(i) We can know whether the material is ductile or brittle as strain for a brittle material is very small.

Stress strain curve for a brittle material is limited and is very close to y-axis. For a ductile material
failure or breaking occurs after a significant deformation.

(ii) We can know the elastic limit stress, yield point stress , ultimate and breaking stresses only for the
ductile material.

(iii) Elastic limit stress, yield point stress , ultimate and breaking stresses have the same value for a
brittle material.

(iii) We can find the Youngs modulus only from within the elastic region.

(iv) We can find the resilience at a certain value of stress only from within the elastic region.

(v) We can find the proof resilience only at the elastic value of stress.

Q. What are assumptions made in the theory of simple bending?

(i) A constant bending moment is applied over the entire beam.

(ii) Modulus of elasticity is same for tension and compression.

(iii) Stresses and strains are within elastic limit.

(iv) Beam has constant area of cross section with at least one axis of symmetry.

(v) A transverse plane remains a transverse plane before and after the bending moment is applied.

(vi) Material is homogeneous, isotropic and continuous.

(vii) Beam is initially straight.

(viii) Self weight is negligible.

Q. Explain the equivalent bending moment.

It comes when a shaft is subjected to bending moment as well as torque. Bending moment causes
bending stress. Torque causes shear stress. Thus it is a case of complex stress. Complex stresses
are reduced to principal stresses.
Equivalent bending moment is a single bending moment which causes the same principal stress as is
being caused by the applied bending moment and torque together.

Hoop stress is the tangential stress in a cylindrical or spherical shell due to

pressure inside the shell. Hoop stress is also called circumferential stress in a
shell. It is represented by h.

h = pi Di/ 2t for a cylindrical thin shell

h = pi Di/ 4t for a spherical thin shell

pi is the internal pressure in N/mm2