Peo ee see eee i Po “seen eee I | AP CALCULUS AB / | ‘ STUFF YOU: MUSTSTure YOU MUST KNOW COLD... Alternate Definition of the Derivative: Le) = mf O22LO PO = I eae Basic Derivatives = (sinx) = cos x cine) da ne (cos x) = —sin x d Fy ltana) = sec? x Kors) esc? x gy Sex) = secxtanx Gy (OSCR) = — Sex cot x 4 gna st few ax Where u is a function of x, and ais a constant. Intermediate Value Theorem Ifthe function f (x) is continuous on (a, b], and y is a number between f(a) and f(b), then there exists at least one number x = cin the open interval (a, b) such that f() = y. + Mean Value Theorem Ifthe function f(x) is continuous on [a,b], AND the first derivative exists on the interval (a, b) then there is at least one number x = c in (a, b) such that ‘ W=sa filo) = LOLA) ba Tage Loe Differentiation Rules Chain Rul d S1F@ fw or Product Rule: a Sw) ae du , , S+ vS oRwv’ + vu Quotient Rule: aG) =e Rolle’s Theorem Ifthe function f(x) is continuous on [a,b], AND the first derivative exists on the interval (a,b) AND f(a) = f(b), then there is at least one number x = ¢ in (a,b) such that f"(c) = 0 Extreme Value Theorem Ifthe function f(x) is continuous on [a, 5], then the function is guaranteed to have an absolute maximum and an absolute minimum on the interval.Derivative of an Inverse Function: Iff has an inverse function g then: 1 (x) = = I" FORD derivatives are reciprocal slopes Implicit Differentiation Remember that in implicit differentiation you will have a for each y in the original function or equation. Isolate the 2 Ifyou are taking the second derivative“, you will often substitute the expression you found for the first derivative somewhere in the process First Derivative: J'(o) > 0 function is increasing f'@) <0 function is decreasing. f'@) = 0 or DNE: Critical Values at x. Relative Maximum: f (x) = 0 or DNE and sign of f'@) changes from +to —. Relative Minimum: f (x) = 0 or DNE and sign of f'(&) changes from — to + Absolute Max or Min: MUST CHECK ENDPOINTS ALSO The maximum value is a y-value. Average Rate of Change ARoC: FO) ~- F@) b-a Instantaneous Rate of Change IRoC: f@+h)~ f@) h Mean =f" = lim Second Derivative: £"(%) > 0 function is concave up. f"() <0 function is concave down. f'@) = and sign of f(x) changes, then there is a point of inflection atx. Relative Maximum: f"(x) < 0 Relative Minimum: f""(x) > 0 Write the equation ofa tangent line Curve Sketching And Analysis y = f() must be continuous at each: = 0 or undefined LOOK OUT FOR ENDPOINTS Local minimum: ata point: You need a slope (derivative) and a point. Yo Ya =m Oy ~ a) Horizontal Asymptotes: ® goes (-,0,+) or (-,und, +) OR yy 0 1. If the largest exponent in the Local maximum: we numerator is < largest exponent in the ty : ey denominator then lim, f(x) = 0. & goes (+,0,—) or (+,und,—) OR 2 <0 xote Point of inflection: concavity changes £¥ goes from (+,0,—), (0,4), +und,—), OR (und, +) 2. If the largest exponent in the numerator is > the largest exponent in the denominator then lim f(x) = DNE 3, If the largest exponent in the numerator is = to the largest exponent in the denominator then the quotient of the leading coefficients is the asymptote. alin f =FONLY FOUR THINGS YOU CAN DO ONA. CALCULATOR THAT NEEDS NO WORK SHOWN: 1. Graphing a function within an arbitrary view window, 2, Finding the zeros of a function. Computing the derivative of a function numerically. Computing the definite integral of a function numerically. LOGARITHMS Definitio: InN=p oe? =N n1=0 In(MN) =InM +InN in(M) = nm —inw n(5,) = In M In p-InM =InM? Distance, Velocity, and Acceleration x(t) = position function v(t) = velocity funetion a(t) =acceleration function The derivative of position (ft) is velocity (ft/sec); the derivative of velocity (ft/sec) is acceleration (ft/sec?). The integral of acceleration (ft/sec?) is velocity (ft/sec) ; the integral of velocity (ft/sec) is position o Speed is | velocity | Ifacceleration and velocity have the same sign, then the speed is increasing, particle is moving right. Ifthe acceleration and velocity have different signs, then the speed is decreasing, particle is moving left. Displacement = fi v(t) de Distance = sftvateime initia time | COL dt Average Velocity final position — initial position Total time Ax ae EXPONENTIAL GROWTH and DECAY: When you see these words use: y = Ce “y isa differentiable function of t such that y >Oandy’ = ky “the rate of change of y is proportional toy" When solving a differential equation: 1, Separate variables first 2. Integrate 3. Add +C to one side 4. Use initial conditions to find “C” 5. Write the equation if the form of y = f(x) “PLUS A CONSTANT” The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus > J rosa =F)- F@ Where F'(x) f@) Corollary to FTC ow) The Accumulation Function FQ) = f(a) + fro dt The total amount, F(x), at any time x, is the initial amount, f (a), plus the amount of change between t = a and = x, given by the integral a ik f f(dt = FOR MORE RESOURCES VISIT: sovenantchristian.org/bird/Calculushtm www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/lean-AdamsMean Value Theorem for Integrals: The Average Value If the function f (x) is continuous on [a,b] and the first derivative exists on the interval (a, b), then there exists anumber x = con (a,b) such that 2 » 1 SE fax favg b-a fre dx b-a This value f(c) is the “average value” of the function on the interval [a,b]. ‘, mowetbiesse” Dero /-10 ‘under the eur, i >A 7 4 7 _ > Riemann Sums A Riemann Sum means a rectangular approximation, Approximation means that you DO NOT EVALUATE THE INTEGRAL; you add up the areas of the rectangles. Trapezoidal Rule For uneven intervals, may need to calculate area of one trapezoid ata time and total. Arrap = zhlbi + be] For even intervals: i b—alyg + 2y, + 2y2 + free de = Pe Values of Trigonometric Functions for Common Angles @ sin cos 8 tan 0 0 1 0 T 1 3 6 2 2 «| WZ v2 1 4 2 2 = 1 im = Re v3 3 2 z 1 0 2 © 0 -1 0 Must know both inverse trig and trig values: EX, tan [=1 andsin“*(2) + 2 ODD and EVEN: sin(—x) = —sinx (odd) a cos(—x) = cosx (even) Trigonometric Identities Pythagorean Identities: sin?6 + cos?O =1 The other two are easy to derive by dividing by sin? @ or cos? 8. 1+ tan? @ = sec?@ cot? +1 =csc?@ Double Angle Formulas: sin 2x = 2sinxcosx cos 2x = cos* x — sin? x = 1—2sin? x Power-Reducing Formulas: 1 cos?x = 5 (1 + cos2x ) 21 sin? x = 5 (1 ~ cos 2x) Quotient Identities: sing cos tang = 2% cota = 8 Reciprocal Identities: esex == or sinxescx = 1 secx =—— or cosxsecx = 1Basic Integrals fau= wee ut [rau = +Cn#-1 ni du u Inju| + ferdu=ers c a fot au —+C Ina foinuau= —cosu+C fcosudu =sinu+C feanudu = —Inleosu+ 61 feotuau In|sinul + secu du = infsecu + tanl + ¢ Joscudu = =Inlescu + cotul + C sec? udue =tanu+C focudu= —cotu+C J secutanu du =seeu +c Jeseucotu du = sescu+C Area and Solids of Revolution: NOTE: (a,b) are x-coordinates and (€.d) are y-coordinates Area Between Two Curves: Slices 1 to x-axis: A= f°[f(x) — g(x)] dx Slices Ltoy-axis: A= f“Lf()- g0)] ay Volume By Disk Method: About x-axis: V = 1 {?[R()]? dx Abouty-axis: V = 1 f“[RQ)/? dy Volume By Washer Method: About x-axis: V = 1 {2(R@)}? — [r@)P) dx Abouty-axis: V = 1 {“(RQ)} - [r)I) dy Volume By Shell Method: About x-axis: V = 21 Jy [RQ] dy About y-axis: V = 21 {? x [R(x)] dx General Equations for Known Cross Section where base is the distance between the two curves and a and bare the limits of integration. SQUARES: V = {? (base)? dx ‘TRIANGLES EQUILATERAL: V = % f? (base)? dx ISOSCELES RIGHT: V = + {?(base)? dx RECTANGLES: V = (base) hdx where h is the height of the rectangles SEMI-CIRCLES: V = © {°(radius)? dx 2 where radius is % distance between the two curves.MORE DERIVATIVES: MORE INTEGRALS: yesinx y= cosx yre yelnx yaa