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Table of contents
1. Company profile 3
2. Uhde’s remarkably long experience 4
3. The Uhde membrane process 6
4. The 6th generation 8
5. New structures in a proven design 11
6. The advantages of a modular
concept 12
7. Technical data 14
Chlor-Alkali
Chlor-Alkali Capacity
Capacity [Mio. tpy NaOH 100 %] HCl Capacity [Mio. tpy Cl 2 100 %]
[Mio. tpy NaOH 100 %]
20 Uhde has been active 2.0in the chlor-alkali sector throughout the world
for more than 50 years. During this time we have progressed from
mercury and diaphragm plants to modern, environment-friendly
16 membrane plants, which now account for more than 85 % of the
total 20 million t / year
1.5of NaOH (100 %) produced by the plants we
have built.
12
Depending on the wishes of the customer, we can construct new
plants, expand existing
1.0 ones or convert mercury or diaphragm
plants to membrane technology.
8 With more than 100 highly skilled, experienced engineers at our
company you can be sure that our electrolysis plants are of the
highest quality. We provide
0.5 an extensive range of supplies and
2 services to cater for the diverse needs of our customers – whether
it is a large lumpsum turnkey project or a feasibility study.
Throughout the chlorine history of our company we have always
0
had one main focal point:
0
close cooperation with our customers.
1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008
UHDE/UHDN UHDE/UHDN
Accumulated contract awards for membrane technology Accumulated contract awards
5
From the very beginning Uhde has combined its own highly effec-
tive electrolysis cells with a thorough knowledge of the entire chlor-
alkali production process. In fact, Uhde is the only company in the
world to combine the engineering and supply of equipment for the
construction of a chlor-alkali electrolysis plant with the supply of
electrolysis cells.
CIFEL Singapore
37,500 t / year of Cl2
BM 2.7 Generation 6
6
Brine Brine
filtration purification
Cl2
tail gas
Cl2 H2
Salt storage Brine
and handling/slurry saturation
Chlorine Hydrogen
treatment treatment
Gypsum Sulphate
removal
Circulation
Membrane Catholyte
electrolysis cooling
Anolyte
dechlorination
Chlorate Transformer/
decomposition rectifier
Bleaching Lye
Uhde is the only contractor able to supply
Chlorine absorption
and safety system
complete plant complexes from a single
source. Uhde’s membrane process know-how
covers all process units shown in the flow
chart as well as a number of downstream
and utility supply units.
Dry chlorine
Chlorine Chlorine
storage evaporation
The chlorine generated leaves the cells with the depleted brine.
If high-purity chlorine is required (e.g. for a downstream VCM
plant), hydrochloric acid can be added to the feed brine to reduce
the oxygen content in the chlorine produced.
Once the wet chlorine gas has been cooled and filtered, it is either
fed directly to the consumer plant (e.g. in the case of a hydrochloric
acid plant) or it is dried and compressed before either being fed to
the consumer plant (e.g. in the case of a VCM plant) or liquefied for
Caustic 32 % storage in tanks.
The Uhde single element The cathode compartment is made of nickel consisting of a sheet,
a current distributor (expanded metal), an elastic element and the
One of the most significant factors affecting the operating costs cathode (woven mesh). In between both compartments the
of a chlor-alkali plant is its on-stream time, which is particularly membrane is placed with “zero gap”. Because of this new design
dependent on the robustness of the electrolysis cells and the the whole membrane area is active in full. The sealing system
reliability of the materials used. comprises a TFM frame gasket and GORETEX sealing cords.
This is especially true in the case of membrane electrolysis plants, The external steel flanges which have electrically insulated bolts
in which the relatively sensitive membrane is of central importance. with spring washers ensure that the single element remains
The single element, combines the ideal materials with simple main- leakproof throughout its entire service life.
tenance.
The steel flanges are additionally equipped with rolls in order to
The entire anode compartment is made of titanium and consists of reduce the friction and thus to ensure an equal distribution of the
a sheet with a downcomer and the anode - realized as an expanded contact pressure over all elements inside the electrolyzer rack.
metal.
TFM-frame gasket
Roll
Anodic channel
Cathodic channel
Cathode
Sealing cord
Elastic element
Downcomer
9
Cathode compartment
Anode compartment
With the implementation of a new full size elastic element into the
proven Uhde single element design the positive accomplishments
of the past have been extended by the advantages of the newest
developments. The combination of a zero gap design with the
single element philosophy creates a unique technology which offers
3 key benefits:
Leak-tightness
Leak-tightness
ensuredensured Setting the
Setting
optimal
the optimal
contact contact
pressurepressure
by flange
bysystem
flange system by applying
by applying
the rightthe
force
right force
12
All single elements are connected to the inlet and outlet headers Busbars
arranged underneath the electrolyzer by means of flexible, transpa-
rent PTFE tubes. The inlet tubes, which have small cross-sections,
ensure that a constant stream of electrolyte is supplied to the com-
partment whilst the outlet tubes, which have larger cross-sections,
Outlet hoses
carry the chlorine gas and anolyte as well as the hydrogen gas and
catholyte away from the cell. This fail-safe connection system can
be used to check that each individual element is working properly
Inlet hoses
by observing the colour and flow of the product streams in these A single element stack:
tubes. Up to 210 elements can be installed in one electrolyzer con- each element can be
sisting of usually 2 or 3 racks connected in series. replaced individually.
13
INEOS ChlorVinyls
Tessenderlo, Belgium
Capacity: 307,000 t / year NaOH
14
7. Technical data
2130
BM 2.7
v4 2070
PC [kWh/t NaOH] at 6 kA/m 2
BM 2.7 2055
v5 BM 2.7
v5 plus 2035
BM 2.7
v6
Solvay S.A.
Tavaux, France
270,000 t / year NaOH
The Uhde Compact Cell House disconnecting the rectifier or by using the individual circuit breakers
and isolating switches. The tubes which supply the single elements
The Uhde Compact Cell House is a largely standardized design with brine and caustic soda and discharge the chlorine, caustic
which has been optimized particularly with regard to low investment soda and hydrogen are arranged underneath the electrolyser such
costs, minimal space requirements and simple maintenance. that the single elements can be easily replaced if necessary.
A number of electrolysers (the exact number depends on the pro- Each electrolyser is equipped with an instrumentation and control
duction capacity) are installed side by side and are electrically con- unit for adjusting the rate of flow to the cells. Attached to the front
nected in parallel. A rectifier supplies one or more of the electroly- of the electrolysers there are two header systems: one supplies the
sers with direct current. The electrolysers can be easily serviced by electrolysers with electrolytes and the other collects the products.
16
Single element technology High material quality Membrane service time Individual sealing system
The single element can be The anode compartment (Ti), The new elastic element allows Each single element is sealed
replaced quickly and easily. cathode compartment (Ni), gas- a precise control of the contact using a flange, bolting and TFM
Elements are assembled in the kets (TFM) and tubes (PTFE) are pressure applied onto the gaskets. All elements are tested
electrolyzer workshop, where all made from corrosionresistant membrane across its entire prior to operation to ensure that
leakage tests are then carried material and guarantee a maxi- area. The capability to keep they are 100 % leakproof. Costly
out. This ensures: mum service life for the single the working conditions of the jackscrew systems, such as
elements. The electrolyzer membrane constant in an opti- those used in filter-press
• highest possible operational headers are components with mal operating window ensures electrolyzers, are not necessary.
reliability, long service life and are made the best electrochemical perfor-
• easy maintenance, of pure GRP or titanium on the mance and extends the service
• cost-optimized membrane anode side and of PP/GRP on time.
replacement and electrode the cathode side.
recoating according to
schedule,
• no additional investment
needed for back-up
electrolyzers,
• minimal loss of production.
17
VESTOLIT GmbH
Marl, Germany
Capacity: 237,000t / year NaOH
210,000t / year Cl2
The modular design of single Single element cells can be Hardly any stray currents exist, Our single element technology
element electrolyzers allows the operated at a current density even in the largest electrolyzers and chlor-alkali technology are
cell room to be configured in a of up to 7 kA /m2. The cell itself which can have up to 210 cell under constant development
number of different ways. could be run at even higher elements. This is attributable and are continually being adap-
Each electrolyzer can have up current densities if it weren’t for to the fact that the electrolyte ted to meet customer demands.
to 210 elements whilst there is the membranes used. enters and leaves the cells via This ensures that our technolo-
no limit to the number of elec- The actual operating parame- long tubes which are situated gy is always leading-edge.
trolyzers permitted in each cell ters must be set in accordance outside the single element and Each new element generation is
room. Consequently, the cell with manufacturers instructions. act as insulators. compatible with previous gene-
rooms can be adapted for diffe- rations. Older elements can be
rent capacities, areas of appli- replaced during remembraning
cation and operations etc. whilst and recoating processes.
the same cell type can be used
in all cases. Existing cell rooms
can also be easily expanded.
18
Pressurised cell operation mate humidity of the chlorine is also at its layout programme starting with laboratory
lowest. This is achieved through a twostage and pilot-scale tests. Due to our vast expe-
The robust design and excellent tightness design within a single tower, thus saving rience regarding precipitation, filtration and
of the cells allow them to be operated at space and investment costs. other means of brine treatment, Uhde is
pressures of up to 350 mbarg. Blowers considered a second-to-none supplier of
for the Cl2 and H2 are not necessary as air Combined Cl2 / EDC production complete brine treatment solutions.
cannot be sucked into the Cl2 or H2 lines.
No chlorine liquefaction, storage or evapo- Purge-free sulphate concept
Brine acidification ration is needed when Uhde’s membrane (Uhde SulfTechTM)
electrolysis plant is combined with EDC
Feed brine can be acidified to improve the production. The gaseous chlorine is directly In order to maintain a constant sulphate
quality of the Cl2. Any risk of membrane introduced into the EDC reactor. Investment level in the brine, the conventional approach
destruction in the single element due to and operating costs are reduced and supe- is to either treat the brine chemically and
over-acidification is eliminated through the rior operability is guaranteed due to our precipitate the sulphate or to purge out the
internal cell design (downcomer), which indepth knowledge of both chlorine and sulphate with a certain quantity of brine.
ensures effective mixing within the cells. EDC production. But neither the disposal of sulphate-con-
taining sludge nor the purging of brine are
Waste gas dechlorination Brine treatment concept ideal from either an economic or an envi-
(Uhde BrineTechTM) ronmental point of view.
Any plant which uses gaseous or liquid The Uhde SulfTechTM technology obviates
chlorine must comply with strict environ- The brine treatment unit is of central the need for chemical treatment or brine
mental regulations. The waste gas dechlo- importance for a membrane electrolysis purging. Instead, the sulphate is physically
rination unit is an essential feature in this plant. Efficient brine treatment protects the removed from the brine and then chemi-
respect and the Uhde design ensures that membranes in the electrolysis cells while cally treated to form gypsum, which can be
chlorine cannot escape into the environ- at the same time keeping both investment disposed of as a solid product.
ment under any circumstances. costs and operational costs at a minimum.
With its Uhde BrineTechTM approach Uhde is Compact cell-house design
Chlorine drying tower continuously improving the design of brine (Uhde ConvertTechTM)
treatment units with respect to combining
The chlorine drying tower is part of Uhde’s operability with the lowest possible invest- The Uhde ConvertTechTM approach repre-
range of proprietary equipment. A special ment costs. Uhde can design customized sents a change in process philosophy
feature of the tower is that sulphuric acid and thus optimized brine systems based and layout arrangement. It puts special
consumption is at its lowest when the ulti- on a given salt quality through an elaborate emphasis on equipment and space saving,
19
HCI
pH
pH Redox
pH
IOX
stand-by
alpha-cellulose
allowing even more competitive invest- Salt slurry system parameters. It provides information for
ment costs to be achieved by reducing the troubleshooting and optimising plant ope-
quantity of steel structures needed in the In order to transport large amounts of salt ration.
process building and by optimally using by pipeline, Uhde offers a salt slurry system
the space underneath the electrolysers developed by Bayer Technology Services Integrated piping concept
– e.g. by placing tanks, pumps and heat and Bayer MaterialScience. (Uhde PipeTechTM)
exchangers there. Pits in the cell house are The salt delivered is suspended in transport
avoided and the catholyte system is inte- brine and a salt slurry is produced. The material used to construct approx.
grated into the cell house. This slurry can be pumped to the electro- 80 % of all piping and equipment in a chlor-
lysis plant over distances of several kilo- alkali plant is GRP or lined GRP (glass-fibre-
Skid-mounted plant metres if needed. Once the salt has been reinforced plastic). Uhde’s integrated GRP
separated out in a storage silo, the trans- concept represents an essential part of its
The skid mounted chlorine plant is a plant port brine can be reused for transportation. chloralkali expertise and is based on more
with a capacity of up to 15,000 t /a Cl2 Some of the advantages of the slurry than 30 years of plastics know-how and
consisting of standardized process modules system are: experience.
ready assembled in steel skids with a
standard container size. • transportation costs from the salt Uhde’s standard piping specification and
unloading bay to the plant site can be accompanying support specification have
Prior to the delivery these units have drastically reduced been fully stress-analysed and brought into
passed already several quality tests in • storing the salt slurry in silos minimises line with the relevant laying instructions,
the workshop in order to reduce time for the risk of corrosion to adjacent equip taking into account the special require-
erection and any erection risk at site to a ment ments of GRP. The entire system has been
minimum. • anti-caking agents for the salt are almost certified by the German notified body TÜV.
superfluous
Thus the costs for tailor made engineering • environmental protection due to a The integrated GRP concept is comple-
services as well as the costs for onsite reduction in salt transportation, e.g. mented by standardised piping routing for
erection can be reduced significantly. by road recurring piping arrangements, vast GRP
fabrication know-how, a pool of qualified,
This concept supports especially opera- Performance optimisation audited fabricators in Europe, and also
ting companies with a minor demand for Uhde’s integrated performance analysis access to an excellent network of spe-
chlorine by making them independent from system Uhde IntegratorTM ensures conti- cialists. Our extensive piping know-how
external supply and avoids the transportati- nuous monitoring and investigation of cell has been combined to yield the Uhde
on of liquid chorine. assembly data and essential operating PipeTechTM system.
20
• Consultancy visits
• Technical exchange meetings
• Chlorine Symposium
• Optimization of plant performance
• Full service electrolyzer maintenance
• Benchmarking
• Remembraning / recoating support
• Revamps
• Delivery of spare parts
• Upgrades of cell element
Level 1:
We also provide a support service for our customers during the • massive power savings as well as
remembraning and recoating of single elements, i.e. the renting out • a reduction of CO2 emissions
of cell elements or supervision of cell assembly by our specialists.
And the direct delivery of spare parts has always been part of our Ideally, an element upgrade is carried out during the regular ele-
technology services, too. ment recoating phase. While the cathodes are being recoated as
usual, the anode is equipped with brand new, freshly coated elec-
On top of this, it has always been Uhde’s aim to enable all custo- trodes.
mers to profit from new developments. The "Single Element
Upgrade" programme for performance improvement is one of This approach minimises both the downtime of the electrolysis
these recent developments. By removing the anode in the anode plant and maintenance costs.
compartment of older versions of the Uhde single element and
replacing it with the latest anode type, element performance can be For more information, see our brochure "Continuous improvement
significantly improved, resulting in: through integrated services".
22
Uhde is dedicated to providing its customers with a wide range of Uhde’s policy is to ensure utmost quality in the implementation of
services and to supporting them in their efforts to succeed in their its projects. We work worldwide to the same quality standard, certi-
line of business. fied according to: DIN / ISO 9001 / EN29001.
We remain in contact with our customers even after project comple-
With our worldwide network of local organisations and experienced tion. Partnering is our byword.
local representatives, as well as first-class backing from our head
office, Uhde has the ideal qualifications to achieve this goal. By organising and supporting technical symposia, we promote
active communication between customers, licensors, partners, ope-
We at Uhde place particular importance on interacting with our rators and our specialists. This enables our customers to benefit
customers at an early stage to combine their ambition and expertise from the development of new technologies and the exchange of
with our experience. experience as well as troubleshooting information.
Whenever we can, we give potential customers the opportunity We like to cultivate our business relationships and learn more about
to visit operating plants and to personally evaluate such matters the future goals of our customers. Our after-sales services include
as process operability, main-tenance and on-stream time. We regular consultancy visits which keep the owner informed about the
aim to build our future business on the confidence our customers latest developments or revamping options.
place in us.
Uhde stands for tailor-made concepts and international compe-
Uhde provides the entire spectrum of services asso- ciated with an tence. For more information contact one of the Uhde offices near
EPC contractor, from the initial feasibility study, through financing you or visit our website:
concepts and project management right up to the commissioning
of units and grass-roots plants. www.uhde.eu
Our impressive portfolio of services includes: Further information on this subject can also be found on the DVD:
• Environmental studies
• Utilities / offsites / infrastructure
• Procurement / inspection / transportation services
• Commissioning