Tnh ton h s ni phi

C hai cch c tnh h s ni phi,

l da vo cc tn s kiu gene hoc l
da vo cc ph h. Vi phng php
th nht, ta c tnh h s ni phi trong
mt qun th t nhin bng cch s dng
biu thc v tn s cc th d hp cho
trn. Qua ta c th tm ra biu thc
cho F nh sau:
H = 2pq 2Fpq = (1 F)2pq
1 F = H/2pq
Suy ra F = 1 (H/2pq)
T phng trnh trn cho thy h s ni
phi (F) l mt hm ca t s gia mc
d hp t quan st c (H) v mc d
hp t k vng (2pq). Trng hp c ni
phi, H nh hn 2pq, v vy F > 0. Nu
nh khng c th d hp no c (H = 0),
th h s ni phi bng 1.
Nhu loi thc vt c h thng giao phi
bao gm c t th phn v giao phn t
do vi cc c th khc. Nu nh t l t
th phn cao, th hu nh tt c cc c
th trong qun th l cc th ng hp.
V d, mt qun th thc vt gm ba
kiu gene AA, Aa v aa vi cc tn s
tng ng l P = 0,70, H = 0,04 v Q =
0,26. Ta c th c tnh h s ni phi
nh sau :
Trc tin, tnh c cc tn s allele A
v a (p v q ):
p = 0,70 + (0,04) = 0,72 v q = 1 p
= 0,28
Vy h s ni phi F = 1 ( 0,04/2 x
0,72 x 0,28 ) = 0,901
Tr s F y rt cao, gi rng hu ht
qun th ny sinh sn bng t th phn
v ch mt s rt nh l tp giao.
Phng php th hai thu nhn h s
ni phi cho i con l t mt ph h
trong c xy ra s giao phi cn
huyt (consanguineous mating). Trong
trng hp ny ta s dng mt ph h
tnh xc xut ca cc t hp cha cc
allele ging nhau v ngun gc i
con. V d, ta hy tnh h s ni phi cho
mt i con ca hai anh ch em bn ng
huyt (half-sibs), tc cc c th sinh ra t
cng mt b (hoc m). Hnh 1a cho ph
h v kiu giao phi ny, trong X v
Y l hai anh em c cng m nhng khc
cha. Ngi m ca X v Y c biu th
l t tin chung (CA = common
ancestor). Cn hai ngi cha khng gp
phn vo h s ni phi c biu din
bng cc hnh vung trng. hnh 1b,
cng mt ph h nh th nhng biu
din theo mt cch khc, b qua cc k
hiu cha m cn cc du qu trm biu
th cho tt c cc c th, v gii tnh
khng quan trng trong vic xc nh h
s ni phi y. Cc mi tn trn hnh
v ch hng truyn t b m n con
ci.

Hnh 1 Ph h minh ha s kt hn
gia hai anh em bn ng huyt, X v
Y. (a) vi tt c cc c th; (b) khng
c b. y CA = t tin chung, v
ng k i ch s giao phi cn
huyt.
Gi s ngi m (CA) c kiu gene l
Aa. tnh h s ni phi, ta cn phi
bit xc sut m a chu ca b, Z, c
kiu gene AA hoc aa, l ging nhau v
ngun gc i vi mt trong hai allele
ca b. Trc tin ta xt Z l AA, ch c
th xy ra nu nh mi bn X v Y u
ng gp vo Z mt giao t cha A. Xc
sut ca allele A trong X l xc sut m
mt allele A n t CA, hay . V xc
sut truyn t allele A t X sang Z cng
l , nn xc sut kt hp ca hai s
kin ny l x = (qui tc nhn xc
sut). Tng t, xc sut Z nhn c
allele A t Y l . V vy xc sut ca
mt a con AA nhn c allele A t
mi bn X v Y l x = 1/16 hay
0,0625. Bng phng php ny ta tnh
c xc sut ca mt a con c kiu
gene aa l 1/16. Nh vy xc sut ton
b cc t hp c cha cc allele ging
nhau v ngun gc Z lc l 1/16 +
1/16 = 1/8 hay 0,125 (qui tc cng xc
sut ).
n gin, trong tnh ton h s ni
phi t mt ph h ngi ta xut
mt phng php gi l k thut m
chui (chain-counting technique). Mt
chui i vi mt t tin chung cho
trc bt u vi mt b m ca c th
ni phi, ngc tr ln ph h cho n t
tin chung, v tr li vi b m . V
d, t hnh 12.1 ta lp c chui n
gin X-CA-Y. S c th trong chui (n)
c dng tnh h s ni phi trong
cng thc sau y: F = (1/2)n. Vi v d
trn, h s ni phi l (1/2)3 = 0,125.