YEAR 11 MATHS METHODS WORK Instead of writing “the polynomial in the variable x", we use the symbol P(x). ‘Note that this is one symbol, and does not denote P multiplied by x. Once P(x) has been defined for a given situation, it retains the same form, and only the value of x can alter. For example, if Pix) = 38 + Tx +4, then PCa) = 3a? + Ta + 4, PU) = Hr + Ir + 4, PQ)=3.2 +7244 Po) = ICIP ICY +4 0 Example 7 If P(x) = x9 + 2x? — bx + 8, and PQ) PG) Hence 33-3 3 6 (e) Division of polynomials “The operation of multiplication of polynomials gives (2+ 4a +3) =a? + 7a + 12. We can divide both sides of this identity by a + 3,a # ~3. 2+ a+ 12 otanttiet If we divide a? + 7a + 12 by a + 3 we should obtain @ + 4. The operation of division of polynomials is carried out in the same way as the operation of “long” division for the integers. a+4 a+30P Fa @+3a 4a+ 2 4a +12 Example 8 If P(x) = 3x? — 7x? + 2x + 4, divide P(x) by x — 3. 3x +e +8 x-3 VRP Te tee 3x3 — 9x 2x + de 2e = 6x art 4 Bx — 24 28Note the steps followed in the division process: 3x? is obtained by dividing 3x? — 7x? by x — 3. Then x — 3 is multiplied by 3x? to yield 3x? = 92, 2. 3x3 — 9x7 is then subtracted from 3x? — 7x? to yield 2x4, 3. 2x is obtained by dividing 2x + 2x by x ~ 3. Then x — 3 is multiplied by 2x to yield 2x? ~ 6x. 4, 2x? — Gris then subtracted from 2x? + 2x to yield Bx. 5. 8 is obtained by dividing 8x + 4 by x — 3. Then x — 3 is multiplied by 8 to yield &x — 24 Bx — 24 is then subtracted from Bx + 4 to yield @ remainder of 28 3x3 — Tx + 2x +4 is not exactly divisible by x — 3. A remainder of 28 is obtained. Actually, 303 2 ase poets 2 Txt + 2x + 4 x= 3 = Bis mara factor of 3x? — D2? + 2x + 4. The 2nd degree polynomial 3x? + 2x + 8 is called the quovient, Q(x), and 28 is the remainder, R Thus Bat = Tet te $4 = (x = GO + 2x + 8) + 8 ie. P(x) = (x ~ 3). Q(x) + 28 wo ‘The right-hand side is an alternative form of P(x) and so (1) is true for all x, Thus PG) = G = 0G) + 28 0.913) + 28 28 Does this suggest a method of finding the remainder without actual division by @=97 Example 9 Divide 4x — 19x + 9 by 2x — 3. 2st 2x = 3G STONED at ~ 6 6x2 = 19x 6x2 ~ 9x 2x? + Ay — Sis the quotient, (x), and ~6 is the remainder. 40-1949 oa ay ay Oe ie, 4x9 - 19x + 9 = (x ~ 32x? + 3x - 5) — 6 ie, Po) = (x ~ 0) - 6 a (0) is true for all x, we put 2x ~ 3 = Oe, x = 3 then PQ) = 09(x) — 6 =°6EXERCISES (f) 1. If P(x) = 2x? — 4x? + 2x — 1, find PCI), PCH3), Pla) and P(-2). 2 MPU) = xt — 20 + x? — 4, find P(2), PCL) and PCa), 3. IPG) = 8 - 3x2 + kx — Ty find kif PC2) = 0. 4. If P(x) = 2 — 4x2 + kx = 3, find kif PQ2) = ~7. 5. If P(x) = x4 — 2° + px? — dx + q, find p and q if P(O) = 3and P(-1) = UL 6. If P(x) = 3x — Sx + 6, find aif Pla) = 18, 7. If P(x) = ax? — 2x? + bx + ¢, find a, 6 and c if P(O) = 12, P(-1) = 3 and PQ) = 36. Find the quotient and remainder in the following (8 to 17): 8. 3x? — 2x + Sis divided by x — 2. 9. 4x — Bx? + Bx ~ Lis divited by 2x + 1. 10. x? — x8 + x — Lis divided by x — 1 Al. 2x* — 3x? + 6x? — Sx — 4 is divided by 2x — 3, 12. x9 — 27 is divided by x — 3. 1B. xt 4 3x? + Sx? — Gx — Bis divided by x + 2 14, 4x° — 25x + 10 is divided by 2x — 5. 1S. “2x? + Tx? — Tx + Lis divided by 2x + 3. 16. “x9 + 2x? + x — Dis divided by x + 1 17. x — x — Bx + IDs divided by x + 3. 18. IC P(e) = 2x? — Gxt + Sx + 2, divide P(x) by x — 2 and find A). 19. {CP(x) = 4x2 + 2x? + 3x — 4, divide P(x) by x + 4 and find P(—4). 20, If P(x) = x — 3x7 + Sx + 2, divide P(x) by x — 3 and find PG), 2A IE P(x) = 3x3 + 13x? + 6x — 12, divide P(x) by 3x + 4 and find $i. 3.3 The remainder theorem Look back over the remainders to the divisions in exercises 3(0), questions 18 to 21, and the results you obtained for P(2), P(~4), et. You should observe something that leads to the statement of a fundamental theorem of algebra. lynomial P(x) is divided by x contain x, then R until the remainder R does not PCa). PQ) = (x = a) Q(x) + Rand so Pla) = (a — a)Q{a) + R Rg This theorem enables us to find the remainder without actually dividing. For example, in exercises 3(0), question 18, P(x) = 22 ~ 6x2 + 5x +2. Hence P2)=28~64+524+2 =4 ‘The remainder, when P(x) was actually divided by x — 2, was 4 In question 19, P(x) = 4x9 + 2x? + 3x — 4 Hence PCA) = 4-64) + 216) + 3-4) ~ 4 240 ‘The remainder, when P(x) was actually divided by x + 4, was ~240.EXERCISES 3) Without actual division, find the remainder in each of the following (1-9) 1. x3 + 3x? + 2x — Tis divided by x + 2 2. 3x? + Tx — 2is divided by x — 4 3. 2y? + y? = 2y + 3 is divided by y + 1 4, xt — 3x + Sx? — is divided by x — 4, 5. xt + 2x? — 13x — 60 is divided by 2x + 3. 6. 2x3 — 3x? + 2x — Bis divided by 2x + 5. 7. 2x? — 9x2 4 17x ~ 16 is divided by 2x — 3, 8. xt — 3x + 7x — | isdivided by x + 2. 9. 2m? — Tm? + 8m — 11 is divided by 2m + 1. 10. When x + 3x? + 7x ~ b is divided by x — 2, the remainder is 20, Find 6. AL, When x4 + Sx? — ax + 6 and ax? + bx — 1 are each divided by x + 1, the remainders are 7 and ~6 respectively. Find a and 6. 12, When the polynomial x? + 3x? — mx + mis divided by x + 2, the remainder is 9. When divided by x — 3, the remainder is 49. Find m and n. 13. If x? + 2x? 4 3x +p and x? +x? 49 leave the same remainder when divided by x + 2, find p. 14. When 3x? — ax? — bx + 1 is divided by x — 2, the remainder is 15, and, when divided by x — 2, there is no remainder, Find a and 6. 1S. When 2x? + 7x2 + ax + b is divided by x — 3, the remainder is 120, and, when divided by x + 1, the remainder is ~8. Find the values of a and b. 3.4 The factor theorem ‘When 14 is divided by 7, we do not get a remainder, and so we say that 7 is a factor of 14, In the same way, if'a polynomial, P(x), is divided by x — a and there is no remainder, ¢. the remainder is zero, x — aisa factor of P(x). Under these conditions, wwe have a special case of the remainder theorem (stated previously), The Factor theorem states: If, for a polynomial P(x), P(a) = 0, then (x — a) is ctor of P(x), 2s called a 2070 of P(x). Thus by finding the 2er0s of a polynomial, we can find the factors of that polynomial. This is usually done by trial, Example 10 Find one zero, and hence the linear factors, of x? — x? — 14x + 24 PQ) =x = ~ Lax + 24 The zeros, ie. the values of x that make the polynomial equal to zero, shoald be sought systematically. Note that, since the coefficient of x? is unity, the only possible zeros are factors of 24, ie. 1,2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24, PU) = 1-1-1444 #0 PCI = "1-14 1442440 PQ) = 8-4-2 +24=0 Hence x — 2s a factor.By division, or otherwise, we find that PC) = (x = 28 + x - 12) (= De ~ Noe + 4) ‘The zeros of P(x) are thus 2, 3 and ~4. ‘Note: When you are attempting to find linear factors of a 3rd degree polynomial, as in this example, i is sufficient (0 use the factor theorem to find one linear factor. tis unnecessary and inadvisable to try to find the three factors (if they exist) this way. In thisexample, the factor x — 2 was found by using the theorem. If x? — x? — lax. + 24 is divided by x — 2, you obtain the 2nd degree polynomial x? + x — (2, which can be factorized without using the factor theorem. ‘When you are attempting to find linear factors of a 4th degree polynomial, it is, necessary to find two linear factors using the factor theorem. (See example 11.) Example 11 Find linear factors of x* + x? — Tx — x + 6. PQ) = xt +O — 1 x4 6 Pll) = 1+ 1-7-1+6=0. Hence (x - })is2 factor. PCat 1-741 46 Hence (x + 1) isa factor. Since both (x ~ 1) and (x + 1) are factors, the polynomial is divisible without remainder by x? — 1. By actual division, we find that PQ) = GF = Wt +x - Ge = Ne + Dee = Ae +3) EXERCISES Xb) Use the factor theorem to find linear factors over the rational number field of the following (1-18). Lo tax — 1x30 x) + Det — Ale - 42 3. 2e + Ix? — 43x + 26 4. 6x? — 5x8 12 — 4 3x3 + 10x? + 92 +2 xd + Ta? — 1x — 24 5 — 6x — 2938 + 6x? 4 4 1d x3 bx + 3x? + 3x — 40 6x9 = 2932 = 40x — 12 x Se? + 6x + De = ae 6x? = Sxt Oe +I 3x + Tx? — 6x? 2xd — Txt + Tx 2 xd + 3x? — 9 645-2 = 0r-8 . Show that x3 — 8 has only one linear factor over the real number field.20. Find the values of @ and 6 that make x* + 4x? + ax? — b divisible by (x — 1) and (x + 2). 21. Given that (x — 3) and (x + 2) are factors of x* — 6x? + px + q, find the values of p and g 22, Mf Sx? = 6x — 56 and 3x? — 14x + a have a common factor (x + 6), find the values of a and b, 23, Given that(x — I)and (x + 2)are two factors of 6x* + ax — 17x? + bx find a and b and the other two factors. 24, Find the values of a and 6 that make 2x* + ax* ~ 13x + b exactly divisible by xt x6. 25, ind the linear factors over the real number field of 2? — 3x? — Bx + 4, EXERCISES 3) Use the factor theorem or any of the identities discussed in this chapter to factorize the following completely 1. 64a> — 12563 2 (x43 + Sx +314 3. Bd +8 4. 50y2 — 32e2 5. x84 6 x8 43x ~ 4x - 12 7. Qx + 3 —@ +29 84 8x + 16-9 9. 2x? + Tx? — 17x ~ 10 10. (3x + IP + (x — 4) ML. xt — 10x + 35x4 — SOx + 24 2 xt 48 - Sx -2 13, 16026? — (a — by* 14. a + 3430" 15. Gx — 45 ~ 8 16. 28 + Sx? + 6x 17. (@~ 3) +a? — Sa 46 18. 0.008x? + 9? 19. 7a ~ 70°64 20, 2a° — 166° 2 Bx? 4 2x? ~ 9 +6 2. xP + 2? 2B. x + GF + IIx + 6 24. 250x — 227 25. 3x* — 4ax? — dati? 26. 2x ~ 3) + (y +3) 27, » — Ma + BP 28. 2x? + Lx? + 9x — 12412 3x4 4 and 13 remainder 2x — Set Gband ~7f remainder 2+ Land O remainder 2+ Se + 2and 2 remainder 3 3e 4 9and 0 remainder 17, 2 — dx + 4and 0 comainder 18 2x) 2e + Land 4 remainder; PQ) = B41 4 d= [Zand [6remainder 19. 4x2 — 14x 4.59 and ~240 remainders P(- = -200 2x84 Swand 10 remainder “xt 4 Sx 1 and 34 remainder wet + Ba = Dand O remainder 6 7a tL zou 2-17 10. 4 Exercises 30) 1 (et Xe e+) EG es MeO, 3G ~2Qe + Ise — 19 4G = DOr + 2G + 3 G+ DGr+ bet?) 6 G+ OG + =D) TSX + Gr B (x9 3k2e + DOr 1) 9. (e+ 43x 2X2 +3) 10. Qx + DGr + 2K - 6) 2G — Ke — 3) G+ Ke + 13. G— DGr— Der +) 16 30 — 23 + 38) xercises 30) 1. (4a ~ SBX1602 + 20ab + 2562) 2 @+ e+ 19 A Gels 2b ~ ae +4) & Sy Easy + 40) 5 Pee ay! © GBs I +3, Tee Inte pase + 19) Rate ye ae) Perea earn) 1 Gr — Seat 49 4.20) ih GG 2 Ke 49) 1 Ke e+) 1h eb bya + OF 14 0+ Taxi, Ta + 80%) 20. 3° 4 Sand 17 remainder; A) = {7 D2} 3x — Dand “4 mainder; POD) = ~4 1S. = DQr~ = 2) 16. 20 — Kx +3) 1. G+ We Ke + 18 G4 tke + KE 9) 1S, Gx — 4 — 299938 — 24 + 16 + Gay — By +) 16 ae +E HD) 1. @~30a- 5) 18 (0.28 + y(O.04r* — O2xy + 4) 19. Jat ~ abaK + 0b) 20. 2a? — 26Va* 4 Dab? + 4b6) 2. G~ 2Xe +39Gx— BG + Syryat = Say + 98) BG tee mE +d 2, 2x = 5)Q5 + Se + x4) 25. Gr 4 2a(x ~ 20) 2% n Es Ge + yyaet + 9? — 18 + 9y — 20y +27) 7. iy ~ 2a ~ 4bXy + 2a + 4) G+ 908 43-3)