  Introductory Info

  Ground-Truth Data

  Instrument and Data Calibration

  ENVI Correction
  Center for Spatial Technologies And Remote Sensing
(CSTARS)
  Dr. Susan Ustin, Shawn Kefauver, UC Davis

  The “big picture”: Estimation of water flux

(evapotranspiration, ET) from crop canopies &
comparison of agricultural practices
  Location: Almond and pistachio orchards at
Paramount Farms in Lost Hills, CA
  Terms to Know

  TIR: Thermal Infrared (8-14 µm)

  Transmissivity: % of light passing through a medium

  Radiance: (W m-2 sr-1): radiant flux density emanating

from a surface per unit solid angle

  Emissivity: actual radiance by selective radiating body

radiance from blackbody at same T
  Datacollection by MASTER (MODIS/ASTER):
airborne simulator and scanning spectrometer

  Why do we need to calibrate the images?

  Thermal data important for finding parameters
related to ET (e.g. water stress)
  Atmospheric Interactions
▪  Atmospheric transmissivity - absorption and scattering
  Collect “ground-truth” data
  TIR thermometer calibration
  Field data calibration
  Field-corrected temperature calibration
  Empirical line calibration (ELC)

  ENVI Correction
  Thermal atmospheric correction
  Conversion to emissivity and temperature
  Apply ELC
  Temperature (TIR thermometer)
  Dark: Irrigation Pond
  Medium: Soil/gravel
  Light: Soil/gravel
  Calibration: Blackbody
  Radiance (ASD FieldSpec)
  Same targets
  Calibration: Spectralon panel
 Medium (soil)

Light (soil)

Dark (pond)

A  B  C 
D  E  F 
G  H  I 

Layout of GPS points at soil targets

  Calibration source: blackbody
  Blackbody – “Theoretically absorbs all radiation that falls
on it and radiates energy at the maximum possible rate per
unit area at each wavelength for any given temperature”
  Perfect absorber and emitter of energy

  Planck's Law : Eλ(T) = 2hc2

λ5(ehc/λkBT-1)

Eλ(T): Spectral radiance ( J·s-1·m-2·sr-1·m-1)

h: Planck constant ( J s)
c: Speed of light (m/s)
λ: Wavelength (m)
kB: Boltzmann constant ( J/K)
T: Temperature (K)
  True temperature readings were recorded from the blackbody
  TIR thermometer was aimed at blackbody and temperatures recorded
  Calibrate field data (which was measured with
TIR thermometer) using TIR calibration curve
Point Location Time Point on Ground Calibrated Point on
(hrs, PDT) (°C) Ground (°C)

A 24.8 24.94
B 11.87 25.9 26.03
C 25.7 25.83
A 25.2 25.34
B 12.25 26.2 26.33
C 27.7 27.81
A 28 28.10
B 13.93 28 28.10
C 28.1 28.20
A 28.4 28.50
B 14.98 27.3 27.41
C 25.6 25.73

6-29-10, Site: Pond

  Time used from
middle point at site
(E for soil, B for
water)
  Point temperatures
averaged for sites
  Choose bands from MASTER data and convert files
  Thermal/long-wave IR range: 8-14 µm

Band Wavelength Wavelength

(µm) (nm)
42 8.1850 8185.0
43 8.6550 8655.0
44 9.0970 9097.0
45 9.6960 9696.0
46 10.1170 10117.0
47 10.5940 10594.0
48 11.3370 11337.0
  Approximate and remove
atmospheric contributions from
thermal IR radiance data
  In-Scene Atmospheric Compensation
(ISAC) algorithm
  Only uses in-scene data
▪  Captures true state of the atmosphere and
radiative processes
▪  Need to identify and estimate input parameters
  Does not require radiative transfer
modeling
  In-Scene Atmospheric Compensation (ISAC) algorithm

  Estimates transmissivity and upwelling radiance

  Lobs= τ B(T) + Lu
▪  Lobs: Observed, at-aperture radiance
▪  τ: Transmission of the atmosphere
▪  B(T): Spectral radiance from Planck function
▪  Lu: Upwelling radiance due to the atmosphere
•  Lobs= τ B(T) + Lu
  Plot for each band: Lobs vs. B(T)
▪  τ (slope) and Lu(intercept) are estimated
▪  τ and Lu are used to estimate the ground leaving radiance from at-
sensor radiance for each pixel

τ vs. λ Lu vs. λ (µm)  

(µm)  
  Emissivity Normalization
  Calculates the temperature for
each pixel and band in the image
  Uses fixed emissivity value
  Highest temperature for each
pixel is used to calculate
emissivity from the Planck
function
  Empirical Line Calibration

temperature (1st correction) vs. Field

  Image
temperature

  Relationship used for further correction in ENVI

  Flight line data 
  Time of day over
targets 
  Accurate field
temperature
  Overlay GPS vector file to
atmospherically corrected MASTER
temperature images
  Determine temperatures at all
ground locations for each image
   ELC data and plot  next step in calibration in ENVI
(Average for 9 or 3
June 29, SARP01 11.774 PDT
point site)
Field Temperature (K)
Image
Site [found from T vs time
Temperature (K)
graph]
Light Soil 329.37216 324.3916541

Medium 328.50349 322.4402602

Water 298.48346 302.6697187

  Ground-Truth Data
  Necessary to verify results and for calibration
  Instrument and Data Calibration
  Accuracy on as many levels as possible
  ENVI Correction
  Takes care of ridiculous math and programming for us
  TIR MASTER bands are corrected
  Accurate temperature data for any pixel in the image
  DiStasio, R.J.; Resmini, R.G. Algorithms and Technologies for
Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XVI, Proc.
of SPIE. 2010, 7695, 76952B 1-12.
  ENVI 4.7 Help Menu, “Thermal IR Utilities”
  Hook, S.J.; Myers, J.J.; Thome, K.J.; Fitzgerald, M.; Kahle, A.B. The
MODIS/ASTER airborne simulator (MASTER) - a new instrument
for earth science studies. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2001,
76 (1), 93-102.
  Jensen, J.R. Remote Sensing of the Environment: An Earth Resource
Perspective, 2nd ed. Ch. 8 Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing;
Pearson Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2007; p 249-290.
  Young, S.J.; Johnson, B.R.; Hackwell, J.A. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 2002, 107, 14.1-20.
  NASA
  NSERC
  AllSARP faculty, speakers,
& mentors
  Shawn Kefauver
  Dr. Susan Ustin
  ET Group
  CSTARS @ UC Davis