TRUONG DAL HQC CAN THO KHOA NONG NGHIEP VA SINH HQC UNG DUNG. BO MON CONG NGHE THUC PHAM TRUONG VINH HUNG ANH HUONG CUA LOAI NGUYEN LIEU VA PHY GIA BO SUNG DEN CHAT LUQNG RUQU NEP THAN LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP KISU' Nginh: CONG NGHE THYC PHAM ‘Mi nginh: 08 Gido vién hudng din ‘Ths NHAN MINH TRI Can Tho — 6/2008Ldn vn tt nghigp Khéa 29 ~ 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Th Luan van dinh kém theo day véi tén dé tai “Anh huéng cia loai nguyén ligu va phy gia bd sung aén chit luyng rugu nép than” do Truong Vinh Hing thyc hign va béo 40 di duge hoi déng chim ludn vin thong qua. Gio vién huéng din Giéo vién phan bign Cin Tho, ngay thing nim 2008 Chi tich hgi ding ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 2Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho LOLCAM TA. Xin chin thin cm ta ThS Nhan Minh Tr 18 ging vién cia B§ Mén Cong Nghé Taye Phim ~ Khoa Nong Nzhigp v8 Sinh Hoc Ung Dung - Trudmg Dei Hoe Cin Tho da tan tinh huéng din va truyén dat nhimg kinh nghigm quy béu dé gidp em o6 thé hotn thinh tt luin vvan te ngigp nay. Xin chin thanh cém on quy Thay Cé cia BG Mén Céng Nghé Thye Phim néi rigng va ‘Trim Dai Hoc Cin The néi chung da truyén dat nhiing kién thic qu béu gidp cho em ra trudng va bude vio doi mot eich ny tin dé ¢6 thé am vige va phiin déu dat két qua tét sau may. (Chan thanh cém om tap thé edn bé phing thi nghigm B6 Mén Céng Nghé Thyc Phim, Cam ‘on tip thé lop Cong Nghé Thye Phim K29 di gidp 46 va cing trao déi nhimng kién thite cdg hw kinh nghigm trong suét thoi gian qua. ‘Cin Tho, ngay...théng...ndim 2008 Sinh vign thye hign Truong Vinh Hing, ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 3Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho TOM LUGC Dé tai nghién ctru voi muc dich edi thién chat lrgng ruou nép than so v6i nhing phuong phép én men trucic dy. ligu va céic thi nghiém thiim do, dé tai da tién hanh Khao sét anh hudng ciia ti Ig phdi trén nép thom vao nép than dén chat luong regu nép than, B6t nép thom nguyén ligu diege phdi trén véi b6t nép than theo cdc ti Ié 20%, 25% va 30% réi dem di ducing héa, sau dé tién hanh én men véi ndm men bank mi saccharomyces vang. Trong qué trinh lén men tién hanh theo doi sw bién déi vé ham lugmg duing khit, 46 Bx, pH, 6 con sink ra va mét so té bao ndm men ciia timg mau, Rugu thanh phm dicoe phi tron phy gia (acid ascorbic, chat nhii héa) véi dc ti lé 0.1%; 0.2%; 0,3%; 0,4% vat 0,5% réi dem béo quan. Saw thai gian bao quan tién hhanh do dé hdp thu va dénh gid cém quan vé cdc chi tiéu mau, mi, vi va trang thai. Trén co 86 tham Kho cae t Cée 6 ligu divoc thang ké biing chucong trinh STATGRAPHICS Plus 4.0 dé so sdnh, dank gid va chon két qué. Két qua thong ké cho thay: Gilea céic mau phoi trén nép thom vao nép than thi khéng c6 sue khdic bigt vé mii vj va trang thai do thanh phan cita nép thom ciing gn gidng vai nép than, cho nén sau khi ducng héa xong thi ham lcong dueong khié va dé Bx gan gidng nhau giita céc méu. Chink vi vay ma két qua lén men khong c6 sve Khdc bigt vé d6 rugu, nung mau séc gitta cdic mau thi cé sw khdc biét. Tuy nhién khi phdi tron nép thom vao nép than thi 6 thé gid duge chi phi nguyén ligu do gid tri kinh té cia nép thom thdp hon nép than. Cée gid tri cam quan khéc giita cde mau khéng cé sy khdéc bigt nhiéu khi bé sung chat phy gia (acid ascorbic va chat nhit héa), Diéu nay cé thé do thai gian bao quin khong ii dai dé thdy due swe oxi héa chét mau anthocyanin. ‘Chuyén nganh cong nghé thyec pham — Khoa Nong Nghigp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 4Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho MYC LYC Loi cima... ‘Tom luge. Myc lye Danh sich bing Danh sich hinh, Chuong Dat van a. 1.1 Dat vin dé. - 1 1.2 Muc tigu nghién ecru Chwong I Large khao ti ligu .. 2.1 Gao nép than (Red Sticky Rice) 2.2 Enzyme amylase. 2.21 a-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1). 2.2.2 y-amylase (BC 3.2.1.3) 2.3 Nam men trong lén men rugu.... 2.3.1 Cau tao 2.3.2 Sih san cia nim men 2.3.3 Mot s6 logi ndm men ding trong sin xudt sugu 2.3.4 Mot sé yéu cdu déi v6i ndm men nou vang .. 2.3.5 Anh huéng ciia nhimg yéu t6 héa ly lén hoat d6ng cia nim men vang... 2.4 Cn tinh khiét 2.5 Nuée ding trong sn xudt rugu nép than 2.6 K§ thuat 1én men rugu nép than. 2.6.1 Qué trinh Ién men rurgu. 2.6.2 Qué trinh sinh trang cia ném men 2.6.3 Co s6 ly luan cia qué tinh Ién men 2.6.4 Céec qué trinh chuyén h6a trong giai doan lén men 16 2.7 Quy tinh sin xudt rugu vang nép than 7 1 Quy trinh sin xu. 2.7.2 Thuyét minh quy trinl 2.8 Chat lugng va ede dang hur héng cia rugu nép than : 20 ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 5Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho 2.8.1 Chat hrong rugu nép than 20 2.8.2 Cée dang hur héng cia rugu nép than khi lén men 21 Chuong TI Phuong tign nghién ct nnn 2 3.1 Phuong tign nghién citu. 2 3.1.1 Nguyén ligu.... 2 3.1.2 Hoa chit 2 3.1.3 Trang thiét bj trong qué trinh tht nghigm. 2 3.2 Phuong phap nghién ct ..n. 2 3.2.1 Thi nghigm 1 i 2 ‘4 Mue dich tht nghiém 2 ‘b B6 tri thi nghiém 23 ¢ Tién hank thé nghigm : 23 4 Chi tigu theo doi. 3.2.2 Thi nghigm 2.. a Muc dich thi nghigm .. b Bé ire thi nghigém ¢ Tién han thi nghiém. Chitiéu theo doi Chuong IV Két qua va thio lun 4.1 Két qui khdo sét sy Anh hung ela ti 18 phéi tron nép thom va nép than dén 1 % duimg khit, pH, 49 Bx, 49 rugu va mat s6 té bao nam men. 42 Khio sit anh hugng cit ti 1g phy gia bé sung dén chit hagng nogu vang 33 35 35 35 36 37 nép than Chuong V Két tudin va d2 nghj sso 5.1 Két lugn 5.2 DS nghj Tai ligu tham khdo. Phy i ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 6Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho DANH SACH BANG ha hoc ciia nép than. n nhigt cia a-amylase tir eéc ngudn khée nhaw Bang 2: Bd Bang 3: Nhigt d@ va pH t6i thich cia enzyme amylase 6 Bang 4: Ham lugng mudi ciia nude sit dung trong sin xuat rugu bia.. Bang 5: Két qua khdo sét anh huong cua ti 1§ phéi tron nép thom va né % dwwamg knit, pH, 46 Bx, % cn sinh ra va mats t8 bio ndm men 31 Bang 6: Két qua do mat 49 quang rugu thinh phim 6 bén ty Ie phéi tron nép thom vio 32 ét qua cim quan vé 4 chi tigu mau, mii, vj va trang théi cla céic miu c6 ti end qua anh hwéng cia ti 18 phy gia bé sung dén mau sac cua rugu thanh 33 ét qua cim quan vé 4 chi tiéu mau, moi, vj va trang thai cla céc miu c6 ti 33 4i tron gira nép thom va nép than khéc nhau Bang 10: Bénh gid cim quan theo phurong phép cho diém. ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 7Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho DANH SACH HiNH Hinh 1: Nép than. Hinh 2: Cu tao hat nép than. Hinh 3: Clu tric eo bin cia aglucon cia anthocyanin, Hinh 4: Co ché téc dung cia a-amylase lén amylose Hinh 5: Co ché téc dung cia amylase... 2 2 3 5 6 Hinh 6: Nam men Saccharomyces: 7 Hinh 7: Dé thi biéu din méi quan he gitta ti 18 phdi tron nép thom va nép than véi do Bx va % dudmg kit 27 Hinh 8: Dé thj biéu dién méi quan hé giita ti 1G phdi trdn nép thom va nép than : : DB Hinh 9: Dé thj biéu dién méi qua hé gitta ti 1§ phéi trn nép thom va nép than véi vi pH... % c6n sinh ra trong qué trinh lén met Hinh 10: Dé thj biéu dién méi quan hé gitta ti 1 ph6i trGn nép thom va nép than voi mat sé té bao ném men trong qué trinh lén men... Hinh 11: Nép than... Hinh 12: Bot nép than. 41 Hinh 13: Bot nép thom. 42 Hinh 14; Nim men Saccharomyces Hinh 15: Moi trang Sabouraud. Hinh 16: May nghién bia...... Hinh 17: Khudn lac nim men Hinh 18: May do mau Minh 19: May do pH Hinh 20; Thanh tring dich nép than . Hinh 21: Qué trinh Igc rugu nép than... Hinh 22: Thanh phim rugu nép than 47 Hinh 23: Rugu thanh phim 6 4 ty 18 phéi tron 47 ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 8Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho (CHUONG I DAT VAN DE 1.1 Dat van ae Ruou la mét trong nhig sn phim lén men thye phim da duge biét dén tir rit sém. Trong céc dip lién hoan, cu6i hoi, té,...uéng nrgu cé trayén la mét phin khong thé thiu, 46 1a nét vin héa mang dm ban séc riéng cia dan tO ta 6 Vigt Nam, thite uéng 1én men truyén théng cting rét da dang, tir rugu cin cia ese dan toc mign néi Tay Nguyén, regu ling Van — Bac Giang, rugu San Ling — Lao Cai, rugu Xuén Thanh — Tra Vinh, rugu Gi Ben - Tidn Giang, rgu nép than cha ngudi Kinh,...Trong 46 rugu nép than I mot loai rugu khé dic bigt, Sin phim Ia két qua ‘ca qué trinh lén men kh6ng chung cat nguyén ligu nép than ma thanh, Ngoai cic rug duge sin xuét chuyén nghigp véi chat Ingng cao thi da s6 18 rugu do an Tam ra, véi trinh 46 cOng nghé con kém va thiét bj sin sudit thé so nén sin phim 6 thé bj nhiém vi sinh vat la va tap chat nén rugu c6 chat lugng khéng cao vé cim quan va an ton, c6 anh huéng xdu dén site khée cia ngudi tiéu ding. Vi nhiém tap khudn nén higu suat thu hdi thdp, hao phi nguyén ligu Ién vi U méc nén tén hao chat ho, vi thé higu qua sin xudt chua cao, Mat Khe rugu nép than sau Khi duge bao quin ‘mOt théi gian thi mdi vi va mau séc ca sin phim thudng bi gidm c6 thé do nguyén nbn 1a bj oxy héa. Do nép than c6 gid thnh cao va véi hy vong bé sung nép thom sé sin xuit duge rugu vita c6 chit Iugng t6t vita c6 gid thinh hgp ly. Cho nén myc dich cua dé tai “ Anh hwéng cia logi nguyén ligu va phy gia bé sung dén chat wong rugu nép than” giam chi phi san xuat va tang kha nang gid mau, mii vj cho sin pham rrgu nép than, 1.2 Myc tigu nghién etu Muc tigu nghién ecru cia dé tai nay gdm hai mye tiéu: - Khao sat anh hung ctia ti 1¢ phéi trn gitta nép than va nép thom dén huong vi rugu nép than, - Khéo sat anh huéng cua ti 1¢ phy gia str dung dén kha nng gitt mau sic va mai vi ragu thanh phdm, ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 9Ludi vn 161 nghigp Khéa 29 2008 Doi Hoe Cin Tho CHUONG I LUQC KHAO TALLIEU 2.1 Gao nép than (Red Sticky Rice) — ‘Hinh 1: Nép than, Gao nép than 1A mét logi gao dic biét durge trang nhiéu & ving Nam B6. Tén khoa hoc 1a Oryza Sativa Tamaka. Gao nép than gdm bon logi: - Nép cm Dite Hoa ~ Nép den Khanh Vinh - Nép than Long Dat = Lia litt nép odim Céc logi Ia nay c6 ning suit khong cao, chi dat khodng 2,8 — 3,3 tin/ha, Dan ving dng biing Nam B6 phan loai nép than theo mau sic hat gao. Theo ciich nay, nép than urge chia than hai logis - Nép than den tuyén - Nép than hong 46 ‘Vo triu Cam Noinha Phoi Hinh 2: Céu tgo hat nép than one ricebranciinfoimase ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 10Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho Sic té anthocyanin cua nép than rat dé tan trong nude vi thé san phim cling mang mau sfc de trung ciia nguyén ligu. Anthocyanin 1a nhiing glucozit do géc duémg glucose, glactose... két hyp véi géc aglucon ¢6 mau (Anthocyanidin). Aglucon cia ching c6 cau tric co ban duge mé ti trong hinh 3. Céc géc dudng cé thé duge gin vao vj tf 3, 5, 7; thrdng duge gin vao Vi tf 3 va 5 con vi tf 7 rit ft, Phan tir anthocyanin gin dudmg vao vi tf 3 goi I monoglycozit, 6 vi trf3 va 5 goi Ia diglycozit. Hiinh 3: Céu trite eo ban cia agincon cia anthocyanin Céc aglucon cia anthocyanin khdc nhau chinh 1a do cée nhém gin vao vi ti Ry va Ro thuimg Ia H, OH hoe OCHS. Anthocyanin tinh khiét 6 dang tinh thé hoc v6 dinh hinh 1a hgp chit kha phan cye nén tan tét trong dung méi phan cyc. Mau sac cia anthocyanin luén thay déi phy thuge vao pH, ede chit mau e6 mit va nbiéu yéu t6 khéc, ty nhién mau sic cha anthocyanin thay di manh bt phu thudc vao pH méi trudmg. Thong thudng khi pH <7 céc anthocyanin c6 mau 46, khi pH > 7 thi cé mau xanh. O pH = | céc anthocyanin thying & dang mudi oxonium mau cam dén 4d, & pH = 4 + 5 ching 66 thé chuyén vé dang bazo cacbinol hay bazo chalcon khong mau, 6 pH = 7 + 8 lai vé dang bazo quinoidal anhydro mau xanb, Ngoai téc dung Ia chat mau thién nhién duge sir dung kha an toan trong thye phai tgo ra nhiéu mau sdc hdp diin cho mi sin phdm, anthocyanin cdn Ia hop chit ¢6 nhiéu hoat tinh sinh hoc qué nhu: kha nang chong oxy héa cao nén duge str dyng dé chéng io héa, ho§e chéng oxy héa ede sin phim thye phim, hgn ché sur suy gidm site dé khdng; 06 téc dung 1am bén thanh mach, chéng viém, han ché su phat trién cba cdc té bao ung thu; tac dung ch6ng cdc tia phong xa. Nhiing dic tinh quf bau ca anthocyanin ma céc chit mau héa hoc, cdc chét mau khée inh than trong qué tinh gia cOng ky thugt khdng e6 duge di mé ra mot huémg nghién citu img dung hop chat mau anthocyanin Ky tit thién nhién vio trong déi séng hang ngay, dic du 46 fc bigt trong cong nghé ché bién thyc phim. Bigu d6 hodn toin phi: hyp ‘voi xu huréng hign nay cba ede made trén thé gidi Ia nghién ctu khai théc chit mau tir ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung ulLun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho thién nhién sit dung trong thuc phim, béi vi chting ¢6 tinh an todn cao cho ngudi sit dung, Trong céc chat mau thye phim 6 ngudn géc ty nhién thi anthocyanin 1a ho mau phd bién nbat tin tai trong hau hét céc thy vat bic cao va tim thay duge trong mét s6 loai rau, hoa, qua, hat c6 mau tir d6 dn tim nhu: qua nho, qua dau, bap cai tim, 14 tfa 6, hoa hibicut, dau den, qua c& tim, gao nép than, gao do... ‘Toy Khéc nhan v miu séc nfung céc logi nép than o6 thin phin héa hc khéng khée aha abi Bang 1: Thanh phn héa hge cia nép than ‘Thanh phin Ham lugng (%) Nurse 4 Protein 82 Lipid 1s Glucid 749 Acid hitu co 06 Tro 08 [Nguén: PGS.TS Neuyén Thi Hi - Cg ngh sin xudt mi chin vd ee sin phim en men ruyén 2.2 Enzyme amylase Enzyme amylase thude nhém enzyme thiiy phan, xc téc sw phan gidi cdc Tién két slucoside n6i phain tir trong céc polysaccharide véi sy tham gia ciia nude. Enzyme amylase cfing nhur cc enzyme khic déu e6 ban chat 1a protein duge sinh vat tng hop nén va tham gia vao cée phan img sinh héa. 2.2.1 acamylase (EC 3.2.1.1) ‘G-amylase 1a mét metaloenzyme, la nhing protid don gidn ¢6 chita nhém amin ty do. ‘d-amylase durge hogt héa béi ion dom héa tri néu ching 6 nguén géc dng vat va vi inh vat. Néu chting c6 ngudn géc thyc vat thi duge hoat héa béi ion héa tri hai. G-amylase kém bén trong méi trrng acid nhung khé bén nhiét. O-amylase chi c6 kha ning phan cit lién két a-1,4 glycoside & bat Ki vi uf ndo trén mach tinh bot da duge hd ‘h6a. Do d6 due goi Ia enzyme ndi phan tir endoenzyme). ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 12Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho Duéi tée dung cia enzyme c-amylase, amylose bi phan gidi khé nhanh thanh oligosaccharide, sau nay céc mgch nay bj phan cit din va bj phin gidi chim dén ‘maltose tetrose, maltose triose, maltose. Sau thoi gian thiy phan amylase, sin phém bao gém: 87% maltose va 13% glucose. o(t-»4 Amylose Hinh 4: Co ehé tie dung cia amylase én amylose ‘Tac dung cia a-amylase én amylopectin cing xay ra tuong ty nhung vi a-amylase khéng phan cat duge lién két a-1,6 glycoside & ché mgch nhnh phan tir amylopectin nén dit c6 tic dng Iau thi sin phim cudi cing eting 18 72% maltose, 19% glucose, ce dextrin phan tir thdp va cde izomaltose 8%. Bang 2: BQ bén nit cia amylase tir ede ngudn khée nhau Hoat tinh cita a-amylase, % so véi hogt tinh ban diu Nnigt a9 °C) see aHHEE Nim soi Malt Vikhuin 65 100 100 100 7 2 100 100 15 3 58 100 80 7 2s 2 85 7 1 58 90 - - 52 9s 7 : 8 Nguain: Nguyén Bic Larong. Cong ngh enzyme ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung BLun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho 2.2.2 yramylase (EC 3.2.1.3 ) ‘amylase 1a enzyme ngoai phin (exoencyme), n6 thiy phan polysaccharide tir khong khir dé tgo ra glucose. y-amylase ¢6 khi ning xtic téc thiy phan a tién két «1,4 glucoside lin a-1,6 glucoside. Khi thy phan, y-amylase thay phan lién két a-1,4 glucoside trong polysaccharide, tach ln Iugt timg géc glucose tir du khong khit. Ngoai thiy phin cée lién a-I,4 glucoside va a-1,6 glucoside, y-amylase cdn c6 kha ning thity phan lign két a- 1,2. Va 1,3 glucoside, ‘amylase 06 kha ning thy phn hodn toan tinh b6t, amylopectin, dextrin, maltose,... dén glucose. Céc ec chit e6 cu tgo phin nhinh bi ;-amylase tin céng véi van téc kha Ién, Da s6 y-amylase c6 hogt lye cao nhat & ving pH 3,5 - 5,5 va nhiét d6 50°C. N6 ben véi téc dyng cua acid hiru co hon a-amylase nhung kém bén hon trong regu, aceton va khéng durge bao vé bai ion Ca”. Co ché téc dung cla enzyme amylase durge minh hoa nhu sau: & gucerisaze Sota, Samrinse Hinh 5: Co ehé tée dyng cia amylase ‘Trong thye té c6 nhigu ngudn dé sin xuét amylase, nhumg ty th ‘ma amylase c6 diéu kign nhiét d6 va pH toi thich khéc nhau: Bang 3: Nhigt a9 va pH ti thich isa enzyme amylase Nguin gée Nhigt a t6ithich (1C) pH t6ithich Malt 2-15 Nim mée 50-60 Vi kuin 60-70 gud: Nguydn Bie arm. Cong nght enzyme ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 4Ludi vn 161 nghigp Khéa 29 2008 Doi Hoe Cin Tho 2.3 Nim men trong lén men rugu (Qué tinh lén men duge thye hign nhé loai Saccharomyces, loai nay o6 tinh ky kh khong bit bude, ching c6 kha ning ho hap va Jén men, kha nang len men cia cic ching [a rit khdéc nhau. Minh 6: Nim men Saccharomyces 2.3.1 Cau 190 Ném men c6 thé & dang binh edu, hinh blu dye, hinh trimg, hinh qui chanb,....Kéch thude cia té bao ndm men e6 thé thay di trong khodng 1,2 ~ 5,3u1m hay e6 Khi dai hon nita, Té bao nim men gdm ¢6 vo, ming, t6 bdo chit, nhdn, mt hoe hai KhOng bao va nhitng giot m&, hat glycogen va votulin. Trong té bao chat chira riboxom. 6 mot s6 ndm men, vé té bao c6 kha nding két dinh, vi vay chéing c6 thé lign két véi nhau, Qué trinh nay goi la sy két lng va c6 mét ¥ nghia lim trong nghé nau bia va lam rugu vang, vi cdc té bao két dinh lai véi nhau, ling xuéng duéi lam cho dich én men trong, loai ndm men nay goi 1a nim men chim. Nhiing nm men khéng 06 kha ning Két King duge goi 1a ndm men néi. 2.3.2 Sink san ctia ndm men Ndm men c6 thé sinh sn bing bao tt, Bao tir Khi ra ngoai gp diéu kign thud Igi sé phat trién thanh mét té bao nam men mdi, Nam men sinh san cha yéu bang hinh thie niy chi, TS bio ndm men me ny sinh ra think mot c ra. O mét s6 nm men, té bao con khOng tach ra ma két thanh m6t chudi, dic tinh nay £6 6 cc nim men tao mang. yi nhé rdi In dan lén va téch bi véi giéng Saccharomyces thi gidng nay sinh sin bing hinh thie niy chdi, khi gp digu kign khong thugn [gi thi sinh bao tir. Nhiing Lodi quan trong nhu: - Saccharomyces cerevisiae: ding trong san xuat regu, men bénh mi,, = Saccharomyces vini: ding trong sin xuat regu vang. - Saccharomyces carbergensis: trong san xuat bia. ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 1sLun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho ‘Bi loai c6 kha nang Ién men céc logi duémg khic nhau, tao thanh mot sé lueng kin rugu khéc nhau, digu kign ndy chdi va sinh bao tit cing khéc nhau. M&i loai gm ahigu ching. 2.3.3 M6t sé logi nam men ditng trong sdn xudt regu * Nam men ding trong san xuat rugu tir tinh bot: ~ Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rasse If: sinh sin trong m6i trudng nude durimg, lodi nay 6 nhigu hat glycogen, khOng bao ln, hinh thanh bo tir ni sinh ét va chm, sinh bot nhiéu thich nghi nhiét 46 va acid thdp, c6 site khéing cén cao, khong lén men durge durémg lactose, kich thudc té bao khong 5 - Tum. - Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rase XII: e6 toc 46 phat trién nhanh, khéng bio nho, it sinh bot, té bao hinh trimg hog hinh trim, kich thuée khodng 5 - Sum, 1én men dunge cée duimg glucose, fructose, galactose, saccharose, maltose va 1/3 duémg raffinose, khong Ién men dudmg lactose, e6 thé Lén men dén 13% rugu. Logi nay thuge nim men néi, phan bé déu trong dich Ién men, khéng tqo thanh dm tring. * Nim men thudng gp trong san xudt regu vang: = Saccharomyces vini: c6 dang hinh oval, kich thie (3 ~ 8)x(5 ~ 12)um. Sinh san theo Idi nay chdi va tao thinh bao tit, sinh ra enzyme invertase 6 kha nding Khir duimg saccharose thanh glucose va fructose. Chiing nay len men chi dat duge 8 — 10% ragu, Saccharomyces vini két ling nhanh va lam trong dich rugu. Tuy nhign, 6 giai doan cudi ciia qué trinh lén men cde t& bao Saccharomyces vini thudmg bj gid, khong tiép tuc chuyén duéng thanh rugu va chét rét nhanh. = Saccharomyces uvarum: logi nay durge tach tit made nho, vé hinh thai n6 cing giéng nhu nhimg loai khéc, loai nay c6 thé én men 12 - 13° rugu trong dich nude nho. ~ Saccharomyces chevalieri: men may eng duoc trich tir nuée nho lén men ty nhién, Saccharomyces chevalieri c6 thé lén men durge 16° rugu. - Saccharomyces oviformis: durge téch tir née nho lén men tw nhién, ¢6 kha nang chiu duge duémg, cén cao, lén men kigt duémg va tao durge 18 rou, vé hinh théi thi loai nay gidng nhw Saccharomyces vini. Bigu khée nhau ec bin ciia Saccharomyces oviformis va Saccharomyces vini 14 khOng Ién men duge duimg galactose va men ndi trén bé mat dich Ién men tao thanh mang. 2.3.4 M6t sé yéu cdiu doi vei ndm men rirgu vang - Kha nang Ién men cao. Nhiig ching nay khi o diéu kign tdi wu can dat duge 18 ~ 20% ethanol. ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 16Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho ~ Chiu durge nhigt 46 thdp. Nhimg nim men cia nhém nay can c6 kha ning lén men 6 nhigt 46 4 — 10°C va tich lay trong mi trudng trong théi gian ngiin, thyc té phai dat duge 8 ~ 12% ethanol. ~ Nhiing nim men da duge sulphit héa: gdm nhiing ching c6 thé bat du va hoan thnh qué tinh 1én men 6 pH rit thép, - Bén vimng voi ethanol. - Khong durge tao Iép mang chung quanh thanh thong. ~ Céc nim men heres sau khi lén men, duge tiép xtic véi khong khi sé tao duge ‘vang trén bé mat cia raga. Khi phat trién trén bé mat cia nugu trong thai gian ngiin sé tao durge huong vi dic tang cia rrgu. ~ Ban ving v6i ndng 46 dusong cao. 2.3.5 Anh hwéng ctia nhiing yéu 16 héa ly lén hoat déng cia ndm men vang ~ Anh hung ciia oxy: trong diéu kign 6 nhiéu O; thi hoat d6ng sinh sn cla nam men poh mé hon, vi vy Ing sinh khéi ting Jén nhanh va tré thanh sin phim chi yéu trong méi trrimg lén men. Nguoe lpi, trong diéu kign thiga hoge khéng c5 Oz, nim men s® chuyén tir hogt dng hé hap sang én men ky khi, Khi dé sin phim chi yéu trong moi truéng lén men 1a ethanol. Tuy nhién, hai kiéu hé hap trén déu cé méi quan ‘hé chung véi ngudn dudng c6 trong moi trudng. ~ Ankh hurémg cia nhigt d: Ném men s& chét 6 nbigt 40 60 — 65°C sau 5 phat. Nhigt 46 16i wu cho ndm men vang 1a 25 — 28°C. - Anh huring ca nh edng: doh séng 18 yéu 6 kim him hogt dng cia nim men vang, ‘Dic biét 1A tia cue tim trong dnh sdng sé giét chét té bao nim men. Vi vay, qué trinh Jen men phy thude thai tigt cia timg mia, - Anh hudng cia céc acid hitu co: nim men vang c6 thé bio vé duge hoat tinh & 10— 20/1 acid ty do. Ngoai ra nfm men cdn bj anh hurdng bdi ndng 46 rugu va kh CO>, 2.4 Con tinh khiét Trong qué trinh 1én men ggo nép than, Iugng rugu tao thanh chi khodng 7 - 10%. Nang 6 rugu nay thép, rat dé bi oxy héa 48 tao ra COp va nude. Do 46, sau khi lén men xong phai cho thém mét Irgng cén nhat dinh vira dé nang cao ham lwgng cén trong rugu vita trinh bj oxy héa rugu boi vi Khun acetic. Cén duge ding dé lam rugu 18 loai cdn thye phim c6 d6 tinh khiét cao véi cdc chi tigu sau: = Trong suét, khdng mu, khong mii I. ‘Chuyén ngamh cong nghé thee phim — Khoa Nong Nghiép va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung ”Ludi vn 161 nghigp Khéa 29 2008 Doi Hoe Cin Tho - pH=65-70 - Ham lugng c6n 96,5%V ~ Khong ¢6 furfurol - Ham long aldehyde 6 ~ 10mg/l - Hm Iugng este 30 ~ 35mg/. = Dau fusel 30 — 60mg/l Nuce: thuong sir dung nude sach, dun s6i dé ngudi, trong sudt, khong mai vi la, ©6 pH =65-7.5. 2.5 Nude ding trong sin xuat rugu nép than Tigu chun cia nude wong cong nghé sin suit rugu e6 yéu clu chat hung gidng abu rude ding trong sinh hoat, nghia 14 c6 49 eting khong qué 7 mg dizong Iong/l, tong sudt, khéng mau, khéng mii. Bing 4: Him leyng muéi cia nude sir dyng trong sin xudt rugu bia Ton Him lwgng (mg/l) Jon ‘Ham lugng (mg/l) cr Os F 3 soe 80 Zo 3 AS 0.05 cu Pb OL Fe 03 NOs 40 Nw: Ho (2004 ) 2.6 K§ thudt lén men rugu nép than. 2.6.1 Qué trinh lén men rugu Lén men rugu 1a mot qua trinh sinh héa phitc tap, te nhdin cua qué trinh Ién men nrgu trong san xudt 1a cdc logi ndm men Saccharomyces. Thye chat cia qué trinh lén men rrugu chinh 1a qui tinh trao d&i chat nbés téc dung cia enzyme twong ting goi la chit atic te sinh hoe. Trong qui trinh Ién men rugu, nguyén ligu 1A tinh bOt cin phai qua qué trinh duéng héa bang hé enzyme amylase dé chuyén tinh bét thanh dung glucose, sau 46 glucose tiép tuc Ién men yém khi dé chuyén héa thanh rugu ethylic CH;OH, khi CO; déng thai gidi phéng nang lugng. Phuong trinh ting quat vé qué tinh lén men rugu nhur sau: ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 18Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho Cel20, > 2C:H,0H +2CO; + 674Keal Negoai san phém chinh a rugu ethylic, trong qué trinh Ién men cdn tao thanh khf COs, glycerin va mét vai loai rurgu bie cao, cdc acid hifu co nhu: acid succinic... va sinh khdi ndm men tich ty déng théi véri sy hinh thanh céc sin pham. Do dé lam gidm chat |ugng tinh Knit ca rugu ethylic. San pham thu duge sau qué trinh lén men cé ty 16 nhu sau: 44,4% rugu ethylic; 46,6% CO»; 3,3% glycerin; khosing 06% acid succinic va 5,1% cfc san phim khée. ‘Tay theo sn pham tich tu sau qué trinh 1én men, ngudi ta chia Kim nhiéu kiéu 1én men he nhau, Tuy nhién ¢6 hai hinh thite lén men chinh: lén men yém Khf va [én men hhigu kbi. © Lén men hiéu khf: 18 sir thily phan dudmg o6 mit O» nur qué trinh 1én men acid acetic, citric... * Lén men yém khé: 18 sy thiy phan duémg khong c6 sit hign ‘tinh én men lactic, Len men rugu, butylic, ign ciia Op nhur qué ‘Trong qué trinh én men nguoii ta chia Lam hai thai ky ehh: © Thoi ky phat trién sinh khéi: giai dogn nay vai sy c6 mat cita O;, té bao nam men. phat trién sinh khdi (gia ting kich thurée va sé Iugng). © Thoi ky Ién men chuyén duéng thanh rugu va COs: giai doan nay nam men hap thu c4e chit dinh dudng va sir dung e4c enzyme c6 sin eiia minh dé xtée téc sinh héa trong qué trinh trao déi chat dé duy tri sy séng, tao thanh rugu va CO>, 2.6.2 Quai trinh sinh trudg ciia ndm men ‘Trong dich 1én men tinh c6 thé chia ra lam 5 giai dogn nhu sau: ¢ Giai dogn tiém phat (1): giai doan may 16 bao nim men Iam quen véi moi tudng, sinh khdi chwa tang nhiéu. ¢ Giai dogn logarit (2): day 1 gisi dogn phét wién rét nhanb, sinh Kh6i ting 20 at, ikem theo si thay di manh mé eta dich lén men, IN] ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 19Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho © Giai dogn chm dan (3): téc 46 sinh trang cia nm men giam dan, thanh phan dich Ién men cn Igi it, cdc sin phim lén men dugc tich ty nhiéu & Giai doan 6n dinh (4): s6 Iugng té bao nam men khéng tang nifa, toc d6 sinh sin bing téc 46 chét. & Giai dogn chét (5): toc d6 chet tang nhanh, toc dé sinh sin rat it do dé so lugng té bao nam men giam dan. 2.6.3 Co él ludn ctia qua trinh Ién men a. Corché ciia qud trinh lén men ‘Dé én men rugu, ngudi ta cho vao méi trudng mét hrgng té bao nam men nhat dinh. Tay theo phuong phép lén men ma lugng nam men cho vio khiic nhau. Thing thuémg khi lén men, Ingng té bao nm men phai dat durge > 100 trigu té bao trong Iml dich Ién men, Do dign tich bé mat cua t8 bao nam men rat lon nén kha néing hap thy cde chat dinh dutng rit manh. Budng lén men va ede chit dinh dung khdc trong moi trudng Ién men, truée tién duge hap thy trén bé mat cia ndm men, sau 46 khuéch tin qua ming vao bén trong té bao nfm men, regu va CO sé durge hinh than, Rugu ethylic tgo thanh khuyéch tan ra méi trudmg bén ngoai qua mang té bao nam men, Rugu hda tan vé han trong nuéc nén khuéch tén rit nhanh vao méi truémg, CO; fing hda tan vao trong mOi trudmg nhung si hda tan khOng lin. G dp sudt 800mmHg, mbigt d6 25 — 30°C, la 0,865 — 0,837 lit CO,/lit nude, Vi thé CO, sinh ra trong qué tinh én men sé khuéch tén v2o mdi truémg va nhanh chéng dat durge trang thai bao hda. Khi bao hda, CO; bam vao xung quanh té bao nim men hinh thinh nhiing bot khi, Té bao ndm men thudng dinh lién véi nhau, bot khf sinh ra ngay c&ng nhiéu va 16n din 1én hinh thanh ti 16n, dén lic nado 46 c6 su chénh Iéch giita khéi luong riéng cia méi trang va té bao nm men sé néi Ién trén bé mat. Khi dén bé mat, do c6 sit thay d&i d6t ngét sire cng bé mat nén chiing bj vé ra lim cho khi CO; bj phéng thich ra ngoai. Liic miy do khéi lxong riéng cia nim men dii lén tré Iai nén chting s8 chim xuéng, Qué trinh nay dién ra lign tuc nén té bao nim men vén tir trang théi tinh chuyén sang trang thai chuyén dong, lim gia tng kha ning tiép xtic giita té bao ndm men va méi trudng, diéu nay lim cho qué trinh trao déi chat dign ra nhanh hon, manh. mg hom, khi d s@ Him ting nhanh qué trinh lén men, Khf CO, ire ché qua trinh lén men, nhumg trong qué trinh thot khi lam tang kha nang, Jén men cia ndm men. Kich thud, vét ligu ché tao cia thiét bj Ién men, cée chdt hda tan mang dign tich, ede vat Io limg khde hign dign trong dich Ién men, khi 1én men déu anh huéng dén su thodt khf CO, nén ciing anh huéng dén qué tinh 1én men, ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 20Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho , Dong hoe ctia qua trink lén men ‘Téc d6 cita qué trinh lén men c6 thé xéc dinh tryc tiép bing cach theo doi sy thay doi cua ham lugng dung trong dich lén men, hodc gidn tiép xée dinh Inong nagu tao thanh va lirgng CO) thoat ra trong mt don vj thoi gian. Ciing c6 thé x4c dinh nhanh tc d6 lén men bing cach do néng d6 biéu kién cia ndng 49 dich lén men. Qué trinh Jén men chia lam 3 thi ky chinh: © Théi ky dau: khoang 60 gid ké tir khi cho nm men tiép xtc véi dich én men. Sw Jén men xay ra rat chim, dung én men khOng dang ké. © Thdi ky hai: day 12 thoi ky 1én men chinh, chiém Khoding 60 ~ 120 gid sau thoi ky ciia nam men va sy lén men sau méi gi¢ tng nhanh dang ké va dat : day 18 giai doan lén men phu xay ra rit cham, dng thoi 18 thd ky 6n inh tgo mai cho sin phim. Tay theo phuong phép 1én men, logi sin phim ma thoi ¢gian Len men phy kéo dai khéc nhau khong quan sét duuge. ‘Théi ky 1én men chinh 1a théi ky bién déi su sfc ede thanh phdn trong dich 1én men. ‘Ching anh huréng dén két qua ca qué trinh 1én men. Trong giai doan nay, trong diéu kkign Ién men binh thudmg sau mdi giér néng 4 durimg trong dich lén men s gidm di Khodng 1 d9 (Brix,%) tay loai sin phim, day chuyén sin xu Su tin tai ciia théi ky én men cudi la dc trumg 46i vi qué trinh len men dich duéng ‘héa tir nguyén ligu chita tinh bot. ‘Trong dich lén men néu biéu thj ham Iugng dudng trong dich lén men 1a 100% thi 4 - 6% Ta dang chét khong tan, 75 - 77% duge chuyén thinh maltose vi 19% 1a dextrin, ‘Trong giai dogn én men, sy durimg héa ciing xay ra nhung rit chm va khéng hodn ton, dic bigt kh6 khin d6i véi tinh bét khéng hda tan, Do d6 tc 49 lén men trong thoi ky may khOng phy thude ham long dextrin khong len men cdn lai, Tuy véy, chinh nhig logi dung khong Ién men nay sé tgo thanh vi ngot cho sin phim. Ninr vay, chu ky lén men dich dudmg héa tinh bOt phy thuge vao théi gian lén men cudi hay phy thuge vao kha nang duéng héa ciia phirc hg enzyme amylase. Rat nhiéu thi nghigm cho thy cing kéo dai thé gian lén men cuéi thi cing gia ting higu suit cia ‘qué tinh lén men, Tuy vay, tty theo sin phdm cia sy lén men, néng d6 glucid cla sy duéng héa, phuong phap Ién men, nha san xuat cing sé tgo ra mét quy trinh san xuat riéng bigt ‘6i chat Iugng va thanh phan mong mudn cia ho. c. Cae yéu 16 anh hurémg dén qua trink lén men ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 2Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho * Anh huéng cua ndng 46 dich lén men: Néng d6 dich lén men la co chat cia qué trinh Ién men, Néu ndng 6 dung dich dung qué cao sé lam tang dp suat tham thau va im mt cn bing trang thai sinh ly cia ném men. Két qua 1 nrgu hinh thanh nhiéu sé tre ché khéng nhiing céc tap khudn ma ca qué tinh én men, cing tgo diéu kign cho vi Khun lén men phat trién mgnh & giai dogn dau. Mac khée duimg nhiéu s® din dén t6n thit hoc kéo dai thoi gian Ién men. Nguge lai néu ndng 46 dich dung thip s& khong kinh té vi sé lam gidm niing suit thiét bi lén men, Binh thudng trong dich 1én men thudng c6 ndng d6 chdt khé tir 16 — 18%, tuong duong véi 13 — 15% dudng déi véi qué trinh 1én men rrgu va khodng 10% durdng d6i véi lén men lact * Anh hudng cia ndng 46 enzyme va luyng té bao Trong truimg hyp ¢6 diy dit hoge thira co chit, 16c 46 phan img enzyme ty 1 thugn éi ndng dO enzyme. Néng 46 enzyme cdng 1én bao nhiéu thi lugng co chit bi bién 46i cang nhiéu bay nhiéu. Tuy nhién cing c6 truéng hop khi néng 46 enzyme ting qua cao, t5c 49 phan img bi cham Iai. Nhin chung téc 6 phan tmg phy thude tuyén tinh v6i lrgng enzyme theo phuong tinh ting quat sau: v=k*[E] men: Trong 46: V: van t6e phan tmg k: hing sé t6c 46 phan img TEI: nding 49 enzyme Ngoai ra s6 lung té bao nim men cho yao dich 1én men ciing anh hudng rit lon dén qué trinh 1én men, Néu sO Iugng té bao ndm men cho vao thich hgp thi qué trinh lén ‘men dign ra t6t, higu sudt thu hai cao, chét Iugng sin phim ting lén, Néu lugng men ccho vao ft qué thi qué tinh 1én men din ra chim, sinh khOi té bao nim men thip 1a diéu kign thugn Igi cho vi khuan phat trién. Ngugc lai, néu s6 é du «qui nhiéu thi moi truging dich én men khOng dit chit dinh durding cho té bao nm men phat trién, té bao nm men sé chét, lam cho sin pham c6 mii vj la, ling phf di mét Iugng men khOng 6 fch. 8 * Anh bing cia nhig Nhiét d6 1a yéu t6 rit 16n anh huéng dén qué trinh 1én men. Méi loai vi sinh vat déu ¢6 nhigt 46 t6i uu cho sy phat trién ca minh, DOi véi nm men saccharomyces, nhigt trong gidi hgn 28 — 32°C. Tuy nhién néu bit du lén men & nhigt 46 thip thi khd nang lén men sé cao va kéo dai hon, Mat khée néu c6 diéu kign am Janh 46 ti ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 2Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho dich duéng t6i 20 — 22°C sé han ché duge sy phat trién ciia tap khudn, Mat khéc khi én men & mhigt 46 cao sé tgo nhigu este, aldehyde va tn that rugu theo COs sé ting, ‘D6i véi qué trinh 1én men thi nim men s€ chiu duge giéi han nhigt 49 kha rng tr 1 — 45°C. Néu nhigt 46 qué 50°C thi nam men sé chét. Tuy nhién nhiét 46 ngoai anh hudng truc tiép dén sinh tung va phat trién cia ndm ‘men, cdn gay nén mot sé phan img phy nhu: gay nén sy bay hoi lam tén that rugu, mat hgp chét giy mii thom, hinh thanh nén céc sin phim phu khée khi lén men & nhigt d6 qué cao. Do dé thug tién hank 1én men & nbigt 49 thich hop 8 trnh hign ‘tugng ton that rugu do bay hoi, giét duge mii thom dic tung cua nrgu va trinh duge ‘sy phat trién cia vi sinh vat wa nhiét. * Anh hung eta pH: ‘Nam men cé thé phat trién trong méi trudng c6 chi sé pH = 2 — 8 nhung thich hop nat 1a trong khoang pH = 4 — 4,5. Vi khuan bat diu phat trién & pH = 4,2 va cao hon. Khi pH< 4,2 chi c6 nim men phat trién, Vi vay, trong len men rugu dé ngtin nglta kha nang nhiém khudn ngudi ta thyc hign trong gidi han pH = 3,8 ~ 4,0. Tuy nbién trong thyc t6 6 nhimg loai vi khuan do quen din véi d§ pH thip nén ngodi vige img dung diéu chinh pH thich hgp cdn phai két hyp sir dung cc chat sit tring. Khi pH = 8 tht nam men phat trién rat kém, nguge lai vi khudn phat trién rit manh. O pH = 3,8 nim ‘men phat trién manb thi hau nh vi khudin khong phat trién, Dé ha pH thich hyp trong moi trudng nudi cdy men (ké cd én men) ngudi ta 66 thé BO sung vio mOi trig bat ct mot loai acid nao, min 1a anion cla acid nay khong gay nh huong dén trang tam hoat dng cia nm men. * Anh hung cua ndng d6 rugu Nong 46 cia rugu sinh ra c6 anh huéng dén the 49 va kha ning phat trién cia ndm men, Néng d6 cia rugu anh hudng dén téc 46 phat trién riéng cia ndm men cn phy thude vao théi gian, s6 lugng phat trién rigng cita té bao va nguyen ligu chun bj cho ‘méi trurémg nudi cdy, sé Igng nim men cho vao bing nhau, diéu kign nudi cdy giéng nhau thi néng 46 regu ban dau 1% chwra cé anh hudng dén téc d§ va kha ning phat twin ciia nfm men, ti 4 ~ 6% thi e6 anh hudng xu, * Anh huréng cia oxy ‘Nam men 1a loai vi sinh vat ky khi bat bude. Trong diéu kign khong ¢6 oxy ném men 38 Jen men duéng tao thénh rugu va COz, cin trong diéu kign dy ai oxy ndm men c6 kha ning oxy héa dmg thanh rugu, CO. va ting sinh khéi ‘Oxy [8 thanh phan khéng thé thiéu duge 6 giai dogn phat trién sinh khéi. Tuy nhién n6 1A nguyén nhan gy ine héng cho rugu trong giai dogn ché bign cdn Igi. Véi sy c6 mit ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 23Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho tia O nim men lén men kh6ng hoan toan vi ching phat trién sinh kh6i. Trong giai oan bio quan thi chiing lam cho san phim c6 nhiéu aldehyde, sin phim rit dé bj bién mau do eée phin img oxy héa, phan tng héa nau gay 161 mau cho sin phim, lam chua san phim do sy hinh thinh acid hitu eo (vi Khun lactic, acetic..) gay théi cho sin pham nagu theo thoi gian bio quan (do ragu bia chira nhiéu chat dinh dung cho vi khuan gay théi phat trién). ‘Mot sé qué trinh Ién men trong giai doan dau dién ra qué cham do khong di lugng ‘oxy cho sy phat trién sinh kh6i, do vay khng dit Ingng té bao lén men anh huéng dén chat lugng san phim va day truyén sén xuét, Tuy nhién c6 mét s8 nfm men phat trién nhanh va tgo ra ham Itong regu nhiéu hon trong moi traémg khong khf, ching nay thug nuéi cay va phat trién trong méi trong ban dau c6 day di oxy. * Anh huéng cia mot sé hoa chat va ebit sit wing ‘Trong digu kign sin xuét dit 6 vé sinh sach dén may ciing khéng thé v6 tring tuyét 446i, vi vay cin phai ding chat sat tring dé ngin ngita va han ché tap khudn. C6 thé «dung nhigu h6a chét kde nhau nh: formol, Na;SiFs, NaF, CaCl... Céc mudi kim loa ning, tia cye tim déu anh hugmg dén qué tinh hoat dong ciia nim men. Tuy theo chit omg eta h6a chit ma ding nhiéu hay i, sa0 cho han ehé duge si phat trién cua tap hun nhung khéng lim dink huéng xu dén hoat dng cia nim men. Khi sit dung formol, NasSiF. ning 4 khéng duge vurgt qué 0,02% so véi dich len men. Thy theo tinh chat va mire 46 phan ly cia mdi acid ma téc dung eiia chting len ndm men sé khong giéng nhau. Ngoai cdc chét ké trén, trong dich dudmg len men Iudn cchifa mot Iugng furfurol, melanoidin déu it nhiéu anh hung dén hoat dong cia nm ‘men. 2.64 Cée qué trinh chuyén héa trong giai doan lén men a Bién déi vi sinh vét ‘Thye chit ciia qué trinh nay 1a qué trinh sinh sdn va sinh truéng cua vi sinh vat. Qué trinh nay xay ra rit nhanh & giai dogn dau Ién men, khi cho nim men vao nguyén ligu. Sy phat trién mgnh cia cc vi khudn giai doan nay kéo theo sy tgo thanh mt s6 acid hifu co, Két qua 1 pH moi wudng gidm xudng tao digu kign thug Igi cho efc Lodi nam méc phat trién tuy téc 46 hoi yéu, ‘Vige phan chia céc giai doan phat trién cia vi khudn, nim méc, ném men mgt céch 15 rang Ia digu rit kh6 khvin, Vi thye chit, sw phat trién cia cdc lodi vi sinh vat trong dich Jén men dign ra déng théi. Chi c6 diéu 1a su phat trién 46 thudng khong cing mite 46. Sq phét trign cia vi kimn, ndm méc thi di hoi trong méi trutmg phii c6 mét Ingng oxy nhit djnh. Chinh vi vay, cfc loai vi sinh vat nay phét trién manh 6 giai dogn dau. ‘Nam men cing cin oxy dé ting sinh khéi. Tuy nhién, mite d6 46 khéng cao nh ném ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 24Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho méc. Mat khdc, nim men can dudng nén phai 06 théri gian dé nam méc tgo ra dung. Do d6, & céc giai doan sau nim men phét trién manh hon ndm méc va vi khuéa. b Cae qué trinh sink hoa * Qué trinh chuyén ha during va ed thnh phin khic thinh ede acid hu co eo ban: + Qué trinh tgo acid acetic + Qué trinh tao acid lactic (Qué trinh tao acid lactic manh hon, ed hai qué tinh may xay ra v6i cudmg 4 khong ‘manh vi giai doan du Iugng duémg tgo thanh trong khéi lén men chwra cao. * Qué trinh chuyén héa tinh bét thanh duéng: Do sy phat trién cia nam men Endomycopsis, tinh b6t duge chuyén thanh duémg. Cac Jogi nim méc va nim men nay trong qué trinh phat trién tgo ra rat nhiéu enzyme amylase, glucoamylase. Ce enzyme nay hogt dng rit thudn Igi trong gia doan diu Diém quan trong can dé cap dén 1a céc enzyme nay chju sy diéu khién bai sin phim cudi cing la glucose. Binh thuring thi glucose sé tre ché phan ting thay phan tinh bot, nhung cic loai nim méc Mucor rouxi, Rhizopus delmar, céc loai nim men Endomycosis vita ¢6 kh ning téng hop amylase, glucoamylase, vita ¢6 kha ning chuyén dug thinh rugu, mit khée cfc lodi nim men Saccharomyces cing rit tich cue chuyén héa, glucose tgo thanh bao nhigu ngay Igp te sé chuyén h6a thanh rugu, :m@t phi phye vu cho sinh trusng cia chinh cdc loai vi sinh vat d6, Do 6, trong khéi én men nay thutmg khéng xay ra co’ ché kim ham nguge Iai boi glucose, © Qud trinh chuyén héa duong thanh reo Qua tinh nay durge thye hign boi Saccharomyces. Song song véi qué tinh may 1a cée qué trinh chuyén héa dung, cdc acid hitu co thinh céc sin phim phy khéc. Didu dic bigt hu § 18 tht ca cée qué trink chuyén héa duge xay ra xen ké nhau, hd tro nnhau va tg0 nén mOt qus tink chung hai hda, dé cudi cing tgo ra sin phim khOng chi ¢6 muée, rugu ma cdn 1a mot hén hop sin pham bao gdm nhiéu thanh phan khéc nhau chinh vi thé nagu nép than ¢6 duge hnnong vi dic trig vA e6 gid tri em quan rit riéng. 2.7 Quy trinh sin xuat rugu vang nép than 2.7.1 Quy srink sn xudt ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 28Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho Gao ngp than Nghién Niu vathiy phin Amylase Men gidng (0,1%) | —4f Lén men Ham edn (18%V) Lén men phy Ting tro0g chiét | San phim ‘Chuyén nganh cong nghé thyec pham — Khoa Nong Nghigp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 26Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho 2.7.2 Thuyét minh quy trinh a. Nghién Ggo nép than sau khi duge Fim sgch sé dem nghién min nhim gitp cho tinh bét va mot s6 chit khO khde dé hda tan trong qué tinh nu. Gitp rit ngin thoi gian hd 6a. Trong qué tfinh nghién, nguyén ligu nép than chju tée dng cia ba Ine ex hoe a6 1a lye nén ép, Iye va dp va Iu cét x6. Trong 46 lye va dap Ih Iye tée dng chi yéu trong qué trinh nghién, b. Nau va thiiy phiin Mue dich cia qué trinh ndu 14 1am hat tinh bot trong né va gidi phéng amylose va amylopectin, chuyén hat tinh bt tir trang thai khong tan thanh trang thai hda tan trong nude nim tgo diéu kign cho enzyme amylase d& ding tin cOng amylose va amylosepectin, Ban chit qué trinh néu 1a qué tinh hé hoa, Sau qua tinh hd ha 1a qué trinh durdng héa. Trong ca hai giai doan c6 bé sung enzyme amylase. Bot nép than duge phdi tron véi nude theo ti If 1 : 4. Sau d6 duge dun dén 80°C, bb sung enzyme a-amylase véi ti 16 0.08% theo thé tich va gilt 15 phit d8 cho enzyme dich héa. Tiép tye dun cho dich chéo aén s6i va git & nhigt 46 s6i 10 phit cho tinh bot hd héa hoan toan. Lam ngugi dich chéo dén khoiing 65°C, roi cho 008% enzyme ‘amylase vio. Gilt & nhigt d9 nay khodng 40 phiit cho dén khi qué trinh dudmg hoa ‘két thie r6i dem loc. e.Lge Myc dich cia qué trinh loc Ia lam sach va nang cao chat lngng cua san phim. La qué ‘tinh phan rigng hdn hgp khong déng nhit qua lop vai loc, ba durge gitt Iai trén lop loc, dung dich di xuyén qua mang loc dudi 4p sudt du so véi 4p sudt phfa bén dudi vat ng’n. Sau khi loc dung dich trong sudt hiu nhu khéng thay déi thanh phin héa hoc tuy nhién c6 mot s6 thay di + Chat lugng sin pham ting do it tap chat. + Thay déi trang thai va miu sie. + Hao hyt vat chat, + Loai durge mot s6 vi sinh vat. 4. Thanh tring Myc dich cita qué trinh thanh trimg 1a diét vi sinh vat nhiém (nam men dai, vi sinh vat ‘gay hur hong va gay bénh, céc chiing Lactobacillus ), va ting kha ning bao quan. Qué tinh nay gay ra nhimg thay déi nho vé tinh chat cam quan va gid tr dinh dudng cia san phim. ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 2Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho (Qué trinh thanh tring duge thue hign 6 87°C trong khoding thoi gian 3 phiit. e. Lam ngudi Hn hop sau khi thy phan tinh b9t c6 nhigt d6 khé cao. Trong khi 46 nim men phit twin t6t nhigt dO 30 ~ 33°C. Vi vay ta phai lam ngugi hén hop xudng dé tao moi trudng thufin Igi cho nam men phat trién. £.Lén men ‘Tién hanh Ién men 6 nhigt 46 thuomg, thir gian nay c6 hai qué trinh xay ra song song ‘Vv6i cée mite 49 khée nhau, 46 1a qué tinh tang sinh khdi cia nim men va qué tinh nrgu héa, Cho ndm men vao dich sau khi Igc véi ti I 0,1% theo thé tich dé cho nim men phét trign sinh kh6i trong khodng thoi gian 4 gid. Sau 46 trich dich nfm men phat wién cho ‘vao cic hit chita dich nép than dé tién hanh lén men. Théi gian lén men khoang 4 ngay. 2. Him edn, Sau khi lén men, ham luvgng cén dat 6 - 10%. Véi ham lvgng cdn nay rat khé bio quan va chat lugng rugu khéng cao. Do 46, ta phai bd sung thém cén dé ting ham Jugng edn trong sin phim. Luong cén thém vio ty theo yéu cdu cia ngudi tiéu ding, & quy tinh nay 42 nghi 1a 18% thé tich, h, Lén men phy Rugu vang nép than dugc lén men & nhiét d9 cao Iai khong qua chung cat, nén sau khi Jén men xong sé cdn nhiéu rugu bac cao va cdc andehyde gay déc cho co thé ngudi. ‘Vi vay, cn phai c6 thdi gian dai dé cho céc san phim phy nay chuyén héa va én dink rugu, Lam cho chit ngng rou duge t6t hon. Thdi gian lén men phu 18 6 théng. i, Chiét Do thj hiéu ctia ngwdi tiéu dang ma ngudi ta tién hanh Igc dé ldy phan dich, bé phin xdc nguyén ligu rdi dem di tén trit, san phdm c6 mau sic giéng voi mau nguyén ligu sin xudt. 2.8 Chit lugng va céc dang hw héng ciia rugu nép than 2.8.1 Chat lrong rico nép than Rugu nép than hign c6 2 logi: ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 28Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho - Rugu nép than dang dyc: sau khi én men, dem ca phan xéc cla dich lén men xay ahuyGn, him cén va t8n tr tao hong. Cé mau twong img voi miu cha nguyén lig dura vio san xudt - Rugu nép than dang trong: sau khi lén men, dem xay va him cén, sau dé loc liy phan dich, roi dua di t6n trit, tg0 hong, c6 mau twong img voi mau cla nguyén ligu sin xudt. Ca 2 logi rgu nép than trén déu cé mau va miti vj dc trang, cdn ham hrgng cén thip hay cao tay theo di tugng phye vu ma lung cdn ham vao sau khi Ién men nhiéu hay it. 2.8.2 Cae dang hu hing ctia riegu nép than khi lén men a, Lén men lactic Sur lén men lactic ciing gay nbiéu te hai nh im chua va vin due rugu, mudée ngot, ruse giai kha. Vi khudn lactic thudng dé xm nh§p vao cée thiét bj 1én men rugu, tir d6 n6 én men lactic Fam hur hai ed mot giai doan cia sur lén men rou, Iam rugu bi gidm chat luong do né tao ra acid lactic, acetic, manic. Lén men nay con gay hu hong, lam chua m6t s6 thyc phim c6 duxémg khi bio quin. ‘Thi pham gay ra hign twyng nay 1a do vi khuén tactic, de bigt 1a ching lactobacterium manitopocrum (CoH 0, — 2CH ;CHOHCOOH b. Lén men butyric ‘Vi khudn butyric khi nhiém vo thing G sé 1én men butyric tgo ra nhiéu khf hydro, ty ahién d6 acid khOng ting cao. (CH, 9 CH,CH CH,COOH + 2CO, + 2H; c. Lén men dai Thuong gép 1a loai nam men hinh oval 16n, lén men rat nhanb, tao d6 acid cao va d> ‘rugu sém lam ite ché hoat dgng nam men can thiét dé thyc hign qué trinh lén men. 4. Sy tao thinh ester Song song véi vige tao ra acid va alcohol, dudi tic dung ciia enzyme trong nim men, cede acid va alcohol sé téc dung Kin nhaw dé tao ra nhiig ester tuong tng, Luong sin phim phy va sin phim trung gian tgo thinh trong qué trinh lén men phy thude vao nhiéu yéu 16. Chiing thay déi theo nhigt a, pH, mic 49 sue khé cOing nh ching giéng nam men va ca ngudn nguyén ligu, ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 29Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho (CHUONG IIL PHUONG TIEN VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU 3.1 Phuong tign nghién eiru ‘Thi nghiém duge tién hanh ti phong thi nghigm BG mén Céng Nghé Thyc Pham — Khoa Nong Nghigp & SHUD ~ Tnring Dai Hoc Cin Tho 3.1.1 Nguyen ligu - Nép thom va nép than durge mua tai chy Can Tho. ~ Men duge mua tai 1 men Can Tho. - Enzyme a — amylase, y — amylase duge mua tai Can Tho. 3.1.2 Héa chat Acid citric va Natribicacbonat duge ding dé diéu chinh pH ciia dich én men va sin phim. PD(CH:COO), , Na:SO; bao hda, dung dich Felling A va Felling B ding 4é chuan dugg Kit. Methyl xanh ding lam thuée thir trong qué tink chudn dung. 3.1.3 Trang thiét bj trong qué trink thé nghiém = Chiét quang ké. ~ Con ké, ~ Tit lanh ~ May do mau. ~ Nhigt ké. ~ Tui thanh tring. ~ Ti cdy vi sinh. ~My do pH. - Can di tinh,... 3.2 Phuong php nghién ciru tir va mét s6 dung ou thong thing: bép gas, ndi nu, mudng, diia thiy 3.2.1 Thi nghiém 1: khéo sat 1 1g phéi arén nguyén liu anh hudng dén chat long rirgu nép than. a Mue dich tht nghiém: chon duge ty 18 phdi tron nguyén ligu thich hgp cho regu nép than c6 durge chat lnrgng cao, ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 30Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho BG tri thi nghiém: Nguyén ligu nép thom va nép than sau khi nghién duge phdi tron ‘Gi cdc ty 18 mb sau: ‘Ag: nép thom : nép than = 0 : 100 ‘Ag: nép thom : nép than = 20 : 80 ‘Ag: nép thom : nép than = 25 : 75 ‘Ax: nép thom : nép than = 30: 70 ¢ Tién hanh thi nghigm Nguyén liga nép thom va nép than san khi nghitn, chia lim bén miu duge phi tron theo ty Ig di bé tr. Tip theo sau 46 1a qué trinh thay phén véi enzyme a-amylase va ‘y-amylase, Sau khi than tring dich thay phiin xong th tién hanh 6 sung nim men ‘V6i ty Ig 0.1% theo thé tich. Céc mau duge lay va phan tich theo théi gian dé danh gid vva so sinh, d Chi tiéu theo doi - Ham Iugng duéng Khir -pH - BO Bx = Mj s6 18 bao nim men = BG rurgu tao thinh ~ Cam quan vé mau séc, mii vi va trang théi eda sin phdm ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 31Ludi vn 161 nghigp Khéa 29 2008 Doi Hoe Cin Tho Ao= 0% nép thom : 100% nép than ‘A= 20% nép thom : 80% nép than ‘Neuyén ligu Age 25% nép thom : 75% nép than As= 30% nép thom : 70% nép than Nehién Nau va thiy phan [+] a vay- amylase Loc ‘Thanh tring Lam nguéi@3°C) Lén men Ham cén (18%V) Lén men phu. | Ling trong Chiét ‘San phim Dinh gid cam quan ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 32Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho 3.2.2 Thi nghiém 2: khdo sat t 1é phu gia (acid ascorbic va chdt nhii héa) bd sung dén kha nding giit mau va mii vj sén phdm riegu nép than. @ Muc dich thé nghiém: chon duge ty 1§ phy gia bo sung thich hyp nham tang kha ‘nang gift mau sac va mdi vj cho sn phdm rugu nép than. b Bé tri thé nghiém: Rugu thinh phdm duge phéi tron véi phu gia theo cc ty 1¢ nhu sau: Bo: khéng bé sung phy gia By; ba sung 0,1% phy gia Bz: bd sung 0,2% phy gia By bé sung 0,3% phu gia Be: bd sung 0,4% phy gia Bs: bé sung 0.5% phy gia ¢ Tidn hank thi nghiém Rurgu thinh phdm duge phéi trén véi phy gia (acid ascorbic va chét nhl héa) theo céc ty 18 da b6 tr, ‘Sau thai gian bao quan, ta tién hanh dem di Igc rdi sau 46 do 46 hap thy cia sin phim va tiga hanh dinh gid cdm quan vé cée chi tiéu mau, mii, vi va trang thé D6 hip thy cita céc mau duge do & bude sng 523nm, 4 Chi tiéu theo dat - DO hap thu gitra céc mau = Dinh gid cim quan vé mau sic, miti vi va trang thai ciia céc mau ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 33Ludi vn 161 nghigp Khéa 29 2008 Doi Hoe Cin Tho Neuyén ligu Nehién Nau va thay phn] a vay-amylase Loc ‘Thanh tring ‘Lam ngudi (33°C) Lén men Haim edn (18%V) Lén men phy Bo; OF phy gia Br: 0,1% phy gia + Bx: 0.2% phy gia San phim [ Bx: 0.3% ph gia Be: 0.4% phu gia ‘Dainh gid cim quan Bs: 0,5% phy gia ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 34Ludi vn 161 nghigp Khéa 29 2008 Doi Hoe Cin Tho CHUONG IV KET QUA VA THAO LUAN 4.1 Két qua khao sat sy anh hung cia ti I¢ phdi tron nép thom va nép than dén % duimg khit, pH, 49 Bx, 49 rugu va mit sé té bio nim men Nép than 100%, Nép thom 20% vii nép than 80% 0 ae oa 2 a se bvr0 ay seo swe oo oeremres ees | peoicer eee reo rce [Nép thom 25% va nép than 75% Nép thom 30% va nép than 70% _— ‘inh 7: D8 thi biéw dién méi quan hg gia ti If phéi tem nép thom va nép than véi 46 Bx va % avis Khir * DO Bx va % durdmg kh Trong ngay div ciia qué tinh Ién men thi d6 Bx va ham Iugng duding Khir giém khé nhanh do ndm men bé sung vao sir dyng Iugng dudng c6 sin trong dich Ién men dé thye hign qué trinh phat trién sinh khdi va qué trinh 1én men. Nhiing ngay tiép theo thi 49 Bx va ham lugng duimg Khir tiép tue gidm nhung chim hon so véi ngay dau cia qué trinh In men a do Iugng duwong ma nim men sir dung durge con cing kha it va do rugu sinh ra te ché nim men, So sinh gitta cc djch Ién men thi khOng c6 sy Khée bigt vé 46 Bx (khodng 15°Bx) va him luong duong khir (khodng 4%), nhur vay thi ham hrgng céc dextrin chiém khoang 10%, la phan ma nam men khéng thé sir dung ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 35Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho duge. So sinh gitta cée 46 thi thi 4} Bx gidm chim hon so véi him Ingng dug khit giifa cdc dich lén men. Buing khir gidm nhiéu hon (duémg déc hon) so véi a9 Bx 1a do nim men sit dung dudmg khir dé pht trién sinh khéi, thye hign qué tinh lén men va sinh ra cdc chit aied hitu co lam tang a Bx cho nén sur gidm d6 Bx cham hon, Nép than 100%, Nep thom 20% vii nép than 80% a ‘it \ \ carer ee Meee ee arePCS [+ [toe Ea aCe EE vee Nép thom 25% va nep than 75% Nép thom 30% va nép than 70% i a ‘inh 8: Bd th bigu din méi quan he gia tip phéi tr nép thom va nép than véi pH * pH: pH giim khé nhanh trong ngay dau cia qué trinh Ién men va tiép tuc gidm cham trong nhiing ngiy cdn lai. Nguyén nhan din dén két qua trén 1a do trong ngay dau cla qué trinh Jén men Iugng CO) sinh ra nhiéu, din dén lugng H2CO; hinh thinh nhiéu lam gidm nhanh pH cia dich lén men. Nhing ngay tiép theo thi qué trinh Ién men bit dau ‘chm din lam cho lwgng CO, sinh ra ft hon din dén lxong HCO, hinh than ft hon 1 nguyén nhan lam giém chim pH cia dich Ién men, So sinh gitta cée dich 1én men thi PH ciia céc sin pham cudi la nhu nhau khoang 4, chinh vi vay ma mau sac ciia sin ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 36Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho phdm cudi 1a gin nhu nhau, do mau dace chung cia regu nép than 12 mau cia anthocyanin phy thudc vio pH ciia dich lén men. toca Népthan 100% Ps svalép thom 25% soodNép thom 30% vit nép than 70% 1 swe x0 6 © 2 ww ay ‘inh 9: Dd thjbigu dién mét quan he gid 118 phét ten nép thom va nép than vét 9% cbn sinh +a trong qua tein Kin men * 6 cn sinh ra trong dich lén men: ‘DO rugu ting kh nhanh trong khodng 3 ngay du cba qua tinh Ién men do khi méi b6 sung ném men Vao trong dich 1én men thi him Iugng durong ma nim men sir dung duge cao, do 46 qué trinh lén men dién ra kha manh, lugng rugu hinh thanh nhieu. D6 rugu Hing chim din trong nbiing ngAy cin Ipi do qué trinh Léa men yéu dan, Ingng duimg khir cdn Iai ft va ham Iugng rugu cao te ché sur lén men, Lugng rugu dat durge t6i da khong 6% sau 4 ngay 1én men. ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 37Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho Nép than 100% Nép thom 20% vi nép than 80% slice) ehatcea : ‘ ei 1 ot faye tf we ots Nep thom 25% vi nep than 75% Nep thom 30% vi nép than 70% eect eeten usa eae a ROL et tw? inh 10; Dd thi bigw digm mdi quam hg gia 118 phi tr nép thom va nép than vi mat 6 «6 bao nim men trong qué trinh Kén men * Mat s6 té bao ndm men trong qué trinh lén men: ‘Mat sé 1 bao nm men ting rat nhanh trong ngay dau cia qué trinh Ién men va ting chm trong khong 2 ngiy tiép theo sau, do trong dich lén men c6 sin lugng dung khir dé nam men sir dung va phat trién sinh khdi. Ham hrgng dudmg khir sé gidm theo théi gian 1én men vi thé ma Fim cho mat sé té bao ndm men ting chim trong 2 ngiy tiép theo va c6 khuynh huéng gidm nhe trong ngay thir 4 cla qué tinh len men. Nguyén nhan din dén mat s6 té bao nim men gidm trong ngay thir 4 14 do lugng dudng ma nm men sit dung duge cdm rét it, din dén sy canh tranh vé dinh dung, ra mot phin no d6 cing anh hudmg dén sw phat trién (Chuyén nganh cing ngh thec pha ~ Khoa Nang Nghiép va Sink Hoe Ung Dung 38Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Doi Hoe Cin Tho ‘Trong dich Ién men phan dung cdn lai phn 1én 1a cdc dextrin ma ndm men khong thé sir dung duge. Mat sé té bao nim men dat durge khoang 10° té bao/ Lm. Bang 5: Két qua khao sét anh hwéng cita ti 1g phéi tron nép thom va nép than dén % durimg khit, pH, d9 Bx, % cn sinh ra va mat s6 té bio nim men “Anh burg cial np thom + ndp than én ie néptom sniptnan SAME yy ope ‘ein srpNMCtO) 0100 ase 39r taas 576 Bae 20: 80 45s" 3,85" 14,30" 521° 14,81" 25:75 434" 401" 16,50" 585° 13,70° 30:70 4,19" 6,20" 16,47" Theo bang s6 Ti nép than cho 46 con Iai thap nhat. Mau c6 tig phdi tron nép thom than 1a 20% nép than cho 6 rugu thap nhat va hrgng dudng khit con Iai cao nhat. ‘Theo két qué théng ké cita 4 miu phéi tn gitta nép thom va nép than cho thi: rau €6 ti 18 phdi tron nép thom : nép than 1a 30% nép thom : 70% ‘ugu cao nhét, mat s6 t bao ndm men cao ahét vA lugng duréng khir thom : 80% - pH, 49 Bx va mit s6 té bao nam men gitta cée mau khéng o6 sy khéc bigt & mite ¥ ghia - Duong khir giita 2 mau c6 ti Ig phdi ché 1a 20% nép thom : 80% nép than va 30% nép thom : 70% nép than khiéc bigt & mirc ¥ nghia 5% va khOng c6 sy khéc biét J nghfa véi 2 mu cdn Iai, ~~ Miu 06 ti g phéi tron 30% nép thom : 70% nép than c6 su kde bigt ¥ nghia 5% véi cc miu cdn Ii vé d rugu sinh ra trong qué trinh lén men, Mau khong phdi trn nép thom khong ¢6 sue khac bigt § nghfa v6i mu cé ti lé phi tron 25% nép thom va 75% nép than va c6 sy khdic biét & mirc ¥ nghia 5% so véi c6 ti I¢ phoi tron 20% nép thom : 80% nép than vé 46 rurgu sinh ra trong qué trinh lén men. Theo théng ké thi cdc s6 ligu trén c6 sy khée biét nhung vé ¥ nghia thye té thi khong 6 sy khéc bigt nhiéu khi bé sung nép thom vao nép than. Diéu nay cing hgp ly vi giita cic dich lén men khi c6 b6 sung nép thom vao nép than thi ham lugng dudng Khir va 49 Bx cing gan nhw nhau (ham Iugng dudng khir khoang 14% va d6 Bx ‘khoang 20), cho nén d6 edn t6i da thu duge cing khoang gin bing nhau (khoang 6%). ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 39Ludi vn 161 nghigp Khéa 29 2008 Doi Hoe Cin Tho Bang 6: Két qua do mat a9 quang ragu thanh phim & bén t¥ 1g phéi tron nép thom vio nép than ‘Tyg phéi tron Mit dj quang 100% nép than 0,353 20% nép thom va 80% nép than 034s 25% nép thom va 75% nép than 0333 30% nép thom va 70% nép than 0305 Theo két qua do mat 4 quang thi ty 1¢ phéi tron nép thom vao nép than cing cao tht 6 hap thu cang gidm, déu 46 c6 nghia la mau sic cua sin phim cdng gidm khi ty 18 nép thom bé sung vao cang nhiéu. Bang 7: Két qua cim quan vé4 chi tigu mau, mit phi ten pita nép thom va nép than khéc nhau i, vLva trang thai cia cfc miu o6 118 ee Miu Mai Vi ‘Trang thai nép thom: nép than 0:100 3,9" 40° * 4s 20:80 sre 33° 3,3" 46" (25:75 3,3 3,6" 3.4" 4.6" 30:70 38" 34" 34" 4a ‘Theo két qua cam quan cho thay gitta céc mau phéi trn thi khong c6 sw khéc bigt vé trang théi, Mu duge wa thich nhat 1a mu déi chimg. Do d6 vige bé sung nép thom vao nép than khong lam cho mbi vj cia sin phim duge t6t hon. Tuy nhién n6 Iai e6 ¥ nghia vé mat kinh té do gid thanh cia nép thom (khoang 10.000) ré hon so véi nép than (khoang 15,000*), vi thé c6 thé sir dyng m6t ti 1g nép thom va nép than thich hgp 48 san xudt ra rugu nép than vira dam bao chat lugng cdm quan vita gim duge chi phi nguyen liga, ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 40Ludi vn 161 nghigp Khéa 29 2008 Doi Hoe Cin Tho 4.2 Khao sat anh hwéng cia ti 1¢ phu gia bé sung dén chat lwgng rugu vang nép than. Bang 8: Két qua nh huring cia tig phu gia bé sung dén miu sic cia rugu thinh phim ‘Tig phy gia bé sung (%) Do hip thy. 0.0 0,319" OL 0,260" 0,2 0,244" 03 0,252" 04 0,253 0s 0,242" Néng d6 phu gia sit dung cng cao thi ngu c6 dé hip thy cing thip, c6 18 do sy hign ign céc chat phy gia lam thay 46i 46 hap thy cia nrgu. ‘Theo két qua thing ké thi gitta cae miu c6 sw Khe bigt 6 mite ¥ nghia 5%, ngoai tri tradng hop cia mau c6 ti 1é bd sung phy gia la 0,3% va 0.4% 1a khng c6 sy khdc bist mite ¥ nghia véi nhau. ‘DO hap thy gitta cic mu khée nhau 6 thé do sy hign dign ca cdc chat phy gia c6 ham lugng céc chat hda tan khéc nhau (acid ascorbic, chét nhii héa ). Bang 9: Két qua cdm quan vé 4 chi tiéu mau, mid, vj va trang thai cua cée mau c6 ti 18 phéi trn phy gia khée nhaw ‘Tile phy gia ates Mau ‘Trang thai 0 38° 3,7 30 40" Ol 38° ar an ase 02 39 ar 33" 4g" 03 as 35° 36" 43” 4 32" 34° 34° aa® 05 30° 3." 37 4a" ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 4Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho V6i mong muén ring vitamin C c6 thé giit mau sic cho sin phim duge bén hon va chit nhi héa cé thé lién két chét mii 48 gitt mii dc trung cho sin phim rugu nép than, Tuy nhién theo két qué cim quan thi vé mii vj ella ede miu khOng ¢6 sy Khée @ mite ¥ nghia, Va mau duge wa thich nhat Ii mau c6 ti 1 phy gia bé sung 1a 0.2%. Mu slic va ede gid tr cam quan Khée khOng e6 sy khic bigt nhigu Khi c6 bé sung chit phu gia (trong 46 c6 acid ascorbic va chit nhd héa). Digu nay ¢6 thé do thii gian bao quan khéng di lau dé thay duge sy oxi héa chat mau anthocyanin. ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung aLun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho (CHUONG V KET LUAN VA DE NGH] 5.1 Két uan Tur két qua thi nghiém co thé rit ra m6t sé két ludn sau: Gitta céc mau phéi tron nép thom vao nép than thi rugu thanh pham khéng c6 sy khée bigt vé mau sic, mdi vi va trang thi. Ham Iugng dung khtr trong qué trinh én men gidm nhanh hon so véi a6 Bx cia dich én men, Hm lugng dutmg Khir (Khong 4%) va 4} Bx (khodng 15%) cia ede dich Jén men cuéi gan nhu nhau. pH cia céc djch lén men cudi Ia nhu nhau (khoang 4), nén miu séc cia cc dich Ién ‘men 1a khong c6 st khéc biét v8 cém quan. Sau bén ngay lén men d6 rirgu dat khoang 6% cdn va ham lugng duéng khir cdn lai khodng 4%, ‘Mit s6 té bao ndm men dat durge gid trj cao nhat sau khodng 2 ngay lén men (khoang 10° té bao/Iml) Khi bd sung chat phy gia cang nhiéu thi mau cua sin phim cang bj nhat nhung céc gid tri cm quan khic thi khéng c6 sur khéc bigt. Vige phdi tron nép thom yao nép than gép phan lam gidm chi phi nguyén ligu vi nép thom c6 gié thanh thap hon so véi nép than. 5.2 Dé nghj ‘Tir thye té qué tinh Ram dé ti tée gid xin e6 mot vai dé nghi sau: ~ Khao sét anh huéng cia vitamin C va chit nhii héa dén kha nang gir mau sde va mdi ‘vj cia san phdm rugu nép than. - Khao sit sy dich héa va dung héa dich nép véi cic enzyme khéc nhim ting higu suit dug héa. ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 4BLun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho TAI LIEU THAM KHAO. 1 Ba; Ai (2005). Cong nghé lén men sing dung trong cng nghé thye phim. Nxb Dai hoe Qube Gia TPH Chi Minh, 2 Cometius Bessles. Directed evoluion of « bacterial a-amslase: Toward enhanced pH performance and higher specific activity. Henkel KGaA, Heakelstasse 67, 40191 Dusseldor, Germany 2003B3i Ai (2005). Céng nghé lén men ing dung trong cing nghé thx phim. Nxb Dai hoe Quée Gia TP HB Chi Minh, 3. PGS TS Hoang Dinh Hos (2002) Cong ng sin ude malt va bia. Nxb Khoa boe KY dhe HR Noi 4) Hujoh Thj Kim Cie, Pham Chiu Huynh, Nguy’o Thi Lan, Tein Khoi Uyéo. Xd inh hm luymg anthocyanin trong mét 4 nguyen ia rau gud bing phicomg php vi sai 5 TSNguyén Cong HA (2000). Bai ging KY shudt lin men regu bia 6 Neuyln Dite Luong (2004). Cong ngié Enzyme. Nxb Dei hoe Quée Gia TP H8 Ché Minh, 7 PGS TS Nguyén Thi Hign. Cong neh sin aud mi chink vad ede sin phim len men ef trayén. [Nab Khoa hge va Ky thugt Ha Ng 8 Nguydn Thi Thay Tin, Lun vn 16 nghigp KF sw thda 28 ngdnh Cong ngh she 9 LeMinn Chau, Ludn van tt nghigp ky sw kha 28 nganh Cong ng thue phim 10 hup: nvoe.googlescom.yn AL bap: wunesblacovelcom 12 bitp: wwew.wikipedia.com ‘Chuyén nganh cong nghé thyec pham — Khoa Nong Nghigp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 44Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho PHY LUC 1 Cae phuong phép phan tich hod If 1.1 Phuong phap xic djnh 49 rugu bing céich do ty trong 111 Nguyen tée ya vao phan img tgo thanh ragu trong quia tinh len men: C\H,0, > 2CO, + 2C,H.OH ‘Trong phuong trinh nay, s6 mol rugu tao thanh bing s6 mol CO> inh thank, ‘Ty trong trong qué trinh 1én men gidm do CO; mit di. 1.1.2. Céch tinh C.H0, > 2CO, + 2C,H.OH 244g 246g Cir 46g rugu CO; sinh ra. thanh thi ¢6 44g CO, sinh ra hay 1,05g regu hinh thanh thi c6 Ig, Gia sir ty trong cia dich durdng trade len men Ia 1,08 va sau lén men 1a 0,98, Nhu vay trong mét lit dich dug ©6 0,1kg CO, hinh thinh. Vay Ingng regu sinh ra la 0,11,05= 0,105 (kg/l) Ma ty trong cia dung dich sau khi lén men 12 0,98. Vay Iuong rugu 06 trong dich len men 1: 0,105/0,98 = 10.71% ‘Ty trong cita cn 1a 0,79 kg/l. Vay phan trim theo thé tich la: 10,71/0,79 = 13,55%. Phuong phép nay cin dudi hét COs trude khi do ty trong. 1.2 Chun bj méi trudng nudi cy ~ Nguyén tie cia vige ché tgo méi trusng Dya trén co sé nhu cau vé cdc chit dinh duéng va kha nang déng héa cdc chat dinh dung cua tig loai vi sinh vat dé so sénh dc tinh va téc 46 phat trién cla ching thi cdc giéng phai duge nudi ting sinh trong cing diéu kign dé c6 tinh chit sinh ly giéng nha, a dim bio v8 clin bang dp suit thim thu gida mi trudng va 18 bdo vi sinh vét nén cn diéu chinh ty 18 va ndng 46 cae chit trong thanh phan mdi trudng. ‘Dam bao céc digu kign héa ly can thiét cho cdc hogt dng trao d6i chat cla vi sinh vat. = So 46 thye hign ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 4sLun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho Moi trudng & dang bot Nude -— Binh tam gide I ‘Niu ech thy I Thanh tring 21°C, 15 pha) Bao quan va kiém tra méi tuémg ‘Moi trudng sir dung nu6i cy nm men trong thf nghigm Ia moi trudng Sabouraud, - Céng thire moi truémg Sabourand Special peptone 10g/ Dextrose 20g/ pH (25°C) 56-60 Glucose 40 gf Nude lit Can mi trutmg nu6i cdy va hoa tan trong nude cét véi him Iwgng xéc dinh nh saw: Bot moi trudng 700g Nude clit 1000ml ‘Cho hén hgp trén vio binh tam giée va ndu céch thiy dé cdc thanh phin trong méi trudng hda tan trong nude Ding bong gon bit kin migng binh tam gic. Rita sach cée dia Petri, éng nghiém, pipet. Sau d6 ding gidy bit kin dé tit trang, Tiét tring moi trudmg, dung cu 6 nhigt 46 121°C trong thoi gian 15 phi. Liy moi trang va dung ov ra koi ni it trim. ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 46Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho Phan phdi méi trudng tir binh tam gidc vio dung cy. Déi véi dia Petri, lwong moi tru’mg phiin phéi vio c6 d6 day khodng 2mm. Béi véi éng nghiém lugng méi truémg cho vio bing 1/3 chiéu cao dng nghigm. Qué trinh phan phéi méi trudng vao dung cy chita phai tudn thi: mot sé nguyén tic co ban sau ‘Mai trang duage phan phdi phai & trang thai long. Cc thao te phan phéi cin phai nhanh, gon va khéo 160 dé moi trudmg khOng bi dinh én migng hay thanh cua dung cu chira va phai hoan thanh trade Khi moi trudmg dong dic. ~ Bao quan va kiém tra méi trong Oi vi moi trudmg chua sir dung, cin duge bao quin & ch mét, nhigt 9 quan we 20 — 25°C; can han ché tac dung ciia anh sang va khong dé méi trudng bj khé. ‘Trude khi ding Igi cin kiém tra m6i trutmg bing ech d§t chiing vao ché 4m 6 nhigt 49 37°C trong 48 gid, sau a6 Iéy ra quan sét. Ong c6 vi sinh vat phat tién durge logi bo. 2 Phuong phép cim quan Dya vio kha ning cim quan cita mdi thinh vign déi vi timg chi tiéu, Xay dung bing digm dénh gid chit lugng sin phim. ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 4Ludi vn 161 nghigp Khéa 29 2008 Doi Hoe Cin Tho iim quan theo phurong phép cho diém Mata 5 Mau d6 tui, sang dep 4 Mau dé cam, sing dep Mau sie 3 ‘Mau 48 dm hoje a nngt 2 Mau cam, sing dep 1 ‘Mau cam hat, mau le 5 ‘San phim 6 mii thom dic trung cia nép than 4 ‘San phim c6 it moi thom eta nép than Mai 3 ‘San phim c6 mii nép nbe, hoi chua 2 ‘San phim khOng ¢6 mi nép, e6 mui chua 1 ‘San phim 6 mii chua nhiéu hod mi la 5 ‘San phim e6 vi rit hai ha, gu vi thom 4 ‘San phim 6 vi kha hai héa, hau vi thom vi 3 ‘Sn phim ¢6 vj hoi chua hoe hoi ngot 2 ‘San phim 6 vi qua chua hoge qué ngot 1 ‘San phim c6 vi ding hose vi la 5 ‘an phiim rdt trong khong ¢6 in to hing 4 San phim trong c6 it c§n lo img ‘Trang thai San phim hoi dye e6 ft cin lo limg 2 ‘San phim dye ¢6 cfn Io lim. 1 ‘San phim rat duc, cin Io ling rit nhigu ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 48Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho MOT SO HINH ANH TRONG QUA TRINH LAM bi TAL "— X inh 11: Nép than ‘inh 12: Bot nép than ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 49Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 - 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho inh 13: Bt nép thom inh 14: Nim men Saccharomyces Chuyén nganh cong nghé tee phim ~ Khoa Nong Nghip vd Sink Hoe Ung Dung 30.Lun van 161 nghiép kh6a 29 - 2008 Bai Hoe Cin Thor Hinb 16: May nghién bia Chuyén ngdnh cdng nghé thve phim — Khoa Nong Nghigp va Sink Hoe Ung Dung stLun vn 161 nghigp khéa 29 2008 Doi Hoe Cin Tho Hin 17: Khun tye mdm men Chuyen nganh cong nghig thee phim - Khoa Nong Nghigp va Sink Hoc Ung Dung 2Ludi vn 161 nghigp Khéa 29 2008 Doi Hoe Cin Tho Hin 18: May do mau Hinh 19: Méy do pi ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 3Luin van 161 nghiép kh6a 29-2008 Bai Hoe Cin Tho ‘Hinh 21: Qua trinh Ige rugu nép than Chuyén ngank cong nghé thee phim Khoa Nong Nghigp va Sink Hoc Uing Dung 34Ludin vin t6t nghigp khda 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho ‘Minh 22: Thanh phim rugu nép than ‘Minh 23: Rugu thank phim cia 4 ty Ig phi tron Chuyén nganh cing nghé thae phim Khoa Nong Nghigp va Sink Hoe Uing Dung 38Lin win tt nghigp khda 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho Bang 11 foeat «cors.) 01490587 Bang 12 Teigie Range ROS TE GG OS By a Bing iS fesse sons Greiseias 4 panagona Bang 14 Pesce 95.0 mcene runt ten emegeneous Groups cencces o tetiatically alga’ Hoare s1etevence, ‘Chuyén nganh cong ngh¢ thc phim ~ Khoa Nong Nghigp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 56Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho Bang 15 Bang 16 pie Soom ios ee Bang 17 Bang 18 ee eee Se prstoa 95.0 percent ap ‘count Mean Yemornecus Grows ‘Chuyén nganh cong nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong Nghifp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 37Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho Bang 19 fiiova Table for STS nan wen by Wa Analysis of Variance wee Sun of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratlo = Pale fetween groups 1040823349727 (Baa Jiichia groups syes2 4 32,3078 rotal (Corr) ise Bang 20 [tile tape Bete FE oe ay EF? hod 95,0 percent sD count Mean Honegencous Groupe 2 15,7045 x 2 148182 x fenecast bieeerence si tases h-2 11508) 9,3758 h-3 2, 0854545 9, 3758 3 tise 393808 m6 =, 65508 5,358 -4 2.723 9,990 denotes a statistically significant aiference. Bing 21 Pons oe Sy? aaalyss of Variance: ‘Sum of Squares DE oan Square FoRatio P-value een groups, 000826067 «0, 00165213 | 2478,20 0,000 jiehin groups 0,000008 66, 666678-7 eal (Core. ovocezsie7 at ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thee phim — Khoa Nong Nghifp va Sink Hoc Ung Dung 38Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho Bang 22 Triple ange Teste for de hap tha by wav feat: 98.0 perane 150 count Maan Honogenecus Grote 02415 x ovzae x 0,252 x 02525 x 0,2595 x 0.3185 x 4 nits seast 0019979 0019979 0019979 0019979 0013879 0019979, 0019979 0019979 0019979 0019979 0013878 0019979 0013878 0019979 00013878 | cenctes a statistically significant aifference Bang 23 fiRova Table For vaur by wa Analysis of Variance [source Sun of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio —P-Value fsetween groupe "BOS 156 1,98 —_0,0968 ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thee phim — Khoa Nong Nghifp va Sink Hoc Ung Dung 30.Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho Bang 24 Teiple Range Tests Tor wat by aT hod: 95,0 percent 190 ‘count Mean Honogencous Groupe I: Py 32 x 0 ae x b Py ae x b 0 a8 x . Fy a8 x eosezare Diterence stants h-2 0.0 0, 736365 h-3 0,3 oy 736365 hh -« “m2 0, 736365 h-s 08 0, 79665 h-« “a8 0, 79665 3 1 0, 736365 -6 a 0, 736065 a5 06 0, 736365 -6 8 oy 736365 Ib -« sa9 0, 79668 ks 07 0, 796268 k-« “09 0, 736065 b-« a2 0, 736365 | censtes a stetisescally sigaistoant difference. Bang 25 fBNOTA Table for mil by naa Analysis of Variance [source Sum of Squares DE Mean Square F-Ratio © P-blue Between groups 1555 031 0,390,858 fisehin groups 43,3 4 0801852 fotal_(Corr.) 4,858 ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 60.Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho Bang 26 Pultinle kage teats for eal By feos 95,0 percent SD count Mean Bonegeneous Crowes f » 3 x 0 a x 0 a8 x 0 a x rr an x 0 a x rast Disference 4 Linite 0,9029e1 a a02ee1 a e02ee a aoage a eoaee 0802881 902961 a,9029e1 a 9029e1 a, 9028e1 902ee1 a a02ee1 a e02ee a aoaee denotes a statistically significant difference. Bang 27 fulEkidnes SY ‘Analysis of Variance fess, 0 185 0,36 67,6510 hin groupe 23,2 0, 540TH fotal_ (Corr) ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thee phim — Khoa Nong Nghifp va Sink Hoc Ung Dung 61Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho Bang 28 fuutipe tangs hate for yw hod: 95,0 percent 180 count tan Homogeneous Groups h b I I Ie srast isterence inite 2 a0 0, 658024 h-« 0,3 oysssize h-« 4 0, 95824 as oa 0,554 -4 an oye b-s a3 0,524 b-« a0 0,924 b+ “3 05524 b-s “aa 0, 95024 b-« “ua 0,924 lbs 02 0550324 lb -« “Oa oy s524 b-« 03 0, 95924 Bang 29 NOTA Table for trang Chal by maa Analysis of Variance sree Sm of Squares DF Mean Square F-Ratio Plu fsetween groupe 3938335 0,665657 2,200,260, Jfithin groups 32,6 50, 603704 fotal_(Corr.) ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 62Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho Bang 30 Teiple Range Tests Tor taang thal Hy na hod: 95,0 percent 180 ‘count Mean Honegeneous Groups h Py 40 x ry 43 ca I Py 48 ~ le x 44 ~ 3 0 4a 2% b Py 48 x rast Disserenoe 4 Linite h-2 23 9, 696652 h-3 9.8 9, 636682 hh -« 23 9, 69652 h-« 24 0, 636682 5 2 0, 656682 b-« 05 9, 696682 b- 5 oa 0, 656652 b-« oa 9, 696682 b-s 1 9, 636652 k-« 2 9, 656652 b-« 00 9, 636652 | cenctes « statistically significant difference, Bang 31 7h Table for waa sac by Faw analysis of Variance fsource Sum of Squares Df Mean Squire F-Ratio | P-Yalue Petween groups 2,075 30,6816 2,86 00502 renin groups: 87% 0.241667 fetal (Corr) 0,75 8 ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thee phim — Khoa Nong Nghifp va Sink Hoc Ung Dung 683Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho Bang 32 Teiple Range Tests Tor maul by ear hod 95,0 percent 150 count Maan enogeneous Grewps Bees saat Difference +f tines h-2 02 oy aasen | ceneces a statistically significant difference, Bang 33 NOVA Table for mat by mao analysis of Variance lesuree ‘Sum of Squares OF Moan Square F-Ratio P-value fsetween groups. 2875 «30,9583 208,254 Jichin groups 15,9360, 403444 potal (Cores) ee) Bang 34 Tipe Gage ats eS SS hod: 96,0 percent 190 count Maan Honegeneous Groups rast Dieterence a tins h- + oe oyeataas 23 “bys opeaiass [ cencces a otatictically significant differance. ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 64Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho Bang 35 fiidva Table for wi by mas analysis of Variance xe ‘sum of Sqiates Df ‘Mean Square F-Ratio | PHValue Between croups 02 3 0,086666 0,21, 8884 Jtchin groups 44 3% 0, 316667 total (Corr) wé 3 Bang 36 tiple Range Tete Tor wi By aa hod 95,0 percent 10 ‘count Mean oncgencous Groups Fy 38 x bE Py a4 x I 0 a x h 0 35 x rast ikference + tnits h-2 0,2 0510353 h-3 on 0510383 h-« on 0, 510393 “3 1 0510383 -4 an 0510383 | cencees a statistically significant difference Bing 37 fivova Table for trang thal By mau Analysis of Variance DE Mean Square F-Ratio | Polalue fsetween groups 0,2 3 0,0666667 0,260, 8570 Jaichin groups 34 360,261 fetal (Corr) 96 B ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thyc phim — Khoa Nong NghiGp va Sinh Hoc Ung Dung 65Lun win tt nghigp khéa 29 2008 Dai Hoe Cin Tho Bang 38 iltlple Range teste for Gang thal ya hod: 95,0 percent 150 count h 0 45 x0 ae | 0 a7 rast Difference t Linita h 3 on oases h-« 2 oy aeases a3 ovo yas -4 mn oases | cenctes a statistically significant difference. ‘Chuyén nganh cOng nghé thee phim — Khoa Nong Nghifp va Sink Hoc Ung Dung 66