9
Source: 20042007 (5 deaths), Emergency Service
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementa 6
6
a
E
VEHICLE STANDARDS A BL
V AIL
O TA
T AN
DA
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
51 590 total (2007)
Motorcars 66%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 7%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Secretariat of State for Health and Social Security.
SAO TOME AND
PRINCIPE
Population: 157 638
Income group: Low

Lead agency Department of Land Transport Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
No
d
e
Drinkdriving law No
E
BL
A
Enforcementa n/a
AIL
AV
TA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa b
Seat-belt law No
Seat-belt wearing rate <1%c
Enforcementa n/a
25
a
b
Law entered into force July 1, 2008, therefore enforcement could not be assessed at the time of the
consensus meeting. 15
c
10
VEHICLE STANDARDS 5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Year
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Source: Ministrio da Defesa e Ordem Interna

REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 219 total (2007)
Motorcars 25%
POST-CRASH CARE

SAUDI ARABIA
Income group: High

Lead agency High Council for Trafc Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
b
c
Police data.

E
A BL
O TA
T AN
Applies to all riders No DA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 2
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementa 5
a
NUMBER OF
YEAR DEATHS
VEHICLE STANDARDS
2006 5 883
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on 2007 6 358
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS


SENEGAL
Income group: Low

Lead agency Directorate of Land Transport Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)

b
Directorate of Land Transport data, dened as died within 7 days of
the crash.
Enforcementa 4 Drivers (19%)
Enforcementa 0
Motorcycle helmet law Yes Passengers (46%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 5 Source: 2007, Directorate of Land Transport
Seat-belt law Yes


a
400

100
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
0
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects No 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year

REGISTERED VEHICLES
280 594 total (2008)
Motorcars 67%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 6%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Preventive Medicine.
SERBIA

No
d
e
Police data.
Enforcementa 4
Other (1%)
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.05 g/dl Pedestrians (25%) Drivers 4-wheelers
Enforcementa 7
Helmet standards mandated No Riders motorized
Helmet wearing rate 2- or 3-wheelers (6%)
4-wheelers (22%)
Seat-belt law Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate 5060% Front, 45% Rearc Source: 2007, Statistics of the Serbian Ministry of the Interior
Enforcementa 4
Child restraints law No (subnational) TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
a

b
2007, Statistics of the Serbian Ministry of the Interior. 1 400
c
2006, Pilot research of the Academy for Crime Prevention and Police Affairs, observational study.
1 200
1 000
800
VEHICLE STANDARDS
600
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Source: Statistics of the Serbian Ministry of the Interior
(data from 1999 to 2007 exclude Kosovo)
2 235 389 total (2007)
Motorcars 68%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 8%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Infrastructure.
SEYCHELLES
Population: 86 606

Lead agency Land Transport Division Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Measurable targets Yes 370d
c
Police and Health data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
d
Police and Transport data.
Passsengers
Enforcementa 9
Source: 2007, Seychelles Police Department and Ministry of Health
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementa 8
a
b
2007, Police.
LE
IL AB
VEHICLE STANDARDS
A VA
No car manufacturers N OT
TA
REGISTERED VEHICLES
14 880 total (2007)
Motorcars 59%
POST-CRASH CARE
n/a Data not required/not applicable. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Development and
186 the Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Transport.
SIERRA LEONE
Income group: Low

Lead agency Sierra Leone Road Transport Authority Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
No
d
Police data, dened as died within 1 year and 1 day of the crash.
e
Police data.

Road trafc deaths involving alcohol Riders motorized
(20%)
Applies to all riders Nob
Helmet standards mandated Yes Passsengers
Enforcementa 6
Seat-belt law Yes
Applies to all occupants Yesc Source: 2007, Sierra Leone Police Annual Statistical Analysis
Enforcementa 1
Enforcementa 1
a
b
No provision in law for child riders.
c
Occupants over the age of 18 years.
LE
IL AB
VA
VEHICLE STANDARDS
A
No car manufacturers N OT
TA
REGISTERED VEHICLES
39 038 total (2007)
Motorcars 42%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 4%
Data cleared by the Ministry of Transport and Aviation.
Data not available.
a
SINGAPORE
a
Income group: High

Lead agency Land Transport Authority/Trafc Police Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
f
g
Police data.
Enforcementb Drivers 4-wheelers (11%)
8
Pedestrians (27%)
Enforcementb 8
Applies to all riders Yesd Cyclists (10%) Riders motorized
Helmet wearing rate 56%e (48%)
Enforcementb 9
Seat-belt law Yes
Source: 2007, Trafc Police Department
6
Enforcementb 7
b
5
effective and 10 is highly effective. 4
c
2007, Police data.
d
With some exceptions.
e
Source not specied. 3
2
VEHICLE STANDARDS 1
Source: Monthly Digest of Statistics Singapore, May 2008
REGISTERED VEHICLES
851 336 total (2007)
Motorcars 61%
POST-CRASH CARE
Data cleared by the Land Transport Authority.

188
SLOVAKIA
Income group: High

c
d
Police data.
Enforcementa 7
BAC limit general population 0.0 g/dl Pedestrians (34%) (32%)
Enforcementa 9
Applies to all riders Yes Cyclists (8%) Passsengers
Seat-belt law Yes

Source: 2007, Statistical-evidence system of road trafc accidents, Ministry of Interior (SR)
Enforcementa 8
Enforcementa 9 700
a
600

b 500
2007, Vehicle Register in the Slovak Republic, Ministry of Interior (SR).
400

0
Source: Statistical-evidence system of road trafc accidents, Ministry of Interior (SR)
2 039 745 total (2007)
Motorcars 72%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 11%

189
SLOVENIA
Income group: High

Lead agency Interministerial Working Group on Road Trafc Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
No
d
e
Police data.
Enforcementa 7
Other (<1%)
Drivers 4-wheelers
Cyclists (6%) (43%)
Enforcementa 6 Drivers motorized
(18%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 7
Passsengers (22%)
Seat-belt law Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate 85% Front, 50% Rearc Source: 2008, Ministry of Interior, Police
Enforcementa 7
6
a
b
2007, Ministry of Interior, Police. 25
c
2007, Ministry of Transport, Slovenian Roads Agency, observational study.
20
15
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption No
5
0
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: Statistical Ofce of the Republic of Slovenia

REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 286 903 total (2007)
Motorcars 79%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 6%

190
SOLOMON ISLANDS
Population: 495 662
Income group: Low

Lead agency Police Trafc Division Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget 19e (74% males, 26% females)
National road safety strategy Reported non-fatal road trafc injuries (2007)
Measurable targets 606f
No
e
Police data, dened as died at the crash scene or during (hospital)
admission.
f
Data for Honiara only, source not specied.

E
A BL
Enforcementa 3 VAIL
O TA
AN
T
Enforcementa 3
Seat-belt law No
Enforcementa n/a
Enforcementa n/a
a
LE
AB
b
c
IL
VA
Trafc Police estimate.
d
Year and source not specied. A
N OT
TA
DA
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Data not available.

SOUTH AFRICA

Lead agency Road Trafc Management Corporation Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
f
Road Trafc Management Corporation data, dened as died within 7 days
of the crash.
NATIONAL LEGISLATION g
Road Trafc Management Corporation and Medical Research Council
data.
Enforcementa 3
Enforcementa 2
Passsengers
Helmet wearing rate 95% Drivers, 90% Passengersd Cyclists (2%) 4-wheelers (32%)
Enforcementa 6
Riders motorized
Applies to all occupants Yes Source: 2007, Road Trafc Management Corporation
Enforcementa 2
Enforcementa 2
a
40
35

b
2006, Department of Transport. 30
c
BMW C1 motorcycle exempt due to design.
d
2008, Road Trafc Management Corporation. 25
e
2007, Road Trafc Management Corporation, observational study.
20
15
Seat-belt installation for all seats Yes 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
Source: Department of Transport
9 237 574 total (2008)
Motorcars 63%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 4%

192
SPAIN
Income group: High

Lead agency General Directorate of Trafc Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
d
General Directorate of Trafc estimate, dened as died within 30 days of
the crash.
e
General Directorate of Trafc data.
Enforcementa 8
Pedestrians (15%)
Enforcementa 7
Riders motorized
Applies to all riders Yesb (19%)
Helmet wearing rate 98% Drivers, 92% Passengersc
8 4-wheelers (20%)
Seat-belt law Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate 89% Front, 69% Rearc Source: 2006, General Directorate of Trafc database
Enforcementa 8
Enforcementa 7
10 000
a

b
Some exceptions.
c
2007, General Directorate of Trafc, observational study. 7 000
6 000
5 000
3 000
Year
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Source: General Directorate of Trafc database

31 441 152 total (2006)
Motorcars 67%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 9%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs.
SRI LANKA

a
d
e
Police data.
Enforcementb 5 Pedestrians (33%)
Drinkdriving law Yes Drivers and riders
(41%)
Enforcementb 6
Helmet standards mandated Yes Passengers (26%)
Helmet wearing rate
Source: Trafc Police, 2006
Enforcementb 7
Seat-belt law No
Enforcementb n/a TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
2 500
Enforcementb n/a
2 000
b
c
With some exceptions.
1 000

0
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS 2004 2005 2006
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure No Source: Trafc Police

REGISTERED VEHICLES
3 125 794 total (2007)
Motorcars 12%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 8%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Healthcare and Nutrition.
SUDAN

Funded in national budget n/a 2 227c (76% males, 24% females)
c
Police data, dened as doctor report states that death was due to the
crash. Data exclude South Sudan states.
d
Police data, exclude South Sudan states.
Enforcementa 7
Occupants 4-wheelers
(31%)
Enforcementa 10
Other (56%)
Applies to all riders Yes Pedestrians
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 7
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementa 7
a
b
E
A BL
O TA
T AN
Fuel consumption Yes DA
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
1 200 000 total (2007)
Motorcars 64%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 12%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Federal Ministry of Health.

SURINAME
Population: 457 964


No
c
Ministry of Justice and Police and Department of Health data, dened as
died anytime after the crash.
Enforcementa 5
Drinkdriving law Yes Pedestrians (22%) Drivers 4-wheelers
4 Riders motorized 4-wheelers
Enforcementa 7 Source: 2007, Ministry of Justice and Police (The Department of
Trafc Information Education and Statistics)
Seat-belt law Yes
7
100
90
a
Enforcement 3 80
a 70
b
2007, Observational studies conducted by Ministry of Justice and Police.
50
40
30
VEHICLE STANDARDS
20
0
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Source: Ministry of Justice and Police (The Department of
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Trafc Information Education and Statistics)

REGISTERED VEHICLES
151 441 total (2006)
Motorcars 54%
POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system Yes Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) 17%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Justice and Police.
SWAZILAND

Lead agency Swaziland Road Safety Council Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Measurable targets No 4 584d
c
d
Police data.
(20%)
Pedestrians (35%)
Enforcementa 6
Helmet standards mandated No Riders motorized Passsengers
Helmet wearing rate 80%b 2- or 3-wheelers (2%) 4-wheelers (42%)
Enforcementa 5
Seat-belt law Yes Source: 2007, Royal Swaziland Police

Enforcementa n/a
250
a
b
2007, Royal Swaziland Police.
150
100
VEHICLE STANDARDS
50
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Source: 2007, Royal Swaziland Police
116 050 total (2007)
Motorcars 45%
Trucks 6%
POST-CRASH CARE
Buses 7%
National universal access number Yes Unspecied 5%
SWEDEN
Income group: High

Lead agency Swedish Road Administration Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
f
g
Police data.
Enforcementa 5
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.02 g/dl Pedestrians (12%) Drivers 4-wheelers (47%)
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 20%b Cyclists (6%)
Enforcementa 6
Applies to all riders Yesc 2- or 3-wheelers
4-wheelers (18%)
Seat-belt law Yes
Source: Swedish Institute for Transport and Communication Analyses,
Enforcementa 3 Road Trafc Injuries 2006 (Vgtrakskador 2006)

Enforcementa 2
a
b
2006, Estimate based on autopsies of drivers killed in crashes.
c 14
Some exceptions.
d
2007, Estimate provided by consensus group.
e 12
2006, Swedish Road and Transport Research Institute observational studies.
10
8
VEHICLE STANDARDS
6
2
0
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure No Source: Swedish Institute for Transport and Communication Analyses,
Road Trafc Injuries 2007 (Vgtrakskador 2007)
5 500 000 total (2007)
Motorcars 77%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 9%
Data cleared by the Swedish Road Administration.

198
SWITZERLAND
Income group: High

Lead agency Federal Roads Agency Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
Funded in national budget Yes 370g (76% males, 24% females)
Measurable targets n/a 26 718h
a
g
h
Swiss Council for Accident Prevention data.
Enforcementb 7
Occupants 4-wheelers
Cyclists (9%)
Enforcementb 6
Applies to all riders Yesd
Helmet wearing rate 100%e 2- or 3-wheelers (22%)
Enforcementb 9
Seat-belt law Yes Source: 2006, Swiss Council for Accident Prevention

Seat-belt wearing rate 86% Front, 61% Rearf
Enforcementb 8
1 000
b
c
2007, Swiss Council for Accident Prevention.
d
Some exceptions. 600
e
2006, Sinus-Report 2007 der bfu, motorcycle drivers.
f
2006, Swiss Council for Accident Prevention.
400
200
VEHICLE STANDARDS
0
No car manufacturers 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Yes Source: Unfallgeschehen in der Schweiz, bfu-Statistik 2007
REGISTERED VEHICLES
5 356 000 total (2007)
Motorcars 72%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 10%
n/a Data not required/not applicable. Data cleared by the Federal Ofce of Public Health.
199
SYRIAN ARAB
REPUBLIC

Lead agency National Committee for Road Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
c
Police data, dened as died at the crash scene or in hospital.
d
Police data.

LE
IL AB
Enforcementa 8 AVA
N OT
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 4
Seat-belt law Yes

Enforcementa 9
14
Enforcementa n/a
12
a
b
2007, Syrian Society for Road Accident Prevention.
8
6
VEHICLE STANDARDS
4
2
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Year
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Yes Source: Country questionnaire
1 389 346 total (2007)
Motorcars 55%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 7%

TAJIKISTAN
Income group: Low

Lead agency Department of the State Automobile Inspection Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
(Ministry of Internal Affairs) 464c (78% males, 22% females)
National road safety strategy Multiple 2 048d
Funded n/a
No
c
Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal
Affairs data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
d
Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal
Affairs data.
Enforcementa 8
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 5%b Passengers
(30%)
Helmet wearing rate
Cyclists (6%) 2- or 3-wheelers (1%)
Seat-belt law Yes
Source: Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal
Seat-belt wearing rate Affairs of Republic of Tajikistan
Enforcementa 3
Enforcementa 1
600
a

b
2007, Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic
of Tajikistan. 400
300
VEHICLE STANDARDS
200
100
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Source: Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal
National policies to promote walking or cycling No Affairs of Republic of Tajikistan
REGISTERED VEHICLES
268 018 total (2007)
Motorcars 72%
POST-CRASH CARE

THAILAND

Lead agency Road Safety Operation Center Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
f
g
NATIONAL LEGISLATION Health data.

Enforcementa 2
Drinkdriving law Yes Pedestrians (8%) Drivers 4-wheelers (4%)

Cyclists (3%) Passengers 4-wheelers (7%)
Enforcementa 5

Helmet wearing rate 27%d 2- or 3-wheelers
Seat-belt law Yes

Seat-belt wearing rate 56% Front, 3% Reare Source: 2007, Injury Surveillance (sentinel sites), Bureau of Epidemiology,
Enforcementa 5 Ministry of Public Health

a 30
b
2007, Based on sentinel surveillance. Deaths in hospital only, does not include deaths at the crash 25
scene.
c 20
Some exceptions.
d
2005, Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System.
e
2005, Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (data for front-seat occupants); 2005, Asian Institute 15
of Technology (data for rear-seat occupants).
10
VEHICLE STANDARDS
5
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Source: Police Information System Center, Royal Thai Police
REGISTERED VEHICLES
Motorcars 14%
POST-CRASH CARE Trucks 3%
Other 1%
National universal access number Yes
n/a Data not required/not applicable. Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health.
202
THE FORMER
YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC
OF MACEDONIA

Lead agency Republics Council for Road Trafc Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
e
State Statistical Ofce data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
f
NATIONAL LEGISLATION Police data.

Enforcementa 4
Other (10%)
BAC limit general population 0.05 g/dl Drivers 4-wheelers (29%)
Enforcementa 6
Passengers
4-wheelers (12%)
Enforcementa 2
Cyclists (4%) Riders motorized
Seat-belt wearing rate 16%d Source: 2006, State Statistical Ofce
Enforcementa 6
Enforcementa n/a
10
a

b
2007, Ministry of Interior- Sector for Analysis, Research and Documentation.
c
2007, Ministry of Interior- Sector for Information Technology, data relate to motorcycle riders 7
involved in a crash. 6
d
2002, PhD thesis by F. Tozija, survey of injured drivers and passengers treated in hospital. 5
4
3
VEHICLE STANDARDS
2
0
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Source: State Statistical Ofce

259 421 total (2007)
Motorcars 86%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 8%
203
TIMOR-LESTE

Lead agency National Directorate of Land Transport Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
No
d
Police data, dened as died as a result of injuries sustained in crash.
e
Health data.
0
E
Enforcementa 0 VAIL
O TA
Motorcycle helmet law Yes TAN
Helmet wearing rate 70% Drivers, 30% Passengersb
Enforcementa 5
Seat-belt law Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate 510% Front, <1% Rearc
Enforcementa 0
a
scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. LE
b
70% drivers, 30% passengers, consensus group estimate, 2007.
IL AB
VA
c
Consensus group estimate, 2007.
A
N OT
TA
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
26 649 total (2008)
Motorcars 6%
POST-CRASH CARE

TOGO
Income group: Low

Funded in national budget n/a 472e
No
e
f
Police data.
Drinkdriving law No
E
BL
A
Enforcementa n/a
AIL
AV
Motorcycle helmet law Nob N OT
TA
Enforcementa 2
Seat-belt law No
Enforcementa n/a
Enforcementa n/a
a
E
BL
b
No law, but there is a regulation that is enforced.
A
AIL
c
1998, Road Safety Togo.
V
TA
d
O
T AN
DA
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
48 234 total (2007)
Motorcars 22%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks <1%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Togolese Road Safety Organization.
TONGA
Population: 100 336

Lead agency Trafc Department, Ministry of Police Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)

No
e
Police data, dened as died within 1 year and one day of the crash.
Enforcementa 5
4-wheelers (19%)
Enforcementa 7 Source: 20062007, Ministry of Police
Seat-belt law No
Seat-belt wearing rate <1%d
Enforcementa n/a

Enforcementa n/a 16
a 14
b
c
2007 Police data.
d 8
2003, Ministry of Health and World Health Organization observational study.
6
4
VEHICLE STANDARDS 2
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Year
Source: Report by Dr G. Anthony Ryan: WHO STC to Tonga, 1995
2 226 total (2007)
Motorcars 36%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks <1%

TRINIDAD AND
TOBAGO
Income group: High

Lead agency Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget 214b (77% males, 23% females)
No
b
Trafc and Highway Patrol Branch, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service,
dened as died within 1 year of the crash.
c
Trafc and Highway Patrol Branch, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service.
Enforcementa 3
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol Passengers
(28%)
Cyclists (4%)
Helmet wearing rate
9 2- or 3-wheelers (2%)
Seat-belt law Yes
Applies to all occupants No Source: 2007, Trafc and Highway Patrol Branch, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service

Enforcementa 6
a
240
200
VEHICLE STANDARDS
160
120
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
80

1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
Year
Source: Trafc and Highway, Patrol Branch


TUNISIA

Lead agency National Observatory for Information, Training, Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Documentation and Study on Road Safety 1 497c (82% males, 18% females)
Funded Yes
c
d
Lead Agency and Police data.
Pedestrians (32%) (23%)
Motorcycle helmet law Yes Passsengers
Applies to all riders Yes Riders motorized 4-wheelers (28%)
Helmet standards mandated Yes 2- or 3-wheelers (14%)
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 5 Source: 2007, Ministry of Interior and Local Development
Seat-belt law Yes

Enforcementa 2 5

Enforcementa n/a
a 3
b
2007, Ministry of Interior and Local Development. 2
1
VEHICLE STANDARDS
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Year
Source: Statitiscs of Road Accidents, Ministry of Interior and Local Development
1 244 918 total (2007)
Motorcars 62%
Trucks 4%
POST-CRASH CARE
Buses 1%

TURKEY

Lead agency Board of Road Trafc Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
d
Turkish Statistical Institute data, dened as died at the crash scene.
e
Turkish Statistical Institute data.
Enforcementa 8
Drinkdriving law Yes Other (16%) Drivers 4-wheelers (24%)
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 2%b Pedestrians (19%)
Enforcementa 9
Cyclists (2%)
Helmet wearing rate 12% Driversb
Riders motorized
Seat-belt law Yes Source: 2006, Security General Directorate
Enforcementa 7 9
a 8
b
20052007, Security Directorate. 6
c
2007, Security Directorate, intercity (rural) roads only. For urban roads, 20%. 5
4
3
VEHICLE STANDARDS
2
Seat-belt installation for all seats Yes 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Yes Source: Turkish Statistical Institute, Trafc Accident Statistics (Road) 2007

National policies to promote walking or cycling No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES
Motorcars 50%
Trucks 6%
POST-CRASH CARE
Buses 2%
209
TURKMENISTAN

No
c
Data of the Department of Police Road Supervision of the Ministry of
Internal Affairs, dened as died within 7 days of the crash.
d
Data of the Department of Police Road Supervision of the Ministry of
Internal Affairs.
Enforcementa 9
Cyclists (5%)
Pedestrians (29%)
Other (66%)
Enforcementa 10
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 8
Seat-belt law Yes
Applies to all occupants No Source: Department of Police Road Supervision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
Enforcementa 7
Enforcementa n/a
a
b
2008, Department of Road Police Supervision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
E
VEHICLE STANDARDS A BL
AIL
No car manufacturers AV
N OT
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS TA
DA
REGISTERED VEHICLES
651 564 total (2008)
Motorcars 62%
POST-CRASH CARE
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

TUVALU
Population: 10 530

Funded in national budget n/a 1 per yeard (all males)
e
Measurable targets No 12 per year
No
d
Health data, dened as died within 24 hours of the crash.
e
Police estimate.
Enforcementa 6
BAC limit young or novice drivers Noneb YEAR DEATHS
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Yes 2003 1 pedestrian
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 2004 1 pedestrian
Enforcementa 6 2005 1 pedestrian
2006 1 pedestrian
Applies to all riders n/a Source: Princess Margaret Hospital, Ministry of Health
Enforcementa n/a
Seat-belt law No
Applies to all occupants n/a TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
Enforcementa n/a 2

Enforcementa n/a
a
b
c
20002007, Police data.
VEHICLE STANDARDS 0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Source: Country questionnaire
REGISTERED VEHICLES
906 total (20052008)
Motorcars 7%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 4%

UGANDA
Income group: Low

National road safety strategy Multiple Reported non-fatal road trafc injuries
Measurable targets n/a (20062007)
Funded n/a 12 058c
b
Police data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash. Data collected by
nancial year.
c
Police data, collected by nancial year.

Pedestrians (35%)
Enforcementa 3
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 3 Cyclists (10%) Riders motorized
Seat-belt law Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate Source: 2006-2007 (nancial year), Uganda Police
Enforcementa 2
a
2 000
VEHICLE STANDARDS
1 500
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
National policies to promote walking or cycling No d
Year
d
Methodology for data collection changed in 2006
Source: Uganda Police

Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Works and Transport.
a
UKRAINE
a

Lead agency Ministry of Public Health Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
No
c
d
Data source not specied.
Enforcementb

Drivers/passengers
BAC limit general population 0.0 g/dl motorized vehicles
Enforcementb

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb n/a
Seat-belt law Yes Source: State Medical Statistics Centre

Enforcementb

Enforcementb n/a
10 000
b
Enforcement score represents professional opinion of NDC, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not 9 000
8 000
7 000
Fuel consumption No 4 000
Seat-belt installation for all seats No 3 000
1 000
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
National policies to promote walking or cycling No Source: State Medical Statistics Centre
POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES
Data not available. Data were not cleared by the government of the Ukraine in time
n/a Data not required/not applicable. 213 for publication of this report.
UNITED ARAB
EMIRATES
Income group: High

Lead agency Ministry of Interior and National Transport Authority Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Yes (deaths only)
c
d
Police data.
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
Enforcementa 8
Motorcycle helmet law Yes Passsengers
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 8 Source: 2007, Ministry of Interior
Seat-belt law Yes

Enforcementa n/a
10 000
a
b
2006, Abu Dhabi National Campaign for seat-belt use.
6 000
No car manufacturers 2 000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Source: Ministry of Interior
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 754 420 total (2007)
Motorcars 86%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 7%

UNITED KINGDOM
Income group: High

Funded in national budget n/a 3 298f (76% males, 24% females)
f
g
Police data.
Other (1%)
BAC limit general population 0.08 g/dl Drivers 4-wheelers (36%)
Cyclists (4%)
Helmet wearing rate 98%d 2- or 3-wheelers Passengers
Enforcementa No consensus (19%) 4-wheelers (19%)
Seat-belt law Yes

Source: Road Casualties Great Britain: 2006 Annual Report
Seat-belt wearing rate 91% Front, 8490% Reare Road Trafc Collision Statistics (Northern Ireland) Annual Report 2006

Enforcementa No consensus TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
a 9 000
b
Road Casualties Great Britain: 2006 Annual Report.
c
d
2006 Estimation by Department for Transport. 6 000
e
20062007, Department for Transport, observational studies.
5 000
4 000

1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2005 2006
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Year
Source: Road Casualties Great Britain: 2006 Annual Report
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Road Trafc Collision Statistics (Northern Ireland) Annual Report 2006

34 327 520 total (2006)
Motorcars 84%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 1%
n/a Data not required/not applicable. Data cleared by the Department for Transport.
215
UNITED REPUBLIC
OF TANZANIA
Income group: Low

Lead agency National Road Safety Council of Tanzania Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget No 2 595e (78% males, 22% females)
a
e
f
Police data.
Enforcementb 3
Passengers
Pedestrians (37%)
Enforcementb 2
Enforcementb 4 Riders motorized
Seat-belt law Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate 30% Front, 5% Rearc Source: 2007, Tanzania Police
Enforcementb 3
Enforcement b
n/a 3 000
b
c
2007, Tanzania Police. 2 000
d
1 500

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Source: Surface and Marine Transport Regulatory Authority
REGISTERED VEHICLES
577 949 total (2007)
Motorcars 14%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 7%
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
Income group: High

Lead agency National Highway Trafc Safety Administration Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
(US DOT/NHTSA) 42 642f (70% males, 30% females)
National road safety strategy Yes 3 305 237g
Measurable targets Yes Costing study available
Funded Yes Yes (deaths and injuries)
f
US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System, dened as died within
NATIONAL LEGISLATION 30 days of the crash.
g
Health data.
Local authorities can set lower limits n/a
Maximum limit urban roads n/a
Enforcementa n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY
BAC limit general population 0.08 g/dlb Other (4%)
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.00.02 g/dlc
Pedestrians (11%)
Cyclists (2%) Drivers 4-wheelers
Enforcementa n/a
(51%)
Motorcycle helmet law No (subnational) Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(11%)
Helmet wearing rate 58%e
Enforcementa n/a

Applies to all occupants n/a Passengers
Seat-belt wearing rate 82% Front, 76% Reare 4-wheelers (21%)
Enforcementa n/a
Source: 2006, US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System
Enforcementa n/a
a
b
No national BAC limit, but all states and the District of Colombia have a BAC limit of 0.08 for general
population.
c
No national BAC limit, but all states and the District of Colombia specify BAC limits of 0.02 or less for 20
young/novice drivers.
d
2006, US DOT/NHTSA study. 16
e
2007, US DOT/NHTSA National Occupant Protection Use Survey.
12
VEHICLE STANDARDS 8

0
1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects No Source: US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System
Motorcars 54%
POST-CRASH CARE
n/a Data not required/not applicable. Data cleared by the Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of
217 Transports National Highway Trafc Safety Administration.
URUGUAY

Lead agency National Road Safety Agency (UNASEV) Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
a
e
f
Enforcementb 1 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol 38%c E
Enforcementb 1 A BL
V AIL
Motorcycle helmet law Yes O TA
Applies to all riders Yes T AN
Helmet standards mandated No DA
Enforcementb 5
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementb 3
Enforcementb 1 200
b

c
2006, Faculty of Humanities Technical Forensics Institute. 150
d
Study by Advanced Trauma Life Support Course in Uruguay.
125
100
0
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Source: National Highway Administration Directorate, based on information
from Departmental Police Headquarters
REGISTERED VEHICLES
952 000 total (2007)
Motorcars 48%
POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system No Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) 1%
National universal access number n/a Trucks 7%

a
UZBEKISTAN
a
Income group: Low

Lead agency The State Motor-Vehicle Inspectorate, Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
Ministry of Internal Affairs 2 034c
Reported non-fatal road trafc injuries
National road safety strategy Yes
Funded
No
c
Ministry of Internal Affairs data, dened as died at the crash scene.
Enforcementb 7
BAC limit general population None
BAC limit young or novice drivers None
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Yes LE
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol IL AB
AVA
OT
Enforcementb 9
N
TA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb 9
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementb 10
Child restraints law
Enforcementb
b
effective and 10 is highly effective. 2 500
2 000
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Seat-belt installation for all seats Yes 1 000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
National policies to promote walking or cycling Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs
National policies to promote public transportation
POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

VANUATU
Population: 226 180

No
c
d
Health data.
Enforcementa 3
AIL

Enforcementa V
6
O TA
Motorcycle helmet law Yes TAN
DA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa 8
Seat-belt law Yes

Enforcementa n/a
a
LE
AB
b
Drinkdriving not dened by BAC limit. IL
A VA
N OT
TA
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS


VENEZUELA
(Bolivarian Republic of)

Lead agency Peoples Ministry of Infrastructure (MINFRA) Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
No
c
d
Peoples Ministry of Infrastructure.
Enforcementa 4
Other (1%)
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Yes Pedestrians (25%) (73%)
Enforcementa 7
Passengers
Enforcementa 6
Seat-belt law Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate Source: 2007, Peoples Ministry of Infrastructure
Enforcementa 6
a
b
2007, Peoples Ministry of Infrastructure (MINFRA).

20

10
5
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Year
Source: Peoples Ministry of Health
REGISTERED VEHICLES
4 044 013 total (2007)
Motorcars 73%
POST-CRASH CARE
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Peoples Power for Health and Social Welfare.
VIET NAM
Income group: Low

Lead agency National Trafc Safety Committee Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
a
e
f
Police data. Health data reports 445 048 non-fatal road trafc injuries in
2007.
Enforcementb 6
LE
Enforcementb 3 IL AB
VA
A NO
AT
Helmet standards mandated Yes D
Enforcementb 7
Seat-belt law Yes
Enforcementb 3
b
Enforcement n/a 14 000
12 000
b
c 10 000
2001, Forensic Medicine data.
d
2008, National Trafc Safety Committee estimate. 8 000
6 000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Source: 2007, National Trafc Safety Committee
REGISTERED VEHICLES
POST-CRASH CARE
22 926 230 total (2007)
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system Yes Motorcars 5%
National universal access number Yes Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers 95%

WEST BANK AND
a
GAZA STRIP
a
Non WHO member-area.

Funded in national budget n/a 188d (76% males, 23% females)e
No
d
e
Health data 2007.
f
Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Palestine.
Enforcementb 3
LE
IL AB
A VA
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol N OT
Enforcementb 1 TA
DA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb 3
Seat-belt law Yes
Applies to all occupants Yes TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
200
Enforcementb 3 180

Enforcementb 140
1
120
b
c
Some exceptions.
60
40
0
No car manufacturers 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects No Source: General Commissariat of the Palestinian Police,
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure No data for remaining West Bank and Gaza Strip

78 609 total (2008)
Motorcars 76%
Trucks 15%
POST-CRASH CARE
Buses 1%

YEMEN
Income group: Low

Lead agency The National Committee for Road Safety Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
No
c
d
Police data.
Maximum limit urban roads DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY
Enforcementa 3
LE
IL AB
AVA
Enforcementa
N OT
TA
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa n/a
Seat-belt law No
Enforcementa n/a

Enforcementa n/a 16
a 14

b
10
8
VEHICLE STANDARDS
6


Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and Population.
ZAMBIA
Income group: Low

Lead agency Road Transport and Safety Agency Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
Funded in national budget Yes 1 266d
No
d
e
Police data.
Enforcementa 5
Passsengers
4-wheelers
BAC limit young or novice drivers 0.08 g/dl Pedestrians (50%) (25%)
Enforcementa 1
2- or 3-wheelers
Cyclists (11%)
Seat-belt law Yes
Source: 2007, Zambia Police Service
Enforcementa 5
Enforcementa n/a
1 400
a

b
2007, Zambia Police Service and Road Transport and Safety Agency. 1 000
c
2007, Zambia Road Transport and Safety Agency.
800
600
VEHICLE STANDARDS
400
200
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
0
Year
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: Zambia Police Service

REGISTERED VEHICLES
222 188 total (2007)
Motorcars 59%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 13%

ZIMBABWE
Income group: Low

Lead agency Trafc Safety Council of Zimbabwe Reported road trafc fatalities (2006)
No
c
d
Enforcementa 8
Other (5%)
BAC limit general population 0.08 g/dl Occupants any motorized
vehicle (63%)
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol <1%b
Enforcementa 3
Helmet standards mandated Cyclists (5%)
Helmet wearing rate
9
Seat-belt law Yes
Applies to all occupants No Source: 2006, Zimbabwe Police
Enforcementa 8
a

b
2006, Zimbabwe Republic Police.
1 500

0
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Source: Zimbabwe Police General Headquarters, Planning and
Development Statistics Bureau
1 556 586 total (2007)
Motorcars 78%
POST-CRASH CARE
Trucks 7%
Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare.
Statistical annex
1. Explanatory notes
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A.2.

Table 1. ECMT standardized 30-day road
crash fatality adjustment factors
30-DAY TOTAL ADJUSTMENT FACTOR

ON THE SCENE/1 DAY 77% 1.30
3 DAYS 87% 1.15
6 DAYS 92% 1.09
7 DAYS 93% 1.08
30 DAYS 100% 1.00
365 DAYS 103% 0.97
Modelled data
Developing a model
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231
Table 2. Countries/areas in Group 1
COUNTRY/AREA INCOME LEVEL COUNTRY/AREA INCOME LEVEL

Argentina MIC Panama MIC
Australia HIC Poland MIC
Austria HIC Portugal HIC
Bahamas HIC Qatar HIC
Bahrain HIC Republic of Korea HIC
Barbados MIC Republic of Moldova MIC
Belarus MIC Romania MIC
Belgium HIC Russian Federation MIC
Belize MIC Saint Lucia MIC
Bosnia and Herzegovina MIC Saint Vincent and the Grenadines MIC
Brazil MIC Serbia MIC
Brunei Darussalam HIC Singapore HIC
Bulgaria MIC Slovakia HIC
Canada HIC Slovenia HIC
Chile MIC South Africa MIC
Colombia MIC Spain HIC
Costa Rica MIC Sweden HIC
Croatia MIC Switzerland HIC
Cuba MIC Thailand MIC
Cyprus HIC The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia MIC
Czech Republic HIC Tonga MIC
Estonia HIC Trinidad and Tobago HIC
Fiji MIC Ukraine MIC
Finland HIC United Kingdom HIC
France HIC United States of America HIC
Georgia MIC Uruguay MIC
Germany HIC Uzbekistan LIC
Greece HIC Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) MIC
Hungary HIC LIC = low-income countries
MIC = middle-income countries
Iceland HIC HIC = high-income countries
Ireland HIC
Israel HIC
Italy HIC Table 3. Countries/areas with
Japan HIC population size less than 100 000
Kazakhstan MIC
Kuwait HIC
COUNTRY/AREA INCOME LEVEL
Kyrgyzstan LIC a
British Virgin Islands HIC
Latvia MIC
Cook Islands HIC
Lithuania MIC
Kiribati MIC
Malaysia MIC
Marshall Islands MIC
Malta HIC
Nauru MIC
Mauritius MIC
Palau MIC
Mexico MIC
San Marino HIC
Montenegro MIC
Seychelles MIC
Netherlands HIC
Tuvalu MIC
New Zealand HIC a
Non-member area.
Norway HIC MIC = middle-income countries
HIC = high-income countries

Variables used in the model
5BCMFTVNNBSJ[FTUIFJOEFQFOEFOUWBSJBCMFTVTFEJOUIFNPEFMBOEUIFEBUBTPVSDF
Table 4. Independent variables used in modelling process
VARIABLE SOURCE OF INFORMATION COMMENTS

Income (GNI) World Bank "#
Income level World Bank # Grouping used: low, middle, lower middle, upper middle, high. Designation based on
20002004 World Bank data, corresponding to year of income level used
Population Estimated gures from UN Population Division !
Vehicle density: Number of cars per Number of vehicles: This GSRRS survey
population Population: World Bank !
Road density: Total road per land area 20002006 World Road Statistics, Total road/land km2
International Road Federation, 2008 ' Corresponding or latest year data
Existence of national helmet law This GSRRS survey WHO questionnaire
National policies that encourage walking This GSRRS survey WHO questionnaire
and/or cycling
National policies that support investment This GSRRS survey WHO questionnaire
in public transport
National speed limits on urban roads This GSRRS survey WHO questionnaire
National speed limits on rural roads This GSRRS survey WHO questionnaire
Alcohol consumption World Health Statistics, 2008 Alcohol consumption among adults aged >15 years for 2003
Strength of health system World Health Statistics, 2008 Hospital beds (per 10 000 population)
GSRRS = Global Status Report on Road Safety
GNI = Gross National Income per capita
Estimation method
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233
Figure 1. Framework for determinants of road trafc mortality
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References
1FEFO.FUBM FETWorld report on road trafc injury prevention(FOFWB 8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPO
IUUQXXXXIPJOUWJPMFODF@JOKVSZ@QSFWFOUJPOQVCMJDBUJPOTSPBE@USBGmDXPSME@SFQPSUFOJOEFYIUNM
BDDFTTFE"QSJM

2. STATA Data analysis and statistical software IUUQXXXTUBUBDPN BDDFTTFE"QSJM

3. World population prospects: the 2006 Revision. Highlights/FX:PSL 6OJUFE/BUJPOT1PQVMBUJPO%JWJTJPO

4. World development indicators8BTIJOHUPO %$ *OUFSOBUJPOBM#BOLGPS3FDPOTUSVDUJPOBOE%FWFMPQNFOU
5IF8PSME#BOL
5. GNI per capita 2007: Atlas method and PPP8BTIJOHUPO %$ 5IF8PSME#BOL IUUQTJUFSFTPVSDFT
XPSMECBOLPSH%"5"45"5*45*$43FTPVSDFT(/*1$QEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM

+BDPCT( 5IPNBT"" "TUSPQ"Estimating global road fatalities 53-3FQPSU
$SPXUIPSOF 5SBOTQPSU
3FTFBSDI -BCPSBUPSZ IUUQXXXUSBOTQPSUMJOLTPSHUSBOTQPSU@MJOLTmMFBSFBQVCMJDBUJPOT@@
53-QEG BDDFTTFE+BOVBSZ

7. Global Burden of Disease, 2004 update(FOFWB 8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPO IUUQXXXXIPJOU
IFBMUIJOGPHMPCBM@CVSEFO@EJTFBTF@SFQPSU@VQEBUFFOJOEFYIUNM BDDFTTFE"QSJM

.BUIFST$%FUBM$PVOUJOHUIFEFBEBOEXIBUUIFZEJFEGSPNBOBTTFTTNFOUPGUIFHMPCBMTUBUVTPGDBVTF
PGEFBUIEBUBBulletin of the World Health Organization o
World road statistics 2008(FOFWB *OUFSOBUJPOBM3PBE'FEFSBUJPO
World health statistics 2008 (FOFWB 8PSME )FBMUI 0SHBOJ[BUJPO IUUQXXXXIPJOUXIPTJT
XIPTUBUFOJOEFYIUNM BDDFTTFE"QSJM

$BNFSPO"$ 5SJWFEJ1,Regression analysis of count data&DPOPNFUSJD4PDJFUZ.POPHSBQI /P/FX
:PSL $BNCSJEHF6OJWFSTJUZ1SFTT
235
Table A.1: National data coordinators by country/area and WHO region
COUNTRY/AREA WHO REGION NAME OF NATIONAL DATA COORDINATOR(S)

Afghanistan Eastern Mediterranean Qarizadah, Wassima
Albania Europe Bozo, Maksim
Angola Africa Chicola, Felix
Argentina Americas Abriata, Graciela
Armenia Europe Avetisyan, Lilit
Australia Western Pacic Goldsworthy, John
Austria Europe Kisser, Rupert
Azerbaijan Europe Talishinskiy, Rustam
Bahamas (the) Americas Rolle, Garlon
Bahrain Eastern Mediterranean Obeid, Amjad
Bangladesh South-East Asia Rahman, AKM Fazlur
Barbados Americas Taylor, Denise Carter
Belarus Europe Pikirenia, Ivan
Belgium Europe Meerkens, Anne
Belize Americas Andrewin, Aisha
Benin Africa Imorou Karimou, Yacoubou
Bhutan South-East Asia Karma, Doma
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Americas Angulo Martinez, Augusto
Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe Kovacevic, Jasminka; Seranic, Alen
Botswana Africa Mmutle, Marvin Golekoamang
Brazil Americas Alves da Silva, Marta Maria
British Virgin Islandsa Americas George, Ivy
Brunei Darussalam Western Pacic Saidon, Rozaly
Bulgaria Europe Kovacheva, Irina
Burkina Faso Africa Cisse, Ahmad Nassourou
Burundi Africa Nzeyimana, Claire
Cambodia Western Pacic Raingsey, Prak Piseth
Cameroon Africa Missimikim, Martial
Canada Americas Jonah, Brian
Cape Verde Africa Santos, Antonio
Central African Republic (the) Africa Gondamovo, Paul
Chad Africa Gock, Mahamat
Chile Americas Rajs, Danuta
China Western Pacic Duan, Leilei
Colombia Americas Gaitn Rodrguez, Yazmn
Comoros (the) Africa Yahaia, Mohamed
Congo (the) Africa Kouni-Okogna, Jean Roger
Cook Islands Western Pacic Herman, Josephine
Costa Rica Americas Guzmn Duarte, Teresita
Croatia Europe Brkic Bilo, Ivana
Cuba Americas Valds Lazo, Francisco
Cyprus Europe Antoniades, Costas; Kalakouta, Olga
Czech Republic (the) Europe Benesova, Veronika
Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) Africa Musari, Masuga
Dominican Republic Americas Prez, Simon Luis
Ecuador Americas Naranjo, Sara
Egypt Eastern Mediterranean Saad, Rania

El Salvador Americas Morn de Garca, Silvia
Eritrea Africa Abraham Tesfamichael, Ghirmay
Estonia Europe Kedars, Ursel
Ethiopia Africa Asrat, Abebe
Fiji Western Pacic Tuiketei, Timaima
Finland Europe Jskelinen, Petri
France Europe Laumon, Bernard
Gambia (the) Africa Camara, Abdoulie
Georgia Europe Kheladze, Kakha
Germany Europe Schleh, Rosemarieb
Ghana Africa Afukaar, Francis
Greece Europe Efthymiadis, Dimitrios
Guatemala Americas Morales Sandoval, Salvador
Guinea-Bissau Africa Vera Cruz De Oliveira, Golda Sayonara
Guyana Americas Anderson, Lucy
Honduras Americas Cerrato Cruz, Orlin Javier
Hungary Europe Bnyi, Mria
Iceland Europe Thorsteinsdttir, Rsa
India South-East Asia Kumar, Ashok
Indonesia South-East Asia Yusharmen
Iran (Islamic Republic of) Eastern Mediterranean Moghisi, Alireza
Iraq Eastern Mediterranean Khalil, Sundus Shoki
Ireland Europe Hayes, Declan
Israel Europe Peleg, Kobi; Levi, Sarit
Italy Europe Lecce, Maria Giuseppina
Jamaica Americas Grant, Andriene
Japan Western Pacic Nakahara, Shinji
Jordan Eastern Mediterranean Mujahed, Jamil
Kazakhstan Europe Batpenov, Nurlan
Kenya Africa Githinji, Wilfred Mwai
Kiribati Western Pacic Rubeiariki, Mweritonga
Kuwait Eastern Mediterranean Al-Otaibi, Hamed
Kyrgyzstan Europe Toimatov, Samatbek
Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Western Pacic Phoutsavath, Phisith
Latvia Europe Feldmane, Jana
Lebanon Eastern Mediterranean Akl, Ziad
Lesotho Africa Rangoako, Thabiso
Liberia Africa Kekula, Joseph
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Eastern Mediterranean Jabeal, Ibrahim Ali
Lithuania Europe Meiiene, Ramune
Madagascar Africa Rasamilalao, Dsir
Malawi Africa Chirwa, James Mathewes
Malaysia Western Pacic Ramly, Rosnah
Maldives South-East Asia Naaz, Aishath
Mali Africa Sylla, Assa
Malta Europe Calleja, Neville; Galea, Audrey
Marshall Islands (the) Western Pacic Edwards, Russell
237
(Table A.1 continued) COUNTRY/AREA WHO REGION NAME OF NATIONAL DATA COORDINATOR(S)
Mauritania Africa Traor, Abdallah Mohamed Khairou
Mauritius Africa Jewon, Mahmad Saeed
Mexico Americas Rosas Osuna, Rodrigo
Micronesia (Federated States of) Western Pacic Skilling, Vita
Mongolia Western Pacic Sakhiya, Ariuntuya
Montenegro Europe Stojanovic, Svetlana
Morocco Eastern Mediterranean Boulaajoul, Benaceur
Mozambique Africa Sithoe, Paulo Jorge
Myanmar South-East Asia Lwin, Thit
Namibia Africa Shigwedha, Laina
Nauru Western Pacic Dowiyogo, David
Nepal South-East Asia Baral, Prabha
Netherlands (the) Europe Vis, Martijn
New Zealand Western Pacic Brown, Jennifer
Nicaragua Americas Torres Araica, Francisca
Niger (the) Africa Bagoudou, Chekarao
Nigeria Africa Labinjo, Mariam
Norway Europe Linhave, Jakob; Vind, Signe
Oman Eastern Mediterranean Al-Wahaibi, Salim
Pakistan Eastern Mediterranean Khan, Shahzad Ali
Palau Western Pacic Aguon, Ismael
Panama Americas Castaedas, Enrique
Papua New Guinea Western Pacic Kanguma, Peri
Paraguay Americas Maldonado de Gonzlez Cabello, Mercedes
Peru Americas Loayza, Manuel
Philippines (the) Western Pacic Magturo, Theodora Cecile
Poland Europe Krl, Barbara
Portugal Europe Amann, Gregria Paixo von
Puerto Ricoc Americas Lopez Charneco, Magdalena
Qatar Eastern Mediterranean Almusleh, Abdulwahab
Republic of Korea (the) Western Pacic Kim, Young-Taek
Republic of Moldova (the) Europe Gornea, Filip
Romania Europe Arafat, Raed
Russian Federation (the) Europe Kipor, Gennady
Rwanda Africa Rurangirwa, Dominique
Saint Lucia Americas Jaime, Alina
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Americas Duncan, Roger
Samoa Western Pacic Vasa, Ponifasio
San Marino Europe Gualtieri, Andrea
Sao Tome and Principe Africa Lima, Antonio
Saudi Arabia Eastern Mediterranean Al Enizy, Faisal
Senegal Africa Coulibaly, Siaka
Serbia Europe Paunovic, Milena
Seychelles Africa Andr, Patrick
Sierra Leone Africa Yansaneh, Ahmed
Singapore Western Pacic Ho, Seng Tim; Lee, Alvin
Slovakia Europe Smrek, Martin
Slovenia Europe Koir, Matej
Solomon Islands Western Pacic Ogaoga, Divinol
South Africa Africa Mosako, Magdeline

Spain Europe Lizarbe, Vicenta
Sri Lanka South-East Asia Jayatillaka, Jayalath Pushpakumara
Sudan (the) Eastern Mediterranean Idries, Amjad
Suriname Americas Forster, Allan
Swaziland Africa Maphanga, Muzi
Sweden Europe Lekander, Thomas
Switzerland Europe Graz, Bertrand
Syrian Arab Republic (the) Eastern Mediterranean Hamdan, Ahmad
Tajikistan Europe Razzakov, Abduvali
Thailand South-East Asia Siriphanich, Tairjing
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Europe Tozija, Fimka
Timor-Leste South-East Asia Ximenes, Rafael dos Santos
Togo Africa Fatonzoun, Innocent Mawutoe
Tonga Western Pacic Akau'ola, Siale
Trinidad and Tobago Americas Ruiz, Carla
Tunisia Eastern Mediterranean Somrani, Naoufel; Frigui, Af
Turkey Europe Inan, Huseyin Fazil
Turkmenistan Europe Ovezklichev, Begklich
Tuvalu Western Pacic Kaitu, Kakee Pese
Uganda Africa Kwamusi, Paul
Ukraine Europe Fedenko, Irina
United Arab Emirates (the) Eastern Mediterranean Altair, Yousef
United Kingdom (the) Europe Bellis, Mark; Hughes, Sara
United Republic of Tanzania (the) Africa Mang'enya, Rosa
United States of America (the) Americas Dellinger, Ann
Uruguay Americas Borba, Norberto
Uzbekistan Europe Azizov, Mirhakim; Kasimova, Gulnora
Vanuatu Western Pacic Taura, Ben
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Americas Hernndez, Fedor
Viet Nam Western Pacic Nguyen, Thi Hong Tu
West Bank and Gaza Stripa Eastern Mediterranean Naji, Basem
Yemen Eastern Mediterranean Alraiby, Jamila
Zambia Africa Mwali, Mutaba
Zimbabwe Africa Magirigide, Nyasha
a
Non member-area.
b
Questionnaire completed by the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt).
c

Table A.2: Vehicles, road trafc deaths and proportion of road users by country/area
GENERAL INFORMATION VEHICLES
Population GNI per capitab for Number of

COUNTRY/AREA numbersa for 2007 2007 in US dollars Income levelc registered vehicles
Afghanistan 27 145 275 319f Low 731 607
Albania 3 190 012 3 290 Middle 349 646
Angola 17 024 084 2 560 Middle 671 060
Argentina 39 531 115 6 050 Middle 12 399 887
Armenia 3 002 271 2 640 Middle 366 836
Australia 20 743 179 35 960 High 14 774 921
Austria 8 360 746 42 700 High 5 796 973
Azerbaijan 8 467 167 2 550 Middle 784 018
Bahamas (the) 331 278 18 570f High 27 058
f
Bahrain 752 648 20 610 High 382 977
Bangladesh 158 664 959 470 Low 1 054 057
Barbados 293 891 11 290f Middle 126 262
Belarus 9 688 795 4 220 Middle 3 147 625
Belgium 10 457 343 40 710 High 6 362 161
Belize 287 699 3 800 Middle 54 225
Benin 9 032 787 570 Low 222 850
Bhutan 658 479 1 770 Middle 35 703
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 9 524 568 1 260 Middle 699 646
Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 934 816 3 790 Middle 675 063
Botswana 1 881 504 5 840 Middle 293 755
Brazil 191 790 929 5 910 Middle 49 644 025
h f f
British Virgin Islands 23 000 43 686 High 14 505
Brunei Darussalam 390 056 30 580f High 304 432
Bulgaria 7 638 831 4 590 Middle 2 628 680
Burkina Faso 14 784 291 430 Low 515 453
Burundi 8 508 232 110 Low 59 486
Cambodia 14 443 679 540 Low 154 389
Cameroon 18 549 176 1 050 Middle 312 259
Canada 32 876 047 39 420 High 20 065 000
Cape Verde 530 437 2 430 Middle 54 158
Central African Republic (the) 4 342 735 380 Low 5 834
Chad 10 780 571 540 Low 124 088
Chile 16 634 760 8 350 Middle 2 824 570
China 1 336 317 116 2 360 Middle 145 228 994
Colombia 46 155 958 3 250 Middle 4 951 225
Comoros (the) 839 187 680 Low 22 378
Congo (the) 3 768 086 1 540 Middle 100 000
Cook Islands 13 325 13 098f Middle 10 692
Costa Rica 4 467 625 5 560 Middle 797 902
Croatia 4 555 398 10 460 Middle 1 949 936
Cuba 11 267 883 4 571f Middle 658 003
Cyprus 854 671 24 940 High 592 480
Czech Republic (the) 10 186 330 14 450 High 5 455 110

ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS ROAD USER DEATHS (%)
Modelled number of road trafc deathse Estimated road Drivers/ Drivers/

trafc death passengers passengers of Other or
Reported number of 90% Condence rate per 100 000 of 4-wheeled motorized unspecied
trafc deathsd Point estimate interval populatione vehicles 2- or 3-wheelers Cyclists Pedestrians users
1 779 10 593 6 23422 894 39.0
499 445 366522 13.9 45.3 9.0 5.7 40.0
2 358 6 425 4 3769 803 37.7
5 281 5 427 13.7 41.7 9.5 6.2 19.4 23.2
371 417 352489 13.9 60.3 0.3 39.4
1 616 1 616 7.8 70.2 14.8 2.5 12.5
691 691 8.3 59.0 17.4 5.4 15.6 2.6
1 195 1 099 9001 319 13.0 59.7 1.2 0.9 38.1 0.1
48 48 14.5 64.0 14.0 22.0 0.0
91 91 12.1 59.4 5.5 6.6 28.6
4 108 20 038 14 88229 155 12.6 26.2 8.2 2.6 53.7 9.3
36 36 12.2 73.7 7.9 0.0 18.4
1 517 1 517 15.7 47.3 3.8 9.1 39.8
1 067 1 067 10.2 56.0 15.2 8.2 9.7 11.0
g
65 45 15.6 63.8 0.0 12.8 23.4
653 2 815 2 0803 871 31.2 35.0 37.0 3.0 25.0
111 95 72115 14.4
1 394 1 594 1 2142 348 16.7 59.0 4.0 1.0 35.0 1.0
428 428 10.9 61.0 4.7 5.8 23.7 4.8
482 636 425968 33.8 70.9 0.8 1.6 26.0 0.7
35 155 35 155 18.3 9.8 20.0 4.6 27.9 37.7
5 5 21.7 83.0 17.0 0.0 0.0
54 54 13.8 75.8 11.1 1.9 9.2 2.1
1 006 1 006 13.2 65.0 0.0 4.5 26.3 4.2
804 4 595 3 2415 937 31.1 53.0 34.0 13.0
63 1 989 1 4252 898 23.4
1 668 1 749 1 3852 410 12.1 14.9 62.8 4.7 13.3 4.2
1 069 5 206 4 0606 880 28.1 55.0 17.0 18.0 10.0
2 889 2 889 8.8 76.3 7.3 2.5 13.2 0.7
49 133 96187 25.1
565j 1 399 9752 091 32.2
814 3 696 2 5495 482 34.3
2 280 2 280 13.7 24.3 2.6 6.5 40.1 26.6
96 611 220 783 183 428333 623 16.5 22.6 28.1 9.5 26.0 13.8
5 409 5 409 11.7 17.2 36.1 7.7 33.6 5.5
15 254 163602 30.3 75.0 8.0 17.0
207 1 084 7521 575 28.8
6 6 45.0 60.0 40.0
688 688 15.4 38.3 20.0 8.6 33.1
619 619 13.6 49.9 18.8 4.5 20.0 6.8
964 964 8.6 18.0 12.0 14.0 33.0 23.0
89 89 10.4 50.6 28.1 3.4 18.0
1 222 1 222 12.0 59.4 11.4 9.5 19.2 0.5
241
(Table A.2 continued) GENERAL INFORMATION VEHICLES

Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) 62 635 723 140 Low 311 781
Dominican Republic 9 759 664 3 550 Middle 2 121 244
Ecuador 13 341 197 3 080 Middle 961 556
Egypt 75 497 913 1 580 Middle 4 300 000
El Salvador 6 857 328 2 850 Middle 630 638
Eritrea 4 850 763 230 Low 60 849
Estonia 1 335 333 13 200 High 708 794
Ethiopia 83 099 190 220 Low 244 257
Fiji 838 698 3 800 Middle 78 833
Finland 5 276 892 44 400 High 4 656 370
France 61 647 375 38 500 High 39 926 000
Gambia (the) 1 708 681 320 Low 14 450
Georgia 4 395 420 2 120 Middle 567 900
Germany 82 599 471 38 860 High 55 511 374
Ghana 23 478 394 590 Low 931 642
Greece 11 146 918 29 630 High 7 212 236
Guatemala 13 353 911 2 305f Middle 1 613 796
Guinea-Bissau 1 695 043 200 Low 57 839
Guyana 737 906 1 300 Middle 127 825
Honduras 7 106 001 1 600 Middle 786 682
Hungary 10 029 683 11 570 High 3 625 386
Iceland 301 006 54 100 High 293 299
India 1 169 015 509 950 Low 72 718 000
Indonesia 231 626 978 1 650 Middle 63 318 522
Iran (Islamic Republic of) 71 208 384 3 470 Middle 17 000 000
Iraq 28 993 374 1 646f Middle 2 242 269
Ireland 4 300 902 48 140 High 2 444 159
Israel 6 927 677 21 900 High 2 283 634
Italy 58 876 834 33 540 High 43 262 992
Jamaica 2 713 779 3 710 Middle 320 000
Japan 127 966 709 37 670 High 91 378 636
Jordan 5 924 245 2 850 Middle 841 933
Kazakhstan 15 421 861 5 060 Middle 3 105 954
Kenya 37 537 716 680 Low 1 004 243
Kiribati 95 067 1 170 Middle 16 000
f
Kuwait 2 851 144 40 114 High 1 364 790
Kyrgyzstan 5 316 543 590 Low 318 581
Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) 5 859 393 580 Low 641 081
Latvia 2 277 040 9 930 Middle 1 062 935
Lebanon 4 099 115 5 770 Middle 1 400 000
Lesotho 2 007 833 1 000 Middle
Liberia 3 750 261 150 Low 11 086
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) 6 160 483 9 010 Middle 1 826 533
Lithuania 3 389 937 9 920 Middle 1 781 686
Madagascar 19 683 358 320 Low 197 981
Malawi 13 925 070 250 Low 130 000
Malaysia 26 571 879 6 540 Middle 16 825 150


365 20 183 14 26329 458 32.2 40.0 59.0 1.0
1 838 1 691 1 3752 058 17.3 87.0 8.0 5.0
2 341 1 559 1 1982 119 11.7 13.5 0.8 0.5 43.2 42.0
15 983 31 439 19 41147 668 41.6 47.5 0.1 1.9 20.1 30.4
1 493 865 7271 051 12.6 26.4 2.5 4.2 63.1 3.8
81 2 350 1 3013 961 48.4
196 196 14.7 66.0 6.0 9.0 19.0
2 441 29 114 19 56244 710 35.0 42.8 1.3 0.5 54.8 0.6
59 59 7.0 75.0 25.0
380 380 7.2 70.3 10.8 5.8 12.6 0.5
4 620 4 620 7.5 59.2 25.0 3.1 12.1 0.6
54 625 420897 36.6
737 737 16.8 0.0 0.3 27.7 72.0
4 949 4 949 6.0 58.0 18.0 10.0 14.0 1.0
1 856 6 942 5 1299 892 29.6 46.0 5.0 4.5 42.0 2.5
1 657 1 657 14.9 50.3 30.2 1.3 16.1 2.1
g
755 1 968 1 7012 446 14.7 77.5 0.0 22.6
152 583 3831 209 34.4
207 147 104198 19.9 34.7 15.9 15.9 30.0 3.4
1 266 959 7941 187 13.5 72.0 5.0 5.0 9.0 9.0
1 232 1 232 12.3 54.4 10.1 11.7 22.7 1.1
30 30 10.0 85.0 5.0 10.0
105 725 196 445 155 727266 999 16.8 15.1 27.4 4.3 12.6 40.5
16 548 37 438 29 78565 158 16.2 7.0 61.0 13.0 15.0 4.0
22 918 25 491 18 72634 337 35.8 44.9 11.4 33.3 11.0
1 932 11 059 6 93321 500 38.1
365 365 8.5 61.9 7.9 2.5 20.0 7.7
398 398 5.7 57.6 9.3 1.5 31.6
5 669 5 669 9.6 49.0 26.0 5.5 13.4 6.1
350 334 270397 12.3 52.0 9.0 8.0 31.0
6 639 6 639 5.0 37.1 17.6 12.8 32.3 0.2
992 2 027 1 4073 188 34.2 75.2 0.1 24.7
4 714 4 714 30.6 16.2 83.8
3 760 12 918 7 45929 191 34.4 42.8 1.2 9.0 47.0
7 7 7.4 51.0 44.0 6.0
482 482 16.9
g
1 214 1 214 22.8 55.0 1.0 43.0 1.0
656 1 075 8641 328 18.3
407 407 17.9 50.4 4.2 8.1 37.3
536 1 170 8371 625 28.5
402 537 407728 26.7 17.6 0.2 0.0 34.0 48.2
1 235 7702 668 32.9
2 138 2 497 1 5183 760 40.5 60.0 5.0 15.0 20.0
759 759 22.4 53.7 4.5 6.9 31.9 3.0
594 6 641 4 6809 859 33.7
839 3 614 2 5995 064 26.0 36.0 0.8 18.0 45.0 0.2
6 282 6 282 23.6 23.3 58.0 3.0 10.1 5.6
243

Maldives 305 556 3 200 Middle 33 807
Mali 12 336 799 500 Low 167 245
f
Malta 406 582 14 575 High 346 118
Marshall Islands (the) 59 286 3 070 Middle 2 487
Mauritania 3 123 813 840 Low 350 000
Mauritius 1 261 641 5 450 Middle 334 125
Mexico 106 534 880 8 340 Middle 24 970 879
Micronesia (Federated States of) 111 117 2 470 Middle 4 217
Mongolia 2 628 840 1 290 Middle 161 989
Montenegro 597 983 5 180 Middle 199 014
Morocco 31 224 137 2 250 Middle 2 284 060
Mozambique 21 396 916 320 Low 258 680
f
Myanmar 48 798 212 281 Low 1 045 105
Namibia 2 074 146 3 360 Middle 239 612
f
Nauru 10 152 7 842 Middle
Nepal 28 195 994 340 Low 617 305
Netherlands (the) 16 418 824 45 820 High 8 862 935
New Zealand 4 178 525 28 780 High 3 189 131
Nicaragua 5 603 190 980 Middle 382 707
Niger (the) 14 225 521 280 Low 76 061
Nigeria 148 092 542 930 Low 7 600 000
Norway 4 698 097 76 450 High 2 599 712
Oman 2 595 133 11 275f Middle 629 670
Pakistan 163 902 405 870 Low 5 287 152
Palau 20 314 8 210 Middle 5 530
Panama 3 343 374 5 510 Middle 671 085
Papua New Guinea 6 331 010 850 Low 59 645
Paraguay 6 127 077 1 670 Middle 576 167
Peru 27 902 760 3 450 Middle 1 442 387
Philippines (the) 87 960 117 1 620 Middle 5 515 576
Poland 38 081 971 9 840 Middle 18 035 047
Portugal 10 623 031 18 950 High 5 948 269
Puerto Ricoj 3 991 000f 14 720 High 3 165 543
Qatar 840 635 66 063f High 605 699
Republic of Korea (the) 48 223 853 19 690 High 18 213 228
Republic of Moldova (the) 3 793 604 1 260 Middle 448 202
Romania 21 437 887 6 150 Middle 4 611 362
Russian Federation (the) 142 498 532 7 560 Middle 38 695 996
Rwanda 9 724 577 320 Low 61 000
f
Saint Lucia 164 924 5 349 Middle 49 700
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 120 402 4 210 Middle 24 334
Samoa 187 023 2 430 Middle 15 903
f
San Marino 30 926 41 044 High 51 590
Sao Tome and Principe 157 638 870 Low 1 219
Saudi Arabia 24 734 533 15 440 High 7 398 600
Senegal 12 378 532 820 Low 280 594
Serbia 9 858 424 4 730 Middle 2 235 389


10 56 37105 18.3 0.0 75.0 25.0 0.0
711 3 959 2 6955 936 32.1
14 14 3.4 35.7 28.6 0.0 35.7
1 1 1.7 100.0
262 1 109 7601 595 35.5
140 140 11.1 25.0 36.4 9.3 29.3
22 103 22 103 20.7 67.9 5.5 4.4 21.2 1.1
2 16 1220 14.4 90.0 10.0
562 507 366719 19.3 64.9 16.7 0.4 17.9
122 122 20.4 75.4 4.1 0.0 20.5 0.1
3 838 8 850 6 27312 783 28.3 45.7 16.3 7.1 27.9 3.0
1 952 7 432 5 16110 872 34.7 31.9 68.1
1 638 11 422 6 90516 883 23.4 46.7 9.6 11.5 30.3 1.9
368 594 424667 28.6
1 1 9.9
962 4 245 3 4535 288 15.1
791 791 4.8 46.0 18.0 24.0 12.0
423 423 10.1 76.0 9.0 2.0 10.0 3.0
506 797 6271 004 14.2 44.0 13.0 8.0 35.0
g
570 5 357 3 6458 074 37.7 67.0 33.0
4 532 47 865 34 16578 249 32.3
233 233 5.0 67.0 17.0 3.0 10.0 3.0
798 553 347920 21.3
7 234 41 494 28 37976 695 25.3
3 3 14.8 66.7 33.3
425 425 12.7 48.3 1.2 3.9 46.1 0.5
308 901 6841 249 14.2 59.9 0.0 0.8 39.3
854 1 206 8961 710 19.7 2.8 24.2 1.1 36.9 35.0
3 510 6 001 3 8728 672 21.5 18.0 3.0 78.0 1.0
1 185 17 557 12 45733 741 20.0
5 583 5 583 14.7 51.0 5.0 9.0 35.0
1 110 1 110 10.4 54.6 22.1 3.5 16.1 3.7
452 511 404665 12.8 48.2 17.3 1.6 31.9 1.1
g k
199 199 23.7 69.0 4.0 27.0
6 166 6 166 12.8 36.6 20.7 4.9 37.4 0.5
571 571 15.1 57.3 4.1 2.4 34.3 1.9
2 712 2 712 12.7 74.5 8.0 6.8 10.8
35 972 35 972 25.2 62.0 2.1 35.9
308 3 077 1 9727 079 31.6 16.0 15.8 18.5 40.0 9.7
29 29 17.6 89.3 10.7
8 8 6.6 44.0 0.0 22.0 33.0 1.0
19 24 2029 12.8
1 1 3.2 60.0 20.0 20.0
20 52 3472 33.0
6 358 7 166 5 5359 544 29.0
g
345 4 023 2 7976 034 32.5 65.3 34.7
962 962 9.8 58.6 5.6 9.2 25.1 1.5
245

Seychelles 86 606 8 960 Middle 14 880
Sierra Leone 5 865 872 260 Low 39 038
Singapore 4 436 281 32 470 High 851 336
Slovakia 5 390 035 11 730 High 2 039 745
Slovenia 2 001 506 20 960 High 1 286 903
Solomon Islands 495 662 730 Low 10 000
South Africa 48 576 763 5 760 Middle 9 237 574
Spain 44 279 180 29 450 High 31 441 152
Sri Lanka 19 299 190 1 540 Middle 3 125 794
Sudan (the) 38 560 488 960 Middle 1 200 000
Suriname 457 964 4 730 Middle 151 441
Swaziland 1 141 427 2 580 Middle 116 050
Sweden 9 118 955 46 060 High 5 500 000
Switzerland 7 483 973 59 880 High 5 356 000
Syrian Arab Republic (the) 19 928 516 1 760 Middle 1 389 346
Tajikistan 6 735 996 460 Low 268 018
Thailand 63 883 662 3 400 Middle 25 618 447
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2 038 464 3 460 Middle 259 421
Timor-Leste 1 154 775 1 510 Middle 26 649
Togo 6 585 147 360 Low 48 234
Tonga 100 336 2 320 Middle 2 226
Trinidad and Tobago 1 333 272 14 100 High 490 987
Tunisia 10 327 285 3 200 Middle 1 244 918
Turkey 74 876 695 8 020 Middle 13 311 000
f
Turkmenistan 4 965 278 1 234 Middle 651 564
Tuvalu 10 530 2 441f Middle 906
Uganda 30 883 805 340 Low 363 658
Ukraine 46 205 382 2 550 Middle
f
United Arab Emirates (the) 4 380 439 41 082 High 1 754 420
United Kingdom (the) 60 768 946 42 740 High 34 327 520
United Republic of Tanzania (the) 40 453 513 400 Low 577 949
United States of America (the) 305 826 246 46 040 High 251 422 509
Uruguay 3 339 700 6 380 Middle 952 000
Uzbekistan 27 372 260 730 Low
Vanuatu 226 180 1 840 Middle 15 461
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 27 656 832 7 320 Middle 4 044 013
Viet Nam 87 375 196 790 Low 22 926 230
West Bank and Gaza Striph 4 018 000f 1 422f Middle 78 609
Yemen 22 389 169 870 Low 777 734
Zambia 11 921 999 800 Low 222 188
Zimbabwe 13 349 434 131f Low 1 556 586
a f
Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations 2007 data not available. Latest available used from http://data.un.org/
g
Secretariat (2007). E]`ZR^]^cZObW]\^`]a^SQba(BVS $`SdWaW]\VWUVZWUVba. New York: Passengers and drivers of any motorized vehicle; includes category "unspecied".
h
United Nations. Non-member area.
b i
Gross National Income (GNI) per capita is the dollar value of a countrys nal income in a year For capital city only.
j
divided by its population using Atlas methodology. Data from World Development Indicators Associate WHO Member State.
k
database, World Bank, revised 17 October 2008. Cyclists and pedestrians.
c
World Development Indicators database: Low-income is $935 or less, middle-income is $936 Data not available.
to $11 455, high-income is $11 456 or more.
d
Adjusted for 30-day denition of a road trafc death.
e
Modelled using negative binomial regression. Data from countries with complete vital
registration and countries with a population of less than 100 000 were not included in the
model (see explanatory notes on page 231).


16 16 18.5 65.0 7.0 28.0
68 1 661 1 2072 441 28.3 65.0 20.0 15.0
214 214 4.8 14.9 47.7 10.3 27.1
815 815 15.1 49.6 8.0 8.5 33.9
g
293 293 14.6 64.5 18.1 5.8 11.3 0.3
19 84 64118 16.9
16 113 16 113 33.2 56.8 1.8 2.3 39.1
4 104 4 104 9.3 62.0 19.0 2.0 15.0 1.0
2 334 2 603 2 1853 097 13.5 65.2 32.8 2.0
2 227 13 362 8 82019 143 34.7 31.5 12.7 55.8
90 84 63120 18.3 43.3 31.1 3.3 22.2 0.1
235 300 218405 26.3 62.0 2.0 2.0 35.0
471 471 5.2 65.0 16.0 6.0 12.0 1.0
370 370 4.9 48.0 22.0 9.0 21.0
3 663 6 552 5 0248 684 32.9
464 951 7671 196 14.1 48.7 1.1 6.0 43.6 0.7
12 492 12 492 19.6 11.0 69.7 2.8 8.3 8.2
140 140 6.9 41.4 10.7 3.6 34.3 10.0
49 186 143255 16.1
613 1 851 1 2982 557 28.1
7 7 7.0 50.0 6.3 43.8
207 207 15.5 62.2 1.9 3.7 32.2
1 497 3 568 2 5554 948 34.5 50.8 14.4 2.6 32.0 0.3
6 022 10 066 8 39411 839 13.4 55.0 8.0 1.8 18.9 16.3
702 926 6941 343 18.6 4.6 28.9 66.5
1 1 9.5
2 838 7 634 5 57811 007 24.7 47.2 7.0 10.4 35.3 0.1
9 921 9 921 21.5 44.3 55.7
1 056 1 626 9122 570 37.1 70.0 1.5 28.5
3 298 3 298 5.4 55.0 19.0 4.0 21.0 1.0
2 595 13 886 9 59621 504 34.3 38.3 7.2 16.8 36.8 0.9
42 642 42 642 13.9 71.6 11.3 1.8 11.2 4.1
145 145 4.3
2 644 2 644 9.7
7 42 2958 18.6
6 031 6 031 21.8 74.7 24.6 0.7
12 800 14 104 11 98716 387 16.1
188 896 6271 287 4.9
3 003 6 553 4 02115 797 29.3
1 645 3 056 2 1944 291 25.6 35.4 4.2 10.6 49.8
g
1 348 3 669 2 7495 127 27.5 62.8 1.0 5.3 26.0 4.9
247
Table A.3: Drinking and driving laws, enforcement and road trafc deaths attributed to
alcohol by country/area
HOW DRINKDRIVING IS DEFINED
NATIONAL
DRINKDRIVING Blood alcohol Physician
COUNTRY/AREA LAW concentration (BAC) certicate Breath content
Afghanistan Yesa Yes Yes Yes
Albania Yes Yes Yes
Angola n/a n/a n/a
Argentina Yes Yes
Armenia Yes Yes Yes
b
Australia Subnational Yes
Austria Yes Yes Yes
Azerbaijan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bahamas (the) Yes Yes
a
Bahrain Yes Yes Yes
Bangladesh Yesa Yes
Barbados Yesc Yes
Belarus Yes Yes Yes Yes
Belgium Yes Yes Yes
Belize Yes Yes Yes
c
Benin Yes Yes
Bhutan Yes Yes Yes
c
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Yes
Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Yes Yes Yes
Botswana Yes Yes Yes
Brazil Yes Yes Yes Yes
British Virgin Islandsd Yes Yes Yes
Brunei Darussalam Yes Yes Yes
Bulgaria Yes Yes Yes Yes
c
Burkina Faso Yes
Burundi Yes Yes Yes
Cambodia Yes Yes Yes
Cameroon Yes Yes
Canada Yes Yes
Cape Verde Yes Yes Yes
Central African Republic (the) Yes Yes
Chad Yes Yes
Chile Yes Yes Yes
China Yes Yes
Colombia Yes Yes
Comoros (the) Yesa Yes
Congo (the) Yes Yes
Cook Islands Yes Yes Yes Yes
Costa Rica Yes Yes
Croatia Yes Yes Yes Yes
c
Cuba Yes Yes
Cyprus Yes Yes Yes
Czech Republic (the) Yes Yes
Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes

NATIONAL MAXIMUM LEGAL BAC LEVELS
EFFECTIVENESS OF
OVERALL ENFORCEMENT For professional PROPORTION OF
RANDOM BREATH TESTING (RESPONDENT For the general For young or or commercial ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
OR POLICE CHECK POINTS CONSENSUS) population novice drivers drivers THAT ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO
USED FOR ENFORCEMENT (SCALE 010) (g/dl) (g/dl) (g/dl) ALCOHOL (%)
Yes 10 0.00 0.00 0.00
Yes 8 0.05 0.05 0.05 5.2
n/a n/a n/a n/a
Yes 3 0.05 0.05 0.00
Yes 5 0.08 0.08 0.08 6.1
Yes n/a 0.05 0.02 0.05 30.0
Yes 9 0.05 0.01 0.01 8.1
Yes 9 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.7
Yes 3 0.08 0.08 0.08 5.0
No 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.7
1 0.00 0.00 0.00
Yes 2
Yes 7 0.05 0.05 0.05 12.9
Yes 3 0.05 0.05 0.05
Yes 3 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 5
No 3 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 4
Yes 6 0.03 0.00 0.00 6.7
Yes 7 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.8
Yes 6 0.02 0.02 0.02
Yes 0.08 0.08 0.08 4.0
Yes 6 0.08 0.08 0.08 3.7
Yes 7 0.05 0.05 0.05 4.7
1
Yes 1 0.10 0.10 0.10 70.0
0.05 0.05 0.05
Yes 3 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 4 0.08 0.04 0.08 30.0
Yes 3 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 4 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 0 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 3 0.05 0.05 0.05 20.9
Yes 8 0.02 0.02 0.02 4.2
Yes 5 0.04 0.04 0.04 2.6
Yes 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.0
0.08 0.08 0.08
4 0.04 0.04 0.04
Yes 6 0.05 0.05 0.05
Yes 7 0.05 0.00 0.00 30.0
Yes 4 30.0
Yes 4 0.05 0.05 0.05 18.0
Yes 9 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.4
Yes 5 0.05 0.05 0.05

(Table A.3 continued) HOW DRINKDRIVING IS DEFINED
NATIONAL
Dominican Republic Yesc Yes Yes
Ecuador Yes Yes
c
Egypt Yes
El Salvador Yes Yes
Eritrea Yes Yes Yes Yes
Estonia Yes Yes Yes Yes
c
Ethiopia Yes
Fiji Yes Yes Yes Yes
Finland Yes Yes Yes
France Yes Yes Yes
c
Gambia (the) Yes
Georgia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Germany Yes Yes Yes
Ghana Yes Yes Yes Yes
Greece Yes Yes Yes
Guatemala Subnational n/a n/a n/a
c
Guinea-Bissau Yes Yes
Guyana Yes Yes Yes Yes
Honduras Yes Yes
Hungary Yes Yes Yes
Iceland Yes Yes Yes
India Yes Yes
Indonesia No n/a n/a n/a
a
Iran (Islamic Republic of) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Iraq Yes Yes
Ireland Yes Yes
Israel Yes Yes
Italy Yes Yes Yes
Jamaica Yes Yes Yes
Japan Yes Yes Yes
Jordan Yes Yes Yes Yes
c
Kazakhstan Yes Yes
Kenya Yesc Yes
Kiribati Yes Yes Yes Yes
a
Kuwait Yes Yes Yes
Kyrgyzstan Yesc Yes Yes
Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Yes Yes
Latvia Yes Yes
Lebanon Yes Yes
Lesotho Yes Yes Yes Yes
Liberia Yes Yes Yes Yes
a
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Yes Yes
Lithuania Yes Yes
Madagascar Yes Yes Yes
Malawi Yes Yes Yes Yes
Malaysia Yes Yes Yes
Maldives No n/a n/a n/a

EFFECTIVENESS OF
Yes 2
Yes 5 0.08 0.08 0.08 9.1
No 4
Yes 5 0.05 0.05 0.05 3.5
Yes 6 0.05 0.05 0.03 1.2
Yes 8 0.02 0.02 0.02 48.0
No 1 10.0
Yes 7 0.08 0.00 0.00 27.0
Yes 8 0.05 0.05 0.05 23.9
Yes 4 0.05 0.05 0.05 27.0
Yes 4
No 9 0.02 0.02 0.02 37.0
Yes 0.05 0.00 0.05 12.0
Yes 2 0.08 0.00 0.08
Yes 7 0.05 0.02 0.02 7.2
n/a n/a Subnational Subnational Subnational
No 3
Yes 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 4 0.07 0.07 0.07 8.0
Yes 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.0
Yes 7 0.05 0.05 0.05 20.0
Yes 3 0.03 0.03 0.03
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Yes 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
No 5 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes No consensus 0.08 0.08 0.08 37.0
Yes 6 0.05 0.05 0.05 7.5
Yes 7 0.05 0.05 0.05 No consensus
No 2 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes No consensus 0.03 0.03 0.03 8.3
3 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 10 3.2
No 2
Yes 2 0.08 0.08 0.08 30.0
Yes 9 0.00 0.00 0.00
Yes 4
Yes 3 0.08 0.08 0.08 48.0
Yes 7 0.05 0.02 0.05 20.6
Yes 1 0.05 0.05 0.05
Yes 5 0.10 0.10 0.10
Yes 3 0.05 0.05 0.05
No 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.0
Yes 6 0.04 0.02 0.02 11.7
Yes 5 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 4 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 6 0.08 0.08 0.08
n/a n/a n/a n/a
251
NATIONAL
Mali Yesc Yes Yes
Malta Yes Yes Yes
c
Marshall Islands (the) Yes
Mauritania Yesa
Mauritius Yes Yes Yes
Mexico Yes Yes Yes Yes
Micronesia (Federated States of) Subnational n/a n/a n/a
Mongolia Yes Yes Yes
Montenegro Yes Yes Yes Yes
a
Morocco No n/a n/a n/a
Mozambique Yes Yes Yes
Myanmar Yes Yes Yes
Namibia Yes Yes Yes
Nauru Yes Yes
Nepal Yesc
Netherlands (the) Yes Yes Yes
New Zealand Yes Yes Yes
Nicaragua Yes Yes Yes
Niger (the) Yesc
Nigeria Yes Yes Yes Yes
Norway Yes Yes Yes
Oman Yes Yes Yes Yes
Pakistan Yesa Yes
Palau Yes Yes Yes
Panama Yes Yes Yes Yes
Papua New Guinea Yes Yes Yes
Paraguay Subnational n/a n/a n/a
Peru Yes Yes
Philippines (the) No n/a n/a n/a
Poland Yes Yes Yes
Portugal Yes Yes
f
Puerto Rico Yes Yes Yes
Qatar Yes Yes
Republic of Korea (the) Yes Yes
Republic of Moldova (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Romania Yes Yes Yes Yes
Russian Federation (the) Yes Yes Yes
Rwanda Yes Yes Yes
Saint Lucia Yes Yes Yes
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Yesc
Samoa Yes Yes Yes
San Marino Yes Yes
Sao Tome and Principe No n/a n/a n/a
Saudi Arabia Yes Yes Yes
Senegal Yes Yes
Serbia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Seychelles Yes Yes Yes Yes

EFFECTIVENESS OF
Yes 3
No 4 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 6 70.0
5 0.00 0.00 0.00
Yes 5 0.05 0.05 0.05 24.3
Yes 3 Subnational Subnational Subnational
n/a n/a Subnational Subnational Subnational 90.0
Yes 6 0.05 0.05 0.05 3.7
Yes 6 0.05 0.05 0.00
n/a n/a n/a n/a 3.0
Yes 7 0.06 0.06 0.06
Yes 5 0.07 0.07 0.07
Yes 5 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 0.05 0.05 0.05
Yes 6
Yes No consensus 0.05 0.02 0.05 25.0
Yes 6 0.08 0.03 0.08 31.0
Yes 3 0.05 0.05 0.05 12.0
No 3 1.0
Yes 2 0.05 0.05 0.05 <10.0
Yes 4 0.02 0.02 0.02 20.030.0
Yes 4 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 4 0.00 0.00 0.00
Yes 4 0.10 0.00 0.00 100.0e
Yes 6 0.01 0.01 0.01
Yes 5 66.0
n/a 3 Subnational Subnational Subnational
Yes 2 0.05 0.05 0.05 10.8
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Yes 7 0.02 0.02 0.02 14.0
Yes 8 0.05 0.05 0.05 31.4
Yes 0.08 0.00 0.02 41.7
No 6 0.00 0.00 0.00
Yes 7 0.05 0.05 0.05 16.1
Yes 2 0.05 0.05 0.05 17.0
Yes 8 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.5
Yes 6 0.03 0.03 0.03 9.7
Yes 8 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 1 0.08 0.08 0.08

Yes 1 50.0
Yes 6 0.05 0.05 0.05
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
No 7 0.00 0.00 0.00
Yes 0
Yes 7 0.05 0.05 0.00 6.0
Yes 3 0.08 0.08 0.08 80.0
253
NATIONAL
Sierra Leone Yes Yes Yes
Singapore Yes Yes Yes
Slovakia Yes Yes Yes
Slovenia Yes Yes Yes
c
Solomon Islands Yes
South Africa Yes Yes Yes Yes
Spain Yes Yes Yes
Sri Lanka Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sudan (the) Yesa Yes Yes
Suriname Yes Yes Yes Yes
Swaziland Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sweden Yes Yes Yes
Switzerland Yes Yes
Syrian Arab Republic (the) Yes Yes Yes
Tajikistan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Thailand Yes Yes
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Yes Yes
Timor-Leste Yes Yes Yes
Togo No n/a n/a n/a
Tonga Yesc Yes
Trinidad and Tobago Yes Yes Yes
Tunisia Yes Yes
Turkey Yes Yes Yes
Turkmenistan Yes Yes Yes Yes
c
Tuvalu Yes
Uganda Yes Yes Yes
Ukraine Yes Yes Yes
United Arab Emirates (the) Yes Yes Yes
United Kingdom (the) Yes Yes
United Republic of Tanzania (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
b
United States of America (the) Subnational Yes
Uruguay Yes Yes
Uzbekistan Yes Yes Yes Yes
c
Vanuatu Yes
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Yes Yes Yes
Viet Nam Yes Yes Yes
d
West Bank and Gaza Strip Yes Yes Yes
a
Yemen Yes Yes
Zambia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Zimbabwe Yes Yes Yes
a
Alcohol is prohibited.
b
Laws set subnationally, but they all have the same limits.
c
Not dened by BAC or no standardized denition.
d
Non-member area.
e
Refers to only 3 deaths.
f
Data not available.
n/a Data not applicable.

EFFECTIVENESS OF
Yes 2 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 8 0.08 0.08 0.08 7.0
Yes 9 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.3
Yes 6 0.05 0.00 0.00 38.4
Yes 3 55.0
Yes 2 0.05 0.05 0.02 60.0
Yes 7 0.05 0.03 0.03
Yes 6 0.08 0.08 0.08
No 10 0.00 0.00 0.00
Yes 4 0.05 0.05 0.05
Yes 6 0.05 0.05 0.05 3.0
Yes 6 0.02 0.02 0.02 20.0
Yes 6 0.05 0.05 0.05 16.0
No 8 0.05 0.05 0.05
Yes 9 0.03 0.03 0.03 5.0
Yes 5 0.05 0.05 0.05 4.0
Yes 6 0.05 0.00 0.00 4.6
Yes 0 0.05 0.05 0.05
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Yes 5 25.0
Yes 2 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 3 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.7
Yes 9 0.05 0.05 0.00 2.0
Yes 10 0.05 0.05 0.05 7.4
Yes 6
Yes 3 0.08 0.08 0.00
Yes 0.00 0.00 0.00
Yes 8 0.10 0.10 0.10
Yes No consensus 0.08 0.08 0.08 17.0
Yes 2 0.08 0.08 0.00 1.8
Yes 0.08 0.02 0.04 32.0
Yes 1 0.08 0.08 0.08 38.0
Yes 9
Yes 6
Yes 7 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 3 0.08 0.08 0.08 34.0
No 1 0.05 0.05 0.05
0.00 0.00 0.00
Yes 1 0.08 0.08 0.08 50.0
Yes 3 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.2
255
Table A.4: Seat-belt and child restraint laws, enforcement and wearing rates
by country/area
SEAT-BELTS
There is a national The law applies to all Enforcement is applied to

COUNTRY/AREA seat-belt law occupants the following occupants
Afghanistan No n/a n/a
Albania Yes Yes All occupants
Angola No n/a n/a
Argentina Yes Yes All occupants
Armenia Yes Yes All occupants
Australia Subnational Yes All occupants
Austria Yes Yes All occupants
Azerbaijan Yes Yes All occupants
Bahamas (the) Yes Yes All occupants
Bahrain Yes No Front seat occupants only
Bangladesh No n/a n/a
Barbados Yes Yes All occupants
Belarus Yes Yes
Belgium Yes Yes All occupants
Belize Yes No Front seat occupants only
Benin Subnational n/a n/a
Bhutan Yes Yes All occupants
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) No n/a n/a
Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Yes All occupants
Botswana Yes No Front seat occupants only
Brazil Yes Yes All occupants
a
British Virgin Islands Yes Yes All occupants
Brunei Darussalam Yes No Front seat occupants only
Bulgaria Yes Yes All occupants
Burkina Faso No n/a n/a
Burundi Subnational n/a n/a
Cambodia Yes No
Cameroon Yes No Front seat occupants only
Canada Subnational Yes All occupants
Cape Verde Yes No Front seat occupants only
Central African Republic (the) Yes No Front seat occupants only
Chad Yes Yes All occupants
Chile Yes Yes All occupants
China Yes Yes All occupants
Colombia Yes Yes All occupants
Comoros (the) No n/a n/a
Congo (the) Yes No Front seat occupants only
Cook Islands No n/a n/a
Costa Rica Yes Yes All occupants
Croatia Yes Yes All occupants
Cuba Yes No Front seat occupants only
Cyprus Yes Yes All occupants
Czech Republic (the) Yes Yes All occupants
Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) Yes No Front seat occupants only

SEAT-BELTS CHILD RESTRAINTS
Effectiveness of Effectiveness of child

seat-belt law enforcement restraint law enforcement
(Respondent consensus) There is a national child (Respondent consensus)
(Scale 010) National seat-belt wearing rate restraint law (Scale 010)
n/a No n/a
9 30% front seats Yes 8
n/a No n/a
3 48% No n/a
3 Yes 5
n/a 97% front seats, 92% rear seats Subnational n/a
7 89% front seats, 49% rear seats Yes 9
9 Yes 9
0 Yes 0
4 22% No n/a
n/a No n/a
8 Yes 7
7 Yes 6
3 79% drivers, 46% rear seats Yes 6
4 No n/a
n/a No n/a
4 No n/a
n/a No n/a
7 Yes 5
7 74% drivers, 79% rear seats No n/a
7 80% Yes 5
8 Yes 4
n/a No n/a
8 95% front seats, 0% rear seats No n/a
1 0% Yes 0
3 No n/a
7 93% front seats, 87% rear seats Subnational 8
8 80% Yes 6
3 Subnational n/a
1 1% front seats, <1% rear seats No n/a
b
No consensus 50% No n/a
7 82% Yes 3
n/a No n/a
3 No n/a
n/a No n/a
7 82% Yes 6
7 45% Yes 5
8 70% front seats No n/a
257
(Table A.4 continued) SEAT-BELTS

Dominican Republic Yes No Driver only
Ecuador Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Egypt Yes No Front seat occupants only
El Salvador Yes No Driver only
Eritrea Yes Yes All occupants
Estonia Yes Yes All occupants
Ethiopia Subnational n/a n/a
Fiji Yes Yes All occupants
Finland Yes Yes All occupants
France Yes Yes All occupants
Gambia (the) Yes Yes All occupants
Georgia Yes No Front seat occupants only
Germany Yes Yes All occupants
Ghana Yes Yes All occupants
Greece Yes Yes All occupants
Guatemala Yes No Front seat occupants only
Guinea-Bissau No n/a n/a
Guyana Yes No Front seat occupants only
Honduras Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Hungary Yes Yes All occupants
Iceland Yes Yes All occupants
India Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Indonesia Yes No Front seat occupants only
Iran (Islamic Republic of) Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Iraq Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Ireland Yes Yes All occupants
Israel Yes Yes All occupants
Italy Yes Yes All occupants
Jamaica Yes Yes All occupants
Japan Yes Yes All occupants
Jordan Yes No Front seat occupants only
Kazakhstan Yes Yes Driver only
Kenya Yes Yes
Kiribati Yes Yes Driver only
Kuwait Yes No Front seat occupants only
Kyrgyzstan Yes No Front seat occupants only
Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Yes Yes Not yet enforced
Latvia Yes Yes All occupants
Lebanon Yes No Front seat occupants only
Lesotho Yes No Front seat occupants only
d
Liberia No No Front seat occupants only
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Yes Yes All occupants
Lithuania Yes Yes All occupants
Madagascar Yes No Front seat occupants only
Malawi Yes No Front seat occupants only
Malaysia Yes No Front seat occupants only
Maldives No n/a n/a


6 55%60% front seats No n/a
7 70% driver only No n/a
7 Yes 0
9 Yes 2
n/a 20% No n/a
4 No n/a
8 Yes 7
95%96% front seats, 88% rear seats Yes
2 Yes 0
5 No n/a
n/a No n/a
7 Yes 0
2 No n/a
7 85%c No n/a
8 75%80% No n/a
8 No n/a
No consensus 86% front seats, 63% rear seats Yes No consensus
8 88%94% front seats, 45% rear seats Yes 5
5 69% drivers, 62% front passengers Yes 4
No consensus 91%96% front seats, 9%14% rear seats Yes No consensus
5 65% drivers, 10% front passenger No n/a
7 Yes 7
3 No n/a
1 Yes 0
3 No n/a
5 No n/a
No n/a
4 15% No n/a
5 No n/a
5 No n/a
4 5% No n/a
6 Yes 5
6 No n/a
6 45% No n/a
6 70% No n/a
n/a No n/a


Mali Yes Yes All occupants
Malta Yes Yes All occupants
Marshall Islands (the) No n/a n/a
Mauritania Yes Yes All occupants
Mauritius Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Mexico Yes Yes All occupants
Micronesia (Federated States of) No n/a n/a
Mongolia Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Montenegro Yes Yes All occupants
Morocco Yes Yes Driver only
Mozambique Yes No Front seat occupants only
Myanmar
Namibia Yes Yes All occupants
Nauru No n/a n/a
Nepal Yes No Front seat occupants only
Netherlands (the) Yes Yes All occupants
New Zealand Yes Yes All occupants
Nicaragua Yes No Front seat occupants only
Niger (the) No n/a n/a
Nigeria Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Norway Yes Yes All occupants
Oman Yes No Front seat occupants only
Pakistan Yes No Driver only
Palau No n/a n/a
Panama Yes Yes All occupants
Papua New Guinea Yes Yes All occupants
Paraguay Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Peru Yes Yes All occupants
Philippines (the) Yes Yes All occupants
Poland Yes Yes All occupants
Portugal Yes Yes All occupants
Puerto Ricog Yes Yes All occupants
Qatar Yes No Front seat occupants only
Republic of Korea (the) Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Republic of Moldova (the) Yes Yes All occupants
Romania Yes Yes All occupants
Russian Federation (the) Yes Yes All occupants
Rwanda Yes Yes All occupants
Saint Lucia Yes No Front seat occupants only
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Yes No Front seat occupants only
Samoa Yes No Front seat occupants only
San Marino Yes Yes All occupants
Sao Tome and Principe No n/a n/a
Saudi Arabia Yes Yes All occupants
Senegal Yes No Front seat occupants only
Serbia Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Seychelles Yes No Front seat occupants only


5 Yes 2
n/a 5% front seats, 0% rear seats No n/a
1 Yes 1
5 Yes 1
n/a 100% front seats, 0% rear seats No n/a
7 70%80% drviers Yes 2
6 No n/a
No n/a

n/a No n/a
4 No n/a
No consensus 94% front seats, 73% rear seats Yes No consensus
5 Yes 3
n/a No n/a
3 No n/a
n/a No n/a
7 Yes 3
6 No n/a
e
5 31% front passengers No n/a
3 52% drivers only No n/a
f f
93% Yes No consensus
No consensus No n/a
9 80% No n/a
7 No n/a
9 90% Yes 6
3 Yes 1
6 Yes 6
n/a <1% No n/a
5 Yes 2
6 No n/a
4 50%60% front seats, 4%5% rear seats Subnational n/a
8 65% No n/a
261

Sierra Leone Yes Yesh All occupantsh
Singapore Yes Yes All occupants
Slovakia Yes Yes All occupants
Slovenia Yes Yes All occupants
Solomon Islands No n/a n/a
South Africa Yes Yes Driver only
Spain Yes Yes All occupants
Sri Lanka No n/a n/a
Sudan (the) Yes No Front seat occupants only
Suriname Yes Yes All occupants
Swaziland Yes Yes All occupants
Sweden Yes Yes All occupants
Switzerland Yes Yes All occupants
Syrian Arab Republic (the) Yes No Front seat occupants only
Tajikistan Yes Yes All occupants
Thailand Yes No Front seat occupants only
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Yes No Front seat occupants only
Timor-Leste Yes Yes All occupants
Togo No n/a n/a
Tonga No n/a n/a
Trinidad and Tobago Yes No Front seat occupants only
Tunisia Yes No Front seat occupants only
Turkey Yes Yes All occupants
Turkmenistan Yes No Front seat occupants only
Tuvalu No n/a n/a
Uganda Yes Yes All occupants
Ukraine Yes No Front seat occupants only
United Arab Emirates (the) Yes No Front seat occupants only
United Kingdom (the) Yes Yes All occupants
United Republic of Tanzania (the) Yes No Driver only
United States of America (the) Subnational n/a n/a
Uruguay Yes Yes All occupants
Uzbekistan Yes Yes All occupants
Vanuatu Yes No
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Yes Yes Driver only
Viet Nam Yes No Front seat occupants only
West Bank and Gaza Stripa Yes Yes All occupants
Yemen No n/a n/a
Zambia Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Zimbabwe Yes No Front seat occupants only
a
Non-member area.
b
Guangzhou and Nanning cities only.
c
Jakarta only.
d
No law but national regulations apply.
e
Asuncin only.
f
On urban roads only.
g
h
Over the age of 18 years.
Data not available.


1 Yes 1
8 50% Yes 7
8 Yes 9
n/a No n/a
n/a No n/a
7 No n/a
7 No n/a
3 Yes 1
6 16% No n/a
0 5%10% front seats, 1% rear seats Yes 0
0 0% No n/a
n/a <1% No n/a
6 Yes 6
2 No n/a
8 70% Yes 7
7 No n/a
n/a 0% No n/a
2 Subnational n/a
No n/a
No consensus 91% front seats, 84%90% rear seats Yes No consensus
n/a 82% front seats, 76% rear seats Subnational n/a
3 Yes 1
10
1 No n/a
6 Yes 5
3 No n/a
3 Yes 1
n/a No n/a
5 No n/a
8 No n/a
263
Table A.5: Speed laws and enforcement by country/area
SPEED MAXIMUM SPEED EFFECTIVENESS OF

SPEED LIMITS LIMITS ARE OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
ARE SET AT MODIFIABLE LEGISLATION On urban On rural (RESPONDENT
A NATIONAL AT A LOCAL DIFFERS BY roads roads CONSENSUS)
COUNTRY/AREA LEVEL LEVEL VEHICLE TYPE (km/h) (km/h) (SCALE 010)
Afghanistan Yes Yes Yes 50 90 10
Albania Yes Yes Yes 40 80 9
Angola Yes Yes Yes 60 90 5
Argentina Yes Yes Yes 4060 110 3
Armenia Yes Yes Yes 60 60 5
Australia Subnational Yes Yes 50 100 Subnational
Austria Yes Yes Yes 50 100 7
Azerbaijan Yes Yes Yes 60 90 9
Bahamas (the) Yes No Yes 48 72 5
Bahrain Yes No Yes 50 80 4
Bangladesh Yes No Yes 25 40 0
Barbados Yes No Yes 60 60 5
Belarus Yes No Yes 60 6
Belgium Yes Yes Yes 50 90 5
Belize Yes No Yes 40 1
Benin Yes No No 50 2
Bhutan Yes No Yes 30 50 3
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Yes No No 40 80 3
Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Yes Yes 60 6
Botswana Yes Yes Yes 60 120 8
Brazil Yes Yes Yes 6080 60 6
British Virgin Islandsa Yes No No 32 64 6
Brunei Darussalam Yes No Yes 80 65 7
Bulgaria Yes Yes Yes 50 90 6
Burkina Faso Yes Yes Yes 50 3
Burundi Yes No Yes 60 90 5
Cambodia Yes No Yes 40 90 1
Cameroon Yes Yes Yes 60 60 4
Canada Subnational Yes No 70 80 5
Cape Verde Yes Yes Yes 50 90 7
Central African Republic (the) Yes Yes Yes 4060 6090 4
Chad Yes No No 50 80 2
Chile Yes Yes Yes 60 100 5
China Yes Yes Yes 3050 4070 8
Colombia Yes No No 60 80 4
Comoros (the) Yes No No 30 70 3
Congo (the) Yes Yes Yes 4060 50110 3
Cook Islands Yes No No 50 50 4
Costa Rica Yes No No 40 40 6
Croatia Yes Yes Yes 50 90 6
Cuba Yes No Yes 50 90 5
Cyprus Yes Yes No 50 80 6
Czech Republic (the) Yes Yes Yes 50 90 5
Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) Yes Yes Yes 60 90 5

Dominican Republic Yes No No 35 60 2
Ecuador Yes No Yes 50 100 3
Egypt Yes No Yes 60 60 7
El Salvador Yes No Yes 50 4
Eritrea Yes No Yes 60 35 7
Estonia Yes Yes No 50 90 6
Ethiopia Yes Yes Yes 60 70 2
Fiji Yes No Yes 50 60 7
Finland Yes Yes Yes 50 80 7
France Yes Yes Yes 50 90 7
Gambia (the) Yes No No 50 30 3
Georgia Yes Yes Yes 60 60 8
Germany Yes No Yes 50 100
Ghana Yes No No 50 80 2
Greece Yes Yes Yes 50 90 6
Guatemala Yes Yes Yes 1090 4080 3
Guinea-Bissau Yes Yes Yes 60 60 4
Guyana Yes No No 48 64 4
Honduras Yes Yes No 40 3
Hungary Yes Yes Yes 50 90 4
Iceland Yes Yes Yes 50 8090 7
India Subnational Yes Yes 4
Indonesia Yes Yes Yes 70 100 3
Iran (Islamic Republic of) Yes No Yes 50 60 6
Iraq Yes No Yes 100 5
Ireland Yes Yes Yes 50 80 No consensus
Israel Yes Yes Yes 50 8090 5
Italy Yes Yes Yes 50 90 7
Jamaica Yes No Yes 50 3
b b
Japan Yes Yes Yes n/a n/a No consensus
Jordan Yes Yes Yes 5080 80120 6
Kazakhstan Yes No No 60 60 5
Kenya Yes Yes Yes 50 100 4
Kiribati Yes No No 40 60 6
Kuwait Yes Yes Yes 45 80 6
Kyrgyzstan Yes Yes 60 60 7
Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Yes No Yes 40 50 5
Latvia Yes Yes Yes 50 90 7
Lebanon Yes Yes Yes 100 60 4
Lesotho Yes No No 50 80 5
Liberia Yes No No 40 72 2
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Yes No Yes 50 70 3
Lithuania Yes Yes Yes 50 90 6
Madagascar Yes Yes Yes 50
265
(Table A.5 continued) SPEED MAXIMUM SPEED EFFECTIVENESS OF
Malawi Yes No Yes 50 80 5
Malaysia Yes Yes Yes 50 90 6
Maldives Yes No Yes 30 30 5
Mali Yes Yes Yes 50 4
Malta Yes No Yes 50 80 5
Marshall Islands (the) Yes No No 40 40 5
Mauritania Yes Yes Yes 80 80 4
Mauritius Yes No Yes 4080 4080 4
Mexico Yes Yes Yes 4080 6090 4
Micronesia (Federated States of) Subnational No No 32 40 6
Mongolia Yes Yes Yes 60 80 4
Montenegro Yes Yes Yes 50 80 6
Morocco Yes Yes Yes 60 100 5
Mozambique Yes Yes Yes 60 70 9
Myanmar Yes Yes Yes 40 40 5
Namibia Yes Yes Yes 60 100120 4
Nauru Yes No No 40 40
Nepal Yes No Yes 40 5
Netherlands (the) Yes Yes Yes 50 80 No consensus
New Zealand Yes Yes Yes 50 100 7
Nicaragua Yes Yes No 45 100 3
Niger (the) Yes Yes Yes 50 90 2
Nigeria Yes Yes Yes 50 50 4
Norway Yes Yes Yes 50 80 6
Oman Yes No Yes 120 120 6
Pakistan Yes Yes Yes 70 4
Palau Yes No No 40 50 5
Panama Yes No Yes 80 7
Papua New Guinea Yes No No 60 75 1
Paraguay Yes Yes Yes 50 80 3
Peru Yes No Yes 60 60 1
Philippines (the) Yes No Yes 40 40 3
Poland Yes Yes Yes 50 90 5
Portugal Yes Yes Yes 50 90 8
c
Puerto Rico Yes No Yes 40 73
Qatar Yes No No 100 60 7
Republic of Korea (the) Yes Yes Yes 60 80 7
Republic of Moldova (the) Yes No Yes 60 60 No consensus
Romania Yes Yes Yes 50 50 5
Russian Federation (the) Yes Yes Yes 60 60 6
Rwanda Yes Yes Yes 3040 5060 9
Saint Lucia Yes No Yes 32 64 0
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Yes No Yes 32 64 4
Samoa Yes No No 40 56 6
San Marino Yes No Yes 50 70 5
Sao Tome and Principe Yes No Yes 3040 4050 3
Saudi Arabia Yes No No 80 5

Senegal Yes No Yes 50 90 4
Serbia Yes Yes Yes 60 80 4
Seychelles Yes No No 40 65 3
Sierra Leone Yes No No 70 100 6
Singapore Yes No No 4070 n/a 8
Slovakia Yes Yes Yes 60 90 7
Slovenia Yes Yes Yes 50 90 7
Solomon Islands Yes No No 60 n/a 5
South Africa Yes Yes Yes 60 100 3
Spain Yes Yes Yes 50 90 8
Sri Lanka Yes No Yes 50 70 5
Sudan (the) Yes Yes Yes 50 7
Suriname Yes No Yes 40 80 5
Swaziland Yes Yes Yes 60 80 6
Sweden Yes Yes Yes 50 70 5
Switzerland Yes Yes Yes 50 80 7
Syrian Arab Republic (the) Yes Yes Yes 4560 4560 8
Tajikistan Yes Yes Yes 60 90 8
Thailand Yes Yes Yes 80 90 2
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Yes No Yes 60 80 4
Timor-Leste Yes No Yes 50 90 0
Togo Yes No No 40 60 4
Tonga Yes No No 40 65 7
Trinidad and Tobago Yes No Yes 50 50 3
Tunisia Yes Yes Yes 50 50 5
Turkey Yes Yes Yes 50 90 8
Turkmenistan Yes No No 60 90 9
Tuvalu Yes No No 64 6
Uganda Yes No Yes 50 80 2
Ukraine Yes No No 60 40
United Arab Emirates (the) Yes Yes Yes 60 40 7
United Kingdom (the) Yes Yes Yes 50 100 No consensus
United Republic of Tanzania (the) Yes No Yes 50 3
United States of America (the) Subnational n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Uruguay Yes No Yes 4575 1
Uzbekistan Yes No Yes 70 70 7
Vanuatu Yes Yes Yes 3560 n/a 3
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Yes No Yes 40 4
Viet Nam Yes No Yes 50 80 6
West Bank and Gaza Stripa Yes No Yes 50 80 3
Yemen Yes Yes Yes 3
Zambia Yes Yes Yes 50 80 5
Zimbabwe Yes Yes Yes 60 80 8
a
Non-member area.
b
Different road classication used.
c
Data not available.
267
Table A.6: Helmet laws, enforcement and wearing rates by country/area
THE LAW APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING ROAD USERS
THERE IS A
NATIONAL
COUNTRY/AREA HELMET LAW Drivers Adult passengers Child passengers
Afghanistan No n/a n/a n/a
Albania Yes Yes Yes Yes
Angola Yes Yes Yes Yes
Argentina Yes Yes Yes Yes
Armenia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Australia Subnational Yes Yes Yes
Austria Yes Yes Yes Yes
Azerbaijan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bahamas (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bahrain Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bangladesh Yes Yes Yes Yes
Barbados Yes Yes Yes Yes
Belarus Yes Yes Yes Yes
Belgium Yes Yes Yes Yes
Belize Yes Yes Yes Yes
Benin Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bhutan Yes Yes Yes Yes
a
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Yes Yes Yes
Botswana Yes Yes Yes Yes
Brazil Yes Yes Yes Yes
b
British Virgin Islands Yes
Brunei Darussalam Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bulgaria Yes Yes Yes Yes
Burkina Faso Yes Yes Yes Yes
Burundi Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cambodia Yes Yes No No
Cameroon Yes Yes Yes Yes
Canada Subnational Yes Yes Yes
Cape Verde Yes Yes Yes No
Central African Republic (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Chad Yes Yes Yes Yes
Chile Yes Yes Yes Yes
China Yes Yes Yes Yes
Colombia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Comoros (the) No n/a n/a n/a
Congo (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cook Islands No n/a n/a n/a
Costa Rica Yes Yes Yes Yes
Croatia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cuba Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cyprus Yes Yes Yes Yes
Czech Republic (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes

EXCEPTIONS TO LAW EFFECTIVENESS OF
OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
The helmet law The helmet law (RESPONDENT ESTIMATED NATIONAL
There are exceptions applies to all road applies to all engine CONSENSUS) THERE ARE HELMET HELMET WEARING RATE
to the helmet law types types (SCALE 010) STANDARDS (%)
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Yes Yes 10 Yes
No Yes 5 Yes
No No No 1 Yes 13
No Yes Yes 5 No
No Yes Yes n/a Yes
Yes Yes Yes 9 Yes 95
No Yes Yes 9 No
No Yes Yes 3 Yes 1015
No Yes Yes 5 No
No Yes Yes 3 No
No Yes Yes 8 Yes
No Yes No 9 Yes
Yes Yes Yes 8 Yes
Yes Yes Yes 3 Yes
No Yes Yes 1 No
No Yes Yes 9 Yes
No No No No consensus No
No Yes Yes 6 No
No Yes Yes 9 Yes
No Yes Yes 7 Yes
No Yes Yes 3 No
No Yes Yes 9 Yes 98
No Yes Yes 7 Yes
No Yes Yes 1 Yes
No Yes Yes 5 No
Yes Yes Yes 2 No 21c
No Yes No 1 No
Yes Yes Yes 9 No 90
Yes Yes No 3 Yes
No Yes Yes 4 No 51
No Yes Yes 3 Yes 100d
No Yes Yes No consensus Yes 16e
Yes Yes 6 Yes 70
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
No Yes Yes 4 Yes
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
No Yes Yes 6 No
No Yes Yes 6 No
No Yes Yes 8 No 95
Yes Yes Yes 5 Yes 68a
No Yes Yes 9 Yes 97f
No Yes Yes 7 No

(Table A.6 continued) THE LAW APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING ROAD USERS
THERE IS A
NATIONAL
Dominican Republic Yes Yes
Ecuador Yes Yes Yes Yes
Egypt Yes Yes No No
El Salvador Yes Yes Yes Yes
Eritrea Yes Yes Yes Yes
Estonia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ethiopia Subnational n/a n/a n/a
Fiji Yes Yes Yes Yes
Finland Yes Yes Yes Yes
France Yes Yes Yes Yes
Gambia (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Georgia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Germany Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ghana Yes Yes Yes Yes
Greece Yes Yes Yes Yes
Guatemala Yes Yes Yes Yes
Guinea-Bissau No n/a n/a n/a
Guyana Yes Yes Yes Yes
Honduras Yes Yes Yes Yes
Hungary Yes Yes Yes Yes
Iceland Yes Yes Yes Yes
India Yes Yes Yes Yes
Indonesia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Iran (Islamic Republic of) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Iraq No n/a n/a n/a
Ireland Yes Yes Yes Yes
Israel Yes Yes Yes Yes
Italy Yes Yes Yes Yes
Jamaica Yes Yes Yes Yes
Japan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Jordan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Kazakhstan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Kenya No n/a n/a n/a
Kiribati No n/a n/a n/a
Kuwait Yes Yes Yes Yes
Kyrgyzstan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Latvia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Lebanon Yes Yes Yes Yes
Lesotho Yes Yes Yes Yes
Liberia Noi Yes Yes Yes
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Yes Yes
Lithuania Yes Yes Yes Yes
Madagascar Yes Yes Yes
Malawi Yes Yes Yes Yes
Malaysia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Maldives No n/a n/a n/a

OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
No Yes Yes 2 Yes
No Yes Yes 2 No
Yes Yes Yes 6 No 70%
No Yes Yes 6 No
Yes Yes Yes 9 No
No Yes Yes 9 Yes
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 60
Yes Yes Yes 9 Yes 95f
No Yes Yes 4 Yes
No Yes Yes 6 No
No Yes Yes Yes 97f
No Yes Yes 3 Yes
No Yes Yes 3 No
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Yes Yes Yes 5 No
No Yes Yes 5 No 60
No Yes Yes 9 Yes 95
No Yes Yes 8 No 95
Yes Yes Yes 2 Yes
Yes Yes Yes 7 Yes 93g
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
No Yes Yes No consensus
No Yes Yes 9 No 95
No Yes Yes 3 Yes 7f
No Yes Yes No consensus Yes
No Yes Yes 4 No
Yes No 5 No
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
No Yes Yes 3 No
No Yes Yes 7 No
Yes Yes Yes 6 No 77f
No Yes Yes 6 No 93h
No Yes Yes 2 No
No Yes Yes 6 No
No Yes Yes 2 No
Yes Yes No 7 No
No Yes Yes 6 No
No Yes Yes 6 Yes
No Yes Yes 7 Yes
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
271
THERE IS A
NATIONAL
Mali Yes Yes Yes Yes
Malta Yes Yes Yes Yes
Marshall Islands (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Mauritania Yes Yes Yes Yes
Mauritius Yes Yes Yes Yes
Mexico Yes Yes Yes Yes
Micronesia (Federated States of) Subnational n/a n/a n/a
Mongolia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Montenegro Yes Yes Yes Yes
Morocco Yes Yes Yes No
Mozambique Yes Yes Yes Yes
Myanmar Yes Yes Yes Yes
Namibia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Nauru No n/a n/a n/a
Nepal Yes Yes Yes Yes
Netherlands (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
New Zealand Yes Yes Yes Yes
Nicaragua Yes Yes Yes
Niger (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Nigeria Yes Yes Yes Yes
Norway Yes Yes Yes Yes
Oman Yes Yes Yes Yes
Pakistan Yes Yes Yes No
Palau Yes Yes Yes Yes
Panama Yes Yes Yes Yes
Papua New Guinea Yes Yes Yes Yes
Paraguay Subnational Yes Yes Yes
Peru Yes Yes Yes Yes
Philippines (the) Subnational n/a n/a n/a
Poland Yes Yes Yes Yes
Portugal Yes Yes Yes Yes
Puerto Rico j
Yes Yes Yes Yes
Qatar Yes Yes Yes Yes
Republic of Korea (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Republic of Moldova (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Romania Yes Yes Yes Yes
Russian Federation (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Rwanda No n/a n/a n/a
Saint Lucia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Yes Yes Yes Yes
Samoa Yes Yes Yes Yes
San Marino Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sao Tome and Principe Yes Yes Yes Yes
Saudi Arabia Yes Yes No No
Senegal Yes Yes Yes Yes
Serbia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Seychelles Yes Yes Yes Yes

OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
No Yes No 2 Yes
No Yes Yes 9 No
Yes Yes Yes 7 No 95
No Yes Yes 4 No 50f
No Yes Yes 9 Yes
No Yes Yes 3 Yes
Yes Yes 3 No
No Yes Yes 6 No
No Yes Yes 7 No
No Yes Yes 8 Yes
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
No Yes Yes 9 No
Yes Yes No No consensus Yes 92f
Yes Yes Yes 9 Yes
No Yes No 3 No
No Yes Yes 1 No
Yes Yes Yes 2 Yes <5
No Yes Yes 7 No
Yes Yes Yes 4 No
Yes Yes Yes 8 Yes
No Yes Yes 9 No
No Yes Yes 7 Yes
No Yes Yes 5 No
No Yes Yes 1 Yes
Yes Yes Yes 8 Yes
No Yes Yes 9 Yes
No Yes Yes Yes
No Yes Yes 5 No 90
No Yes Yes 7 Yes 85
No Yes No 1 No
Yes Yes Yes 6 Yes No consensus
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
No Yes Yes 8
No Yes Yes 9 Yes
No Yes Yes 6 No
No Yes Yes 9 Yes
No Yes Yes No
Yes Yes Yes 2 No
No Yes Yes 5 No
No Yes Yes 3 No
No Yes Yes 9 No 95
273
THERE IS A
NATIONAL
Sierra Leone Yes Yes Yes No
Singapore Yes Yes Yes Yes
Slovakia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Slovenia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Solomon Islands Yes Yes Yes Yes
South Africa Yes Yes Yes Yes
Spain Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sri Lanka Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sudan (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Suriname Yes Yes Yes Yes
Swaziland Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sweden Yes Yes Yes Yes
Switzerland Yes Yes Yes Yes
Syrian Arab Republic (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Tajikistan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Thailand Yes Yes Yes Yes
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Timor-Leste Yes Yes Yes Yes
i
Togo No Yes Yes Yes
Tonga Yes Yes Yes Yes
Trinidad and Tobago Yes Yes Yes Yes
Tunisia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Turkey Yes Yes Yes Yes
Turkmenistan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Tuvalu No n/a n/a n/a
Uganda Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ukraine No n/a n/a n/a
United Arab Emirates (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
United Kingdom (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
United Republic of Tanzania (the) Yes Yes No No
United States of America (the) Subnational n/a n/a n/a
Uruguay Yes Yes Yes Yes
Uzbekistan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Vanuatu Yes Yes Yes Yes
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Viet Nam Yes Yes Yes Yes
West Bank and Gaza Stripb Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yemen No n/a n/a n/a
Zambia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Zimbabwe Yes Yes Yes Yes
a
Law lax or not enforced.
b
Non-member area.
c
Phnom Penh only.
d
Metropolitan area only.
e
Guangxi province only.
f
Drivers only.
g
Survey conducted in 10 provinces and 31 cities.
h
Riga only.
i
No law, but regulations enforced.
j
k
Montevideo only.
Data not available.

OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
Yes Yes Yes 6 Yes
No Yes Yes 8 Yes
No Yes No 7 Yes
Yes Yes No 7 Yes
No Yes Yes 7 Yes
No No Yes 7 No 90
No Yes Yes 5 No 80
No Yes Yes 4 No
No Yes No 6 No
No Yes Yes 2 No 2f
No Yes Yes 5 No 70f
No Yes Yes 2 No 1
No Yes Yes 7 No
No Yes Yes 9 Yes
No Yes Yes 5 Yes
No Yes No 8 No
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
No Yes Yes 3 No
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
No Yes Yes 8 No
Yes Yes Yes No consensus Yes 98
Yes Yes No 4 No
No Yes Yes 5 No 50k
No Yes Yes 9 No
No Yes Yes 8 No
No Yes Yes 6 Yes 55
Yes No No 3 No
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
No Yes Yes 10 No 100
No Yes Yes 9
275
Table A.7: Road safety management, strategies and policies by country/area
LEAD AGENCY STRATEGIES
The strategy
includes
A lead The lead There is a national measurable
agency is agency is road safety national The strategy
COUNTRY/AREA present Lead agency status funded strategy targets is funded
Afghanistan Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Albania Yes Interministerial No No n/a n/a
Angola Yes Governmental Yes Yesa n/a n/a
Argentina Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes No
Armenia Yes Other Yes No n/a n/a
Australia Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Austria Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes No
Azerbaijan Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bahamas (the) Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bahrain Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Bangladesh Yes Interministerial No Yes Yes No
Barbados No n/a n/a Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Belarus Yes Interministerial No Yes Yes Yes
Belgium Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Belize Yes Interministerial No Yes Yes No
Benin Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Bhutan Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Yes Interministerial No Yes Yes No
Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Botswana Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Brazil Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
b
British Virgin Islands No n/a n/a Subnational n/a n/a
Brunei Darussalam Yes Governmental Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Bulgaria Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Burkina Faso Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Burundi No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Cambodia Yes Interministerial Yes Yesa n/a n/a
Cameroon Yes Governmental Yes Yes No Yes
Canada Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cape Verde Yes Governmental Yes Yes No Yes
a
Central African Republic (the) Yes Governmental Yes Yes n/a n/a
a
Chad Yes Interministerial Yes Yes n/a n/a
Chile Yes Interministerial Yes Yes No Yes
China Yes Interministerial Yes Yes No Yes
Colombia Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Comoros (the) Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Congo (the) Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Cook Islands Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Costa Rica Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Croatia Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cuba Yes Interministerial No Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Cyprus Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Czech Republic (the) Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes No

POLICIES AUDITS DRIVING TESTS
There are
There are national policies
national policies to promote
to promote investment VEHICLE
walking and in public Formal audits on Regular audits on INSURANCE
cycling transportation new roads existing roads Written Practical Medical REQUIRED
No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No
No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Subnational No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No No No Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes
No Yes No No Yes Yes No
No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No Yes Yes Yes
No No No Yes Yes Yes
Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes
No No No No Yes Yes No
No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Subnational Subnational No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Yes No No consensus Yes Yes Yes
No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No
Yes Subnational No No Yes Yes Yes
277
(Table A.7 continued) LEAD AGENCY STRATEGIES
The strategy
includes
Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Dominican Republic No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Ecuador Yes Governmental Yes
Egypt Yes Interministerial Yes Yes No No
El Salvador Yes Governmental Yes Yes No No
Eritrea Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Estonia Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ethiopia Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Fiji Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Finland Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
France Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Gambia (the) Yes Other Yes No n/a n/a
Georgia Yes Other Yes Yes Yes
Germany Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Ghana Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Greece No n/a n/a Yes Yes No
Guatemala Yes Governmental Yes Subnational n/a n/a
Guinea-Bissau No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Guyana Yes Other Yes No n/a n/a
Honduras Yes Interministerial Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Hungary Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Iceland Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
India Yes Governmental Yes Yesa n/a n/a
Indonesia Yes Other Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Iran (Islamic Republic of) Yes Other Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Iraq Yes Governmental No Subnational n/a n/a
Ireland Yes Other Yes Yes Yes
Israel Yes Other Yes Yes Yes Yes
Italy Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Jamaica Yes Other Yes Yes Yes Yes
Japan Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
a
Jordan Yes Interministerial No Yes n/a n/a
Kazakhstan Yes Governmental Yes Yes No Yes
Kenya Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Kiribati Yes Governmental No Yes Yes No
Kuwait No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Kyrgyzstan Yes Interministerial No Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Yes Governmental No Yes Yes No
Latvia Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
a
Lebanon No n/a n/a Yes n/a n/a
Lesotho Yes Governmental Yes Yesa n/a n/a
Liberia No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Lithuania Yes Interministerial No Yes Yes Yes
Madagascar No n/a n/a Yes Yes No
Malawi Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a

There are
No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes
No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Subnational Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
No Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes No
No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Subnational No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Subnational No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Subnational Subnational Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
No consensus Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Subnational Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No Yes Yes Yes No
No Subnational No No Yes Yes
Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

The strategy
includes
Malaysia Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Maldives Yes Governmental No Yes Yes Yes
Mali Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Malta Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Marshall Islands (the) Yes Governmental Yes Yesa n/a n/a
Mauritania Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
a
Mauritius Yes Governmental Yes Yes n/a n/a
Mexico Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Micronesia (Federated States of) No n/a n/a Subnational No No
Mongolia Yes Other Yes Yes Yes Yes
Montenegro No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Morocco Yes Interministerial No Yes Yes Yes
Mozambique Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Myanmar Yes Interministerial No Yes Yes Yes
Namibia Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Nauru Yes Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Nepal Yes Governmental Yes Yesa n/a n/a
Netherlands (the) Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
New Zealand Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Nicaragua Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Niger (the) Yes Interministerial No Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Nigeria Yes Other No Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Norway Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Oman Yes Interministerial Yes No n/a n/a
Pakistan Yes Governmental No Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Palau Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes No
Panama Yes Governmental Yes
Papua New Guinea Yes Governmental No Subnational n/a n/a
Paraguay No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Peru Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes No
Philippines (the) Yes Governmental No Yes Yes Yes
Poland Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Portugal Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Puerto Ricod Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Qatar No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Republic of Korea (the) Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Republic of Moldova (the) Yes Interministerial No Yes Yes Yes
a
Romania Yes Interministerial Yes Yes n/a n/a
Russian Federation (the) Yes Interministerial No Yes Yes Yes
Rwanda Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Saint Lucia Yes Governmental No No n/a n/a
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Samoa Yes Interministerial Yes Yes No No
San Marino Yes Interministerial No Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Sao Tome and Principe Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Saudi Arabia Yes Interministerial Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a

There are
Subnational Subnational No Yes Yes Yes Noc
No No Yes No Yes Yes No
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes No No No Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
No No Yes Yes Yes
No Subnational No No Yes Yes Yes No
No Subnational No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Subnational Yes No No Yes Yes Yes
281
The strategy
includes
Senegal Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Serbia No n/a n/a Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Seychelles Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sierra Leone Yes Other Yes No n/a n/a
Singapore Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Slovakia Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Slovenia Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Solomon Islands Yes Governmental
South Africa Yes Other Yes Yes Yes Yes
Spain Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
a
Sri Lanka Yes Governmental No Yes n/a n/a
Sudan (the) No n/a n/a Subnational n/a n/a
Suriname No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Swaziland Yes Governmental Yes Yes No Yes
Sweden Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Switzerland Yes Governmental Yes Yesa n/a n/a
Syrian Arab Republic (the) Yes Interministerial No Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Tajikistan Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Thailand Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Yes Other Yes No n/a n/a
Timor-Leste Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Togo No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Tonga Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Trinidad and Tobago Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Tunisia Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Turkey Yes Interministerial Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Turkmenistan No n/a n/a Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Tuvalu No n/a n/a Yes No No
Uganda Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Ukraine Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
United Arab Emirates (the) Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
United Kingdom (the) No n/a n/a Yes Yes Yes
a
United Republic of Tanzania (the) Yes Interministerial No Yes n/a n/a
United States of America (the) Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
a
Uruguay Yes Other Yes Yes n/a n/a
Uzbekistan Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes
Vanuatu No n/a n/a Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
a
Viet Nam Yes Governmental Yes Yes n/a n/a
b
West Bank and Gaza Strip No n/a n/a Subnational n/a n/a
Yemen Yes Interministerial No Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Zambia Yes Other Yes Yes Yes Yes
Zimbabwe Yes Governmental No Multiple strategies n/a n/a
a
Not formally endorsed by government.
b
Non-member area.
c
Required in some States.
d
Data not available.

There are
Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes No Yes No Yes Yes
Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No
No Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Subnational Yes No No Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Subnational Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Noc
No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
283
Table A.8: Pre-hospital care systems by country/area
UNIVERSAL ACCESS TELEPHONE NUMBER

FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL
COUNTRY/AREA CARE SYSTEM National Regional TELEPHONE NUMBER(S)
Afghanistan No n/a n/a
Albania Yes No Yes 2253364
Angola No n/a n/a
Argentina Yes No Yes
Armenia Yes Yes 103
Australia Yes Yes 000
Austria Yes Yes 144
Azerbaijan Yes Yes Yes 103
Bahamas (the)
Bahrain Yes Yes 999
Bangladesh No n/a n/a
Barbados Yes Yes 511
Belarus Yes Yes 103
Belgium Yes Yes 100
Belize Yes Yes 911
Benin No n/a n/a
a
Bhutan No Yes n/a 112
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Yes Yes 110
Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Yes Yes 124
Botswana Yes Yes 997
Brazil Yes Yes 192
b
British Virgin Islands Yes Yes 911
Brunei Darussalam Yes Yes
Bulgaria Yes Yes 150
Burkina Faso Yes Yes 18
Burundi No n/a n/a
Cambodia Yes Yes 119
Cameroon Yes Yes 19, 119
Canada Yes Yes Yes 911
Cape Verde No n/a n/a
Central African Republic (the) No n/a n/a
Chad No n/a n/a
Chile Yes Yes 131
China Yes Yes 120
Colombia Yes
Comoros (the) No n/a n/a
Congo (the) No n/a n/a
Cook Islands No n/a n/a
Costa Rica Yes Yes 911
Croatia Yes Yes 112
Cuba Yes Yes Yes 106
Cyprus Yes Yes Yes 199, 112
Czech Republic (the) Yes Yes 112, 155
Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) No n/a n/a
Dominican Republic Yes Yes 911

FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL
Ecuador No n/a n/a
Egypt Yes Yes 123
El Salvador No n/a n/a
Eritrea No n/a n/a
Estonia Yes Yes 112
Ethiopia No n/a n/a
Fiji Yes Yes 000
Finland Yes Yes 112
France Yes Yes 112
Gambia (the) Yes Yes 116
Georgia Yes Yes 03
Germany Yes Yes Yes 112
Ghana Yes Yes 193
Greece Yes Yes 166
Guatemala No n/a n/a
Guinea-Bissau Yes Yes 118
Guyana Yes No Yes 913
Honduras Yes No
Hungary Yes Yes 112
Iceland Yes Yes 112
India Yes Yes Yes 102
Indonesia Yes Yes 118
Iran (Islamic Republic of) Yes Yes 115
Iraq Yes Yes 122
Ireland Yes Yes 999,112
Israel Yes Yes 101
Italy Yes Yes 118
Jamaica No n/a n/a
Japan Yes Yes 119
Jordan Yes Yes 199
Kazakhstan Yes Yes 03
Kenya No n/a
Kiribati Yes Yes 28100
Kuwait Yes Yes 777
Kyrgyzstan Yes Yes 103
Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) No n/a n/a
Latvia Yes Yes 112
Lebanon No n/a
Lesotho No n/a n/a
Liberia No n/a n/a
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Yes No Yes 151,191,193
Lithuania Yes Yes 112
Madagascar No n/a n/a
Malawi No n/a n/a
Malaysia Yes Yes 999
285
(Table A.8 continued)

FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL
Maldives No n/a n/a
Mali Yes Yes 18, 112
Malta Yes Yes 112
Marshall Islands (the) Yes Yes 6258444
Mauritania No n/a n/a
Mauritius Yes Yes 114
Mexico Yes No Yes 066
Micronesia (Federated States of) No n/a n/a
Mongolia Yes Yes Yes 103
Montenegro Yes Yes 124
Morocco Yes Yes 115
Mozambique No n/a n/a
Myanmar Yes No Yes 01500005
Namibia Yes Yes Yes 2033282, 10111
Nauru Yes Yes 4443883
Nepal No n/a n/a
Netherlands (the) Yes Yes 112
New Zealand Yes Yes 111
Nicaragua Yes Yes Yes 128, 115
Niger (the) Yes Yes 18, 17
Nigeria Yes No Yes
Norway Yes Yes 113
Oman Yes Yes 9999
Pakistan Yes Yes 15
Palau Yes Yes 911
Panama Yes No Yes
Papua New Guinea Yes Yes 111
Paraguay Yes No Yes 206206, 911, 132
Peru No n/a n/a
Philippines (the) Yes No Yes
Poland Yes Yes 112
Portugal Yes Yes 112
c
Puerto Rico Yes Yes 911
Qatar Yes Yes 999
Republic of Korea (the) Yes Yes 119
Republic of Moldova (the) Yes Yes 903
Romania Yes Yes 112
Russian Federation (the) Yes Yes 03
Rwanda No n/a n/a n/a
Saint Lucia Yes Yes 911
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines No n/a n/a n/a
Samoa Yes Yes 996, 995
San Marino Yes Yes 118
Sao Tome and Principe No n/a n/a n/a
Saudi Arabia Yes Yes 997
Senegal Yes Yes 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518
Serbia Yes Yes Yes 94

FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL
Seychelles Yes Yes
Sierra Leone No n/a n/a n/a
Singapore Yes Yes 995
Slovakia Yes Yes Yes 112
Slovenia Yes Yes 112
Solomon Islands No n/a n/a n/a
South Africa Yes Yes 10177, 112
Spain Yes Yes 112
d
Sri Lanka No No Yes 110
Sudan (the) No n/a n/a n/a
Suriname Yes Yes 113
Swaziland Yes Yes 933
Sweden Yes Yes 112
Switzerland Yes Yes 144
Syrian Arab Republic (the) Yes Yes 110
Tajikistan Yes Yes 03
Thailand Yes Yes 1669
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Yes Yes 194
Timor-Leste Yes Yes 110
Togo Yes Yes 17, 18
Tonga No n/a n/a n/a
Trinidad and Tobago Yes Yes 811
Tunisia Yes Yes 198
Turkey Yes Yes 112
Turkmenistan Yes Yes 03
Tuvalu Yes Yes 911
Uganda No n/a n/a n/a
Ukraine Yes Yes 03
United Arab Emirates (the) Yes Yes 999
United Kingdom (the) Yes Yes 999
United Republic of Tanzania (the) No n/a n/a n/a
United States of America (the) Yes Yes 911
Uruguay No n/a Yes n/a
Uzbekistan Yes Yes 03
Vanuatu Yes Yes 112
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Yes Yes 171
Viet Nam Yes Yes 115
b
West Bank and Gaza Strip Yes Yes 101
Yemen Yes Yes Yes 195
Zambia Yes Yes 991
Zimbabwe Yes Yes 991
a
Free ambulance service only.
b
Non-member area.
c
d
Some areas have a pre-hospital care system.
Data not available.
287

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GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

ISBN 978 92 4 156384 0 World Health Organization