NATURAL
GLOW:
Nutraceuticals for
Skin Health
Scientific validation can help move ingestible skin health products
from niche to mainstream.
By Lisa Olivo
Associate Editor
N
ourishing skin and preserv-
ing good looks isnt just about
topical treatment anymore. As
more consumers make the connection
between nutrition and external health
and beauty they are increasingly turn-
ing to dietary supplements and other
preventive care products.
The U.S. beauty market has tradi-
tionally been driven by topical skin care
products such as lotions and creams, said
Sbastien Bornet, vice president of global
sales and marketing at Geneva, Switzer-
land-based Horphag Research, the exclu-
sive worldwide supplier of Pycnogenol
French maritime pine bark extract. Re-
cently however, American consumers are
40 Nutraceuticals World
40-46SkinHealth0615.indd 40
more aware and accepting of beauty from
within. Those well-informed consumers
are seeking premium ingredients backed
by scientific evidence.
Lara Niemann, marketing director,
Americas for GELITA USA, Sergeant
Bluff, IA, also underscored the importance
of clinically proven efficacy within the
natural skin health category.With todays
consumers being better educated on the
correlation between nutrition and health,
they are also becoming more interested in
understanding how beauty-from-within
products work, she said. This means
consumers will favor products with the
greatest amount of scientific research and
substantiation to support them.
Transparency Market Research reported
sales of nutricosmeticswhich it defined
as oral nutraceuticals for skin, hair and
nailsearned $3.36 billion globally in
2013. The market is expected to grow at
a CAGR of 11.5% from 2014 to 2020 to
reach $7.16 billion in 2020.
This article in a nutshell:
Anti-Aging & Beauty
Sun Damage
Skin Conditions
Failure to Launch
Emerging Opportunities
Innovative Introductions
June 2015
5/18/15 4:30 PM
 Natural Glow: Nutraceuticals for Skin Health
Golan Raz, vice president of the health
and nutrition division at Lycored, South
Orange, NJ, suggested, We have not
scratched the surface of the ingestible skin
care market. With new ingredients and
finished products being introduced, and
further scientific research bolstering the
category, the market for ingestible skin
care is continuing to evolve.
Anti-Aging & Beauty
Turning back the hands of time is a primary
motivator for many consumers using skin
care products. Aging can affect the epider-
mis in a variety of ways, including but not
limited to loss of elasticity, wrinkles and
fine lines, loss of moisture and discolor-
ation. Numerous natural ingredients can
help troubleshoot the onslaught of issues
brought on by age, as well as prevent such
symptoms in younger users.
GELITAs Ms. Niemann described the
natural process that changes skin with age,
leading to thinning, sagging and wrin-
kling. From the age of about 30 onward,
the performance of skin cells called fibro-
blasts deteriorates and collagen synthesis
is reduced. Consequently, the skin suffers
a loss of moisture and becomes increas-
ingly dry. However, she said that healthy
lifestyle choices and good skin care could
minimize the signs of aging, leading to a
smoother, more youthful appearance.
Collagen, she explained, plays a critical
role in the maintenance of healthy skin.It
is produced in the deeper layer of the skin,
the dermis, along with elastin and pro-
teoglycans. Together, these molecules are
essential for skin elasticity and resistance.
Collagen, in particular, is what gives the
skin its firm structure.
While topical collagen is well known
for its temporary effects on wrinkle reduc-
tion, ingestible collagen provides a way for
consumers to replenish the natural supply
that depletes with age. GELITAs ingredi-
ent VERISOL is comprised of natural col-
lagen peptides that have been specifically
developed to provide the highest possible
efficacy in human skin, according to the
company. These collagen peptides, Ms.
42 Nutraceuticals World June 2015
40-46SkinHealth0615.indd 42
Bella Berrys all-natural beauty beverage in the
U.K. contains antioxidant vitamins, minerals
and collagen.
Niemann noted, have a unique amino
acid composition, which influences the
skins collagen metabolism directly from
the inside.
Recently, two clinical studies demon-
strated the effects of VERISOL on skin
elasticity and wrinkle reduction. The first
study was designed to verify the effective-
ness of VERISOL collagen peptides on
biophysical skin parameters related to cu-
taneous aging. This randomized, double-
blind, placebo-controlled trial, included 69
women aged 35-55 who received either 2.5
grams of VERISOL, 5 grams of VERISOL or
a placebo once daily for eight weeks. Each
treatment group included 23 subjects.
Skin elasticity in both VERISOL groups
showed a statistically significant improve-
ment in comparison to the placebo group
after only four weeks of treatment. In
some women, a maximum increase in skin
elasticity of up to 30% was observed after
the eight-week treatment period. Inter-
estingly, Ms. Niemann commented, the
positive impact of VERISOL treatment on
skin elasticity was more pronounced in
women aged 50 years plus. With regard
to skin moisture and skin evaporation,
the collagen peptide treatments positive
influence was also seen among this age
group.The positive effect on skin elastic-
ity was still detectable at the end of the
four-week washout phase, she added,
suggesting a long-lasting dermal physi-
ological effect.
A second study verified the efficacy of
VERISOL on wrinkle reduction and syn-
thesis of important dermal matrix compo-
nents including type I collagen, elastin and
fibrillin. In a double-blind, placebo-con-
trolled trial, 114 women aged 45-65 years
were randomized to receive 2.5 grams of
VERISOL or placebo once daily for eight
weeks. After four weeks of treatment, the
VERISOL group showed a significantly
reduced eye wrinkle volume of more than
7% on average, with more noticeable im-
provement after eight weeks. Four weeks
following supplementation, the VERISOL
group still showed a decrease in eye wrin-
kle volume by 11.5%.
Rousselot, Son, Netherlands, produces
its own collagen peptides under its Pep-
tan brand. Backed by three clinical trials,
Peptan was found to increase skin hydra-
tion by 28% after eight weeks, as well as
minimize micro-relief furrows by 26%
with supplementation during a 12-week
study. In a clinical study by France-based
COSderma, Peptan F (fish origin collagen
peptides) was shown to reduce collagen
fragmentation by 31% after 12 weeks of
supplementation, benefiting the collagen
network of the skin and contributing to an
anti-aging effect.
Another ingredient known for sup-
porting younger looking skin is meth-
ylsulfonylmethane, or MSM. MSM has
long been recognized as a beauty mineral
primarily due to its sulfur content, noted
Rodney Benjamin, director of research and
development and technical support for
Bergstrom Nutrition, Vancouver, WA.
While anecdotal evidence supports the
ingredients benefits, Mr. Benjamin sug-
gested that strong scientific evidence for
MSM has been lacking. In response, Berg-
strom Nutrition has spent the last year
performing studies on its MSM ingredient,
OptiMSM, to better substantiate its effica-
cy for personal care and ingestible nutra-
ceuticals for skin health. Recent studies,
pending publication, have suggested that
the OptiMSM brand of MSM has signifi-
cant efficacy in the area of personal care,
Mr. Benjamin said.We have recently con-
cluded studies for both oral and topical
applications that indicate significant ef-
ficacy corroborated by multiple methods
of evaluation. The depth of the evidence
compiled is quite compelling and we are
excited to be able to share details of the
5/18/15 4:30 PM

ZSS Skincare combines dietary supplements with
a topical solution to offer a synergistic
approach to beauty.
results publically in the near future.
The standardized natural extract of the
French maritime pine bark, Pycnogenol,
similarly offers benefits for both topical
and oral applications for skin care. Pyc-
nogenol has been shown to increase
skins hydration (water content), improve
In the Next Issue of
Nutraceuticals World
Herbs & Botanicals
Healthy
Beverage Trends
Flavors
www.nutraceuticalsworld.com Nutraceuticals World
40-46SkinHealth0615.indd 43
Natural Glow: Nutraceuticals for Skin Health
elasticity and selectively bind to collagen
and elastin to reduce the appearance of
fine lines and wrinkles, said Mr. Bornet
of Horphag Research.In addition, Pycno-
genol stimulates hyaluronic acid and col-
lagen production in human skin.
A 2012 study on Pycnogenol demon-
strated the extracts ability to reduce the
visible signs of aging. The clinical trial
published in the journal Skin Pharmacol-
ogy and Physiology examined 20 healthy
women ages 55-68 years, who were ad-
ministered 75 mg of Pycnogenol for 12
weeks. The participants were evaluated
at six and 12 weeks for changes in skin
hydration, skin elasticity and skin fatigue.
Additionally, at the start of the study, and
at 12 weeks, a biopsy was taken to exam-
ine gene expression of HAS-1 (Hyaluro-
nan synthase 1 enzyme) and COL1A1 and
COL1A2 (collagen type I and II proteins).
Results found that Pycnogenol increased
COL1A1 by 29%, COL1A2 by 41% and hy-
aluronic acid production by 44%. Elasticity
of the skin improved by 25%, and skin hy-
dration by 8%. Women with especially dry
skin at the start of the study saw increased
moisture by 21%. Lastly, there was a noted
decrease in skin fatigue and a reduction of
wrinkles, by 3% and 6%, respectively.
Qubec-based Fruit Dor is harness-
ing the power of its proprietary cranberry
seed oil ingredient for use in skin health
formulas and anti-aging supplements.
The company is extending the benefits of
cranberry outside of urinary tract health
with its new ingredient under the name
Cran Bella. A highly unsaturated oil, Cran
Bella consists of 85% fatty acids, with a 1:1
ratio of omega-3 to omega-6, in addition
to omega-9s. The cold-pressed extraction
process keeps the natural antioxidants
abundant in cranberry seed oil intact. The
company also noted the ingredients high
43
5/18/15 4:30 PM
 Natural Glow: Nutraceuticals for Skin Health
concentration of polyphenolsanthocya-
nins, tocopherols and tocotrienolsthat
aid in the reversal of and protection from
UV-mediated skin damage.
Sun Damage
The damaging light emitted from the sun
can wreak havoc on the skin. The most
dangerous threat is ultraviolet radiation
(UVR), which is a proven human carcino-
gen. According to a 2005 study published
in the Journal of the American Medical As-
sociation (JAMA), approximately one in
five Americans will develop skin cancer in
their lifetime. Statistics from the American
Journal of Preventive Medicine (2014) re-
ported that 5 million people in the U.S.
are treated annually for skin cancer.
While sunscreen is a well known and
important tool for protecting skin from
the sun, dietary supplements can also
offer support. In fact, some research
has suggested that topical creams alone
may not offer the full protection need-
ed; most people only apply sunscreen at
a quarter of the 2 mg per square cm that
is recommended (Journal of the Ameri-
can Academy Of Dermatology, 2010). At
this inadequate amount, someone using
an SPF 50 sunscreen will only get 25%
protection.
We leverage sunscreens during ex-
posure from the sun on vacations and
beach days to prevent skin damage,
but most sun exposure is incidental to
daily living, noted Mr. Raz of Lycored.
In fact, its estimated that 80% of lifetime
sun exposure is incidental, leaving the skin
vulnerable to damage for significant por-
tions of time (The British Journal of Der-
matology, 2007). Adding a digestible skin
care technology to the daily diet may help
to reduce molecular markers of photo-
aging, inflammation and oxidative stress.
These markers and others are directly re-
lated to skin aging, beauty, as well as sun-
light related skin diseases.
Lycoreds Lyc-O-Derm ingredient pro-
vides protection from the sun from the in-
side out, according to the company. Made
from whole fruit tomato extract and car-
44 Nutraceuticals World June 2015
40-46SkinHealth0615.indd 44
nosic acid from natural rosemary, the for-
mula is a year-round, scientifically devel-
oped, skin health promoter, which will soon
be sold under the NovaHue brand.Lyc-O-
Derm was tested in clinical trials and was
proven to enhance skin health, reduce UV
Nature Made VitaMelts Fast Melting Tablets for
hair, skin and nails contain biotin and vitamin C.
related skin damage and protect the DNA
from photo-damage, said Mr. Raz. Lyc-
O-Derm offers a dietary approach based
on UV absorption over a broad range of
wavelengths and on intracellular control of
oxidative stress, signaling and inflamma-
tion for continual whole-body, endogenous
photo-protection.
Spain-based Monteloeder has devel-
oped the ingredient NutroxSun, which
also protects the skin from the sun by
combining rosemary (Rosmarinus offici-
nalis) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) ex-
tracts. A 2014 trial published in The Journal
of Photochemistry and Photobiology supple-
mented healthy volunteers with 250 mg of
NutroxSun daily, and compared changes
in the minimal erythema dose (MED). The
MED is the threshold dose of UV that may
inhibit sunburn. Results found the supple-
ment significantly increased protection,
growing the MED 34% by day 57 and 56%
by day 85 of the trial.
Additionally, early results from a recent-
ly conducted large-scale clinical trial show
NutroxSun offers significant sun protec-
tion and anti-aging benefits. Subjects in
the trial were found to have better re-
sistance against sunburn, increased skin
elasticity, reduced skin wrinkle depths
and decreased oxidation of skin cells.
Antioxidants such as those from ma-
qui berry also help protect the skin from
sun damage, according to Annie Eng,
CEO, HP Ingredients, Bradenton, FL.
The companys Maqui Superberry of-
fers benefits for youthful skin, in addi-
tion to protection from oxidative stress,
she said. As one of the highest-ORAC
berries and fruits found in nature, ma-
qui has been shown to quench five
free radicals known to cause damage:
hyroxyl, peroxyl, peroxynitrite, singlet
oxygen and superoxide anion, as shown
through the Total ORAC Test.
Maqui Superberry is distinctive,
she continued, as it goes through our
proprietary enzyme and ultra-filtration
process to ensure its activespolyphe-
nols and anthocyanins, particularly del-
phinidin (80% of maquis anthocyanin
content)are intact. The berry shields
cells from oxidative stress from the sun,
and also has an ability to reduce inflam-
matory response, she added.
Skin Conditions
Nutraceutical solutions can also be benefi-
cial for a variety of skin conditions, ranging
from eczema, to psoriasis to general dryness.
5/18/15 4:30 PM

Horphag Research recently invested in
a study that demonstrated Pycnogenols
benefits for psoriasis, which Mr. Bornet
stated is the most prevalent autoimmune
disease in the U.S. A recent study found
the super-antioxidant effective to signifi-
cantly improve symptoms of psoriasis in-
cluding redness, skin hardening and flak-
ing without side effects,Mr. Bornet noted.
The 2014 study published in Panminerva
Medica, found that after 12 weeks of sup-
plementation Pycnogenol decreased the
area of skin affected by psoriasis by 20%
compared to standard management. Fur-
thermore, the supplement increased wa-
ter content in all areas of the skin; reduced
the need for pharmaceuticals; and sig-
nificantly reduced oxidative stress, which
plays a role in the inflammation associated
with psoriasis.
Beneficial bacteria from probiotics can
also provide support for atopic dermati-
tis, or eczema. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a
common skin condition that affects 20%
of pre-school children and about 1 in 20
adults, according to Lallemand Health So-
lutions, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
A 2010 study conducted at National
Medical University, Kiev, Ukraine, found
that the companys Lacidofil probiotic in-
gredient had a significant effect on AD se-
verity, as well as the need and duration of
pharmaceutical use in its treatment. These
results reaffirmed a previous study indi-
cating Lacidofils efficacy in reducing AD
severity and improving quality of life in-
dices in young patients and their parents.
The randomized trial evaluated 58 chil-
dren under the age of four with atopic
dermatitis and cow milk allergy. Subjects
were administered an emollient cream
and bath preparation. Additionally, 33 of
the children received a Lacidofil prepa-
ration (a combination of Lactobacillus
Rosell-11 and Lactobacillus Rosell-52, In-
stitut Rosell-Lallemand), equivalent to 2
billion probiotic bacteria, for one month
or placebo.
Findings showed the probiotic group
experienced a marked reduction in AD se-
verity, even in those participants who did
not use the steroid creams. The children
www.nutraceuticalsworld.com Nutraceuticals World
40-46SkinHealth0615.indd 45
Natural Glow: Nutraceuticals for Skin Health
who did use steroid creams reported a re-
duction in reliance on it (10% of children
used steroid cream vs. 32% in the placebo
group). Additionally, scientists found a
significant decrease in a certain subset
of activated T cells potentially associated
with AD.
Failure to Launch
While the list of ingredients indicated for
skin health is growing, the market for in-
gestible beauty formulas is still trying to
gain its footing, according to Tom Vierhile,
innovation insights director, Datamoni-
tor Consumer, New York, NY. Slumping
sales and commercial flops within the last
several years have cast some doubt on
whether ingestible beauty formulas will
every truly go mainstream.
As for the sector itself, beauty from
within is much better known for its sales
failures than its sales successes, Mr. Vier-
hile quipped. Probably the best known
failure was Nestles Glowelle product,
which was launched in September 2008
and later pulled in February 2011. You
probably could not have picked a worse
time in the last 50 years to launch a prod-
uct than right at the beginning of the
Great Recession. The product was sold
though high-end department stores like
Neiman Marcus and Bergdorf Goodman
and was pricey (bottles of the drink were
$7 apiece), but it lacked credibility to en-
courage consumers to pay that premium
and take a chance on beauty from within.
Similarly, he cited Danones Essensis
yogurt, which debuted in France in 2007
but was discontinued in early 2009. The
yogurt contained probiotic strains, antiox-
idants from green tea, omega-6 fatty acids
from borage oil and vitamin E, and claimed
benefits for beauty and skin health. Mr. Vi-
erhile suggested the products premium
price and unproven benefits contributed
to its downfall.
A more recent product offering from
LOreal and Nestle was the Inneov sup-
plement, which debuted in 2002 in Eu-
rope but was abandoned last year. The
epitaph for that effort read that Inneov
had not met the development expected by
both partners. Neither partner was able to
get the European Food Safety Authority
(EFSA) to grant it approval to make per-
formance claims that may have bolstered
the brands appeal. EFSA reportedly re-
jected a claim that it helps to improve dry
skin condition.
Emerging Opportunities
Despite some major brands faltering in
the skin health space, Mr. Vierhile still sees
some areas of significant potential. Sur-
vey results from Datamonitor Consumers
2013 global survey point to specific demo-
graphics that could pave the way for the
markets further growth.
In the survey, consumers were asked if
they would buy a food or beverage that
improves your appearance using func-
tional ingredients (e.g., collagen, vitamins),
Mr. Vierhile explained. Globally, 34% of
consumers said yes, definitely, but the
news was which groups showed the high-
est level of interest. Women are more keen
on the concept than men, and women that
choose organic foods and drinks are even
more likely to embrace the concept. Ac-
ceptance was even higher among consum-
ers under the age of 45, he noted. While
39% of women in the 35-44 year old age
group said yes, definitely they would buy
a food or drink product that improves ap-
pearance using functional ingredients, that
figure rose to 52% when the group of fe-
male respondents was restricted to those
who choose organic foods and drinks most
of the time or all of the time.
Mr. Bornet of Horphag also suggested
women of a younger age bracket are ex-
pressing more interest in products for
skin care. The market has traditionally
been driven by women above 35, he said.
However, he referenced a report from
NPD Group, Inc., Port Washington, NY,
which pointed to an increase in engage-
ment from both men and women in their
mid-20s who are looking to develop a skin
care regimen. Millennials are looking to
combat problems such as oily skin and
acne, in addition to preventing wrinkles
45
5/18/15 4:30 PM
 Natural Glow: Nutraceuticals for Skin Health
and skin damage from the sun, according
to NPD Group.
Mai Nygaard, global director of Peptan
for Rousselot, also observed this younger
audience tuning in to the skin health mes-
sage.Whats interesting, she said,is that
we now see a trend where nutricosmetics
are starting to be used more and more by
younger people in their 20s and 30s, be-
cause they want to prevent skin aging. This
is actually a trend that was established in
Asia many years ago. In fact, Japanese
women have always been taking supple-
ments since they were really young.
She added that while the nutricosmetic
audience consists mainly of women, some
men are beginning to express interest in
the category as well. For example, Rous-
selots collagen peptides were included in
Active Gold Collagen, a nutraceutical shot
for men. The inclusion of Peptan allowed
the marketers to position the product for
skin health, in addition to supporting car-
tilage production and exercise recovery.
Innovative Introductions
In spite of the shaky track record consum-
able beauty products have had in recent
years, interesting offerings are still making
their way to store shelves. Many of the new
introductions are playing to the aforemen-
tioned consumer trends and preferences.
For example, ZSS Skincare is a combi-
nation of supplements comprised of natu-
ral ingredients paired with a synergistic
topical solution. The line features Radiant
Skin Method No. 1, which promotes anti-
aging and protection from environmental
and sun damage on the skin, with ingredi-
ents such as zeaxanthin, alpha lipoic acid,
seabuckthorn fruit oil and gotu kola seed.
Clear Skin Method No. 2 formula is de-
signed to reduce redness, blemishes, pore
visibility and health, and overall radiance
and tone. The combination topical and
supplement system includes zeaxanthin,
probiotics and marine lipids.
Additionally, ZSS recently unveiled
a study demonstrating the efficacy of
its Clear Skin Method No. 2 formula. A
randomized, controlled evaluation of 52
46 Nutraceuticals World June 2015
40-46SkinHealth0615.indd 46
subjects compared the use of the serum
and supplements, alone or in combina-
tion, against placebo. At two weeks, par-
ticipants reported improved moisture and
hydration; and at four weeks there was a
reduction in blemishes. At six weeks there ments and meal replacements as a perfect
was an improvement in overall appear-
ance, texture/smoothness and the appear-
ance of pores. At eight weeks, participants
saw improvement in glow and radiance,
complexion health, appearance of lines
and wrinkles, and skin tone, as well as a
statistically significant improvement in
texture/smoothness. Week 12 showed im-
provement in the appearance of spots, as
well as a statistically significant improve-
ment in glow/radiance, texture/smooth-
ness, and the appearance of skin tone.
Innovative delivery formats also offer
appeal to consumers. Mr. Vierhile pointed
to a new confectionery style supplement
Lotte B Can Candy that contains hyal-
uronic acid and is sold in a plastic tube
that looks like a container of lotion. Avail-
able in Japan, Mr. Vierhile explained, The
idea with the package is to make taking
the product more discreet while at the
same time encouraging the consumer to
make the connection that the product en-
hances skin health.
Drinks, melting tablets (e.g., Nature
Made VitaMelts) and gummies are other
relatively new formats that are trending,
Mr. Vierhile added. Melting tablets may
be the most unique of the bunch, but most
have been around for a while. The gummy
format, for one, is not that new, but is defi-
nitely gaining momentum.
Nature Made VitaMelts Fast Melting
Supplement Tablets debuted in a Hair-
Skin-Nails variant in the U.S., featuring
a strawberry lemonade flavor. The melts
include biotin and vitamin C, and are for-
mulated to support healthy hair, skin and
nails and are made with naturally derived
colors. The free from claims, in addition
to a convenient delivery alternative for
those suffering from pill fatigue make
the supplement an innovative alternative,
said Mr. Vierhile.
Tim Hammond, vice president of sales
and marketing for Bergstrom, suggested
that versatility is essential in this market.
When launching new products it seems
that multiple delivery formats have the
most potential, he said. Take the recent
success of Vega powders, drinks, supple-
example. The delivery format needs to be
easy to use. It is the consumer that drives
the delivery, not the brand. He also noted
the company is considering incorporat-
ing OptiMSM into topical applications, as
well as the combined benefits of both an
oral and topical regimen.
While many beauty from within prod-
ucts are currently in the form of tablets
or powders, GELITA is working together
with the industry in ready-to-drink for-
mulations as well as gummy delivery, both
of which lend themselves well to promot-
ing consumer compliance due to portabil-
ity and convenience,noted Ms. Niemann.
The companys collagen ingredient has
been featured in a variety of beauty for-
mulas, including Reservage Collagen Re-
plenish powder and soft chews; Swanson
Beauty Drink in stick packs; as well as
BBGlo Skin Rejuvenation Collagen Drink,
among others.
London-based Bella Berry has devel-
oped a beauty drink line in the U.K. that
is said to be the worlds first yummy col-
lagen drink, Mr. Vierhile noted. He sug-
gested that this approachable introduction
is a step in the right direction if ingestible
beauty products want to attract a substan-
tial audience. The idea is to promote the
product as something that can be used to
replace a soft drink or a bottle of water. Im
also bullish on innovation coming out of
the fresh juice market, as there seems to
be quite a bit of innovation there, includ-
ing green drinks with green, leafy vegeta-
bles like spinach that support skin health.
Despite the new and exciting product
offerings popping up internationally, Mr.
Vierhile believes more science is needed to
further substantiate ingestible skin health
products, in order for them to truly go
mainstream. Until that changes, ingest-
ible skin health is likely a niche market,
though one with promise and innovation
potential. NW
5/18/15 4:30 PM
Copyright of Nutraceuticals World is the property of Rodman Publishing and its content may
not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's
express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for
individual use.