UNIT 1

1. Explain the basic purpose of call progress tones and signals.

2. With the help of block diagram explain basic call procedure, call progress tones and signals.
3. Differentiate between the cordless and standard telephone set.
4. How is caller identification achieved in telephone sets?
5. Draw the block diagram of an electronic telephone and explain it.
6. What is meant by telecommunication network?
7. Explain the main components of PSTN in brief.
8. What is the range of voice frequencies?
9. Define bandwidth.
10. Draw the block diagram of a telephone set and explain the each block.
11. Briefly discuss the features of a standard telephone set.
12. Define decibel.
13. Discuss the dialer unit of a telephone set.
14. Explain the battery system of d telephone system.
15. What are the elements of telecommunication system?
16. List the end systems of instruments of telecommunication systems.
17. List the various methods of transmission systems.
18. Explain the necessity of hybrid network in a telephone set.
19. Explain the DTMF (Dual Tone Multiple Frequency) keypad layout and frequency allocation used in it.
20. Explain how caller ID operates and when it is used.
21. Draw the block diagram of a telephone system and briefly describe the essential components of a Telephone
set.
22. Enumerate the functions of a telephone system.
23. Discuss the basic call procedure in brief.
24. Explain the cordless telephone with the help of block diagram.
25. Write the features of cordless telephone set.
26. Explain how caller ID operates and when it is used.
27. Describe the difference between the operation of a cordless telephone and a standard telephone.
28. What is the purpose of dual tone multifrequency and multi frequency signaling?
29. Describe the dial pulsing,
30. What is the difference between ringing and ring back signal?
31. List and briefly describe the essential components of a standard telephone set.
32. Write short notes on:
(i) Battery system
(ii) Pulse dialing and multi tone dialing
(iii) Hybrid network
(iv) Cordless telephone set
(v) Caller ID

UNIT 2

I. What i~ channel noise? Explain cross-talk and its sub-types.

2. Brietly describe Cvmessage noise weighting and its significance.
3. Briefly explain transmission parameters and private line circuits,
4. Explain the working of voice frequency circuit arrangement.
5. Explain. II hat is cross talk and how it could be reduced.
do tfderf'y ctrscuss a (oca( subscnber Ioop.
6. Write down the fundamental characteristics of local subscriber loop.
7. Discuss the limiting factors of subscriber local loop.
8. What components of the telephone system make up the local loop?
9. What are the two names for long distance switching stations?
10. What is the purpose of repeaters in long distance trunk lines?
11. What function does a hybrid circuit perform?
12. Explain loading coils and bridge taps and discuss effect on performance of a telephone circuit.
13. Briefly describe the difference between c-message weighting and psophometric noise weighting.
14. List the end instruments and its use.
16. What are the primary functions of transmission systems?
17. Define local loop and trunks.
18. What is known as singing? How singing C;Jn be reduced?
19. List various impairments which affect the signals.
20. Draw echo canceller circuit and explain.
21. Define noise related to telecommunication.
22. What are the various sources of impulse noise?
23. Discuss C-message weighting and describe its significance.
24. What is the difference between dB and dBm?
25. Enumerate the three categories of transmission parameters.
26. Discuss attenuation distortion; envelope distortion.
27. What is meant by line-conditioning?
28. What kind of circuits can have C-type line conditioning: D-type line-conditioning?
29. When is D-type conditioning IS mandatory? Discuss the limitations imposed with D-type conditioning.
30. What considerations are addressed by the interface parameters?
31. What considerations are addressed by the facility parameters?
32. What is the purpose of echo canceller and echo suppressor?
33. Describe what is meant by a two-wire circuit and four-wire circuit.
34. Discuss the units of power measurements.
35. H0W do yuu decide the maximum subscriber loop length?
36. What is the benefit to digital data links in using dedicated lines?
37. What is the TELCO bandwidth and specified line impedance?
38. What type of telephone lines can be conditioned?
39. What are the reference frequencies for gain variation and envelope delay measurements?
40. What are the tightest limits for conditioning that can be applied to telephone lines? What frequencies
do these limits apply to?
41. Explain the D-type line-conditioning and describe its main features.
42. What two electrical parameters are specified using D-conditioning?
43. What are the characteristics of a notch filter?
44. What is the difference between weighted and unweighted noise?
45. Enumerate the facility parameters.
46. What do you understand by voice frequency circuit arrangements and discuss various types of circuits?
47. Compare the four-wire voice frequency circuit with the two-wire frequency circuits.
48. Briefly discuss the function of a two-wire to four-wire hybrid set.
49. What do you understand by crosstalk in telephone system?
50. List and describe three types of crosstalk.
51. What are called crosstalk?
52. Explain briefly EXT and FEXT.
53. Explain the various types of distortion.
54. What is BORSCHT?
55. Consider a subscriber loop of 12 km long. The loop resistance is 1600 ohm. Calculate the d.c. loop
resistance and determine the cable gauge for the loop.
56. Explain the concept of inductive loading.

UNIT 3
3. Explain how the call is set up using SS7 signaling network.
4. Briefly describe interoffice trunk. tandem trunk and tandem switches.
5. Explain the telephone switching hierarchy in details.
6. Describe local central office telephone exchanges and operated assisted local exchange in delail.
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7. What is meant by SS7 signalling points? List and describe the three SS7 signalling points.
8. How is multiplexing of telephone channels achieved? What is FDM hierarchy?
9. Explain formation of groups, super group, master groups and radio channels.
10. Define composite baseband signal and describe the process of formation of radio channels.
] O. Discuss the public telephone network.
] I. Explain the typical telephone circuit route for the medium distance call.
@ Discuss the role of switching offices in the PSTN services.
13. List the end instruments and its use.
14. What are the primary functions of transmission systems')
15. Define local loop and trunks.
16. Discuss the subscriber line circuit in brief.
<ij). What are the two types of subscribers to the public telephone network? Briefly discuss them.
18. What is the use of multiplexing? List the various multiplexing techniques.
19. What are the limitations of manual exchanges?
~ With a block diagram. explain the functions of a step by step switching system.
21. Explain the routing of a local call with a suitable example and diagram.
22. List the disadvantage of strowger switching system.
23. What are the unique features of cross bar switches?
24. What is the basic principle of cross bar? With necessary diagrams explain the operation.
25. What are the different forms of signalling?
26. What is an automated central office switch?
~ Briefly describe the North American Telephone Switching hierarchy.
28. What are the purposes of telephone network signalling function?
9 Distinguish Inchannel signalling and CCS?
30. What are Inband and Outband Signalling?
~1. List the advantages and disadvantages of Inband Signalling?
32. Draw the CCS Signalling message formats.
3. What is STP, SSP and SCP
34. Draw SST network architecture.
35. What are the signalling link types?
36. Explain with necessary diagrams, each type of the voice frequency (YF) signalling.
37. Explain architecture of Tl link and DS-J frame format in relation to the PCM signalling.
38. What are the three ways of implementing CCS? Explain each types of signalling with neat diagrams.
39. List the advantages and disadvantages of CCS.
40. List the purpose and features of SS7.
41. Explain all the signalling link types of SS7 link architecture.
42. Explain with neat diagram the protocol architecture of SS7.
43. Name three types of signalling units used in SS7. With neat diagrams explain each fields associated
with the signalling units.
44. Discuss the telephone numbering plan and its importance.
45. Discuss the various ITU recommendations in numbering plan.
46. Explain the dialing plans for national numbering plan.
47. Write short notes on:

(a) Instruments (b) Local loop

(c) Trunks circuits (d) Exchanges
(e) Automated central office if) Subscriber line circuit
(g) Line finder and all otter (h) Telephone numbering plan
(i) Recommendation-E64 (j) Open and close dialing plans
(k) Subscriber signalling (I) Interexchange signalling
(m) Multiplexing (n) FDM
(0) WDM (P) SDM
ODD
1. Explain in detail about CODECS?
2. What is meant by TDM ? Describe brietly about statistical and synchronous TDM.
3. Explain CODECS and COMBO chips in detail.
4. Explain AT and T's FDM in detail.
S. Explain in detail about CCITT time division multiplexing.
6. Explain CODEC and COMBO chips in detail.
7. Assume a data stream is made of ten os (zeros). Encode this stream using following encoding:
(i) Polar NRZ-J
(ii) Monchester
(iii) Differential Monchester
(iv) HDB3.
8. Explain CCIT time division multiplexing in detail.
9. Explain T-I carrier system in detail.
10. Draw and explain the AT&T"s FDM hierarchy. Four digital data channels each transmitting 11
satellite channel of I MHz. Design an appropriate configuration using FDM.
II. In which type of multiplexing al e CODECS and Combo chips used. What is the difference betwi
of them ,) Explain the transmitter and receiver sectio.is of the CODECS with the help of block
12. Write short note on T Carriers.
13. Describe the DS hierarchy. How are T lines related to DS service? A DS-O signal has a data rate (
Where does this number come from?

Unit 4
1. Explain different modes of transmissions.
2. What do you understand by term communication? Explain electronic communication systems in brief.
3. Draw and explain the basic block diagram of communication system.
4. Compare the digital communication system with the analog communication system.
5. Describe the term channel in communication system.
6. Describes the fundamental limitations of communication system.
7. Draw the digital communication block diagram and explain the working of each block.
8. Explain the difference between digital and analog signals.
9. Define signal and explain how they are classified.
10. Write the advantages and disadvantages of digital communication system.
11. The SNR for a channel having I MHz bandwidth is 63. Calculate the following for this channel:
(i) Bit rate (ii) Signal level. [ADs. Bit rate = 6 Mbps and signal level = 35.99 dB]
12. What do you understand by data communication? Explain various communication modes.
13. Di cuss the various standards in data communication.
14. Describe in detail about data communication circuits.
15. Given a channel with an intended capacity of 20 Mbps and bandwidth of this is 3 MHz. Determine the
SNR
required in order to achieve this capacity. [Ans. 100 or 20 dB]
16. Determine the maximum bit rate for a channel having bandwidth of 3100 Hz and SNR is 20 dB. And
also
calculate the number of levels required to transmit at the maximum bit rate.
[Ans, Maximum bit rate=20.640 kbps. No. of levels = 16]
17. What does the Shannon capacity have to do with communication? Calculate the maximum bit rate for
the
noiseless channel with a bandwidth 3000 Hz transmitting a signal a signal with two signal levels.
(Hints: Capacity = BW x log, (1+ SNR), bit rate = 6kbps).
18. What is Nyquist theorem'? What is the bit rate, if we want to digitize the human voice, assuming 8 bits
per
sample?
19. Write the short notes on following:
(i) Digital Radio
(ii) Shannon's limit for information capacity
(iii) The advantages and disadvantages of digital communication system.
20. What is data encoding? How NRZ coding is implemented ?
21. How is differential Manchester encoding is different from others?
22. Define and explain Shannon limit theorem.
23. Consider a long sequence of 1 's followed by single 0 and then a long sequence of I' s. sketch the
waveform
for this sequence using the following method of representing symbols 1 and O. (Assume data stream-
111101111).
(i) On-off signaling
(ii) RZ signaling
(iii) NRZ signaling
(iv) Manchester code
(v) Differential Manchester encoding

25.
26.

24. Consider the binary data a II a I 00 I. Sketch the waveform for binary data, using following methods
representing symbols I and O.
(i) On-off signaling
(ii) RZ signaling
(iii) NRZ signaling
(iv) Manchester code
(v) Differential Manchester encoding

27. Explain the Manchester and Differential Manchester encoding with examples.
28. Name the various data encoding techniques used in data transmission system and explain one of them'
detail.
27. Write in detail about the Differential Manchester encoding.
28. What is data encoding? Explain Differential Manchester encoding with suitable examples,
29. What are the important factors to be considered before selecting a data encoding technique?
30. Explain unipolar encoding with an example. Give its disadvantages.
31. Explain the difference between Manchester and differential Manchester encoding with an example?
32. Define bipolar encoding?
33. Explain AMI encoding.
34. The following data stream is the unipolar encoded data. What is the data stream
35. The following data stream is NRZ-L encoded. What is the data stream?
36.What would be the data stream if the above stream was NRZ-I encoded')
37.What is the data stream if the stream below is RZ encoded?
38 What would have been the data stream if the above figure represented differential Manchester encoding
41. What would be the data stream if the above figure is pseudoternary encoding of the data stream?
42. What is the DC component?
43. Why is synchronization a problem in data communication?
44. How does NRZ-L differ from NRZ-I?
45. Discuss the two types of biphase encodi 19 in use on networks.
46. What is the major disadvantage in using NRZ encoding? How do RZ encoding and biphase encoding
attempt to solve the problem')
47. Given the data stream II 100 I 0 100. Sketch .he transmitted sequence of pulses for each of the
following line
codes:
(i) Unipolar nonreturn - to - zero.
(ii) Polar nonreturn - to - zero.
48. Explain the properties of line codes?
49. What are the drawbacks of NRZ coding?
50. Why transition is done always at the mid of the bit interval?
51. Define Line Coding.
52. Given the data stream I 1100 I 0100 sketches the transmitted sequence of pulse for each of the
following line
codes:
(i) Unipolar nonreturn .- to - zero.
(iii) Unipolar return - to - zero.
(I') Manchester code.
53. Write short notes on following:
(i) Line coding
(iii) Data rate and signal rate
(v) AMI
(vii) Shannon limit theorem
(ix) Advantages and disadvantages of RZ
(xi) D.C. component
me
(ii) Polar nonreturn - to - zero.
(iv) Bipolar return - to - zero.
(ii) Data element and data signal

(iv) NRZ- Land NRZ- I

( vi) The maximum Data rate of a channel

( viii) Nyquist's theorem

(x) Relationship between data rate and signal rate

(xii)
Synchronization in data encoding
UNIT 5
1. Explain the following:
IIJ RJ-4S
[2J ETA-449 digital interface
2. Discuss the v-series modem standards.
3. Define and explain Shannon limit theorem.
4. What is the maximum data rate of channel? Explain the theorems related to it.
5. What do you understand by physical layer interface and explain the functions of it.
6. Describe physical layer interface device RS-232.
7. What is the effect of limited bandwidth on digital signal?
8. Write about the various transmission media and derive the expression for Shannon limit on data rate.

9. What does the Shannon capacity have to do with communication? Calculate the maximum bit rate for
noiseless channel with a bandwidth 3000 Hz transmitting a signal a signal with two signal levels.
(Hints: Capacity = BW x log, (I + SNR), bit rate = 6kbps)
10. What is Nyquist theorem? What is the bit rate, if we want to digitize the human voice, assuming 8 bitsft
sample?
11. What does Shannon capacity have to do with communications?
12. Explain what crosstalk is and what is needed to reduce it?
13. What is the significance of Shannon capacity?
14. What are the functions of a DTE? What are the functions of a DCE? Give an example of each.
15. What standard organizations are involved in DTE-DCE interface standards? Name some popular DT
DCE standards.
16. What implementations of EIA-232 are available? How are they different?
17. What is the purpose of null modem? Describe the data pins of null modem.
18. How is X.21 able to eliminate most of the control circuits of EIA standards?
19. What factors affect the data rate of a link?
16. Define the bandwidth of a line. What is the bandwidth of a traditional telephone line?