Paper title
Kishor Chandra Arya , Bimal Bhatt2, Saurabh Adhikari3, Rachna Arya4
1
1,2,3
M.Tech Scholar, 4Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics & Communication
Bipin Tripathi Kumaon Institute of Technology, Dwarahat, Almora, Uttarakhand (India) 263653
ABSTRACT- Localization is basically a process of finding the location
of sensor nodes. In localization it is necessary for each node to know
its location. In Wireless Sensor Networks, for localization it is very
important to know the exact location of each node in space. There are
two methods for finding the exact location of a sensor node, which are
deploy in a geographical area are (1) Range based and (2) Range free.
There is a need of two types of node called anchor node and normal
node. Anchor node are fixed while the normal are moving.
For finding the location of an anchor node, we can use
Global Positioning System or it can be configured manually. The
normal nodes first gather connectivity information as well as beacon
of the anchor node and then calculate their position.
In this work an optimization of E-SeRLoc (Enhanced Secure
Range Free Localization) method is used to get more accurate position
of sensor nodes that are not equipped with Global Positioning System.
For implementing this, the beacon signal which is in the form of an
arc, is changed to a triangular form, this will reduce the computational
complexity as well as the localization area, and this will help us to
reduce the localization error. The simulated results of the proposed
work shows an improved results from the existing approach in terms of
localization.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In the last decade, the sustained high pace of technological
advances paved the way for the exponential growth of the
Internet. We can trace the development of two implementation
technologies as prime enablers of this growth: The first was the
dramatic reduction in the cost of disks, i.e. massive long-term
storage. The second was the huge reduction in the cost of optical
communication and its simultaneous capacity increase. The
Internet, as we know it today, is an exceptional educational,
research, entertainment, and economic resource which enable
information to be available at the touch of a mouse. At the same
time, it appears that we are on the brink of the next technological
revolution that may have even more profound impact on our lives
[1]. This revolution, that will enable anytime, anywhere,
communication and connection between the physical and
computational worlds, is due to the advancement of wireless
communication technology and sensors [2].
Wireless Sensor networks consist of a set of sensor
nodes, each attached with one or more sensors, communication
subsystems, storage and processing resources. The sensors in a
node observe circumstance like: thermal, optic, acoustic, seismic,
and moving events, while the processing and other components
analyze the raw data and formulate answers to specific user
requests. The recent advances in technology, have cover the way
for the design and implementation of new generations of sensor
network nodes, packaged in very tiny and inexpensive form
factors with sophisticated computation and wireless
communication abilities[3]. When once deployed the sensor
nodes begin to observe the environment, communicate with their
neighbors (i.e. nodes within communication range), combining
process raw sensory inputs, and perform a wide variety of tasks
specified by the applications at hand. The key factor that makes
wireless sensor networks(WSNs) so unique and promising both
in terms of research and economic potentials, is their ability to be
deployed in very large scales without the complex pre-planning,
architectural engineering, and physical barriers that wired
systems have faced in the past [4].
The technological advancement in todays world is
increasing day to day; improved technologies which are easy are
being established across the nations. Wireless communication in
this area has played a vital role in improving the technological
aspects. Wireless communication has made possible the
development of low cost, low power and multi-functional sensors
which are compact. A wireless sensor network consists of
different sensor nodes which can communicate and compute
signals with other nodes with smaller size and power batteries.
Nowadays smart sensor network are expressed to a very large
scale providing opportunities for large scale applications
monitoring namely, controlling homes, cities, and other
surroundings. A wireless communication has provided new
technology for surveillance, defense, and machinery and has
provided a lot of benefits to the society.
A wireless network consists of a number of base stations
which can pass information with a number of sensor nodes
through wireless connection. Information collected by the node is
compressed and sent to the base stations. The base station then
uses the information which is transferred through the nodes.
Wireless sensor network has Varity of features which can be used
in various applications. Some key features of wireless sensor
network are:
The topological configuration of wireless sensor
network which is dynamic in nature which can be useful
in real time modeling.
Capability to handle extreme environment.
Wireless sensor networks have many research issues that
affect design and performance of overall network such as
hardware and operating system [5].
 In the last 20 years the schemes and strategies for
localization in wireless sensor network (WSN) has been
developed to large extent. The idea of localization in wireless
sensor network (WSN) has been motivated by military use and
numerous studies for have been performed then for civil use.
Researchers have pointed out the influence of noise and
the importance of various system parameters on the accuracy and
efficiency of the localization process, but there is no consensus of
a single best algorithm for localization in sensor network.
1.1.1 Wireless sensor network nodes
A wireless sensor network consists of nodes with different
capabilities. The sensor node in a WSN requires a variety of
features suited for one specic application. The basic structure
consists of a battery (or another power source), control and
analogue electronics and an actuator or sensor. The actuator or
sensor depend on the application of the node, while the three other
blocks are required and can be standardized. In some application
there is no need for more than the three fundamental blocks. If
tracking or location is the desired information, no extra sensor
block is needed.
A key feature for a WSN node is its communication capabilities.
In IEEE 802.15.4 two types of nodes are dened, Full-function
device (FFD) and Reduced- function device (RFD). A FFD node
implements the complete protocol set, while a RFD operates with
a reduced or minimum implementation of the protocol. The
standard also discusses different roles linked to the type of
topology the network has. Nodes can take on different roles based
on their capabilities and position in the network. A centrally
placed FFD can take on the role of coordinator, which is in charge
of the local subset of nodes in the network. RFD nodes never take
on the role as coordinator, and usually communicate with only
one coordinator node. Two other terms are used about nodes in
this thesis. Super node is used to some extent. This is a node with
extra computing capabilities and responsibility and is often a
larger computer at a known location. The last term used about
nodes is Anchor node [6]. When mapping the estimated positions
of a WSN, information about real world location for some nodes
are need, these are called anchor nodes. Nodes that know their
location in a predened reference system.
1.1.2 Wireless Sensor Network properties
A main property of Wireless sensor networks is how they are
explored in the technological environment. They can either be
part of an organized infrastructure or make up an ad-hoc
Network. The characteristics of the network changes
with the use of different deployment method. Wireless sensor
networks are being used as part of the infrastructure in smart
homes, industries and in different technical aspects. The wireless
sensor networks is explored to a very huge extent and to a very
large scale mixed with different types of nodes controlling and
monitoring the environment. A disaster area management
wireless sensor networks on the other hand is simultaneously
placed in an ad-hoc fashion. The key feature of ad-hoc networks
is the limited lifetime and spatial extent. They can be thrown out
by hands or can be dropped from an aircraft.
Most ad-hoc WSNs are immediately made without any
preparation when needed and by the ones that need them.
Looking closer at ah-hoc network they operate as a mesh
network. A characteristic of a mesh network is the ability to
handle dynamics of the network. The main idea is that all nodes
can communicate with each other by node hopping. The
transmission range of the nodes is limited so hop routing is
necessary to achieve communication across the network. The
dynamics of a WSN also have a huge effect on the performance
of the network. In mesh networking the nodes recongure on the
y and handle node break downs and discovery of new nodes.
Due to the mesh networking WSNs are redundant. If a node runs
out of energy the network adjusts and continues to operate.
1.1.3. Localization problem
All the information we can gather from smart sensor nodes can be
of great value, if the system know where it originates from. A
fundamental requirement of WSNs is the need for location
information for the nodes. Either to use directly as the main source
of information or to know where the sensed information
originates from. Localization information can be used in many
ways. Apart from geographical origin of information it can be
used for target tracking and during administration tasks such as
maintenance and coverage information.
When the wireless sensor network (WSN) is deployed in
a smart house, it is possible to nd the ID of each node and
manually enters the position of the node into the system. A much
easier solution would be that the node was located by the system,
or found its own position. In other scenarios like a disaster area
the position is not known and might even change during the
operation. In all scenarios with movement of nodes and randomly
distributed nodes the position of the nodes is crucial information
that needs to be obtained by the network itself.
OPTIMIZATION OF E-SERLOC
In many applications of wireless sensor networks (WSN), sensors
are deployed un-tethered in hostile environments. For location
aware wireless sensor networks applications, it is essential to
ensure that sensors can determine their location, even in the
presence of malicious adversaries. Different mechanisms have
been proposed for enabling sensors of wireless sensor networks
to determine their location in an un-trusted environment. Since
localization schemes based on distance estimation are expensive
for the resource constrained sensors, we propose an optimization
of the range independent localization algorithm.
In this technique, sensors node determine their location
based on the beacon information transmitted by the locators
node. Every locator transmits their different beacons at every
sector with each beacon containing, (a) the locators coordinates,
(b) the angles of the boundary lines, with respect to a common
global axis.
The purposed work is defined in the following steps:
Step1. Randomly Initialize and distributed values such as
Number of wireless sensor nodes in the geographical area of a
suitable dimension, number of anchor nodes, anchor nodes RESULTS OBTAINED
transmission range, and position of nodes.
Step2.Randomly allocate different number of anchor node 6.1.1 Simulation Results for Localization Area
through global positing system and Find the transmission In the first trial run 30 sensor nodes were considered and 15
boundary of each anchor nodes. anchor nodes were considered and in successive simulations the
Step3. Anchor node broadcast its beacons to their respective sensor nodes and anchor nodes are varied in the order of 30-10,30-
immediate neighbors. 6,30-3 respectively. These simulations were performed to
Step4. For each sensor node check if it receives transmitted calculate the localization area for the wireless sensor networks.
beacon from any anchor node. After reception of beacon send by
the anchor node the sensor node sends an acknowledgment to the
anchor node from which it received the beacon.
Step5. Until the sensor node receives the last anchor node,
redefine the boundary points using the existing boundary points,
the newly received beacons boundary points and their crossovers
and calculate region of intersection of all the anchor node.
Step6. Declare the expected sensor node position as the average
of all the known boundary points of the sensor and place the
sensor node at the center of gravity of the intersection
Step7. Senor node after sensing the environment transmits its
information to the closest anchor node.

SIMULATION AND RESULTS

Simulation of purposed work
The simulations were performed in MATLAB R2013b software.
The basic aim of this work is to provide localization to the
wireless sensor networks. To achieve this several network Fig-
architecture were designed that were having different number of
anchor nodes as well as sensor nodes. We call anchor nodes that 6.1.2 Simulation Results for Localization Error
nodes which are selected by global positioning system. The To calculate the localization error similar simulations were
function of anchor node is to broadcast beacons to all other performed discussed above. The formulae to calculate
immediate sensor nodes. These sensor nodes after receiving the localization error is described in chap sec.
beacon from the anchor nodes transmit an acknowledgement The simulations results obtained are described in tabular form
signal to the anchor nodes so that a confirmation can made about below .This tabular representation denotes the value of
the reception of information send by the anchor nodes. localization error for different number of sensor nodes and anchor
The node deployment task is done by configuring the nodes.
intersection of sectored areas of the navigation beacons send by
the anchor node. Node deployment is done at the location where
the center of gravity of the radiation pattern of the navigation
beacons of the anchor node is at maximum level.
Localization of the wireless sensor network is very
crucial task for the performance of the wireless sensor network.
Accuracy of the sensing capability of the wireless sensor network
is improved by localizing the sensor node.
In this work focus of attention is paid for localizing the
wireless sensor node and from the simulation results it is found
that satisfactory level of accuracy is achieved. The accuracy is
calculated in terms of average accuracy. The work done in this
paper will provide guidelines to the future researchers working in
this field. This research work will find its applications in wireless
sensor network at the practical standpoint.

Fig-
 CONCLUSION
The existing method for estimating inter nodes ranges and angles,
mathematical techniques for determining the position of a single
node, and algorithms for computing the positions of nodes in an
entire wireless sensor network is computationally difficult. In this
work, the geometrical configuration of WSN is changed by
employing different anchor node and sensor node and
approximation is done to calculate the transmission bound to a
triangular shape with respect to transmission range of every
anchor node. Carrying out intersection of triangle is less
computationally complex than finding out intersection of
polygons. Finally keeping the angle of transmission very high and
transmission range to reasonably low we get a better result the
change in shape.
Wireless sensor networks are often used for military applications
like landmine detection, battlefield surveillance, or target
tracking. A presence of malicious beacon nodes gives false
location information to sensor nodes compelling them to compute
incorrect location. This situation, in which one entity has more
information than the other, is referred to as information
asymmetry. We can use our method with Distributed Reputation-
based Beacon Trust System for trust based localization of sensor
nodes.
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