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Dr. N. K. Patel
Lecture:25 Bromine
Module: 5
Lecture: 25
BROMINE
INTRODUCTION
The bromine name derived from Greek word brmos, which means
"strong-smelling" or "stench". Bromine (Br2) atom is belongs to the halogen
group having atomic number 35. It was first isolated by, Carl Jacob Lwig
and Antoine Jerome Balard, in 1825 1826. Elemental bromine is a red-brown
liquid at room temperature. It is a corrosive and toxic in nature and having
properties between those of chlorine and iodine. Free bromine occurs as
colourless soluble crystalline mineral halide salts as it does not occur in nature.
The bromine element is easily extracted from brine pools due to its high
solubility. Organo bromine compounds were readily converted to free
bromine at high temperatures; this process has the effect of stopping free
radical chemical chain reactions. This effect makes organo bromine
compounds useful as fire retardants and more than half of the bromine
produced industrially worldwide each year is used for the same.
Unfortunately, a volatile organo bromine compound was converted into the
free bromine atoms in the atmosphere and leads to the ozone depletion. As
a result, many organo bromide compounds that were in common use
formerly the pesticide methyl bromide have been abandoned.
MANUFACTURE
Raw material
NPTEL 1
Module:5
Dr. N. K. Patel
Lecture:25 Bromine
Reaction
Manufacture process
H2SO4
Water Water
Condenser
Condenser
Cl2
Purified brine
Br2 and
Steam H2O
Br2
Water
NaOH or
NH3
Separator
Neutralizer Distillation
Animation
Brine from sea water was first chlorinated using chlorine gas, so that
bromide was oxidized to the free bromine. The free bromine was then treated
with sulfurous acid which converted free bromine into the hydrobromic acid.
NPTEL 2
Module:5
Dr. N. K. Patel
Lecture:25 Bromine
Then acid solution was treated with recycle chlorine gas from separator
which reoxidized the bromide back to free bromine. While unconverted acid
solution was neutralized with caustic or ammonia and sent back to other
uses.
Other method
Bromine can be produced from well brines where only one oxidation
by chlorine is required. Crude bromine was condensed, separated from the
water present using distillation.
Raw material
Reaction
Manufacture process
Brine was first pre-heated in heat exchanger at 900C then the hot brine
was run into the chlorinator. Partial chlorination of brine was carried out. Then
sent to steaming out tower where brine was contacted with steam and
chlorine counter currently and waste gases was discharged form chlorinator.
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Module:5
Dr. N. K. Patel
Lecture:25 Bromine
Waste
gases
Chlorinator
Chlorine
Condenser
Steaming-out
Brine
tower
H2O + Cl2 + Br2
Chlorine &
Steam
Cl2
Gravity
CaO
Condenser separator
Crude
Br2
Neutralizer
Raw
Cl2
brine
Heat Distilling
exchanger column
Steam
Residue
Steam
Bromine
NPTEL 4
Module:5
Dr. N. K. Patel
Lecture:25 Bromine
Animation
The bottom layer containing bromine and chlorine was separated out,
which was then run into the column where residue separated from bottom
and vapour condensed in condenser where chlorine was recycled and
bromine purification was carried out in fractionating column where a trace of
chlorine vapour was recycled.
In the bromine extraction process, the raw wastes include all of the
spent brines as well as minor amounts of materials which were added to the
process stream.
In the both plant, the brine solids contains the chlorides of calcium,
sodium, magnesium and potassium. The exact compositions are dependent
on the composition of the incoming brine raw material. The input brine at
Plant I and Plant II are 0.3% and 0.4% bromine. The total amount of the brine
solids raw waste was depended on the amount of bromide in the brine
relative to the other dissolved solids.
Pump seals, noncontact cooling and boiler feed water was used for
the dilution of brine.
NPTEL 5
Module:5
Dr. N. K. Patel
Lecture:25 Bromine
Between the two plants, the different volume of water was used. But
still the total process contact water is similar in plants.
Wastewater treatment
At Plant I, all brine process waters were returned to the brine cavity
while noncontact cooling water was discharged. Then the waste brines were
treated with lime to effect neutralization before they were returned to their
source.
In the Plant II, the cooling water was discharged without treatment. The
neutralization of spent brine and process wastewater using different agents
were carried out with ammonia and then settled in ponds prior to return to
the brine cavity.
Effluent
The neutralized brine and process water wastes were returned to the
brine cavity in both the plants. While cooling water and boiler blow down
were discharged or used for the noncontact applications.
Engineering aspects
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Module:5
Dr. N. K. Patel
Lecture:25 Bromine
brine by matching the vapour pressure of the brine. The capacity of a given
size of contact towers was increased by using lower volume of steam in the
vacuum process. A further benefit of vacuum process operating at lower
temperature, chlorine undergoes fewer side reactions and less hydrolysis so
chlorine use can be reduced. A second stripping of the tail brine was done in
two-stage process. Other advantages of vacuum process were less amount
of lime required to treat the spent brine, plant maintenance costs was lower
and decreased waste gases.
PROPERTIES
Molecular formula : Br
Molecular weight : 79.90gm/mole
Appearance : Red-brown (gas or liquid), metallic
luster (solid)
Odour : Sharp and penetrating odour
Boiling point : 58.80C
Melting point : -7.20C
Density : 3.12gm/cm3 at 200C, 2.93gm/ml at
590C
Refractive index : 1.647 at 200C,
Vapour density : 5.5
Solubility : Soluble in water
USES
NPTEL 7
Module:5
Dr. N. K. Patel
Lecture:25 Bromine
NPTEL 8