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Basic Sanitary Wastewater Treatment
Basic Sanitary Wastewater Treatment
Treatment
21 MLD
Palm Jumeirah
WRF
Where is the Treatment Plant?
July 2007
February 2008
Terminology
gy
Preliminary Treatment
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment
Biological Treatment
Tertiary Treatment
Nutrient Removal
Floating Debris
- Unsightly in discharge and residual solids
- Can damage equipment in plant
- Plastics, sticks, paper
Grit
- Generally inert, not treatable
- Damaging to equipment in plant
- Sand,
Sand egg shells,
shells plastic particles
particles, coffee grounds
Oil and grease
- Can affect settling of sewage
- Creates foam, scum
- Unsightly in discharge
- Organic and inorganic sources
Nitrogen
- Ammonia toxic in aquatic environments
- Promotes algae growth in water bodies
- Ammonia, organic nitrogen, nitrates, nitrites
Phosphorus
- Promotes algae growth in aquatic environments
Bacteria and viruses
- Adverse health effects
Toxic Materials
- Can affect treatment
- Toxic to humans and aquatic environments
- Phenols, organic compounds, medical wastes, metals
Sludge
Disposal
River /
Sea
Surface Water Discharge
Treated Sewage Effluent (TSE)
Irrigation
Fire protection
I d ti lW
Industrial Water
t
District Cooling
Groundwater Recharge
1. Rainwater
Reservoir
2.Raw water
p
Import Waterworks
Water Population
3. NEWater NEWater
Reclamation Industries
Factories
Plants Commercial
Big Spring
Brownwood
Types
yp of Treatment
g
Screening Grit/Grease Primaryy Trickling Filter Secondary y Chlorine
Removal Settling Clarifier Contact
Screenings Grease
Grit
Recirculation
R i l ti
Pumping
Primary
Influent Sludge
Pumping Secondary
Sludge
Screenings Grease
Grit
Primary Sludge
Return Activated Sludge
Influent
Pumping
Secondary Sludge
Screenings Grease
TSE
Grit
G it
Population projections
L
Location
ti off treatment
t t t plants
l t
Disposal/reuse options
Value of land
Siting configurations (topography)
Highest Rate of
Expansion of Growth
Lowest Rate of
Expansion of Growth
2002 Master 2012 Master
Plan Data Plan Data
45
Hydraulic Profile
Screenings
g Grease
Grit
Primary Sludge
Influent Pumping sets the hydraulic profile for the treatment plant. It can
provide dampened delivery of wastewater with large wetwell design and
VFDs Influent pumping stations often take plant recycles.
VFDs. recycles
49
Basic Sanitary Wastewater Treatment
Water Arabia 2013
Pump Station Scale
54
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Water Arabia 2013
Surge Management / Control
Power Failures
Value Closures
Screenings
g Grease
Grit
Primary Sludge
Screenings
g Grease
Grit
Primary Sludge
Rectangular Clarifiers 23 40 60 20 30
C e ca y Enhanced
Chemically a ced 1.5
5-2 50 - 75
5 30 50
Primary Treatment (CEPT)
Horizontal flow
Depth:
p 4 m; Width: 5 10 m;
Length: 25 40 m
Chain-and-flight solids collectors or
traveling-bridge-type collectors
Grit
Primary Sludge
Effluent
Influent MLSS
Air
Step Feed
Modification of conventional pplugg flow process.
p The feed is introduced at a
number of places in the aeration tank. The concept is to even out F/M and
reduce oxygen demand
Extended
E tended Aeration
HRT and sludge age much higher than conventional process, encouraging
greater degradation of the MLSS. Less sludge for disposal and BOD removals
of 98%
Oxidation Ditch
Best known extended aeration system. Mixed liquor circulates in a
continuous channel or race track aerated by a horizontal rotor which
maintains velocity to prevent settlement
Aeration Techniques
Surface Aerators
- Vertical shaft or Horizontal shaft
- Throw activated sludge into atmosphere
as fine droplets, the contact with the air
allows the mass transfer of oxygen into
the liquid phase
Diffused Air
- Compressed air is fed in to the bottom of
the tank through fine pore diffusers.
- The mass transfer of oxygen into the liquid
phase is via bubbles traveling up through
the tank
Settled Sewage
Q Final
Aerobic FST
Effluent
RAS
0.8Q
Single Reactor
Reactor, Relati
Relatively
el Small Vol
Volume
me
BOD 20mg/L, COD 60mg/L, SS 30 mg/L
No reduction of Amm. N, TN, TP
Oxygen Oxygen
(O2) (O2)
Ammonia Nitrite
Oxidizers Oxidizers
(Nitrosomonas) (Nitrobacter)
Ammonia Nitrite Nitrate
+) Autotrophic (NO2- ) Autotrophic (NO3- )
(NH3/ NH4
Grow Faster than Ammonia
Oxidizers
Die Out Faster
Alkalinity (H+) More Sensitive to Inhibition
(HCO3 -) Alk li it
Alkalinity
Destruction
Settled Sewage
Q Aerobic FST Final
Effluent
RAS
1.0 Q
Single Reactor,
Reactor Larger Vol
Volume
me
BOD 15mg/L, COD 50mg/L, SS 30mg/L, Amm.N 1mg/L
Some TN, No TP reduction
Carbon Nitrogen
g
Organic Carbon Substrate Dioxide Gas
(CO2) (N2)
40% 60%
Nitrate Nitrite
(NO3 ) -
(NO2- )
Denitrifying Heterotrophs
20-80%
20 80% of Heterotrophic Bacteria
Recovered
Alkalinity
(HCO3 -)
2 - 6 Q ML Recycle
Settled
Sewage
Q Aerobic FST
Final
Effluent
Q RAS
Q RAS
Basin Configuration
Inflow
Inflow
optional Decant
Mixed liquor
q Waste sludge
Air on
R i d above
Raised b liquid
li id during
d i aeration
i F ll
Follows liquid
li id level
l l down
d during
d i decant
d
Compact System
No Clarifiers or Filters
Highly automated
Requires
q close monitoring
g
O2
Media CO2
Surface
Plastic or
Rock Media Biofilm Wastewater
Basic Sanitary Wastewater Treatment
Water Arabia 2013
Fixed Film Reactors Fixed Film
Non-submerged systems
- Traditional approach
- Biofilm wetted regularly but kept in an air environment
- Developed in 1890s as rock filters
- Simple,
Simple low energy
Submerged systems
- Biofilm
Bi fil grows on mediadi whilst
hil t completely
l t l wetted
tt d
- Air supplied through aeration system
- High rate, small footprint
- More complex with greater control required
Percolating Filters
(Trickling Filters)
Media Properties
- High surface area maximum
biofilm attachment
- Voids large pores for aeration
- Non toxic biofilm growth
- Strength no crushing
- Cost Cheapp
Distribution
- Distribute wastewater evenly
over filter
- 2 or 4 arms
- 30 55 mins / revolution
- Improved BOD removal
- Insect control
- Hydraulic, motorized or static
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Fixed Film Processes
Tanks in which settleable solids from the biological treatment process are
separated from the wastewater
Design considerations and tanks are similar to those used for Primary
Settlement Tanks
Most common are circular
- (10 to 50 m)
Rectangular tanks can also be used
Screenings
g Grease
Grit
Primary Sludge
Filtration is used to remove small solids that may leave the secondary
clarifiers It is used to achieve TSS levels of less than 5 mg/L
clarifiers. mg/L.
Microfilters and ultrafiltration can achieve TSS levels less than 1 mg/L
and turbidity less than 1 NTU. Filtration can be used for tertiary treatment
to remove contaminants such as p phosphorus
p and nitrogen
g with
chemicals or through biological activation.
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Filtration
Types of Filtration
Sand Filters
- Gravel, sand, other granulated material
- Dual,
Dual multi layer or multi media filters
Membranes
- Ultra filters
filters, act as sieves
- .001- 10 micron
Biofilm
o Filtration
t at o ((Disc
sc or
o Trickling)
c g)
- Biofilter using microorganism
Screenings
g Grease
Grit
Primary Sludge
Chlorination
Most commonly used
Ultraviolet Radiation
20-30 second contact time
Inactivates viruses
No chemical addition
No residual disinfectant
Ozone
Strong Oxidant
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Odour Treatment
Activated
d Granulesofhighsurfacearea
l fh h f BedDepthabout0.25m
d h b <10 9599/9%H2Swith
/ h Fanassisted360
d
Carbon carbonareheldinabed Velocity0.20.38m/s, freshmedia. 72000Passice
throughwhichodourousair Dwelltime2s,usually2or Efficiencyofpassive 11800
passes 3beds unitslikelytobe
lowerthanthis
De-Ox_1 De-Ox_2
W AS
Permeate
Membrane
CassetteRXR
What is Sludge?
Wastewater sludge is comes from:
Primary Sludge: Settled solids from raw wastewater, mostly TSS, from Primary
Settling Tanks
Secondary Sludge: Live and dead bacteria from biological treatment processes,
which are settled in the Secondary Settling Tanks
Disposal Options
Burning
Recycle to land
Thickening
Gravity Thickening
Gravity Belt Thickening
Rotary Drum Thickening
Dissolved Air Flotation Thickening
Digestion
Aerobic Digestion
Anaerobic Digestion
Dewatering
Drying
Incineration
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Sludge Treatment Aerobic Digestion
PS
SS Gravity
Thickener
To Landfill
Centrifuge
TS
Aerobic Digester
To Landfill
Belt Filter Press
PS Primary Sludge
SS Secondary Sludge
TS Thickened Sludge
DS Digested
g Sludge
g
Electricity to Plant
Biogas-powered
Biogas
Thickening Digestion Engine/Generator
Storage
PS
Gravity Anaerobic
Digester Dewatering Incineration
Thickener
Centrifuge
SS
Ash to Landfill
Gravity Belt Incinerator
Thickener
Gravity Thickening
Process similar to settlement tanks
in the liquid stream process
Works well for primary sludge but
can be used for secondary sludge
with polymer addition
Requires cover and odor control in
case of process upset
Can increase solids from 11.5
5 2%
to 4 6%
Centrifuge Thickener
Performance by percent capture
Liquid from sludge is removed
through centrifugal action
Works well for secondary sludge
Polymer addition required for
increased solids content
Can increase solids from 0.5 2% to
3 8%
Anaerobic Digestion
Uses heated sludge in a tank with a low concentration of air
Process produces methane gas which can be utilized to heat the sludge and
for cogeneration
Results in varying degrees of destruction of harmful bacteria
Must be used if dewatered sludge is to be recycled
Aerobic Digestion
Uses diffused air to reduce organic solids
Dewatered solids must be incinerated or transported to a landfill
Tanks can be either circular or rectangular
Thermophilic Process
Heated sludge temperature: 55C Gas
Solids retention time: 15 20 days
Digested
Raw sludge
Heated biosolids
sludge
l d
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Sludge Digestion
Centrifuge
High speed rotating drum uses
centrifugal force to remove liquid
from sludge
High capacity is a small footprint
Solids and odors are completely
contained within the drum
Produces higher dry solids content
that Belt Filter Press
70% moisture content cake
Sludge Drying
Increases Solids to 90% or greater
- Reduces pathogens and vectors
Additive
Ca(OH)2
Combustion Steam to
air consumer
Boiler
feed water
SNCR
Sludge
Water Stack
Bag filter
Slop
p oil
Boiler ALC
Reactor
Fluidised
bed incinerator
Cogeneration
Biogas Engine/Generator
Sewage sludge generally comprises settled solids and dead and living
biomass
It is treated to reduce volume for disposal, kill bacteria and reduce odors
Treated sludge
g can be burned to further reduce the volume for disposal
p or
can be applied on land as a soil amendment
Belt thickeners, centrifuges and belt presses are used to remove water from
the sludge to thicken & dewater with the addition of polymer
Sludge can be digested at elevated temperature to break down the volatile
solids and produce gas for power generation, producing a stable sludge for
disposal