5.3. Solubility HW

CyberEd Study Guide
Solubility & Precipitation

CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Solubility and Precipitation
The following National Science Education Standards relate to this study guide:
Solubility & Precipitation
The electron configuration of atoms governs the chemical properties of an

element as atoms interact with one another by transferring or sharing the
outermost electrons.
Atoms may be bonded together into molecules or crystalline solids, and
compounds are formed from chemical bonds between two or more different kinds
of atoms.
The physical properties of a compound are determined by its molecular structure
and the interactions among these molecules.
The number of electrons in an atom determines whether the atom is electrically
neutral or an ion.
A large number of important reactions involve the transfer of either electrons
(oxidation/reduction reactions) or hydrogen ions (acid/base reactions) between
reacting ions, molecules, or atoms.
Reaction rates depend on how often the reacting atoms and molecules
encounter one another, on the temperature, and on the properties--including
shape--of the reacting species.
Solids, liquids, and gases differ in the distances and angles between molecules
or atoms and therefore the energy that binds them together. In solids the
structure is nearly rigid; in liquids molecules or atoms move around each other
but do not move apart; and in gases molecules or atoms move almost
independently of each other and are mostly far apart.
Table of Contents
Introduction and Solution Review .................................................................................... 3

The Effect of Polarity on Solubility ................................................................................... 5
The Effect of Pressure on Solubility ................................................................................ 8
The Effect of Temperature on Solubility ........................................................................ 11
Dissolution and Precipitation: Equilibrium ..................................................................... 13
Dissolution and Precipitation: The Solubility Product Constant ..................................... 15
The Common Ion Effect and Solubility .......................................................................... 18
pH and Solubility ........................................................................................................... 20
Solubility Rules and Equations ...................................................................................... 22
Predicting Precipitate Formation ................................................................................... 24
Separating Substances from Mixtures........................................................................... 26
Conclusion and Review ................................................................................................. 31
Page 1 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Resources Referenced in this Study Guide
Software Programs
CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Solubility & Precipitation
Quizzes & Tests

All quizzes and tests referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching
Resources section of the CyberEd Oasis website.
Lab Activities
All lab activities referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching
Resources section of the CyberEd Oasis website.
Web Links
All web links referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching Resources
section of the CyberEd Oasis website.

Introduction and Solution Review
Solubility and Precipitation

Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Solubility & Precipitation.
View scenes 1 4 and complete the exercise below.
Review the basic principles of solutions.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 1
1. Deep Knowledge: The limestone cavern in
this picture was created by the chemical
processes covered in this lesson. What
are the three major topics of the scenes to
come?
Scene 2
2. Seeking Solutions: These pictures show solids and liquids poured
into solvents. Define the terms solution, solute and solvent,
referring to the illustrations. In both these images, what role does
water play?

Scene 3
3. Overcrowded: This picture illustrates the
analogy between supersaturation and a rock
concert with too many people in the
auditorium. Explain the concepts of
unsaturated, saturated and supersaturated
solution.
Scene 4
4. Competing Attractions: This graphic shows
a solid dissolving in water. What is the
general term for this kind of solution?
Discuss the three kinds of force involved in
maintaining such a solution, numbering
them as in the graphic. Which force must
be strongest in order for a solution to be
sustained?
Quiz: Introduction & Solutions Review

Please take the quiz provided by your teacher.
Quiz

The Effect of Polarity on Solubility

View scenes 5 - 10 and complete the exercise below.
Learn how the charge polarity of molecules influences their solubility.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 5
1. Sweeter When Hot: This graphic
shows how the solubility of sugar
in water varies with the
temperature of the water, as
pressure is held constant.
What is solubility? Describe
the illustrated experiment.
2. For Further Thought: How does the above experiment compare with your
experience sweetening hot tea versus tea that has cooled down to room
temperature?
Scene 6
3. Polar Opposites: This graphic shows how elements are
evaluated for their tendency to form polar or non-
polar bonds with each other. Describe polarity and
discuss how electronegativity is used to
determine bond type.

Scene 7
4. Polar Orientation: This graphic shows an
instance when the arrangement of polar
bonds leads to a polar molecule, and an
instance when the arrangement does not.
Discuss these examples.
Scene 8
5. Combinations: These pictures show the three possible combinations of polar and
non-polar liquids. What rule of thumb predicts for each case whether or not a
solution forms? When a combination does not form a solution, what is going on at
the molecular level? Supply specific examples with your answers.
Scene 9
6. Which vitamins are polar molecules and which are non-polar? How can you tell?

Scene 10
7. Dissociation Dance: This detailed graphic shows polar water molecules attacking
the solid ionic lattice of table salt. Discuss the dissociation of ionic compounds in
polar solvents, providing an example from the lesson.
8. For Further Thought: Petroleum reserves are sometimes pumped into natural salt
domes deep within the earth for storage. Why doesnt the oil seep through a
container made of salt?

The Effect of Pressure on Solubility

Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Solubility & Precipitation
Learn when and how the solubility of a compound is a function of pressure.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 11
1. Feeling the Pressure: This graphic
illustrates how equilibrium is
affected by pressure. For pressure
to have a significant effect on
solubility, what are the phases of solute
and solvent? Describe the equilibrium state
for the example in the scene, and the
transition in equilibrium as pressure is
increased.
Scene 12
2. Write a short summation of the penguin analogy. For Further Thought: The
analogy commits an error in accounting for gases escaping solution under
increased pressure. Can you find the mistake?

Chemical Reactions
Please load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Solubility & Precipitation
Complete Interactive Lesson # 1.
A review of ionic, polar, and nonpolar compounds.
Interactive
Lesson
Scene 13
3. Popping the Pop: This picture shows carbonated
soda pop bottled under pressure. What is the
condition of the gas in the soda? Explain what
happens when you pop the bottle cap.
Scene 14
4. Regarding Henry: This graphic
compares the solubility of a gas at
two different pressures, with
temperature held constant. State
and explain Henrys Law.

Scene 15
5. In the table below, apply Henrys Law by completing the calculations in scene 15.
Note the extra calculation for CO 2 solubility at 0.5 atm, the pressure at jet stream
elevation, about 18,000 feet. Also, explain molality, the unit for solubility.
P1 P2 S1 P2 S1 S2
=
(Pressure) (Pressure) (CO2 Solubility) P1 (CO2 solubility)
5 atm 3 atm 0.16 m
5 atm 1 atm 0.16 m
5 atm 0.5 atm 0.16 m
Chemical Reactions
Please load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Solubility & Precipitation.
Review the effects of pressure on solubility.
Interactive
Lesson

The Effect of Temperature on Solubility

Learn when and how the solubility of a compound is a function of solution
Multimedia temperature.
Presentation
Scene 16
1. Fish in Hot Water: This illustration shows
a power plant heat exchanger taking in
cool water, circulating it to absorb excess
heat from the power generation process,
and flushing the heated water back out. In
general, what is the effect of temperature
on the solubility of a gas? In the case of
power plant cooling, how is this effect
harmful to fish?
2. For Further Thought: Fisheries downstream from dams that release water from the
top of the reservoir are not as productive as fisheries downstream from dams that
release water from deeper in the reservoir. Explain why.

Scene 17
3. What general statement can you make about the solubility of solids? Explain the
temperature correlation for endothermic and exothermic solution reactions. For a
given solid, what is the best way to determine the effect of temperature on its
solubility?
Scene 18
4. Just a Nudge: This picture shows an analogy between excess solute coming out of
a super saturated solution, and a player being nudged from an already occupied
seat in a game of musical chairs.
Explain how to make a
supersaturated solution, and
how to unmake it.
Quiz: Solubility & The Factors That Affect Solubility

Quiz

Dissolution and Precipitation: Equilibrium

Learn how ionic compounds go in and out of solution.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 19
1. Protective Precipitate: This picture illustrates the
simultaneous dissolution and precipitation of
sodium fluoride, the tooth decay preventative.
What happens at saturation? Describe
precipitation and how it is shown in a chemical
equation, providing an example notation.
Scene 20
2. Balancing Act: This graphic shows
the equilibrium state of a
saturated solution at the molecular
level. Explain the notation for a
reaction at equilibrium and what
the notation symbolizes.
3. How are balanced equations important for solubility calculations?

Scene 21
4. Solubility Spectrum: This graphic shows a
generic balanced equation
and the range of solubility
for ionic compounds. With
ionic solutions, what are
the reactants, and what
are the products? Write
and describe the
generic equilibrium
expression for the
generic balanced
equation given in the
illustration.
5. How are pure solids and liquids dealt with in the equilibrium expression and how
does this simplify the equilibrium expression for an ionic solution?

Dissolution and Precipitation: The Solubility Product Constant

Learn how to calculate ion concentrations and solubility product constants.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scenes 22 23
1. A Constant with Many Values: This chart shows K sp values for a range of ionic
solids in water at 25 Celsius. Explain the solubility product constant and how a
constant can have various values.
2. How does this chart explain the relative solubility of the two semi-soluble ionic
compounds shown in the Scene 21 graphic of this study guide?

Scene 24
3. Finding Ion Concentrations from the K sp value: In the table below, complete the
calculation of lead and iodine ion concentration for a saturated solution of lead
iodide at 25 C.
Calculation Step Answer
The Ksp value of lead iodide at 25 C
The balanced equation for dissociation
The ratio of lead ions to iodine ions
The ion ratio expressed with variable x
The Ksp expression
The Ksp expression with variable x
Solving for x
The concentration of lead ions
The concentration of iodine ions
Scene 25
4. Finding the K sp value from Ion Concentrations: In the table
below, complete the calculation of K sp for calcium sulfate at
25 C, given that the concentration of calcium ions is 7.8 x 10-3
molar. What use of calcium sulfate is shown in the picture?

The Ksp value of lead iodide at 25 C
The concentration of calcium ions
The Ksp expression
Ksp expression with values substituted
Ksp calculated
The ion ratio expressed with variable x
Solving for x
The concentration of iodine ions

Chemical Reactions
Review solubility product expressions.
Interactive
Lesson
Quiz: Dissolution & Precipitation of Ionic Compounds

Quiz

The Common Ion Effect and Solubility

Learn how disturbed reactions reestablish equilibrium.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 26
1. A Matter of Principle: This portrait shows French chemist Henri
Louis Le Chtelier (1850-1936). Explain Le Chteliers principle and
how it applies to solutions.
Scenes 27 28
2. Common Companions: This sequence of pictures demonstrates what happens
when a solution of calcium nitrite is poured into a calcium sulfate solution at
equilibrium. Explain the common ion effect, and how it applies to this example.

Scenes 29 30
3. For the demonstration example, use the table below to calculate the sulfate ion
concentration in a 1.0 liter saturated calcium sulfate solution at 25 C after the
addition of 0.5 mol of calcium nitrite.
K sp value of calcium sulfate at 25 C: 6.1 X 10-5
Saturated sulfate ion concentration for calcium sulfate in water: 7.8 X 10-3 molar.
The ion ratio
Effective [Ca2+] after mixing solutions
ratio with value & variable substituted
The Ksp value of CaSO4 at 25 C
The Ksp expression
Ksp expression with values substituted
Solving for x
The new concentration of sulfate ions
The original concentration of sulfate ions
Chemical Reactions
Complete Interactive Lessons # 4 - 5.
Review common ions, and their effect on the solubility of ionic compounds.
Interactive
Lesson

pH and Solubility

Learn how the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution affects the equilibrium
Multimedia state.
Presentation
Scene 31
1. Solving the Insoluble: This chart of K sp values
shows that calcium carbonate, the stuff of
limestone, is a relatively insoluble compound in
water. What factor present in ground water
speeds up the dissolution of calcium
carbonate?
Scene 32
2. Trickle Down: This illustration shows ground water trickling into limestone and
dissolving it to form a cave. In the following table write the appropriate balanced
equation and labels beneath each described step.
Carbon dioxide dissolves in rain and soil water:
The water becomes acidified:
The carbonic acid dissociates slightly:
Hydrogen ions dissolve the limestone:
3. Elaborate the process outlined by the above equations.

Scene 33
4. Slow Drip: This illustration shows water dripping from the
ceiling of a cavern already formed by dissolution. The drips are
leaving deposits of limestone that grow down from the ceiling
and up from the floor. Explain this process by completing the
table below. For Further Thought: What can you deduce about
the ground water level (water table) during cavern formation
and cavern decoration?
What happens to the dissolved carbon dioxide?
What happens to the equilibrium of the solution?
What happens to the carbonic acid?
What happens to the hydrogen and bicarbonate ions?
What happens to the pH of the solution?
What happens to the calcium carbonate?
When does calcium carbonate form stalactites?
When does calcium carbonate form stalagmites?

Solubility Rules and Equations

Learn how to determine whether a given ionic compound is generally soluble
Multimedia or insoluble.
Presentation
Scenes 34 35
1. Solubility Rules: In the table below, record the solubility rules given in this scene.
Compounds are generally soluble in water when they contain:
1
Compounds are generally insoluble in water when they contain:

5
2. Limestone in a Test Tube: This picture shows two different

solutions at equilibrium about to be mixed. One contains a
solution of calcium chloride and the other a solution of
sodium carbonate. Discuss the initial conditions in terms of
the solubility rules that apply.
3. Will CaCO 3 precipitate from this mixture? Discuss the

results in terms of the solubility rules that apply.

Scenes 36 37
4. For Real: This picture shows the result of an actual experiment
combining the two solutions discussed previously. Explain this
kind of mixture and what the resulting reaction is called.
5. What is a spectator ion? In the table below, write the complete

ionic equation for the reaction under study, identify the
spectator ions, note the precipitate formed, and write the net
ionic equation.
Complete ionic equation:
Spectator ions:
Precipitate formed:
Net ionic equation:
Quiz: Factors Affecting Ionic Compound Solubility

Quiz

Predicting Precipitate Formation

Learn how to determine the ion concentrations necessary to produce a
Multimedia precipitate.
Presentation
Scene 38
1. Precipitation on Q: These
pictures contrast two
inequalities between the
value Q and the value Ksp.
Explain Q and how it is used.
Scene 39
2. What happens when Q is less than, greater than, or equal to K sp ? Discuss the
comparison between Q and K sp by filling in the table below.
Comparison Solution condition
Q<Ksp
Q>Ksp
Q=Ksp
3. Record the specific examples calculated in scene 39 by completing the following

table. The net ionic equation is CO 3 2(aq) +Ca 2 +(aq) CaCO 3 (s) at 25 C.
Ion concentration Q Ksp Conclusion
-3
3.7 x 10 molar
8.7 x 10-16
4. For Further Thought: Speculate how rainfall variability might affect the Q of cave
drips, and therefore, stalactite and stalagmite formation.

Scenes 40 42
5. Once More, with Feeling: This picture
shows the familiar calcium carbonate
precipitation example restated as a
calculation that considers solution
volume. Help the student at the
blackboard solve this problem by filling in
the table below.
Write the balanced net ionic equation
Determine the ion ratio, with variables
Determine the mixture volume
Determine the new Ca2+ concentration
Determine the new CO32 concentration
Write the ion product equation
Q with values substituted
Solving for Q
Given value of Ksp at 25 C
Compare Q to Ksp
Conclusion
Chemical Reactions
Review complete and net ionic equations.
Interactive
Lesson

Separating Substances from Mixtures

Learn how to use solubility and precipitation as tools to separate substances
Multimedia from mixtures.
Presentation
Scene 43
1. All Mixed Up: This graphic shows
homogeneous mixtures and a
heterogeneous mixture. Explain this
comparison and provide examples.
2. For Further Thought: At what point does a homogeneous unsaturated solution

become a heterogeneous mixture?
Scene 44
3. Lab Coffee and Pool Gunk: These pictures show examples
of filtration. Explain how to filter a solid suspended in water
using lab equipment. Cite some everyday examples of
filtration.

Scene 45
5. Making It Crystal Clear: This picture shows successive steps in the harvesting of
sea salt for commercial use. Salts are ionic solids composed of any cation other
than hydrogen, and any anion other than hydroxide or oxide, with cation and anion
repetition forming a crystal lattice. Explain salt harvesting as an example of
separation through crystallization.
Scene 46
6. Distilled Essence: This illustration
shows a laboratory distillation
apparatus. Describe the distillation
process, using an example.

Scene 47
7. Corrected Conveyor: This picture illustrates a correction to the lesson. Note that
the separation along the column occurs because some substances (or their
analogy stand-ins) linger intermittently with the stationary phase while other
substances speed ahead because they have little or no attraction to the stationary
phase. Contrary to the lesson, substances remain in the mobile phase by default,
not because it is strongly attractive. The stationary phase is the selective attractor.
Considering this correction, revise the scenes explanation of chromatography.

Scene 48
8. Going through a Phase: This picture shows a vehicle emissions inspection station
using gas chromatography to sort pollutants from the tailpipe exhaust. A bit of
clarifying information: the liquid of the stationary phase forms a thin film on a solid
supporting material and the exhaust gases are soluble in this fluid. Considering
this fact and the correction to scene 47, explain emission test chromatography.

Chemical Reactions
Review the relationship between K sp and Q.
Interactive
Lesson
Quiz: Precipitation Reactions of Ionic Compounds

Quiz
Quiz: Separating Substances From Mixtures

Quiz

Conclusion and Review

View scene 49 and complete the exercise below.
Review what you have learned.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 49
1. Review the lesson by completing the table below.
List three factors that affect the solubility of any compound.
List two additional factors that affect the solubility of ionic compounds.
Write the generic equation for an equilibrium reaction.
Write the solubility product equation for the generic equation.
If Q > Ksp what happens?
If Q < Ksp what happens?
Chemical Reactions
Review the effects of changing conditions on solubility.
Interactive
Lesson
Comprehensive Exam: Chemical Reactions

Please take the exam provided by your teacher.
Test

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CyberEd Study Guide

Solubility & Precipitation

Solubility & Precipitation

The electron configuration of atoms governs the chemical properties of an

Introduction and Solution Review .................................................................................... 3

Page 1 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Resources Referenced in this Study Guide

Quizzes & Tests

Page 2 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Introduction and Solution Review

Solubility and Precipitation

Page 3 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Quiz: Introduction & Solutions Review

Page 4 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

The Effect of Polarity on Solubility

Solubility and Precipitation

Page 5 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Page 6 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Page 7 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

The Effect of Pressure on Solubility

Solubility and Precipitation

Page 8 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Page 9 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

5 atm 1 atm 0.16 m

5 atm 0.5 atm 0.16 m

Page 10 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

The Effect of Temperature on Solubility

Solubility and Precipitation

Page 11 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Quiz: Solubility & The Factors That Affect Solubility

Page 12 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Dissolution and Precipitation: Equilibrium

Solubility and Precipitation

3. How are balanced equations important for solubility calculations?

Page 13 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Page 14 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Dissolution and Precipitation: The Solubility Product Constant

Solubility and Precipitation

Page 15 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Calculation Step Answer

Page 16 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Quiz: Dissolution & Precipitation of Ionic Compounds

Page 17 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

The Common Ion Effect and Solubility

Solubility and Precipitation

Page 18 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Page 19 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Solubility and Precipitation

The water becomes acidified:

The carbonic acid dissociates slightly:

Hydrogen ions dissolve the limestone:

3. Elaborate the process outlined by the above equations.

Page 20 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

What happens to the dissolved carbon dioxide?

What happens to the equilibrium of the solution?

What happens to the carbonic acid?

What happens to the hydrogen and bicarbonate ions?

What happens to the pH of the solution?

What happens to the calcium carbonate?

When does calcium carbonate form stalactites?

When does calcium carbonate form stalagmites?

Page 21 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Solubility Rules and Equations

Solubility and Precipitation