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RMXPRT Manual PDF
RMXPRT Manual PDF
Contents-1
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Contents-2
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Contents-3
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1
Getting Started with RMxprt
Rotational Machine Expert (RMxprt) is an interactive software package used for designing and
analyzing electrical machines.
Using RMxprt, you can simulate and analyze the following types of machines:
Three-phase and single-phase induction motors.
Three-phase synchronous motors and generators.
Brushless permanent-magnet DC motors.
Adjust-speed synchronous motors and generators.
Permanent-magnet DC motors.
Switched reluctance motors.
Line-start permanent-magnet synchronous motors.
Universal motors.
General DC motors and generators.
Claw-pole alternators.
When you start a new model in RMxprt, you first select one of the above motor or generator types.
You then enter the parameters associated with that machine type in each RMxprt Properties win-
dow. The properties windows are accessed by clicking each of the machine elements (for example,
stator, rotor, shaft) under Machine in the project tree. General options are available directly at the
Machine level of the project tree. Solution and output options (such as the rated output power) are
set when you add a solution setup (by right-clicking Analysis in the project tree).
Related Topics:
The RMxprt Desktop
RMxprt Commands
Setting Up A Machine Model
Creating a New RMxprt Project
Getting Started with RMxprt 1-1
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2. Use the file browser to find the directory where you want to save the file.
3. Type the name of the file in the File name box.
By default, all files will have the .mxwl extension.
4. Click Save.
RMxprt saves the project to the location you specified.
Related Topics
Saving the Active Project
Saving a Copy of a Project
Saving the Active RMxprt Project
Click File>Save.
RMxprt saves the project over the existing one.
Warning Be sure to save machine models periodically. Saving frequently helps prevent the
loss of your work if a problem occurs. Although RMxprt has an "auto-save" feature,
it may not automatically save frequently enough for your needs.
Related Topics
Saving a New Project
Saving a Copy of a Project
Saving a Copy of an RMxprt Project
To save an existing, active project with a new name, a different file extension, or to a new location:
1. Click File>Save As.
2. Use the file browser to find the directory where you want to save the file.
3. Type the name of the file in the File name box.
4. Click Save.
RMxprt saves the project with the new name or file extension to the location you specified.
Related Topics
Saving a New Project
Saving the Active Project
Saving RMxprt Project Data Automatically
RMxprt stores recent actions you performed on the active project in an auto-save file in case a sud-
den workstation crash or other unexpected problem occurs. The auto-save file is stored in the same
directory as the project file and is named Projectn.rmpt.auto by default, where n is the order in
which the project was added to the current session. RMxprt automatically saves all data for the
project to the auto-save file, except solution data. By default, RMxprt automatically saves project
data after every ten edits. An "edit" is any action you perform that changes data in the project or the
design, including actions associated with project management, model creation, and solution analy-
sis.
With auto-save activated, after a problem occurs, you can choose to re-open the original
project file (Projectn.rmpt) in an effort to recover the solution data or to open the auto-save file.
To modify the auto-save settings:
1. Click Tools>Options>General Options.
The Options dialog box appears.
2. Under the Project Options tab, verify that Do Autosave is selected.
This option is selected by default.
3. In the Autosave interval box, enter the number of edits that you want to occur between
automatic saves. By default, this option is set at 10.
Note Auto-save always increments forward; therefore, even when you undo a command,
RMxprt counts it as an edit.
Warning When you close or rename a project, RMxprt deletes the auto-save file. RMxprt
assumes that you have saved any desired changes at this point.
Related Topics
Recovering Project Data in an Auto-Save File
Recovering RMxprt Project Data in an Auto-Save File
Following a sudden workstation crash or other unexpected problem, you can recover the project
data in its auto-save file.
Warning When you recover a project's auto-save file you cannot recover any solutions data;
recovering an auto-save file means you will lose any solutions data that existed in
the original project file.
Warning If you choose to recover the auto-save file, you cannot recover the original project
file that has been overwritten; recovering data in an auto-save file is not reversible.
Related Topics
Saving Project Data Automatically
RMxprt Files
When you create any project in the Maxwell desktop, including an RMxprt project, it is given a
.mxwl file extension and stored in the directory you specify. Any files related to that project are
also stored in that directory.
Some common file and folder types are listed below:
.mxwl Maxwell or RMxprt project.
project_name.mxwlresults Folder containing results data for a project.
design_name.results Folder containing results data for a design. This folder is stored in
the project_name.mxwlresults folder.
design_name.asol Results data for a design. This file's contents may be empty if a
solution is unavailable. This file is stored in the
project_name.mxwlresults folder.
To move back and forth between windows, select the Windows menu, and select the window you
want to view.
Related Topics
Getting Help
Note Most of the commands on the shortcut menus are also available on the menu bar.
Hint To modify the toolbars on the desktop, click Tools>Customize. To display all toolbar
buttons, click the Reset All button in the Customize window.
Note You cannot undo an analysis that you have performed on a model, that is, the
RMxprt>Analyze command.
2. Click Edit>Undo.
Your last action is now undone.
Note When you save a project, RMxprt always clears the entire undo/redo history for the
project and its designs.
Related Topics
Redoing Commands
Redoing RMxprt Commands
Use the Redo command on the Edit menu to reapply, or redo, the last action that was canceled, or
undone. You can redo a canceled action related to project management, model creation, and post-
processing.
1. In the Project Manager window, do one of the following:
To redo the last action you canceled on the active project, such as inserting a design or
adding project variables, click the project icon.
To redo the last action you canceled on the active design, such as drawing an object or
deleting a field overlay plot, click the design icon.
2. Click Edit>Redo.
Note When you save a project, RMxprt always clears the entire undo/redo history for the
project and its designs.
Related Topics
Undoing Commands
Printing in RMxprt
Setting the Window View
To fit the entire diagram in the window:
Click View>Fit All.
To zoom into the diagram in the window:
Click View>Zoom In.
To zoom out of the diagram in the window:
Click View>Zoom Out.
Printing in RMxprt
The printing commands enable you to print the display in the active window.
To print the project:
1. Click File>Print.
The Print dialog box appears.
2. You can change the print quality (a higher dpi produces a higher quality print but takes more
time and printer memory), or you can send the output to a .prn file.
3. Do one of the following:
Click OK to print the project.
Click Cancel to dismiss the window without printing.
Click Properties to define printer settings.
To copy messages:
1. Right-click in the Message Manager.
A pop-up appears.
2. Click Copy messages to clipboard.
This closes the window and inserts the Brushless Permanent Magnet DC Motor design in the
project.
Continue to Part 3 of the example to Input Design Data.
RMxprt Example Part 3: Input Design Data
In this part of the example, you provide values for the design and for various parts.
1. Click the + symbol by the RMxprt:Designn icon in the project tree to view the design hierar-
chy.
This displays the Machine Icon.
2. Double-click the icon to view the Machine Properties window.
Set the values as indicated below.
Machine Type Brushless Permanent Magnet DC Motor
Number of Poles Set this to 4
Rotor Position Set to Inner
Frictional Loss Set this to 11 (Frictional and wind loss is typically within the range of
1%~3% of the rated output power, in this example, 2% is estimated.) This
value is referred to the given Reference Speed. The frictional loss at the
computed rated speed will be modified if the computed rated speed is
different from the given rated speed.
Wind Loss 0
Reference Speed Set this to 1500
Control Type DC
Circuit Type Set this to C2.
Click the button to display the Select Circuit Type window.
End Adjustment Set this to 0 for the linear overhang of the end part of the coil
out of the iron core as shown below. In this example, the coil
turns immediately at the slot opening, therefore input 0.
Steel Type Select M19-24 for the brand of the silicon-steel sheet for the rotor. In this
example, the laminations are punched together on the same sheet; therefore,
the brands of the silicon-steel sheet and the stacking factors are the same for
the stator and the rotor.
Stacking Factor Input 0.95.
Pole Type Select 1. Click on the button on the Pole Type field to display the Select
Pole Type window.
Embrace Input 0.7. Embrace of the rotor represents the ratio of the rotor central angle
corresponding to the arc length along the rotor surface of an arched
permanent-magnetic piece to the rotor central angle corresponding to a rotor
pole. In a four pole machine with Embrace, 1, each arched permanent-
magnetic piece covers 90 mechanical degrees along the rotor surface.
Similarly, Embrace 0.667 means 60 mechanical degrees of the coverage of
the magnet as shown in the figure.
Offset Input 0. The arched permanent-magnetic pieces to form the magnets of the
rotor might not be concentric with the rotor as shown in the figure. In the
electric machines with non-uniform air-gap, there exists an offset between
the two centers. RMxprt terms it as Pole Arc Offset. This example uses
uniform air-gap; therefore, the offset is set to 0.
Magnet Type Select XG196/96. This permanent-magnetic steel possesses residual flux
density 0.96 Tesla, coercive force 690 kA/m, maximum magnetic energy
product 183 kJ/m3, and relative recoil magnetic permeability 1.0.
Magnet Thickness Input 3.5 for the thickness of the permanent-magnetic steel.
the wire gauge is selected in the input, RMxprt calculates the following data:
Wire Diameter 0.8118 for the diameter of the electromagnetic wire.
(mm):
Wire Wrap 0 for the insulation thickness of the electromagnetic wire. Because input
Thickness (mm): wire wrap is 0, RMxprt picks it up from the selected wire library
(American wire), but it still 0 based on the wire wrap data in the library.
Stator Slot Fill 61.4557.
Factor (%):
The electromagnetic wire with Wire Diameter of 0.8118 is equivalent to AWG 20. Stator
Slot Fill Factor represents the percentage of occupation of the slot area, i.e. the ratio of the
total square sectional area of wires (including Wire Wrap Thickness) in a slot to the total slot
area less the slot insulation.
a. Now that Wire Diameter of the electromagnetic wire is calculated by RMxprt, you can
open the Winding Properties window and specify the value.
b. For Wire Size, open the Wire Size selection window, select 0.8118 for the electromag-
netic wire diameter, which corresponds to 20 for the wire gauge.
c. In the slot Wire Wrap field, input 0.08 for the insulation thickness of the electromagnetic
wire.
d. Click OK to close the properties window.
e. Click RMxprt>Analyze All.
After the second analysis is completed, click RMxprt>Results>Solution Data to view the
effect of Wire Wrap Thickness of the electromagnetic wire on Stator Slot Fill Factor.
Wire Diameter 0.8118.
(mm):
Wire Wrap 0.08.
Thickness (mm):
Stator Slot Fill 74.165.
Factor (%):
3. In the Solutions window, change the Data selection to Rotor Data.
The Rotor data is displayed.
Here most of the data is the same as input in the Rotor Pole properties window. The only dif-
ference is that the Pole Arc radius replaces Pole Arc Offset and, in addition to Mechanical
Pole Embrace which is input based on the physical geometry, Electrical Pole Embrace is
also given. Electrical Pole Embrace is calculated by the ratio of the average magnetic flux
density to the maximum magnetic flux density according to the magnetic flux density distribu-
tion along the air-gap.
4. In the Solutions window, change the Data selection to Permanent Magnet.
This part displays the characteristic data of the permanent magnets as well as the Demagnetiza-
tion Flux density, the Recoil Residual Flux density and Recoil Coercive Force of the recoil line
based on the demagnetization flux density, which are used for finite element analysis when a
linear PM characteristics must be specified.
5. In the Solutions window, change the Data selection to Steady State Parameters.
This part displays the stator winding factor, direct- and the quadratic-axis inductances, the
leakage inductance, the resistance of the phase winding, the direct- and the quadratic-axis time
constants, the ideal torque constant KT and the ideal back emf constant KE.
6. In the Solutions window, change the Data selection to No-Load Operation.
This part displays the magnetic flux densities in the teeth and the yoke of the stator, and the
yoke of the rotor. The maximum value among the three magnetic flux densities is 1.52 Tesla,
which locates at the knee part of the B-H curve, below the saturation situation.
The mmfs of the teeth and the yoke of the stator, the air-gap, the yoke and the permanent mag-
net of the rotor are given respectively for half magnetic reluctance path.
The armature reaction mmf due to the armature current is referred to the demagnetization mmf.
The magnetic flux leakage coefficient takes into account the part of the magnetic flux in the
rotor not linking with the stator. The correction factors for the yoke lengths of the stator and
the rotor to calculate the yoke mmfs of the stator and the rotor are also given here.
The no-load revolution speed of this machine is equal to 2001 rpm.
7. In the Solutions window, change the Data selection to Full Load Operation.
At Rated Output Power (kW): 0.550, the following characteristic parameters of the machine
are calculated as:
Parameters Calculated Values Units
Average Input Current 2.93 A
(of input current waveform in one voltage period)
RMS Armature Current 2.45 A
(of phase current waveform in one voltage
period)
Armature Thermal Load 70.88 A2/mm3
(product of Specific Electric Loading and )
Armature Current Density
Specific Electric Load 14.97 A/mm
(stator current distribution per circumferential
length along air-gap)
Armature Current Density 4.73 A/mm2
(through cross-sectional area of stator wire)
An RMxprt project is a folder that includes one or more models, or designs. Each design ultimately
includes a geometric model, material assignments, and field solution and post-processing informa-
tion.
A new project called Projectn is automatically created when the software is launched, where n is a
number. You can also open a new project by clicking File>New. In general, use the File menu
commands to manage projects. If you move or change the names of files without using these com-
mands, the software may not be able to find information necessary to solve the model.
Note RMxprt will treat materials with conductivity greater than 10,000 as conductors, and
materials with Permeability greater than 100 as steels.
4. If you want these values to be the default, change the values by clicking the
Tools>Options>RMxprt Options menu and setting the material thresholds in the RMxprt
Options dialog.
5. Click OK.
Related Topics
Setting RMxprt Options
Note These options may also be set on the Export Options tab of the RMxprt Options dialog
box. Using the Tools>Options>RMxprt Options command changes the default for the
current design and all future designs.
You may also set the default Design Sheet for use with RMxprt by entering the path and filename
or by browsing to the Excel file using the ellipsis button.
Related Topics
Generating a Custom Design Sheet for RMxprt
Setting User Defined Data File for a Design
RMxprt allows a user to define some design data in a text file which can be created by a text editor,
instead of by RMxprt UI, for the following special circumstances:
Some special requests from a user which are not necessary to be added to RMxprt UI;
Some common requests from users which have been implemented in RMxprt solver, but have
not been added in RMxprt UI.
When a user's requests have been implemented in an RMxprt solver but have not been added in
RMxprt UI, the updated solver and the required file format for user defined data will be sent to the
user. To use the feature of user defined data, the user must first edit the data file using a text editor
2-4 Setting Up RMxprt Projects
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according to the format provided. Then, select RMxprt>Design Settings to display the Design Set-
tings dialog.
1. Select the User Defined Data tab.
2. Click the Enable checkbox to enable the use of User Defined Data.
3. User Defined Data may be entered directly into the text box. Click in the box and enter the data
entries desired.
4. Alternatively, click Import File to import user defined data from an external file.
5. Browse to the directory containing the file.
6. Select the user defined data file which will be displayed in File name box.
7. Click Open to confirm the selection.
8. The file contents will be imported into the text box. Click OK to complete the setup.
User Defined Data is save in the design file. Changes to User Defined Data will cause existing
solutions to become invalid.
Note Setting the material thresholds under Tools>Options impacts the default setting for the
current and all future projects/designs. To change the material threshold for the current
design only, use the RMxprt>Design Settings command and change the material
thresholds on the Set Material Thresholds tab.
Note When you enable the Save before solving setting, the project is only saved if it has been
modified since its last save.
gauge with the ratio B/A between the wide and the narrow sides satisfying the condition
(B/A) max > B / A > (B/A) min appear in the table Rectangular Wire Data.
Skip One for Consideration of Priority Factors
Select the radio button Skip One on the right to Type of Wire-Data Table and then click
the command button Calculate in the window Wire Data, all the sectional areas of wire
gauge with the ratio B/A between the wide and the narrow sides satisfying the condition
(B/A) max > B / A > (B/A) min appear in three different modes in the table Rectangular
Wire Data.
At the cross of the odd columns and the odd rows, the sectional areas appear in black
numbers (recommended to use).
At the cross of the odd columns and the even rows or the even columns and the odd
rows, the sectional areas appear in blue numbers (rarely used).
At the cross of the even columns and the even rows, the sectional areas do not show
(generally not used).
This is convenient for users to use recommended wire gauge according to R20 Priority
Number Series.
4. Optionally, to add new rows or columns for the wire, click Add Row or Add Column.
5. Optionally, click Import to import wire data from a file.
6. Optionally, click Export to export the data you entered to a file.
7. When you are finished, click Save to save the data, and click Close to close the window.
Related Topic
Specifying the Machine Option for Wire Setting
Setting Export Options
To set export options for the project:
1. Click RMxprt>Set Export Options.
3. For the selected field, enter values in any enabled text boxes.
4. For the Design Sheet, type a file name in the Excel Template text box.
You can also click the ... button to find and select a file.
5. Click OK.
Edit AC Windings
RMxprt can automatically arrange almost all commonly used single- or double-layer poly-phase ac
windings provided all coils have the same number of turns. Users do not need to define coils one by
one. For a double-layer winding, RMxprt can also handle the coils with half turns which are
arranged in the order of even, odd, even, odd, , as long as it is physically possible.
RMxprt also provides a very flexible tool Winding Editor in order for the users to design a variety
of special winding types according to their own needs, such as compound single- and double-layer
winding, big- and small-phase-spread variable-pole multiple-speed winding, sine-wave three-phase
winding, and so forth. The Winding Editor is available to the following types of electric machines:
1.Three-phase induction motors
2.Single-phase induction motors
3.Three-phase synchronous motors and generators
4.Line-start permanent-magnet synchronous motors
5.Claw-pole alternators
6.Adjustable-speed permanent-magnet synchronous motors and generators
7.Brushless permanent-magnet DC motors
When you edit the AC winding of a new design for the first time, RMxprt creates a default winding
arrangement based on the basic winding specifications: Number of Phases, Number of Poles,
Number of Slots, Winding Layers, Conductors per Slot, and Coil Pitch. Then you can edit the
winding configuration based on the default arrangement.
Enable Winding Editor
Setting the Winding Type property to Editor enables the command Machine>Edit Layout on the
menu bar.
To display the dialog box Winding Editor:
1. Select Winding in the Project Tree. In the Properties window, set the Winding Type Value to
Editor. To do this, click on the button Winding Type Value to display the Winding Type
Editor displays a shortcut menu where you may also select Edit Layout.
as shown:
2. To remove the connections in the graphical display in the Machine Editor window, select
Machine>Winding>Disconnect All Coils.
3. Winding connections may also be viewed by shortcut menu. Right-click on the winding lay-
out section of the Machine Editor window, a shortcut menu pops up. Select Connect All Coils
or Disconnect All Coils to toggle the coils display on or off.
If you right click on a slot layer, commands related to that slot layer will be enabled, and you
will be able to view or hide only one coil or one phase connection related to the slot layer. You
may copy the connection drawing to clipboard from the shortcut menu as well.
Related Topics
Setting up an Optimetrics Analysis
Adding a Project Variable in RMxprt
A project variable can be assigned to a parameter value in the RMxprt project in which it was cre-
ated. RMxprt differentiates project variables from other types of variables by prefixing the variable
name with the following symbol: $. You can manually include the symbol $ in the project vari-
able's name when you create it, or RMxprt will automatically append the project variable's name
with the symbol after you define the variable.
1. Click Project>Project Variables.
Alternatively, right-click the project name in the project tree, and then click Project Vari-
ables on the shortcut menu.
The Properties dialog box appears.
2. Under the Project Variables tab, click Add.
The Add Property dialog box appears.
3. In the Name box, type the name of the variable.
Project variable names must start with the symbol $ followed by a letter. Variable names may
include alphanumeric characters and underscores ( _ ). The names of intrinsic functions and
the pre-defined constant pi () cannot be used as variable names.
4. In the Value box, type the quantity that the variable represents. Optionally, include the units of
measurement.
Warning If you include the variable's units in its definition (in the Value box), do not include
the variable's units when you enter the variable name for a parameter value.
Note If you include the variable's units in its definition (in the Value box), do not include the
variable's units when you enter the variable name for a parameter value.
* multiplication 5
/ division 5
+ addition 6
- subtraction 6
== equals 7
!= not equals 7
> greater than 7
< less than 7
>= greater than or equal to 7
<= less than or equal to 7
&& logic and 8
|| logic or 8
Note If you do not specify units, all trigonometric functions interpret their arguments as
radians. Likewise, inverse trigonometric functions' return values are in given in radians.
When the argument to a trigonometric expression is a variable, the units are assumed to
be radians. If you want values interpreted in degrees, supply the argument with the unit
name deg.
5. For the variable you want to include in the statistical analysis, select Include.
The selected variable is now available for statistical analysis in a statistical setup defined in the
current design or project.
6. Optionally, override the distribution criteria that Optimetrics will use for the variable in every
statistical analysis.
7. Click OK.
Related Topics
Setting up a Statistical Analysis
RMxprt contains a library of standard wire sizes for use in machine designs. These wire gauge
specifications are based on widely used standards currently available in industry.
These files are stored in the file folder <Library Directory>/syslib, where <Library Directory>
is set via Tools>Options>General Options>Project Options.
Note The new wire setting does not affect all existing designs, but affects all designs inserted
later. Wire specification library is saved with each design.
Hint To modify the wire specification library saved in an existing design, double click the
design to active its Machine Editor window, click Machine>Wire, modify wire data or
Import a wire specification library file, and Save wire data to the design.
Note Changing the unit system is only for specifying input data unit, not for transferring data
between two unit systems.
There are two tabs Round and Rectangle in the dialog box Edit Wire Data for editing two wire
shapes.
You can edit the wire data in the spreadsheet by doing the following:
1. Directly modify the wire data.
2. Add new rows for the wire by clicking Add Row.
3. Delete rows for the wire by clicking Delete Row.
For Consideration of Priority Factors. Click the command button Calculate in the dialog
box Edit Wire Data, all the sectional areas of wire gauge with the ratio B/A between the
wide and the narrow sides satisfying the condition (B/A) max > B / A > (B/A) min appear
in three different modes in the spread sheet.
1. At the cross of the odd columns and the odd rows, the sectional areas appear in black
numbers (recommended to use).
2. At the cross of the odd columns and the even rows or the even columns and the odd
rows, the sectional areas appear in blue numbers (rarely used).
3. At the cross of the even columns and the even rows, the sectional areas do not show
(generally not used).
This is convenient for users to use recommended wire gauge according to R20 Priority Number
Series.
Wire Sides
You can edit the wire data in the spread sheet:
1. Directly modify the wire data.
2. Add new rows or columns for the wire, click Add Row or Add Column.
3. Delete rows or columns for the wire, click Delete Row or Delete Column.
Export/Import Wire Data
After editing, you can export the wire data to a file:
1. Click Export, the Export File dialog box appears.
The default directory for an exported wire data file is userlib.
2. Provide the file name to export in the File name: edit box and use the default file type
Wire Size File (*.wir).
3. Click OK to return to the Edit Wire Data dialog box.
Before editing, you can import the wire data from a file:
1. Click Import, the Import File dialog box appears.
2. Provide the file name to import in the File name: edit box (or by browsing) and use the
default file type Wire Size File (*.wir).
3. Click OK to return to the Edit Wire Data dialog box.
Save Wire Data
1. During editing, you can save the wire data you entered by clicking Save.
2. When you finish editing, click Close to close the Edit Wire Data dialog box.
Note Save wire data only updates the wire data in the active design.
RMxprt shares many common functions related to materials and material handling with
Maxwell3D and Maxwell2D. For general topics such as, Assigning Materials, Searching for Mate-
rials, Adding New Materials, and Viewing and Modifying Material Attributes, see the topics in
Maxwell help under Assigning Materials.
RMxprt includes a material library containing common materials used in motor design. However,
this library needs to be configured so that it is automatically loaded for any new RMxprt design.
Once the library is configured, you can add, remove, and edit RMxprt materials in two main ways:
Using the Tools>Edit Configured Libraries>Materials menu command.
Right-clicking Materials in the project tree and selecting Edit All Libraries.
Editing definitions from the project window does not modify the configured libraries for any partic-
ular design. To consider the current design, use the Tools>Edit Configured Libraries option.
Doing so ensures that new libraries are added to the configured list for the current design. If you
edit materials from this command for the current and then export them, they will also be available
to assign to objects in other designs.
Related Topics:
Configuring Design Libraries
Material Library Management for RMxprt
Soft-Magnetic Materials
The stator and the rotor iron cores in the electric machine are generally laminated with punched
sheets of nonlinear soft-magnetic silicon steel. Some special types of electric machines, such as
moment motor, turbo-generator etc., use integrated solid rotor iron core of soft-magnetic material.
For magnetic field analysis and core loss analysis of the electric machine, the magnetization char-
acteristics (B-H Curve) and the loss characteristics (B-P Curve) of the iron-core material must be
defined. The dialogue boxes to do so are accessed from the View/Edit Material window, which, in
turn is accessed from the Edit Libraries window. Access to the window for editing the B-H curve
is enabled when you set the Magnetic Permeability value to nonlinear (rather than simple or Aniso-
tropic). When you set the value to nonlinear, the value field changes to a B-H Curve button. Click
the B-H curve button to open the window.
For the loss characteristics (B-P Curve), you first set the Core Loss Type of the material to Elec-
trical Steel (rather than None or Power Ferrite) as a material property in the View/Edit Material
window. When you do so, this enables the Calculate Properties selection for drop down at the bot-
tom of the window. Select Core Loss Coefficient from the drop down menu to open the B-P Curve
window.
Related Topics:
Adding New Materials to an RMxprt Project
Setting the Material Threshold for RMxprt
Assigning Materials
Removing Materials
Validating Materials
Sorting Materials
Viewing and Modifying Material Attributes
Copying Materials
Exporting Materials to a Library
Calculating Properties for Core Loss in RMxprt (BP Curve)
5. In the Properties of the Material table, specify the Type and the Value for the following
material properties, displayed when Active Design is selected:
Relative Permeability.
Bulk Conductivity
Magnetic Coercivity (including the Magnitude of the vector)
Core Loss Type - type selections for this property may enable access to coefficient calcu-
lation windows, and enable additional properties.
Mass Density
If you select This Product, additional fields are displayed.
Relative Permittivity
Dielectric Loss Tangent
Magnetic Loss Tangent
Composition
6. Optionally, change the Units for any of the properties.
7. Click Validate Material to verify the settings you have specified are valid for the existing
properties.
If the material setup is valid, a green check mark appears below the Validate Material button.
8. Click OK to save the new material.
The Edit Libraries dialog box reappears, with the new material added to the list of materials.
9. Click OK to close the Edit Libraries dialog box.
Relative Permittivity for RMxprt Material
Specify the following for Relative Permittivity. and specify the units.
Type Value
Simple Type a value for the Relative Permittivity.
Anisotropic The following two parameters appear:
T(1,1)
T(2,2)
Type a simple value for each.
Note This property is not used in RMxprt design analysis, but it will be transferred to Maxwell
3D Design automatically when the design is created by RMxprt.
Type Value
Simple Type a value for the Relative Permeability.
Anisotropic The following two parameters appear:
T(1,1)
T(2,2)
You can also selection a Simple or Nonlinear type for each of these
parameters.
Nonlinear Click BH Curve, and specify the coordinates for the BH-curve in the
B-H Window.
Type Value
Simple Type a value for the Bulk Conductivity.
Anisotropic The following two parameters appear:
T(1,1)
T(2,2)
You can specify a Simple or Nonlinear type for each of these
parameters.
Type Value
Simple Type a value for the Bulk Conductivity.
Anisotropic The following two parameters appear:
T(1,1)
T(2,2)
Type a simple value for each.
Note This property is not used in RMxprt design analysis, but it will be transferred to Maxwell
3D Design automatically when the design is created by RMxprt.
Note This property is not used in RMxprt design analysis, but it will be transferred to Maxwell
3D Design automatically when the design is created by RMxprt.
Type Value
Vector Appears by default. You also need to type a Value for the
Magnitude.
Name Value
Note The accuracy in inputting the data for B-P Curve for the electrical steel material has
significant effect on the correctness of the analyses to the electromagnetic characteristics
of the electric machine. You should input the data for B-P Curve according to the
accurate data provided by the manufacturers of materials.
3. Select the units in which the B-P curve is measured from the Core Loss Unit pull-down list.
4. Type values and select units for the following:
Mass Density
Frequency
Thickness
Conductivity
The following parameters are dynamically updated with both the specified unit and the stan-
dard unit (w/m^3) as the input data changes.
Kh -Hysteresis
Kc - Classical Eddy
Ke - Excess
5. Click OK.
The View/Edit Material dialog box reappears. The property values fro Kh, Kc, and Ke are
updated as new default values.
Computation of Core Loss from a Single-Frequency Loss Curve
The principles of the computation algorithm are summarized as follows.
The iron-core loss is expressed as:
pv = ph + pc + pe
2 1.5
= K1 Bm + K2 Bm
2
K1 = kh f + Kc f
1.5
K2 = ke f
The classical eddy-current loss coefficient is calculated directly as
2
2 d
k c = ------
where is the conductivity and d is the thickness of one lamination sheets.
Minimize the quadratic form to obtain K1 and K2.
2 1.5 2
err ( K 1, K 2 ) = p vi K 1 B mi + K 2 B mi = min
i
where Pvi , Bmi the i-th point of the data on the loss characteristics curve.
The other two loss coefficients are obtained as
2
K1 kc f 0
k h = ---------------------------
f
0
K2
k e = ------------
1.5
f 0
2. Using the Edit area, Add frequency points at which a dataset is available for the Core Loss.
3. For each Dataset added, click the Edit Dataset button to launch the Edit Dataset dialog.
4. Add Dataset information for the frequency by manually entering the data or importing the data
from a table. Click OK to accept the dataset and return to the Core Loss versus Frequency
dialog. Continue adding dataset information until all frequencies have datasets defined.
5. Click OK when all frequencies have valid data to complete the core loss calculation and return
to the View/Edit Material dialog.
Computation of Core Loss from Multi-Frequency Loss Curves
The principles of the computation algorithm are summarized as follows.
The iron-core loss is expressed as:
pv = ph + pc + pe
2 2 1.5
= k h fB m + k c ( fB m ) + k e ( fB m )
2. Using the Edit area, Add frequency points at which a dataset is available for the Core Loss.
3. For each Dataset added, click the Edit Dataset button to launch the Edit Dataset dialog.
4. Add Dataset information for the frequency by manually entering the data or importing the data
from a table. Click OK to accept the dataset and return to the Core Loss versus Frequency
dialog. Continue adding dataset information until all frequencies have datasets defined.
5. Click OK when all frequencies have valid data to complete the core loss calculation and return
to the View/Edit Material dialog.
Computation of Power Ferrite Core Loss from Loss Curves
The principles of the computation algorithm are summarized as follows.
The iron-core loss is expressed as:
x y
p v = Cm f B m
or
where
c = log ( C m )
Minimize the quadratic form to obtain c, x and y.
m ni
2
err ( c, x, y ) = [ log ( p vij ) ( c + x log ( f i ) + y log ( B mij ) ) ] = min
i = 1j = 1
where m - the number of loss curves, ni - the number of points of the i-th loss curve, and
Pvij = f(fi , Bmij) - two dimensional lookup table for multi-frequency loss curves. Then Cm is calcu-
lated from the equation above.
Mass Density for RMxprt Material
Provide a simple value for Mass density in kg/m^3.
Composition for RMxprt Material
Specify whether the composition is Solid or Lamination. If Lamination, specify the:
Stacking Factor - takes a simple value
Stacking Direction - a drop down menu lets you select V(1), V(2), or V(3).
Note This property is not used in RMxprt design analysis, but it will be transferred to Maxwell
3D Design automatically when the design is created by RMxprt.
Br
H
Hc
In many applications, however, the permanent magnet's behavior can be approximated using a lin-
ear relationship between B and H. In these cases, there is no need to create a nonlinear material.
Simply enter the appropriate values of Br or Hc for the material when defining its properties.
Calculating the Properties for a Non-Linear Permanent Magnet
Non-Linear permanent magnet properties may be specified in one of two ways. First, a demagneti-
zation curve may be input directly as follows:
1. Click the View/Edit Materials button in the Edit Libraries dialog box.
The View/Edit Material dialog box appears.
2. The nonlinear demagnetization curve is defined by setting the Relative Permeability property
to Nonlinear.
3. Input the demagnetization curve via B-H Curve button in the property Value column.
The operations to input the nonlinear demagnetization curve are the same as entering a BH
curve for Steel material. When a BH curve goes through the second quadrant, the curve is
treated as a demagnetization curve.
In addition, a non-linear demagnetization curve can be modeled by the following four parameters:
residual flux density Br
fields.
Mu (enabled by default) Provide a value.
Hc (enabled by default) Coercive field force Hc in the units specified. Provide a value
and select units from the drop down menu.
Br/Mp (disabled by default) Checking this enables the radio buttons that let you specify
either Br or Mp.
Br Residual flux density Br, in Tesla.
If enabled, provide a value and select units from the drop down
menu.
Mp If enabled, provide a value and select units form the drop down
menu.
3. Click OK to close the dialogue and return to the View/Edit Materials window.
The values for Relative Permeability and Magnitude under Magnetic Coercivity are updated as
new default values.
Note The accuracy in inputting the characteristic parameters for the permanent-magnetic
material has significant effect on the correctness of the analyses to the electromagnetic
characteristics of the electric machine. It is suggested that users should input the
characteristic parameters of the permanent-magnetic material according to the accurate
data provided by the manufacturers of materials. RMxprt provides a few characteristic
parameters of permanent-magnetic materials for reference.
Demagnetization Curve
The part of the maximum hysteresis loop of the permanent-magnetic material in the second quad-
rant is called the demagnetization curve as shown in the next figure. It is the basic characteristics
curve of the permanent-magnetic material. On the demagnetization curve, the magnetic flux den-
sity has positive values, but the magnetic field intensity has negative values. It means that the per-
manent-magnetic material is applied with demagnetization magnetic field intensity. Since Hm and
Bm are in opposite directions, when the magnetic flux goes through the permanent-magnetic mate-
rial, the magnetic potential difference along the direction of the magnetic flux does not drop, but
rises. Therefore, the permanent-magnetic material is a magnetic source, similar to the electric
source in the electric circuit.
The two extreme positions on the demagnetization curve are the two significant parameters to rep-
resent the magnetic characteristics of the permanent-magnetic material. On the demagnetization
curve, the value of the magnetic flux density corresponding to zero magnetic field intensity H is
termed residual flux density Br, on the other hand, the value of the magnetic field intensity corre-
sponding to zero magnetic flux density B is termed coercive field force Hc. The produce of the
magnetic flux density and the magnetic field intensity at any point on the demagnetization curve is
termed magnetic energy product (BH), which is proportional to the magnetic energy density pos-
sessed by the permanent magnet at the given operating situation. At the two extreme positions
(B = Br, H = 0) and (B = 0, H = Hc), the magnetic energy product is equal to zero. Somewhere at an
intermediate position, the magnetic energy reaches its maximum value and is termed maximum
magnetic energy product (BH)max, which is another significant parameter to represent the magnetic
characteristics of the permanent-magnetic material. To some permanent-magnetic materials with
linear demagnetization curve, it is obvious that at (B = Br / 2, H = Hc / 2), the magnetic energy
product reaches its maximum value, i.e. (BH)max = Br Hc / 4.
Recoil Lines
The relationship between the magnetic flux density and the magnetic field intensity represented by
the demagnetization curve only exists when the magnetic field intensity varies in the same direc-
tion. In fact, when the permanent magnet electric machine is working, the demagnetization field
intensity varies repeatedly in both directions. When demagnetization field is applied to the magne-
tized permanent magnet, the magnetic flux density decreases along the curly segment BrP on the
demagnetization curve as shown in the figure
. If the external demagnetization field intensity Hp is removed when the magnetic flux density
reaches the point P, the magnetic flux density will increase not along the original demagnetization
curve, but along another curve PVR. If the external demagnetization field intensity is reapplied, the
magnetic flux density will decrease along the new curve RUP. By repeatedly applying the demag-
netization field intensity, a localized loop is formed and is termed local hysteresis loop. On the local
hysteresis loop, the rising segment and the dropping segment are quite close to each other, therefore
can be approximated by the straight line PR, which is termed recoil line with P as the starting point.
If demagnetization field with intensity Hq not exceeding the original value Hp is applied thereafter,
the magnetic flux density will vary reversibly along the recoil line PR. If Hq > Hp, the magnetic
flux density drops to a new starting point Q. It will vary along the new recoil line QS, but not the
previous one PR. This sort of irreversible variation in magnetic flux density causes instability in the
characteristics of electric machines and complicates the design computation of permanent magnet
electric machines, therefore should be avoided as possible.
Recoil Magnetic Permeability
The ratio of the average slope of the recoil line to the magnetic permeability in vacuum 0
(0= 4 x 10-7 H/m) is termed relative recoil magnetic permeability or recoil magnetic permeability
for short, r:
1 B
r =
0 H
If the demagnetization curve is curly, the value of r depends on the location of the starting point
and is a variable, but typically varies within a small range. Therefore, it is approximated as a con-
stant and is taken as the slop of the tangent to the point (Br, 0) on the demagnetization curve. In
other words, the recoil lines at different starting points are approximated as a family of parallel
lines, which are all parallel to the tangent to the point (Br, 0) on the demagnetization curve.
Inflection Point
Some permanent-magnetic materials, such as some ferrite permanent-magnetic materials, show
straight upper segment on the demagnetization curve. When the demagnetization field intensity
drops to a given value, the demagnetization curve turns to decrease rapidly. The turning point is
termed inflection point. If the demagnetization field intensity does not exceed the inflection point k,
the recoil line coincides with the straight segment on the demagnetization curve. If the demagneti-
zation field intensity exceeds the inflection point k, the new recoil line RP no longer coincides with
the straight segment on the demagnetization curve.
Hc
H a = -------
a
and
Br
B a = ------
a
where a<1.
Any magnetic flux density B in the interval
0 B Br
corresponds to the magnetic field intensity H:
Ha Hc Hc ( 1 a ) Br B
H = H c + -------------------- B = H c + ------------------------ B = H c -------------------
Ba B B r aB B r aB
1 a ----- B 2
-
B
dB dH 1 r Br
------- = ------- = ----------------------------- -------
dH dB 1a Hc
The magnetic flux density Bm and the magnetic field intensity Hm corresponding to the maximum
magnetic energy product satisfy the following relationship:
dB Br
------- = -------
dH Hc
B = Bm
Solving yields:
Br Hc
B m = ------------------------- and H m = -------------------------
1+ 1a 1+ 1a
Let the magnetic energy product at the point equal to (BH)max be:
Br Hc
B m H m = --------------------------------- = ( BH ) max
2
(1 + 1 a)
Solving yields:
Br Hc Br Hc
a = 2 ------------------------ ------------------------
( BH ) max ( BH ) max
1 dB Br
r = ------ ------- = ( 1 a ) --------------
0 dH 0 Hc
B = Br
0 B Br
B r0 B
-------------------------
Hc B a B B Bt
r0 o
H =
B Bt
H t + --------------
- B Bt
r o
( BH ) max
B 0 = max r o H c, ------------------------
Hc
B1 = Br
2. Let:
B0 + B1
B r0 = --------------------
2
3. With Br0, Hc, and (BH)max, draw the demagnetization curve with the three-parameter curve fit-
ting technique.
B r0 H c B r0 H c
a0 = 2 ------------------------ ------------------------
( BH ) max ( BH ) max
4. The curve should touch a line parallel to the ideal recoil line at the tangent point (Ht, Bt).
B r0 a0 = 0
B t = B r0 r 0 H c ( 1 a 0 )B r0
---------------------------------------------------------------------- a0 > 0
a0
and
B r0 B t
H t = H c ---------------------------
B r0 a 0 B t
0 B Br
the corresponding magnetic field intensity H will be calculated by:
B r0 B
-------------------------
Hc B a B B Bt
r0 o
H =
B Bt
H t + --------------- B Bt
r o
Br Bt
H r = H t + -----------------
r 0
7. If Hr>0, the assumed virtual Br0 is too small, the lower bound of the interval needs to be
increased, so let B0=Br0. If, however, Hr<0, the assumed Br0 is too big, the upper bound of the
interval needs to be decreased, so let B1=Br0.
8. Repeat steps (2) through (7) until Hr converges to 0 within satisfactory precision.
4-26 Working with Materials in RMxprt
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Conductor Data
When a material is assigned to a machine part, RMxprt checks that the material is appropriate for
the machine part based upon whether it is a conductor or other material type. RMxprt distinguishes
conductors based on material threshold settings. RMxprts treatment of conductors may be set by
the used by adjusting the Material Threshold.
Setting the Material Threshold for RMxprt
1. Click RMxprt>Design Settings.
The Design Settings dialog box appears with the Set Material Threshold tab selected.
2. Type a value in the Conductivity Threshold text box (Default=10,000).
3. Type a value in the Permeability text box (Default=100).
Note RMxprt will treat materials with conductivity greater than 10,000 as conductors, and
materials with Permeability greater than 100 as steels.
4. If you want these values to be the default, change the values by clicking the
Tools>Options>RMxprt Options menu and setting the material thresholds in the RMxprt
Options dialog.
5. Click OK.
Editing Conductivity Properties in RMxprt
In the View/Edit Materials dialog:
1. Bulk Conductivity has two property types from the pull-down list Type.
Simple: For this type, you must type a simple value for the property value.
Anisotropic: For this type, you must specify material properties for three principal direc-
tions:
a. T(1,1)
b. T(2,2)
c. T(3,3)
Note The Anisotropic type is not used in RMxprt design analysis, but it will be transferred to
Maxwell 3D Design automatically when the design is created by RMxprt.
Specify how RMxprt computes a solution by adding a solution setup to the design. You can define
more than one solution setup per design.
To add a solution setup to a design:
1. Select a design in the project tree.
2. Click RMxprt>Analysis Setup>Add Solution Setup.
Alternatively, right-click Analysis in the project tree, and then click Add Solution Setup
on the shortcut menu.
The Solution Setup dialog box appears. It is divided among the following tabs:
General Includes general solution settings, including rated output power, speed,
operating temperature, etc.
<machine type> Included settings specific to the selected machine type.
3. Click the General tab.
4. If available for the machine you are using, select an Operation Type from the pull-down list.
This may be Motor or Generator. When you OK the selection, this makes a difference in the
Load Type available.
5. Select a Load Type from the pull-down list. For Motor operation, this comes from the follow-
ing:
Const Speed
Const Power
Const Torque
Linear Torque
Fan Load
If the model has an Operation Type, and you select Generator, the Load Type options are the
Note To edit a setup after it has been created, right-click the specific setup (for example,
Setup1), under Analysis in the project tree, and then click Properties on the shortcut
menu.
Note Several Design Sheet examples are shipped with RMxprt in the examples subdirectory
of your installation.
Related Topics:
Exporting a Maxwell or Simplorer Model
Key Words in Output Data for RMxprt
In Design Output of RMxprt, the literal expressions for various parameters are termed key words
of output data. For example, the Design Output for Line-start Permanent-magnet Synchronous
Motor (lssm) is shown below.
In the Design Output, "Rated Output Power", "Rated Voltage", "Number of Poles", "Frequency",
"Frictional Loss", etc. are all key words of output data. To resort to those key words into Microsoft
Excel worksheet, the corresponding data in the Design Output should be import into the work-
sheet.
In the template, the yellow-colored areas are reserved for importing data.
Resort to Key Words in Design Output
In the spaces for importing data in the template (as shown with yellow color), key in = "xxxxx".
Within the double quotation marks, xxxxx stands for the relevant key words as shown below.
After you specify how RMxprt will compute the solution, begin the solution process.
1. Select a solution setup in the project tree.
2. Click RMxprt>Analyze.
To run more than one analysis at a time, follow the same procedure while a simulation is running.
The next solution setup will be solved when the previous solution is complete.
To solve every solution setup in a design:
1. In the project tree, under the design you want to solve, select Analysis.
2. Click RMxprt>Analyze All.
Each solution setup is solved in the order it appears in the project tree.
When RMxprt has completed a solution, you can display and analyze the results in the following
ways:
View solution data.
Specify output variables.
Export a model to be used in Maxwell2D, Maxwell 3D, or SIMPLORER.
Create a Customized Design Sheet
The first (primary) sweep variable listed under the Sweeps tab will be plotted along the x-
axis.
Clear the Use Primary Sweep option, and then select the Category, Quantity, and Func-
tion of the quantity to plot on the x-axis. The quantity will be plotted against the primary
sweep variable listed under the Sweeps tab.
8. Under the Sweeps tab, confirm or modify the sweep variables that will be plotted.
9. Click Add Trace.
A trace represents one or more lines connecting data points on the graph. The trace is added to
the traces list at the top of the Traces dialog box. Each column lists an axis on the report and
the information that will be plotted on that axis.
10. Optionally, add another trace by following the procedure above.
11. Click Done.
The function of the selected quantity is plotted against the swept variable values or quantities
you specified on an x-y graph. The plot is listed under Results in the project tree.
Related Topics
Sweeping a Variable
Working with Traces
Creating 3D Rectangular Plots in RMxprt
A rectangular plot is a 3D, x-y-z graph of results.
1. Click RMxprt>Results>Create Report.
The Create Report window appears.
2. In the Target Design list, click the design containing the solution data you want to plot.
3. In the Report Type list, click the data type you want to plot.
4. In the Display Type list, click 3D Rectangular Plot.
5. Click OK.
The Traces dialog box appears. The Z tab is selected by default.
6. Under the Z tab, specify the information to plot along the z-axis:
a. In the Category list, click the type of information to plot.
b. In the Quantity list, click the value to plot.
c. In the Function list, click the mathematical function of the quantity to plot.
7. Under the Y tab, specify the information to plot along the y-axis in one of the following ways:
Select Use Secondary Sweep.
The second (secondary) sweep variable listed under the Sweeps tab will be plotted along
the y-axis.
Clear the Use Secondary Sweep option, and then select the Category, Quantity, and
Function of the quantity to plot on the y-axis. The quantity you select will be plotted
against the secondary sweep variable listed under the Sweeps tab.
Post Processing and Generating Reports in RMxprt 25-11
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8. Under the X tab, specify the information to plot along the x-axis in one of the following ways:
Select Use Primary Sweep.
The first (primary) sweep variable listed under the Sweeps tab will be plotted along the x-
axis.
Clear the Use Primary Sweep option, and then select the Category, Quantity, and Func-
tion of the quantity to plot on the x-axis. The quantity you select will be plotted against the
primary sweep variable listed under the Sweeps tab.
9. Under the Sweeps tab, confirm or modify the swept variables that will be plotted.
10. Click Add Trace.
A trace represents one or more lines connecting data points on the graph. The trace is added to
the traces list at the top of the Traces dialog box. Each column lists an axis on the report and
the information that will be plotted on that axis.
11. Optionally, add another trace by following the procedure above.
12. Click Done.
The function of the selected quantity or quantities is plotted against the values you specified on
an x-y-z graph. The plot is listed under Results in the project tree.
Related Topics
Sweeping a Variable
Working with Traces
Creating Data Tables in RMxprt
A data table is a spreadsheet with rows and columns that displays, in numeric form, selected quan-
tities against a swept variable or other quantities.
1. Click RMxprt>Results>Create Report.
The Create Report window appears.
2. In the Target Design list, click the design containing the solution data you want to plot.
3. In the Report Type list, click the data type you want to plot.
4. In the Display Type list, click Data Table.
5. Click OK.
The Traces dialog box appears. The Y tab is selected by default.
6. Under the Y tab, select the quantity you are interested in and its associated function:
a. In the Category list, click the type of information to display.
b. In the Quantity list, click the value to display.
c. In the Function list, click the mathematical function to use for the quantity.
7. Under the X tab, select the values you want to plot the quantity against in one of the following
ways:
Select Use Primary Sweep.
The quantity you selected in step 5 will be displayed against the first (primary) sweep
variable listed under the Sweeps tab.
Clear the Use Primary Sweep option, and then select the Category, Quantity, and Func-
tion of the quantity to plot against the quantity you selected in step 5. This quantity will be
plotted against the primary swept variable listed under the Sweeps tab.
8. Under the Sweeps tab, confirm or modify the swept variables that will be plotted.
9. Click Add Trace.
In the context of a data table, a trace represents a quantity's value at another quantity's value or
at selected swept variable values. The trace is added to the traces list at the top of the Traces
dialog box.
10. Optionally, add another trace by following the procedure above.
11. Click Done.
The quantity you selected in step 5 is listed at each variable value or additional quantity value
you specified. The data table is listed under Results in the project tree.
Related Topics
Sweeping a Variable
Working with Traces
Working with Traces in RMxprt
A trace in a 2D or 3D report defines one or more curves on a graph. A trace in a data table defines
part of the displayed matrix of text values.
The values used for a plot's axes can be variables in the design or functions and expressions based
on the design's solutions. If you have solved one or more variables at several values, you can
"sweep" over some or all of those values, resulting in a curve in 2D or 3D space.
A report can include any number of traces and, for rectangular graphs, up to four independent y-
axes.
In general, to add a trace to a report:
1. In the Traces dialog box, specify the information you want to plot along the appropriate axes.
2. Click Add Trace.
A trace is added to the traces list at the top of the Traces dialog box. The trace represents the
function of the quantity you selected and will be plotted against other quantities or swept vari-
able values. Each column lists an axis on the report and the information that will be plotted on
that axis.
You can modify the information to be plotted by typing the name of the quantity or sweep vari-
able to plot along an axis directly in the boxes.
The trace will be visible in the report when you click Done.
Note The Traces dialog box can be accessed via the Create Report dialog box.
To modify the secondary sweep variable or any additional sweep variable, follow the same proce-
dure.
To modify the values that will be plotted for a variable:
1. Click a variable in the table.
To the right, all of the possible values for the selected variable are listed.
2. Select All Values.
All of the selected variable's values are plotted.
Alternatively, clear All Values and select the specific values to plot against the selected
quantity.
Selecting a Function in RMxprt
The value of a quantity being plotted depends upon its mathematical function, which you select
from the Function list in the Report dialog box. The available, valid functions depend on the type
of quantity (real or complex) that is being plotted. The function is applied to the quantity which is
implicitly defined by all the swept and current variables.
These functions can also be applied to previously specified Quantities and Functions as Range
Functions when using the Set Range Function dialog.
Some of these functions can operate along an entire curve. These are: deriv, min, max, integ, avg,
rms, pk2pk, cang_deg and cang_rad. These functions have syntax as follows:
deriv(quantity) implicitly implies derivative over the primary sweep
deriv(quantity, SweepVariable) explicitly means derivative over the sweep variable specified
in the second argument (such as "Freq").
You can select from the following functions in the Function list:
abs Absolute value
acos Arc cosine
acosh Hyperbolic arc cosine
ang_deg Angle (phase) of a complex number, cut at +/-180
ang_rad Angle in radians
asin Arc sine
asinh Hyperbolic arc sine
atan Arc tangent
atanh Hyperbolic arc tangent
avg Average of first parameter over the second parameter
avgabs Absolute value of average.
itse Returns the time-weighted squared deviation of the selected qty from a
target value that is entered via an additional argument.To use this function,
you need to open the Add Trace Characteristics dialog and select the Error
category.
j0 Bessel function of the first kind (0th order)
j1 Bessel function of the first kind (1st order)
ln Natural logarithm
log10 Logarithm base 10
lsidelobex The x value for the left side lobe: the next highest value to the left of the
max value.
lsidelobey The y value for the left side lobe: the next highest value to the left of the
max value.
mag Magnitude of the complex number
max Maximum of magnitudes.
max_swp Maximum value of a sweep.
min Minimum magnititude.
min_swp Minimum value of a sweep.
nint Nearest integer
normalize Divides each value within a trace by the maximum value of the trace. ex.
normalize(mag(x))
odd Returns 1 if integer part of the number is odd; returns 0 otherwise
overshoot Obtains the peak overshoot over a point (double argument)
per Calculates period.
pk2pk Peak to peak. Difference between max and min of the first parameter over
the second parameter. Returns the peak-to-peak value for the selected
simulation quantity.
pkavg Returns the ratio of the peak to peak-to-average for the selected quantity.
pmax Period max.
pmin Period minimum
prms Period Root Mean Square.
pulsefall9010 Pulse fall time of the selected simulation quantity according to the 90%-
10% estimate.
pulsefront9010 Pulse front time of the selected simulation quantity according to the 10%-
90% estimate.
pulsefront3090 Pulse front time of the selected simulation quantity according to the 30%-
90% estimate.
pulsemax Pulse maximum from the front and tail estimates for the selected
simulation quantity.
pulsemaxtime Time at which the maximum pulse value of the selected simulation
quantity is reached.
pulsemin Pulse minimum from the front and tail estimates for the selected
simulation quantity.
pulsemintime Tiime at which the minimum pulse value of the selected simulation
quantity is reached.
pulsetail50 Pulse tail time of the selected simulation quantity from the virtual peak to
50%.
pulsewidth5050 Pulse width of the selected simulation quantity as measured from the 50%
points on the pulse front and pulse tail.
PulseWidth
Functions
pw_plus Pulse width of first positive pulse
pw_plus_max Max. Pulse width of input stream
pw_plus_min Min. Pulse width of input stream
pw_plus_avg Average of the positive pulse width input stream
pw_plus_rms RMS of the positive pulse width input stream
pw_minus_max Max. Pulse width of input stream
pw_minus_min Min. Pulse width of input stream
pw_minus_avg Average of the negative pulse width input stream
pw_minus_rms RMS of the negative pulse width input stream
polar Converts the complex number in rectangular to polar
re Real part of the complex number
rect Converts the complex number in polar to rectangular
rem Fractional part
ripple Returns the ripple factor (AC RMS/Mean) for the selected quantity.
rms Returns total root mean square of the selected quantity.
rmsAC Returns the AC RMS for the selected quantity.
rsidelobex The x value for the right side lobe: the next highest value to the right of
the max value.
rsidelobey The y value for the right side lobe: the next highest value to the right of
the max value.
sgn Sign extraction
sin Sine
sinh Hyperbolic sine
sqrt Square root
tan Tangent
tanh Hyperbolic tangent
Undershoot Obtains the peak undershoot over a point (double argument).
XAtYMax Threshold crossing time: report first time (x value) at which an output
quantity crosses YMax.
XAtYMin Threshold crossing time: report first time (x value) at which an output
quantity crosses a user definable threshold (YMin).
XAtYVal Returns the X value at the first occurance of Y value.
xdb10beamdwi Width between left and right occurrences of values x db10 from max. Takes 'x'
dth as argument (3.0 default). To use this function, you need to open the Add Trace
Characteristics dialog and select the Radiation category.
xdb20beamwidt Width between left and right occurrences of values x db20 from max. Takes 'x'
h as argument (3.0 default) To use this function, you need to open the Add Trace
Characteristics dialog and select the Radiation category.
y0 Bessel function of the second kind (0th order)
y1 Bessel function of the second kind (1st order)
YAtXMax Threshold crossing time: report first time (y value) at which an output
quantity crosses XMax.
YAtXMin Threshold crossing time: report first time (y value) at which an output
quantity crosses a user definable threshold (XMin).
YatXVal Returns the Y value at the first occurance of X value.
Category Description
Coil Voltage Report voltages in the machine coil.
Current Report currents for each line or phase of the machine,
source current, line current, armature current.
Flux Density Report flux density in the machine air gap, flux
linkages.
Induced Report Induced Line and Phase voltages.
Voltage
Misc. Report miscellaneous quantities specific to the
machine type such as power factor, torque to current
ratio.
Percentage Report machine efficiency.
Power Report air gap power, output power.
Torque Report cogging torque, output torque, magnet
generated torque, induction torque.
Voltage Report Line and Phase voltage.
Wave
Selection for the General DC Machines (rotor winding) include:
Lap
Wave
Frogleg
Selections for single-phase induction motor include:
Editor - enable the Winding Editor
Lap - 90 deg phase belt 2-layer coil for both single and double layer
Sin_1 - first class sinusoidal coil four double layer only
Sin_2 - second class sinusoidal coil four double layer only
The Switched Reluctance motor does not involve winding selections.
2. Select the Winding Type and click OK.
This closes the window and sets the Winding Type property. If you select the Editor type, It
also enables the Machine>Edit Layout command on the menu bar.
Enable the Winding Editor
Setting the Winding Type property to Editor enables the command Machine>Edit Layout on the
menu bar. To display the dialog box Winding Editor:
1. Open the Winding Properties window and set the Winding Type value to Editor. To do this,
double-click on the button Winding Type value to display the Winding Type selection win-
dow.
2. Select Editor as the Winding Type and click OK. This closes the Winding Type selection win-
dow and sets the Winding Type Value to Editor. It also enables the command Machine>Wind-
ing>Edit Layout on the menu bar. Now the Machine Editor window displays the default
winding arrangement.
3. Click Machine>Winding>Edit Layout. This displays the dialog box Winding Editor as
shown. The dialog box Winding Editor includes functions that do not appear in the tab sheet
Winding Editor in the RMxprt Machine Editor window.
4.
Edit Winding Configuration
Each row of the winding data table in the dialog box Winding Editor in Figure 3.13 is identified
with the coil index in the column Coil. This information is displayed in the tab sheet Winding Edi-
tor in the RMxprt Machine Editor window as well, but it is editable in the dialog box Winding Edi-
tor.
The winding data table contains four columns:
When the check box Constant Pitch is unchecked, the column Out Slot is enabled to allow
arbitrarily changing slot pitch for each coil.
The Winding Editor dialog includes three command buttons.
Click the command button Default in the window Winding Editor, all the data in the table
resumes to the situation of data from automatic arrangement by RMxprt.
Click the command button Reset in the window Winding Editor, all the data in the table
resumes to the situation of data when the window Winding Editor was first opened, or
resumes to the data that you have saved.
Click OK to accept the current values and close the Winding Editor dialog.
Windings Basic Terminology
Conductor
A conductor refers to a half turn of a coil. A conductor may be formed with one insulated wire, or
with several strands of insulated wires.
Strands
A conductor may consist of several wires of same or different sizes stranded together. The number
of strands is also called number of wires per conductor. The conductor current may not uniformly
distribute among all wires, but the current density is uniformly distributed.
Coil
A coil is wound with several turns, each turn consisting of two conductors. Coils are generally
wound with insulation-wrapped electromagnetic wire continuously on a winding mould. However,
coils with single-turn for heavy current are often formed with two separate thick conductors. A
thick conductor is hammered onto the winding mould to form a half-coil. The linear part of a con-
ductor imbedded into a slot of iron core is termed effective side.
Coil Pitch
The number of slots of the armature iron core spanned by the two effective sides of a coil is termed
coil pitch, denoted by y. For instance, if the side of a coil in the 1-st slot spans 8 slots and is con-
nected to the side of the coil in the 9-th slot, the coil pitch of the coil is y = 8.
Full coil pitch: coil pitch = pole pitch
Short coil pitch: coil pitch < pole pitch
Long coil pitch: coil pitch > pole pitch, usually used in variable-pole multiple-speed machines
Pole pitch: distance between two contiguous poles measured in number of slots.
totalnumberofslots
polepitch = ---------------------------------------------------
numberofpoles
Coil Set
The coils belonging to the same phase under one pole are connected in series as a coil set.
Winding
The coils or coil sets of a phase are connected according to certain rules to form a phase winding. A
phase may consist of several branches connected in parallel. Every branch must produce exactly
the same back emf and must have the same resistance. As a result, the phase winding current is uni-
formly distributed among all branches.
In summary, a winding may be connected with several branches in parallel; each branch consists
of one or more coil sets connected in series; a coil set may have several series coils; a coil is wound
with a number of turns; a turn is formed by two conductors; a conductor may be stranded by one
or more same- or different-size wires.
Poly Phase AC Winding
The common armature winding of poly-phase ac machines is catalogued and classified as shown in
the following table.
Polyphase AC Winding
Double layer Variable-pole multiple speed type
Fractional slot number type
Wave-type
Concentric type
Lap Type
Single Layer Crossed Concentric type (whole coiled or half coiled)
Crossed Chain-type (whole coiled or half coiled)
Concentric type (whole coiled or half coiled)
Lap-type (whole coiled or half coiled)
Chain-type (whole coiled or half coiled)
Compound layer
Whole-coiled Windings
When the coils of an AC winding are connected so that there are as many coil sets per phase as
there are poles, the winding is called "whole-coiled."
Whole Coiled Single Layer Whole Coiled Double Layer
Half-coiled Windings
When the coils are connected so that there is only one coil set per phase per pair of poles, the wind-
ing is called "half-coiled."
Single-Layer Windings
All the conductors in one slot are connected in series with all the conductors in another slot to form
a single-layer coil. You set the number of winding layers in the Winding properties window, Wind-
ing tab. Comparing to double-layer type, this type is characterized by
Number of coils halved;
No need for insulation between layers, therefore higher slot filling factor;
Coil pitch depends on the connection, and is not adjustable;
Lap-type Windings
The name single-layer lap-type is from the lapped layout of end connection. In a lap-type winding,
at least one coil set has 2 or more coils which are overlapped each other. If some coil sets have only
one coil, this winding type is also called "crossed lap-type".
Concentric-type Windings
In a concentric-type winding, at least one coil set has 2 or more coils and non coils are overlapped
each other. If some coil sets have only one coil, this winding type is also called "crossed concentric-
type".
The single-layer concentric-type is formed of coils with different coil pitch, but with the same cen-
tral line and of concentric-circle-like, therefore is named concentric-type. Its end connection can be
arranged in layers, and therefore is convenient to imbed into slots. Nevertheless, the end magnetic
leakage is a bit bigger.
Half-coiled Concentric-type Winding
An example of three-phase 4-pole 24-slot single-layer half-coiled concentric-type winding is
shown on the left, and an example of three-phase 8-pole 36-slot single-layer half-coiled crossed
concentric-type winding is shown on the right.
Double-Layer Windings
In this type, the conductors in a slot are arranged in upper and lower layers. One side of each coil is
imbedded in the upper layer in one slot and the other side is imbedded in the lower layer in another
slot. You set the number of winding layers in the Winding properties window, Winding tab. Com-
paring to single-layer-type, this type is characterized by:
Number of coils doubled;
Need for insulation between layers, therefore lower slot filling factor, and danger in electric
breakdown between phases;
Adjustable coil pitch, therefore possible weakening of harmonic emfs with proper short pitch
factor to improve electromagnetic properties of electric machines;
Being widely used in electric machines with capacity over 10 kW.
For the single speed electric machine, the double-layer winding typically adopts whole-coiled type.
For the double speed electric machine with doubling number of poles, the double-layer winding is
whole-coiled in high speed, half-coiled in low speed.
According to different coil shapes, double-layer windings are classified as lap-, concentric- and
wave-types.
Compared to lap-type:
The winding of each phase connects the coils under different poles in series in one round, and
returns to the left to the first coil, then winds the next round, and so on so forth until all the
coils belonging to this phase are connected.
This type is usually used in single-turn preformed hard coil for low voltage high current elec-
tric machines.
This type needs less connection wire between poles.
Fractional-Pitch Winding
First, introduce a number q, called number of slots per pole per phase, which is defined as
Auto-arrangement of AC Windings
RMxprt can arrange these windings automatically if all coils have the same number of turns. This
section describes the process to automatically arrange the coil distribution.For winding layout dis-
play in RMxprt, the lap-type is default if windings are automatically arranged. If a concentric-type
layout display is desired, the winding can be defined by winding editor, as described in the next
section.
The wave-type winding is effective to a lap-type winding, and is also displayed as a lap-type wind-
ing.
Star Vector Diagram
The conductors (or coils) in slots produce emf (or mmf), which can be expressed with unit vector.
When the electric machine has number of pole p, and number of slots Z, the angular phase differ-
ence in electric degrees between two contiguous slots is
p 180
=
Z
Drawing the vectors of emfs (or mmfs) in all the slots according to their phase angles forms the star
vector diagram of the winding. The figure below shows an example of the star vector diagram of 4-
pole 24-slot winding.
If there exists the greatest common factor t between the number of slots Z and the number of pole
pairs pp (= p/2), the star vector diagram repeats t times, i.e. the winding has t periods. Let
Z
Z0 =
t ,
and
p
p0 =
t ,
then Z0 and p0 construct a complete star vector diagram and form a unit electric machine. For the
whole-pitch winding electric machine (q, as shown later, is an integer), t = p/2. For the fractional-
pitch winding electric machine,
Z c
q= =b+
mp d
where m is the number of phases. If t > 1, the angular phase difference between two contiguous
vectors is
360
=
Z0
and the difference between the ordinal numbers of the slots of two contiguous vectors is
m(bd + c )G 1
y0 =
d
where G is a minimum integer to make y0 equal to an integer (y0 should take into account the possi-
ble reverse connection of coils under the contiguous pole).
Phase Spread
In the star vector diagram of a unit electric machine, the range occupied by the vectors of each
phase under one pole is termed phase spread, expressed in electric degrees or number of slots. For a
single-layer winding, the phase spread is 180/m (m the number of phases). The phase spread of a
double-layer half-coiled winding is 360/m, and the phase spread of a double-layer full-coiled
winding is 180/m.
The phase spread of a 2-phase winding is always 90 (= 180/m). Therefore, a 2-phase winding
cannot take the double-layer half-coiled winding type. The windings for single-phase induction
motor are also considered as 2-phase windings.
When the number of phases is an even number of greater than or equal to 4, the phase spread is
always 360/m. Therefore, a winding with even number of phases (4, 6, ) can take only the dou-
ble-layer half-coiled winding type.
When the number of phases is an odd number of greater than or equal to 3, the phase spread can be
either 360/m or 180/m. Therefore, a winding with odd number of phases (3, 5, ) can take any
winding types.
Coil Arrangement
Coil arrangement is completed by the following processes. First, draw the star vector diagram
based on number of slots and number of poles. Then divide the whole region (360 electric degrees)
to several phase spreads, which is derived from the number of phases and the winding type. Finally,
assign all phase spreads to each phase in such a way that the axis of each succeeded phase lags by
360/m electric degrees (90 electric degrees for 2 phases).
Double-layer Windings
Take a three-phase winding as an example. The width of phase spread of half-coiled winding is
360o / 3 = 120o, the sequence of the phase spread is A, B, C. For whole-coiled winding, the width
of phase spread is 180o / 3 = 60o, the sequence of phase spread is A, C, B, A, C, B, where the
phase spread with negative sign is termed negative phase spread.
The winding types can be set in the Winding Type panel for a machine that includes these options
(in this case, a brushless permanent magnetic DC motor), for double-layer whole-coiled windings
as shown in on the left and double-layer half-coiled windings as shown on the right.
The star vector diagram of a three-phase whole-coiled (60o-phase-spread) winding is shown below
on the left, and that of a half-coiled (120o phase spread) winding is shown below on the right.
Single-layer Windings
The winding layers can be set in the properties window for the winding, for single-layer whole-
coiled windings as shown on the left and single-layer half-coiled windings as shown on the right.
The phase spread of a three-phase single-layer whole-coiled or half-coiled winding is 60o, and the
star vector diagram is the same as the double-layer whole-coiled winding.
Fractional-pitch Windings
The number of slots per pole per phase of fractional-pitch winding is a mixed number.
c
q=b
d
In the unit electric machine, the numbers of slots occupied by phase spread are not all the same, but
repeat with the radix d. In each d poles, there are c poles with the slot number of phase spread equal
to b + 1 (big phase spread), d c poles with the slot number of phase spread equal to b (small phase
spread).
Take as an example a three-phase 10-pole 36-slot fractional-pitch winding with phase spread of
60. The number of slots per pole per phase of fractional-pitch winding is
36 1
q= =1
3 10 5
the greatest common factor between the number of slots 36 and the number of pole pairs 5 is t = 1,
the angular phase difference between two contiguous vectors in the star vector diagram is
360 o
= = 10 o
36
the difference between the ordinal numbers of the slots of two contiguous vectors is (G = 2)
3(1 5 + 1) 2 1
y0 = =7
5
the repetition radix d = 5. In each 5 pole region, each phase has big phase spread of 1 + 1 = 2 slots
under 1 pole, and small phase spread of 1 slot under 4 poles. The repeating format is 2 1 1 1 1 for
phase A. The repetition of phase spread distribution for all phases is shown in the following table.
Asymmetric Windings
Whole-pitch windings (q is integer) are always symmetric. Fractional-pitch windings with
c
q=b
d
66 2
q= =3
36 3
d = m = 3, the winding is asymmetric. The output in the window Design Output is shown below.
The information for WINDING ARRANGEMENT is displayed as follows:
The distribution of coil slots to phases:
The 3-phase, 2-layer winding can be arranged in 66 slots as below:
AAAAZZZZBBBXXXXCCCCYYYAAAZZZZBBBBXXXC-
CCCYYYYAAAAZZZBBBBXXXXCCCYYYY
X, Y and Z stands for A, -B and C, respectively. For asymmetric windings, additional informa-
tion is output, as shown below.
The winding factors of each phase are:
Phase A 0.954119
Phase B 0.954119
Phase C 0.949042
The angles between two-phase winding axes are:
Phase A & B 119.082
Phase B & C 120.459
Phase C & A 120.459
If a sinusoidal rotating field links the winding, the fundamental induced-voltage components will
be:
Positive-sequence component 100%
Negative-sequence component 0.286577%
Zero-sequence component 0.639823%
Coil Connections
Connection of Double-layer Lap Windings
Every vector represents the top-layer effective side of a coil. The bottom effective side of the coil is
determined based on the coil pitch, and is not displayed in the diagrams. Therefore, every vector in
the diagrams can also stand for a coil. Connect all coils in phase spread of A in positive direction,
and all coils in phase spread of A in negative direction to form the phase A winding. In this way,
phase B and C windings can also be connected. The winding connection layouts for the vector dia-
grams are shown below.
are with full coil pitch. The connection layouts of the lap type and the concentric type, with respect
to the same vector drawing are shown below.
A star vector diagram with fractional coil pitch can also be connected with single-layer whole-
coiled type. When the number of slots per pole per phase q <2, as shown in the following vector
diagram, the number of coil sets per phase may not equal to the number of poles (6 coils vs 10
poles), but the algorithm to connect coils is the same (minimize the average coil pitch), and there-
fore, it is still referred as whole coiled windings.
The winding connection layout for the previous vector diagram is shown below.
Another example is an asymmetric three-phase winding. The connection layout is shown below.
Slot number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Two poles A A A A C C C C B B B B
Four poles A A A A C C C C B B B B
Slot number 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Two poles A A A A C C C C B B B B
Four poles A A A A C C C C B B B B
The connection for variation of number of poles is shown in the next figure. On the top-left is the 2-
pole 2Y-connection at high speed, on the top-right is the 4-pole -connection at low speed.
DC Windings
Lap Winding
The winding layout of a lap-type winding for dc machines is as shown below.
Wave Winding
The winding layout of a wave-type winding for dc machines is as shown below.
Frog-leg Winding
A frog-leg winding consists of a lap winding and a wave winding. Assume the lap winding has m
multiplex number. In order to connect the wave winding in parallel with the lap winding, the wave
winding should have the same branch bake emf as the lap winding. Therefore, the number of
branches in parallel of the wave winding has to be the same as that of the lap winding, or the multi-
plex number of the wave winding must be mp/2. The winding layout of a frog-leg-type winding
with m=1 for dc machines is as shown below.
2K
y Kb = mm
p
Number of a = pm
branch in parallel
where
m number of multiplex (of the lap winding)
Virtual Slots
Windings of the dc machine are usually double-layer type. In many cases, often a number of coil
sides are imbedded into one slot for simplification of structure. Therefore, the number of slots Z is
less than the number of coils S. There exists the relationship
S
Z=
where is the number of coil sides in each layer in one slot and is termed virtual slot factor. There-
fore, the number of conductors per slots is equal to multiple of 2.
Equipotential Connectors
The points ideally possessing the same electric potential in armature winding are often wholly or
partly connected by short copper wire, which is termed equipotential connector.
Equipotential Connector Class A of Simplex-lap Winding
Asymmetry in magnetic circuit, such as eccentric air-gap, causes circulating current in lap winding,
increases losses and affects commutation in order. The equipotential connector Class A on the com-
mutator of simplex-lap winding can solve this problem. The connection pitch of equipotential con-
nector Class A of simplex-lap winding yp is equal to the number of commutator segments per pole
pair.
K K
yp = = = integer
p a
Winding with yp = integer is termed symmetric winding. Only symmetric winding can have equi-
potential connector Class A.
No need for Equipotential Connector for Simplex-wave Winding
Simplex-wave winding does not possess electrically equipotential points, therefore, can not have
equipotential connector. On the other hand, simplex-wave winding does not need equipotential
connector.
Equipotential Connector Class B of Multiplex-wave Winding
There are electric equipotential points among different sets of simplex-wave windings of multi-
plex-wave winding. They can be connected to eliminate the nonuniform distribution of electric
potential on commutator segments due to inequality of brush resistances. This is termed equipoten-
tial connector Class B. The connection pitch of equipotential connector Class B of multiplex-wave
winding yp is equal to the number of commutator segments per branch pair in parallel.
K
yp = = integer
a
Equipotential Connector of Multiplex-lap Winding
For multiplex-lap winding, equipotential connector Class A is needed for each set of simplex-lap
windings, equipotential connector Class B is needed among different sets of simplex-lap windings.
There exist no electrically equipotential points among different sets of simplex-lap windings on the
commutator side of armature, however, there exist electrically equipotential points among different
sets of simplex-lap windings on different sides of armature as points A and B in the figure below.
RMxprt adopts the same arrangement procedure for pole windings of the two types of electric
machines. There are three types of structure as shown in the figure below:
Round Wire pole winding with round wire.
Cylinder Coil pole winding with rectangular wire wound in standing way.
Edgewise Coil pole winding with rectangular wire wound in flatting way.
Winding Clearance
Overall Height
Overall Width
Overall Height, Overall Width and Winding Clearance can be input from RMxprt panel. If
either Overall Height or Overall Width is set to 0, RMxprt perform automatic space optimization
to obtain the maximum space for pole winding arrangement in the condition to guarantee the clear-
ance between pole windings.
If the space from input or determined by space optimization is not sufficient to arrange for the input
number of turns per pole, a message of "The rotor/shunt/series/commutating winding control
dimension is not big enough." is displayed in Design Output window.
With auto-arrangement of pole windings, RMxprt calculates maximum number of layers, mini-
mum number of layers, maximum number of turns per layer, minimum number of turns per layer,
and the maximum number of turns per pole that is available from the limited space, and so forth.
Cylinder Coil
The arrangement of magnetic-pole winding with rectangular wire wound in standing way by RMx-
prt is shown below.
The cylinder coil is wound with half-turn over lapped layer by layer. Layers with the same number
of turns constitute a section. The output window Design Output displays the number of layers and
the number of turns per layer of each section, and the maximum number of turns per pole that is
available from the limited space.
Edgewise Coil
The arrangement of magnetic-pole winding with rectangular wire wound in flatting way by RMx-
prt is shown below.
To guarantee the clearance between two adjacent pole windings, the wire width of the lower parts is
decreased, while the wire thickness is increased to keep the sectional area of wire invariant as pos-
sible. The turns with the same wire gauge constitute a section (maximum three sections are
allowed). The output window Design Output displays the number of turns of each section and the
sizes of wire gauge, and the maximum number of turns per pole that is available from the limited
space.
Pole Winding with Half Turns
For some large machines, a half turn may be included due to too few turns per pole. When the num-
ber of turns per pole is an integer number, the number of conductors per pole is an even number
with equal conductor number at both pole sides. Therefore, the two terminal leads of one pole coil
are at the same axial side (or at different pole sides), as shown below.
When the number of turns per pole includes a half turn, the number of conductors per pole is an odd
number. In this case, one pole side has one more conductor than the other pole side, and the two ter-
minal leads of one pole coil are at different axial sides (or at the same pole side), as shown below.
Note The winding must be editable for the Export Layout command to be available. If you are
using a standard winding, you can switch to the Winding Editor by:
1. Click on the winding in the Project Tree window.
2. In the Properties Window, click on the button next to Winding Type.
The Winding Type dialog is displayed.
3. Select Editor as the winding type and click OK.
Using RMxprt, you can simulate and analyze the following eleven machine types:
Three-Phase Induction Motors
Single-Phase Induction Motors
Three-Phase Synchronous motors and generators
Brushless Permanent-Magnet DC Motors
Adjust-Speed Synchronous motors and generators
Permanent-Magnet DC Motors
Switched Reluctance Motors
Line-Start Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motors
Universal Motors
General DC motors and generators
Claw-Pole Alternators
Three-Phase Non-Salient Synchronous Machine
They vary with the rotor slip s. All rotor parameters have been referred to the stator side.
Figure 1 Figure 2
In the exciting branch, Xm is the magnetizing reactance, and RFe is the resistance corresponding to
iron-core losses. Xm is a linearized nonlinear parameter that varies with the saturation of the main
field.
After a phase voltage U1 is applied to the phase terminals, stator phase current I1 and rotor current
I2, which has been referred to the stator, can be easily computed by the circuit analysis. The elec-
tromagnetic power Pm, or air-gap power, is computed by the following:
Pm = 3 * I2^2 * R2/s
The electromagnetic torque Tm is:
Tm = Pm/
where w is the synchronous speed in rad/s.
The output mechanical shaft torque T2 is:
T2 = Tm - Tfw
where Tfw is the frictional and wind torque.
The output power is:
P2 = T2 * 2
where 2 = * (1 - s) and is rotor speed in rad/s.
The input power is:
P1 = P2 + Pfw + Pcu2 + PFe + Pcu1 + Ps
where Pfw, Pcu2, PFe, Pcu1, and Ps are frictional and wind loss, rotor copper loss, iron-core loss,
stator copper loss, and stray loss, respectively.
The power factor is derived from:
PF = P1/(m * U1 * I1)
The efficiency is computed by:
eff = P2/P1 * 100%
Note When you place the cursor over an entry field in the data windows, a brief description of
that field appears in the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once the design is analyzed, the model can be viewed in the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or it can be used
to create a new Maxwell 2D project, and a new Maxwell 3D design.
Please refer to the Three-Phase Induction Motor Problem application note, on the technical support
page of the Ansoft web site, for a specific example of a three-phase induction motor problem.
Defining the General Data for a Three Phase Induction Motor
Use the General Data Properties window to define the basic parameters of the induction motor,
such as the number of poles, and frictional loss.
To define the general data:
1. To open the General Data Properties window, double-click the Machine entry in the project
tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop without
opening a separate window.)
2. Enter the number of poles for the machine in the Number of Poles field. This value is the total
number of poles in the stator (or the number of pole pairs multiplied by two).
3. Enter the stray loss factor in the Stray Loss Factor field. The stray load loss consists of the
losses arising from non-uniform current distribution in the copper and additional core losses
9-4 RMxprt Machine Types
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produced in the iron by distortion of the magnetic flux by the load current. The IEEE Standard
provides different assumed stray load loss values for AC motors rated less than 2500 hp, as fol-
lows:
1) 1-125 HP = 1.8% of rated output power
2) 126-500 HP = 1.5%
3) 501-2499 HP = 1.2%
4. Enter the energy loss due to friction at the given speed in the Frictional Loss field.
5. Enter the wind loss due to air resistance measured at the reference speed in the Wind Loss
field.
6. Enter the given speed in the Reference Speed field.
7. Click OK to close the Properties window.
General Data for Three-Phase Induction Motors
To access the general data, double-click the Machine entry in the project tree.
The General Data Properties window for a three-phase induction motor contains the following
fields:
Machine Type The machine type you selected when inserting a new RMxprt design (Three
Phase Induction Motor).
Number of Poles The number of poles the machine contains.
Stray Loss Factor The stray loss factor: the ratio of stray loss to rated output power.
Frictional Loss The frictional energy loss (due to friction) measured at the reference speed.
Wind Loss The wind loss (due to air resistance) measured at the reference speed.
Reference Speed The given speed of reference.
Note When you place the mouse cursor over the slot type, a schematic of the selected type
appears, displaying the slot dimension variables.
c. Click OK to close the Select Slot Type window and return to the Properties window.
9. Enter the number of sectors in the Lamination Sectors field.
10. Enter the thickness of the magnetic end pressboard in the Pressboard Thickness field. Enter 0
for a non-magnetic end pressboard.
11. Enter the skew width, measured in slot number, in the Skew Width field.
12. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Stator Data for Three-Phase Induction Motors
To access the general stator data, double-click the Machine>Stator entry in the project tree.
The Stator Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Outer Diameter The outer diameter of the stator core.
Inner Diameter The inner diameter of the stator core.
Length The length of the stator core.
Stacking Factor The stacking factor of the stator core.
Steel Type The steel type of the stator core. Click the button to open the Select
Definition window.
Number of Slots The number of slots the stator core contains.
Slot Type The type of slots in the stator core. Click the button to open the Select Slot
Type window.
Lamination The number of lamination sectors.
Sectors
Pressboard The magnetic press board thickness (0 for a non-magnetic press board).
Thickness
Skew Width The skew width measured in slot number.
Bs0 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs1 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs2 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Rs A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
When you place the mouse cursor over a winding button, an outline of the selected wind-
ing appears. The following table describes the six types of windings that are possible
(three for one-layer and three for two-layer):
Type Description
One A user-defined one-layer winding arrangement. You need to set up the winding arrangement
layer for each slot.
winding
Editor
A one-layer whole-coiled winding:
Whole
Coiled
Slot 123
Half
Coiled
Slot 123
Two A user-defined two-layer winding arrangement. When you select for winding layers the you
Layer can specify a different winding arrangement for each slot in the Winding Editor.
Winding
Editor
A two-layer whole coiled winding:
Whole
Coiled
Slot 123
The phase belt for this winding configuration is equal to 360/2m, where m is the phase
number.
Half
Coiled
Slot 1 2 3
Note For a two-layer winding, if you check Constant Pitch in the Winding Editor, only the top
layer needs to be defined; the bottom layer will be determined according to the coil
pitch.
c. Once you have clicked a button to select a winding, click OK to close the Winding Type
window and return to the Properties window.
5. Select or enter the number of parallel branches in one phase of the winding in the Parallel
Branches field.
6. Enter the total number of conductors in each stator slot in the Conductors per Slot field. This
value is the number of turns per coil multiplied by the number of layers.
7. Enter the coil pitch, measured in number of slots, in the Coil Pitch field. The coil pitch is the
number of slots separating one winding. For example, if a coil starts in slot 1 and ends in slot 6,
it has a coil pitch of 5.
8. Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
9. Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automat-
Conductor
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d. When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
11. Click the End/Insulation tab.
12. Select or clear the Input Half-turn Length check box.
13. Do one of the following:
If you selected Input Half-turn Length, then enter the half-turn length of the armature
winding in the Half Turn Length field.
If you cleared Input Half-turn Length, then enter the end length adjustment of the stator
coils in the End Adjustment field. The end adjustment is the distance one end of the con-
ductor extends vertically beyond the end of the stator.
Stator
Coil
14. Enter the inner radius of the base corner in the Base Inner Radius field.
15. Enter the inner diameter of the coil tip in the Tip Inner Diameter field.
16. Enter the distance between two stator coils in the End Clearance field.
17. Enter the thickness of the slot liner insulation in the Slot Liner field.
18. Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
19. Enter the thickness of the insulation layer in the Layer Insulation field.
20. Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
21. Click OK to close the Properties window.
6. When you are finished defining the wires, click OK to close the Wire Size window.
Note For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
Note When you place the mouse cursor over the slot type, a schematic of the selected type
appears, displaying the slot dimension variables.
c. Click OK to close the Select Slot Type window and return to the Properties window.
5. Enter the outer diameter of the rotor in the Outer Diameter field.
6. Enter the inner diameter of the rotor in the Inner Diameter field.
7. Enter the length of the rotor core in the Length field.
8. Select a Steel Type for the rotor core:
a. Click the button for Steel Type.
The Select Definition window appears.
b. Select a steel type from the list, or define a new steel type.
c. Click OK to close the Select Definition window and return to the Properties window.
9. Enter the Skew Width, measured in rotor slot pitch. This value defines by how much the rotor
bars are skewed.
10. Optionally, select Cast Rotor to allow the conductor to fill all the space available in the slot.
Otherwise, RMxprt assumes the slot wedge that fixes the bars is filled with insulator material
in a 2D/3D geometry model.
11. Optionally, select Half Slot to draw only half of the rotor slots.
12. Optionally, select Double Cage to specify the winding as a double-squirrel-cage winding.
If you select Double Cage, another line appears in the properties to let you specify the Bottom
Slot type.
a. Click on the Custom button on the Double Cage row. This displays the Select Slot Type
window.
The Select Slot Type window appears.
b. Select a slot type (available types include 1 through 4).
Note When you place the mouse cursor over the slot type, a schematic of the selected type
appears, displaying the slot dimension variables.
Bs1 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Bs2 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Rs A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
The Rotor Winding Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Bar Conductor The type of bar conductor used in the winding. Click the button to open the
Type Select Definition window.
End Length The length of the single-side end of the extended bar.
End Ring Width The width of one side of the end rings in the axial direction. The end ring
connects the bars of the rotor to one another.
End Ring Height The height of the end rings in the radian direction. The end ring connects
the bars of the rotor to one another.
End Ring The type of end ring conductor used in the winding. Click the button to
Conductor Type open the Select Definition window.
1. Enter the output power developed at the shaft of the motor in the Rated Output Power field.
2. Enter the RMS line-to-line voltage in the Rated Voltage field.
3. Enter the desired output speed of the motor at the load point in the Rated Speed field.
4. Enter the temperature at which the system functions in the Operating Temperature field.
5. Click the Three-Phase Induction Motor tab.
6. Enter the electrical line frequency in the Frequency field, and select the units.
7. Select the Winding Connection from the following options:
Wye (Y)
Delta
8. Click OK to close the Solution Setup window.
Related Topics:
Solution Data for Three-Phase Induction Motors
Solution Data for Three-Phase Induction Motors
To access the solution data, right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup.
The Solution Setup window contains the following fields:
Operation Type On the General tab. The operation type is automatically set to Motor for
this machine type.
Load Type On the General tab. Select from Const Speed, Const Power, Const
Torque, Linear Torque, and Fan Load. The default is Const Power.
Rated Output On the General tab. Type a value for the rated output voltage, and select
Power the units.
Rated Voltage On the General tab. Type a value for the rated voltage, and select the units.
Rated Speed On the General tab. Type a value for the rated speed, and select the units.
Operating On the General tab. Type a value for the operating temperature, and select
Temperature the units.
Frequency On the Three-Phase Induction Motor tab. Type a value for the frequency,
and select the units.
Winding On the Three-Phase Induction Motor tab. Select from Wye or Delta.
Connection
Related Topics:
Setting Up Analysis Parameters for a Three-Phase Induction Motor
Figure 3
In the figures, R1m, X1m, R1a, X1a, R2, X2, and Xm are main-phase stator resistance, main-phase
stator leakage reactance, auxiliary-phase stator resistance, auxiliary-phase stator leakage reactance,
rotor resistance, rotor leakage reactance, and magnetizing reactance, respectively. XC is the reac-
tance of the capacitor connected in series with the auxiliary winding, and the coefficient k is the
ratio of effective turns of the auxiliary winding to that of the main winding. R2, X2, and Xm have
been referred to the main winding. The equivalent impedance of the four circuits is Zm1, Za1, Zm2,
and Za2, as shown in the figures.
According to the symmetric component method, the positive and negative components of auxiliary-
phase currents can be expressed in the form of a phasor as the following:
Ia1 = (j / k)Im1
Ia2 = ((j / k)Im2
Because the main winding and the auxiliary winding have the same applied terminal voltage U1,
the voltage equations for both windings become the following:
U1 = Um1 + Um2 = Im1Zm1 + Im2Zm2
U1 = Ua1 + Ua2 = Ia1Za1 + Ia2Za2 = (j / k)(Im1Za1 - Im2Za2)
The positive and negative components of main-phase current are calculated by the following:
Im1 = U1(Za2 - jkZm2) / (Zm1Za2 + Zm2Za1)
Im2 = U1(Za1 + jkZm1) / (Zm1Za2 + Zm2Za1)
The total input current is:
I1 = Im + Ia = (Im1 + Im2) + (Ia1 + Ia2)
Based on these two components of main-phase current, all current components shown in Figure 3
can be obtained by simple computation.
Then the total input current is:
I1 = Im + Ia = (Im1 + Im2) + (Ia1 + Ia2)
The positive- and negative-sequence air-gap power can be computed in the following way:
Pm1 = 2 * Irm1^2 * R2 / s
Pm2 = 2 * Irm2^2 * R2 / (2 - s)
The total air-gap power is:
Pm = Pm1 - Pm2
Tm, T2, P2, P1, and eff are computed in the same way as for three-phase induction motors.
The power factor is derived from:
PF = P1 / (U1 * I1)
Defining a Single-Phase Induction Motor
The general procedure for structurally defining a single-phase induction motor is as follows:
1. Insert a single-phase induction motor design in an existing or newly created project.
2. Double-click the Machine entry in the project tree to define the general data.
3. Double-click the Machine-Stator entry in the project tree to define the stator geometry.
4. Double-click the Machine-Stator-Slot entry in the project tree to define the stator slot dimen-
sions.
5. Double-click the Machine-Stator-Winding entry in the project tree to define the stator wind-
ings and conductors.
6. Double-click the Machine-Rotor entry in the project tree to define the rotor geometry.
7. Double-click the Machine-Rotor-Slot entry in the project tree to define the rotor slot dimen-
sions.
8. Double-click the Machine-Rotor-Winding entry in the project tree to define the rotor conduc-
tor, ventage hole dimensions, and skew.
9. Double-click the Machine-Shaft entry in the project tree to define the magnetism of the shaft.
10. Right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup to define the solution
data.
11. Choose File>Save to save the project.
12. Choose RMxprt>Analyze to analyze the design.
Note When you place the cursor over an entry field in the data windows, a brief description of
that field appears in the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once the design is analyzed, the model can be imported into the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or can be
used to create a new Maxwell 2D project, and a new Maxwell 3D design.
Please refer to the A Capacitor-Run Single-Phase Induction Motor Problem application note, on the
technical support page of the Ansoft web site, for a specific example of a single-phase induction
motor problem.
Defining the General Data for a Single-Phase Induction Motor
Use the General Data Properties window to define the basic parameters of the induction motor,
such as the number of poles, frictional loss, and operation mode.
To define the general data:
1. To open the General Data Properties window, double-click the Machine entry in the project
tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop without
opening a separate window.)
2. Enter the number of poles for the machine in the Number of Poles field. This value is the total
number of poles in the stator (or the number of pole pairs multiplied by two).
3. Select one of the following for the Rotor Position:
Inner Rotor
Outer Rotor
4. Enter the energy loss due to friction at the given speed in the Frictional Loss field.
5. Enter the wind loss due to air resistance measured at the reference speed in the Wind Loss
field.
6. Enter the given speed in the Reference Speed field.
7. Select the Operation Mode:
a. Click the button.
The Select Operation Mode window appears.
b. Select from one of the following:
C-Run Capacitance-run mode. The capacitor is in series with the auxiliary winding. In the
Capacitor run mode, the capacitor will be designed (if the auto-design mode is
selected) to minimize the backward magnetomotive force.
C-Start Capacitance-start mode. The auxiliary winding is in series with the capacitor and is
disconnected when the rotor reaches the switching speed.
C-R&S Capacitance-run and start mode. Two capacitors are in series with the auxiliary
winding; one for starting, one for running.
R-Start Resistor-start mode. The auxiliary winding is disconnected when the rotor reaches
the switching speed.
c. Click OK to close the Select Operation Mode window and return to the Properties win-
dow.
8. Enter values in the following capacitance, resistance, and switching speed fields:
Run Capacitance Available for C-Run, C-R&S
Run Resistance Available for C-Run, C-R&S
9. If the start winding needs to be optimized, select the Objective Type from the following three
options:
(Tst/Ist)max. Accept the defaults. This is the ratio of the maximum starting torque to the
starting current ratio.
(Tst)max. Enter the given start current ratio. This is the maximum starting torque
(Ist)min (minimum starting current). Enter the given start torque ratio.
Note The start-winding optimization goal is disabled for the C-Run operation mode.
In capacitor-run mode, the capacitor is designed to minimize the backward
magnetomotive force. For other modes, if the auto-design function is active, the
capacitor and the resistance are designed according to the start goal, selected from the
following:
The maximum value of (Starting Torque/Starting Current).
The maximum starting torque.
The minimum starting current.
Start Capacitance The resistance of the start capacitor. Available for C-Start and C-R&S
operation modes.
Start Resistance The resistance of the start capacitor. Available for C-Start and C-R&S
operation modes.
Switching Speed The switching speed of the capacitor or resistor. Available for C-Start, C-
R&S, and R-Start operation modes.
Objective Type If the start winding needs to be optimized, select from the following three
objective types: (Tst/Ist)max, (Tst)max, or (Ist)min.
For (Tst/Ist) max, accept the defaults. This is the ratio of the
maximum starting torque to the starting current ratio.
For (Tst) max, enter the Given Start Current Ratio. This is
the maximum starting torque.
For (Ist) min (minimum starting current), enter the Given
Start Torque Ratio.
The start-winding optimization goal is disabled for the C-Run operation
mode.
Note When you place the mouse cursor over the slot type, a schematic of the selected type
appears, displaying the slot dimension variables.
c. Click OK to close the Select Slot Type window and return to the Properties window.
9. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Stator Data for Single-Phase Induction Motors
To access the general stator data, double-click the Machine>Stator entry in the project tree.
The Stator Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Outer Diameter The outer diameter of the stator core.
Inner Diameter The inner diameter of the stator core.
Length The length of the stator core.
Stacking Factor The stacking factor of the stator core.
Steel Type The steel type of the stator core. Click the button to open the Select
Definition window.
Number of Slots The number of slots the stator core contains.
Slot Type The type of slots in the stator core. Click the button to open the Select Slot
Type window.
Bs0 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs1 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs2 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Rs A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
Slot
Insulation
4. Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
5. Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
6. Select or clear the Include Series Winding check box. This option sets whether or not to
include the series winding in the speed adjustment. When this option is selected, a third tab,
Series (C), appears in the Properties window.
7. Enter the number of layers in the Winding Layers field.
8. Enter the number of slots in the Coil Pitch field.
RMxprt Machine Types 9-31
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Whole
Coiled
Slot 123
Half
Coiled
Slot 123
A user-defined two-layer winding arrangement. When you select 2 Winding layers, the
Winding Winding Editor is enabled, where you can specify a different winding arrangement for
Editor each slot.
A two-layer wave winding:
Whole
Coiled
Slot 123
The phase belt for this winding configuration is equal to 360/2m, where m is the phase
number.
Half
Coiled
Slot 1 2 3
Note For a two-layer winding, if you check Constant Pitch in the Winding Editor, only the top
layer needs to be defined; the bottom layer will be determined according to the coil
pitch.
Slot 123
A first-class sinusoidal coil. The Conductors per Layer field defines the maximum
number of conductors in the slot. The software will determine the winding distribution in
the slots to get the sinusoidal current distribution:
A second-class sinusoidal coil. The Conductors per Layer field defines the maximum
number of conductors in the slot. The software will determine the winding distribution in
the slots to get the sinusoidal current distribution.
Slot 123
Slot 123
The available winding types vary with the slot type that is selected.
c. Once you have clicked a button to select a winding, click OK to close the Winding Type
Stator
Coil
12. Enter the number of conductors per layer of main winding in the Conductors per Layer field.
13. Enter the number of parallel branches in the main stator winding in the Parallel Branches
field.
14. Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design the value.
15. Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automat-
ically obtain this value from the wire library.
Insulation
Conductor
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d. When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
17. Click the Aux (B) tab.
18. Enter the end length adjustment of the auxiliary stator coil in the End Adjustment field.
19. Enter the number of conductors per layer of auxiliary winding in the Conductors per Layer
field.
20. Enter the number of parallel branches in the auxiliary stator winding in the Parallel Branches
field.
21. Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design the value.
22. WIRE WRAP
23. WIRE SIZE
24. Click the Series (C) tab. (This tab only appears when Include Series Winding is selected on
the Winding tab.)
25. Enter the end length adjustment of the series winding in the End Adjustment field.
26. Enter the number of parallel branches in the series stator winding in the Parallel Branches
field.
27. Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design the value.
28. Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automat-
Insulation
Conductor
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d. When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
30. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Stator Winding Data for Single-Phase Induction Motors
To access the stator winding data, double-click the Machine-Stator-Winding entry in the project
tree.
The Stator Winding Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Winding tabSlot Liner The thickness of the slot liner.
Wedge Thickness The thickness of the wedge insulation
Limited Fill The limited slot fill factor for the wire design.
Factor
Include Series Select or clear to specify whether or not to include the series
Winding winding in the speed adjustment. When this option is selected, a
third tab, Series (C), appears in the Properties window.
Winding Layers The number of winding layers.
Coil Pitch The coil pitch measured in number of slots.
Winding Type The type of stator winding for the main phase. Click the button to
open the Winding Type window and choose from Whole Coiled,
Half Coiled, and Editor.
Main (A) End Adjustment The end length adjustment of the stator coils.
Conductors per The number of conductors per layer in the main winding.
Layer
Parallel Branches The number of parallel branches in the main stator winding.
Number of The number of wires per conductor (0 for auto-design).
Strands
Wire Wrap The thickness of the double-sided wire wrap (0 for auto-pickup
from the wire library).
Wire Size The wire diameter (0 for auto-design).
Aux (B) End Adjustment The end length adjustment of the auxiliary winding.
Conductors per The number of conductors per layer in the auxiliary winding.
Layer
Parallel Branches The number of parallel branches in the auxiliary stator winding.
Number of The number of wires per conductor in the auxiliary winding (0 for
Strands auto-design).
Wire Wrap The thickness of the double-sided wire wrap (0 for auto-pickup
from the wire library).
Wire Size The wire diameter (0 for auto-design).
Series (C) This tab appears when Include Series Winding is selected on the Winding tab.
End Adjustment The end length adjustment of the series winding.
Parallel Branches The number of parallel branches in the series winding.
Number of The number of wires per conductor in the series winding (0 for
Strands auto-design).
Wire Wrap The thickness of the double-sided wire wrap (0 for auto-pickup
from the wire library).
Wire Size The wire diameter (0 for auto-design).
Note For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
Note When you place the mouse cursor over the slot type, a schematic of the selected type
appears, displaying the slot dimension variables.
c. Click OK to close the Select Slot Type window and return to the Properties window.
5. Enter the outer diameter of the rotor in the Outer Diameter field.
6. Enter the inner diameter of the rotor in the Inner Diameter field.
7. Enter the length of the rotor core in the Length field.
8. Select a Steel Type for the rotor core:
a. Click the button for Steel Type.
The Select Definition window appears.
b. Select a steel type from the list, or define a new steel type.
c. Click OK to close the Select Definition window and return to the Properties window.
9. Enter the Skew Width, measured in rotor slot pitch. This value defines by how much the rotor
bars are skewed.
10. Optionally, select Cast Rotor to allow the conductor to fill all the space available in the slot.
Otherwise, RMxprt assumes the slot wedge that fixes the bars is filled with insulator material
in a 3D/3D geometry model.
11. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Rotor Data for Single-Phase Induction Motors
To access the general rotor data, double-click the Machine>Rotor entry in the project tree.
The Rotor Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Stacking Factor The stacking factor of the rotor core.
Number of Slots The number of slots the rotor core contains.
Slot Type The type of slots in the rotor core. Click the button to open the Select Slot
Type window.
Outer Diameter The outer diameter of the rotor core.
Inner Diameter The inner diameter of the rotor core.
Length The length of the rotor core.
Steel Type The steel type of the rotor core. Click the button to open the Select
Definition window.
Skew Width The skew width measured in slot number.
Cast Rotor Select or clear this to specify whether the rotor squirrel-cage winding is cast
or not.
Bs0 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Bs1 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Bs2 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Rs A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
The Rotor Winding Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Bar Conductor The type of bar conductor used in the winding. Click the button to open the
Type Select Definition window.
End Length The length of the single-side end of the extended bar.
End Ring Width The width of one side of the end rings in the axial direction.
End Ring Height The height of the end rings in the radian direction.
End Ring The type of end ring conductor used in the winding. Click the button to
Conductor Type open the Select Definition window.
1. Enter the output power developed at the shaft of the motor in the Rated Output Power field.
2. Enter the RMS line-to-line voltage in the Rated Voltage field.
3. Enter the desired output speed of the motor at the load point in the Rated Speed field.
4. Enter the temperature at which the system functions in the Operating Temperature field.
5. Click the Single-Phase Induction Motor tab.
6. Enter the electrical line frequency in the Frequency field, and select the units.
7. Click OK to close the Solution Setup window.
Related Topics:
Solution Data for Single-Phase Induction Motors
Solution Data for Single-Phase Induction Motors
To access the solution data, right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup.
Related Topics:
Setting Up Analysis Parameters for a Single-Phase Induction Motor
M jI Xaq
E0 jI d Xad jI X1
jI q Xaq IR1
N
U
I
Iq
Id
O
Figure 6.1 The phasor
diagram for generators
jI X1
jI Xaq
M
IR1 jI d Xad
U
E0
jI q Xaq
N
Iq
Id
O
Figure 6.2 The phasor diagram for motors
In the figures, R1 and X1 are the resistance and the leakage reactance of the armature winding, Xad
and Xaq are the d-axis armature reactance and the q-axis armature reactance, respectively. In the
phasor diagram, Xad is a linearized nonlinear parameter, and Xaq is a linear parameter. The d-axis
synchronous reactance Xd and q-axis synchronous reactance Xaq are calculated directly from
X d = X 1 + X ad
X q = X 1 + X aq
Let ? denote the power angle for a generator (the angle that U lags E0), or the torque angle for a
motor (the angle that E0 lags U), then we have
I d X d + I q R 1 = ( U cos E 0 )
I d R 1 + I q X q = U sin
where the plus sign + is for the motor and the minus sign - is for the generator.
Solving for Id and Iq yields
X q ( U cos E 0 ) R 1 U sin
I d = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
R 1 + Xd Xq
R 1 ( U cos E 0 ) X d U sin
I q = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
R 1 + Xd Xq
where the plus sign + is for the motor and the minus sign - is for the generator.
Let the angle that I lags E0 be , we have
1 Id
= tan -----
Iq
The power factor angle (the angle that I lags U) is
=
where the plus sign + is for the motor and the minus sign - is for the generator.
vd R1 + Ld Lq e
ed 0 id
vq eq = Ld e R1 + Lq 0 iq
v0 e0 0 0 R1 + L0 i0
where R1 is the armature winding resistance, Ld, Lq and L0 are the d-, the q- and the 0-axis induc-
tances respectively, e is the revolution speed in electric radians per second, the differential opera-
tor is
d
=
dt
The coordinate transformation equations for the terminal voltage, the induced emf and the armature
winding current are
vd va ed ea ia id
T T
vq = C vb eq = C eb ib = C iq
M M M
v0 e0 i0
The transformation matrices for the two-, the three- and the four-phase systems are C2, C3 and C4,
respectively, as follows
C2 = cos sin 0
sin cos 0
1
cos sin -------
2
2 1
C3 = --- cos ( ) sin ( ) ------ -
3 2
1
cos ( 2 ) sin ( 2 ) -------
2
cos sin 0
C 4 = sin cos 0
cos sin 0
sin cos 0
where
2
= ---
3
The input electric power is obtained from the voltage and the current as:
T
1
p 1 = --- ( v d i d + v q i q + v 0 i 0 ) dt
T
0
The output mechanical power is:
P 2 = P 1 ( P fw + P Cua + P Fe )
where Pfw, PCua, Pt and PFe denote the frictional and wind, the armature copper, the switching and
the iron-core losses, respectively.
The output mechanical torque is
P2
T 2 = ------
where denotes the revolution speed in mechanical radians per second.
The efficiency of the electric machine is
P2
= ------ 100 %
P1
Note When you place the cursor over an entry field in the data windows, a brief description of
that field appears in the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once analyzed, the model can be viewed in the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or it can be used to create a
new Maxwell 2D project, and a new Maxwell 3D design.
Note When you place the mouse cursor over a circuit type, an outline schematic of the circuit
appears.
The General Data Properties window for a three-phase induction motor contains the following
fields:
Machine Type The machine type you selected when inserting a new RMxprt design
(Adjust-Speed Synchronous Machine).
Number of Poles The number of poles the machine contains.
Rotor Position Select whether the rotor is an Inner Rotor or Outer Rotor.
Frictional Loss The frictional energy loss (due to friction) measured at the reference speed.
Wind Loss The wind loss (due to air resistance) measured at the reference speed.
Reference Speed The given speed of reference.
Control Type The way the circuit is controlled. Select from DC, PWM (pulse-width
modulation), or AC.
Circuit Type The drive circuit type. Click the button to open the Circuit Type window
and select from the following six types:
Y3: Y-Type, 3-Phase
L3: Loop-Type, 3-Phase
S3: Star-Type, 3-Phase
C2: Cross-Type, 2-Phase
L4: Loop-Type, 4-Phase
S4: Star-Type, 4-Phase
position. An angle of 0 means that the induced voltage in the triggered phase is at a maximum:
Note A positive value represents a lead angle, and a negative value represents a lag angle.
3. Enter the period from on-status to off-status of a transistor, in electrical degrees, in the Trigger
Pulse Width field.
4. Enter the voltage drop across one transistor when the transistor is turned on in the Transistor
Drop field. Refer to the figures of the different circuit types in step 2.
5. Enter the voltage drop of one diode in the discharge loop in the Diode Drop field. If you
selected a star-type circuit (S3 or S4) as the Circuit Type, enter the total discharge voltage in
this field.
6. If you selected PWM as the Control Type, then enter values in the following two fields:
Modulation Index: The ratio of the sine-wave amplitude to the triangular amplitude. For
PWM circuits.
Carrier Frequency Times: The ratio of the triangular frequency to the sine-wave fre-
quency. For PWM circuits.
7. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Note When you place the mouse cursor over the slot type, a schematic of the selected type
appears, displaying the slot dimension variables.
c. Click OK to close the Select Slot Type window and return to the Properties window.
9. Enter the skew width, measured in slot number, in the Skew Width field.
10. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Defining the Stator Dimensions and Slots
To define the stator slots:
1. To open the Stator Slot Data Properties window, double-click the Machine-Stator-Slot
entry in the project tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of
the desktop without opening a separate window.)
2. Optionally, to automatically design the dimensions of slots Hs2, Bs1, and Bs2, select the Auto
Design check box.
3. Optionally, to design dimensions of slots Bs1 and Bs2 based on the stator tooth width, select
the Parallel Tooth check box, and enter a value in the Tooth Width field.
4. Enter the available slot dimensions.
Hs0 Always available.
Hs2 Available only when Auto Design is cleared. When Auto Design is selected, this
slot dimension is determined automatically.
Bs0 Always available.
Bs1 Available only when Auto Design and Parallel Tooth are both cleared. When Auto
Design is selected, this slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel
Tooth is selected, this slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the
Tooth Width field.
Bs2 Available only when Auto Design and Parallel Tooth are both cleared. When Auto
Design is selected, this slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel
Tooth is selected, this slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the
Tooth Width field.
Rs Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
Whole
Coiled
Slot 123
Half
Coiled
Slot 123
A user-defined two-layer winding arrangement. When you select 20, the Winding Editor
Editor opens, where you can specify a different winding arrangement for each slot.
A two-layer wave winding:
Whole
Coiled
Slot 123
The phase belt for this winding configuration is equal to 360/2m, where m is the phase
number.
Half
Coiled
Slot 1 2 3
Note For a two-layer winding, if you check Constant Pitch in the Winding Editor, only the top
layer needs to be defined; the bottom layer will be determined according to the coil
pitch.
c. Once you have clicked a button to select a winding, click OK to close the Winding Type
window and return to the Properties window.
5. Select the Winding Type for the stator.
Note When you place the mouse cursor over the winding type, a schematic of the selected
winding appears.
Winding types 10 and 20 are user-defined. If you select either of these, a window appears, ask-
ing you to define the name of the winding arrangement. The window closes when the user-
Slot 123
Slot 123
20 A user-defined winding arrangement. When you select this type, enter the winding
arrangement, and choose OK.
21 A two-layer wave winding:
Slot 123
The phase belt for this winding configuration is equal to 360/2m, where m is the phase
number.
22 A two-layer winding:
Slot 1 2 3
6. Select or enter the number of parallel branches in one phase of the winding in the Parallel
Branches field.
7. Enter the total number of conductors in each stator slot in the Conductors per Slot field. This
value is the number of turns per coil multiplied by the number of layers.
8. Enter the coil pitch, measured in number of slots, in the Coil Pitch field. The coil pitch is the
number of slots separating one winding. For example, if a coil starts in slot 1 and ends in slot 6,
it has a coil pitch of 5.
9. Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
10. Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automat-
ically obtain this value from the wire library.
Insulation
Conductor
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d. When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
12. Click the End/Insulation tab.
13. Select or clear the Input Half-turn Length check box.
14. Do one of the following:
If you selected Input Half-turn Length, then enter the half-turn length of the armature
winding in the Half Turn Length field.
If you cleared Input Half-turn Length, then enter the end length adjustment of the stator
coils in the End Adjustment field. The end adjustment is the distance one end of the con-
Stator
Coil
15. Enter the inner radius of the base corner in the Base Inner Radius field.
16. Enter the inner diameter of the coil tip in the Tip Inner Diameter field.
17. Enter the distance between two stator coils in the End Clearance field.
18. Enter the thickness of the slot liner insulation in the Slot Liner field.
Slot
Insulation
19. Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
20. Enter the thickness of the insulation layer in the Layer Insulation field.
21. Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
22. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Note For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
Note When you place the mouse cursor over a rotor type, an outline of the selected circuit type
appears.
c. Click OK to close the Select Pole Type window and return to the Properties window.
8. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Rotor Data for Adjust-Speed Synchronous Machines
To access the general rotor data, double-click the Machine>Rotor entry in the project tree.
The Rotor Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Outer Diameter The outer diameter of the rotor core.
Inner Diameter The inner diameter of the rotor core.
Length The length of the rotor core.
Steel Type The steel type of the rotor core. Click the button to open the Select
Definition window.
Stacking Factor The stacking factor of the rotor core.
Pole Type The pole type for the rotor. Click this button to open the Select Pole Type
window and select from the following types: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Note Some of the fields in the Rotor Pole window change, or are inactive, depending on the
Rotor Type you select.
imum possible arc distance in the Embrace field. This value is between 0 and 1.
Magnet
Radius Rotor OD
Radius
Offset
5. For pole type 5, enter the thickness of the bridge across the two poles in the Bridge field.
6. For pole type 5, enter the width of the rib supporting the bridge in the Rib field.
7. Select the type of magnet to use in the rotor pole from the Magnet Type pull-down menu.
8. For pole types 4 and 5, enter the width of the magnet in the Magnet Width field.
9. Enter the maximum radial thickness of the magnet in the Magnet Thickness field.
10. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Solution Setup.
2. Click the General tab. The Operation Type is automatically set to Motor for this machine
type.
3. Select the Load Type used in the motor from the following options:
Const Speed The speed remains constant in the motor.
Const Power The output power remains constant in the motor.
Const Torque The torque remains constant regardless of the speed. In this case, Tload =
Trated, given by the output power divided by the given rated speed.
Linear Torque The torque increases linearly with speed. In this case, Tload = Trated * (n/
nrated) where Trated is given by the output power divided by the given rated
speed.
Fan Load The load varies nonlinearly with speed. In this case, Tload = Trated * (n/
nrated)2 where Trated is given by the output power divided by the given
rated speed.
1. Enter the output power developed at the shaft of the motor in the Rated Output Power field.
2. Enter the RMS line-to-line voltage in the Rated Voltage field.
3. Enter the desired output speed of the motor at the load point in the Rated Speed field.
4. Enter the temperature at which the system functions in the Operating Temperature field.
5. Click OK to close the Solution Setup window.
Related Topics:
Solution Data for Adjust-Speed Synchronous Machines
Solution Data for Adjust-Speed Synchronous Machines
To access the solution data, right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup.
For this machine type, there is only one tab, the General tab.
The Solution Setup window contains the following fields:
Operation Type The operation type is automatically set to Motor for this machine type.
Load Type Select from Const Speed, Const Power, Const Torque, Linear Torque,
and Fan Load. The default is Const Power.
Rated Output Type a value for the rated output voltage, and select the units.
Power
Rated Voltage Type a value for the rated voltage, and select the units.
Rated Speed Type a value for the rated speed, and select the units.
Operating Type a value for the operating temperature, and select the units.
Temperature
Related Topics:
Permanent-Magnet DC Motors
After you have selected Permanent-Magnet DC Motors as your model type, you need to define
the following:
General data, such as the voltage, speed, and circuit type of the model.
Stator data, such as the diameter, slot dimensions, and skew width of the stator.
Stator pole data, such as its associated pole dimensions, type of steel, and pole magnet specifi-
cations.
Rotor data, such as the slot types and dimensions, slot data, and windings.
Commutator and brush data, such as the commutator dimensions and brush length.
Shaft data
Solution data, such as rated output voltage and frequency.
Analysis Approach for PMDC Motors
For a permanent-magnet DC motor, the stator is equipped with P pairs of permanent magnets, cre-
ating P pairs of alternating north and south poles. The distribution of the magnetic field produced
by the permanent magnets field flux is fixed with respect to the stator. The rotor is equipped with a
distributed winding connected to a commutator that revolves together with the rotor.
A system of brushes is kept in permanent electrical contact with the commutator. When DC current
is applied to the rotor winding (via the brushes and commutator), a torque is produced by the inter-
action of the rotor (armature) currents and the field produced by the permanent magnets.
The commutator causes the armature to create a magnetic flux distribution that is fixed in space and
whose axis is perpendicular to the axis of the field flux produced by the permanent magnets. For
these motors, the commutator acts as a mechanical rectifier.
The performance of a permanent-magnet DC (PMDC) motor is computed by DC analysis only. The
voltage equation of a PMDC motor is:
U = Ub + R1 * I + E
where Ub is the voltage drop of one-pair brushes, R1 is the armature resistance, E = Ke * is the
back emf with Ke the back-emf constant in Vs/rad, and is the speed in rad/s. For a given speed
, armature current can be computed based on the applied voltage U, as shown below:
I = (U - Ub - Ke * )/R1
The shaft torque T2 is computed by:
T2 = Kt * I - Tfw
where Kt is the torque constant in Nm/A, which is numerically the same as Ke, and Tfw is the fric-
tional torque.
The output power (mechanical power) is:
P2 = T2 *
The input power (electrical power) is:
Note When you place the cursor over an entry field in the data windows, a brief description of
that field appears in the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once analyzed, the model can be viewed in the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or it can be used to create a
new Maxwell 2D project, and a new Maxwell 3D project.
Refer to the Permanent-Magnet DC Motor Problem application note, on the technical support page
of the Ansoft web site, for a specific example of a permanent-magnet DC motor problem.
Defining the General Data for PMDC Motors
Use the General window to specify the rated output power, voltage values, circuit type, and speed
of the DC motor.
To define the general data:
1. To open the General Data Properties window, double-click the Machine entry in the project
tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop without
Note To use the Brush Press and Frictional Coefficient fields when you define the
commutator and brush later in the Commutator/Brush Data window, enter 0 here for
the Friction Loss.
4. Enter the wind loss due to air resistance measured at the reference speed in the Wind Loss
field.
5. Enter the given speed in the Reference Speed field.
6. Click OK to close the Properties window.
General Data for PMDC Motors
To access the general data, double-click the Machine entry in the project tree.
The General Data Properties window for a three-phase induction motor contains the following
fields:
Machine Type The machine type you selected when inserting a new RMxprt design (DC
Permanent Magnet Motor).
Number of Poles The number of poles the machine contains.
Rotor Position Select whether the rotor is an Inner Rotor or Outer Rotor.
Frictional Loss The frictional energy loss (due to friction) measured at the reference speed.
Wind Loss The wind loss (due to air resistance) measured at the reference speed.
Reference Speed The given speed of reference.
Note For a two-pole machine, a pole embrace of 0.75 yields a magnet with a span of 135
degrees (based on 0.75*180 degrees).
2. Enter the ratio of the actual arc distance in relation to the maximum possible arc distance in the
3. Enter the distance from the center of the stator to the magnet arc center in the Offset field.
Enter 0 for a uniform air gap.
4. To select the type of magnet to use in the rotor pole:
a. Click the Magnet Type button.
The Select Definition window appears.
b. Select or define a material for the magnet type.
c. Click OK to close the Select Definition window and return to the Properties window.
5. Enter the length of the magnet in the axial direction in the Magnet Length field.
6. Enter the maximum radial thickness of the magnet at the center of the pole in the Magnet
Thickness field. To control the flux, the magnets thickness may vary.
7. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Stator Pole Data for PMDC Motors
To access the stator pole data, double-click the Machine-Stator-Pole entry in the project tree.
The Stator Pole Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Embrace The pole embrace.
Offset The pole-arc center offset from the stator center (0 for a uniform air gap).
Magnet Type The type of magnet. Click the button to open the Select Definition window.
Magnet Length The maximum length of the magnet.
Magnet Thickness The maximum thickness of the magnet.
Note When you place the mouse cursor over the slot type, a schematic outline of the slot
appears.
c. Click OK to close the Select Slot Type window and return to the Properties window.
5. Enter the outer diameter of the rotor in the Outer Diameter field.
6. Enter the inner diameter of the rotor in the Inner Diameter field.
7. Enter the length of the rotor core in the Length field.
8. Select a Steel Type for the rotor core:
a. Click the button for Steel Type.
The Select Definition window appears.
b. Select a steel type from the list, or define a new steel type.
c. Click OK to close the Select Definition window and return to the Properties window.
9. Enter the skew width, measured in slot number, in the Skew Width field.
10. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Rotor Data for PMDC Motors
To access the general rotor data, double-click the Machine>Rotor entry in the project tree.
The Rotor Slot Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Auto Design Select or clear this to enable or disable auto-design of slots Hs2, Bs1, and
Bs2. When this check box is selected, only two other fields appear in the
window: Hs0 and Bs0.
Hs0 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Hs2 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Bs0 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Bs1 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Bs2 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Rs A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
Rs A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
5. Enter the number of virtual slots per each real slot in the Virtual Slots field. The rotor is
assumed to have two layers of conductors, an upper and a lower layer. Each layer of conduc-
tors can have a number of windings, which are referred to as virtual slots.
Note For example, the upper and lower layer can have two windings each, which would yield
a virtual slot number of two; for a 12 slot machine, this would yield 24 commutation
segments.
6. Enter the total number of conductors in each rotor slot in the Conductors per Slot field. This
value is the number of turns per coil multiplied by the number of layers. This value is the total
number of conductors in one real full rotor slot.
7. Enter the coil pitch, measured in number of slots, in the Coil Pitch field. The coil pitch is the
number of slots separating one winding. For example, if a coil starts in slot 1 and ends in slot 6,
it has a coil pitch of 5.
8. Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
9. Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automat-
Conductor
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d. When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
11. Click the End/Insulation tab.
12. Select or clear the Input Half-turn Length check box.
13. Do one of the following:
If you selected Input Half-turn Length, then enter the half-turn length of the armature
winding in the Half Turn Length field.
If you cleared Input Half-turn Length, then enter the end length adjustment of the stator
coils in the End Adjustment field. The end adjustment is the distance one end of the con-
ductor extends vertically beyond the end of the stator.
Stator
Coil
14. Enter the inner radius of the base corner in the Base Inner Radius field.
15. Enter the inner diameter of the coil tip in the Tip Inner Diameter field.
16. Enter the distance between two rotor coils in the End Clearance field.
17. Enter the thickness of the slot liner insulation in the Slot Liner field.
Slot
Insulation
18. Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
19. Enter the thickness of the insulation layer in the Layer Insulation field.
20. Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
21. Select the type of equalizer connection from the Equalizer Connection pull-down menu.
Select from None, Half, or Full.
22. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Defining Different Size Wires for a PMDC Motor
Use the Gauge option if you have a conductor that is made up different size wires.
To define different size wires:
1. In the Wire Size window, select MIXED from the Gauge pull-down menu.
2. Select either Round or Rectangular as the Wire Type.
3. Enter the appropriate wire data in the table:
For a round wire:
Enter the Diameter in the table.
Enter a Number in the table to specify how many of the conductors wires have this
diameter.
For a rectangular wire:
Enter the Width of the wire in the table.
Enter the Thickness of the wire in the table.
Enter the Fillet value in the table.
Enter a Number in the table to specify how many of the conductors wires have this
data.
4. Click Add to add the new wire data.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each size wire you want to add.
6. When you are finished defining the wires, click OK to close the Wire Size window and return
to the RMxprt Properties window.
Note For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
The Rotor Winding Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Winding tabWinding Type The type of rotor winding. Click the button to open the Winding
Type window and choose from Lap, Wave, and Frog Leg.
Multiplex Number Single, double, or triple windings (1, 2, or 3).
Virtual Slots The number of virtual slots per real slot.
Conductors per The number of conductors per rotor slot (0 for auto-design).
Slot
Coil Pitch The coil pitch measured in number of slots.
Number of The number of wires per conductor (0 for auto-design).
Strands
Wire Wrap The thickness of the double-sided wire wrap (0 to automatically
obtain this value from the wire library).
Wire Size The diameter of the wire (0 for auto-design). Click the button to
open the Wire Size window where you can specify units, wire
type, diameter, and gauge.
End/ Input Half-turn Select or clear this check box to specify whether or not you want
Insulation Length to enter the half-turn length. When this check box is selected, the
tab Half Turn Length field appears the next time you open the
Properties window. When this check box is selected, the End
Adjustment field appears instead.
Half Turn Length The half-turn length of the armature winding.
Base Inner Radius The inner radius of the base corner.
Tip Inner The inner diameter of the coil tip.
Diameter
End Clearance The end clearance between two adjacent coils.
Slot Liner The thickness of the slot liner insulation.
Wedge Thickness The thickness of the wedge insulation.
Layer Insulation The thickness of the insulation layer.
Limited Fill FactorThe limited slot fill factor for the wire design.
Equalizer The connection type of the equalizer. Select from None, Half, or
Connection Full.
Note When you place the mouse cursor over the commutator type, an outline of the
commutator appears.
Note The brush displacement is positive for the counter-clockwise direction. For example, if
the rotor turns clockwise and the brush displacement is also clockwise, then the angle is
negative; if the rotor turns clockwise but the brush displacement is counter-clockwise,
then the angle is positive.
12. Enter the voltage drop across one brush pair in the Brush Drop field.
13. Enter the mechanical pressure of the brushes as they press against the commutator in the
Brush Press field.
14. Enter the Frictional Coefficient of the brush.
Note If the Friction Loss field is used in the General window, the Brush Press and
Frictional Coefficient fields will be hidden in the Commutator/Brush window. These
fields are shown only when the Friction Loss field in the General window is set to zero.
Const Torque The torque remains constant regardless of the speed. In this case, Tload =
Trated, given by the output power divided by the given rated speed.
Linear Torque The torque increases linearly with speed. In this case, Tload = Trated * (n/
nrated) where Trated is given by the output power divided by the given rated
speed.
Fan Load The load varies nonlinearly with speed. In this case, Tload = Trated * (n/
nrated)2 where Trated is given by the output power divided by the given rated
speed.
4. Enter the output power developed at the shaft of the motor in the Rated Output Power field.
5. Enter the RMS line-to-line voltage in the Rated Voltage field.
6. Enter the desired output speed of the motor at the load point in the Rated Speed field.
7. Enter the temperature at which the system functions in the Operating Temperature field.
8. Click OK to close the Solution Setup window.
Related Topics:
Solution Data for PMDC Motors
Solution Data for PMDC Motors
To access the solution data, right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup.
For this machine type, there is only one tab, the General tab.
The Solution Setup window contains the following fields:
Operation Type The operation type is automatically set to Motor for this machine type.
Load Type Select from Const Speed, Const Power, Const Torque, Linear Torque,
and Fan Load. The default is Const Power.
Rated Output Type a value for the rated output voltage, and select the units.
Power
Rated Voltage Type a value for the rated voltage, and select the units.
Rated Speed Type a value for the rated speed, and select the units.
Operating Type a value for the operating temperature, and select the units.
Temperature
Related Topics:
Setting Up Analysis Parameters for a PMDC Motor
adopted to analyze the characteristics. The phasor diagram for a generator is shown on the left and
and that for a motor is shown on the right.
jI X1
jI Xaq
M
IR1 jI d Xad
U
E0
jI q Xaq
N
Iq
Id
O
Generator Motor
In the figure, R1, X1, Xad, and Xaq are armature resistance, armature leakage reactance, d-axis
armature reactance, and q-axis armature reactance, respectively. Xad is nonlinear, while a linear-
ized value is used in the phasor diagram. Taking the input voltage U as the reference phasor, for a
given current:
I = I
where is the power factor angle, a phasor represented by OM can be derived by:
U + I(R1 + jX1 + jXaq)
The direction of E0 can, therefore, be obtained. Taking the power angle, the angle that U legs E0,
as , then the angle that I legs E0 is:
= +
The d- and q-axis currents are then represented by the following:
Id = I * sin( )
Iq = I * cos( )
The phasor length ON represents the d-axis back EMF from d-axis resultant flux linkage and is
used to determine the d-axis field saturation. Then a frozen method is applied to derive E0, Xad, and
exciting current If.
The output power (electric power) is directly computed from voltage and current as:
P2 = 3*U*I*cos( )
The input power (mechanical power) is defined as:
P1 = P2 + Pfw + Pcua + PFe + Padd + Pcuf + Pex
where Pfw, Pcua, PFe, Padd, Pcuf and Pex are frictional and wind loss, armature copper loss, iron-
core loss, additional loss, field winding copper loss, and exciter loss, respectively.
The input mechanical shaft torque is:
T1 = P1/
where SYMBOL is synchronous speed in rad/s.
The efficiency is computed by:
eff = P2/P1 * 100%
Main Features
Adapted to both Synchronous Motor and Generator
The structures of the salient-pole synchronous motor and the generator are basically the same,
but their phasor relationships and the computation methods are slightly different, their output
characteristics data are also different. This is specified in the solution setup.
Auto Arrangement of Three-phase Windings
Almost all commonly used three-phase single- and double-layer, half- and whole-type ac
windings (including fractional-pitch windings) can be automatically arranged. Users do not
need to define coils one by one. RMxprt also supports a double-layer winding with half-turn
coils which are auto-arranged in the order of even, odd, even, odd, , and even, odd, as long
as it is physically possible.
When a designer adopts single-layer whole-coiled windings, RMxprt will perform winding
arrangement optimization to minimize the average coil pitch. When asymmetric three-phase
windings are used, winding arrangement is optimized in such a way that minimum negative-
sequence and zero-sequence components are achieved.
Winding Editor Supporting Any Single- and Double-Layer Windings
Besides taking advantage of the winding auto-arrangement function in RMxprt, users can also
specify any special winding by using of the Winding Editor function.
In Winding Editor, through modification of phase belonging, number of turns, in-slot and out-
slot number of each coil, it is possible to design single- and double-layer winding arrangement
for any purposes.
Analyze Air-Gap Magnetic Field Distribution
For both uniform and non-uniform air gaps, Schwarz-Christopher Transformation is adopted
to solve for the air-gap magnetic field distribution.
Analyze EMF Waveform and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Based on the analysis of the air-gap magnetic field waveform, taking into account coil short
pitch, winding distribution, skew slot, winding connection, load effects and other factors, the
emf waveforms in the coils and the windings are analyzed to solve for the emf distortion fac-
tors.
Analyze Dynamic Parameters of Damping Winding
Different from the squirrel-cage winding of the induction machine, the damping winding of the
salient-pole synchronous machine is located in the surface of magnetic field poles, which devi-
ates greatly along the d- and the q-axes. Furthermore, the connection of damping bars has sev-
eral forms. The bars under each pole could be connected, but not connected with those under
other poles. All the bars could be connected together. The bars could be connected through
end-plate. RMxprt can deal with all those complicated situations and give the dynamic param-
eters for the damping winding.
Defining a Three-Phase Synchronous Machine
The general procedure for defining a three-phase synchronous machine is as follows:
1. Insert a three-phase synchronous machine into a existing or new project.
2. Double-click the Machine entry in the project tree to define the general data.
3. Double-click the Machine-Stator entry in the project tree to define the stator geometry.
4. Double-click the Machine-Stator-Slot entry in the project tree to define the stator slot dimen-
sions.
5. Optionally, you can add a vent to, or remove an existing vent from the stator. To add a vent,
select the stator, and right-click to display the pop-up menu for Insert Vent.
6. Double-click the Machine-Stator-Winding entry in the project tree to define the stator wind-
ings, conductors, and insulation data.
7. Double-click the Machine-Rotor entry in the project tree to define the general rotor geometry,
the pole data, and the insulation data.
8. Double-click the Machine-Rotor-Winding entry in the project tree to define the rotor conduc-
tors and windings.
9. Optionally, you can add a damper to the design or remove an existing damper. To add a
damper, use Machine-Insert Damper. This inserts the damper in the project tree under the
rotor. You must then specify the slot type and other properties for the damper.
10. Optionally, you can add a vent to, or remove an existing vent from the rotor. To add a vent
select the rotor, and right-click to display the pop-up menu. Use Insert Vent.
11. Double-click the Machine-Shaft entry in the project tree to define the magnetism of the shaft.
12. Right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup to define this solution
data.
13. Choose File>Save to save the project.
14. Choose RMxprt>Analyze to analyze the design.
Note When you place the cursor over an entry field, a brief description of that field appears in
the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once the design is analyzed, the model can be viewed in the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or it can be used
to create a new Maxwell 2D project, and a Maxwell 3D design.
Defining the General Data for a Three-Phase Synchronous Machine
Use the General Data Properties window to define the power settings, speed, and efficiency of the
generator. This window allows you to define the basic parameters of the synchronous generator,
such as power, voltage, winding connections, and losses.
To define the general data:
1. To open the General Data Properties window, double-click the Machine entry in the project
tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop without
opening a separate window.)
2. Enter the number of poles for the machine in the Number of Poles field. This value is the total
number of poles in the stator (or the number of pole pairs multiplied by two).
3. Enter the power lost through frictional forces in the Frictional Loss field.
4. Enter the wind loss measured at the reference speed in the Wind Loss field.
5. Enter the given speed in the Reference Speed field.
6. Click OK to close the Properties window.
General Data for Three-Phase Synchronous Machines
To access the general data, double-click the Machine entry in the project tree.
The General Data Properties window for a three-phase induction motor contains the following
fields:
Machine Type The machine type you selected when inserting a new RMxprt design (Three
Phase Synchronous Machine).
Number of Poles The number of poles the machine contains.
Frictional Loss The frictional energy loss (due to friction) measured at the reference speed.
Wind Loss The wind loss (due to air resistance) measured at the reference speed.
Reference Speed The given speed of reference.
Note When you place the mouse cursor over the slot type, a schematic of the selected type
appears, displaying the slot dimension variables.
c. Click OK to close the Select Slot Type window and return to the Properties window.
9. Enter the number of sectors in the Lamination Sectors field.
10. Enter the thickness of the magnetic pressboard in the Pressboard Thickness field. Enter 0 for
a non-magnetic pressboard.
11. Enter the skew width, measured in slot number, in the Skew Width field.
12. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Stator Data for Three-Phase Synchronous Machines
To access the general stator data, double-click the Machine>Stator entry in the project tree.
The Stator Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Outer Diameter The outer diameter of the stator core.
Inner Diameter The inner diameter of the stator core.
Length The length of the stator core.
Stacking Factor The stacking factor of the stator core.
Steel Type The steel type of the stator core. Click the button to open the Select
Definition window.
Number of Slots The number of slots the stator core contains.
Slot Type The type of slots in the stator core. Click the button to open the Select Slot
Type window.
The Stator Slot Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Auto Design Select or clear this to enable or disable auto-design of slots Hs2, Bs1, and
Bs2. When this check box is selected, only two other fields appear in the
window: Hs0 and Bs0.
Parallel Select this to design Bs1 and Bs2 based on the tooth width. When this
Tooth check box is selected, the Bs1 and Bs2 fields are removed, and the Tooth
Width field is added.
Tooth Width The tooth width for the parallel tooth, on which Bs1 and Bs2 are designed.
Hs0 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Hs2 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs0 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs1 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs2 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Rs A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
Machine
Use the Stator Winding window to define the stator winding data, such as the coils, wires, insula-
tion, number of parallel branches, and physical dimensions of the windings.
End Clearance
Base-End
Inner Radius Top-End
Inner Diameter
Stator Coil
The stator winding data defines the configuration of one phase of the three-phase windings.
To define the stator windings and insulation:
1. To open the Stator Slot Winding Properties window, double-click the Machine-Stator-
Winding entry in the project tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties
section of the desktop without opening a separate window.)
2. Click the Winding tab.
3. Enter the number of layers in the stator winding in the Winding Layers field.
4. Select a Winding Type:
a. Click the button for Winding Type.
The Winding Type window appears.
b. Select from one of the following three types of winding:
Whole Coiled
Half Coiled
Editor
When you place the mouse cursor over a winding button, an outline of the selected wind-
ing appears. The following table describes the six types of windings that are possible
(three for one-layer and three for two-layer):
Type Description
A user-defined one-layer winding arrangement. You need to set up the winding arrangement
for each slot. For this winding type, the following letters are used for the phase windings:
Editor Phase A/A return uses A/X.
Phase B/B return uses B/Y.
Phase C/C return uses C/Z.
A one-layer whole-coiled winding:
Whole
Coiled
Slot 123
Half
Coiled
Slot 123
A user-defined two-layer winding arrangement. When you select 20, the Winding Editor
Editor opens, where you can specify a different winding arrangement for each slot.
A two-layer wave winding:
Whole
Coiled
Slot 123
The phase belt for this winding configuration is equal to 360/2m, where m is the phase
number.
Half
Coiled
Slot 1 2 3
Note Example 1: A one layer winding arranged in 12 slots should be defined as type 10, with
the following arrangement: AAZZBBXXCCYY
Example 2: A two layer winding arranged in 12 slots should be defined as type 20, with
the following arrangement: AAZZBBXXCCYY
Only the top layer needs to be defined; the bottom layer will be determined according to
the coil pitch.
c. Once you have clicked a button to select a winding, click OK to close the Winding Type
window and return to the Properties window.
5. Select a Winding Type. When you place the mouse cursor over a winding, an outline of the
Slot 123
12 A one-layer concentric half-coiled winding:
Slot 123
20 A user-defined winding arrangement. When you select this type, enter the winding
arrangement, and choose OK.
Slot 123
The phase belt for this winding configuration is equal to 360/2m, where m is the phase
number.
22 A two-layer winding:
Slot 1 2 3
Note Example 1: A one layer winding arranged in 12 slots should be defined as type 10, with
the following arrangement: AAZZBBXXCCYY
Example 2: A two layer winding arranged in 12 slots should be defined as type 20, with
the following arrangement: AAZZBBXXCCYY
Only the top layer needs to be defined; the bottom layer will be determined according to
the coil pitch.
6. Select or enter the number of parallel branches in one phase of the winding in the Parallel
Branches field.
7. Enter the total number of conductors in each stator slot in the Conductors per Slot field. This
value is the number of turns per coil multiplied by the number of layers.
8. Enter the coil pitch, measured in number of slots, in the Coil Pitch field. The coil pitch is the
number of slots separating one winding. For example, if a coil starts in slot 1 and ends in slot 6,
it has a coil pitch of 5.
9. Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
10. Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automat-
ically obtain this value from the wire library.
Insulation
Conductor
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d. When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
Stator
Coil
15. Enter the inner radius of the base corner in the Base Inner Radius field.
16. Enter the inner diameter of the coil tip in the Tip Inner Diameter field.
17. Enter the distance between two stator coils in the End Clearance field.
18. Enter the thickness of the slot liner insulation in the Slot Liner field.
19. Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
20. Enter the thickness of the insulation layer in the Layer Insulation field.
21. Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
22. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Stator Winding and Insulation for Three-Phase Synchronous Machines
To access the stator winding and insulation data, double-click the Machine-Stator-Winding entry
in the project tree.
The Stator Winding Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Winding tabWinding Layers The number of winding layers.
Winding Type The type of stator winding. Click the button to open the Winding
Type window and choose from Whole Coiled, Half Coiled, and
Editor.
Parallel Branches The number of parallel branches in the stator winding.
Conductors per The number of conductors per stator slot (0 for auto-design).
Slot
Coil Pitch The coil pitch measured in number of slots.
Number of The number of wires per conductor (0 for auto-design).
Strands
Wire Wrap The thickness of the double-sided wire wrap (0 to automatically
obtain this value from the wire library).
Wire Size The diameter of the wire (0 for auto-design). Click the button to
open the Wire Size window where you can specify units, wire
type, diameter, and gauge.
End/ Input Half-turn Select or clear this check box to specify whether or not you want
Insulation Length7 to enter the half-turn length. When this check box is selected, the
tab Half Turn Length field appears the next time you open the
Properties window. When this check box is selected, the End
Adjustment field appears instead.
Half Turn Length The half-turn length of the armature winding.
End Adjustment The end length adjustment of the stator coils, which is the distance
one end of the conductor extends vertically beyond the end of the
stator.
Base Inner The inner radius of the base corner.
Radius
Tip Inner The inner diameter of the coil tip.
Diameter
End Clearance The end clearance between two adjacent coils.
Slot Liner The thickness of the slot liner insulation.
Wedge Thickness The thickness of the wedge insulation.
Note For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
Radius
Offset
10. Enter the width of the pole shoe in the Pole Shoe Width field.
11. Enter the height of the pole shoe in the Pole Shoe Height field.
12. Enter the width of the pole body in the Pole Body Width field.
13. Enter the height of the pole body in the Pole Body Height field.
14. Enter the width between the rotor pole and rotor yoke in the Second Air Gap field.
15. To include the two arcs in the half-pole range, do the following:
a. Select the Select Pole Arc check box.
b. Enter the offset of the second arc perpendicular to the pole-center line in the Off2_x field.
c. Enter the offset of the second arc parallel with the pole-center line in the Off2_y field.
16. Select or clear the Magnetic PressBoard check box to specify whether or not the press board
is made of magnetic material.
17. Enter the thickness of the press board in the Press Board Thickness field.
18. Click the Insulation tab.
19. Enter the thickness of the insulating material beneath the shoe pole in the Shoe Insulation
field.
20. Enter the thickness of the insulating material on the side of the pole body in the Pole Insula-
tion field.
21. Enter the clearance distance between the windings in the Winding Clearance field.
22. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Rotor, Rotor Pole, and Insulation for Three-Phase Synchronous
Machines
To access the general rotor data, pole data, and insulation data double-click the Machine>Rotor
entry in the project tree.
The Rotor Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Rotor tab Outer Diameter The outer diameter of the rotor core.
Inner Diameter The inner diameter of the rotor core.
Length The length of the rotor core.
Steel Type The steel type of the rotor core. Click the button to open the Select
Definition window.
Stacking Factor The stacking factor of the rotor core.
Pole tab Pole Arc Offset The pole-arc center offset from the rotor center.
Pole Shoe Width The width of the pole shoe.
Pole Shoe Height The height of the pole shoe.
Pole Body Width The width of the pole body.
Pole Body Height The height of the pole body.
Second Air Gap The width of the second air gap, between the rotor pole and rotor
yoke.
Second Pole Arc Select or clear this option to specify whether or not the pole
surface includes the two arcs in the half-pole range. When you
select this check box, two additional fields appear: Off2_x and
Off2_y.
Off2_x The offset of the second arc perpendicular to the pole-center line.
This field is only available when Second Pole Arc is selected.
Off2_y The offset of the second arc parallel with the pole-center line. This
field is only available when Second Pole Arc is selected.
Magnetic Select or clear this option to specify whether or not the press
PressBoard board is made of magnetic material.
Press Board The thickness of the press board.
Thickness
Insulation Shoe Insulation The thickness of the insulating material beneath the pole shoe.
tab
Pole Insulation The thickness of the insulating material on the side of the pole
body.
Winding The clearance distance between the windings.
Clearance
Pole
insulation
Overall
height Wire
width
Pole body
width Wire thickness
Shoe
insulation
Second air-gap
Winding Axial
Fillet Clearance
Rotor
winding
Radial Rotor
Duct length
Width
To add a damper:
1. Right-click on the rotor icon in the project tree to display the short cut menu.
2. Click Insert Damper on the menu.
The damper appears in the project tree under the rotor. The damper also includes an associated
slot.
1. To remove a damper, right-click on the rotor icon in the project tree to display the short cut
menu.
2. Click Remove Damper on the menu.
The damper and associated slot are removed from the project tree.
The damper data contains the following fields.
of magnetic material.
3. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Shaft Data for Three-Phase Synchronous Machines
To access the shaft data, double-click the Machine>Shaft entry in the project tree.
The Shaft Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Magnetic Shaft Select or clear this check box to indicate whether or not the shaft is made of
magnetic material.
5. Enter the output power developed at the shaft of the machine in the Rated Output Power
field.
6. Enter the RMS line-to-line voltage in the Rated Voltage field.
7. Enter the desired output speed of the motor at the load point in the Rated Speed field.
8. Enter the temperature at which the system functions in the Operating Temperature field.
9. Click the Three-Phase Synchronous Machine tab.
Related Topics:
Setting Up Analysis Parameters for a Three-Phase Synchronous Machine
vd R1 + Ld p Lq e
ed 0 id
vq eq = Ld e R1 + Lq p 0 iq
v0 e0 0 0 R1 + L0 p i0
where R1, Ld, Lq, and L0 are armature resistance, d-axis synchronous inductance, q-axis synchro-
nous inductance, and 0-axis inductance, respectively. e is rotor speed in electrical rad/s, and
represents for d/dt.
The transformations for terminal voltages, induced voltages, and winding currents are given by the
following three equations:
vd va ed ea ia id
T T
vq = C v eq = C e ib = C iq
b b
M M M
v0 e0 i0
The transformation matrices for 2-phase, 3-phase, and 4-phases systems, noted as C2, C3, and C4,
are as follows:
C2 = cos sin 0
sin cos 0
cos sin 1 ( 2)
2
C3 = --- cos ( ) sin ( ) 1 ( 2 )
3
cos ( 2 ) sin ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 )
cos sin 0
C 4 = sin cos 0
cos sin 0
sin cos 0
where = 2 /3.
The input power (electric power) can now be computed from the voltage and current as:
T
1
p 1 = --- ( v d i d + v q i q + v 0 i 0 ) dt
t
0
The output power (mechanical power) is:
P2 = P1 - (Pfw + PCua + Pt + PFe)
where Pfw, PCua, Pt, and PFe are frictional and wind loss, armature copper loss, transistor/diode
loss, and iron-core loss, respectively.
Note When you place the cursor over an entry field in the data windows, a brief description of
that field appears in the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once analyzed, the model can be viewed in the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or it can be used to create a
new Maxwell 2D project, and a new Maxwell 3D design
Please refer to the Brushless Permanent-Magnet DC Motor Problem application note, on the tech-
nical support page of the Ansoft web site, for a specific example of a brushless permanent-magnet
DC motor problem.
Defining the General Data for a Brushless PMDC Motor
Use the General window to specify the rated output power, voltage values, circuit type, and speed
of the brushless DC motor.
To define the general data:
1. To open the General Data Properties window, double-click the Machine entry in the project
tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop without
RMxprt Machine Types 27-123
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Note When you place the mouse cursor over a circuit type, an outline schematic of the circuit
appears.
position. An angle of 0 means that the induced voltage in the triggered phase is at a maximum:
Note A positive value represents a lead angle, and a negative value represents a lag angle.
3. Enter the period from on-status to off-status of a transistor, in electrical degrees, in the Trigger
Pulse Width field.
4. Enter the voltage drop across one transistor when the transistor is turned on in the Transistor
Drop field. Refer to the figures of the different circuit types in step 2.
5. Enter the voltage drop of one diode in the discharge loop in the Diode Drop field. If you
selected a star-type circuit (S3 or S4) as the Circuit Type, enter the total discharge voltage in
this field.
6. If you selected CCC (chopped current control) as the Control Type, then enter the maximum
and minimum current values in the Maximum Current and Minimum Current fields.
7. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Circuit Data for Brushless PMDC Motors
To access the Circuit Data Properties window, double-click the Machine>Circuit entry in the
project tree.
Lead Angle of The triggers lead angle, in electrical degrees.
Trigger
Trigger Pulse The period from on-status to off-status for a transistor, in electrical degrees.
Width
Transistor Drop The voltage drop across one transistor when the transistor is turned on.
Diode Drop The voltage drop across one diode in the discharge loop.
Maximum The maximum current for the chopped current control. This field is not
Current available for a DC circuit.
Minimum The minimum current for the chopped current control. This field is not
Current available for a DC circuit.
Note When you place the mouse cursor over the slot type, a schematic of the selected type
appears, displaying the slot dimension variables.
c. Click OK to close the Select Slot Type window and return to the Properties window.
9. Enter the skew width, measured in slot number, in the Skew Width field.
10. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Stator Data for Brushless PMDC Motors
To access the general stator data, double-click the Machine>Stator entry in the project tree.
The Stator Slot Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Auto Design Select or clear this to enable or disable auto-design of slots Hs2, Bs1, and
Bs2. When this check box is selected, only two other fields appear in the
window: Hs0 and Bs0.
Parallel Select this to design Bs1 and Bs2 based on the tooth width. When this
Tooth check box is selected, the Bs1 and Bs2 fields are removed, and the Tooth
Width field is added.
Tooth Width The tooth width for the parallel tooth, on which Bs1 and Bs2 are designed.
Hs0 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Hs1 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Hs2 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs0 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs1 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs2 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Rs A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
When you place the mouse cursor over a winding button, an outline of the selected wind-
ing appears. The following table describes the six types of windings that are possible
(three for one-layer and three for two-layer):
Type Description
A user-defined one-layer winding arrangement. You need to set up the winding arrangement
for each slot. For this winding type, the following letters are used for the phase windings:
Editor Phase A/A return uses A/X.
Phase B/B return uses B/Y.
Phase C/C return uses C/Z.
A one-layer whole-coiled winding:
Whole
Coiled
Slot 123
Half
Coiled
Slot 123
A user-defined two-layer winding arrangement. When you select 20, the Winding Editor
Editor opens, where you can specify a different winding arrangement for each slot.
A two-layer wave winding:
Whole
Coiled
Slot 123
The phase belt for this winding configuration is equal to 360/2m, where m is the phase
number.
Half
Coiled
Slot 1 2 3
Note For a two layer winding, if you check Constant Pitch in the Winding Editor, only the top
layer needs to be defined; the bottom layer will be determined according to the coil
pitch.
c. Once you have clicked a button to select a winding, click OK to close the Winding Type
window and return to the Properties window.
5. Select a Winding Type.
Note When you place the mouse cursor over a winding, an outline of the selected winding
appears.
Slot 123
Slot 123
20 A user-defined two-layer winding arrangement. When you select this type, enter the
winding arrangement, and choose OK.
21 A two-layer wave winding:
Slot 123
The phase belt for this winding configuration is equal to 360/2m, where m is the phase
number.
22 A two-layer winding:
Slot 1 2 3
6. Select or enter the number of parallel branches in one phase of the winding in the Parallel
Branches field.
7. Enter the total number of conductors in each stator slot in the Conductors per Slot field. This
value is the number of turns per coil multiplied by the number of layers.
8. Enter the coil pitch, measured in number of slots, in the Coil Pitch field. The coil pitch is the
number of slots separating one winding. For example, if a coil starts in slot 1 and ends in slot 6,
it has a coil pitch of 5.
9. Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
10. Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automat-
ically obtain this value from the wire library.
Insulation
Conductor
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d. When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
12. Click the End/Insulation tab.
13. Select or clear the Input Half-turn Length check box.
14. Do one of the following:
If you selected Input Half-turn Length, then enter the half-turn length of the armature
winding in the Half Turn Length field.
If you cleared Input Half-turn Length, then enter the end length adjustment of the stator
coils in the End Adjustment field. The end adjustment is the distance one end of the con-
Stator
Coil
15. Enter the inner radius of the base corner in the Base Inner Radius field.
16. Enter the inner diameter of the coil tip in the Tip Inner Diameter field.
17. Enter the distance between two stator coils in the End Clearance field.
18. Enter the thickness of the slot liner insulation in the Slot Liner field.
Slot
Insulation
19. Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
20. Enter the thickness of the insulation layer in the Layer Insulation field.
21. Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
22. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Note For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
Note When you place the mouse cursor over a pole type, an outline of the selected circuit type
appears.
c. Click OK to close the Select Pole Type window and return to the Properties window.
8. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Rotor Data for Brushless PMDC Motors
To access the general rotor data, double-click the Machine>Rotor entry in the project tree.
The Rotor Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Outer Diameter The outer diameter of the rotor core.
Inner Diameter The inner diameter of the rotor core.
Length The length of the rotor core.
Steel Type The steel type of the rotor core. Click the button to open the Select
Definition window.
Stacking Factor The stacking factor of the rotor core.
Pole Type The pole type for the rotor. Click this button to open the Select Pole Type
window and select from the following types: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Note Some of the fields in the Rotor Pole window change, or are inactive, depending on the
Rotor Type you select.
imum possible arc distance in the Embrace field. This value is between 0 and 1.
Magnet
Radius Rotor OD
Radius
Offset
5. For pole type 5, enter the thickness of the bridge across the two poles in the Bridge field.
6. For pole type 5, enter the width of the rib supporting the bridge in the Rib field.
7. Select the type of magnet to use in the rotor pole from the Magnet Type pull-down menu.
8. For pole types 4 and 5, enter the width of the magnet in the Magnet Width field.
9. Enter the maximum radial thickness of the magnet in the Magnet Thickness field.
10. Click OK to close the Properties window.
3. Select the Load Type used in the motor from the following options:
Const Speed The speed remains constant in the motor.
Const Power The output power remains constant in the motor.
Const Torque The torque remains constant regardless of the speed. In this case, Tload =
Trated, given by the output power divided by the given rated speed.
Linear Torque The torque increases linearly with speed. In this case, Tload = Trated * (n/
nrated) where Trated is given by the output power divided by the given rated
speed.
Fan Load The load varies nonlinearly with speed. In this case, Tload = Trated * (n/
nrated)2 where Trated is given by the output power divided by the given rated
speed.
1. Enter the output power developed at the shaft of the motor in the Rated Output Power field.
2. Enter the RMS line-to-line voltage in the Rated Voltage field.
3. Enter the desired output speed of the motor at the load point in the Rated Speed field.
4. Enter the temperature at which the system functions in the Operating Temperature field.
5. Click OK to close the Solution Setup window.
Related Topics:
Solution Data for Brushless PMDC Motors
Analysis Offered
Analysis Offered
Adapted to both Synchronous Motor and Generator
The structures of the salient-pole synchronous motor and the generator are basically the same,
but their phasor relationships and the computation methods are slightly different, their output
characteristics data are also different. Therefore, RMxprt divides the synchronous machine
into two design modules: Synchronous Motor and Synchronous Generator.
Auto Arrangement of Three-phase Windings
Almost all commonly used three-phase single- and double-layer, half- and whole-type ac
windings (including fractional-pitch windings) can be automatically arranged. Users do not
need to define coils one by one. RMxprt also supports a double-layer winding with half-turn
coils which are auto-arranged in the order of even, odd, even, odd, , and even, odd, as long
as it is physically possible.
When a designer adopts single-layer whole-coiled windings, RMxprt will perform winding
arrangement optimization to minimize the average coil pitch. When asymmetric three-phase
windings are used, winding arrangement is optimized in such a way that minimum negative-
sequence and zero-sequence components are achieved.
Winding Editor Supporting Any Single- and Double-Layer Windings
Besides taking the great advantage of the winding auto-arrangement function in RMxprt, users
can also specify any special winding by using of the Winding Editor function.
In Winding Editor, through modification of phase belonging, number of turns, in-slot and out-
slot number of each coil, it is possible to design single- and double-layer winding arrangement
for any purposes.
Analyze Air-Gap Magnetic Field Distribution
For both uniform and non-uniform air gaps, Schwarz-Christopher Transformation is adopted
to solve for the air-gap magnetic field distribution.
Analyze EMF Waveform and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Based on the analysis of the air-gap magnetic field waveform, taking into account coil short
pitch, winding distribution, skew slot, winding connection, load effects and other factors, the
emf waveforms in the coils and the windings are analyzed to solve for the emf distortion fac-
tors.
Analyze Dynamic Parameters of Damping Winding
Different from the squirrel-cage winding of the induction machine, the damping winding of the
salient-pole synchronous machine is located in the surface of magnetic field poles, which devi-
ates greatly along the d- and the q-axes. Furthermore, the connection of damping bars has sev-
eral forms. The bars under each pole could be connected, but not connected with those under
other poles. All the bars could be connected together. The bars could be connected through
end-plate. RMxprt can deal with all those complicated situations and give the dynamic param-
eters for the damping winding.
Related Topics:
Setting Up Analysis Parameters for a Brushless PMDC Motor
Solution Data for Brushless PMDC Motors
To access the solution data, right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup.
For this machine type, there is only one tab, the General tab.
The Solution Setup window contains the following fields:
Operation Type The operation type is automatically set to Motor for this machine type.
Load Type Select from Const Speed, Const Power, Const Torque, Linear Torque,
and Fan Load. The default is Const Power.
Rated Output Type a value for the rated output voltage, and select the units.
Power
Rated Voltage Type a value for the rated voltage, and select the units.
Rated Speed Type a value for the rated speed, and select the units.
Operating Type a value for the operating temperature, and select the units.
Temperature
Related Topics:
Setting Up Analysis Parameters for a Brushless PMDC Motor
d ( , i )
u = u T + R S i + ---------------------
dt
where uT is the transistor or diode voltage drop, and Rs is the stator winding resistance. ( , i) is
the flux linkage of the winding at rotor position and winding current i, as is shown in Figure 8,
where the rotor position when the center of the rotor slot is aligned to the winding axis is defined as
0.
Figure 8
Let
( , i )
L = --------------------
i
and
L
( i )
G = ------------------ = ---------
Then
u = u T + R S i + L pi + G e i
where e is the rotor speed in electrical rad/s, and p is the differential operator as given by:
d
p =
dt
The instant electromagnetic torque t2 is:
1 2
t 2 = --- Gi
2
The input electric power is computed from voltage and current as:
T
1
P 1 = --- ( u i dt )
T
0
The output mechanical power is:
P 2 = P 1 ( P fw + P Cua + P t + P Fe )
where Pfw, PCua, Pt, and PFe are frictional and wind loss, armature copper loss, transistor/diode
loss, and iron-core loss, respectively.
The average output mechanical shaft torque T2 is:
P2
T 2 = ------
where is the rotor angular speed in mechanical rad/s.
The efficiency of the electric machine is computed by:
P2
= ------ 100 %
P1
Note When you place the cursor over an entry field in the data windows, a brief description of
that field appears in the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once analyzed, the model can be viewed in the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or it can be used to create a
new Maxwell 2D project, and a new Maxwell 3D project.
Please refer to the Switched Reluctance Motor Problem application note, on the technical support
page of the Ansoft web site, for a specific example.
Defining the General Data for a Switched Reluctance Motor
Use the General window to define the power settings, speed, and period of the motor.
To define the general data:
1. To open the General Data Properties window, double-click the Machine entry in the project
tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop without
opening a separate window.)
2. Enter the energy loss due to friction at the given speed in the Frictional Loss field.
3. Enter the wind loss due to air resistance measured at the reference speed in the Wind Loss
field.
4. Enter the given speed in the Reference Speed field.
5. Select DC or CCC from the Control Type pull-down list.
6. Select a Circuit Type from the following types:
Full-Voltage
Half-Voltage
Coupled-Coil
The circuit types are based on industry standards. By default, type Full-Voltage, is selected as
the circuit type.
Note When you place the mouse cursor over a circuit type, an outline schematic of the circuit
appears.
maximum:
Note A positive value represents a lead angle, and a negative value represents a lag angle.
3. Enter the period from on-status to off-status of a transistor, in electrical degrees, in the Trigger
Pulse Width field. The trigger pulse width is the width of the energizing pulse applied to the
winding, or the period for an on status of the transistors. The maximum on period is given
by 180 degrees plus the value for the lead angle of trigger.
4. Enter the voltage drop across one transistor when the transistor is turned on in the Transistor
Drop field. Refer to the figures of the different circuit types in step 2. This value is over one
conduction path when the transistors are triggered.
5. Enter the voltage drop on all anti-parallel diodes in the discharge path in the Diode Drop field.
If you selected a star-type circuit (S3 or S4) as the Circuit Type, enter the total discharge volt-
age in this field.
6. If you selected CCC (chopped current control) as the Control Type, then enter the maximum
and minimum current values in the Maximum Current and Minimum Current fields.
7. Click OK to close the Properties window.
stator.
Stator
Coil
4. Select or enter the number of parallel branches in one phase of the winding in the Parallel
Branches field.
5. Enter the number of turns per stator pole in the Turns per Pole field.
6. Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
7. Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automat-
ically obtain this value from the wire library.
Insulation
Conductor
y
Wire Wrap = 2*y
options:
You can select a specific gauge number. When you select a gauge number, the
<number> Wire Diameter field is automatically updated.
This option allows you to manually enter the Wire Diameter. This is useful when
USER you want to enter a diameter that does not correspond to a particular wire gauge.
This option sets the Wire Diameter to zero, and RMxprt automatically calculates
AUTO the optimal value. The diameter information is then written to the output file
when you analyze the design.
This option allows you to define a conductor that is made of different size wires.
MIXED For example, a single conductor may consist of 5 wires, 3 wires with a diameter
of 0.21mm and 2 with a diameter of 0.13mm.
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d. When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
9. Enter the conductor area ratio of the coupled circuit to the main circuit in the Coupled Ratio
field.
10. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Defining Different Size Wires for a Switched Reluctance Motor
Use the Gauge option in the Wire Size window if you have a conductor that is made up different
size wires.
To define different size wires:
1. In the Wire Size window, select MIXED from the Gauge pull-down menu.
2. Select either Round or Rectangular as the Wire Type.
3. Enter the appropriate wire data in the table:
For a round wire:
Enter the Diameter in the table.
Enter a Number in the table to specify how many of the conductors wires have this
diameter.
For a rectangular wire:
Enter the Width of the wire in the table.
Enter the Thickness of the wire in the table.
Enter the Fillet value in the table.
Enter a Number in the table to specify how many of the conductors wires have this
data.
4. Click Add to add the new wire data.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each size wire you want to add.
6. When you are finished defining the wires, click OK to close the Wire Size window and return
to the RMxprt Properties window.
Note For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
of magnetic material.
3. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Shaft Data for Switched Reluctance Motors
To access the shaft data, double-click the Machine-Shaft entry in the project tree.
The Shaft Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Magnetic Shaft Select or clear this check box to indicate whether or not the shaft is made of
magnetic material.
1. Enter the output power developed at the shaft of the motor in the Rated Output Power field.
2. Enter the RMS line-to-line voltage in the Rated Voltage field.
3. Enter the desired output speed of the motor at the load point in the Rated Speed field.
4. Enter the temperature at which the system functions in the Operating Temperature field.
5. Click OK to close the Solution Setup window.
Related Topics:
Solution Data for Switched Reluctance Motors
Solution Data for Switched Reluctance Motors
To access the solution data, right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup.
For this machine type, there is only one tab, the General tab.
Related Topics:
Setting Up Analysis Parameters for a Switched Reluctance Motor
Figure 6
In Figure 6, R1, Xd, and Xq are armature resistance, d-axis synchronous reactance, and q-axis syn-
chronous reactance, respectively. Xd is the sum of leakage reactance, X1 and d-axis armature reac-
tance Xad, and Xq is the sum of X1 and q-axis armature reactance Xaq:
X d = X 1 + X ad
X q = X 1 + X aq
For a given torque angle , the angle that E0 lags U, we have the following:
I d X d + I q R 1 = U cos E 0
I d R 1 + I q X q = U sin
X q ( U cos E 0 ) R 1 U sin
I d = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
2
R 1 + Xd Xq
R 1 ( U cos E 0 ) X d U sin
I q = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
2
R 1 + Xd Xq
The power factor angle (or torque angle) that I legs U, is:
= +
The input power (electric power) can now be computed from voltage and current as:
P 1 = 3UI cos
P 2 = P 1 ( P fw + P Cu + P Fe )
where Pfw, PCu, and PFe are frictional and wind loss, armature copper loss, and iron-core loss,
respectively.
The output mechanical power (torque) T2 is:
P2
T 2 = ------
where is the synchronous speed in rad/s.
The efficiency is computed by:
P2
= ------ 100 %
P1
The motor is started the same way as for an induction motor, by using a squirrel-cage-type winding
-- called a damper winding in this case -- that is mounted on the rotor, producing the starting torque.
Defining a Line-Start Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
The general procedure for defining a line-start synchronous motor is as follows:
1. Insert a line-start synchronous motor into a new or existing project.
2. Double-click the Machine entry in the project tree to define the general data.
3. Double-click the Machine-Stator entry in the project tree to define the stator geometry.
4. Double-click the Machine-Stator-Slot entry in the project tree to define the stator slot dimen-
sions.
5. Double-click the Machine-Stator-Winding entry in the project tree to define the stator wind-
ings and conductors.
6. Double-click the Machine-Rotor entry in the project tree to define the rotor geometry.
7. Double-click the Machine-Rotor-Pole entry in the project tree to define the pole, embrace,
offset, and air gap data for the rotor pole.
8. Double-click the Machine-Shaft entry in the project tree to define the magnetism of the shaft.
9. Right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup to define the solution
data.
10. Choose File>Save to save the project.
11. Choose RMxprt>Analyze to analyze the design.
Note When you place the cursor over an entry field in the data windows, a brief description of
that field appears in the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once analyzed, the model can be viewed in the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or it can be used to create a
new Maxwell 2D project, and a new Maxwell 3D design.
Defining the General Data for a Line-Start PM Synchronous Motor
Use the General window to define the basic parameters of the motor, such as the motors rated out-
put power, rated voltage, losses, and connection type.
To define the general data:
1. To open the General Data Properties window, double-click the Machine entry in the project
tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop without
opening a separate window.)
2. Enter the number of poles for the machine in the Number of Poles field. This value is the total
number of poles in the stator (or the number of pole pairs multiplied by two).
3. Enter the energy loss due to friction at the given speed in the Frictional Loss field.
4. Enter the wind loss due to air resistance measured at the reference speed in the Wind Loss
field.
5. Enter the given speed in the Reference Speed field.
6. Click OK to close the Properties window.
General Data for Line-Start PM Synchronous Motors
To access the general data, double-click the Machine entry in the project tree.
The General Data Properties window for a three-phase induction motor contains the following
fields:
Machine Type The machine type you selected when inserting a new RMxprt design (Line-
Start PM Synchronous Motor).
Number of Poles The number of poles the machine contains.
Frictional Loss The frictional energy loss (due to friction) measured at the reference speed.
Wind Loss The wind loss (due to air resistance) measured at the reference speed.
Reference Speed The given speed of reference.
Use the Stator Data, Stator Slot Data, and Stator Winding Data windows to define the stator
data, such as physical dimensions of the lamination, windings, and conductors.
To define the general stator data:
1. To open the Stator Data Properties window, double-click the Machine>Stator entry in the
project tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop
without opening a separate window.)
2. Enter the Outer Diameter of the stator.
3. Enter the Inner Diameter of the stator.
4. Enter the length of the stator core in the Length field.
5. Enter the effective magnetic length of the core in the Stacking Factor field.
6. Select a Steel Type for the stator core:
a. Click the button for Steel Type.
The Select Definition window appears.
b. Select a steel type from the list, or define a new steel type.
c. Click OK to close the Select Definition window and return to the Properties window.
7. Enter the Number of Slots in the stator.
8. Select the Slot Type:
a. Click the button for the Slot Type.
The Select Slot Type window appears.
b. Select a slot type (available types include 1 through 4).
Note When you place the mouse cursor over the slot type, a schematic of the selected type
appears, displaying the slot dimension variables.
c. Click OK to close the Select Slot Type window and return to the Properties window.
9. Enter the skew width, measured in slot number, in the Skew Width field.
10. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Stator Data for Line-Start PM Synchronous Motors
To access the general stator data, double-click the Machine>Stator entry in the project tree.
The Stator Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Outer Diameter The outer diameter of the stator core.
Inner Diameter The inner diameter of the stator core.
Length The length of the stator core.
Stacking Factor The stacking factor of the stator core.
Steel Type The steel type of the stator core. Click the button to open the Select
Definition window.
The Stator Slot Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Auto Design Select or clear this to enable or disable auto-design of slots Hs2, Bs1, and
Bs2. When this check box is selected, only two other fields appear in the
window: Hs0 and Bs0.
Parallel Select this to design Bs1 and Bs2 based on the tooth width. When this
Tooth check box is selected, the Bs1 and Bs2 fields are removed, and the Tooth
Width field is added.
Tooth Width The tooth width for the parallel tooth, on which Bs1 and Bs2 are designed.
Hs0 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Hs1 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Hs2 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs0 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs1 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs2 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Rs A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
Editor
Note When you place the mouse cursor over the winding type, a schematic of that type
appears.
c. Click OK to close the Winding Type window and return to the Properties window.
5. Select or enter the number of parallel branches in one phase of the winding in the Parallel
Branches field.
6. Enter the total number of conductors in each stator slot in the Conductors per Slot field. This
value is the number of turns per coil multiplied by the number of layers.
7. Enter the coil pitch, measured in number of slots, in the Coil Pitch field. The coil pitch is the
number of slots separating one winding. For example, if a coil starts in slot 1 and ends in slot 6,
it has a coil pitch of 5.
8. Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
9. Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automat-
ically obtain this value from the wire library.
Insulation
Conductor
options:
You can select a specific gauge number. When you select a gauge number, the
<number> Wire Diameter field is automatically updated.
This option allows you to manually enter the Wire Diameter. This is useful when
USER you want to enter a diameter that does not correspond to a particular wire gauge.
This option sets the Wire Diameter to zero, and RMxprt automatically calculates
AUTO the optimal value. The diameter information is then written to the output file
when you analyze the design.
This option allows you to define a conductor that is made of different size wires.
MIXED For example, a single conductor may consist of 5 wires, 3 wires with a diameter
of 0.21mm and 2 with a diameter of 0.13mm.
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d. When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
11. Click the End/Insulation tab.
12. Select or clear the Input Half-turn Length check box.
13. Do one of the following:
If you selected Input Half-turn Length, then enter the half-turn length of the armature
winding in the Half Turn Length field.
If you cleared Input Half-turn Length, then enter the end length adjustment of the stator
coils in the End Adjustment field. The end adjustment is the distance one end of the con-
ductor extends vertically beyond the end of the stator.
End
Adjustment End of Stator
Stator
Stator
Pole
Coil
14. Enter the inner radius of the base corner in the Base Inner Radius field.
15. Enter the inner diameter of the coil tip in the Tip Inner Diameter field.
16. Enter the distance between two stator coils in the End Clearance field.
17. Enter the thickness of the slot liner insulation in the Slot Liner field.
Slot
Insulation
18. Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
19. Enter the thickness of the insulation layer in the Layer Insulation field.
20. Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
21. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Winding Editor for a Line-Start Synchronous Motor
For a line-start synchronous motor, you may want to specify a different number of conductors for
each stator slot. The Winding Editor makes this possible by enabling you to specify the number of
turns for each coil.
To specify the number of turns for each coil:
1. Click Machine>Winding>Edit Layout.
The Winding Editor window appears.
2. In the table in the upper left, set which phase you want for each coil and which slot is the in
and out slot for the current in each coil.
3. If you are working on a quarter or half model, you may want to specify a multiplier by clicking
the Periodic Multiplier check box and specifying a value.
4. Select or deselect the Constant Turns or Constant Pitch check boxes, depending on whether
you want to be able to change these setting in the table above. When these options are selected,
you cannot change the turns or pitch.
5. When you are satisfied with the coil settings, click OK to close the Winding Editor window.
Defining Different Size Wires for a Line-Start Synchronous Motor
Use the Gauge option in the Wire Size window if you have a conductor that is made up different
size wires.
Note For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
the mouse over each option, the diagram changes to show that pole type.
Note When you place the mouse cursor over a pole type, an outline of the selected circuit type
appears.
c. Click OK to close the Select Pole Type window and return to the Properties window.
8. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Rotor Data for Line-Start PM Synchronous Motors
To access the general rotor data, double-click the Machine>Rotor entry in the project tree.
The Rotor Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Outer Diameter The outer diameter of the rotor core.
Inner Diameter The inner diameter of the rotor core.
Length The length of the rotor core.
Steel Type The steel type of the rotor core. Click the button to open the Select
Definition window.
Stacking Factor The stacking factor of the rotor core.
Pole Type The pole type for the rotor. Click this button to open the Select Pole Type
window and select from the following types: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. When you
mouse over each button, a diagram appears for that pole type, showing the
arrangement and dimensions.
Note Some of the fields in the Rotor Pole window change, or are inactive, depending on the
Rotor Type you select.
3. Select the Load Type used in the motor from the following options:
Const Speed The speed remains constant in the motor.
Const Power The output power remains constant in the motor.
Const Torque The torque remains constant regardless of the speed. In this case, Tload =
Trated, given by the output power divided by the given rated speed.
Linear Torque The torque increases linearly with speed. In this case, Tload = Trated * (n/
nrated) where Trated is given by the output power divided by the given rated
speed.
Fan Load The load varies nonlinearly with speed. In this case, Tload = Trated * (n/
nrated)2 where Trated is given by the output power divided by the given rated
speed.
4. Enter the output power developed at the shaft of the motor in the Rated Output Power field.
5. Enter the RMS line-to-line voltage in the Rated Voltage field.
6. Enter the desired output speed of the motor at the load point in the Rated Speed field.
7. Enter the temperature at which the system functions in the Operating Temperature field.
8. Click the Line-Start PM Synchronous Motor tab.
9. Select Wye or Delta from the Winding Connection pull-down list.
10. Click OK to close the Solution Setup window.
Related Topics:
Solution Data for Line-Start PM Synchronous Motors
Solution Data for Line-Start PM Synchronous Motors
To access the solution data, right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup.
For this machine type, there is only one tab, the General tab.
The Solution Setup window contains the following fields:
Operation Type General tab. The operation type is automatically set to Motor for this
machine type.
Load Type General tab. Select from Const Speed, Const Power, Const Torque,
Linear Torque, and Fan Load. The default is Const Power.
Rated Output General tab. Type a value for the rated output voltage, and select the units.
Power
Rated Voltage General tab. Type a value for the rated voltage, and select the units.
Rated Speed General tab. Type a value for the rated speed, and select the units.
Operating General tab. Type a value for the operating temperature, and select the
Temperature units.
Winding Line-Start PM Synchronous Motor tab. Select Wye or Delta from the
Connection Winding Connection pull-down list.
Related Topics:
Universal Motors
After you have selected Universal Motors as your model type, enter the motor data to define the
following:
General data, such as the number of poles, frictional loss, and reference speed.
Stator pole and winding data, such as its associated pole dimensions, type of steel, and wire
definitions.
Rotor data, such as the slot types and dimensions, rotor diameter, laminations, and windings
and conductors.
Commutator and brush data, such as the commutator dimensions and brush length.
Shaft data.
Solution data.
Analysis Approach for Universal Motors
For a DC motor, if its field winding is connected in series with its armature winding, it becomes a
series motor. When the polarity of the terminal voltage changes, the direction of the produced elec-
tromagnetic torque does not change because the armature and the exciting currents alternate their
directions at the same time. That means the motor can operate not only with a DC source but also
with an AC source. Because it can operate with both DC and AC sources, a series motor is also
called universal motor (UniM).
For a universal motor, the stator is equipped with p pairs of coil-wound poles, creating P pairs of
alternating north and south poles. The coil excitation may be either AC or DC. The rotor is
equipped with a distributed winding connected to a commutator that revolves together with the
rotor.
A system of brushes is kept in permanent electrical contact with the commutator. When AC or DC
current is applied to the rotor winding (via the brushes and commutator) a torque is produced by the
interaction of the rotor (armature) currents and the field produced by the stator poles.
The commutator causes the armature to create a magnetic flux distribution whose axis is perpendic-
ular to the axis of the field flux produced by the permanent magnets. For these motors, the commu-
tator acts as a mechanical rectifier.
The performance of a universal motor is analyzed in the frequency domain. The voltage equation of
a universal motor is:
U = ZI = ( R a + R f + R b )I + j ( L a + L f + 2M af )I + e ( G aa + G af )I
where, Ra, Rf, and Rb are the armature resistance, field winding resistance, and the brush contact
resistance, respectively. La, Lf, and Maf are the armature self inductance, field winding self induc-
tance, and their mutual inductance, respectively, and are linearized nonlinear parameters. Gaa and
Gaf are the coefficients of motion induced voltages by the armature and field winding currents,
respectively, and are also linearized nonlinear parameters. is the radian frequency, and e the
rotor speed in electric rad/s. Z is equivalent input impedance. When the brush axis is aligned with
q-axis:
M af = G aa = 0
For a given rotor speed e, armature current can be computed based on the applied voltage U, as:
U
I = ----
Z
The input power (electric power) is directly computed from voltage and current as:
P 1 = UI cos
P 2 = P 1 ( P fw + P b + P + P Fe )
cuf
where Pfw, Pb, Pcua, Pcuf, and PFe are frictional and wind loss, brush drop loss, armature copper
loss, field winding copper loss, and iron-core loss, respectively.
The output mechanical shaft torque T2 is:
P2
T 2 = ------
The efficiency is computed by:
P2
eff = ------ 100 %
P1
5. Double-click the Machine-Stator-Winding entry in the project tree to define the stator wind-
ings and conductors.
6. Double-click the Machine-Rotor entry in the project tree to define the rotor geometry.
7. Double-click the Machine-Rotor-Slot entry in the project tree to define the rotor slot dimen-
sions.
8. Double-click the Machine-Rotor-Winding entry in the project tree to define the rotor wind-
ings and conductors.
9. Double-click the Machine-Commutator entry in the project tree to define the commutator
and brush data.
10. Double-click the Machine-Shaft entry in the project tree to define the magnetism of the shaft.
11. Right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup to define the solution
data.
12. Choose File>Save to save the project.
13. Choose RMxprt>Analyze to analyze the design.
Note When you place the cursor over an entry field in the data windows, a brief description of
that field appears in the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once analyzed, the model can be viewed in the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or it can be used to create a
new Maxwell 2D project, and a new Maxwell 3D design.
Refer to the Universal Motor Problem application note, on the technical support page of the Ansoft
web site, for a specific example.
Defining the General Data for a Universal Motor
Use the General window to define the basic parameters of the universal motor such as the power
settings, speed, and rated voltage.
To define the general data:
1. To open the General Data Properties window, double-click the Machine entry in the project
tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop without
opening a separate window.)
2. Enter the number of poles for the machine in the Number of Poles field. This value is the total
number of poles in the stator (or the number of pole pairs multiplied by two).
3. Enter the energy loss due to friction at the given speed in the Frictional Loss field.
4. Enter the wind loss due to air resistance measured at the reference speed in the Wind Loss
field.
5. Enter the given speed in the Reference Speed field.
6. Click OK to close the Properties window.
General Data for Universal Motors
To access the general data, double-click the Machine entry in the project tree.
The General Data Properties window for a three-phase induction motor contains the following
fields:
Machine Type The machine type you selected when inserting a new RMxprt design
(Switched Reluctance Motor).
Number of Poles Number of poles for this machine.
Frictional Loss The frictional energy loss (due to friction) measured at the reference speed.
Wind Loss The wind loss (due to air resistance) measured at the reference speed.
Reference Speed The given speed of reference.
Note For a two-pole machine, a pole embrace of 0.75 yields a magnet with a span of 135
degrees (based on 0.75*180 degrees).
2. Enter the ratio of the actual arc distance in relation to the maximum possible arc distance in the
Embrace field. This value is between 0 and 1.
3. Enter the distance from the center of the stator to the magnet arc center in the Offset field.
Magnet
Radius Rotor OD
Radius
Offset
11. Enter the inner radius of the screw hole between the two poles in the R5 field. If there is no
hole in the design, enter 0.
12. Enter the outer radius of the screw hole between the two poles in the R6 field. If there is no
hole in the design, enter 0.
13. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Stator Pole Data for Universal Motors
To access the stator pole data, double-click the Machine-Stator-Pole entry in the project tree.
The Stator Pole Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Embrace The pole embrace.
Offset The pole-arc center offset from the stator center (0 for a uniform air gap).
PoleWidth The minimum pole width.
Ty The yoke thickness.
Ts The shoe-tip thickness.
R1 The hole radius in the pole (0 for no hole).
R2 The radius of the pole side fillet.
R3 The radius of the center of the pole side fillet arcs.
R4 The radius of the shoe connecting arc (0 for auto-design or for a linear
connection).
R5 The inner radius of the screw hole between two poles (0 for no hole).
R6 The outer radius of the screw hole between two poles (0 for no hole).
stator.
End
Adjustment End of Stator
Stator
Stator
Pole
Coil
4. Enter the number of parallel branches in the stator winding in the Parallel Branches field.
5. Enter the number of turns per stator pole in the Turns per Pole field. To auto-design the num-
ber of turns, enter 0.
6. Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
7. Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automat-
ically obtain this value from the wire library.
Insulation
Conductor
options:
You can select a specific gauge number. When you select a gauge number, the
<number> Wire Diameter field is automatically updated.
This option allows you to manually enter the Wire Diameter. This is useful when
USER you want to enter a diameter that does not correspond to a particular wire gauge.
This option sets the Wire Diameter to zero, and RMxprt automatically calculates
AUTO the optimal value. The diameter information is then written to the output file
when you analyze the design.
This option allows you to define a conductor that is made of different size wires.
MIXED For example, a single conductor may consist of 5 wires, 3 wires with a diameter
of 0.21mm and 2 with a diameter of 0.13mm.
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d. When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
9. Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
10. Enter the thickness of the insulation layer in the Layer Insulation field.
11. Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
12. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Defining Different Size Wires for a Universal Motor Stator Winding
To define different size wires:
1. In the Wire Size window, select MIXED from the Gauge pull-down menu.
2. Select either Round or Rectangular as the Wire Type.
3. Enter the appropriate wire data in the table:
For a round wire:
Enter the Diameter in the table.
Enter a Number in the table to specify how many of the conductors wires have this
diameter.
For a rectangular wire:
Enter the Width of the wire in the table.
Enter the Thickness of the wire in the table.
Enter the Fillet value in the table.
Enter a Number in the table to specify how many of the conductors wires have this
data.
4. Click Add to add the new wire data.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each size wire you want to add.
6. When you are finished defining the wires, click OK to close the Wire Size window and return
to the RMxprt Properties window.
Note For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
minus the total insulation from the laminations, divided by the total length. A value of 1 indi-
cates that the rotor is not laminated.
3. Enter the number of slots in the rotor core in the Number of Slots field.
4. Select a Slot Type:
a. Click the button.
The Select Slot Type window appears.
b. Click a button to select the desired pole type (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6). Though slots 3 and 4 are
visually similar, they differ in how the edges are constructed. Slot 3 has a tapered edge
leading from the slot opening to the main slot body. Slot 4 has a rounded edge at the same
location, where the quantity Hr1 defines the radius of the corner slot. TIP: When you run
the mouse over each option, the diagram changes to show that pole type.
c. Click OK to close the Select Slot Type window and return to the Properties window.
5. Enter the outer diameter of the rotor core in the Outer Diameter field.
6. Enter the inner diameter of the rotor core in the Inner Diameter field.
7. Enter the length of the rotor core in the Length field.
8. Select a Steel Type for the rotor core:
a. Click the button for Steel Type.
The Select Definition window appears.
b. Select a steel type from the list, or define a new steel type.
c. Click OK to close the Select Definition window and return to the Properties window.
9. Enter the number of slots in the skew width in the Skew Width field.
10. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Rotor Data for Universal Motors
To access the general rotor data, double-click the Machine>Rotor entry in the project tree.
The Rotor Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Stacking Factor The effective magnetic length of the rotor core.
Number of Slots The number of slots in the rotor core.
Slot Type The rotor core slot type. Click the button to open the Select Slot Type
window and select from the following types: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Outer Diameter The outer diameter of the rotor core.
Inner Diameter The inner diameter of the rotor core.
Length The length of the rotor core.
Steel Type The steel type of the rotor core. Click the button to open the Select
Definition window.
Skew Width The skew width measured in slot number.
Hs2 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Bs0 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Bs1 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Bs2 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Rs A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Rs A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
5. Enter the number of virtual slots per each real slot in the Virtual Slots field. The rotor is
assumed to have two layers of conductors, an upper and a lower layer. Each layer of conduc-
tors can have a number of windings, which are referred to as virtual slots.
Note For example, the upper and lower layer can have two windings each, which would yield
a virtual slot number of two; for a 12 slot machine, this would yield 24 commutation
segments.
6. Enter the total number of conductors in each rotor slot in the Conductors per Slot field. This
value is the number of turns per coil multiplied by the number of layers. This value is the total
number of conductors in one real full rotor slot.
7. Enter the coil pitch, measured in number of slots, in the Coil Pitch field. The coil pitch is the
number of slots separating one winding. For example, if a coil starts in slot 1 and ends in slot 6,
it has a coil pitch of 5.
8. Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
9. Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automat-
Conductor
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d. When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
11. Click the End/Insulation tab.
12. Select or clear the Input Half-turn Length check box.
13. Do one of the following:
If you selected Input Half-turn Length, then enter the half-turn length of the armature
winding in the Half Turn Length field.
If you cleared Input Half-turn Length, then enter the end length adjustment of the stator
coils in the End Adjustment field. The end adjustment is the distance one end of the con-
ductor extends vertically beyond the end of the stator.
Stator
Coil
14. Enter the inner radius of the base corner in the Base Inner Radius field.
15. Enter the inner diameter of the coil tip in the Tip Inner Diameter field.
16. Enter the distance between two rotor coils in the End Clearance field.
17. Enter the thickness of the slot liner insulation in the Slot Liner field.
Slot
Insulation
18. Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
19. Enter the thickness of the insulation layer in the Layer Insulation field.
20. Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
21. Select the type of equalizer connection from the Equalizer Connection pull-down menu.
Select from None, Half, or Full.
22. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Defining Different Size Wires for a Universal Motor Rotor Winding
Use the Gauge option if you have a conductor that is made up different size wires.
To define different size wires:
1. In the Wire Size window, select MIXED from the Gauge pull-down menu.
2. Select either Round or Rectangular as the Wire Type.
3. Enter the appropriate wire data in the table:
For a round wire:
Enter the Diameter in the table.
Enter a Number in the table to specify how many of the conductors wires have this
diameter.
For a rectangular wire:
Enter the Width of the wire in the table.
Enter the Thickness of the wire in the table.
Enter the Fillet value in the table.
Enter a Number in the table to specify how many of the conductors wires have this
data.
4. Click Add to add the new wire data.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each size wire you want to add.
6. When you are finished defining the wires, click OK to close the Wire Size window and return
to the RMxprt Properties window.
Note For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
The Rotor Winding Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Winding tabWinding Type The type of rotor winding. Click the button to open the Winding
Type window and choose from Lap, Wave, and Frog Leg.
Multiplex Number Single, double, or triple windings (1, 2, or 3).
Virtual Slots The number of virtual slots per real slot.
Conductors per The number of conductors per rotor slot (0 for auto-design).
Slot
Coil Pitch The coil pitch measured in number of slots.
Number of The number of wires per conductor (0 for auto-design).
Strands
Wire Wrap The thickness of the double-sided wire wrap (0 to automatically
obtain this value from the wire library).
Wire Size The diameter of the wire (0 for auto-design). Click the button to
open the Wire Size window where you can specify units, wire
type, diameter, and gauge.
End/ Input Half-turn Select or clear this check box to specify whether or not you want
Insulation Length to enter the half-turn length. When this check box is selected, the
tab Half Turn Length field appears the next time you open the
Properties window. When this check box is selected, the End
Adjustment field appears instead.
Half Turn Length The half-turn length of the armature winding.
End Adjustment The end length adjustment of the rotor coils.
Base Inner Radius The inner radius of the base corner.
Tip Inner The inner diameter of the coil tip.
Diameter
End Clearance The end clearance between two adjacent coils.
Slot Liner The thickness of the slot liner insulation.
Wedge Thickness The thickness of the wedge insulation.
Layer Insulation The thickness of the insulation layer.
Limited Fill FactorThe limited slot fill factor for the wire design.
Equalizer The connection type of the equalizer. Select from None, Half, or
Connection Full.
Note When you place the mouse cursor over the commutator type, an outline of the
commutator appears.
Note The brush displacement is positive for the counter-clockwise direction. For example, if
the rotor turns clockwise and the brush displacement is also clockwise, then the angle is
negative; if the rotor turns clockwise but the brush displacement is counter-clockwise,
then the angle is positive.
12. Enter the voltage drop across one brush pair in the Brush Drop field.
13. Enter the mechanical pressure of the brushes as they press against the commutator in the
Brush Press field.
14. Enter the Frictional Coefficient of the brush.
Note If the Friction Loss field is used in the General window, the Brush Press and
Frictional Coefficient fields will be hidden in the Commutator/Brush window. These
fields are shown only when the Friction Loss field in the General window is set to zero.
Const Torque The torque remains constant regardless of the speed. In this case, Tload =
Trated, given by the output power divided by the given rated speed.
Linear Torque The torque increases linearly with speed. In this case, Tload = Trated * (n/
nrated) where Trated is given by the output power divided by the given rated
speed.
Fan Load The load varies nonlinearly with speed. In this case, Tload = Trated * (n/
nrated)2 where Trated is given by the output power divided by the given rated
speed.
4. Enter the output power developed at the shaft of the motor in the Rated Output Power field.
5. Enter the RMS line-to-line voltage in the Rated Voltage field.
6. Enter the desired output speed of the motor at the load point in the Rated Speed field.
7. Enter the temperature at which the system functions in the Operating Temperature field.
8. Click the Universal Motor tab.
9. Enter the Frequency, and select the units.
10. Click OK to close the Solution Setup window.
Related Topics:
Solution Data for Universal Motors
Solution Data for Universal Motors
To access the solution data, right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup.
For this machine type, there is only one tab, the General tab.
The Solution Setup window contains the following fields:
Operation Type General tab. The operation type is automatically set to Motor for this
machine type.
Load Type General tab. Select from Const Speed, Const Power, Const Torque,
Linear Torque, and Fan Load. The default is Const Power.
Rated Output General tab. Type a value for the rated output voltage, and select the units.
Power
Rated Voltage General tab. Type a value for the rated voltage, and select the units.
Rated Speed General tab. Type a value for the rated speed, and select the units.
Operating General tab. Type a value for the operating temperature, and select the
Temperature units.
Frequency Universal Motor tab. Enter a frequency in the Frequency field, and select
the units.
Related Topics:
Setting Up Analysis Parameters for a Universal Motor
General DC Machines
After you have selected DC Machine as your model type, enter the motor data to define the follow-
ing:
General data, such as the output power, rated voltage, speed, and machine type (motor or gen-
erator).
Stator data, such as its associated pole dimensions, type of steel, and pole magnet specifica-
tions.
Stator field data, such as shoe and pole insulation, dimensions, and winding information.
Rotor data, such as the slot types and dimensions, rotor diameter, lamination, and wire specifi-
cations.
Commutator and brush data, such as the commutator type and dimensions and brush length.
Shaft data.
Solution data.
By option you can insert or remove the following to a DC machine.
Compensating data, added under the stator
Commutating data, added under the stator
Vent data, added under the rotor
Shunt data, added under the stator field.
Series data, added under the stator field.
Analysis Approach for General DC Machines
For a Direct-Current (DC) Electric Machine Design, either a generator or motor, the rotor is
equipped with a distributed winding -- called armature winding -- that is connected to a commuta-
tor revolving together with the rotor.
The stator is equipped with p pairs of poles, which are excited by p pairs of shunt and/or series
windings. A shunt winding may be separately excited or self-excited. The separately excited shunt
winding is excited by a separate DC voltage source. The self-excited shunt winding is excited by
the terminal voltage of the armature winding and is connected in parallel with the armature wind-
ing. A series winding is connected in series with the armature winding. If both self-excited shunt
and series windings are mounted on the stator poles, RMxprt assumes that the armature winding
connects the series winding in series first, then connects the shunt winding in parallel.
A system of brushes is kept in permanent electrical contact with the commutator. When DC current
is applied to the rotating armature winding via the brushes and commutator, a stationary magnetic
field distribution is created with the axis electrically perpendicular to the axis of the field produced
by the shunt and/or series windings. As a result, a torque is produced by the interaction of the fields
produced by the armature and exciting currents. For these brush commutating machines, the com-
mutator together with the brushes acts as a mechanical rectifier.
The field produced by the armature current is called armature reaction field. The armature reaction
field causes poor commutating and poor voltage distribution along commutator bars. In order to
RMxprt Machine Types 27-201
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improve commutating, commutating poles and winding can be equipped between two adjacent
main poles and compensating winding can be equipped under main poles.
The performance of a DC machine is computed by DC analysis.
DC Machine Operating as a Motor
The voltage equation of a DC motor is
U = E + ( Ub + R1 Ia )
where, Ub is the voltage drop of one-pair brushes, R1 is the total series resistance of the armature
branch, E is the back emf as given below:
E = C Ef I f + C Es I a
where CEf and CEs, which depend on the saturation of the magnetic field, are the back-emf coeffi-
cients in ohm.s/rad, is the rotor speed in mechanical rad/s, and If and Ia are the exciting currents of
the shunt and series windings, respectively.
For a given speed, armature current can be computed based on the terminal voltage U, as shown
below:
U U b C Ef I f
I a = --------------------------------------------------
R 1 + C Es
The shaft torque is computed from:
T 2 = ( C Tf I f + C Ts I a ) I a T fw
where CTf and CTs are the torque coefficients in Nm/A^2 which are numerically the same as CEf
and CEs, respectively. Tfw is the frictional and wind torque. The output power (mechanical power)
is
P2 = T2
P 1 = P 2 + ( P fw + P Cua + P b + P Fe )
where Pfw, PCua, Pb, and PFe are the frictional and wind loss, armature branch copper loss, brush
drop loss, iron-core loss and shunt winding copper loss, respectively. The efficiency is:
P2
= ------ 100 %
P1
U = E ( Ub + R1 Ia )
E = C Ef I f + C Es I a
U + U b C Ef I f
I a = ---------------------------------------------------
R 1 C Es
T 1 = ( ( C Tf I f + C Ts I a ) I a ) + T fw
P1 = T1
P 2 = P 1 ( P fw + P Cua + P b + P Fe )
P2
= ------ 100 %
P1
Note When you place the cursor over an entry field, a brief description of that field appears in
the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once analyzed, the model can be viewed in the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or it can be used to create a
new Maxwell 2D project, and a new Maxwell 3D design.
Refer to the DC Machine application note, on the technical support page of the Ansoft web site, for
a specific example of a problem using a DC machine. (IS THERE ONE?)
Defining the General Data for a General DC Machine
Use the General window to define the basic parameters of the DC motor, such as the power set-
tings, speed, and rated voltage.
To define the general data:
1. To open the General Data Properties window, double-click the Machine entry in the project
tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop without
opening a separate window.)
2. Enter the number of poles for the machine in the Number of Poles field. This value is the total
number of poles in the stator (or the number of pole pairs multiplied by two).
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3. Enter the energy loss due to friction at the given speed in the Frictional Loss field.
4. Enter the wind loss due to air resistance measured at the reference speed in the Wind Loss
field.
5. Enter the given speed in the Reference Speed field.
6. Click OK to close the Properties window.
General Data for General DC Machines
To access the general data, double-click the Machine entry in the project tree.
The General Data Properties window for a three-phase induction motor contains the following
fields:
Machine Type The machine type you selected when inserting a new RMxprt design (DC
Machine).
Number of Poles The number of poles the machine contains.
Frictional Loss The frictional energy loss (due to friction) measured at the reference speed.
Wind Loss The wind loss (due to air resistance) measured at the reference speed.
Reference Speed The given speed of reference.
Note For a two-pole machine, a pole embrace of 0.75 yields a magnet with a span of 135
degrees (based on 0.75*180 degrees).
2. Enter the inner diameter at the pole center in the Dmin field.
3. Enter the diameter at the pole tip in the Dmax field.
4. Enter the width of the pole arc with a uniform air gap in the Bp0 field. For an eccentric air gap,
enter 0.
5. Enter the width of the pole tip in the Bp1 field.
6. Enter the maximum width of the pole shoe in the Bp2 field. This field is only available for a
Pole Type of 1.
7. Enter the minimum width of the pole shoe in the Bp3 field. This field is only available for a
Pole Type of 1.
8. Enter the size of the pole shoe fillet in the Rp0 field. THis field is only available for a Pole
Type of 2.
9. Enter the fillet between the pole shoe and the pole body in the Rp1 field. THis field is only
available for a Pole Type of 2.
10. Enter the pole shoe height in the Hp field.
11. Enter the pole body width in the Bm field.
12. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Stator Pole Data for General DC Machines
To access the stator pole data, double-click the Machine-Stator-Pole entry in the project tree.
The Rotor Pole Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Dmin The inner diameter at the pole center.
Dmax The diameter at the pole tip.
Bp0 The width of the pole arc with a uniform air gap (0 for an eccentric air gap).
Bp1 The width of the pole tip.
Bp2 The maximum width of the pole shoe. For pole type 1.
Bp3 The minimum width of the pole shoe. FOr pole type 1.
Rp0 The pole shoe fillet. For pole type 2.
Rp1 The fillet between the pole shoe and the pole body. For pole type 2.
Hp The height of the pole shoe.
Bm The width of the pole body.
The Series data for a General DC Machine contains the following fields.
Winding type Specified as Round, Cylinder coil, or Edgewise coil, by clicking the button to
display the Winding Type selection window.
Parallel branches Number of parallel branches.
Conductors per Number of conductors per pole. 0 for auto-design. Odd number of strands for
pole the case where the input and output leads are on different sides.
Number of Number of strands (number of wires per conductor). 0 for auto-design.
strands
Wire wrap Double side wire wrap thickness. 0 for auto-pickup in the wire library.
Wire size. Click the button to display the Wire Size selection window.
Axial Clearance Axial gap between field winding and pole body on the inner coil.
Limited cross Limited cross section width for winding design or arrangement. 0 for available
width maximum area.
Limited cross Limited cross section height for winding design or arrangement. 0 for
height available maximum area.
Winding fillet.
Conductors per Number of conductors per slot for the compensating windings
slot
Number of Number of strands (number of wires per conductor), 0 for auto-design.
strands
Wire wrap Double-side wire wrap thickness, 0 for auto pickup in the wire library
Rectangle wire Whether to use round (the default) or rectangle wire.
Wire size Click the button to display the Wire Size window to specify the wire diameter
and gauge.
Slot liner Insulation slot liner thickness
End adjustment one side end length adjustment of a conductor.
Hs2 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Bs0 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Bs1 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Bs2 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Rs A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Rs A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
5. Enter the number of virtual slots per each real slot in the Virtual Slots field. The rotor is
assumed to have two layers of conductors, an upper and a lower layer. Each layer of conduc-
tors can have a number of windings, which are referred to as virtual slots.
Note For example, the upper and lower layer can have two windings each, which would yield
a virtual slot number of two; for a 12 slot machine, this would yield 24 commutation
segments.
6. Enter the total number of conductors in each rotor slot in the Conductors per Slot field. This
value is the number of turns per coil multiplied by the number of layers. This value is the total
number of conductors in one real full rotor slot.
7. Enter the coil pitch, measured in number of slots, in the Coil Pitch field. The coil pitch is the
number of slots separating one winding. For example, if a coil starts in slot 1 and ends in slot 6,
it has a coil pitch of 5.
8. Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
9. Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automat-
Conductor
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d. When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
11. Click the End/Insulation tab.
12. Select or clear the Input Half-turn Length check box.
13. Do one of the following:
If you selected Input Half-turn Length, then enter the half-turn length of the armature
winding in the Half Turn Length field.
If you cleared Input Half-turn Length, then enter the end length adjustment of the stator
coils in the End Adjustment field. The end adjustment is the distance one end of the con-
ductor extends vertically beyond the end of the stator.
Stator
Coil
14. Enter the inner radius of the base corner in the Base Inner Radius field.
15. Enter the inner diameter of the coil tip in the Tip Inner Diameter field.
16. Enter the distance between two rotor coils in the End Clearance field.
17. Enter the thickness of the slot liner insulation in the Slot Liner field.
Slot
Insulation
18. Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
19. Enter the thickness of the insulation layer in the Layer Insulation field.
20. Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
21. Select the type of equalizer connection from the Equalizer Connection pull-down menu.
Select from None, Half, or Full.
22. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Defining Different Size Wires for a General DC Machine Rotor Winding
Use the Gauge option if you have a conductor that is made up different size wires.
To define different size wires:
1. In the Wire Size window, select MIXED from the Gauge pull-down menu.
2. Select either Round or Rectangular as the Wire Type.
3. Enter the appropriate wire data in the table:
For a round wire:
Enter the Diameter in the table.
Enter a Number in the table to specify how many of the conductors wires have this
diameter.
For a rectangular wire:
Enter the Width of the wire in the table.
Enter the Thickness of the wire in the table.
Enter the Fillet value in the table.
Enter a Number in the table to specify how many of the conductors wires have this
data.
4. Click Add to add the new wire data.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each size wire you want to add.
6. When you are finished defining the wires, click OK to close the Wire Size window and return
to the RMxprt Properties window.
Note For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
The Rotor Winding Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Winding tabWinding Type The type of rotor winding. Click the button to open the Winding
Type window and choose from Lap, Wave, and Frog Leg.
Multiplex Number Single, double, or triple windings (1, 2, or 3).
Virtual Slots The number of virtual slots per real slot.
Conductors per The number of conductors per rotor slot (0 for auto-design).
Slot
Coil Pitch The coil pitch measured in number of slots.
Number of The number of wires per conductor (0 for auto-design).
Strands
Wire Wrap The thickness of the double-sided wire wrap (0 to automatically
obtain this value from the wire library).
Wire Size The diameter of the wire (0 for auto-design). Click the button to
open the Wire Size window where you can specify units, wire
type, diameter, and gauge.
End/ Input Half-turn Select or clear this check box to specify whether or not you want
Insulation Length to enter the half-turn length. When this check box is selected, the
tab Half Turn Length field appears the next time you open the
Properties window. When this check box is selected, the End
Adjustment field appears instead.
Half Turn Length The half-turn length of the armature winding.
End Adjustment The end length adjustment of the rotor coils.
Base Inner Radius The inner radius of the base corner.
Tip Inner The inner diameter of the coil tip.
Diameter
End Clearance The end clearance between two adjacent coils.
Slot Liner The thickness of the slot liner insulation.
Wedge Thickness The thickness of the wedge insulation.
Layer Insulation The thickness of the insulation layer.
Limited Fill FactorThe limited slot fill factor for the wire design.
Equalizer The connection type of the equalizer. Select from None, Half, or
Connection Full.
Note When you place the mouse cursor over the commutator type, an outline of the
commutator appears.
placement field.
Note The brush displacement is positive for the counter-clockwise direction. For example, if
the rotor turns clockwise and the brush displacement is also clockwise, then the angle is
negative; if the rotor turns clockwise but the brush displacement is counter-clockwise,
then the angle is positive.
12. Enter the voltage drop across one brush pair in the Brush Drop field.
13. Enter the mechanical pressure of the brushes as they press against the commutator in the
Brush Press field.
14. Enter the Frictional Coefficient of the brush.
Note If the Friction Loss field is used in the General window, the Brush Press and
Frictional Coefficient fields will be hidden in the Commutator/Brush window. These
fields are shown only when the Friction Loss field in the General window is set to zero.
type.
3. Select the Load Type used in the motor from the following options:
Const Speed The speed remains constant in the motor.
Const Power The output power remains constant in the motor.
Const Torque The torque remains constant regardless of the speed. In this case, Tload =
Trated, given by the output power divided by the given rated speed.
Linear Torque The torque increases linearly with speed. In this case, Tload = Trated * (n/
nrated) where Trated is given by the output power divided by the given rated
speed.
Fan Load The load varies nonlinearly with speed. In this case, Tload = Trated * (n/
nrated)2 where Trated is given by the output power divided by the given rated
speed.
Related Topics:
Setting Up Analysis Parameters for a General DC Machine
Claw-Pole Alternators
After you have selected Claw-Pole Alternators as your model type, enter the motor data to define
the following:
General data, such as the output power, rated voltage, and speed.
Stator data.
Stator slot data.
Stator winding data.
Rotor data, such as the slot types and dimensions, rotor diameter, and lamination.
Rotor pole data.
Shaft data.
Solution data.
Analysis Approach for Claw-Pole Alternators
Claw-pole alternators (or claw-pole synchronous generators) are widely used in auto industry. They
receive mechanical energy at the shaft and transform it into electrical energy.
The stator of a claw-pole alternator is equipped with a polyphase winding. The rotor is comprised
of claw poles with the same pole number as the stator winding. The claw poles of the rotor are mag-
netized by a cylinder winding and/or a cylinder permanent magnet. The spinning rotor creates a
rotating magnetic field in the air gap, which produces induced voltage in the stator winding.
The performance of a claw-pole alternator is analyzed based on the frequency-domain phasor dia-
gram, as shown in the figure below.
M jI Xaq
E0 jI d Xad jI X1
jI q Xaq IR1
N
U
I
Iq
Id
O
If a claw-pole alternator is equipped with a permanent magnet, the d-axis armature reactance Xad
and q-axis armature reactance Xaq are about constant. Otherwise, Xad is a linearized nonlinear
parameter, and Xaq is a linear parameter. The d-axis synchronous reactance Xd and q-axis synchro-
nous reactance Xq are calculated directly from the following:
X d = X 1 + X ad
X q = X 1 + X aq
OM = U + I ( R 1 + jX q )
The phasor represented by OM can be used to determine the direction of E0.
Let denote the power angle (the angle that U lags E0), then the angle that I lags E0 is
= +
The d- and the q-axis currents are obtained as follows
I d = I sin
I q = I cos
In the phasor diagrams, the phasor length ON represents the d-axis back emf due to the d-axis
resultant flux linkage and is used to determine the d-axis field saturation. From the no-load charac-
teristic curve of the magnetic circuit, E0, Xad and the excitation current If can be determined based
on the frozen method.
Rotor Equipped with a Permanent Magnet Only
If the rotor is equipped with a permanent magnet only, the field excitation can not be adjusted, and
the d- and the q-axis currents are obtained based on the following process.
For a given power angle (the angle that U lags E0), we have
I d X d + I q R 1 = ( U cos E 0 )
I d R 1 + I q X q = U sin
X q ( U cos E 0 ) R 1 U sin
I d = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
2
R 1 + Xd Xq
R 1 ( U cos E 0 ) + X d U sin
I q = -----------------------------------------------------------------------
2
R 1 + Xd Xq
Id
= tanh -----
Iq
P 2 = 3UI cos
P 1 = P 2 + P fw + P Cua + P Fe + P Cuf
where Pfw, PCua, PFe, , and PCuf are the frictional and wind, the armature copper, the iron-core,
the excitation winding copper (if an excitation winding is equipped) losses, respectively.
The input mechanical torque is
P1
T 1 = ------
where denotes the synchronous speed in rad/s.
The efficiency of the generator is:
P2
= ------ 100 %
P1
Note When you place the cursor over an entry field in the data windows, a brief description of
that field appears in the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once analyzed, the model can be viewed in the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or it can be used to create a
new Maxwell 2D project, and new Maxwell 3D design.
Refer to the Claw-Pole Alternator Problem application note, on the technical support page of the
Ansoft web site, for a specific example of a permanent-magnet DC motor problem.
Defining the General Data for a Claw-Pole Alternator
Use the General window to define the basic parameters of the alternator, such as the power set-
tings, speed, and rated voltage.
To define the general data:
1. To open the General Data Properties window, double-click the Machine entry in the project
tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop without
opening a separate window.)
2. Enter the number of poles for the machine in the Number of Poles field. This value is the total
number of poles in the stator (or the number of pole pairs multiplied by two).
3. Enter or select the Number of Phases (2, 3, or 4).
4. Enter the energy loss due to friction at the given speed in the Frictional Loss field.
5. Enter the wind loss due to air resistance measured at the reference speed in the Wind Loss
field.
6. Enter the given speed in the Reference Speed field.
7. Click OK to close the Properties window.
General Data for Claw-Pole Alternators
To access the general data, double-click the Machine entry in the project tree.
The General Data Properties window for a three-phase induction motor contains the following
fields:
Machine Type The machine type you selected when inserting a new RMxprt design
(Claw-Pole Synchronous Machine).
Frictional Loss The frictional energy loss (due to friction and air resistance) measured at
the reference speed.
Number of Poles The number of poles the machine contains.
Number of Phases The number of phases.
Wind Loss The wind loss measured at the reference speed.
Reference Speed The given speed of reference.
Note When you place the mouse cursor over the slot type, a schematic of the selected type
appears, displaying the slot dimension variables.
c. Click OK to close the Select Slot Type window and return to the Properties window.
9. Enter the skew width, measured in slot number, in the Skew Width field.
10. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Stator Data for Claw-Pole Alternators
To access the general stator data, double-click the Machine>Stator entry in the project tree.
The Stator Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Outer Diameter The outer diameter of the stator core.
Inner Diameter The inner diameter of the stator core.
Length The length of the stator core.
Stacking Factor The stacking factor of the stator core.
Steel Type The steel type of the stator core. Click the button to open the Select
Definition window.
The Stator Slot Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Auto Design Select or clear this to enable or disable auto-design of slots Hs2, Bs1, and
Bs2. When this check box is selected, only two other fields appear in the
window: Hs0 and Bs0.
Parallel Select this to design Bs1 and Bs2 based on the tooth width. When this
Tooth check box is selected, the Bs1 and Bs2 fields are removed, and the Tooth
Width field is added.
Tooth Width The tooth width for the parallel tooth, on which Bs1 and Bs2 are designed.
Hs0 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Hs1 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Hs2 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs0 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs1 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs2 A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Rs A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
Branches field.
6. Enter the total number of conductors in each stator slot in the Conductors per Slot field. This
value is the number of turns per coil multiplied by the number of layers.
7. Enter the coil pitch, measured in number of slots, in the Coil Pitch field. The coil pitch is the
number of slots separating one winding. For example, if a coil starts in slot 1 and ends in slot 6,
it has a coil pitch of 5.
8. Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
9. Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automat-
ically obtain this value from the wire library.
Insulation
Conductor
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d. When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
11. Click the End/Insulation tab.
12. Select or clear the Input Half-turn Length check box.
13. Do one of the following:
If you selected Input Half-turn Length, then enter the half-turn length of the armature
winding in the Half Turn Length field.
If you cleared Input Half-turn Length, then enter the end length adjustment of the stator
coils in the End Adjustment field. The end adjustment is the distance one end of the con-
ductor extends vertically beyond the end of the stator.
Stator
Coil
14. Enter the inner radius of the base corner in the Base Inner Radius field.
15. Enter the inner diameter of the coil tip in the Tip Inner Diameter field.
16. Enter the distance between two stator coils in the End Clearance field.
17. Enter the thickness of the slot liner insulation in the Slot Liner field.
Slot
Insulation
18. Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
19. Enter the thickness of the insulation layer in the Layer Insulation field.
20. Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
21. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Winding Editor for a Claw-Pole Alternator
For a claw-pole alternator, you may want to specify a different number of conductors for each stator
slot. The Winding Editor makes this possible by enabling you to specify the number of turns for
each coil.
To specify the number of turns for each coil:
1. Click Machine>Winding>Edit Layout.
The Winding Editor window appears.
2. In the table in the upper left, set which phase you want for each coil and which slot is the in
and out slot for the current in each coil.
3. If you are working on a quarter or half model, you may want to specify a multiplier by clicking
the Periodic Multiplier check box and specifying a value.
4. Select or deselect the Constant Turns or Constant Pitch check boxes, depending on whether
you want to be able to change these setting in the table above. When these options are selected,
you cannot change the turns or pitch.
5. When you are satisfied with the coil settings, click OK to close the Winding Editor window.
Note For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
Conductors per The number of conductors per stator slot (0 for auto-design).
Slot
Coil Pitch The coil pitch measured in number of slots.
Number of The number of wires per conductor (0 for auto-design).
Strands
Wire Wrap The thickness of the double-sided wire wrap (0 to automatically
obtain this value from the wire library).
Wire Size The diameter of the wire (0 for auto-design). Click the button to
open the Wire Size window where you can specify units, wire
type, diameter, and gauge.
End/ Input Half-turn Select or clear this check box to specify whether or not you want
Insulation Length to enter the half-turn length. When this check box is selected, the
tab Half Turn Length field appears the next time you open the
Properties window. When this check box is selected, the End
Adjustment field appears instead.
Half Turn Length The half-turn length of the armature winding.
End Adjustment The end length adjustment of the stator coils, which is the distance
one end of the conductor extends vertically beyond the end of the
stator.
Base Inner The inner radius of the base corner.
Radius
Tip Inner The inner diameter of the coil tip.
Diameter
End Clearance The end clearance between two adjacent coils.
Slot Liner The thickness of the slot liner insulation.
Wedge Thickness The thickness of the wedge insulation.
Note Some of the fields in the Rotor Pole window change, or are inactive, depending on the
Rotor Type you select.
The Rotor Pole Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Tip Embrace The pole embrace at the pole tip. Must be > 0 and < 1.
Root Embrace The pole embrace at the pole root. Must be > 0 and < 2.
Tip Thickness The pole thickness at the pole tip.
Root Thickness The pole thickness at the pole root.
Pole Length The length of the pole.
Slot Depth The slot depth.
Shoe Thickness The shoe thickness.
Magnet Type The type of magnet. Click the button to open the Select Definition window.
For all pole types.
Magnet Length The length of the magnet (if a magnet is used).
Second Air Gap The width of the second air gap.
3. Select the Load Type used in the machine from the following options:
Infinite Bus
Independent
Generator
4. Enter the output power developed at the shaft of the generator in the Rated Output Power
field.
5. Enter the RMS line-to-line voltage in the Rated Voltage field.
6. Enter the desired output speed of the alternator at the load point in the Rated Speed field.
7. Enter the temperature at which the system functions in the Operating Temperature field.
8. Click the Claw-Pole Synchronous Machine tab.
9. Enter a value in the Rated Power Factor field.
10. To enter an Input Exciting Current, select the check box, enter a value, and select the units.
11. Click OK to close the Solution Setup window.
Related Topics:
Solution Data for Claw-Pole Alternators
Solution Data for Claw-Pole Alternators
To access the solution data, right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup.
For this machine type, there is only one tab, the General tab.
The Solution Setup window contains the following fields:
Operation Type General tab. Select Motor or Generator from the pull-down list.
Generator is automatically selected for this machine type
Load Type On the General tab. Select from Infinite Bus and Independent
Generator.
Rated Output General tab. Type a value for the rated output voltage, and select the units.
Power
Rated Voltage General tab. Type a value for the rated voltage, and select the units.
Rated Speed General tab. Type a value for the rated speed, and select the units.
Operating General tab. Type a value for the operating temperature, and select the
Temperature units.
Rated Power Claw-Pole Synchronous Machine tab. Type a value in the field.
Factor
Input Exciting Select this check box, enter a value, and select the units. If this check box is
Current cleared, the value will be calculated automatically rather than entered.
Related Topics:
Setting Up Analysis Parameters for a Claw-Pole Alternator
f = ( pn ) 60
where p is the number of pairs of poles, and n is the mechanical speed of the rotor in rpm, which is
called the synchronous speed. The machine is capable of producing both the active and the reactive
power as required by the load connected at the stator terminal.
Usually the frequency-domain phasor diagram is adopted to analyze the characteristics. The phasor
diagrams for a generator and a motor are shown.
Generator Motor
In the figure, R1, X1, and Xa are the armature resistance, the armature leakage reactance, and the
armature reactance, respectively. In a non-salient-pole synchronous machine, Xad Xaq and they
are both expressed by Xa. Taking the input voltage U as the reference phasor, for a given current:
I = I
where is the angle I lags U , which is called the power factor angle.
The internal back EMF induced by the resultant air gap field considering the effects of armature
reaction Ei can be derived from:
U + ( R 1 + jX 1 ) I for Generator
Ei =
U ( R 1 + jX 1 ) I for motor
Based on Ei, the resultant air gap flux considering the effects of armature reaction can be com-
puted, and therefore, the magnetic circuit can be solved. With solved magnetic saturation factor,
saturated Xa is derived, and therefore, the no-load induced voltage E0 with the same magnetic sat-
uration (frozen magnetic circuit) can be calculated from:
E + ( jX a ) I for Generator
i
E0 =
E i ( jX a ) I for motor
Let the angle U legs E0 be , which is called the power angle for the generator or the torque angle
for the motor, then the angle I lags E0 is
= +
Id
I = = I sin
Iq cos
Based on the magnetic circuit solution and E0, Xa and the excitation current If can be determined
based on the frozen method.
1. For the generator:
The output power (electric power) is directly computed from the voltage and the current as:
P 2 = 3UI cos
where Pfw, PCua, PFe, Padd, Pcuf and Pex are the frictional and wind loss, the armature copper
loss, the iron-core loss, the additional loss, the field winding copper loss, and the exciter loss,
respectively.
The input mechanical shaft torque is:
P1
T 1 = ------
P 1 = 3UI cos
where Pfw, PCua, PFe, Padd, Pcuf and Pex are the frictional and wind loss, the armature copper
loss, the iron-core loss, the additional loss, the field winding copper loss, and the exciter loss,
respectively.
The output mechanical shaft torque is:
P2
T 2 = ------
The efficiency is computed for both the generator and the motor by:
P2
= ------ 100 %
P1
Related Topics:
Defining Three-Phase Non-Salient Synchronous Machines
The Properties window for a three-phase non-salient synchronous machine contains the following
fields to be entered:
Machine Type The machine type you selected when inserting a new RMxprt design (Three
Phase Non-Salient Synchronous Machine).
Number of Poles The number of poles the machine contains. This value is the total number
of poles in the stator (or the number of pole pairs multiplied by two).
Frictional Loss The frictional energy loss (due to friction) measured at the reference speed.
Windage Loss The windage loss (due to air resistance) measured at the reference speed.
Reference Speed The given speed of reference.
Related Topics:
Defining the Stator for Three-Phase NSSM
5. Enter the stacking factor for the stator core in the Stacking Factor field.
6. Select a Steel Type for the stator core:
a. Click the button for Steel Type.
The Select Definition window appears.
b. Select a steel type from the list, or define a new steel type.
c. Click OK to close the Select Definition window and return to the Properties window.
7. Enter the Number of Slots in the stator.
8. Select the Slot Type:
a. Click the button for the Slot Type.
The Select Slot Type window appears.
b. Select a slot type (available types include 1 through 6). Slot types 1 though 4 are filled
with round wire. Slot types 5 and 6 are filled with rectangular wire. If Auto Design is
enabled, the software designs an optimum slot geometry; in this case, you can input the
tooth width dimension, and the software determines the slot width accordingly.
Note When you place the mouse cursor over the slot type, a schematic of the selected type
appears, displaying the slot dimension variables.
c. Click OK to close the Select Slot Type window and return to the Properties window.
9. Enter the number of sectors in the Lamination Sectors field.
10. Enter the thickness of the magnetic pressboard in the Pressboard Thickness field. Enter 0 for
a non-magnetic pressboard.
11. Enter the skew width, measured in slot number, in the Skew Width field.
12. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Related Topics:
Defining Stator Slots for a Three-Phase NSSM
Defining Stator Slots for a Three-Phase NSSM
To define the slot dimensions:
1. To open the Stator Slot Data Properties window, double-click the Machine>Stator>Slot
entry in the project tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of
the desktop without opening a separate window.)
2. Optionally, to automatically design the dimensions of slots Hs2, Bs1, and Bs2, select the Auto
Design check box.
3. Enter the available slot dimensions.
Hs0 Always available.
Hs2 Available only when Auto Design is cleared. When Auto Design is selected, this
slot dimension is determined automatically.
Related Topics:
Define End Windings and Insulation of NSSM Stator
Winding Editor
Related Topics:
Define Wires, Conductors, and Windings of NSSM Stator
Winding Editor
For a non-salient synchronous motor, you may want to specify a different number of conductors for
each stator slot. The Winding Editor makes this possible by enabling you to specify the number of
turns for each coil. To enable the Winding Editor, you must have set the Winding Property for
the Winding Type to Editor.
Stator Vent Data for Three-Phase NSSM
To insert a vent on a stator for a three phase synchronous machine:
1. Right click on the stator icon in the project tree to display the shortcut menu.
2. Click Insert Vent.
The vent icon appears in the project tree under the stator.
To remove an existing vent item,
1. Right-click on the stator icon in the project tree to display the shortcut menu.
2. Click Remove Vent.
This removes the vent item from the project tree.
To access the Vent properties for a vent, double click on a vent item. The Vent Properties window
contains the following fields.
Vent Ducts The number of radial vent ducts.
Duct Width The width of the radial vent ducts.
Magnetic spacer Width of magnetic spacer which holds vent ducts. O for non-magnetic spacer.
width
Duct pitch. Center-to-Center distance between two adjacent Vent ducts
In the Slot tab, define the available rotor slot dimensions as illustrated . There are in total six types
of slots that are available:
Related Topics:
Define NSSM Rotor Winding
Define NSSM Rotor Winding
The rotor winding is equipped on the rotor pole to provide the excitation for the magnetic field.
Double click the icon Machine>Rotor>Winding in the project tree to display the Properties dia-
log box, where you define the wires and physical dimensions of the rotor winding.
Related Topics:
Define NSSM Shaft Data
Rotor Vent Data for NSSMs
By option, you can add vents to a rotor in a three-phase NSSM.
To add a vents to the rotor:
1. Select the rotor icon in the project tree.
2. Right-click to display the pop-up menu and select Insert Vent.
The vent icon appears in the project tree under the rotor.
To remove a vent to stator in a three-phase induction motor.
1. Select the rotor icon in the project tree.
2. Right-click to display the pop-up menu and select Remove Vent.
The vent icon disappears in the project tree under the stator.
The Vent data for the NSSM rotor includes the following fields.
Surface Ducts Number of surface tangential vent ducts
Surface Duct Width Width of surface tangential vent ducts
Surface Duct Depth Depth of surface tangential vent ducts
Surface Duct Pitch Pitch of surface tangential vent ducts
Axial Ducts Number of axial vent ducts per pole
Axial Duct Width Width of axial vent ducts in main teeth
Axial Duct Depth Depth of axial vent ducts in main teeth
Note To print the Design Sheet: Right click the Design Sheet, select Print from the shortcut
menu, select the printer and other parameters from the dialog box Print, and click OK to
print.
View Curves
In the tab sheet Curves, from the pull-down list Name, you have 10 curves as shown:
Note To print the plots from the Curve: Right click on the plot, select Print from the shortcut
menu, select the printer and other parameters from the dialog box Print, and click OK to
print.
Create Reports
1. Click RMxprt>Results>Create RMxprt Report>Rectangular Plot.
The dialog box Report appears as shown:
2. Under the tab sheet Trace, there are Variables, Output Variables, Current, Misc, Percent-
age, and Power under the Category column. Select one from the Category column, select the
traces that belong to it from the Quantity column, and click the button Add Trace to add them
one by one. Finally click the button New report to create the plot. You can always add addi-
tional curves to the same plot by repeating the process.
3. Double click the icon Results>XY Plot1 to display the graph with multiple traces in a new
window.
Note To print the plots from the Curves: Right click on the plot, select Print from the shortcut
menu, select the printer and other parameters from the dialog box Print, and click OK to
print.
To get a screen shot of from the Curves: Right click ont the plot, select Copy Image,
then paste to a destination file.
3. Initial Position
In the Data tab of the Motion Setup panel you can review the Initial Position being set as 100
deg with Rotate Limit unchecked. The rotor initial position is set to such a position that the
initial flux linkage of the phase-A winding is at its negative maximum value.
4. Mechanical Load
In the Mechanical tab of the Motion Setup panel you can review the Angular Velocity being
set as 3000 rpm with Consider Mechanical Transient unchecked.
5. Symmetry Multiplier
Right click on Maxwell2DDesign1>Model in the Project Manager window, and select Set
Geometry Multiplier in the pop-up panel, you can review that the Symmetry Multiplier is
set as 2.
Boundary Setup
1. Vector Potential Boundary
Double click on Maxwell2DDesign1>Boundaries>VectorPotential1 in the Project Manager
window, you can review that the highlighted outer half circle in the geometry is set as the Vec-
tor Potential Boundary, and its value is set as 0.
2. Master Boundary
Click on Maxwell2DDesign1>Boundaries>Master1 in the Project Manager window, you can
review that the highlighted arrowhead line from left to right in the geometry is set as the Mas-
ter Boundary.
3. Slave Boundary
Double click on Maxwell2DDesign1>Boundaries>Slave1 in the Project Manager window,
you can review that the highlighted arrowhead line from right to left in the geometry is set as
the Slave Boundary, and the relation of the slave boundary to the master boundary is set as
Bs = -Bm. This is because the geometry includes only 1 magnetic pole of the machine.
Material Assignment
In the Maxwell2D modeler windows history tree, you can see that all stator and rotor coil terminals
are assigned to material copper by default. Band, InnerRegion and OuterRegion are assigned as
vacuum as shown:
Two new materials called DW540_50_SF0.932, and DW540_50_SF0.946 are automatically cre-
ated for Stator and Rotor, based on the original material of DW540_50 used in RMxprt and the
equivalent stacking factors of 0.932 and 0.946. Shaft is also assigned as DW540_50_SF0.946,
because the shaft is defined as magnetic in RMxprt.
Excitation Setup
1. Windings
Click on Maxwell2DDesign1>Excitations>PhaseA in the Project Manager window, all
objects assigned to this phase are highlighted in the modeler window. In the Properties win-
dow, you can review all winding properties: Voltage for Winding Type; Stranded for
IsSolid; 0.00226117 ohms for Resistance; 8.87325e-005 H for Inductance; 1 for Number of
Parallel Branches; 11267.7 * sin(2*pi*50*time-43.4944*pi/180) for Voltage, where 50 is the
frequency in Hz, 11267.7 is the phase peak voltage in Volts, pi is a predefined constant, and
time is a predefined variable for time. By using sin function instead of cos function, the
applied voltage and back EMF are in phase. Therefore, a phase shift in the applied voltage
source will be the power angle of the motor. 43.4944 degrees is the power angle at full load
operation. The values for resistance, inductance and number of parallel branches are obtained
from the TRANSIENT FEA INPUT DATA section in RMxprt design sheet.
Clicking on PhaseB, PhaseC, or Field, you can review all objects assigned to this winding in
the modeler window, and winding properties in the Properties window.
2. Coil Terminals
A winding consists of several coil terminals, and two coil terminals represent a coil in a com-
plete 2D model. Since we are working with only one-half of the motor structure, one coil ter-
minal can represent one complete coil with master/slave boundary conditions provided. A coil
terminal has properties of Number of Conductors and Polarity Type. Number of Conduc-
tors is the number of turns per coil, and it is equal to the Number of Turns given in RMxprt
divided by number of coils per phase. Polarity Type defines the direction of the current in the
coil; it can be either positive or negative. Expand a winding and click on a coil terminal, you
can review the object corresponding to this coil terminal in the modeler window and all coil
terminal properties in the Properties window. In this example, Number of Conductors of A,
B, and C coil terminals is assigned as 1, and it is 12 for the Field windings. Click on PhaseB,
RMxprt Machine Types 27-267
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Maxwell 3D Online Help
PhaseC, or Field, you can review all objects assigned to this winding in the modeler window,
and winding properties in the properties window.
3. Y Connection for Three-Phase Windings
Right click on Maxwell2DDesign1>Excitations in the Project Manager Window, and click
Setup Y Connection in the pop-up panel, you can review the Y -connection setup.
values. Click on the X box (or the vertical line), and drag it to some place where you see the steady-
state peak value of a phase current as shown:
13 .7 7 17
10 .0 0
Y 1 [ A]
0 .0 0
- 7.2 36 6
- 9.1 10 0
- 10 .0 0
- 20 .0 0
- 30 .0 0
0. 00 50 .00 10 0 .0 0 15 0.0 0 2 00 .0 0
T im e [m s ]
M X 1: 1 50 .86 0 7
Add X makers in Torque Quick Report to indicate the steady-state maximum and minimum values
of torque as shown below. The average torque can be approximately obtained from the maximum
and minimum values as Tav = (Tmax + Tmin) / 2 = (10.63 + 7.33) / 2 = 8.98 Nm.
20.00
15.00
10.6253
10.00
Moving1.Torque [NewtonMeter]
7.3317
5.00
0.00
-5.00
-10.00
-15.00
-20.00
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00
Time [ms]
MX1: 127.3865
MX2: 111.4241
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Index-2
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local variables
adding 2-22 P
units in definition 2-22
pancake commutator type 9-89, 9-197, 9-
222
M parameterizing
See variables 2-21
magnetic coercivity
parameters
in permanent magnets 4-15
assigning variables to 2-27
magnetic retentivity
permanent magnets
in permanent magnets 4-15
linear vs. nonlinear 4-15
material browser
nonlinear 4-15
accessing 4-1
permanent-magnet DC motors
materials
brush displacement 9-90, 9-198, 9-222
assigning to objects 4-1
brush voltage drop 9-90, 9-198, 9-223
mathematical functions
commutator and brush data 9-89, 9-
See functions 2-23
197, 9-222
menu bar
brush pairs 9-90, 9-198, 9-222
overview 1-10
brush width 9-90, 9-198, 9-222
menus
commutator diameter 9-89, 9-197,
shortcut menus 1-11
9-222
Message window
commutator insulation 9-89, 9-197,
about 1-17
9-222
displaying 1-17
commutator type 9-89, 9-197, 9-
222
N commutatorlength 9-89, 9-197, 9-
222
new projects
mechanical pressure of brushes 9-
creating 1-3
90, 9-198, 9-223
notes
general data 9-77, 9-231
saving with project 1-7
rotor data 9-81, 9-240
rotor slots 9-241
O piecewise linear functions
dataset expressions in 2-27
opening using in expressions 2-27
existing projects 1-4 pole embrace (DC motors) 9-71, 9-141
recent projects 1-4 post processing
opening projects in RMxprt 1-3 overview of options 7-1
optimization analysis primary sweep
choosing variables to optimize 2-28 modifying the variable 7-14
output variables specifying for 2D rectangular plots 7-10
deleting 7-5 specifying for 3D rectangular plot 7-12
specifying 7-4 specifying for data tables 7-12
Index-3
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Index-4
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Index-5
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Index-6
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W
winding data
exporting 8-42
Index-7
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