India

has some the largest Ti ore deposits in the world

KEY PROPERTIES INFLUENCING APPLICATIONS

AFFINITY TO OXYGEN : COST AND TEMPERATURE CAPABILITY
HIGH SPECIFIC STRENGTH OVER 300-600C: AERONEGINE AND AIRFRAME APPLICATIONS
CORROSION RESISTANCE IN MANY MEDIA INCLUDING BIOFLUIDS: CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
LOW MODULUS OF BETA PHASE: BIOIMPLANTS

ALLOTROPIC MODIFICATION: HCP (ALPHA) TO BCC

(BETA)

PHASE STABILITY

LPHA STABILISERS
BETA STABILISERS
BETA ISOMORPHOUS SYSTEMS
MONOTECTOID REACTIONS
EUTECTOID FORMERS
NEUTRAL ADDITIONS
Zr Al, Sn, O V, Mo, Nb, Ta Cr, Fe, H
 RESOURCES AND PRODUCTION OF ILMENITE IN THE WORLD

Resources

hSp://mines.gov.in/new/subgroup2.pdf
Production / Resources ratio
Product Details

The Kroll Process

2FeTiO3 + 7Cl2 + 6C 2TiCl4 + 2FeCl3 + 6CO
TiCl4 + 2Mg 2MgCl2 + Ti
2Mg(l) + TiCl4(g) 2MgCl2(l) + Ti(s) [T = 800-850 C]
ZunYi: only producer to actively recycle used Mg.

Resource in contained TiO2;

Production in mineral concentrate Source : Mineral Commodity Summaries,

Benson Quan | Titanium Conference 2014 | September 24, 2014 5

COURTESY GOOGLE IMAGES
 Philip Dewhurst, associate consultant, Roskill Informa_on Services
Ltd., London. TI 2013
Ukraine: 12000
Kazakhstan
30000
China: 80000
India 500

about a third or 1,000,000

Russia 44000 ~3 mT metric tons will be sponge for
aerospace-grade _tanium

USA: 34000

Japan 68000

SPONGE PRODUCTION: 2013-14

NO OTHER EXTRACTION PROCESS

HAS EMERGED IN A COMMERCIAL
FORM IN SPITE OF INITIAL PROMISE hSp://219.99.160.74/~bulle_n/wordpress/wp-
content/uploads/2011/09/P20110902-3.jpg
Vacuum Arc Remel_ng
(images from google)
 TITANIUM MELTING

Titanium
Ingot

Titanium
Sponge

Compacted
Briquettes
Compacting Press

Titanium
10 T Vacuum Arc Remelting Furnace
Sponge
Plasma Electrode Welding Compacted
Briquettes

3000T Compacting10-Feb-16
Press
Titanium Electrode
PROCESSING, MICROSTRUCTURE AND HEAT TREATMENT


Ms
+
Ms
s

Ti(Al,ZrSn,O)

PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS

to
to and
to
to 1+ 2
and to intermetallic phases
The rela_onship between , , and

Omega

Courtesy Rajarshi Banerjee

Scripta Materialia 61 (2009) 701704

Phase Separation


Ms +
Ms
s

to
PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS to and
to
to 1+ 2
and to intermetallic phases

 morphology and distribution

 -10]
[0001] // [1
-1.53%

[1-11]
[1-210] //
-3.65%
Furuhara, Howe and Aaronson, Acta Met, 1991 THE BURGERS RELATIONSHIP
Furuhara, Ogawa and Maki . Phil Mag LeMers, 1995 [0001]//[1-10] [1-210]//[111] [10-10]//[112]

Ms +
Ms
s

to
PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS to and
to
to 1+ 2
and to intermetallic phases

 T

Ms
temperature

temperature
RT

_me Ms

RT
T
temperature

_me

RT Schema_c of the kine_cs of the

Ms beta to alpha transforma_on with
increasing beta stabiliser addi_on
_me
r basal (close-packed) plane parallel to a
cial plane in the beta phase. Upon slow
ing, a nucleus of alpha forms, and because Fig. 3.9 Main characteristics of different titanium alloy family groupings
he close atomic matching along this com-
n plane, the alpha phase thickens relatively
wly perpendicular to this plane but grows
er along the plane. Thus, plates are devel-
d. Because there are six sets of nonparallel
wth planes in a given beta grain, a structure
alpha plates is formed consisting of six
arallel sets. The Widmansttten micro-
cture developed is illustrated in Fig. 3.6.
he formation process is shown schemati-
y in Fig. 3.10. It uses a constant-composi-
phase diagram section at 6% Al to illus-
e the formation of alpha upon cooling. The
ker regions are the beta phase left between
alpha plates that have formed. The micro-
cture consists of parallel plates of alpha de-
ated by the beta phase between them.
ere alpha plates formed parallel to one spe-
c plane of beta meet alpha plates formed on
her plane, a high-angle grain boundary ex-
between the alpha crystals and etches to re-
a line separating them. This microstructural
phology, consisting of these sets of parallel
es that have formed with a crystallographic
ionship to the phase from which they
med, is called a Widmansttten structure.
pon cooling rapidly, beta may decompose
martensite reaction, similar to that for pure
nium, and form a Widmansttten pattern.
structure present after quenching to 25 C
F) depends on the annealing temperature.
erent types of martensite can form, depend-
on the alloy chemistry and the quenching
perature. These are designated alpha prime
alpha double prime. Upon quenching from
ve the beta transus (about 980 C, or 1796
the structure is all martensitic alpha prime
lpha double prime with a small amount of
(although in some alloys the beta has not Microstructures achieved at various intermediate temperatures by slowly cooling from above the transus.
n observed). Final microstructure consists of plates of (white) separated by the phase (dark).
he presence of some beta in the structure
r quenching from above the beta transus is Fig. 3.10 Schematic of the development of a Widmansttten structure in an alpha-beta alloy (Ti-6Al-4V)
 30 m

THE BURGERS RELATIONSHIP

[0001]//[1-10] [1-210]//[111] [10-10]//[112]

Allows for 12 crystallographic variants of

the alpha phase

ALPHA SCALE AND DISTRIBUTION

ALLOY CLASSES

Near alloys
Elasticity

,
temperature

Ms +

Ms
s

% beta stabiliser
Diffusion
 nominal purity

ultrapure

Diffusion rates in significantly higher than that of

A strong effect of impurities on self diffusion in
Acta mater. 48 (2000) 589-623
THE YIELD STRENGTH OF CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS

Solid Solution Strengthening

The mist stress for a solute atom

ssc1/2 s=r/ro

Rigid equivalent change in r
Interac_on energy arises from the resul_ng in an elas_c volumetric
work done by the expanded compliance of the solute atom
volume against the stress eld of rela_ve to the host cavity
the disloca_on

Net local force on disloca_on

Interac_on energy arises from the

dierence in stress (and hence
energy) over the volume of
altered modulus, assuming both
the regions to be strained equally
Strengthening the alpha phase

Find out the shear modulus and atomic size of various alpha stabilisers and beta
stabilisers

Es_mate the strengthening eects of various alpha stabilisers and beta stabilisers

What is the maximum strength that can realized by solid solu_on strengthening
the alpha and beta phases with these addi_ons? What limits solid solu_on
strengthening
 Interstitial effects alpha phase

Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 21, August 1973 , 1117

Solution hardening: phase

Nb Ta

Mo

V
Cr
Fe

BUT REMEMBER

stability with respect to , , 19 W

17
Intermetallic formation Ta
DENSITY (gm/cc) 15
(Active vs Sluggish eutectoids)
13 Hf
Density 11
Mo
9
Diffusion Fe Cr Nb
7
Zr V
Cost 5
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
MELTING POINT, K
ALLOY CLASSES
Near alloys

Lower beta transus

Increasing volume fraction of beta phase
Finer alpha phase structure

Decreasing creep resistance

Higher strength/toughness combinations
Ultra low modulus/high strength applications
What factors lead to the transforma_on from the hcp to the bcc phase in
pure _tanium



Apply the Hume Rothery Rules to phase diagrams in Ti alloy systems to
explain the eect of alloying elements on phase stabilty



Describe the rela_onship between the alpha and beta phases in terms
their crystal structures

How does increasing beta stabiliser addi_on aecS the beta to alpha
transforma_on? Explain in terms of TTT diagrams


What are the factors that control the morphology of precipitates? Explain
in terms of the the energy factors that aect nuclea_on an growth