following sequence of actions: whether breathing is normal, act as if 1. Make sure the victim, any it is not normal. bystanders, and you are safe. 5A. If he is breathing normally: 2. Check the victim for a response. -Turn him into the recovery position -Gently shake his shoulders and ask (see below). loudly, Are you all right? -Summon help from the ambulance service by mobile phone. If this is not 3A. If he responds: possible, send a bystander. Leave the -Leave him in the position in which you victim only if no other way of find him provided there is no further obtaining danger. help is possible. -Try to find out what is wrong with him -Continue to assess that breathing and get help if needed. remains normal. If there is any doubt -Reassess him regularly. about the presence of normal breathing, start CPR (5B).Resuscitation 3B. If he does not respond: Council (UK) -Shout for help. -Turn the victim onto his back and then 5B. If he is not breathing normally: open the airway using head tilt and -Ask someone to call for an ambulance chin lift: and bring an AED if available. If you - Place your hand on his forehead and are on your own, use your mobile gently tilt his head back. phone to call for an ambulance. Leave -With your fingertips under the point of the the victim's chin, lift the chin victim only when no other option to open the airway. exists for getting help. -Start chest compression as follows: 4. Keeping the airway open, look, -Kneel by the side of the victim. listen, and feel for normal breathing. -Place the heel of one hand in the - Look for chest movement. centre of the victims chest -Listen at the victim's mouth for (which is the lower half of the victims breath sounds. sternum (breastbone)). -Feel for air on your cheek. -Place the heel of your other hand on In the first few minutes after cardiac top of the first hand. arrest, a victim may be barely -Interlock the fingers of your hands breathing, or taking and ensure that pressure is not infrequent, noisy, gasps. This is often applied over the victim's ribs. Do not termed agonal breathing and must not apply any pressure over the be upper abdomen or the bottom end of confused with normal breathing. the sternum. Look, listen, and feel for no more than -Position yourself vertically above the 10s to determine if the victim is victim's chest and, with your breathing arms straight, press down on the on the sternum and give a further 30 sternum 5 - 6 cm. chest compressions. -After each compression, release all -Continue with chest compressions the pressure on the chest and rescue breaths in a ratio of 30:2. without losing contact between your -Stop to recheck the victim only if he hands and the sternum. starts to show signs of regaining Repeat at a rate of 100 - 120 min-1 consciousness, such as coughing, -Compression and release should take opening his eyes, speaking, or moving an equal amount of time. purposefully AND starts to breathe normally; otherwise do not interrupt 6A. Combine chest compression with resuscitation.Resuscitation Council rescue breaths: (UK) -After 30 compressions open the If the initial rescue breath of each airway again using head tilt and chin sequence does not make the chest lift. rise as in normal -Pinch the soft part of the victims breathing, then, before your next nose closed, using the index finger attempt: and -Check the victim's mouth and remove thumb of your hand on his forehead. any visible obstruction. -Allow his mouth to open, but maintain -Recheck that there is adequate head chin lift. tilt and chin lift. -Take a normal breath and place your -Do not attempt more than two lips around his mouth, making sure breaths each time before returning to that you have a good seal. chest -Blow steadily into his mouth whilst compressions. watching for his chest to rise; take If there is more than one rescuer about present, another should take over CPR one second to make his chest rise as about every in normal breathing; this is an 1-2 min to prevent fatigue. Ensure the effective minimum of delay during the rescue breath. changeover of -Maintaining head tilt and chin lift, rescuers, and do not interrupt chest take your mouth away from the victim compressions. and watch for his chest to fall as air comes 6B. Compression-only CPR out. -If you are not trained to, or are -Take another normal breath and blow unwilling to give rescue breaths, give into the victims mouth once more to chest give a total of two effective rescue compressions only. breaths. The two breaths should not -If chest compressions only are given, take these should be continuous at a rate more than 5s. Then return your hands of without delay to the correct position 100 - 120 min-1 -Stop to recheck the victim only if he 7. Continue resuscitation until: starts to show signs of regaining -qualified help arrives and takes over, consciousness, such as coughing, -the victim starts to show signs of opening his eyes, speaking, or moving regaining consciousness, such as purposefully AND starts to breathe coughing, opening his eyes, speaking, normally; otherwise do not interrupt or moving purposefully AND starts to resuscitation. breathe normally, OR -you become exhausted.