SBI3013

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN

BIOLOGY

DATA LOGGER
Title: The Extraction of Eurycomanone from
Tongkat Ali
(Eurycoma Longifolia)
GROUP A
EN. AZMI BIN IBRAHIM
NO STUDENTS NAME ID
1 NOOR ADIBAH BINTI AZHAR D20162075552
2 NORANIZA BINTI SABTU D20162075573
3 NURUL AQILAH BINTI D20162075574
MOHAMAD YUSOFF
CONTENT

INTRODUCTION PAGE 1-2

ENGAGE PAGE 3-4

EMPOWER PAGE 5-6

ENHANCE PAGE 7

UNIQUE FEATURES PAGE 8

QUESTION PAGE 9

CONCLUSION PAGE 9

REFERENCES PAGE 10

Introduction

With the increasing age, the human is always looking for ways to create
technology that will simplify their daily lives. So, in the world of science,
especially science education, a lot of electronic equipment created to
facilitate the work of the experiment. One of the creation is a data logger to
help the scientists to record the data from the research results.

What is data logger ?

A data logger, is an electronic instrument that records measurements at set

intervals over a period of time. Depending on the particular data logger,
measurements can include: air temperature, relative humidity, AC/DC current
and voltage, differential pressure, time-of-use (lights, motors, etc.), light
intensity, water temperature, water level, dissolved oxygen, soil moisture,
rainfall, wind speed and direction, leaf wetness, pulse signals, room
occupancy, plug load, and many more.

Data loggers are typically compact, battery-powered devices equipped with

an internal microprocessor, data storage, and one or more sensors. They can
be deployed indoors, outdoors, and underwater, and can record data for up to
months at a time, unattended. A data logger may be a single-unit, stand-
alone device with internal sensors, which fits in the palm of a hand, or it may
be a multi-channel data collection instrument equipped with one or more
external sensors.

How does a data logger work?

Sensors have an important role in the data logging process. All physical
properties can be measured with sensors such as light, heat, sound, pressure,
acidity and humidity. The sensors send signals to an interface box, which is
linked to a computer. The interface box converts analogue signals to digital
signals that the computer can understand. The computer controlling the
process will take readings at regular intervals. The time interval for data
logging is the time between readings. The logging period is the total length of
time over which readings are taken.

The readings are stored in tables and can be displayed in graphs or passed to
an application, such as a spreadsheet, for later analysis. Sometimes it is
necessary to record data 'out in the field'. This is called remote data logging.
Readings are stored and brought back to a computer where they are
downloaded and analysed. The equipment in these situations needs to be
very robust - equipment used to monitor water levels would have to be
waterproof; similarly equipment working in a satellite would have to be able
to withstand vibration during launch and recovery.

The following describes an experiment to determine the rate at which water

cools down from boiling point:

1. A temperature sensor is placed in the liquid.

2. The sensor is connected to an interface box linked to the computer.

3. The data logging software is set to take readings every 30 seconds (time
interval) for 25 minutes (logging period).

The data logging software will typically store the readings in a table. The data
can later be analysed using graph tools.

For this assignment on Data Logger, we have choose Extraction

experiment, to identifying the using of data logger in laboratory work.

So, what is an Extraction ?

Extraction is a process used to remove a desired compound from a solid or a

liquid mixture using a suitable solvent. It is never possible to completely
extract or remove a compound from a given solvent; ideally very little
impurity will be left behind. There are three types of extraction; solid/liquid,
liquid/liquid, and acid/base extraction. Solid liquid involves the removal of a
substance from a natural product or solid mixture (for example, hot water and
tea/coffee. Liquid/liquid extraction involves the transfer of the desired
compound from one liquid to another. Often times, a substance is soluble in
water, but much more soluble in a different solvent (usually organic) so the
compound becomes dissolved in the second organic solvent. Last is
acid/baseextraction in which an acid (H3O+) or base (OH-) is added to a
mixture causing an unwanted impurity to react and become a solid. This solid
is easily filtered out.

Engage

The extraction of Eurycomanone from Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma

Longifolia)

All current research on Tongkat Ali shows that Eurycomanone is not only a
unique fingerprint to confirm the correct botanical plant, Eurycoma longifolia
Jack, but Eurycomanone is also the main active ingredient responsible for
many of Tongkat Alis pharmacological effects, including its effects on
enhancing testosterone and spermatogenesis.

The dry roots of Tongkat Ali can contain varying amounts of Eurycomanone
depending on the environment they were growing in but one thing is for
certain, they will all contain this ingredient marker.

A question I am often asked is how to know whats an effective Tongkat Ali

(Eurycoma longifolia) product? If a layman were to look on the internet at all
the many fly by night Companies offering Tongkat Ali then you would be led
to believe that the highest extraction ratios are the guarantee of the most
powerful effects from Tongkat Ali.

Modern herbal medicine is based on the science of phytochemistry not magic,

hype or sales gimmicks. Modern science-based herbalists have NOT relied on
extraction ratios as a valid method for evaluating herbal extracts for more
than 20 years. This is because extraction ratios can be wildly exaggerated
(as is especially prevalent with Companies offering Tongkat Ali extract) and
are completely unverifiable. The only verifiable method to evaluate herbs and
herbal extracts is to check for the presence of chemical markers, the herbs
fingerprint so to speak. We find most US products claiming to contain Tongkat
Ali extract claim the standardization markers of glycosaponins, eurypeptides
and polysaccharides, however this is just another form of marketing jargon to
fool the layman into being impressed with something thats also unverifiable,
and from a quality control perspective so general as to be meaningless. In the
case of Tongkat Ali the actual chemical marker is Eurycomanone, the major
quassinoid present in the roots of the plant.

Now that we have identified the correct botanical species and quality by its
active marker being present in an acceptable level, next comes extraction to
make a standard amount of the active ingredients, in particular
Eurycomanone, in every dose i.e. capsule. This allows for a high quality,
convenient and consistent herbal product. In the process of extraction,
specific solvents are used to separate the inert components, cell tissue / plant
fibres from the medicinally active phytochemical ingredients. In the case of
Tongkat Ali, pure water is a suitable solvent as the active ingredients,
including Eurycomanone, are water soluble. In any efficient extraction of
Tongkat Ali (after extraction, filtration, concentration and drying) the
recovered extract will be around 3%. This means that from 1000 kgs of dry
crushed Tongkat Ali root you will be left with approx. 30 kgs of dry powdered
Tongkat Ali extract.

In this process of extraction, we have used a Data Logger or HPLC test to

collect data.
EMPOWER

HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

(HPLC) is an instrument that commonly used to carry out liquid

chromatography to separate constituent in a sample using a mixture of
solvent (mobile phase) and a column of material (stationary phase). Through
this separation the signal of the constituents is manipulated for chemical
profiling or quantitative analysis of constituents of interest.. Because of this
versatility, HPLC is used in a variety of industrial and scientific applications,
such as aspharmaceutical, environment, forensics and chemical.

Sample retention time will vary depending on the interaction between the
stationary phase, the molecules being analyzed, and the solvent, or solvents
used. As the sample passes through the column it interacts between the two
phases at different rate, primarily due to different polarities in the analytes.
Analytes that have the least amount of interaction with the stationary phase
or the most amount of interaction with the mobile phase will exit the column
faster.
PROCEDURE

1. The sample is placed into three replicates.

2. After that, 5ml of methanol is added into the sample.

3. The sample is sonicated for 15 minutes. After that, the sample is filtered
through 0.45m syringe filter and placed it into the vials.

4. The sample is labeled.

5. Then, the sample is ran by using HPLC instrument.

DATA

Figure 1 Total yield of extract and cost efficiency for sequential of number of
extraction steps
Figure 2 : Amount of eurycomanone for multi-steps extractions

Figure 3 : Amount of active ingredients for multi-steps extractions

ENHANCE

TYPICAL INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION FOR SEPARATION BY EXTRACTION

While distillation works on the principle of boiling point difference, liquid-liquid

extraction works on the principle of chemical structure difference. This makes
extraction ideally suited for separation problems such as those listed below.

Fermentation and Algae Broths

Biofuels and chemicals produced by biological processes such as
fermentation and algae often require liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) as the
first step in recovery and purification.

Phenol from Wastewater

Removal of high boiling organics from wastewater; such as phenol,
aniline and nitrated aromatics.

Acetic Acid Extraction

Recovery of tightly hydrogen-bonded organics from water; such as
formaldehyde, formic acid and acetic acid.

Essential Oil Extraction

Essential oil extraction; such as pharmaceuticals, flavors, fragrances
and food products.

Caprolactam Extraction
Recovery of products from reactions; such as caprolactam and
adiponitrile (for nylon production), acrylic acids and agricultural
chemicals.
 Neutralization/washing of acids or bases from organic stream
Such as acrylates, nitrated organics and chloro-benzene compounds.

Advantages of using Data Logging

Measurements are always taken at the right time. Unlike a human the
computer will not forget to take a reading or take a reading too late or
too early.

Mistakes are not made in reading the results. Humans can make errors.
For example it is quite easy to misread the temperature using the scale
on a thermometer.

Data logging devices can be sent to places that humans can not easily
get to. e.g. to the planet Mars, into the bottom of a volcano, or onto a
roof of a tall building to get to a weather station.

Graphs and tables of results can be produced automatically by the data

logging software.

Data Logging can be used in remote or dangerous situations.

Data logging can be carried out 24 hours a day, 365 days of the year.
 Time intervals for collecting data can be very frequent and regular, for
example, hundreds of measurements per second.

Can be set up to start at a time in the future.

Disadvantages of using Data Logging

If the data logging equipment breaks down or malfunctions, some data

could be lost or not recorded.
Equipment can be expensive for small tasks.
The equipment will only take readings at the logging interval which has
been set up. If something unexpected happens between recordings, the
data will not be collected.
Sensors must be carefully calibrated otherwise they could be taking the
wrong readings.

Questions

1. Why we add methanol into the sample?

2. What is the exact function of HPLC instrument?
3. What are the factors that affecting extraction?
4. What is the theory of extraction?
5. How many phenomena will occur in solid liquid extraction?

Conclusion

Nowadays, the fast growing technology has influences the direction of

learning process especially in science laboratory classes. We as a future
Science teacher should be able to implement data logger in laboratory class.
The technology that available such as data logger, makes practical work
becomes more efficient as student do not have to spend more time to set up
the apparatus and recording the data. Other than that, it will also widen the
students knowledge when they move to the enhance stage. In this stage,
they will improve their critical thinking when answering the tough questions.
Students will involve actively in class if the teachers introduce the data
logging learning programme. It is clear that the used of data logger in
learning process gives benefit to the learners especially the students.

References

1. https://modularprocess.com/liquid-liquid-
extraction/industrial-applications/
2. Journal
3. https://www.slideshare.net/saifulanis80/tongkat-ali-
extraction-process?qid=3edca883-b8f1-409d-b7d1-
b5440c524df3&v=&b=&from_search=1
4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3669033/