MATEMTICAS 4 ESO

EJERCICIOS RESUELTOS DE FRACCIONES, POTENCIAS Y LOGARITMOS

1. Operaciones con fracciones:

8 24 1
3 50 1 3 4 50
2 25 25 3 [6 ] 3 7 6
a) = = = = 3 : =
1 1 1 7 2 7
4 1 4 4 +
2 2 2 2

1 1 1 5 6
3 5 1 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 + 3 6 12
b) = = = = =
1 7 7 7 7 7
4 +
2 2 2 2 2

1 10 1 9 9 9
1
c) 1 10 = 1 10 = 1 10 = 1 10 = 1 10 =
1 1 1 10 9 10
1 1 1 1
1 10 1 9 9 9
1
10 10 10

9
9 1 81 10 + 81 91
= 1 10 = 1+ : = 1+ = =
1 10 9 10 10 10
9

2 1 3 11 3
+ 3
3 4 2 12 2
3 1 1 1 11 11 4 3 5
2+
d) 4 2 5 = 4 5 = 12 2 11 = 11 4 3 5 2 = 1
1 5 5 12 2 11 5
5
2 2 2

2. Operaciones con potencias:

2 3 1
a) 162 4 3 = ( 2 4 ) ( 2 2 ) = 28 2 6 = 28+6 = 22 =
4
2 3 2
4 2 12 3 152 (2 ) (2 3) (3 5)
2 2
2 4 2 6 33 32 5 2 2 10 35 52
b) 3 2 3
= 3 2 = 6 6 3
= 6 9
= 2 4 34 5 2
9 8 3 (3 ) (2 ) 3
2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3
4 3 2 3
8 4 153 182 123 (2 ) (3 5) (2 3 ) ( 2 3)
3 2 2

c) = 3 2 =
20 3 27 2 33 (2 2 5) (33 ) 33

Juan Pascual 1/7

Matemticas 4 ESO Ejercicios Resueltos de Fracciones, Potencias y Logaritmos

2 12 3 3 5 3 2 2 3 4 26 33 2 8 3 4 53
= 6 3 6 3
= 6 3 3
= 2 2 3 = 12
2 5 3 3 2 3 5
1
23
27 81 3 2 3
1 4
(33 )
13 3
3 4 34
2
3 23 36
d) 2 = 2
= =1
1 4 27 2 2 2 2 2 33 36
36 (2 0 ) 3 2 3 4 1
3 3 16 3 2

3. Haz las siguientes operaciones con radicales:

3
4
27 4 3
3 (33 ) 39 3 3
a) 3
= = 12
4
= 12
4 8
= 12 4 = 12
18 3
2 3 2
(2 3 )
2 2 3 2 16

4 3 4 24 5 24 5 2 4 53 53
b) 80 : 18 = = = = 2 4 8 =
4
3
2 32 3
2 32 4 2 3
4
(2 32 )
4
2 4 3 75
= 2
5 =
2 3 9
3 3
1 1 1
3
1 1 1
c) 15 = 15 15
= 5 = 5 = 3 =
243 3 5 3 3 15
3 27
2
d) 3
2 3 16 = 6 2 3 16 = 6 2 16 2 = 6 2 (2 4 ) = 6 2 9 = 6 2 6 2 3 = 2 6 2 3 = 2 2

2
e) 3
2 3 16 = 6 2 3 16 = 6 2 16 2 = 6 2 (2 4 ) = 6 2 9 = 6 2 6 2 3 = 2 6 2 3 = 2 2

3 2 32 2 1 32 2 1 4 32 2 1 4 9
f) = 2
= = =
8 22 2 22 2 22 2 2
2 6

g)
( ) ( 3 )
4
32 3

=
4
3 4 3 36
=
3 32
=3
6
32
( 3) 12 4 12
3 24

4 2 3 5
( 3 ) ( 3 )
5 3 5
3 4 3 32
15
(3 4 ) (32 ) 15
312 310 15 22
3 322 15 1
h) 3
= = = = = 15 =
32 32 32 330 38
( ) 34 312

4
i) 3 4
64 4 = 3 4
(2 6 ) = 234 2 24 = 24 2 24 = 2

1 1 2
j) 8 50 98 = 2 2 2 2 52 7 2 = 2 2 5 2 7 2 = 10 2
2 2

2/7 Juan Pascual

Ejercicios Resueltos de Fracciones, Potencias y Radicales Matemticas 4 ESO

1 3 1 3 2 1 3 5
k) 3 12 75 = 3 22 3 5 3 = 3 2 3 3=
2 4 2 4 2 4
1 15 21
= 3 2 3 3 = 3
2 4 4

21 21 2
xy 6
(xy) xy (xy) 1 (xy) 3
l) 9xy + + 3 3 = 3 xy 6 6
= 3 xy 6 (xy) =
4xy xy 2 xy (x y )
3 3 2 xy
1 3
= 3 xy xy xy = xy
2 2

4. Racionaliza:

3 3
1 1 5 5 3 25 3 25
a) = = =
2 3 5 2 3 5 3
5 3
5 25 10

4
4 1
4 (x )5
(x)
4 5 4 16
1 1 5 x 4 x 5 16
5
x 5 15
x x x3 5 x 5 x
b) = = = = 4 = 4 = = =
5 4
x 5 x 4
5
x4 x4 x4
5 4
x (x)
5 4 x x x

5 1 1
3
x
=
x 6 x 5
3

3 5
x 6 x5 ( ) x 3 ( x 5 )6
5
x x
1
3
25
6
x
2+25
6
x
27
6
6
x 27 6
x3
c) = 6
= = = = 5 = 5 =
x 5 6 x 5 x5 x5 x5 x x x
( )
6
x5 6
6
x5

2 2 ( 3 1) 2 ( 3 1) 2 ( 3 1) 2 ( 3 1)
d) = = 2
= =
3 + 1 ( 3 + 1) ( 3 1) ( 3 ) 12 31 2

2 2

e)
2+ 3
=
2+ 3 2+ 3
=
( 2 + 3)
=
( 2 + 3)
= ( 2 + 3 )
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 + 3 ( 2 ) ( 3 ) 23

2 2
2 3 + 2 (2 3 + 2 ) (2 3 + 2 ) (2 3 ) + 2 2 3 + ( 2 ) 4 3 + 4 3 + 2
f) = = 2 2
= =
2 3 2 (2 3 2 ) (2 3 + 2 ) (2 3 ) ( 2 ) 4 3 2

7+2 6
=
5

Juan Pascual 3/7

Matemticas 4 ESO Ejercicios Resueltos de Fracciones, Potencias y Logaritmos

5. Expresa mediante intervalos los siguientes conjuntos y represntalos en la

recta real.

a) A = {x /x , 2 x 1}

Solucin:

Intevalo Recta real

[2, 1]
2 1

b) B = {x /x , < x < 1}

Solucin:

Intevalo Recta real

( , 1) 1

c) C = {x /x , 2 < x < 1}

Solucin:

Intevalo Recta real

(2, 1)
2 1

d) D = {x /x , 2 x < }

Solucin:

Intevalo Recta real

[2, ) 2

{ 1
e) E = x /x , x 2
2 }
Solucin:

4/7 Juan Pascual

Ejercicios Resueltos de Fracciones, Potencias y Radicales Matemticas 4 ESO

Intevalo Recta real

1 1
, 2 2
2 2

f) F = {x /x , 2 x < 12}

Solucin:

Intevalo Recta real

[ 2, 12)
2 12

6. Teniendo en cuenta los conjuntos anteriores, escribe como un solo intervalo:

a) A B y A B
Solucin:
La unin de A y B son el conjunto de valores que pertenecen a A, a B o a
ambos, mientras que la interseccin son el conjunto de valores comunes a A
y B. Entonces:

A B = ( , 1]

A B = [2, 1)

b) C D y C D
Solucin:

C D = [2, )

C D = (2, 1)

c) E F y E F
Solucin:
1

E F = , 12
2

CD = 2

Juan Pascual 5/7

Matemticas 4 ESO Ejercicios Resueltos de Fracciones, Potencias y Logaritmos

7. Halla el valor de los siguientes logaritmos

a) log 10000 = log 10 4 = 4 log 10 = 4

b) log 2 64 = log 2 2 6 = 6 log 2 2 = 6

c) log 3 27 = log 3 33 = 3 log 3 3 = 3

3
1 1
d) log 1 27 = log 1 33 = log 1 = 3 log 1 = 3
3 3 3 3
3 3

1
1 3
1 1 2 3 3
e) log 5 = log 5 3 = log 5 (53 )2 = log 5 5 2 = log 5 5 =
125 5 2 2
1 1 3 1 1 3 1
log 2
log 2 3 2 log 2 2 2 2 log 2 2 3 log 2 2 4 log 2 2 2
f) = 1
1
= 3 4 2 =
log 2 2 1 log 2 2 1 1
log 2 2 2 1 log 2 2 4 1
2 4
1 3 1

3 4 2 1
= =
1 1 6
1
2 4

8. Calcula el valor del dato desconocido:

a) log 3 81 = x 3x = 81 3 x = 3 4 x = 4

b) log 5 a = 4 5 4 = a a = 625

c) log a 1000 = 4 a 4 = 10000 a 4 = 10 4 a = 10

1
1 1
d) log 32 2 = x 32 x = 2 2 5x = 2 2 5x = x=
2 10
1 1
e) log 9 = x 9x = 9 x = 92 x = 2
81 81
1 1 1 5 1
1
f) log x 2 = log x 2 = 5 x 5 = 2 (x 5 )5 = 2 5 x 5 = 2 5 x = 5 2
5
3
1
g) log 1 x = 3 = x x = 5 3 = 125
5
5

9. Escribe las siguientes expresiones como un solo logaritmo:

6/7 Juan Pascual

Ejercicios Resueltos de Fracciones, Potencias y Radicales Matemticas 4 ESO

2

x x xy y 3
a) log (xy) 2 log = log (xy) log
= log 2 = log
y y x x
2
y
2
b) 2 ln (a b) ln (a 2 b2 ) = ln (a b) ln (a + b)(a b) =
2
2 (a b) a b
= ln (a b) ln (a + b)(a b) = ln = ln
(a + b) (a b) a + b

1
4
ab 1 a b
4 a b a b 4 2
log 2
c) 4 log 2
log 2 = log 2 =
a 2 a a
a

2
2 2 (a b) a 2 (a b)2
(a b) a b a4 = log 1 =
= log 2 log 2 = log 2 = log 2 4 2 2 2
a 4
a 2
(a b) a (a b) a

a 2
= log 2 (a2 )

******

Juan Pascual 7/7