CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:

Process, Economic & Raw Materials

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References:
1. Weissermel, K. & Arpe, H.J., 1998, Industrial Organic
Chemistry, VCH Pub., New York.
2. Witcoff, H.A. & Reuben, B.G., 1996, Industrial Organic
Chemicals, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

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Course content:
1. Raw materials
2. Production of ethene, propene and butadiene
3. Production of ethyl benzene and styrene
4. Production of acrylic acid
5. Chemicals based on light alkenes
6. Student presentation

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 Structure of Processes

Emissions
Waste

Products
Process Intermediates
Conversion Pharmaceuticals
Raw Materials Purification Textiles
Formulation Detergent
Fuels

Energy
Labor

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Understanding a chemical process

MESO
Reactor, condensor,
cooler etc

All level need to be

considered

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Process structure

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Questions for conceptual process design

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 What do we need to understand
Scale independent
Chemistry, thermodynamics
Physical transport phenomena
Micro level
Catalysis
Interface Chemistry
Microbiology
Particle technology
Meso level
Reactor technology
Scale up
Macro level
Process technology and development
Process integration and design
Process control and operation

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30 Top chemical companies in the world

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World chemicals sales

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Structure of raw materials and products

Consumer products Plastics, textiles, fertilizers,

(ca. 30,000) perfumes, detergents,
insecticides, pharmaceuticals

Acetic acid, formaldehyde,

Intermediates
ehylene oxide, acrylonitrile,
(ca. 300)
acetaldehyde, terephtalic acid

Ethene, propene, butene,

benzene, synthesis gas,
Base chemicals
ammonia, methanol,
(ca. 20)
sulfuric acid, chlorine

Fuels LPG, gasoline, kerosene,

(ca. 10) diesel oil, wax

Raw materials Oil, natural gas, coal, biomass,

(ca. 10) rock, salt, sulfur, air, water
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 Minyak Bumi
Jenis Hidrokarbon Rumus
Parafin
H2
Normal (n) H3C C R
H H2 H
H3C C R H3C C C R
Iso-
CH3 CH3

Naftena

R
Alkil siklopentana
R
Alkil sikloheksana

Bisiklonaftena

Aromatik R

Aromatik naftena R

H2
C
Fluorena R
C
H2
Bi-aromatik R
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 FRAKSI MINYAK BUMI
Fraksi Jumlah Atom Titik Didih (oC) Kegunaan
LNG (C1 & C2)
Gas C1 C4 < 30
LPG (C3 & C4)

Petroleum Eter C5 C6 30 - 60 Pelarut non-polar

Ligroin / Nafta C6 C7 60 100 Pelarut non-polar

Bensin
C6 C10; Bahan bakar kendaraan
(gasoline/ 40 - 200
terutama C8 bermotor
premium)
Bahan bakar rumah tangga
Kerosin C10 C14;
175 325 & penerbangan
(minyak tanah) terutama C12
(avtur/avigas)
C14-C18; terutama
Solar 250 400 Mesin diesel
C16
Oli C20 C30 350 500 Pelumas
Residu > C30 > 500
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 CADANGAN DAN PRODUKSI ENERGI NASIONAL
SUMBER DAYA KAPASITAS RASIO KT/SD
NO ENERGI TERBARUKAN/ (%)
(SD) TERPASANG (KT)
1 2 3 4 5 = 4/3

1 Tenaga Air 75,670 MW 5,705.29 MW 7.54

2 Panas Bumi 29,038 MW 1,189 MW 4.10
3 Mini/Mikro Hydro 1013.5 MW 462.0 MW 46.0
4 Biomass 49,810 MW 1,618.40 MW 3.25
5 Tenaga Surya 4.80 kWh/m2/day 13.5 MW -
6 Tenaga Angin 3 6 m/s 1.87 MW -
24,112 ton (Uranium)
7 Uranium 30 MW 1.00
1,500 ton (Thorium)

SUMBER RASIO RASIO

CADANGAN SD/CAD PRODUKSI
No ENERGI TAK TERBARUKAN DAYA CAD/PROD
(CAD) (%) (PROD) (TAHUN)*)
(SD)
1 2 3 4 5 = 4/3 6 7 = 4/6

1 Minyak Bumi (miliar barel) 56.6 7.99 **) 14 0.346 23

2 Gas Bumi (TSCF) 334.5 159.64 51 2.9 55
3 Batubara (miliar ton) 104.8 20.98 18 0.254 83
4 Coal Bed Methane/CBM (TSCF) 453 - - - -

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THE END

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