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Murray N. Rothbard

LvMI
MISES INSTITUTE
The first edition was published in 1979 by Arlington House Publishers.
A four-volume hardback edition was published by the Ludwig von Mises Institute
in 1999.

Single-volume edition 2011 Ludwig von Mises Institute and published under
the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

Published by the Ludwig von Mises Institute

518 West Magnolia Avenue
Auburn, Alabama 36832
mises.org

ISBN: 978-1-933550-98-5
 Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

VOLUME 1
A NEW LAND, A NEW PEOPLE: THE AMERICAN COLONIES
IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

PART IEurope, England, and the New World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1. Europe at the Dawn of the Modern Era. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. New World, New Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
PART IIThe Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century . . . . . . . . . 41
3. The Virginia Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4. From Company to Royal Colony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5. The Social Structure of Virginia: Planters and Farmers . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6. The Social Structure of Virginia: Bondservants and Slaves . . . . . . . . . 60
7. Religion in Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
8. The Royal Government of Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
9. British Mercantilism over Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
10. Relations with the Indians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
11. Bacons Rebellion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
12. Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
13. The Carolinas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
14. The Aftermath of Bacons Rebellion in the
Other Southern Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
15. The Glorious Revolution and its Aftermath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
16. Virginia After Bacons Rebellion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

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PART IIIThe Founding of New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
17. The Religious Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
18. The Founding of Plymouth Colony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
19. The Founding of Massachusetts Bay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
20. The Puritans Purify: Theocracy in Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
21. Suppressing Heresy: The Flight of Roger Williams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
22. Suppressing Heresy: The Flight of Anne Hutchinson . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
23. The Further Settlement of Rhode Island:
The Odyssey of Samuell Gorton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
24. Rhode Island in the 1650s:
Roger Williams Shift from Liberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
25. The Planting of Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
26. The Seizure of Northern New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
27. Joint Action in New England: The Pequot War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
28. The New England Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
29. Suppressing Heresy: Massachusetts Persecutes the Quakers. . . . . . . 227
30. Economics Begins to Dissolve the Theocracy:
Disintegration of the Fur Monopoly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
31. Economics Begins to Dissolve the Theocracy:
The Failure of Wage and Price Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
32. Mercantilism, Merchants, and Class Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
33. Economics Begins to Dissolve the Theocracy:
The Failure of Subsidized Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
34. The Rise of the Fisheries and the Merchants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
35. Theocracy Begins to Wither: The Half-Way Covenant . . . . . . . . . . 261
36. The Decline and the Rigors of Plymouth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
37. The Restoration Crisis in New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
PART IVThe Rise and Fall of New Netherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
38. The Formation of New Netherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
39. Governors and Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
40. The Dutch and New Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
41. New Netherland Persecutes the Quakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
42. The Fall and Breakup of New Netherland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
PART VThe Northern Colonies in the Last Quarter
of the Seventeenth Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
43. The Northern Colonies, 16661675 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
44. The Beginning of Andros Rule in New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

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45. Further Decline of the Massachusetts Theocracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
46. King Philips War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
47. The Crown Begins the Takeover of New England,
16761679 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
48. The Crown Takes over New Hampshire, 16801685 . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
49. Edward Randolph Versus Massachusetts, 16801684 . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
50. The Re-Opening of the Narragansett Claims, 16791683 . . . . . . . 363
51. The Rule of Joseph Dudley and the Council of New England . . . . 365
52. New York, 16761686 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
53. Turmoil in East New Jersey, 16781686 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
54. The Development of West New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
55. The Holy Experiment: The Founding of Pennsylvania,
16811690 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
56. The Dominion of New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
57. The Glorious Revolution in the Northern Colonies,
16891690 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
58. The Glorious Revolution in the Northern Colonies,
16901692 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
59. Aftermath in the 1690s: The Salem Witch-Hunt and
Stoughtons Rise to Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
60. The Liberalism of Lord Bellomont in the Royal Colonies . . . . . . . . 454
61. The Aftermath of Bellomont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
62. Rhode Island and Connecticut After the Glorious
Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
63. The Unification of the Jerseys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
64. Government Returns to Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
65. The Colonies in the First Decade of the Eighteenth Century . . . . . 497
Bibliographical Essay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

VOLUME 2
SALUTARY NEGLECT : THE AMERICAN COLONIES IN THE
FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Introduction
The Colonies in the Eighteenth Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
PART IDevelopments in the Separate Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
1. Liberalism in Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
2. Presbyterian Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

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 3. Libertarianism in Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
4. Land Tenure and Land Allocation in New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
5. New Hampshire Breaks Free . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
6. The Narragansett Planters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
7. New York Land Monopoly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
8. Slavery in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
9. Land Conflicts in New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
10. The Ulster Scots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
11. The Pennsylvania Germans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
12. Pennsylvania: Quakers and Indians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
13. The Emergence of Benjamin Franklin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
14. The Paxton Boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
15. The Virginia Land System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
16. The Virginia Political Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
17. Virginia Tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
18. Slavery in Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
19. Indian War in North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
20. The North Carolina Proprietary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
21. Royal Government in North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
22. Slavery in South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
23. Proprietary Rule in South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
24. The Land Question in South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
25. Georgia: The Humanitarian Colony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
PART IIIntercolonial Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
26. Inflation and the Creation of Paper Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
27. The Communication of Ideas: Postal Service and the
Freedom of the Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
28. Religious Trends in the Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
29. The Great Awakening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
30. The Growth of Deism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
31. The Quakers and the Abolition of Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
32. The Beginning of the Struggle over American Bishops . . . . . . . . . . 679
33. The Growth of Libertarian Thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
PART IIIRelations with Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
34. Assembly Versus Governor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
35. Mercantilist Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
36. King Georges War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713

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37. Early Phases of the French and Indian War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
38. The Persecution of the Acadians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736
39. Total War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
40. The American Colonies and the War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748
41. Concluding Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754
42. Administering the Conquests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
Bibliographical Essay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767

VOLUME 3
ADVANCE TO REVOLUTION, 17601775 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
PART IThe British Army and the Western Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779
1. The Stage Is Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781
2. The Ohio Lands: Pontiacs Rebellion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
3. The Ohio Lands: The Proclamation Line of 1763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
4. The British Army and the Grand Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791
PART IIEnforcement of Mercantilism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799
5. Writs of Assistance in Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801
6. The White Pine Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804
7. Molasses and the American Revenue Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805
8. Reaction in Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812
9. Reaction in Rhode Island and Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815
10. Reaction in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
11. Reaction in Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
12. Reaction in New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823
13. Reaction in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824
14. Enforcement Troubles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826
15. The Newport Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828
PART IIIIdeology and Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833
16. The Threat of the Anglican Bishops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835
17. The Parsons Cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838
18. Wilkes and Liberty, 17631764 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844
PART IVEdge of Revolution: The Stamp Act Crisis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
19. Passage of the Stamp Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853
20. Initial Reaction to the Stamp Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860
21. Patrick Henry Intervenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863
22. Sam Adams Rallies Boston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866

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23. Rhode Island Responds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874
24. Response in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878
25. Response in Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880
26. Response in Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882
27. Response in Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884
28. Response in the Carolinas and Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886
29. Official Protests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889
30. The Stamp Act Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
31. Ignoring the Stamp Tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894
32. Government Replaced by the Sons of Liberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902
33. Repeal of the Stamp Act. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
34. Aftermath of Repeal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918
PART VThe Townshend Crisis, 17661770 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921
35. The Mutiny Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
36. The New York Land Revolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926
37. Passage of the Townshend Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930
38. The Nonimportation Movement Begins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932
39. Conflict in Boston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936
40. Wilkes and Liberty: The Massacre of St. Georges Fields . . . . . . . . . 941
41. British Troops Occupy Boston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945
42. Nonimportation in the South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948
43. Rhode Island Joins Nonimportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952
44. Boycotting the Importers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954
45. The Boston Massacre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960
46. Conflict in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967
47. Wilkes and America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970
48. Partial Repeal of the Townshend Duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976
49. New York Breaks Nonimportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979
PART VIThe Regulator Uprisings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989
50. The South Carolina Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991
51. The North Carolina Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997
PART VIIPrelude to Revolution, 17701775. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011
52. The Uneasy Lull, 17701772. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013
53. The Gaspe Incident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016
54. The Committees of Correspondence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019
55. Tea Launches the Final Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024

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56. The Boston Tea Party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
57. The Other Colonies Resist Tea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033
58. The Coercive Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036
59. The Quebec Act. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1040
60. Boston Calls for the Solemn League and Covenant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043
61. Selecting Delegates to the First Continental Congress . . . . . . . . . . 1049
62. Resistance in Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057
63. The First Continental Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1060
64. The Continental Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065
65. The Impact on Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075
66. The Tory Press in America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079
67. Massachusetts: Nearing the Final Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1082
68. Support from Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1087
69. The Shot Heard Round the World:
The Final Conflict Begins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1090
PART VIIIOther Forces for Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095
70. The Expansion of Libertarian Thought. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097
71. The Vermont Revolution: The Green Mountain Boys . . . . . . . . . . 1104
72. The Revolutionary Movement: Ideology and Motivation . . . . . . . 1114
Bibliographical Essay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1121

VOLUME 4
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR , 17751784 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1127
PART IThe War Begins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129
1. Spreading the News of Lexington and Concord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131
2. The Response in Britain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135
3. Guerrilla or Conventional War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137
4. The Seizure of Fort Ticonderoga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1140
5. The Response of the Continental Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1144
6. Charles Lee: Champion of Liberty and Guerrilla War. . . . . . . . . . . 1148
7. The Battle of Bunker Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1154
8. Washington Transforms the Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1157
9. The Invasion of Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1160
10. Paper Money Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1167
11. The New Postal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1170
12. New York Fumbles in the Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172

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PART IISuppressing the Tories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1177
13. The Suppression of Tories Begins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1179
14. Suppressing Tories in Rhode Island and Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . 1185
15. Suppressing Tories in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1188
16. Suppressing Tories in the Middle Colonies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1192
17. Virginia Battles Lord Dunmore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1194
18. Battling Tories in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199
PART IIIThe War in the First Half of 1776 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1203
19. The British Assault on Charleston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205
20. Forcing the British Out of Boston. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1208
21. Privateering and the War at Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211
22. Commodities, Manufacturing, and Foreign Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1215
23. Getting Aid from France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223
24. Polarization in England and the German Response
to Renting Hessians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1229
PART IVAmerica Declares Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1237
25. America Polarizes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1239
26. Forming New Governments: New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1244
27. New England Ready for Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1247
28. The Sudden Emergence of Tom Paine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1249
29. Massachusetts Turns Conservative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255
30. The Drive Toward Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1264
31. The Struggle in Pennsylvania and Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275
32. New Jersey and Maryland Follow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1284
33. Independence Declared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1289
34. New York Succumbs to Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1295
PART VThe Military History of the Revolution,
17761778 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1299
35. The Invasion of New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1301
36. The Campaigns in New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1309
37. Planning in the Winter of 1777. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315
38. Rebellion at Livingston Manor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1318
39. The Burgoyne Disaster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1321
40. Howes Expedition in Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332
41. Winter at Valley Forge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1336

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42. The Battle of Monmouth and the Ouster of Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1341
43. Response in Britain and France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1346
PART VIThe Political History of the United States, 17761778 . . . 1355
44. The Drive for Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1357
45. The Articles of Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1367
46. Radicalism Triumphs in Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1371
47. Struggles Over Other State Governments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1377
48. The Rise and Decline of Conservatism in New York. . . . . . . . . . . . 1387
PART VIIThe Military History of the Revolution, 17781781 . . . . 1391
49. The End of the War in the North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1393
50. The War at Sea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1399
51. The War in the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1402
52. The Southern Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1416
53. The Invasion of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1421
54. The Capture of Charleston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1427
55. The Emergence of Guerrilla Warfare in South Carolina . . . . . . . . . 1430
56. Gates Meets the Enemy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1434
57. The Battle of Kings Mountain and the End of the 1780
Campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1438
58. Greenes Unorthodox Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1442
59. The Race to the Dan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1446
60. The Battle of Guilford Courthouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1449
61. The Liberation of South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1452
62. The Final Battle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1456
63. After Yorktown in the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1463
64. The Response in Britain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1466
65. Making Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1470
PART VIIIThe Political and Economic History of the
United States, I7781784 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1481
66. Land Claims and the Ratification of the Articles
of Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1483
67. Inflationary Finance and Price Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1487
68. Conservative Counter-Revolution: Massachusetts and
Pennsylvania in 1780 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1498
69. Robert Morris and the Conservative Counter-Revolution
in National Politics, 17801782 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1502

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70. Robert Morris and the Public Debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1508
71. The Drive for a Federal Tariff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1514
72. The Newburgh Conspiracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1518
73. The Fall of Morris and the Emergence of the Order of the
Cincinnati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1523
74. The Western Lands and the Ordinance of 1784 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1527
75. The Republic of Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1530
PART IXThe Impact of the Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1535
76. Oppressing the Tories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1537
77. Tory Lands in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1543
78. Elimination of Feudalism and the Beginnings of the
Abolition of Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1548
79. Disestablishment and Religious Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1553
80. Was the American Revolution Radical? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1555
81. The Impact in Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1561
Bibliographical Essay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1569

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1577

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 Preface

What! Another American history book? The reader may be pardoned for
wondering about the point of another addition to the seemingly inex-
haustible flow of books and texts on American history. One problem, as
pointed out in the bibliographical essay at the end of volume I, is that the
survey studies of American history have squeezed out the actual stuff of his-
tory, the narrative facts of the important events of the past. With the true
data of history squeezed out, what we have left are compressed summaries
and the historians interpretations and judgments of the data. There is noth-
ing wrong with the historians having such judgments; indeed, without
them, history would be a meaningless and giant almanac listing dates and
events with no causal links. But, without the narrative facts, the reader is
deprived of the data from which he can himself judge the historians inter-
pretations and evolve interpretations of his own. A major point of this and
the other volumes is to put the historical narrative back into American his-
tory.
Facts, of course, must be selected and ordered in accordance with judg-
ments of importance, and such judgments are necessarily tied into the his-
torians basic world outlook. My own basic perspective on the history of
man, and a fortiori on the history of the United States, is to place central
importance on the great conflict which is eternally waged between Liberty

The preface in each of the four original volumes was, in large part the same, differ-
ing only by a couple of paragraphs with information relevant to the story told in that
particular volume. All of the information has been combined here into one com-
plete preface.

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and Power, a conflict, by the way, which was seen with crystal clarity by the
American revolutionaries of the eighteenth century. I see the liberty of the
individual not only as a great moral good in itself (or, with Lord Acton, as
the highest political good), but also as the necessary condition for the flow-
ering of all the other goods that mankind cherishes: moral virtue, civiliza-
tion, the arts and sciences, economic prosperity. Out of liberty, then, stem
the glories of civilized life. But liberty has always been threatened by the
encroachments of power, power which seeks to suppress, control, cripple,
tax, and exploit the fruits of liberty and production. Power, then, the enemy
of liberty, is consequently the enemy of all the other goods and fruits of civ-
ilization that mankind holds dear. And power is almost always centered in
and focused on that central repository of power and violence: the state.
With Albert Jay Nock, the twentieth century American political philoso-
pher, I see history as centrally a race and conflict between social power
the productive consequence of voluntary interactions among menand
state power. In those eras of history when libertysocial powerhas man-
aged to race ahead of state power and control, the country and even
mankind have flourished. In those eras when state power has managed to
catch up with or surpass social power, mankind suffers and declines.
For decades, American historians have quarreled about conflict or con-
sensus as the guiding leitmotif of the American past. Clearly, I belong in the
conflict rather than the consensus camp, with the proviso that I see the
central conflict as not between classes (social or economic), or between ide-
ologies, but between Power and Liberty, State and Society. The social or ide-
ological conflicts have been ancillary to the central one, which concerns:
Who will control the state, and what power will the state exercise over the
citizenry? To take a common example from American history, there are in
my view no inherent conflicts between merchants and farmers in the free
market. On the contrary, in the market, the sphere of liberty, the interests of
merchants and farmers are harmonious, with each buying and selling the
products of the other. Conflicts arise only through the attempts of various
groups of merchants or farmers to seize control over the machinery of gov-
ernment and to use it to privilege themselves at the expense of the others. It
is only through and by state action that class conflicts can ever arise.
Volume 1 is the story of the seventeenth centurythe first century of the
English colonies in North America. It was the century when all but one
(Georgia) of the original thirteen colonies were founded, in all their dispar-
ity and diversity. Remarkably enough, this critical period is only brusquely
treated in the current history textbooks. While the motives of the early
colonists varied greatly, and their fortunes changed in a shifting and fluctu-
ating kaleidoscope of liberty and power, all the colonists soon began to take
on an air of freedom unknown in the mother country. Remote from central

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control, pioneering in a land of relatively few people spread over a space far
vaster than any other they had ever known, the contentious colonists proved
to be people who would not suffer power gladly. Attempts at imposing feu-
dalism on, or rather transferring it to, the American colonies had all failed.
By the end of the century, the British forging of royal colonies, all with sim-
ilar political structures, could occur only with the fearsome knowledge that
the colonists could and would rebel against unwanted power at the drop of
a tax or a quitrent. If the late seventeenth-century Virginia Rebel Nathaniel
Bacon was not exactly the Torchbearer of the Revolution, then this term
might apply to the other feisty and rambunctious Americans throughout the
colonies.
Volume 2 is the history of the American colonies in the first half of the
eighteenth century. It is generally dismissed in the history texts as a quiet
period too uneventful to contemplate. But it was far from quiet, for the
seeds were germinating that would soon blossom into the American Revo-
lution. At the beginning of the century, the British government believed that
it had successfully brought the previously rebellious colonists to heel: royally
appointed governors would run the separate colonies, and mercantilist laws
would control and confine American trade and production for the benefit
of British merchants and manufacturers. But this control was not to be, and,
for most of this period, the colonies found themselves to be virtually inde-
pendent. Using their power of the purse, and their support among the bulk
of the population, the colonial Assemblies were, gradually but surely, able to
wrest almost complete power over their affairs from the supposedly all-
power governors. And, furthermore, as a result of the classical liberal policies
of salutary neglect imposed against the wishes of the remainder of the
British government by Robert Walpole and the Duke of Newcastle, the
Americans happily discovered that the mercantilist restrictions were simply
not being enforced. Strengthening their spirit of rebellious independence,
the colonists eagerly and widely imbibed the writings of English libertarians,
writings which inculcated in them a healthy spirit of deep suspicion of the
designs of all governmentthe English government in particularon their
rights and liberties. Consequently, when after midcentury the English, hav-
ing deposed Walpole and Newcastle and ousted the French from North
America, determined to reimpose their original designs for control, the
Americans would not stand for it. And the great conflict with the mother
country got under way.
Volume 3 deals with the stormy and fateful period from the end of the
French and Indian War until the outbreak of war at Lexington and Con-
cord in 1775, the period that incubated the American Revolution. With
France driven from the North American continent, and with the classical
liberal Whigs out of power, the British government moved quickly to

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impose a system of imperial control over the fractious and hitherto virtually
independent colonies. These fifteen years are a record of mounting Ameri-
can resistance to such efforts by the mother country, a resistance that finally
erupted into full-scale war at Lexington and Concord. Inspired by libertar-
ian ideals, the colonists increasingly forged a unity that was to result in the
first successful national revolution against Western imperialism in the mod-
ern world. Although other, largely unrelated, armed rebellions also erupted
in this periodNorth Carolina, South Carolina, New York, and Ver-
montthese years are essentially the story of the development of the Amer-
ican Revolution up to the outbreak of actual armed conflict.
Volume 4 deals with the exciting events of the American Revolution, per-
haps the most fateful years in American history. While the military history
of the war necessarily takes first rank, it is not simply a recital of the battles;
intertwined with the tactics and the strategy of the war were ideological
conflicts over how the war should be fought, and what sort of government
and society should emerge after the war was over. In particular, important
light is shed on both the battles and the military strategy of the war by incor-
porating the latest historical researches applying what we now know about
the importance of guerrilla vis--vis conventional interstate warfare for the
waging of a revolutionary armed struggle. The military histories of the Rev-
olution written before the 1960s are hopelessly inadequate because they fail
to grasp this vital dimension in explaining the course of the fighting.
In addition to the history of the warfare itself, volume 4 discusses the
political history of the period, in particular the conflicts over the kinds of
state governments to be constructed, and the drive of the Nationalists for a
strong central government. This period culminates in the adoption of the
Articles of Confederation and in the rise to power of Robert Morris. Also
discussed are the oft-neglected financial history of the war, the ruinous infla-
tion and price controls, and the political-financial manipulations of Morris
and his associates. The this volume also deals with the Western lands ques-
tion, which will take on fateful importance in the nineteenth century; it
concludes by assessing the impact of the Revolution on America and
Europe, and by asking the question: was the Revolution truly radical?
My intellectual debts for Conceived in Liberty are simply too numerous to
mention, especially since an historian must bring to bear not only his own
discipline but also his knowledge of economics, of political philosophy, and
of mankind in general. Here I would just like to mention, for his methodol-
ogy of history, Ludwig von Mises, especially his much neglected volume,
Theory and History; and Lord Acton, for his emphasis on the grievously
overlooked moral dimension. For his political philosophy and general out-
look on American history, Albert Jay Nock, particularly his Our Enemy the
State.

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 As for my personal debts, I am happy to be more specific. This series of
volumes would never have been attempted, much less seen the light of day,
without the inspiration, encouragement, and support provided by Kenneth
S. Templeton, Jr., now of the Liberty Fund, Indianapolis, Indiana. I hope
that he wont be overly disappointed with these volumes. I am grateful to the
Foundation for Foreign Affairs, Chicago, for enabling me to work full time
on the volumes, and to Dr. David S. Collier of the Foundation for his help
and efficient administration. Others who have helped with ideas and aid in
various stages of the manuscript are Charles G. Koch and George Pearson of
Wichita, Kansas, and Robert D. Kephart of Kephart of Libertarian Review
and Communications, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia.
Historians Robert E. Brown of Michigan State University and Forrest
McDonald of Wayne State University were kind enough to read the entire
manuscript and offer helpful suggestions even though it soon became clear
to them and to myself that our fundamental disagreements tended to out-
weigh our agreements.
To my first mentor in the field of American history, Joseph Dorfman, now
Professor Emeritus at Columbia University, I owe in particular the rigorous
training that is typical of that keen and thorough scholar.
The last chapter in volume 3 was included at the suggestion of Roy A.
Childs, Jr. of New York City.
But my greatest debt is to Leonard P. Liggio, editor of The Literature of
Liberty, San Francisco, whose truly phenomenal breadth of knowledge and
insight into numerous fields and areas of history are an inspiration to all
who know him. Liggios help was indispensable in the writing of volumes 1,
2, and 3 in particular his knowledge of the European background.
Over the years in which this manuscript took shape, I was fortunate in
having several congenial typistsin particular, Willette Murphy Klausner
of Los Angeles, and now distinguished intellectual historian and social
philosopher, Dr. Ronald Hamowy of the University of Alberta. I would par-
ticularly like to thank Louise Williams and Joanne Ebeling of New City for
their often heroic services in typing this manuscript.
The responsibility for the final product is, of course, wholly my own.

Murray N. Rothbard
19731978

xix
-1
xix
0
 VOLUME 1

A NEW LAND, A NEW PEOPLE:

THE AMERICAN COLONIES IN
THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

Whenever the legislators endeavour to take away and destroy the

property of the people, or to reduce them to slavery under arbitrary
power, they put themselves into a state of war with the people, who
are thereupon absolved from any farther obedience, and are left to
the common refuge which God bath provided for all men against
force and violence.
John Locke

1
2
 PART I

Europe, England, and the

New World

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
 PART II

The Southern Colonies in

the Seventeenth Century

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
 PART III

The Founding of New England

145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
 PART IV

The Rise and Fall of

New Netherland

281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
 PART V

The Northern Colonies in

the Last Quarter of the
Seventeenth Century

319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
 VOLUME 2

SALUTARY NEGLECT:
THE AMERICAN COLONIES
IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
By Liberty, I understand the power which every man has over
his own actions, and his right to enjoy the fruit of his labour, art,
and industry, as far as by it he hurts not the society, or any mem-
bers of it, by taking from any member, or by hindering him from
enjoying what he himself enjoys. The fruits of a man's honest
industry are the just rewards of it, ascertained to him by natural
and eternal equity, as is his title to use them in the manner which
he thinks fit: And thus, with the above limitations, every man is
sole lord and arbiter of his own private actions and property. . . .
Indeed, Liberty is the divine source of all human happi-
ness. To possess, in security, the effects of our industry, is the
most powerful and reasonable incitement to be industrious: And
to be able to provide for our children, and to leave them all that
we have, is the best motive to beget them. But where property is
precarious, labour will languish. The privileges of thinking, say-
ing, and doing what we please, and of growing as rich as we can,
without any other restriction, than that by all this we hurt not the
public, nor one another, are the glorious privileges of Liberty; and
its effects, to live in freedom, plenty, and safety. . . .
Alas! Power encroaches daily upon Liberty, with a success too
evident; and the balance between them is almost lost. Tyranny has
engrossed almost the whole earth, and striking at mankind root
and branch, makes the world a slaughterhouse. . . .

Cato's Letters

509
510
511
512
 PART I

Development in the
Separate Colonies

513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
 PART II

Intercolonial Developments

619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
 PART III

Relations with Britain

697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
 VOLUME 3

ADVANCE TO REVOLUTION,
17601775

Let us not, I beseech you, sir, deceive ourselves longer. Sir, we

have done everything that could be done to avert the storm which
is now coming on. We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; we
have supplicated; we have prostrated ourselves before the throne,
and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of
the ministry and Parliament. Our petitions have been slighted; our
remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult; our
supplications have been disregarded; and we have been spurned with
contempt from the foot of the throne.
In vain, after these things, may we indulge the fond hope of peace
and reconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope. If we
wish to be free; if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable
privileges for which we have been so long contending; if we mean
not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so
long engaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to aban-
don until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained,we
must fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight! An appeal to arms, and
to the God of hosts, is all that is left us.

Patrick Henry

777
778
 PART I

The British Army and

the Western Lands

779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
 PART II

Enforcement of Mercantilism

799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
 PART III

Ideology and Religion

833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
 PART IV

Edge of Revolution:
The Stamp Act Crisis

851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
 PART V

The Townshend Crisis,

17661770

921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
 PART VI

The Regulator Uprisings

989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
 PART VII

Prelude to Revolution,
17701775

1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
 PART VIII

Other Forces for Revolution

1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
 VOLUME 4

THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR,

17751784

These are the times that try mens souls. The summer soldier and
the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of
their country; but be that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks
of man and woman. Tyranny, like Hell, is not easily conquered; yet
we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the
more glorious the triumph.
Patrick Henry

1127
1128
 PART I

The War Begins

1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
 PART II

Suppressing the Tories

1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
 PART III

The War in the First

Half of 1776

1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
 PART IV

America Declares Independence

1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
 PART V

The Military History

of the Revolution,
17761778

1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
 PART VI

The Political History

of the United States,
17761778

1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
 PART VII

The Military History

of the Revolution,
17781781

1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
 PART VIII

The Political and Economic

History of the United
States, 17781784

1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
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 PART IX

The Impact of the

Revolution

1535
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 Index
Abercromby, James, 745
Abingdon, Earl of, 1351
abolition. See slavery, abolition of
Acadians, 73642, 763, 790
Acton, Lord, 1556
Acts of Trade and Navigation, 1217
Adams, John, 836, 871, 899, 919, 944, 947,
957, 962, 97071, 1014, 1021, 1031,
1037, 1049, 106061, 1080, 1082,
1084, 10991100, 1132, 1143, 1146,
1147, 1151, 1153, 1154, 1170, 1217,
1230, 1248, 125657, 1280, 1311,
1337, 1344, 1359, 1377, 1473, 1499,
1500, 1501, 1504, 1519, 1525, 1132,
1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1181, 1190,
1205, 1212, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1224,
1230, 1239, 1240, 1244, 1248,
125658, 1259, 1269, 1270, 1274,
1275, 1280, 1290, 1291, 1293, 1311,
1322, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1359, 1361,
1362, 1374, 1377, 1378, 1471, 1473,
1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1492, 1499,
1500, 1501, 1525, 1549, 1561, 1562,
1574; Thoughts on Government, 1257,
1269, 1383, 1384, 1387
Adams, John Quincy, 1099
Adams, Samuel, 80203, 812, 814, 86873,
893, 896, 919, 924, 933, 937, 94446, 958,
961, 96465, 970, 980, 101314,
101822, 1030, 104345, 1049, 106061,
1065, 1082, 108687, 1091, 1099
Adams, Samuel Deacon, 803
Administration of Justice Act, 1039
Administration of the Colonies, The (Pow-
nall), 856
Adriaensen, Maryn, 295, 296
Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748), 716, 721,
724
Albany Convention Treaty (1754), 745
Albany Plan, 73132, 856, 1062
Albuquerque, Alfonso de, 17
1577
1577
1577
Alden, Abraham, 1069
Alden, Col. Ichabod, 1407
Alden, John R. (Charles Lee: Traitor or
Patriot?), 1149, 1152, 1570; (The Amer-
ican Revolution, 17751783), 1181,
1305, 1313, 1417, 1435, 1569
Aldridge, Ellen, 188
Alexander, James, 335, 545, 548, 645, 646,
649
Alexander, John M., 1383; Mecklenburg
instructions, 1383
Allen, Ethan, 110511, 1113, 1138,
114142, 1143, 1160, 116162, 1163,
1166, 1279, 1371, 153031, 1532, 1533
Allen, Capt. Heman, 1297
Allen, Ira, 1109, 1531, 1533
Allen, James, 721
Allen, Samuel, 418, 419, 454, 456, 457, 463
Allen, Thomas (Rev.), 1260, 126162,
1263, 1500
Allen, William (Chief Justice), 565, 566,
568, 723, 808
Allen, William, Jr., 885
Allen, William, (killed at St. Georges Fields), 943
Allicocke, Joseph, 879
Allyn, John, 408, 419, 433
Alrichs, Peter, 307, 325
Alsop, John, 983, 1049, 1230, 1296
Ambrose, Alice, 81, 237
Andros, Sir Edmund, 139, 326, 32830, 343,
344, 363, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374,
375, 376, 380, 381, 386, 389, 402, 403,
404, 405, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412,
413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 419, 420, 424,
425, 426, 435, 437, 446, 456, 468, 501
Anne, Queen, 125, 131, 141, 464, 470
Appleton, John, 406, 407
Appleton, Samuel, 360n
Archdale, John, 128, 129, 132, 276
Argall, Samuel, 50, 54, 86
Arlington, Lord, 92, 83, 136
Ambruster, Anthony, 651
American Historical Review, 1149, 1538,
1574, 1575
American Philosophical Society, 565
American Revenue Act, 80709, 81112,
81416, 82526, 831, 853, 855, 859,
867, 873, 892, 908, 934, 980, 1016, 1115
American Revolution, compared to Bacons
Rebellion, 1556; Belgian Revolution of
1789, 1562; English Revolution, 1555;
French Revolution, 153940, 1545,
1555, 1556, 155758, 1567, 1574;
Russian Revolution, 1555
American Weekly Mercury, 64950
Amherst, Jeffrey, 745, 746, 747, 751, 757,
78484, 790, 796
Amicable Society, 950
Andrews, John, 810, 828
Andros tyranny, 519, 628
Andth, Maj., 1396
Anglican church, 574, 616, 654, 655, 660,
663, 664, 679, 680, 682
Anglican Society for the Preservation of the
Gospel, 836
Anglicans, 523, 538, 556, 558, 609, 644, 650,
659, 664, 668, 681, 1183, 1266, 1285,
1286, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1553, 1558
Anglo-French Treaty of 1783, 1477
Anglo-Spanish Treaty of 1783, 1477
Angus, George, 88687, 898, 1429, 1458
Arieli, Yehoshua (Individualism and
Nationalism in American Ideology), 1294
Aristotle, 1080
Arminianism, 656, 657, 662, 663, 66869
Arminius, Jacob, 284, 656
Armstrong, Laurence, 73738; articles of
association (S.C.), 601
Armstrong, Maj. John, 1334, 1491, 1519,
152021; Newburgh Address, 1519,
1520
Arnold, Anthony, 101
Arnold, Benedict, 203, 338, 341, 114142,
1143, 1160, 1161, 116466, 1205, 130708,
1315, 1323, 1324, 1326, 1328, 132930,
1337, 1394; and treason, 139697, 1410,
1441, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1467
Arnold, Dr. Jonathan, 1516, 1521
1578
1578
1578
Arnold, William, 178, 189, 190, 194, 196,
197, 198, 203, 205
Articles of Confederation, 1358, 1360,
1361, 1363, 136779, 1483, 1485,
1486, 1503, 1506, 1509, 1510, 1512,
1515, 1521, 1523, 1527, 1528, 1529,
1562, 1563; Article Two, 1367, 1368;
Article Twelve, 1369
Arundel, Sir Thomas, 32
Ashe, Gen. John, 1423
Asheton, Robert, 653
Ashfield, Richard, 546
Ashley, John, 1260, 1261
Ashurst, Sir Henry, 462, 470
Atherton Company, 533
Atherton, Humphrey, 268
Atkinson, Isaac, 1193
Attucks, Crispus, 963, 965
Auchmuty, Robert, 1018
Atwood, William, 463, 464, 465
Ausubel, H. (The Making of Modern
Europe), 1574
Austin, Ann, 228, 229
Avery, John, 868
Avery, Waightstill, 1383; Mecklenburg
instructions, 1383
Aviles, Pedro Menendez de, 26
Bache, Richard, 1364
Backus, Isaac, 667
Bacon, Nathaniel, Jr., 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97,
98, 99, 100, 116, 134
Bacons Rebellion, 84, 92103, 116, 348,
501, 685
Bailyn, Bernard, 74n, 111920, 1556, 1575
Bainbridge, Edmund, 547
Bainbridge, John, Jr., 547, 549
Baker, Remember, 1107, 110910
Baker, William, 909, 912, 941
Balboa, Vasco de, 16
Baldwin, Nehemiah, 546
Baldwin, Samuel, 546
Ballard, Thomas, 103
Baltimore Committee for Safety, 1206
Baltimore, Lord, 71, 72, 75, 105, 106, 107,
117, 121, 122, 136, 137, 498, 581
Bank of North America, 150507, 152324
Banking, commercial, 622; deposit, 622;
government, 622; merchant, 622
Banks, fund, 627; land, 627, 628, 630, 631,
632, 633, 634, 636, 637, 638; loan, 627,
631, 632, 636; silver, 634
Banyar, Goldsbrow, 539
Baptists, 519, 523, 524, 652, 66263, 664,
666, 1183, 1185; General, 66263; Isaac
Backus, 1259; Particular, 663; Regular,
663; Separate, 663, 66667
Barclay, Robert, 383, 387
Barefoot, Walter, 237, 351, 352, 353, 356
Barlow, George, 265
Barnwell, John, 58788
Barons, Benjamin, 810
Barre, Isaac, 848, 857, 873, 916, 943,
103840
Barrington, Lord, 1090
Barton, William, 1505
Bass, Henry, 868, 1031, 1065
Basse, Jeremiah, 476, 477, 478
Basset, Robert, 213
Bassett, John S., 998
Batter, Edward, 230
Battle of Alamance, 1008
Battle of Golden Hill, 968, 982, 987
Baudeau, Nicolas, 1348
Baxter, George, 304, 305
Bayard, Nicholas, 313, 328, 422, 423, 425,
427, 433, 435, 436, 457, 463, 464, 465
Bayard, William, 749
Beale, John, 62
Beard, Charles, 1118
Beaumarchais, 1473
Beatty, John, 1529
Becker, Carl, 501, 1118, 1255; The Declara-
tion of Independence: A Study in the His-
tory of Political Ideas, 1298, 1572
Beckford, William, 715, 754, 756, 760,
857, 912, 915, 920, 941
Bedford, Duke of, 549, 717, 722, 724, 725,
728, 754, 755, 756, 757, 759, 760, 783,
788, 792, 835, 911, 917, 92425, 936,
942, 97677, 1037
Beekman, Dr. Gerardus, 424, 436, 455
Beekman, James, 983
1579
1579
1579
Belcher, Jonathan, 530, 548, 549, 550, 631,
633, 634, 708, 709, 741
Belcher, Jonathan, Jr., 740, 742
Belgium and the American Revolution,
1563, 1567, 1568
Bellingham, Richard, 228
Bellomont, Earl of. See Robert Coote
Bellomont, Lady, 465
Bemis, Samuel Flagg (The Diplomacy of the
American Revolution), 1574
Benezet, Anthony, 675
Bengal famine, 1027
Bennett, Richard, 75
Benson, Egbert, 1545
Berardi, Gianneto, 15, 16
Berkeley, John Lord, 111, 112, 128, 313,
315, 323, 326
Berkeley, Sir William, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80, 81,
83, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 98, 99,
100, 101, 102, 103, 111, 118, 134, 138,
267, 501
Berkin, Carol (Jonathan Sewall: Odyssey of
an American Loyalist), 1573
Berkshire Constitutionalists, 1260, 1377,
1379, 1500
Bernard, Francis, 748, 802, 827, 854,
86667, 86970, 87273, 891, 894,
900, 903, 93637, 94546, 962, 1038
Berry, John, 385
Beverley, Robert, 103, 136, 137, 1072
Beverly, William, 576, 726
Bezanson, Anne (Inflation and Controls,
Pennsylvania, 17741779), 1573
Biddle, Owen, 1491
Bigelow, Joel, 1533
Billias, George A. (George Washingtons
opponents: British Admirals in the Ameri-
can Revolution), 1184, 1213, 1571;
(George Washingtons Generals), 1147,
1209, 1570; (Horatio Gates: Profes-
sional Soldier), 1308, 1327, 1435, 1570
Bingham, William, 1225, 1506, 1509
Bird, Capt. Henry, 1411, 1412
Birkenhead, 62
Bishop, George, 234, 236
Black Boys of Cabarrus, 1007
Black Regiment, 803
Blackman, Capt., 411
Blackstone, Rev. William, 154, 158, 1099
1100, 125253, 1258
Blackwell, John, 398, 399, 400, 401, 485,
486, 489, 491, 492, 628
Bladen, Martin, 706
Blair, Rev. James, 139, 140, 141
Blake, Daniel, 710
Blake family, 603, 604
Blake, Joseph, 128
Blakiston, Nehemiah, 122
Bland, John, 80
Bland, Richard, Jr., 824, 840, 842, 863, 948,
1087
Blathwayt, William, 346, 364, 367, 417,
445, 456, 457, 470, 57475
Block, Adriaen, 285
Blommaert, Samuel, 290, 301
Bloody Law, 1110
Bloody Marsh, Battle of, 615
Blunt, Tom, 587, 588
Board of Commissioners of the Customs,
931, 937, 945
Board of Proprietors (S.C.), 600
Board of Trade (British), 549, 550, 568,
585, 602, 603, 604, 704, 705, 706, 708,
710, 721, 722, 725, 732, 736, 737, 739,
78889, 794, 796, 805, 820, 936, 1104
Bogardus, Rev. Everardus, 295, 298
Bollen, James, 480
Bollan, Thomas, 649
Bollan, William, 717, 718
Bond, Phineas, 651
bondservants. See indentured servants
Boone, Daniel, 1365
Boone, Thomas, 617
Boorstin, Daniel, 1119
Borden, Richard, 480
Boston Caucus Club, 803
Boston Chronicle, 957, 959
Boston Committee of Correspondence,
1160, 1170
Boston Evening Post, 644
Boston Gazette, 642, 803, 86769, 895, 900,
919, 958, 961, 963, 965, 973, 982, 1019,
1079
Boston Independent Advertiser, 720
1580
1580
1580
Boston Masonic Society, 803
Boston Massacre, 963, 964, 966, 968, 978,
1014, 1018, 1086
Boston News-Letter, 642
Boston Port Act, 103738, 104344, 1046,
1051, 1054
Boston Public Occurrences, 642
Boston Resolves, 102021
Boston Tea Party, 103134, 103637,
1043, 1047
Boucher, Jonathan, 1080
Boulainvilliers, Comte de, 1101
boundary disputes, 530, 532, 538, 539,
54550, 573, 617, 633, 725
Bouquet, Henry, 783, 78587
Bourne, Nehemiah, 259
Bowdoin, James, 919, 961, 1499
Bowen, Catherine Drinker (John Adams and
the American Revolution), 1146, 1573
Bowler, R. Arthur (Logistics and the Failure
of the British Army in America, 1775
1783), 1570
Bowne, Andrew, 477, 481, 482, 484
Bowne, John (N.J.), 323
Bowne, John (N.Y.), 310
Bownes, Rev. Samuel, 489
Braddock, Edward, 566, 567, 732, 733,
734, 746
Braddock, General, 796
Bradford, Andrew, 563, 564, 64950
Bradford, William (Pa.), 487, 488, 489,
563, 645, 649, 885, 1491
Bradford, William (Ply.), 151, 152, 154,
263, 264
Bradstreet, Dudley, 366
Bradstreet, John, 745, 787
Bradstreet, Simon, 236, 276, 332, 358, 359,
360, 362, 366, 414, 415, 527
Brailsford, H.N., 388n
Brasher, Abraham, 436
Brattle Street Church, 51920, 521
Brattle, Thomas, 446, 519
Brattle, William, 519, 520
Braxton, Carter, 1225, 1268, 126970,
1274, 1483; Address to the Convention of
Virginia, 126970
Bray, John, 479
Bray, Thomas, 609, 679
Breakenridge, James, 110506, 1110
Breedon, Thomas, 260, 275
Breeds Hill, 1155, 1209
Brend, William, 231, 232
Brent, George, 70, 90
Brent, Giles, 89, 100
Brenton, Jahleel, 450, 451
Brenton, William, 450
Brewster, Margaret, 239
Brian, Hugh, 598
Brian, Jonathan, 598
Briant, Lemuel, 66869
Bridger, John, 708
Bridgewater, Earl of, 453
Brief Narrative (Allen), 1108
Brief Remarks (Otis), 816
Brinckerhoff, Dirck, 1544
British Constitution, 1120
British Currency Act of 1764, 831, 856
British Iron Act of 1750, 1221
British Prohibitory Act, 121314, 1216,
1217, 1264, 1267
Brockholls, Anthony, 330, 374, 378
Brodhead, Capt., 317, 318
Bronck, Jonas, 293, 295
Bronner, Edwin B., 398n, 399
Brooke, Chidley, 435
Brooke, Lord, 208
Broughton, Nicholas, 1211
Brown brothers, 817
Brown, E. Francis (Joseph Hawley: Colonial
Radical), 1500, 1573
Brown, Gerald S. (American Secretary:
Colonial Policy of Lord George Germain),
1571
Brown, John (Col.), 1017, 1160, 1162,
1163, 1166, 1329
Brown, Moses, 890, 1022
Brown, Nicholas, 807, 815
Brown, Richard Maxwell, 993; (The South
Carolina Regulators), 1183
Brown, Robert E., 438n, 441n; and B.
Katherine (Virginia 170586: Democ-
racy or Aristocracy?), 1271
Brown, William, 360n
Brown University. See Rhode Island College
1581
1581
1581
Browne, John, 164
Browne, Samuel, 164
Brunhouse, Robert L. (The Counter-Revolu-
tion in Pennsylvania), 1572
Bryan, George, 137172, 1550
Budd, Dr. John, 1383
Buchanan, George, 1097
Buckingham, Duke of, 149, 214
Bulkeley, Peter, 360n, 361, 366
Bulkeley, Rev. Gershom, 419, 471
Bull, Alderman, 1037
Bull, Henry, 420
Bull, Thomas, 344
Bull, William, 826, 886, 897, 901, 994
Burch, William, 957
Burgh, James (Political Disquisitions), 126263
Burke, Aedanus ( Judge), 1525, 1526
Burke, Edmund, 848, 911, 914, 930, 971,
978, 1028, 103840, 1042, 1058, 1076,
1098, 1150, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1321,
1348, 1468, 1565; The Vindication of
Natural Society, 1253; Letter to the Sher-
iff of Bristol, 1349, 1350
Burke, Dr. Thomas, 135960, 1367, 1369,
1472, 151415; Orange instructions, 1383
Burke, Richard, 911
Burke, William, 755, 762, 91011, 914
Burgoyne, Gen. John, 1154, 1315, 1316, 1317,
1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 132223, 1324,
1325, 132627, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1332,
1338, 1339, 1348, 1349, 1381, 1405, 1459
Burling, William, 673
Burlamaqui, Jean Jacques, 1053
Burnett, Edmund Cody (The Continental
Congress), 1169, 1571
Burr, Aaron, 667, 695, 1165, 1302, 1303,
1305, 1344, 1550
Burrington, George, 590
Burrough, Edward, 236
Burroughs, Rev. George, 444, 448
Burton, Mary, 544
Bute, Earl of, 754, 755, 756, 757, 758, 759,
760, 788, 792, 794, 796, 844, 847, 869,
907, 911, 913, 917, 942
Butler, John (Col.), 140506, 1407; Butlers
Rangers, 1405, 1406, 1407
Butler, Walter, 1407, 1408, 1415
Butler, William (Col.), 100002, 100405,
1008, 1407
Butterworth, Moses, 480
Byfield, Nathaniel, 450, 451, 453, 462, 470
Byllinge, Edward, 326, 327, 387, 388, 389,
390, 391, 474
Byrd family, 840
Byrd, Valentine, 118
Byrd II, William, 59, 63, 92, 95, 114, 115,
119, 140, 576
cabin right, 553
Cabot, John, 15, 25
Cabot, Sebastian, 15, 17, 19, 25
Cabral, Pedro, 16
Cadamosto, Capt., 12
Calef, Robert, 449
Calhoun, Robert M. (The Loyalists in Revo-
lutionary, America, 17601781), 1573
Callahan, North (Henry Knox: American
Artillerist), 1209; (Royal Raiders),
1537, 1571
Calvert, Benedict, 125
Calvert, Cecilius, 104, 105, 106, 109
Calvert, Charles, 125
Calvert, Leonard, 105, 106
Calvert, Philip, 108, 116
Calvinism, 523, 524, 553, 644, 657, 658,
659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 668, 669,
680, 681
Calvinistic Methodists, 659
Camden, Lord, 91617, 925, 97778
Camm, John, 83943
Campbell, Col. Archibald, 1421, 1422,
1423
Campbell, Col. Arthur, 1484
Campbell, Dougal, 901
Campbell, John, 642
Campbell, Neil, 385, 386
Campbell, Col. William, 1439, 1459
Canada, 567, 714, 717, 719, 724, 732, 735,
738, 746, 748, 754, 755, 756, 757, 758,
760, 762, 76465
Cannon, Prof. James, 1277, 1279, 1280,
1281, 1282, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1375;
1582
1582
1582
Philadelphia Committee of Privates,
1372
Cano, Sebastian del, 17
Canonchet, 337, 340, 341, 342
Cao, Diogo, 13, 15
Cape Breton Island (Nova Scotia), 559,
631, 634, 713, 714, 725, 735, 73642ff.,
745, 755
Cape Fear Loyalists, 1006
Carden, Maj. John, 1431
Carleton, Guy (Gov.), 765
Carleton, Gen. Guy, 1160, 1161, 1163,
1164, 1166, 1191, 1307, 1308, 1315,
1325, 1468, 1532
Carleton, Maj. Guy, 1410
Carlisle, Earl of, 1352
Carlisle Commission, 1352
Carpenter, Isaiah, 110506
Carr, John, 314
Carr, Sir Robert, 273, 274, 276, 314
Carrier, Martha, 445
Carroll, Charles of Carrollton, 1286, 1287,
1364, 1385
cartel, compulsory, 581
Carter family, 783
Carter, Landon, 584, 632, 824, 840, 842,
1072, 1253, 1549
Carter, Robert (King), 69, 576, 726
Carter, Samuel, 479, 480
Carteret, James, 324, 480
Carteret, John. See Granville, Earl of
Carteret, Peter, 117
Carteret, Philip, 315, 323, 324, 326, 329,
380, 381, 382, 383, 476, 479
Carteret, Sir George, 111, 313, 315, 323,
327, 329, 330, 380, 381, 382
Cartier, Jacques, 17, 18
Cartwright, Maj. John, 1352; Take Your
Choice, 1352
Cartwright, George, 273, 276, 314
Cary, Archibald, 824
Cary, Thomas, 587, 132, 133
Caswell, Col. Richard, 1199, 1360, 1435
Catherine the Great, 1234, 1471
Catos Letters (1720s; Gordon) , 649, 686,
69093, 702, 1120
Catterall, Eleazer, 480
Causamon, 335
Causton, Thomas, 612
Cavendish, Thomas, 30
censorship, 639, 643, 644, 648, 673, 720
Chaleur, 830
Chalmers, George (Plain Truth), 1278
Chamberlain, Richard, 351, 352
Champagne, Roger J. (New Yorks Radicals
and the Coming of Independence),
1173
Champernowne, Francis, 276, 352, 366
Champlain, Samuel de, 34
Chandler, Robert, 942
Chandler, Thomas, 1067, 1080
Channing, Edward, 399
Chaplin, Ebenezer, 1085
Charles I (King), 104, 112, 135, 157, 159,
214, 223, 253, 314, 493
Charles II (King), 103, 107, 111, 135, 138,
236, 238, 267, 269, 272, 274, 275, 276,
277, 278, 311, 312, 315, 324, 325, 326,
345, 346, 349, 352, 355, 356, 359, 366,
372, 375, 382, 392, 457, 945
Charles III of Spain (King), 1227
Chase, Samuel, 1063, 1216, 1224, 1287,
1363, 1364, 1491
Chase, Thomas, 868
Chatham, Lord, 1136, 1232
Chatham, Earl of. See William Pitt
Caucus Club, 868
Chauncy, Charles, 660, 668, 669, 686, 871,
904, 1044, 1085
Checkley, John, 644
Chesseldine, Kenelm, 122
Chessick, Robert, 62
Chew, Larkin, 576
Chew, Justice Benjamin, 1334
Chicherley, Sir Henry, 134, 135
Child, Dr. Robert, 227, 228, 259, 273
Chittenden, Col. Thomas, 1297, 1531
Chitwood, Oliver, 273
Choiseul, Comte Etienne Francois, 1346
Chodorov, Frank, 993
Christian, Matthew, 942
Christison, Wenlock, 235, 236
Church, Benjamin, 342, 94445, 970,
1014, 1091, 1133, 1145, 1181
1583
1583
1583
Churchman, John, 675
Cicero, 1080
Cider tax, 79394, 84445, 848, 869, 941
Circuit Court Act, 996
Civil Government (Locke), 1099
Claiborne, William, 71, 72, 106, 107
Clarendon, Earl of. See Edward Hyde
Clark, George Rogers, 136566, 140203,
1404, 1405, 1408, 141112, 1413,
1414, 1415, 1457, 1464, 1465
Clark, Mary, 231
Clark, Thomas, 425, 434, 458
Clarke, George, 466, 535
Clarke, John, 184, 186, 187, 197, 198, 200,
201, 202, 269, 270
Clarke, Nathaniel, 408, 417
Clarke, Richard, 1030
Clarke, Samuel, 669
Clarke, Walter, 341, 409, 420, 468, 469
Clarke, Samuel, 669
Clarke, William, 732
Claver, Pedro, 65
Cleverly, Stephen, 868
Clinton, Gen. George, 535, 1389, 1478,
1501, 1512, 1530, 1533
Clinton, Gen. James, 1408, 1410
Clinton, Gen. Sir Henry, 1154, 1155, 1156,
1190, 1200, 1201, 1205, 1206, 1265,
1301, 1303, 1310, 1311, 1317, 1329,
1330, 1331, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342,
1343, 1344, 1352, 1353, 1393, 1394,
1395, 1397, 1410, 1414, 142425,
1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1438, 1441,
1451, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462,
1468, 1544, 1546
Clutton, William, 61
Clymer, George, 1506
Cochran, Robert, 110607, 1110, 1112
Cockayne, Alderman, 155
Coddington, William, 183, 184, 185, 186,
188, 189, 193, 196, 197, 198, 200, 202,
203, 204, 231, 247, 248, 339, 340, 341,
408
Coercive Acts, 1037, 1039, 104243, 1048,
1055, 105758, 106163, 1071, 1075,
1111; of 1774, 1151, 1258, 1352, 1416
Coerteus, Myndert, 436
Coffell, Joseph, 99596
Coggeshall, John, 184, 248, 420
Coke, Sir Edward, 176
Coke, Chief Justice, 802
Colden, Alexander, 820
Colden, Cadwallader, , 53435, 670, 820,
87879, 903, 1046, 110405, 111112
Colden family, 926, 929
Coleman, Ann, 237
Coleman, Henry, 325
Collected Works (Voltaire), 1100
College of Philadelphia, 1047
Colleton, James, 126, 127
Colleton, John, 111
Collins, John, 1516, 1521
Colman, Benjamin, 521, 718
Colman, John, 630, 631, 633
Colonel Dismounted, The (Bland), 842
Columbia University, 13, 1180. See Kings
College
Columbus, Bartholomew, 13, 14, 15
Columbus, Christopher, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
Colve, Anthony, 325, 326
Colville, Admiral Lord, 80910
Commentaries, 1099
Committees of Inspection, Philadelphia,
1217, 1218; Newark, 1218; New Lon-
don, 1218; Hartford, 1218; Providence,
1218
Committee of Fifty-one, 1046, 104950,
1067
Committee of Forty-five, 1069
Committee of Forty-three, 1047, 1050, 1066
Committee of Mechanics, 1046, 1049,
1059, 1067
Committee of Nine (Mass.), 51516
Committee of One Hundred, 117374
Committee of Safety, 108384
Committee of Sixty, 1067, 1070, 117374
Committee of Sixty-six, 1066, 1071
Committee on the State of the Province, 1083
Committees of Correspondence, 823, 825,
83940, 843, 1019, 1031, 1034, 1037,
104348, 1057, 1068, 1074, 1098
commodities, marketable, 581, 589, 593,
621, 625, 632, 633
commodity money, 621, 625, 632
1584
1584
1584
Common Council (Ga.), 609
Commonwealthmen, 848
Conant, Roger, 153, 154
Conciliatory Plan, 1076
Condorcet, Marquis de, 1298, 1561
Conestoga wagons, 555
Congregationalists, 1246, 1259, 1379, 1553
Congregationalism, 521, 523, 654, 661,
664, 665, 666, 669; New Light, 660,
662, 663, 664, 665, 668, 695; New Light
Separatist, 663, 66566; Old Light, 660,
663, 664, 666; Separatists, 664
Congress (national), 1361, 1362, 1368, 1369
Congreve, William, 59
Connecticut, 527, 528, 532, 551, 657, 710,
731, 741, 750; after Glorious Revolu-
tion, 47173; Assembly, 660, 66465,
73132, 1188, 1370; conscription, 524,
559, 568, 587, 589, 599, 729, 734, 744,
749, 750; founding, 20813, 700; Gen-
eral Court, 523; militia, 719; money in,
625, 627, 631, 635; postal service in,
640; prohibition of slavery 676, 1550;
religion in, 523, 553, 654, 660, 663, 664,
66566, 680, 695
Connecticut Gazette, 882, 895
Connolly, Dr. John, 119495, 1200, 1464
Consensus school of history, 1119
Considerations on the Nature and Extent of
the Legislative Authority of the British
Parliament, 1052
Constitutional Post, 117071
Constitutionalist school of history, 111920
Continental Army, 1145, 1146, 1152,
1157, 1158, 1159, 1167, 1181, 1190,
1209, 1221, 1230, 1239, 1244, 1290,
1295, 1303, 1307, 1311, 1312, 1323,
1324, 1326, 1328, 1337, 1338, 1394,
1406, 1408, 1409, 1416, 1433, 1434,
1436, 1438, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1453,
1455, 1458, 1459, 1495, 1519, 1552;
disintegration of, 1395, 1396, 1397,
1398, 1408, 1413, 1454, 1455, 1462,
1479, 1488, 1489, 1518, 1521
Continental Association, 106369, 1071
74, 1076, 1082, 1172, 1179, 1180, 1202,
1215, 1216, 1217, 1218
Continental Congress, 1132, 114243,
114447, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154,
1158, 1160, 1161, 1166, 116769,
1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1180,
1181, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190,
1192, 1195, 1201, 1202, 1206, 1211,
1214, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1221,
1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1229,
1230, 1239, 1240, 1247, 1248, 1249,
1258, 126465, 1267, 1268, 1269,
1271, 1273, 1274, 1276, 1280, 1281,
1286, 1287, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1293,
1295, 1296, 1297, 1304, 1305, 1307,
1312, 1314, 1315, 1321, 1327, 1337,
1338, 1339, 134344, 1347, 1352,
1357, 1359, 1360, 1363, 1365, 1367,
1375, 1377, 1380, 1381, 1386, 1396,
1397, 1406, 1408, 1434, 1442, 1453,
1456, 1457, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475,
1484, 1485, 1486, 1501, 1512, 1514,
1524, 1525, 1527; Articles of Confeder-
ation, 1483; Board of War, 1337; Com-
mittee of Foreign Affairs, 1473, 1503,
1504; Committee of Secret Correspon-
dence, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1473; Conti-
nental bills, 1487, 1489, 1491, 1494,
1496; Departments of War, Marine, and
Finance, 150304; military pensions,
151822, 1523, 1524; Ordinance of
1784, 1528; Secret Committee, 1216,
122324, 1225; slavery, 1552; taxation,
1503, 1509, 1511, 1514, 1517, 1524;
Tories, 1538, 1540; Treaty of Paris,
1478; Vermont, 1531, 1532, 1533
Continental Congress, First, 1048, 1051,
105457, 106067, 1069, 1072, 107475,
1079, 1082, 1085, 108788, 1112
Continental Congress, Second, 1085
Continental Navy, 1212, 1353; and priva-
teering, 121213, 1399
Continental paper, 1168, 1493, 1494, 1495,
1496, 1497, 1498, 1508; inflation, 1169,
1395, 148789, 1491, 1492, 1493,
1494, 1557; loan certificates, 1495,
1496; price controls, 148993; Quarter-
master and Commissary certificates,
150910, 1511, 1512
1585
1585
1585
Convention of El Prado (1739), 715
Conway, Gen. Sir Henry, 848, 858, 907,
91113, 917, 925, 977, 1038, 1149,
1337, 1344, 1434
Coode, John, 117, 122, 432
Cook, Arthur, 399, 400, 401, 492
Cooke, Elisha, 416, 439, 457, 461, 515
Cooke, Elisha, Jr., 515, 628
Cooke, George, 916
Cooke, John, 265
Cooke Nicholas, 1185, 1211, 1247
Cooley, Simeon, 954
Cooper, Sir Anthony Ashley (Earl of
Shaftesbury), 111, 112, 119, 128, 277,
333, 349, 358
Cooper, Myles (Rev.), 1080; (Friendly
Address to All Reasonable Americans),
1152, 1173
Cooper, Samuel, 803, 871, 947, 961, 982
Cooper, Timothy, 371
Cooper, Thomas, 603
Cooper, William, 961, 1020
Coote, Robert (Earl of Bellomont),
45461, 463, 464, 465, 466, 469, 470,
520, 525
Copeland, John, 231, 232
Coram, Thomas, 609, 616
Corbin, Francis, 591
corn right, 55253
Cornbury, Lord (Gov.), 464, 465, 466, 467,
483, 542, 554, 820
Cornwallis, Edward, 738, 739
Cornwallis, Gen. Charles Lord, 1205, 1310,
1313, 1333, 1334, 1343, 1428, 1429,
1430, 1432, 1433, 1435, 1436, 1438,
1439, 144041, 1443, 1444, 1446, 1447,
1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1454,
1456, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462
Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de, 17
Corry, William, 535
Corssen, Arendt, 292
Cortez, Hernando, 17
Cosby, William, 534, 645, 646
Cotton, Rev. John, 168, 176, 180, 182, 192,
201, 247, 339
Council of Elders (Mass.), 518
Council of Proprietors (N.J.), 545, 547
Council of War (R.I.), 524
Country Party of Maryland, 128586 Cygnet, 830, 876
Court Party of Maryland, 128586
Cox, John, 885
Coxe, Dr. Daniel, Jr., 391, 474, 476,
54546
Coxe, William, 878
Crandall, Samuel, 87577
Cranfield, Edward, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356,
361, 364, 369, 407, 418
Cranston, Samuel, 468, 469, 524
Craven, Charles, 599
Craven, Peter, 1001
Crawford, William, 1464
credit exchanges, 622
creditors, 527, 528, 582, 624, 633, 637
Crews, James, 92, 97
Croghan, George, 56061, 1364
Cromwell, Oliver, 75, 107, 108, 202, 203,
204, 206, 213, 225, 228, 258, 305, 332,
945
Crook, Robert, 875
Crosby, Brass, 974
Crown Point, 1142, 1143, 1160, 1161
Cruger, Henry, 971, 1042
Cudworth, James, 265, 266
Culpeper, John, 98, 118, 333
Culpeper, Lord, 82, 83, 103, 134, 135, 136,
138, 139, 140, 363, 364, 576, 726
Cumberland, Duke of, 724, 732, 744, 912
Cunliffe, Marcus (George Washington:
George Washingtons Generalship),
1147
currency. See paper money
Currey, Cecil B. (Code Number 72/Ben
Franklin: Patriot or Spy?), 1474, 1574
Curry, Michael, 846, 848
Curtis, John, 381, 382
Cushing, Thomas, 946, 1014, 1019, 1049,
1063, 1065, 1146, 1230, 1248, 1259,
1378
Cushing, Chief Justice William (Common-
wealth v. Jennison), 1550
customs, royal, 590, 700, 704
Cutler, Timothy, 680
Cutt, John, 351
1586
1586
1586
Cuyler, Hendrick, 422
dAilly, Cardinal Pierre, 11, 13
dAulnay, Charles, 224
dEstaing, Adm. Charles Hector, 1353, 1425,
1426, 1427
dHinoyossa, Alexander, 307
Daggett, Naphtali, 882
Daille, Rev. Peter, 436
Dale, Sir Thomas, 50, 51, 52
Dalrymple, William, 962
Damhouder, Josse de, 299
Danby, Earl of, 345, 349, 416
Danforth, Thomas, 358, 359, 360, 362,
407, 439
Dangerfield, George (Chancellor Robert R.
Livingston), 1573
Daniel, Robert, 131
Danson, John, 132
Dare, Virginia, 29
Dart, Benjamin, 973
Dartmouth, 103031
Dartmouth, Lord, 912, 917, 953, 103739
Dartmouth College, 1246, 1381
Daughters of Liberty, 905
Davenport, James, 660
Davenant, Sir William, 107
Davenport, Rev. John, 166, 211, 212, 220,
270, 271, 272
Davis, Hugh, 66
Davis, John, 28, 30, 31
Davis, Samuel, 662, 695
Davis, Silvanus, 405
Davy, Humphrey, 360n
Davyes, Wiliam, 116
de Beaumarchais, Caron, 1226, 1227
de Bonvouloir, Archard, 1226, 1227
de Galvez, Bernardo, 1415
de Grasse, Adm., 1460, 1461, 1462, 1475
de Kalb, Gen. Baron Johann, 1336, 1434,
1435, 1436
de Montesquieu, Baron, 1375
de Nemours, Dupont, 1561
de Peyster, Abraham, 464
de Peyster, Pierre, 1105
de Vattel, Emerich, 813, 1099
de Vries, David, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294,
295, 296, 300
Deane, Silas, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1230, 1346,
1347, 1364, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1485, 1503
debasement of money, 622, 625, 626, 627
debtors, 527, 528, 582, 609, 610, 624, 630,
637
decentralization, 52425
Declaration of Independence, 129194,
1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1351, 1371,
1382, 1556, 1562
Declaration of Rights, 1062
Declaratory Acts, 91516, 91819, 980,
1233, 1349
Dee, Doctor John, 28, 46
deism, 662, 66871, 686, 694
DeLancey family, 538, 645, 646, 683, 749,
757, 926, 1174, 1183, 1543
DeLancey, James, 789, 837
DeLancey, Oliver, 983
DeLancey, Peter, 887
Delanoy, Peter, 423, 424, 425, 426, 429,
436, 437, 455, 456, 463
Delaware, 554, 561, 564, 573; Assembly,
1283, 1370; Delaware Constitution,
1385, 1549; proprietary in, 700; religion
in, 654
Delke, Roger, 83
Dellius, Rev. Godfridus, 455, 457, 458, 460,
539
demand deposits, 623
democracy, 525, 533, 578, 579, 593
Denison, Daniel, 360n
Dennis, Samuel, 381
Denny, William, 570, 748
Denton, Rev. Richard, 212
Derby, Capt. John, 1135
Derby, Lord, 1467
Derk, John, 1235
Desbrosses, Elias, 984
despotism, 517, 603, 646, 651, 652, 691
Detroit, 78484
devaluation. See debasement of money
Devinney, Samuel, 1004
Devonshire, Duke of, 847, 856
Devotion, Ebenezer, 883
1587
1587
1587
Dewey, Jedediah, 1105
Diaz, Bartholomew, 13, 14, 15
Dickerson, Oliver, 965
Dickinson, John, 796, 822, 892, 934, 944,
970, 972, 1014, 1027, 104647,
105051, 1063, 1144, 1145, 1147,
1224, 1230, 1231, 1248, 1275, 1276,
1277, 1278, 1281, 1290, 1291, 1360,
1361, 1362, 1363, 1367, 1368, 1375
Dinwiddie, Robert, 586, 72831, 733, 734,
783, 796
Discourse on Inequality (Rousseau), 1102
Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and
Sciences (Rousseau), 1102
disenfranchisement, 533, 551, 566, 568, 650
Dissenters, 538, 616, 654, 665, 681, 794,
838, 841
Dixon, Jeremiah, 573
Dobbs, Arthur, 591
Dockwra, William, 481
Dominion of New England, 36669, 40212
Dongan, Thomas, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378,
379, 408, 410, 411, 414, 429, 437
Donne, John (Gov.), 68, 641
Dorchester Heights, 1154, 1209, 1220
Dorfman, Joseph (The Economic Mind in
American Civilization), 1400
Douglass, Elisha P. (German Intellectuals
and the American Revolution), 1236,
1575; (Rebels and Democrats: The Strug-
gle for Equal Political Rights and Major-
ity Rule During the American
Revolution), 1374, 1378, 1572
Douglass, William, 637, 720
Dowdeswell, William, 912, 971, 1038
Downer, Silas, 901, 919, 953
Downing, Emmanuel, 259
Drake, Sir Francis, 27
Drayton, William Henry, 95556, 973, 1066,
1089, 1201, 1267, 1370, 1382, 1552
Drosius, Rev. Mr., 310
Drummond, James, 383
Drummond, John, 405
Drummond, Sara, 99
Drummond, William, 97, 98, 99, 100
Dry, William, 89798
Drysdale, Hugh, 585
Duane, James, 539, 831, 879, 104950,
106062, 1104, 1107, 1145, 1173,
1190, 1230, 1248, 1274, 1295, 1296,
1368, 1502, 1503
Duane manor, 537
Duberman, Martin (The Anti-Slavery Van-
guard), 1529
Dubos, Jean-Baptiste, 1101
Dudingston, William, 1017, 1023
Dudley, Charles, Jr., 101617
Dudley, Joseph, 358, 360, 362, 364, 36569,
402, 403, 405, 406, 407, 415, 435, 436,
443, 450, 451, 466, 462, 463, 464, 469,
470, 471, 501, 520, 521, 527, 628, 642
Dudley, Paul, 630, 718
Dudley, Rebecca, 367
Dudley, Thomas, 160, 162, 181, 182, 222,
228
Duer, William, 1368, 1473, 1519
Dunbar, David, 70809, 796
Dunbar, Thomas, 733
Dunmore, Lord (Gov.), 1052, 108889,
1105, 1193, 119495, 119698, 1200,
1211, 1268, 1365, 1551, 1552
Dunn, Richard S., 344, 347n, 445, 472n
Durant, George, 117, 118, 119, 120
Durkee, John, 905
Dutch Reformed Church, 658, 661
Dyer, Eliphalet, 796, 815, 1063
Dyer, Mary, 183, 186, 231, 233, 234, 330,
445
Dyer, William (N.Y.), 330, 374, 396
Dyer, William (R.I.), 184, 200, 202, 203,
231, 330
East India Company, 102430, 1037, 1043,
1047, 1051
Eastchurch, Thomas, 118, 119
Eastland Company, 29, 155
Easton, John, 336, 468
Easton, Nicholas, 184, 200, 202, 203, 338,
408
Easy Plan of Discipline for a Militia (Picker-
ing), 1084
Eaton, Theophilus, 211, 212, 220, 222,
231, 302
1588
1588
1588
Eaton, Thomas, 59
Eckly, John, 400
Economic-determinist school of history, 1118
Ecuyer, Simeon, 786
Eddis, William, 1080
Edes, Benjamin, 868
Eden, Robert, 1206, 1240, 1265, 1287
Edmundson, William, 349
Edmundston, William (Rev.), 672
Edsall, Samuel, 383, 424, 436
Edwards, Jonathan, 65758, 65960, 661, 662
Effingham, Lord, 113536, 1232
Egremont, Earl of, 783, 786, 78990,
79395, 84546
Eldridge, John, 327
Eliot, Andrew, 680, 687, 871, 1098
Eliot, John, 342
Elizabeth, Queen, 25, 28, 147
Ellery, William, 721, 87576
Ellis, Welbore, 793
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 1093
Emile (Rousseau), 1100
Endecott, John, 158, 164, 170, 192, 197, 218,
224, 229, 232, 233, 235, 238, 332, 527
England, immigration policy, 53940;
international policy, 75153; land pol-
icy, 530, 532, 54950, 60204; mone-
tary policy, 62627, 631, 633, 634,
63536, 638; postal service, 639, 640,
641; religious policy, 67983; relations
with France, 559, 607, 71314, 717,
721, 72426, 743, 754; relations with
Spain, 607, 615, 644, 71416; religion
in, 67071, 684, 694
Enlightenment, 655, 677; enumerated list,
595, 703, 704, 706, 708
Enos, Lt. Col. Roger, 1164, 1166
Ericson, Leif, 15
Erskine, Gen. Sir William, 1313
Essay on Civil Government (Locke), 893
Essay on Man (Pope), 846
Essay on the Trade of the Northern
Colonies (Hopkins), 815
Essay on Woman, 84647
Evangelicals, New Side, 661; Old Side, 661,
66364, 665
Evans, John, 455, 457, 496
Everard, Richard, 590, 591 Fletcher, Benjamin, 437, 450, 454, 455,
Eyre, Littleton, 900 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 464, 465, 466,
467, 471, 475, 488, 489, 490, 491, 496,
536, 649
Fabricius, Rev. Mr., 327 Flick, Alexander C. (Loyalism in New York
Fairbanks, Richard, 640 During the American Revolution), 1180
Fairfax County, 1151, 1270 Florida, 599, 600, 605, 606, 614, 615, 617,
Fairfax Resolves, 1270 761, 763; as haven for runaway slaves,
Fairfax, Lord Thomas, 576, 577, 726, 727, 597, 607; forced labor in, 76364
1541 Foner, Eric (Tom Paine and Revolutionary
Fanning, Edmund, 9991002, 100406, 1008 America), 1490, 1491, 1572
Farmer, John, 673 Forbes, John, 74546
Fauquier, Francis, 783, 881, 896 Fort Constitution (Fort Lee), 1305, 1309,
Fay, Jonas, 1109 1310
Fay, Stephen, 1109 Fort Edward, 1322, 1323
Feake, Tobias, 310 Fort Miller, 1323, 1324
fees, feudal, 535 Fort St. Johns, 1142, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1165
Feller, Abbe, 1563, 1568 Fort Stanwix, 1191, 1325, 1326, 1414
Fendall, Josiah, 108, 116 Fort Sullivan, 1205, 1207
Fenwick, George, 210, 211 Fort Washington, 1305, 1306, 1309
Fenwick, John, 326, 327, 387, 389 Founce, John, 408
Fenwicke family, 60304 Fothergill, Samuel, 675
Ferguson, E. James (The Power of the Purse: Fowle, Daniel, 64445
A History of American Public Finance Fowles, Henry, 122
17761790), 1496, 1515, 1520, 1573; Fox, Charles James, 713, 103840,
(The Nationalists of 17811783 and 123132, 1233, 1298, 1348, 1349,
the Economic Interpretation of the 1350, 146768, 147576, 147778
Constitution), 1573 Fox, George, 108, 115, 339
Ferguson, Patrick (Maj.), 143940 Fox, Henry, 724, 732, 762, 790, 793, 1231
Ferguson, Thomas, 973 France, 558, 559, 566, 570, 605, 606, 610,
Fernandes, Joao, 15 617, 621, 654, 685, 696, 713, 714,
feudalism, 535, 536, 53738, 555, 606, 686 72435, 736, 737, 738, 739, 743, 744,
Few, James, 1008 745, 746, 747, 748, 755, 756, 758, 760,
Few, William, 1008 763, 765
Field, John, 205 France and the American Revolution, 1393,
Field, William, 196 1399, 1400, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1425,
Finley, Samuel, 665 1430, 145960, 1461, 1462, 1561, 1567
Fish, Elisha, 1085 Franco-American Treaty, 1470, 1472, 1474,
Fish, Joseph, 695 1476, 1478
Fisher, Mary, 228, 229 Franklin, Benjamin, 556, 56270, 572, 636,
Fiske, John, 29899, 31314 642, 643, 646, 650, 652, 659, 670, 731,
Fitch, James, 419, 471, 472 732, 733, 755, 757, 790, 792, 808,
Fitch, Thomas, 815, 883 82122, 85556, 858, 86667, 882,
Fleeming, John, 95896 88485, 904, 906, 911, 916, 923, 930,
Fleet, Thomas, 644 982, 1029, 1036, 1062, 1135, 1170,
Fleming, John, 863 1171, 1217, 1224, 1226, 1227, 1250,
Fletchall, Col. Thomas, 1201 1282, 1290, 1291, 134647, 1359,

1589
1589
1589
 136061, 1363, 1364, 1371, 1400,
1472, 1473, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1485,
1493, 1515, 1525, 1526, 1527; as minis-
ter to France, 1474, 1561, 1574
Franklin, James, 64243, 644
Franklin, William, 755, 808, 823, 904,
1192, 1240, 1284, 1285, 1364
Franks, David, 789
Franks family, 1364
Franks, Moses, 789
Fraser, Simon (Gen.), 1330, 1410
Free American Fire Company, 958
freedom of the press, 642, 644, 645, 646,
648, 649, 650, 682, 696
freedom of religion, 666, 667, 737. See also
religious liberty
freedom of speech, 652, 696
freeholders, 536, 589
Frelinghuysen, Federick, 1542
Frelinghuysen, Theodore J., 658, 661
French, Allen (The First Year of the Ameri-
can Revolution), 1570
French, Philip, 465
French, William, 1112
French and Indian War (Seven Years War),
555, 566, 586, 617, 632, 638, 662,
72435, 74347, 748, 749, 751,
75253, 781, 788, 79192, 796, 801,
810, 1083
French Enlightenment, 1100
Fretwell, Peter, 478
Friend, Isaac, 61
Friends of America, 1080
Friends of Liberty and Trade, 983
Frobisher, Martin, 28
Frontenac, Comte de, 429, 433
frontiersmen, 527, 528, 552, 568, 569, 573,
655, 708
Fuller, Dr. Matthew, 264
Fuller, Rose, 857, 912, 915, 91920, 103839
Fuller, William, 107
fur trade, 539, 552, 706, 714, 717, 724, 728
Gadsden, Christopher, 886, 89293,
91819, 94950, 95556, 973, 986,
1015, 1034, 105455, 1063, 1066,
1590
1590
1590
1073, 1082, 1217, 1249, 1267, 1382,
1383, 1428
Gage, Thomas (Gen.), 78687, 796, 866,
879, 924, 929, 946, 985, 1018, 1038,
104445, 104849, 1056, 1058, 1065,
106869, 1083, 109092, 1135, 1136,
1140, 1141, 1154, 1155, 1159, 1160,
1173, 1184, 1200, 1233
Gaine, Hugh, 648, 1079
Gale, Christopher, 590
Gallop, John, 218
Galloway, Joseph, 822, 854, 867, 88485,
906, 911, 934, 937, 982, 1022,
105051, 106063, 1144, 1175, 1192,
1312, 1316, 1364
Gama, Vasco da, 15
Gardiner, Lyon, 218
Gardiner, Thomas, 478
Garth, Charles, 855, 857
Gaspee, 101718, 102223
Gates, Gen. Horatio, 1150, 1151, 1153,
1161, 1164, 1240, 1307, 1308, 1311,
1312, 1321, 1322, 1327, 1328, 1329,
1330, 1332, 133637, 1339, 1341,
1344, 1394, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1442,
1479, 1519
Gates, Sir Thomas, 49
Gay, Ebenezer, 669
Gedney, Bartholomew, 360n, 366
General Committee of Charleston, 1054,
1066, 1073
Geneva and the American Revolution,
1564, 1566, 1568
George, Capt., 414
George II (King), 801
George III (King), 836, 864, 907, 953, 959,
973, 977, 1037, 1052, 1111, 1150, 1151,
1249, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1271, 1275,
1280, 1282, 1293, 1297, 1302, 1311,
1319, 1322, 1380, 1406, 1419, 1467,
1468, 1472, 1476; declares war on the
Dutch, 1400
Georgia, 707, 716, 741; as proprietary
colony, 607, 609, 614; as royal colony,
616; Assembly, 614, 616, 617; , 1382;
Association movement, 997; Council,
616, 617; Council of Safety, 1202, 1265;
 dictatorship in, 61112, 613; humani-
tarianism in, 60718; militia, 700; Lib-
erty Society of Savannah, 1382; money
in, 636; newspapers in, 652; religion in,
654, 670; settlement of, 605, 607, 609,
610, 611; silk in, 61213, 614, 616; slav-
ery in, 612, 613, 614, 616
Georgia Gazette, 895, 1055
Gerard, Conrad, 1364, 1472, 1473, 1474
Germain, Lord George, 1233, 1302, 1315,
1316, 1317, 1340, 1353, 1425, 1467
German Enlightenment, 1099
German settlers, 566, 568, 56970, 610,
654, 672. See also immigration, German
Germany and the American Revolution,
1561
Gerrard, Thomas, 117, 122
Gerry, Elbridge, 1020, 1083, 1146, 1248,
1264, 1525
Gibbs, John, 126
Gibbes, Robert, 596
Gibson, James, 572
Gilbert, Adrian, 28, 30
Gilbert, Felix (To the Farewell Address: Ideas
of EarlyAmerican Foreign Policy), 1347,
1348, 1574
Gilbert, Jonathan, 995
Gilbert, Raleigh, 33
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 27, 28, 33
Gilbert, William, 598
Gildersleeve, Richard, 309
Gill, John, 958
Gillam, Samuel, 943
Glen, James, 730
Glorious Revolution, 41341, 628, 688
Glover, William, 132
Glynn, Serjeant John, 845, 941
Godyn, Samuel, 290
Goddard, William, 874, 1170, 1171
Godechot, Jacques, 1560; La Grande
Nation, 1568; France and the Atlantic
Revolution of the Eighteenth Century,
17701799, 1568, 157475
Goetwater, Rev. Ernestus, 308
gold, 621, 622, 623, 625, 629
Gooch, William, 576, 585, 586, 661, 727,
728
1591
1591
1591
Good, Sarah, 444
Goodman, Christopher, 1097
Goodyear, Stephen, 255
Gookin, Daniel, 337, 360n
Gordon, John, 956
Gordon, Thomas, 477, 649, 681, 686,
69093, 848, 1097, 1120
Gordon, William, 1085
Gore, John, 962
Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 32, 33, 35, 149, 153,
162, 165, 214, 215, 216, 276, 346, 348
Gorges, Thomas, 215
Gorton, Samuell, 18799, 223, 340, 408,
525, 532
Gottschalk, Louis (The Place of the Amer-
ican Revolution in the Causal Pattern of
the French Revolution), 1568, 1574
Gould, Thomas, 239
Gourgues, Dominique de, 27
Gouverneur, Abraham, 436, 450
Gove, Edward, 353, 354, 356, 418
Grafton, Lord (Duke), 847, 91213, 917,
925, 942, 953, 97678, 1150, 1233
Grand Design, the, 79192, 795, 835, 870
grant-in-aid, 565
Grant, Charles, 52728
Grant, James, 1090
Grantham, Thomas, 100
Graham (shipowner), 826
Granville, Earl of ( John Carteret), 130,
131, 591, 714, 728, 757, 760
Gratz family, 1364, 1483; Bernard Gratz,
1527
Graves, Adm. Samuel, 1212, 1233
Graves, Rear Adm. Thomas, 146061
Gray, Edmund, 61617
Great Awakening, 621, 65767, 668
Green Mountain Boys, 110512, 1138,
1141, 1160, 1161, 1162
Green Mountain Rangers, 1161, 1163
Green, Roger, 111
Greene, John, 190, 194
Greene, Nathanael (Gen.), 1206, 1240,
1247, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1309, 1311,
1312, 1313, 1333, 133435, 1336,
1341, 1342, 1344, 1396, 1442, 1443,
1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451,
 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457,
1462, 1479, 1480
Greene, Thomas, 107
Greenland, Henry, 382, 383
Grenville, George, 790, 792, 794, 801, 804,
808, 822, 84445, 848, 853, 85456,
858, 882, 90715, 917, 920, 92324,
930, 976, 978, 1037
Grenville, Richard, 29
Greshams law, 629, 630, 637
Grey, Gen. Charles, 1333, 1419
Groom, Samuel, 384
Grotius, 1080
Grotius, Hugo, 46, 286, 813
Grover, James, 323
Growdon, Joseph, 400, 494
Gruber, Ira D. (Richard Lord Howe:
Admiral as Peacemaker), 1184, 1213,
1571; (Lord Howe and Lord George
Germain: British Politics and the Win-
ning of American Independence), 1303,
1316, 1571
Guilford, Lord, 125
habeas corpus, writ of, 603, 651, 652
Habersham, Joseph, 1202
habitants, 116263
Hakluyt, Richard, 28, 29, 30, 33
Haldimand, Frederick, 1110
Hale, John (Rev.), 446
Hale, Nathan, 1306
Halevy, Elie (The Growth of Philosophic
Radicalism), 1253
Half-Way Covenant, 520
Halifax, Earl of, 72223, 725, 732, 755,
760, 79496, 835, 84546, 848, 853,
91112, 917
Halifax, Marquis of. See George Savile
Hall, Michael Garibaldi, 346n, 361
Hall, Lyman, 1056, 1067
Hall, Samuel, 81617
Hall, Thomas, 100
Hallenbeck, Michael, 538, 539
Hallowell, Benjamin, 871
Hamilton, Alexander, 1342, 1343, 1344,
1385, 150283, 1505, 151112, 1518,
1592
1592
1592
1519, 1520, 1521, 1523, 1524, 1525;
The Continentalist, 151112
Hamilton, Andrew, 386, 474, 475, 476,
478, 479, 480, 481, 482, 501, 564, 641,
642, 646, 649, 650, 1080
Hamilton, Lt. Gov. Henry, 140304, 1405,
1406
Hamilton, James, 566
Hamilton, John, 547
Hamilton, Ninian, 1004
Hamilton, Norman Bell, 1001
Hanbury, John, 727
Hancock, John, 871, 93839, 947, 95759,
964, 971, 101316, 1019, 1030, 1065,
1083, 109192, 1132, 1147, 1153,
1154, 1205, 1230, 1248, 1256, 1259,
1264, 1311, 1377, 1501
Hancock, Thomas, 717, 718, 719
Handlin, Oscar and Mary (James Burgh
and American Revolutionary Theory),
1263
Hanseatic League, 89, 12, 21, 22
Hardwicke, Lord, 681, 756, 757, 759, 762,
84546, 916
Harley, Thomas, 942
Harrington, James, 803, 1080, 109798
Harris, Benjamin, 642
Harris, Thomas, 231
Harris, Tyree, 1000
Harris, William, 178, 187, 189, 190, 205,
207, 338, 339, 340
Harrison, Benjamin, 824, 840, 1087, 1224,
1225, 1230, 1264, 1457, 1483, 1517, 1554
Harrison, Nathaniel, 140
Haskett, Richard C. (Prosecuting the Rev-
olution), 1538, 1541, 1574
Hart, Edward, 310
Hart, John, 125
Hart, Thomas, 1006
Hartley, David, 914
Hartshorne, Richard, 385, 386, 476, 484
Hartso, John Philip, 1004
Harvard College, 520, 523, 556, 655, 656,
659, 669, 694, 803, 958, 109899, 1180
Harvey, Edward, 1090
Harvey, John, 71, 72, 73, 87
Harvey, William, 596
Hat Act (1732), 706, 801, 809
Hathaway, Simon, 1106
Hatherley, Timothy, 265
Haviland, William, 747
Hawke, David Freeman (Paine), 1572
Hawkins, Sir John, 26, 27
Hawley, Thomas, 534
Hayward, John, 640
Hawley, Joseph, 1083, 1091, 1259, 1260,
1261, 1500
Hayley, George, 971
Haynes, John, 209, 220
Hearts of Oak club, 884
Heath, Sir Robert, 112
Heath, William (Gen.), 1093, 1305, 1309,
1310, 1414
Henderson, Jacob, 125
Henderson, Richard (Judge), 1005, 1365, 1366
Henry, John, 840
Henry, Patrick (lawyer), 841, 86367, 873,
889, 910, 948, 1022, 1053, 1060, 1062,
1072, 108789, 1151, 1224, 1230,
1249, 1264, 1268, 1270, 1271, 1272,
1364, 1366, 1403, 1553; Thoughts on
Government, 1269
Henry, Patrick (minister), 84142
Henry the Navigator, Prince, 12
Herkimer, Gen. Nicholas, 132526
Heron, Robert, 826
Hertford, Lord, 858
Hesse, Capt. Emanuel, 141112
Higginbotham, Don (Daniel Morgan,
Guerilla Fighter), 1443, 1570; (Daniel
Morgan: Revolutionary Rifleman), 1570;
(War of American Independence: Mili-
tary Attitudes, Policies, and Practice
17631789), 1570
Higginson, Francis, 164
Higginson, Rev. John, 331, 404, 520
Hill, Aaron, 606
Hill, Edward, 88, 103
Hill, Valentine, 275
Hilliard, Timothy, 1085
Hills (merchant), 954
Hillsborough, Lord, 936, 938, 942, 945,
953, 97677, 98182, 1015, 1037
Hilton, Edward, 153
1593
1593
1593
Hilton, William, 153
Hinckes, John, 355, 366, 411
Hinckley, Thomas, 417
Hinman, Col. Benjamin, 1143, 1161
History of England (Macauley), 972
Hoadly, 1098
Hobbes, Thomas, 1103
Hodgson, Robert, 309
Holden, Randall, 190, 191, 194
Holder, Christopher, 231, 232, 233
Hollis, Thomas, 10971100
Holme, Thomas, 493
Holmes, Obadiah, 197, 198
Holmes, Rev. John, 265
Holmes, William, 217
Holt, John, 961
Holy League (French), 685
Holyoke, Edward (Guts), 669, 1132
Home, John (Reverend), 941, 971, 973,
1135, 1232, 1233
Honeyman, James, 828
Hood, Rear Adm. Sir Stanley, 1460
Hood, Zachariah, 878, 887
Hooker, Rev. Thomas, 162, 175, 208, 209,
210, 211, 221h
Hooper, William, 1053, 1266, 1383
Hooton, Elizabeth, 23738
Hopkins, Edward, 259
Hopkins, Ezek, 1212, 1247
Hopkins, Samuel, 326
Hopkins, Stephen, 81518, 86162, 890,
1022, 1051, 1060
Hopson, Peregrine, 739, 740
Hopton, Lord, 138
Hotman, Francois, 1097
Hough, Benjamin, 1111
House of Burgesses (Va.), 576, 57879,
641, 652, 726, 729, 731
Houston, William, 886
Hovey, Daniel, 695
Howell, David, 1516, 1517, 1523
Howard, Francis Lord, 136, 137, 138, 139
Howard, John (Col.), 1444, 1445
Howard, Martin, Jr., 81617, 87576, 917
Howe, Adm. Richard Lord, 1184, 1212,
1213, 1233, 1234, 1301, 1302, 1304,
1311, 1317, 1339, 1353
Howe, Gen. Robert, 1266, 1398, 1421
Howe, Gen. Sir William, 1154, 1155, 1156,
1159, 1184, 1209, 1233, 1284, 1301,
130203, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307,
1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1315, 1316,
1317, 1323, 1324, 1329, 1331, 1332,
1333, 1334, 1335, 133940, 1375, 1419
Howell, Rednap, 100001, 100506, 1008
Howland, Arthur, 265
Howland, Zoeth, 265
Hubbard, James, 305
Hubbard, Rev. Mr., 239
Hubbard, William, 447
Hudson, Henry, 34, 35, 285
Hudson, Jonathan, 985
Hudson River Uprising (1766), 537
Huger, Gen. Isaac, 1427, 1428, 144647
Hughes, John, 86667, 88485
Hull, John, 360n, 627
humanitarianism, 60718
Hume, David, 1116; (History of England),
1150
Humphrey, John, 160
Humphreys, Charles, 1291
Hunie, David, 65
Hunloke, Edward, 475
Hunt, Goodman and Mrs., 212
Hunter, James, 100001, 100405, 100708
Hunter, Robert, 466, 467, 534, 540, 541
Huntington Library Quarterly, 1575
Husband, Hermon, 999, 100102, 100408
Huske, John, 807, 909
Hutchins, William, 464, 465
Hutchinson, Anne, 18086, 187, 188, 189,
193, 206, 211, 220, 231, 232, 261, 296,
298, 312, 525, 652, 684, 686, 687
Hutcheson, Charles, 1107
Hutchinson, Eliakim, 717, 718
Hutchinson, Elisha, 628
Hutchinson, Foster, 1058
Hutchinson, Richard, 259
Hutchinson, Thomas, 637, 750, 802, 813, 867,
869, 875, 899900, 919, 939, 95758, 960,
962, 964, 966, 981, 101315, 1021,
102930, 1033, 1036, 1038, 1044
Hutchinson, William, 180, 183, 184, 185,
186
1594
1594
1594
Hutson, J. (Essays on the American Revolu-
tion), 1570
Hyde, Edward (Earl of Clarendon), 111,
132, 133, 269, 277, 345, 587
Hyman, Harold M. (To Try Mens Souls),
1180, 1574
Illinois-Wabash Co., 1363, 1364, 1483, 1527
immigrants, 535, 539, 76364; German,
53941, 551, 55556, 57576, 615;
Ulster Scot, 55154
impressment, 717, 719, 720, 721
indentured servants, 516, 51718, 532,
539, 544, 552, 553, 554, 574, 575, 576,
741, 763. See also labor, forced
Independent Reflector, The, 68182
Independent Society of Bristol, 971
Independent Whig, 681
Indian tribes, Chickasaws, 1412; Chero-
kees, 599, 618, 784, 786, 991, 1200,
1201, 1365, 1366, 1430; Creek, 587,
599, 600, 607, 618; Conestoga, 571;
Delawares, 558, 560, 567, 570, 745,
78587, 1413, 1464; Guale, 605;
Hurons, 785; Iroquois, 786, 1191, 1325,
1366, 1405, 1408, 1409, 1414, 1484;
Mohawks ( Joseph Brant), 1321, 1325,
1326, 1405, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410,
141314, 1463; Oneidas, 140910;
Onondagas, 1408; Ottawas, 784;
Senecas, 78486, 1409; Shawnees,
78587, 1194, 1195, 1412, 1465
Indiana Co., 1364, 1376, 1483, 1485, 1527,
1528
Indians, 532, 533, 538, 545, 552, 555,
55761, 569, 570, 571, 575, 58788,
597, 598, 599, 601, 605, 606, 607, 610,
614, 621, 625, 639, 728, 731, 739, 1191,
1195, 1308, 1321, 1324, 1363, 1365,
1430, 1462, 147879; massacre of, 569,
571, 58788, 607; Proclamation Line of
1763, 1191, 1194, 1195; slaughter of
Moravian converts, 1463; war in the
West, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406,
1407, 1408, 1409, 1411, 1412, 1413
indigo, 581, 595, 596,616, 704, 763
inflation, 62138ff., 719, 721
Ingersoll, David, 538
Ingersoll, Jared, 804, 855, 866, 874, 882, 894
Ingle, Richard, 106
Inglis, Charles, 1080, 1546; The True Inter-
est of America Impartially Stated,
127879
Ingoldesby, Richard, 434, 435, 437, 464, 466
Institutiones, 1099
Intolerable Acts, 1043, 1069, 1072
Inquiry, Committee of, 1133
Ireland and the American Revolution, 1223,
1561, 156465
Ireland, Shadrack, 668
Iron Act (1750), 70607, 801
Iroquois Indians, 560, 570, 587, 588, 726,
731, 743, 745
Izard family, 604
Jackson, Richard, 755, 80708, 81415,
82122, 855, 857, 882, 916
Jackson, William, 962
Jacobi, Johann Georg, 1236
Jacobson, David L., 822
Jacobsen, Marcus, 325
Jaffrey, George, 353
James I (King), 31, 55, 59, 68, 70, 85, 135,
148, 149, 153, 155
James II (Duke of York), 121, 137, 138,
271, 272, 276, 277, 283, 313, 315, 321,
324, 326, 327, 329, 330, 343, 356, 366,
371, 372, 374, 375, 377, 378, 379, 380,
381, 382, 383, 389, 393, 402, 409, 410,
413, 422, 425, 426, 457, 487, 488
James, Thomas, 879
Jameson, J. Franklin (The American Revolu-
tion Considered as a Social Movement),
1575
Jameson, Robert, 981
Jamaica, 830
Jarratt, Devereux, 664
Jay, John, 1049, 1062, 1173, 1189, 1224,
1230, 1244, 1275, 1295, 155354
Jefferson, Thomas, 864, 948, 1022,
105253, 1099, 1151, 1264, 1269,
1270, 1271, 1290, 129192, 129394,
1595
1595
1595
136364, 1366, 1385, 1404, 1456,
1457, 1458, 1475, 1483, 1484, 1485,
1501, 1526, 1528, 1529, 1538, 1548,
1550, 155354, 1561; Statute of Reli-
gious Freedom, 1553, 1154
Jeffreys, Herbert, 134
Jenkins, John, 117, 118, 119
Jenkinson, Charles, 760, 794, 845, 848
Jennings, Lt. Gov., 14, 830
Jennings, Samuel, 390, 478, 487, 488
Jensen, Merrill (The Articles of Confederation:
An Interpretation of the Social-Constitu-
tional History of the American Revolution,
17741781), 1358, 1368, 254, 1571
Jews, 61516
John Wilkes Club, 1034
Johnson, Edward, 260
Johnson, Sir John, 1191, 1201, 1325, 1405,
1410, 1543
Johnson, Nathaniel, 130, 131
Johnson, Robert, 601, 60203, 604
Johnson, Samuel (minister), 680, 682, 835;
(Taxation No Tyranny), 1233
Johnson, Samuel (Tory), 1098
Johnson, Thomas, 1152, 1216, 1224, 1230,
1244, 128687, 136364
Johnson, William, 570, 732, 733, 735, 820,
1191, 1325, 1543
Johnson, William Samuel, 892
Johnson, Thomas, 480
Johnston, Augustus, 816, 875, 877, 888, 901
Johnston, Gabriel, 59293
Johnston, Samuel, 1006
Jones, Griffith, 399, 492
Jones, John Gabriel, 136566
Jones, Howard Mumford, 38n, 1100
Jones, Capt. John Paul, 1353, 1399
Jones, Joseph (Congressman, 1400
Jordan, Winthrop D., 65n, 66n
Joseph II, Emperor of Austria, 1150
Joseph, William, 121
Journal of American History, 1173, 1425,
1571, 1573
Journal of Economic History, 1573
Journal of Occurrences, 961
Journal of the Times, 961
Judd, Andrew, 31
Junto, the Newport, 81617, 87475, 877
jury trial, 533, 535, 545, 548, 593, 646,
649, 700, 704
Kames, Lord, 755
Kayaderosseras grant, 820
Keayne, Robert, 248
Keith, George, 487, 488, 489
Kemp, Richard, 72
Kempe, John T., 110405, 1107
Kennedy, Archibald, 809, 899
Kent, Benjamin, 656
Keppel, Adm. Augustus, 1135, 1232
Kiefft, Willem, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297,
298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 309
Kimble, Reverend, 650
King Georges War (War of the Austrian
Succession), 559, 560, 561, 635,
71323, 724, 735, 748
King Philips War, 33444, 347, 363, 370, 408
Kings College, 556, 1080
Kings Friends, 91213, 917, 1028, 1037
Kinsey, John, 559
Kirk, Thomas, 939, 947
Kirke, Percy, 366
Klyberg, Albert T. (The Armed Loyalists
as Seen by American Historians), 1181,
1571
Knollenberg, Bernhard, 819, 1120; (Wash-
ington and the Revolution: A
Reappraisal), 1435, 1570
Knox, Col. Henry, 1208, 1312, 1313, 1334,
1335, 1344, 1462, 1519, 1520, 1524
Knowles, Charles, 720, 721
Kosciuszko, Col. Thaddeus, 1322, 1327, 1454
Kurtz, S. (Essays on the American
Revolution), 1570
Kusso Indians, 605
Kuyter, Joachim, 298, 299, 300, 303
La Boetie, Etienne de, 1116
La Luzerne, Chevalier de, 1474, 1475,
1485, 1504, 1516
La Montague, Dr., 295
La Nouvelle Eloise (Rousseau), 1100
1596
1596
1596
labor, forced, 516, 518, 540, 541, 553, 574,
737, 739, 742, 763, 764
Ladd, Nathaniel, 353
Lafayette, Marquis de, 1306, 1337, 1339,
1342, 1343, 1344, 145859, 1479
Lamb, John, 879, 884, 905, 929, 967, 1034,
1173, 1174, 1175
Lamberton, George, 213, 302
Lancaster, James, 30, 31
land grants, 526, 527, 530, 531, 534, 535,
537, 57577, 590, 602, 603, 618; head-
right system of, 574, 575; joint, 526;
proprietary, 602
land monopoly, 534, 538, 541, 550, 575,
576, 602
land speculation, 527, 528, 539, 561, 575,
576, 602, 603, 611, 61718, 624, 633,
634, 636, 72528, 755, 758; absentee,
528, 531
Lane, Ralph, 29
Lane, Sir Thomas, 474
Langdon, John, 1085
Langlade, Capt. Charles, 141112
Larie, Gawen, 384, 385, 387
Las Casas, Fr. Bartolome de, 19, 65
Lascelles family, 915
Lasswell, Harold, 1119
Laud, Rev. William, 157, 163, 176
Laudonniere, Rene de, 26
Laurens, Henry, 604, 617, 973, 1015, 1253,
1382, 1473, 1475, 1552
Laurens, Col. John, 1344, 1552
Law, Jonathan, 665
Lawrence, Charles, 739, 740, 741, 742
Lawrence, Peter, 358
Lawrence, Richard, 97
Lawrence, William, 424, 475
Lay, Benjamin, 674
Lea, John, 1004
League of Armed Neutrality, 1471
Le Boeuf, Fort, 785
Leddra, William, 270
Ledlie, Capt. Hugh, 1525
Lee, Arthur, 970, 973, 982, 1227, 1230,
1346, 147273, 1474, 1475, 1485,
1504, 1519, 1521, 1574
Lee, Charles, 114853, 1161, 1166, 1186,
 118990, 120507, 1239, 1240, 1249,
1251, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1269, 1287,
1301, 1302, 1304, 1306, 1307,
130910, 1311, 1312, 1337, 133839,
1341, 134243, 1344, 1394, 1434,
147980
Lee family, 789
Lee, Col. Light Horse Harry, 1443, 1448,
1449, 1450, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1462
Lee, Richard Henry, 103, 824, 899, 948,
970, 1022, 1051, 1053, 1060, 1062,
1072, 1087, 1089, 1151, 1215, 1217,
1227, 1230, 1249, 1264, 1269, 1274,
1289, 1290, 1291, 1293, 1345, 1474,
1359, 1501, 1360, 1521, 1363, 1367,
1457, 1472, 1473
Lee, Thomas Ludwell, 72627, 728, 783,
1272
Leete, William, 270, 971
legal tender, 623, 624, 628, 630, 632, 636
Leiby, Adrian C. (The Revolutionary War in
the Hackensack Valley: The Jersey Dutch
and the Neutral Ground, 17751783),
157071
Leigh, Egerton, 810
Leisler, Jacob, 373, 419, 423, 424, 425, 426,
427, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435,
436, 437, 451, 456, 458, 459, 463, 464,
466, 485, 501
Leislerian revolution, 685
Lemisch, Jesse (Jack Tar in the Streets:
Merchant Seamen in the Politics of Rev-
olutionary America), 1573
Lenin, V.I., 251n
Lennox, Earl of, 149
Leon, Ponce de, 16
Leonard, Daniel, 1080
Leonard, Samuel, 479, 480
Leslie, Gen. Alexander, 1441, 1443, 1446
Letter on Toleration, 666, 667
Letter to the Clergy (Bland), 840
Letters from a Farmer (Dickinson), 934,
944, 970
Levant Company, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 155
Levellers, 685, 686
Levellers Uprising (1766), 537, 92627
Leverett, John, 346, 519, 520
1597
1597
1597
Levis-Leran, Chevalier de, 747
Levert, Christopher, 214
Levy, Leonard W. (Jefferson and Civil Liber-
ties: The Darker Side), 1538, 157374
liberalism, 51522, 523, 655, 656, 657,
659, 660, 664, 668, 669, 685, 696, 713,
717, 756
libertarianism, 52425, 526, 546, 576, 643,
650, 664, 665, 677, 68496, 701, 702,
734, 752, 765
Liberty and Power, conflict between, 1140,
1143, 1181
Liberty, 93839, 101617
Liberty Boys, 120102; Savannah Mob,
1202
Liberty Pole, 919, 954, 96768
Liberty Tree, Boston, 1030; Charleston,
919, 949, 950
Lidget, Peter, 279
Lidgett, Charles, 404, 414
Lilburne, John, 202
Lillie, Theophilus, 962
Lillington, Col. John, 1199
Lilly, Thomas, 1068
Lincoln, Earl of, 160
Lincoln, Gen. Benjamin, 1323, 1324, 1344,
141920, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424,
1425, 1426, 142728, 1434, 1504
Lispenard, Leonard, 983, 1049
Little, William, 590
Littleworth, Capt., 164
Livery Company of London, 1136
Livingston family, 538, 541, 645, 92627,
929, 935
Livingston, Henry, 1318, 1320
Livingston, Col. James, 1163
Livingston, John P., 1319, 1320
Livingston Manor, 535, 536, 538, 539, 540,
131821, 1389; Manor Committee of
Safety, 1318
Livingston, Peter, 1173, 1318, 1388
Livingston, Philip J., 831, 104950, 1225,
1230, 1295, 1296, 1318, 1389
Livingston, Robert, 370, 377, 378, 425,
426, 431, 432, 433, 455, 458, 463, 464,
465, 466, 470, 536, 537, 540, 879, 892,
1105, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1230, 1275,
 1290, 1295, 1387, 1388, 1475, 1504, Lyell, David, 481
1515, 1517, 1523, 1544 Lynch, Thomas, 892, 949, 973, 986, 1015,
Livingston, Robert, Jr., 538 1066, 1073, 1217, 1230
Livingston, William, 649, 655, 670, Lynd, Staughton (The Abolitionist Cri-
68183, 819, 831, 879, 1105, 1387 tique of the United States Constitu-
Livy, 1080 tion), 1529; (Anti-Federalism in
Lloyd, Caleb, 88687, 897 Dutchess County, New York: A Study of
Lloyd, David, 399, 493, 494, 496, 557 Democracy and Class Conflict in the Rev-
Lloyd, Thomas, 396, 398, 399, 400, 401, olutionary Era), 1572; (The Revolu-
486, 487, 488, 490, 492 tion and the Common Man), 1390,
Lobb, Jacob, 89798 154546, 1575; (The Tenant Rising at
Locke, John, 113, 128, 456, 546, 552, 656, Livingston Manor), 1320, 1571
666, 667, 669, 671, 681, 686, 687, Lynde, Benjamin, 919
68890, 694, 696, 705, 803, 813, 848, Lynde, Simon, 628
893, 1080, 1097, 1099, 110102, 1120, Lyons, Peter, 841
1251, 1278, 1292
Logan, James, 494, 496, 557, 559
London, 1034 Mably, Abbe, 1561
London Company, 32, 33, 34, 149 Macauley, Catherine, 972, 1098
London Public Advertiser, 972 MacDonald, Maj. Allan, 1200
Lopez, Aaron, 980 MacDonald, Donald, 1199, 1200
Loomis, Josiah, 538 Mack, George, 111
Lothrop, Rev. John, 264 MacKenzie, John, 949, 986
Loudoun, Earl of, 744, 745, 750, 796 Mackesy, Piers (The War for America,
Louis XIII (King), 224 17551783), 1401, 1461, 1571
Louis XIV (King), 379, 497 Mackintosh, Ebenezer, 86873, 1031
Louis XVI (King), 1227 Macknight, Thomas, 1073
Louisbourg, Fort, 559, 634, 714, 71618, MacLean, Allan, 116465, 1166
719, 721, 735, 744, 745, 756, 757 Madison, Isaac, 86
Lovejoy, David S., 817 Madison, James, 984, 1079, 1385, 1506,
Lovelace, Francis, 322, 325 1521, 1523, 1527, 1529, 1553, 1554
Lovelace, Governor, 640 Magellan, Ferdinand, 17
Lovelace, Lord, 466 Magna Carta, 810, 812
Lovell, James, 1344, 1475, 1506 Maham, Col. Hezekiah, 1452
Low, Isaac, 983, 1034, 1046, 1049, 1144, 1173 Maham Tower, 1454
Low, John, 547, 549 Maidstone, 830
Loyal Nine, 86871, 873 Mail service. See postal service
Loyalty Pole, 1067 Main, Jackson Turner (The Anti-federalists:
Lucas, Nicholas, 387 Crisis of the Constitution 17811788),
Ludlow, Gabriel, 983 1516, 1571; (Political Parties Before the
Ludlow, Roger, 209, 220 Revolution), 1572; (The Sovereign States
Ludwell, Philip, 103, 125, 126, 128, 137, 17751783), 1572
139, 141 Maine, 553, 709; founding, 21416; settle-
Lukas, Elizah, 595 ment of, 638
Lutherans, 555, 556, 611 Maitland, Col. John, 1424
Lyde, Edward, 630 Makemie, Francis, 554
Lydia, 871 Malcom, Daniel, 934

1598
1598
1598
Malone, Dumas (Jefferson and His Time),
1572; (Jefferson the Virginian), 1294,
1364, 1572
Maltraven, Henry Lord, 112
Manigault, Peter, 973
Mansfield, Lord, 94243
Markham, William, 392, 401, 485, 486,
489, 490, 491, 492, 493
Marine Committee, 1212
Marion, Francis (Swamp Fox), 1431, 1437,
1438, 1440, 1443, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1479
Marshall, John, 1553
Marston, Edward, 130
Martin, Alexander, 1006
Martin, Josiah, 1054, 1199, 1200, 1430
Martin, Richard, 351, 352, 354
Mary, Queen, 147
Maryland, 10410, 11617, 12125, 552,
573, 574, 575, 581, 582, 707, 733, 741,
742; and Articles of Confederation,
1483; Assembly, 733; constitution,
138485; Council of Safety, 1206,
1286, 1370; convention, 1171, 1276,
1286, 1287; militia, 730; money in, 626,
627, 632; proprietary in, 700; Provincial
Congress, 1151; religion in, 654, 664,
672; Senate, 1485; slavery in, 595, 673,
676
Maryland Gazette, 862, 895
Mascarene, Paul, 737
Mason, Charles, 573
Mason, George, 90, 783, 91819, 948,
1053, 1072, 1151, 1269, 1270, 1271,
1272, 1273, 1293, 1294, 1366, 1483,
1484, 1485; Papers, 17251792, 1572
Mason, John, 214, 215, 219, 346, 348
Mason, Robert T., 275, 346, 350, 351, 352,
354, 355, 356, 358, 361, 366, 405, 418,
439
Mason, Thomson, 1053
Massachusetts, 527, 53031, 533, 538, 548,
551, 553, 566, 572, 573, 616, 632, 657,
706, 710, 711, 71617, 721, 741, 742,
750, 763; Assembly, 515, 627, 63334,
63738, 64243, 644, 645, 699, 709,
718, 720, 735, 74950, 760; charter,
1377; Committee of Safety, 1132, 1141,
1599
1599
1599
1154, 1161; constitutional convention,
149901; Council, 515, 628, 634, 638,
642, 643, 644, 699, 719, 720, 1260;
decline of theocracy, 33133; economics
dissolves theocracy, 24149, 25356;
education in, 519, 520, 524; General
Court, 51516, 518, 520, 530, 630, 633,
708, 717, 720, 751, 1180, 1258, 1259,
1260, 1261, 1262, 1370, 1378, 1379,
149899, 1526; founding, 15563; half-
way covenant, 26162; militia, 53839,
718, 719, 735, 749, 75051; money in,
625, 627, 62831, 63335, 63738,
717; newspapers in, 639, 64245, 649,
650; postal service in, 640; proprietors
in, 526; Provincial Congress, 1133,
1140, 1143, 114445, 1169, 1180,
1248, 1258; army, 1180; religion in,
51819, 52122, 523, 644, 654, 655,
658, 660, 663, 664, 66667, 66870,
680, 686, 687, 694, 695; Salem witch
hunt, 44250; slavery in, 51618, 673,
676; suppressing heresy, 17286,
22740; takeover by Crown, 34560,
35762; Supreme Court, 154950;
theocracy, 16471
Massachusetts Charter (1691), 518, 707, 708
Massachusetts Gazette, 816
Massachusetts Gazette and Boston
Newsletter, 1079
Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Post-Boy,
107980
Massachusetts Government Act, 1038,
105759, 1083
Massachusetts Historical Society, 1263
Massachusetts Proposals (1705), 521
Massachusetts Resolves, 893
Massachusetts Spy, 1079, 1133, 1134, 1259
Massasoit, 335
Mather, Rev. Cotton, 404, 414, 444, 445,
448, 449, 462, 51617, 518, 520, 521,
636, 656
Mather, Rev. Increase, 332, 358, 361, 403,
407, 414, 415, 417, 418, 419, 436, 439,
442, 443, 444, 445, 447, 449, 451, 462,
520, 521, 643
Mathew, Thomas, 90
Mathews, David, 129596
Mathews, Samuel, 71, 72, 75, 88
Matlack, Timothy, 1279, 1282, 1371, 1375,
1473
Matthews, Gen. George, 1425
Mauduit, Israel, 756, 757, 760, 854
Mauduit, Jasper, 807
Maule, Thomas, 649
Maurice (Prince of Orange), 286
Maury, James, 84042
Maverick, Samuel, 227, 273
Mauvillon, Jakob, 1236
May, Cornelis, 288
Mayhew, Experience, 668, 669
Mayhew, Jonathan, 659, 66970, 681, 686,
687, 694, 83537, 871, 1098, 1100
McCall, Archibald, 885
McCulloh, Henry, 79697, 853, 886, 997
McComb, John, 488
McDougall, Alexander, 867, 929,
9671000, 98284, 1045, 1049, 1067,
1151, 1173, 1175, 118990, 1344, 1519
McEvers, James, 878, 887
McGuire, Thomas, 825
McIntosh, Gen. Lachlan, 1406, 1427
McKean, Thomas, 1280, 128182, 1283,
1291, 1376
McKee, Alexander, 1195, 1200, 1464, 1465
McLeod, Col. Donald, 1200
Megapolensis, Rev. Mr., 308, 310, 314
Mein, John, 95760
Melyn, Cornelis, 298, 299, 300, 303
Menefie, George, 72
Mennonites, 1277
mercantile restrictions, 700, 702, 70312,
722, 766
Mercer family, 783
Mercer, George, 88081
Merchant Adventurers, 24, 25, 155
Merchants Club, 803
Merchants Committees of Inspection,
95355, 957, 97981
Merchants of the Staple, 910, 20
Meredith, William, 858
Merrill, Benjamin, 1008
Meserve, George, 880
Messier, Peter, 1490
1600
1600
1600
Methodism, 664
Methodists, 659, 664, 1183
Metzger, Charles H. (Catholics and the
American Revolution: A Study in Reli-
gious Climate), 1573
Miamis, Fort, 785
Miantonomo, 191, 334, 340
Michel, Robert, 324
Micklejohn, George, 1001, 1004
Middleton, Arthur, 1362
Middleton, Henry, 617
Middleton family, 604
Middleton, Lord, 845
Mifflin, Thomas, 104647, 1152, 1281, 1501
Milborne, Jacob, 426, 431, 432, 434, 436,
437, 451, 456, 458
military grants, 539
militia, 561, 562, 746, 751; association,
voluntary, 56263, 565, 569, 572; inde-
pendent companies, 569. See also indi-
vidual colonies
Miller, Thomas, 118, 119
Miller, Professor John C. (Triumph of Free-
dom, 17551783), 1179, 1569; (Sam
Adams: Pioneer in Propaganda), 1573
Milton, John, 200, 201, 972, 109798
Mingoe, 142
Minuit, Peter, 213, 288, 289, 291, 294, 301
Minutemen, 1083, 1092
Minvielle, Gabriel, 435, 458
Mirabeau, 1561
Mises, Ludwig von, 251n
Mississippi Company, 789
Mitchell, Rev. Jonathan, 239
Mob, The, 1000
Moderator Movement, 99596
Moffat, Thomas, 816, 87576
Mohawk Indians, 541
Molasses Act (1733), 710, 71112, 801,
80508, 816, 819, 920
Molineux, William, 1014, 103031
Monaghan, Frank (John Jay), 1573
Monday Night Club, 803
money. See individual colonies; paper money
Monks of St. Francis, The, 847
monopoly, mercantilist, 573
Monroe, James, 1344
Monson, Lord, 705, 722
Montagu, Charles, 992
Montagu (Montague), John, 459, 1017
Montcalm, Marquis de, 743, 744, 745, 746,
747
Montesquieu, Baron de, 65, 110003,
1241, 125253, 1258, 1278, 1279
Montgomery, John, 534
Montgomery, Brig. Gen. Richard, 1161, 1162,
1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1175, 1205
Montgomery, Robert, 606
Moody, Lady Deborah, 296, 309, 310
Moody, Rev. Joshua, 276, 353, 354, 355
Moore, Henry, 900, 927
Moore, James, 588, 601
Moore, Samuel, 381, 385
Moore, William, 650, 65152
Moravians, 556, 57172, 615
More, Nicholas, 395
Morellet, Abbe, 1561
Morgan, Cadwallader, 672
Morgan, Capt. Daniel, 1164, 1165, 1166,
1323, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1338, 1339,
1342, 1394, 1408, 1436, 1442, 1443, 1444,
1445, 1446, 1447, 1450, 1455, 1479
Morgan, Edmund S. and Helen M., 854, 865
Morgan, Thomas, 670
Morgann, Maurice, 789, 795
Morris, Gouverneur, 1168, 1175, 1295,
1296, 138788, 1473, 1493, 1504,
1505, 1506, 1514, 1517, 1518, 1519,
1521, 1523, 1544
Morris Lewis, II ( Jr.), 477, 479, 481, 482,
483, 484, 535, 545, 546, 547, 645, 646,
810
Morris, Richard, 200, 810
Morris, Richard B., 248, (The American
Revolution Reconsidered), 1574; (The
Emerging Nations and the American Rev-
olution), 1574; (Government and Labor
in Early America), 1490, 1573; (The
Peacemakers: The Great Powers and
American Independence), 1574
Morton, Richard L., 74n, 842
Morris, Robert Hunter, 546, 547, 54950,
566, 567, 569, 570, 732, 741, 885,
122425, 1226, 1230, 1268, 1275, 1276,
1601
1601
1601
1281, 1291, 1311, 1358, 1359, 1364,
1368, 1376, 1415, 1473, 1483, 1484,
1491, 1501, 150307, 150811, 1512,
1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519,
1520, 1521, 1523, 1524, 1573, 1574
Morris, Roger, 1543, 1546
Morris, Samuel, 661
Morton, Thomas, 153, 154, 164, 165, 242
Moseley, Edward, 132
Moultrie, Col. William, 1207, 1422, 1423,
1424
Mowry, Congressman Daniel, 1515
Muhlenberg, Col. Peter, 1334, 1335
Munford, Robert, 863
Munroe, Samuel, 927
Mullenix, Horsman, 673
Murphy, Timothy, 1323, 1330, 1410, 1411
Murray, James, 747, 765
Murray, John (colonel), 814
Murray, John (minister), 1085
Musgrove, John, 995
Muscatellus, Bernardinus de, 299, 300
Muscovy Company, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
33, 34, 35, 156
Mutiny Act, 92325, 930, 967, 976, 978
Nanfan, John, 463, 464, 465, 466
Narrative Committee, 1133
national debt, 1509, 1511
Nation, Christopher, 1005
naval stores, 530, 539, 540, 616, 704, 707,
708, 710
Naval Stores Act (1705), 70708
Navigation Act (1660), 703
Navigation Act (1696), 704
Navigation Act (1704), 595
Navigation Acts, 78, 79, 80, 258, 275,
27779, 33233, 345, 368, 403,
45153, 459, 49294, 699, 700, 703,
704, 705, 801, 808, 859, 920, 937, 986,
1017, 1115, 1215, 1223, 1236
Neal, Thomas, 641
Neale, Walter, 215
Nedham, 1097
Negro slaves, 1181, 1183, 1192, 1196,
1198, 1199, 1200, 1293, 1424, 1469,
 154952, 1558; Ethiopian Regiment,
1197; free voters, 1243; freedom
through enlistment, 155152;
maroons, 1551; slavery proviso,
152829
Nelly, 828
Nelson, John, 414
Nelson, Thomas, 1271, 1501
Nelson, William H. (The American Tory),
1182, 1277, 1279, 1573
Netherlands and the American Revolution,
1561, 156263, 1568
Nettels, Curtis (George Washington and
American Independence), 1230, 1572;
(Review of William B. Willcox, Por-
trait of a General: Sir Henry Clinton and
the War of Independence), 1425, 1571
Nevill, Samuel, 546, 547
Neville, 1097
Nevins, Allan (The American States During
and After the Revolution, 17751789),
1571
New England Confederation, 22026, 337
New England, Council of, 36569
New England Courant, 642, 643, 644
New England Restraining Act, 1076
New France, 542, 570, 713, 732, 744, 745,
748
New Hampshire, 527, 53031, 538, 539,
553, 707, 708, 70910, founding,
21416; Assembly, 631, 652; constitu-
tion, 1386, 1550; Council, 530, 709,
124546; General Court, 530, 1324;
House of Representatives, 124546;
money in, 631, 635; newspapers in, 652;
Provincial Congress, 1218, 124546,
1370; religion in, 654; takeover by
Crown, 35156
New Hampshire Grant Lands, 129697, 1381
New Jersey, 535, 541, 554, 558, 572, 655,
707, 708, 741, 748, 755; Assembly, 546,
547, 548, 549, 550, 654, 744, 1192;
Committee of Safety, 1219, 1284;
Council, 546, 548, 549, 550, 1539; East,
38086; land conflicts in, 54550; mili-
tia, 546; money in, 626, 631; Provincial
Congress, 1285, 1370; religion in, 654,
1602
1602
1602
658, 661, 685, 744; slavery in 543, 674,
675, 676; unification, 47484; West,
38791
New Jersey Historical Society, 1181, 1571
New London Gazette, 895
New Netherland, founding, 28387; gov-
ernment, 288300; and New Sweden,
30107; theocracy, 30810; fall and
breakup, 31118
New York, 531, 53441, 550, 551, 554,
572, 706, 708, 710, 741, 744, 749, 750,
751; Assembly, 535, 536, 537, 627, 645,
64748, 729, (of 1779), 154445, 1546;
boundary disputes, 53839; Committee
of Safety, 1174, 1184; Committee of
Seven, 1295; confiscation law of 1784,
1295, 1311; constitution, 1388; Coun-
cil, 537, 646, (of Revision), 1550; feu-
dalism in, 53438; founding, 37079;
militia, 53839, 700, 719, 729, 730;
money in, 626, 627, 630, 631, 632;
newspapers in, 64549, 650; postal serv-
ice in, 640; Provincial Congress, 1143,
1160, 1161, 1171, 1174, 1175, 1180,
1190, 1290, 1295, 1296, 1387, 1518;
religion in, 654, 658, 660, 662, 664, 670,
679, 68183, 685; slavery in, 54244,
673, 676
New York Gazette, 645, 648, 649, 895
New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury,
1079
New York Gazetteer, 1079
New York Historical Society Quarterly, 1320,
1571
New York Journal, 961, 1134
New York Weekly Journal, 645, 646
Newcastle, Duke of, 549, 681, 705, 717,
718, 719, 721, 722, 724, 725, 732, 744,
754, 755, 756, 757, 759, 760, 761, 762,
765, 781, 792, 79596, 807, 84446,
90710, 912, 91617, 94042
Newcomb, Silas, 1070
Newcombe, John, 908
Newport Mercury, 816, 865, 874
newspapers, 56465, 568, 608, 639,
64253, 761
Newton, Isaac, 65556, 705
Leislers Rebellion, 42136
Niagra, Fort, 787
Nicholas, Robert Carter, 843, 863, 1268,
1269, 1272
Nicholson, Francis, 138, 140, 141, 410, 420,
421, 422, 423, 425, 426, 427, 60607, 736
Nicoll, John, 828
NiColls patent. See patent, Nicolls
Nicolls, Richard, 272, 273, 274, 275, 283,
313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 322, 323,
324, 328, 330, 343, 383, 384, 480
Nicolls, William, 425, 435, 458
Ninham, Daniel, 92627
Nisbet, Robert A. (The Social Impact of the
Revolution), 1549, 1575
Noble, Robert, 539
Norfolk, Duke of, 112
Norris, Isaac, 559, 567, 72930
North Briton (Wilkes), 794, 844, 84648,
941
North Carolina, 11115, 11720, 125,
12830, 13233, 552, 616, 741; as royal
colony, 591, 59294; Assembly, 589,
590, 591, 59293; constitution,
138384; Council, 589, 590, 592; Gen-
eral Court, 591, 593; immigration to,
590, 592; Indian conflict in, 58788,
599; militia, 730; money in, 631, 635;
newspapers in, 652; postal service in,
641; proprietors in, 58991; Provincial
Congress, 1199, 1200, 1266, 136970,
1384, 1526; religion in, 654, 662, 663,
670, 684; slavery in, 595, 673
North Carolina Gazette, 895
North, British Prime Minister Lord Freder-
ick, 847, 912, 936, 97678, 986,
103739, 1041, 1044, 107576, 1145,
1150, 1194, 1231, 1233, 1234, 1321,
1348, 1350, 1352, 1353, 1418, 1466,
1467, 1468, 1477; Plan of Conciliation,
1234
Norton, Fletcher, 845
Norton, Humphrey, 264
Norton, Mary Beth (The British Americans:
The Loyalist Exiles in England,
17741789), 1573
Norton, Rev. John, 172, 232, 233, 236, 238
1603
1603
1603
Norwich Packet, 1069
Nott, Edward, 141, 142
Nova Scotia. See Cape Breton Island
Novanglus, 1080
Nowell, Samuel, 360n, 361
Noyes, Nicholas, 520
Nugent, Katherine, 62
Nutbush Paper (Sims), 998
Oakes, Rev. Urian, 172, 231, 331
Oates, Thomas, 416, 439
Oates, Titus, 378
Observations on the Charter (Mayhew),
835
Ogden, John, 326
Ogden, Jonathan, Jr., 477
Ogden, Robert, 823, 892
Ogilvie, Francis, 763
Ogle, Robert, 598
Oglethorpe, James E., 60716ff.
Ohio Company, 783, 789
Oldenbarneveldt, Johan van, 284, 286
Oldham, John, 153, 208, 215, 217, 218
oligarchy, 516, 519, 522, 526, 528, 530,
533, 534, 537, 549, 561, 574, 578, 579,
600, 603, 617, 626, 628, 645, 685, 686,
726
Oliver, Andrew, 86969, 896, 919, 1029
Oliver, Peter, 1058
Oliver, Thomas, 389, 390, 1021, 1036,
1058, 1085
Olney, Rev. Thomas, 205, 206
Ondaatje, 1562
Onslow, George, 84546
Opechancanough, 86, 87
Orange, House of, 123435, 1561, 1562
Orange, Prince of. See Maurice
Order of Cincinnati, 152426
Oriskany, Battle of, 1326
Orkney, Earl of, 141
Ortiz, Bishop Diogo, 13
Osgood, Samuel, 1523, 1525
Otis, James, Jr., 80203, 81214, 816, 825,
86768, 871, 891, 899900, 924, 932,
937, 939, 94446, 958, 96063, 965,
970, 972, 976, 1014, 1020, 1099, 1101
Otis, James, Sr., 802
Oswald, Richard, 1475, 1476
Oulton, John, 630
Overzee, Symon, 110
Owen, Rev. John, 201
Paca, William, 1286, 1364
Page, John, 1220, 1554
Pain, William, 630
Paine, Joseph, 538
Paine, Reverend Ephraim, 1389
Paine, Robert Treat, 1146, 1248, 1378
Paine, Thomas, 5, 124954, 1257, 1269,
1278, 127980, 1282, 1294, 1347,
1348, 1375, 1473, 1485, 1491, 1516,
1517, 1550, 1574; African Slavery in
America, 1250; Common Sense,
125153, 1255, 1257, 1261, 1264,
1267, 127879, 1540; The Crisis,
131213; Foresters Letters, 127980;
Public Good, 1485
Palatines, 53941, 576, 645, 710
Palfrey, John, 347, 607
Palfrey, William, 97072
Palmer, John, 415, 418, 424
Palmer, Robert R. (The Age of the Democra-
tic Revolution, A Political History of
Europe and America 17601800. Vol. 1:
The Challenge), 153940, 1560, 1563,
156667, 1574
Palmes, Edward, 374, 377, 429, 481
pamphlets, 562, 564, 629, 630, 644, 650,
694, 762
pamphlet war, 572, 573, 754, 755, 756,
757, 760
Panton, Anthony, 82
paper money, 564, 566, 567, 582, 592, 593,
62138, 717, 719, 720. See also individ-
ual colonies
Parker, James, 648, 649
Parker, John, 1092
Parks, John, 1071
Parmeter, Joseph, 490
Parsons, James, 973
Parsons, Samuel, 1021
Parris, Rev. Samuel, 454, 459
Partridge, Capt., 210
Partridge, Oliver, 891
Partridge, William, 464, 467
Pastorius, Francis Daniel, 404, 505n, 672
Pate, John, 126
Paterson, Billy, 1112
Patent, blank, 590, 592, 593; Nicholls, 545,
549
Patterson, Eleazer, 1530, 1531
Patterson, Attorney General William,
153839, 1542
patronage, 563, 564, 600, 701, 702, 705,
716, 718, 719
patroonship, feudal, 536
Patton, James, 726
Pauw, Michael, 301
Paxton Boys, 57173
Paxton, Charles, 931, 939
Peale, Charles Willson, 1375, 1473, 1550
Peckham, Sir George, 38, 39
Pelham, Henry, 717, 718, 719, 720, 722,
725, 732, 756, 765, 781, 794
Pell, Thomas, 322
Pemberton, Israel, 559, 567, 568, 570, 675,
745
Pemberton, James, 567, 568, 569
Pembroke, Earl of, 159
Pendleton, Edmund, 824, 863, 900, 1072,
1087, 1220, 1268, 1269, 1483, 1549
Penn, Admiral Sir William, 402
Penn, John, 896, 903, 906, 1240, 1282,
1384, 1541
Penn, Thomas, 557, 558, 560, 561, 562,
563, 570, 572
Penn, William, 337, 384, 392, 393, 395,
397, 399, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407,
408, 410, 411, 466, 480, 495, 496, 497,
498, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506,
508, 557, 558
Pennsylvania, 535, 541, 549, 551, 573, 576,
707, 741, 745, 746, 748, 749, 750;
Anti-Constitutionalists, 1375, 1376,
1501; constitution of 1776, 137176;
Constitutionalists, 1375, 1501; Assem-
bly, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 564, 565,
566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572,
65052, 672, 729, 732, 733, 734, 1275,
1604
1604
1604
 1277, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1371,
1464; Committee of Privates, 127778;
Council, 562, 569, 572, 650, 661;
founding, 40211; government returns,
495506; immigration to, 55152,
55556; militia, 557, 559, 566, 567,
568, 569, 729, 734, 744; money in, 626,
635, 636; newspapers in, 64952;
Philadelphia Committee, 1280, 1281;
postal service in, 640; proprietary party
in, 557, 558, 560, 562, 565, 566,
56768, 570, 636, 650, 670, 700, 755;
religion in, 554, 654, 655, 658, 66162,
670, 672, 684, 685; slavery in, 587, 672,
67374, 675, 676
Pennsylvania Chronicle, 934
Pennsylvania Gazette, 650
Pennsylvania Journal, 1018
Pennsylvania, University of, 556, 650, 671
People the Best Governors, 1263
Pepperrell, William, 709, 717, 718
Pepys, Samuel, 378
Pequot War, 22729, 231, 257, 344
Percival, Lord, 614
Percival, Viscount, 610
Percy, Earl, 1093
Perestella, Bartholomew, 22
Person, Thomas, 1008
Pesagno, Emanuel, 21
Peter (slave), 152
Peter, Rev. Hugh, 271, 277
Peters, Richard, 552, 557, 561, 562, 566
Peters, Samuel, 1069
Phelps, Charles, 1381, 1533
Philadelphia, College of. See Pennsylvania,
University of
Philips, Richard, 737, 738
Philipse, Adolph, 465
Philipse, Frederick, 384, 433, 435, 445, 468,
476, 535, 645, 646, 831
Philipse manor, 53536, 537
Phillip II (King), 37, 34547, 352, 353
Phillips, Samuel, 1021
Phillips, Gen. William, 1322, 1458
Philosophical Dictionary and Philosophical
History (Voltaire), 110001
Philosophical Letters (Voltaire), 1101
1605
1605
1605
Phips, Lady, 456, 457
Phips, Sir William, 371, 426, 442, 443, 449,
452, 453, 455, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461,
479
Pickering, Timothy, 1084
Pickins, Col. Andrew, 1423, 1431, 1438,
1444, 1445, 1449, 1452, 1453, 1454
Pierce, John, 160
Pierce, William, 72
Pierson, Rev. Abraham, 282, 325, 494
Pinhorne, William, 445
Pinckney, Charles, 595
Pirenne, Henri, 31
Pitcairn, Maj. John, 1090, 109293, 115556
Pitt, Fort, 786
Pitt, William, 715, 724, 732, 74445, 748,
75462ff., 79295, 805, 807, 809, 845,
847, 856, 908, 91214, 91617, 920,
92425, 930, 94142, 946, 97476,
978, 986, 103940, 1350
Pitt, William the Younger, 1136
Pizarro, Francisco, 27
Plan of the Proposed Union Between
Great Britain and the Colonies, 1061
Plan of Regulation, 99495
Plan of 1776, 1347, 1349
Plantation Duty Act (1673), 704
plantation economy, 574, 594, 595, 596, 616
plantations, 532, 553
Plan of Union, 731
Plowman, Matthew, 431, 433
Plymouth, founding, 16064; decline, 27376
Plymouth Company, 42, 43, 44, 159
pocket boroughs, 537, 701, 702
Pointe Aux Trembles, 1165
Polk, Thomas, 997
Pollock, Thomas, 130, 135
Polly, 829, 876
Polo, Marco, 21, 23
Pontiacs Rebellion, 784, 786, 788, 792
Poole, Robert, 96
Popham, Sir John, 43
Popple, William, 466
Popular (Smugglers) Party, 802
Porter, Edmund, 59
Porter, John, 142
Portland (Whig), 847
Portolano, Laurentian, 21
postal service, 63942. See also individual
colonies
Pott, Francis, 82
Potter, Robert, 194
Potter, William, 627
Pownall, John, 789, 856, 1038
Pownall, Thomas, 732, 74950
Poynet, John, 1097
Pratt, Charles, 84546
Prence, Elizabeth, 275
Prence, Thomas, 273, 274
Prendergast, William, 92729, 1107
Prerogative (Court) Party, 802
Presbyterianism, 521, 523, 661
Presbyterians, 551, 552, 553, 554, 573, 654,
658, 661, 662, 663, 668, 683; New Side,
665, 667, 695; Old Side, 662, 664, 1180,
1183, 1201, 1423
Prescott, Samuel, 1092
Presque Isle, 785
press-gangs, 718, 719
Preston, Richard, 72
Preston, Thomas, 96365
Prevost, Gen. Augustine, 1421, 1422, 1423,
1424, 1425, 1426
Price, Benjamin, 487, 489, 490
Price, Reverend Richard (Observations on
the Nature of Civil Liberty), 135152,
1561
Prideaux, John, 746
Prince, Benjamin, 967
Prince, Mary, 239
Princeton (College of New Jersey), 556,
661, 662, 665, 667, 695, 984, 1099,
1165, 1284, 1362
Printz, Johan, 312, 316
Pritchett, Jeremiah, 1006, 1006
Privy Council (British), 530, 550, 568, 602,
640, 652, 700, 705, 709
Proclamation Line of 1763, 78890, 846
Proclamation of Rebellion, 1231, 1264, 1267
Proctor, John, 666
Proctor, William, 941
Prohibitory Act, 1352
Proprietary, feudalist, 531, 53438, 552,
686; joint, 526, 527
1606
1606
1606
proprietary rule, 52829, 557, 558, 560, 561,
569, 574, 58991, 59901, 607, 700, 733
proprietors, resident, 54550ff.
proprietorship, 530, 548
Protestants, 518, 539, 598, 610, 654, 664,
686
Providence Gazette, 815, 817, 861, 874,
953, 1017
pseudowarehouse receipts, 622, 623
Prudden, Rev. Peter, 221
Ptolemy, 21
Pufendorf, Samuel, 522, 803, 813
Pugh, James, 1008
Pulaski, Count Casimir, 1234, 1426
Pulaski, Count Joseph, 1234
Puritan church, decline of, 51819, 520,
521, 655; tax-supported, 518, 519, 523,
666
Puritans, 516, 518, 523, 528, 553, 616, 656,
664, 680, 681, 686
Puritan theocracy, 520, 654, 657
Purviance, Samuel, 1206
Putnam, Israel, 905, 1153, 1155, 1302,
1303, 1304, 1305, 1307, 1309, 1330
Putnam, Joseph, 456
Pyle, Col. John, 1449, 1450
Pynchon, John, 233, 370n, 376, 381
Pynchon, William, 219, 233, 252, 253, 269,
286
Quakers, 519, 523, 524, 551, 552, 555,
55761, 562, 563, 566, 567, 568, 569,
570, 572, 573, 616, 636, 649, 650, 652,
655, 664, 67278, 696, 727, 732, 733,
734, 741, 744, 745, 1183, 119293,
1250, 1276, 1277, 1282; Society for the
Promotion of the Abolition of Slavery,
1250
Quaker Committee of Sufferings, 1070
Quarles, Benjamin (The Negro in the Amer-
ican Revolution), 1573
Quartering Act, 1039
quartering troops, 570, 744, 749, 750, 751
Quary, Robert, 502, 503, 504, 796
Quebec, 116366, 1172
Quebec Act, 104043, 1063
Queen Annes War. See War of the Spanish
Succession
Queens Own Loyal Virginia Regiment, 1197
Quincy, Josiah, Jr., 970, 1100
quitrent, 531, 545, 546, 548, 552, 557, 568,
575, 576, 577, 581, 589, 590, 591, 592,
593, 602, 603, 606, 607, 611, 613, 636,
686, 700, 727, 729
Radical ideology school of history, 1119
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43
Ramsay, David, 1114
Rand, William, 695
Randolph, Edmund, 1517
Randolph, Edward, 139, 356, 357 358, 359,
361, 362, 363, 365,366, 36772, 373,
374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 412, 413,
414, 416, 417, 420, 424, 426, 427, 460,
463, 469, 479, 480, 481, 486, 491, 502,
704
Randolph, John, 863
Randolph, Peter, 89697
Randolph, Peyton, 824, 840, 863, 948,
1052, 107273, 1088
Rankin, James, 1281
Ratcliffe, Phillip, 18283
Rationalis, 911
Rawdon, Lord, 1429, 1431, 1436, 1446,
145253, 1454
Rawle, Francis, 636
Rayner, Rev. Mr., 198, 247
Reals, Corte, 25
Read, George, 1282, 1385
Reade, Charles, 823
Redressers, 1006
Reed, Joseph, 1047, 1276, 1279, 1281,
1304, 1306, 1376, 1397, 1501
Reformed (Calvinist), 555, 556
Regulator movement, North Carolina,
9971009, 1088, 1106, 1109
Regulator movement, South Carolina, 99196
Reid, John, 1110
Reid, William, 101617
Reich, Jerome, 435n, 475n
Relating to Negroes, 673
religious hatred, 553
1607
1607
1607
religious liberty, 518, 519, 52425, 574,
609, 654, 666, 681, 696, 738, 740. See
also freedom of religion
Remonstrance and Petition (N.Y. Assem-
bly), 819
representation, legislative, 57273, 593,
600, 609, 63738, 70102
Representation of the Clergy of the
Church of England, 839
Restraining Act of June 1767, 924
Reubens, Beatrice E. (Preemptive Rights in
the Disposition of a Confiscated Estate:
Philipsburg Manor, New York),
154647, 1572
Revenue Act. See American Revenue Act
Revere, Paul, 173, 1031, 1043, 104546,
1061, 1065, 1085, 1092
Revolution, American, 109293, 109899,
111314, 111620
Reynolds, Donald E. (Ammunition Supply
in Revolutionary Virginia), 1457, 1471
Reynolds, John, 617
Rhett, William, 600, 601
Rhoda, 828
Rhode Island, 532, 616, 706, 711, 731, 748;
Assembly, 524, 525, 652, 732, 1180, 1185,
1186, 1247; founding, 185209, 700; edu-
cation in, 524; militia, 52425; money in,
631, 632, 635, 63637; newspapers in,
652; postal service in, 641; prohibition of
slavery, 1550; religion in, 52425, 654,
662, 663, 684; slavery in, 53233, 673,
676; shift from liberty, 21017; after Glo-
rious Revolution, 47881
Rhode Island College, 663
Rhode Island Resolves, 890
Ribiero, Samuel Nunez, 616
rice, 532, 581, 595, 596, 616, 625, 704, 710
Rich, Robert, 43
Richards, John, 370, 371
Richards, William, 885
Richardson, Ebenezer, 96263, 965
Richardson, Richard, 996
Richardson, Samuel, 410
Richardson, Thomas, 954
Richelieu, Cardinal, 234
Richmond, Lord, 917, 942, 978
Riemersma, Jelle C., 32n
Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and
Proved, The (Otis), 813
Rights of the Colonies Examined (Hopkins),
816
Riot Act, 1008
Risbee, Col., 141
Rising, Johan, 316
Ritcheson, Charles R. (British Politics and
the American Revolution), 1234, 1575
Rittenhouse, David, 1279, 1371, 1375, 1473
Rivington, James, 107981
Roan, John, 661
Robbins, Caroline (The Eighteenth Century
Commonwealthman), 1263, 1352, 1556
Roberdeau, Col. Daniel, 1279, 1281, 1491
Roberts, Amos, 547, 548, 549
Robinson, Beverly, 1389, 1543, 1546
Robinson, Charles, 100203
Robinson, Edward, 72
Robinson, George, 538
Robinson, Henry, 627
Robinson, Isaac, 275
Robinson, James, 582
Robinson, Rev. John, 275, 726, 727, 728,
817, 82729, 863, 864, 87677, 881,
939, 958, 965, 1016
Robinson, Samuel, 1105
Robinson, Silas, 1106
Robinson, William, 243, 245
Robson, Eric (The American Revolution in
Its Political and Military Aspects), 1156,
1571
Rochambeau, Comte de, 1394, 145960,
1461
Rockingham, Marquis of, 794, 844,
90717, 91920, 93941, 953, 971,
975, 978, 1028, 1040, 1231, 1468, 1475
Rodney, Ceasar, 128283, 1291, 1385
Rodney, Adm. Sir George, 140001, 1460,
1475
Rogers, Nathaniel, 962, 965, 983
Rolfe, John, 62
Roman Catholics, 525, 544, 552, 609, 654,
695, 738, 741, 763, 764, 1285, 1373,
1388, 1554, 1565
Rome, George, 816
1608
1608
1608
Roseman, Kenneth R. (Thomas Mifflin and
the Politics of the American Revolution),
1573
Rosewell, William, 481
Romney, 93839
Rossiter, Clinton, 1099, 1119
rotten boroughs, 535, 701, 702
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 110003, 1235
Rowe, Jacob, 652
Rowe, John, 1031
Royal Commission of Inquiry, 1018, 102223
Royal Foresters, 1195
Royce, John, 490
Royle, Joseph, 865
Rude, George (Wilkes and Liberty), 1232,
1575
Rudyard, Thomas, 393, 394, 395
Rugg, Winifred, 195
Ruggles, Timothy, 814, 89192, 1068, 1070
Rule, Margaret, 458, 459
Rush, Dr. Benjamin, 1282, 1337, 1339,
1344, 1359, 1361, 1374, 1492
Russell, James, 370n, 414, 457
Russell, Richard, 245
Rutland, Robert A. (George Mason: Reluc-
tant Statesman), 1273, 1572
Rutledge, Edward, 1054, 106162, 1073,
1290, 1291, 1382
Rutledge, John (President), 973, 1015,
1055, 1066, 1073, 120607, 1230,
1267, 1382, 1383, 1424, 1527, 1552
Sabbatarians, 525
St. John, James, 60203
salutary neglect, 705, 721, 723, 749, 757,
765, 766
Salter, Richard, 489, 491
Saltonstall, Nathaniel, 370n, 376, 456
Saltonstall, Rev. Gurdon, 482, 483
Saltonstall, Sir Richard, 208, 234
Saltonstall, Richard, Jr., 370n
Salvadore (slave), 152
Sandford, William, 490
Sandiford, Ralph, 67374
Sandoval, Alonzo de, 75
Sandy Creek Association, 663
Sandys, Sir Edwin, 43, 54, 55, 60, 166
Sassacus, 227, 229
Saunders, Charles, 746
Savage, Thomas, 370n
Savannah Indians, 606
Savile, George (Marquis of Halifax), 365, 366
Saybrook Platform (1708), 523
Saye and Sele, Lord, 166, 218
Scarborough, Charles, 147
Schuyler manor, 537, 541
Schuyler, Peter, 435, 436, 465, 473, 476
Scipio (slave), 152
Scotch-Irish. See Ulster Scots
Scott, Catherine, 196, 197, 216, 217, 241, 242
Scott, John Morin, 322, 649
Secker, Thomas, 680, 681
Sedgwick, Robert, 236, 253, 269
sedition, 617, 640
seditious libel, 643, 644, 645, 646, 647,
649, 650, 652
seigniorage, 622, 627
Selyus, Rev. Mr., 446
Separatists, 660
Sequin, 228
settlers, 526, 52728, 531, 54546, 575,
592, 602, 618
Seven Years War. See French and Indian War
Sewall, Samuel, 414, 417, 457, 459, 518,
637, 656
Shaftesbury, Earl of, See Sir Anthony Ash-
ley Cooper
Shattuck, Samuel, 246
Shaw, Tom, 152
Shawnee Indians, 745
Shelton, Richard, 600
Shepard, Rev. Thomas, 182, 248
Sherlock, Thomas, 68081
Shirley, William, 638, 709, 713, 71617,
718, 71920, 725, 731, 732, 733,
73435, 738, 743, 744
Short, Capt., 460
Shrimpton, Samuel, 414, 425
Shute, Governor, 642
Shy, John W. (American Historians and
the Military History of the American
Revolution), 1149
Sidney, Algernon, 68688, 694
1609
1609
1609
Sille, Micasius de, 324
silver, 621, 622, 623, 625, 629, 630, 631,
633, 635, 636
Sioux Indians, 587
Sisbey, Capt., 72
Skelton, Rev. Samuel, 174, 183
Skene, Alexander, 601
Skene, John, 400
Slater, Edward, 392, 393, 489
slave code, 53233
slavery, 51618, 53233, 584, 586, 587,
588, 599, 605, 606, 612, 71415, 764;
abolition of, 518, 533, 67278. See also
individual colonies
slaves, 574, 711, 739; manumission of, 585;
rebellion of, 517, 54244, 585, 586,
59698; runaway, 51718, 542, 585,
597, 598, 607. See also Negro slaves
Sloughter, Henry, 437, 444, 445, 446, 447,
461
Smith, Abbot E., 72n
Smith, John, 59, 62
Smith, Landgrave Thomas, 141
Smith, Matthew, 571, 572
Smith, Rev. Ralph, 183, 198
Smith, Richard, 676
Smith, Sir Thomas, 40, 41, 43, 44, 57, 65
Smith, William, 445, 465, 468, 473, 475,
476, 537, 543, 556, 566, 568, 646, 649,
650, 65152, 670, 682
Smith, William, Jr., 475
smuggling, 704, 722, 723, 748, 749, 751
Sothel, Seth, 129, 130, 135, 136, 137
Soto, Hernando de, 27
South Carolina, 12125, 13538, 14042,
552, 575, 587, 589, 591, 60506, 611,
615, 617, 730, 741, 742, 757; as royal
province, 601, 602; Assembly, 596, 597,
600, 601, 602, 603, 604; Council 102,
601, 603; immigration to, 598; land
grants in, 60204; militia, 597, 598,
599, 601, 700; money in, 626, 631, 635,
637; newspapers in, 652, 660; propri-
etary rule in, 59901, 602, 603, 605,
606, 607, 631; religion in, 654, 662,
663; slavery in, 59598, 599, 606, 613
South Carolina Gazette, 660
Southampton, Earl of, 65, 159
Southeby, William, 672, 673
Southwell, Sir Robert, 356, 426, 427
Southwick, Lawrence, 240
Spain, 558, 559, 597, 601, 605, 606, 607,
61415, 616, 617, 621, 625, 626, 630, 644,
654, 714, 752, 756, 758, 760, 763, 765
specie, 622, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 631,
632, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637
Spottswood, Alexander, 143, 574, 575, 585,
587, 642, 652
squatters, 527, 545, 546, 549, 552, 560
Squire, Samuel, 705
Staats, Jochim, 436, 473
St. Castine, Baron de, 421
Standish, Miles, 163, 164, 233, 273
Staple Act (1663), 704
Stearns, Shubal, 663
Steenwyck, Cornelius, 338
Stevenson, Marmaduke, 243, 245
Stewart, Lazarus, 571
Stewart, John, 489
Stileman, Elias, 363, 364
Stoddard, Anthony, 269
Stol, Joost, 434, 437, 446
Stone, Capt., 227
Stone, Rev. Samuel, 271
Stone, William, 116, 117
Stoughton, Israel, 172
Stoughton, William, 368, 369, 370n, 372,
374, 376, 416, 421, 424, 425, 449, 453,
454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 461, 463,
466, 471, 472, 628
Stuyvesant, Balthazar, 324
Stuyvesant, Peter, 235, 297, 308, 309, 310,
312, 313, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320,
322, 323, 324, 332
Sugar Act (1739), 712
supply and demand, 582, 623, 629
Surez, Francisco, 56
Swan, Matthew, 93
Swann, Thomas, 93
Sylvius, Aeneas, 23
taking up land, 553
Talbot, John, 679
1610
1610
1610
Talbot, Richard, 132
Tarleton, Col. Banastre, 1428, 1429, 1432,
143637, 1440, 1441, 1443, 1444,
1445, 1446, 1448
taxes, 525, 529, 536, 549, 550, 553, 555,
565, 567, 568, 570, 574, 581, 585, 591,
593, 594, 612, 629, 632, 637, 641, 644,
680, 700, 704, 713, 719, 720, 730, 733,
734, 750, 754, 761
Taylor, John, 668, , 962, 1069
Taylor, William, 391
Tea Act, 102627, 1029, 1036, 1039
Tea tax, 97778, 980, 986, 1024, 1035, 1115
Tedyuschung, Chief, 570
Temple, Earl, 757, 758, 760, 761, 790, 794,
845, 847, 91314, 917, 942
Temple, John, 806, 82829, 882, 908
Temple, Thomas, 270
Ten Eyck, Henry, 1106
tenants, manorial, 535, 536
tenant uprisings, 537, 538, 539, 541,
54647, 54849
Tennent, Gilbert, 658, 659
Test Oath, 568, 569
Thacher, Peter, 1085
Thacher, Oxenbridge, 802, 813, 826,
86768, 873, 893
Thayer, Theodore (Nathanael Greene: Strate-
gist of the American Revolution), 1573
Thomas, Gen. John, 1140, 1209
Thompson, Gen. William, 1166
Thomas, George, 558, 559, 560
Thomlinson, John, Jr., 90910
Thomlinson, John, Sr., 90910
Thompson, David, 163, 224
Thompson, Gen. William, 1166
Thomson, Charles, 885, 982, 985,
104647, 1064
Thornton, Timothy, 630
Thorpe, Otto, 111, 112
Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discon-
tents (Burke), 1098
Three Rivers, 1166
Throckmorton, John, 215
Throckmorton, Rebecca, 217
Thurston, Thomas, 365
Tilghman, James, 885
Tillotson, John, 671
Tilton, Peter, 370n
Timothy, Peter, 956, 973, 1054
To the Betrayed Inhabitants
(McDougall), 967
tobacco, 532, 574, 58183, 584, 589, 595,
596, 621, 625, 626, 632, 704, 710
tobacco notes, 632
Tolles, Frederick B. (The American Revo-
lution Considered as a Social Move-
ment: A Re-evaluation), 1575
tomahawk right, 553
Tomkins, Mary, 91, 247
Tony (slave), 120
Torkillus, Rev. Reorus, 312
Torrey, Rev. Samuel, 341, 457
Toscanelli, Paolo dal Pozzo, 23
Tour, Claude de la, 234
Tourtellot, Arthur (Lexington and Con-
cord), 1131, 1570
Townshend Acts, 93036, 938, 940, 942,
945, 947, 94950, 960, 962, 97781,
983, 98687, 1013, 1015, 1024, 1036,
1044
Townshend, Charles, 790, 794, 796,
80506, 857, 912, 917, 92425,
93031, 936, 976
Townsend, Harry, 319
Townsend, Samuel, 648
Treat, Robert, 429
Treaty of Paris, 1478; United States-Great
Britain Treaty, 1477, 1478
trade restrictions, 524, 721, 757
Transylvania Company, 1365, 1402
Trecothick, Barlow, 91011, 914, 919, 941,
978
Trenchard, John, 649, 681, 686, 69093,
848, 1097, 1120
Trent, William, 1364
Trevelyan, George Otto (The American
Revolution), 1298, 1307
triangular trade, 711
Trott, George, 868
Trott, Nicholas, 600, 601
Truman, Thomas, 101
Trueman, Thomas, 1080
Turgot, 1561
1611
1611
1611
Turnbull, Andrew, 763
Turnbull, Col. George, 1431
Turner, Nathaniel, 223
Turner, Robert, 502
Tuscarora Indians, 587, 588, 589, 590, 599
Tyler, Moses Coit (Patrick Henry), 1268
Tyler, Lyon G., 842
Tyler, Royal, 644
Twopenny Acts, 83840, 842
Tryon, William (Gov.), 897, 951, 9991004,
100608, 110607, 110911, 1175,
118990, 1296, 1315, 1316, 1394, 1396
Tyng, Edward, 376, 377, 415
Tyng, Jonathan, 376, 377, 415, 421
Tyng, William, 253
Tyton, John, 811
Ulloa, Antonio de, 765
Ulster Scots, 55154, 555, 556, 558, 560,
567, 568, 569, 571, 572, 573, 594, 661,
655, 661, 663
Uncas, 201, 344, 347
Underhill, John, 192, 314, 326
Unitarianism, 669, 694
United Brethren. See Moravians
United States Constitution, 1357, 1385, 1388
Upshall, Nicholas, 239, 241, 246
Ury, Jphn, 54344
Usher, John, 376, 377, 415, 416, 424, 428,
429, 460, 464, 466, 467, 472, 473, 474
Usselincx, William, 296, 311
Utrecht, Peace of (1713), 713, 714, 715,
736, 737
Van Alstyne, Richard W. (Empire and Inde-
pendence: The International History of
the American Revolution), 1574
Van Cortlandt, Augustus, 1105
Van Cortlandt manor, 535, 53637
Van Cortlandt, 0.S., 374
Van Cortlandt, Pierre, 927
Van Cortlandt, Stephanus, 424, 425, 426,
427, 435, 455, 458, 463
van der Capellen tot de Pol, J. D., 1235,
1562; An Address to the Netherlands Peo-
ple, 1562
Van der Donck, Adrien, 303
van der Kemp, Reverend, 1562
Van Dincklagen, Lubbertus, 292
Van Every, Dale (A Company of Heroes: The
American Frontier, 17751783), 1415,
1571
Van Meter, John, 576
Van Nieuwenhuysen, Rev. Mr., 373
Van Rensselaer, 92728
Van Rensselaer, Kiliaen, 291
Van Rensselaer manor, 535, 536, 538, 539
Van Rensselaer, Rev. Nicholas, 372, 373,
378, 455, 466
Van Rensselaer, Robert, 1319, 1410
Van Schaack, Henry, 888
Van Schaack, Peter, 983
Van Tenhoven, 295
Van Twiller, Wouter, 291, 292
Van Tyne, C. H. (The Loyalists in the Amer-
ican Revolution), 1541
Venango, Fort, 785
Vane, Sir Henry, 180, 181, 193, 200, 201,
202, 203, 204, 218, 267, 687
Vassal, Samuel, 112
Vassall, William, 263
Vaughan, William, 351, 354, 418, 419, 724
Vauquellin, Robert, 383
Ver Steeg, Clarence L. (The American
Revolution Considered as an Economic
Movement), 1575; (Robert Morris, Rev-
olutionary Financier: With an Analysis of
His Earlier Career), 1573
Verin, Joshua, 17879
Vermilge, Johannes, 436
Vermont, 531, 539
Vernon, Samuel, 87576
Varnum, Gen. James, 1336, 1515, 1516
Vergennes, Comte Charles Gravier de,
1226, 1227, 1346, 1348, 1349, 1474,
1475, 1476, 1477
Vermont, 129697, 153033; constitution,
138081, 1550; Cow War, 1530,
1533; General Assembly, 1381, 1532;
grants, 1380, 1532; negotiations with
Great Britain, 1531
Verrazano, Giovanni da, 17
Vesey, Rev. William, 459, 465
1612
1612
1612
Vespucci, Amerigo, 16, 19
Vetch, Samuel, 736
Vicars, Robert, 382, 383
Vindex, 965
Vindication of Natural Society, A (Burke), 1077
Vindication of the British Colonies, A (Otis),
816
Vines, Richard, 215
Virginia, 552, 616, 652, 733, 741, 746;
after Bacons Rebellion, 13443; Assem-
bly, 574, 575, 585, 587, 734, 1194,
1198, 1365, 1457, 1458, 1483, 1485;
Committee of Safety, 1220; Council of
Safety, 1206, 1268; convention, 1198,
1217, 1219, 1269, 1270, 127172,
1273, 1363, 1501; Council, 574, 585,
652, 727, 729, 783; General Court, 662;
House of Delegates, 154041; Indian
relations, 8592; land system, 57577,
72528, 732; militia, 585, 586, 729,
734; money in, 626, 627, 631, 632, 636;
newspapers in, 652; planters, 5758;
postal service in, 641; proprietors in,
574; religion in, 6870, 574, 654, 661,
662, 663, 664, 685; servants, 6062;
slavery in, 6367, 574, 578, 581,
58486, 595, 673, 676; tobacco crop,
58183, 584, 595, 632; vote, right to,
525, 574, 585, 764; voting freehold
property qualification for, 525, 533, 537,
593, 702; religious test for, 518; royal
government, 7176; secret ballot, 536,
579
Virginia Association, 105354, 1063
Virginia Company, 34, 35, 4354, 55, 56,
73, 86, 150, 156, 161
Virginia Declaration of Rights, 127273,
1293, 1373
Virginia Gazette, 865, 895, 1053
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography,
1457, 1571
Virginia Resolves, 86467, 889
Vitoria, Francisco de, 18
Voltaire, 10991101, 1235
von Breymann, Lt. Col. Henrich, 1324, 1329
von Knyphausen, Gen. Wilhelm, 1333,
1395, 1396, 1427
von Riedesel, Maj. Gen. Baron, 1324, 1330
von Steuben, Gen. Baron, 1338, 1339,
1344, 1449, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1525
Waddell, Hugh, 100608
Wadsworth, Benjamin, 517, 518
Wahanganoche, 90
Wainscott, 828
Waldo, Samuel, 709, 717, 718, 719, 720
Waldron, Richard, III 343, 351, 352, 353,
354, 418, 419, 530
Walker, Henderson, 131
walking purchase, 558, 560, 570, 745
Wallace, Willard M. (Appeal to Arms: A
Military History of the American Revolu-
tion), 1093, 1159, 1570
Walpole family, 858
Walpole, Horace, 1321, 1401, 1467
Walpole, Horatio, 681
Walpole, Robert, 680, 70405, 712, 713,
715, 716, 721, 722, 728, 756, 759, 765,
781, 793, 911
Wanton, Joseph, Jr., 817, 1018, 1185, 1247
warehouse receipts, 622, 623, 632
War of Jenkins Ear, 714, 715
War of the Austrian Succession. See King
Georges War
War of the Polish Succession, 714
War of the Spanish Succession (Queen
Annes War), 539, 559, 575, 631, 706,
715, 736
Ward, Artemas, 1132, 1133, 1140, 1146,
1147, 1148, 1152, 1153, 115455,
1156, 1206, 1209, 1506
Ward, Christopher (The War of the Revolu-
tion), 1159, 1304, 1435, 1439, 1570
Ward, Henry, 890, 1022
Ward, Joshua, 1383
Ward, Rev. Nathaniel, 166
Ward, Richard, 636
Ward, Samuel, 81718, 830, 877, 1051,
1060, 1185, 1240, 1244, 1247
Warner, Edward, 327
Warner, Seth, 1106, 111011
Warner, Lt. Col. Seth, 1141, 1142, 1160,
116162, 1163, 1322, 1324, 1329
1613
1613
1613
Warren, James, 1020, 1083
Warren, Dr. Joseph, 944, 946, 970, 1020,
1030, 1044, 1061, 1083, 108586,
109293, 1132, 1133, 1135, 1136,
1140, 1144, 1146, 115455
Warrington, Thomas, 840, 842
Warwick, Earl of, 54, 194
Washburn, Wilcomb, 93n
Washington family, 783, 789
Washington, George, 728, 729, 730, 732,
734, 880, 899, 937, 948, 1037, 1053,
1060, 1072, 108788, 1146, 1147,
1148, 1149, 1152, 1153, 115759,
1160, 1164, 1175, 1181, 1186, 1190,
1205, 1206, 1208, 1209, 1211, 1213,
1230, 1248, 1249, 1251, 1256, 1264,
1269, 1270, 1287, 1295, 1296,
130102, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306,
1307, 130910, 131112, 1313, 1314,
1315, 1316, 1317, 132324, 1327,
1329, 1332, 133334, 1335, 1336,
1337, 1338, 1339, 1341, 134243,
1344, 1346, 1353, 1393, 1394, 1395,
1396, 1397, 1398, 1408, 1409, 1410,
1414, 1419, 1420, 1428, 1434, 1442,
1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461,
1478, 1479, 1480, 1492, 1493, 1502,
1504, 1517, 1518, 1520, 1521, 1522,
1525, 1526, 1532, 1533, 1553, 1557
Washington, John, 90, 103
Washington, Lt. Col, William, 1443, 1444,
1445, 1448, 1450, 1451, 1453, 1462
Waterhouse, Samuel, 957
Watkins, Hezekiah, 648
Watkins, May, 448
Watson, Charles, 61617
Watson, Col. John, 1452, 1453
Watson, Luke, 323
Watson-Wentworth, Charles. See Marquis
of Rockingham
Watts, John, 789
Waugh, Dorothy, 309
Way, John, 927
Wayne, Gen. Anthony (Mad Anthony),
1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1341, 1342,
1344, 1394, 1397, 1459, 1462
Weare, Nathaniel, 355, 418, 419
Weatherhead, Mary, 309
Weaver, Thomas, 464
Webb, Philip Carteret, 84546, 848
Webber, John, 87677
Webb, Stephen Saunders (Review of the
Browns Virginia 170586), 1271
Webster, Pelatiah, 149293, 1505
Wedderburn, Alexander, 760, 761, 1075
Weekly Post-Boy, 895
Weigley, Russell F. (The Partisan War: The
South Carolina Campaign of
17801782), 1444, 1571
Weiser, John Conrad, 540, 541, 559, 560
Weld, Rev. Thomas, 183
Wenham, Thomas, 465
Wentworth, Benning, 530, 531, 710, 804,
909, 1051, 1104
Wentworth family, 70910
Wentworth, John (Gov.), 530, 710, 909,
953, 1107, 1244, 1541
Wertenbaker, Thomas Jefferson, 93n, 172
Wesley, John, 659
West Indies, 605, 625, 710, 711, 712, 713,
715, 716, 721, 748, 754, 755
Westminster Massacre, 1112
Western lands, 136263, 1364, 1365, 1366,
1367; skirmishes on, 146465, 1527,
1548, 1558; Virginias claims to,
148384, 148586
Westo Indians, 605, 606, 760
West, John (Mass.), 402, 403, 405, 408, 414
West, John (Va.), 72
West, Robert, 207
Weston, Anthony, 395
Weston, Thomas, 150
Weymouth, George, 30, 31, 32
Weymouth, Viscount George, 942
Wharton, Edward, 235, 237
Wharton, Richard, 260, 279, 362, 363, 364,
366, 367, 368, 369, 403, 404, 405, 407
Wharton, Samuel, 1485, 1527
Wharton, Thomas, 1026, 1033, 1364,
1376, 1483
Whately, Thomas, 85355, 882
Wheelwright, Nathaniel, 831
Wheelwright, Rev. John, 180, 181, 188,
215, 216, 237
1614
1614
1614
Whig Society, 1375
Whigs, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1232, 1239,
1249, 1259, 1296, 1302, 1318, 1319,
1320, 1321, 1339, 134835, 1350,
1352, 1468, 1476, 147778, 1544; atti-
tude toward the Revolution, 113536
Whitaker, Rev. Alexander, 69
Whitby, Daniel, 668
Whipple, Abraham, 1017
White Oaks club, 884, 911
White Pine Act, 801, 804; (of 1711), 708;
(of 1722), 708
White, Alexander, 840, 842
White, Fr. Andrew, 106
White, John, 29, 30, 153, 158, 160
Whitefield, George, 65859, 660, 661, 663
Whitehead, Isaac, 381, 477
Whitehead, Samuel, 480
Whitfield, Rev. Henry, 211
Whitney, Peter, 1085
Whittaker, Benjamin, 602
Whyte, George, 1290
Wickham, Benjamin, 817
Wickes, John, 188, 189
Wieland, Christopher M. (Der Teutsche
Merkur), 1236
Wigglesworth, Edward, 656, 660
Wilbur, Shadrach, 408
Wilkes, John, 761, 762, 794, 84488,
94144, 968, 97075, 978, 1015, 1135,
1149, 1232
Wilkes movement, 807, 908, 94144, 971,
973, 977
Will (slave), 143
Willard, Rev. Samuel, 446, 447, 449, 516,
518, 520
Willcox, William B. (Portrait of a General:
Sir Henry Clinton in the War of Indepen-
dence), 1571
Willer, Samuel, 480
Willett, Marinus, 1175, 1325, 1326, 1414
Willett, Thomas, 434, 435, 458
William and Mary, College of, 556, 652,
83839
William and Mary of Orange, 121, 122,
139, 413, 415, 416, 417, 422, 423, 425,
426, 428, 433, 435, 451, 457, 471, 488
William and Mary Quarterly, 1236, 1303,
1546, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1575
Williams, Abijah, 1057
Williams, Ann, 207
Williams, Col. Otho, 1448, 1449, 1450
Williams, Elisha, 694, 695
Williams, Israel, 1021
Williams, John, 1005
Williams, Jonathan, 1030
Williams, Robert, 205, 207
Williams, Roger, 17279, 180, 183, 185,
187, 189, 192, 193, 195, 197, 198, 200,
201, 202, 203, 304, 205, 206, 207, 218,
219, 223, 238, 239, 243, 268, 269, 334,
335, 336, 338, 339, 340, 341, 408, 525,
546, 652, 68485, 686
Williamsburg Committee of Safety, 1197
Williamson, Gen. Andrew, 1423
Williamson, Chilton (American Suffrage
from Property in Democracy,
17601860), 1243, 155960, 1575
Willing, James, 105253, 1230, 1244,
1274, 1278, 1281, 1290, 1291, 1359,
1363, 1364, 1367, 1375, 1376, 1491,
1501, 1519, 1521, 1527, 1415
Willing, Thomas, 1216, 122425, 1226,
1275, 1291
Willocks, George, 477, 481
Willoughby, Francis, 259
Willys, Samuel, 419, 472
Wilson, George, 81
Wilson, Rev. John, 181, 18283, 197, 231,
233, 234, 235, 248, 444
Wing, Mehitabel, 928
Winslow, Edward, 208, 263
Winslow, Josiah, 266, 337, 338, 347
Winthrop, Fitz-John, 326, 364, 366, 367,
369, 408, 409, 419, 433, 456, 471, 472
Winthrop, John, Jr., 159, 160, 162, 166,
170, 171, 175, 180, 181, 182, 183, 190,
191, 192, 220, 222, 224, 228, 230, 244,
261, 332, 208, 209, 223, 254, 255, 256,
268, 269, 270, 274, 326, 328, 364
Winthrop, John, Sr., 527, 627
Winthrop, Lucy, 367
Winthrop, Martha, 367
Winthrop, Stephen, 261
1615
1615
1615
Winthrop, Wait, 366, 367, 369, 414, 415,
439, 453, 456, 457, 461, 462, 628
Wisconsin Magazine of History, 1271
Wise, Rev. John, 406, 407, 446, 447, 519,
52122, 631
Wiswall, Rev. Ichabod, 408, 417
Witherspoon, Reverend Dr. John,
128485, 1362, 1492
Wolcott, Roger, 710
Wolfe, James, 746, 747
Wolff, Christian, 1099
Wood, Abraham, 88
Wood, Gordon S. (The Creation of the
American Republic, 17761787), 1574
Wood, Robert, 757, 846, 942
Wood, William, 811
Woodbridge, John, 627
Woodruff, John, 323
Woodward, Professor Bezaleel, 1246, 1381
Woolen Act (1699), 70506, 801, 809
Woolman, John, 67475, 676
Woodmason, Charles, 992, 994
Woolsey, Maj. Melanchthon, 141011
Wragg, William, 956
Wright, Gov. Sir James, 887, 898, 1055,
1067, 120102, 1422, 1424, 1541
Wright, James, 617
Wright, Louis B., 59n
Wright, Robert, 603
Writs of Assistance, 80102, 804
Wroth, Robert, 737
Wyatt, Francis, 72
Wyckoff, Simon, 547
Wyoming Valley Massacre, 1406, 1408
Wythe, George, 824, 840, 843, 863,
1217
Yale College, 523, 556, 657, 660, 661, 666,
680, 1099
Yamassee Indians, 587, 599600, 605, 606,
607
Yates, Abraham, 138990
Yeardley, George, 50, 87
Yeates, Robert, 811
Yeoman, Plain, 86162
York, Duke of, 641; See James II
Yorke, Charles, 845, 858, 912, 91516 Zenger, John Peter, 64547, 648, 649, 650
Yoshpe, Henry B. (The Disposition of Loyal- Zubly, John Joachim, 1216, 1230
ist Estates in the Southern District of the
State of New York), 1572
Young, Dr. Thomas, 970, 1014, 102021,
1108, 1279, 1280, 1371, 1375, 1380
Youngs, Rev. John, 212

1616

1616
1616